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FRONTISPIECE.
V.
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL.
Height 741 feet.
THE KAIETEUR FALLs.

MEMOIRs
OF THE
CARNEGIE MUSEUM
WOL. W.
(PUBLICATIONs of THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM: SERIAL No. 67).
W. J. HOLLAND, Editor.
PITTSBURGH
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEEs of The
CARNEGIE INSTITUTE
JUNE, 1912,

PRESS or
THE NEW ERA PRINTing company
LAN CASTER. PA.
Fº 14 1936 | |
THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA, INCLUDING
A STUDY OF THE ECOLOGICAL GROUPING OF SPECIES
AND THE RELATION OF THE FAUNA OF THE
PLATEAU TO THAT OF THE LOWLANDS.
By C. H. EIGENMANN, Ph.D.
Dean of the Graduate School of the Indiana State University, and Curator of
Ichthyology in the Carnegie Museum.
PREFATORY NOTE
The following pages, constituting the Fifth Volume of the Memoirs of the
Carnegie Museum, embody the results of the investigations made by Dr. C. H.
Eigenmann upon the piscine fauna of the rivers of British Guiana. . .
4 Having been granted temporary leave of absence from the Indiana State Uni-.
versity, where he is the Dean of the Graduate School, Dr. Eigenmann went to
British Guiana in the fall of 1908, having the assurance of the financial support of
the Carnegie Museum, both in meeting the expenses of his expedition and in pub-
lishing the results thereof. The typical portions of the collections made by him
are preserved in the Carnegie Museum, including all unica. A second set, includ-
ing, so far as possible, cotypes of the new species, was reserved for the Indiana
State University. It has been arranged to dispose of the remainder of the collec-
tion by exchange with the leading museums of America and Europe.
The Editor, in presenting this work to the scientific public, is animated by
the hope that it may prove of value to the students of biology in all parts of the
world, and tend to shed at least a little light upon some of the countless problems
which confront the student of vital phenomena. *,
r W. J. HöLLAND.
, Pittsburgh, Dec. 1, 1911. -
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
DR. W. J. HollanD,
Director Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.
My dear sir: - - • .
By accident you and I came to occupy contiguous seats in an excursion from
Colorado Springs to Cripple Creek, after the close of the Denver meeting of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1901. -
I am transmitting one of the indirect results of that pleasant ride. Since that
chance meeting we have frequently discussed South America, a continent in which
a growing series of converging interests meet, the continent which served as the
training ground of Spix, Martius, Castelnau, Müller, Darwin, Bates, Wallace,
Agassiz, and Hatcher, a land in which there is a great wealth of many sorts of
animals and plants, and in which fresh-water fishes have evolved in the greatest
profusion, a continent which will in the centuries to come furnish homes to count-
less millions of men. - -
I have been interested in South American fresh-water fishes for twenty-five
years. A little over two years ago it became necessary in continuance of my work
to visit British Guiana. The Trustees of Indiana University gave me leave of
absence. I applied to various other institutions for assistance, but met everywhere
with refusals. When I visited you in August, 1908, on my way to Guiana, you
pledged the Carnegie Museum to help. Both the authorities of Indiana University
and you have done everything possible to bring my report to a successful conclusion.
It is a great satisfaction to me that the assistance furnished by the Carnegie Museum
has brought it such rich returns in valuable specimens. Since my return from
Guiana in December, 1908, all of the material collected has been examined, and
the results of the examination together with an account of the Guiana Expedition
are herewith transmitted for publication. This paper was prepared in the Zoëlog-
ical Laboratory of Indiana University and forms “Contribution No. 114” of that
laboratory. . -
. Cordially yours,
- - C. H. EIGENMANN.
December 1, 1910.
* *.*



TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PREFATORY NOTE V
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL vii
TABLE OF ContFNTs . ix
LIST of FIGURES IN TEXT . xi
LIST of PLATEs . xiii
ERRATA AND CORRIGENDA . e gº © tº xix
MEMOIR: THE FRESHwater FISHEs of BRITISH GUIANA. -
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4
Chapter I. British Guiana . ſº º º Ç e Q ſº . 5–14.
Chapter II. Earlier Works on the Fishes of British Guiana . tº . 15–29
Chapter III. General Account of the Expedition . . . 30–59
Chapter IV. Geographical Distribution of the Freshwater Fishes of
- British Guiana. {º C ſº © *. 60–86
Chapter W. Ecological Combinations of Species . . . . . . 87-93
Chapter VI. The Ichthyic Fauna of the Potaro River and of the Guiana
Plateau . . . . . . . . . . . 94-105
Chapter VII. General Considerations © © . . {º tº . 106–115
Chapter VIII. Systematic Account of the Freshwater Fishes of British
Guiana . ſº tº dº ſº ſº te º O . 116–529
Chapter IX. Bibliography tº gº ſº tº * Q {º . . . 530–554
INDEx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555-578
ix
Ly --~~~
LIST OF FIGURES IN TEXT.
Mouth of the Demerara River at Georgetown, British Guiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © tº ºn e º 30
A trench in Georgetown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … - 31
View of the lowlands looking seaward from the railway near Mahaica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
View of the drainage canal at Cane-Grove Corner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Photograph of Carnegiella strigata in aquarium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
View on the right bank of the Demerara River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
View of creek filled with brush-wood above Wismar at low tide. Indians are poisoning
the creek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Fish-fence made of reeds and banana-leaves on creek above Wismar. Indian with bow
and arrow ready to shoot larger fishes brought up by poison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
View on bayou back of Christianburg. Indian fishing from his corial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Indian women pounding leaves in a hollow on the ground preparatory to using the
pulp for poisoning a stream on Gluck Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ſº e º ſº º Gº tº 40
Small stream on Gluck Island dammed by Indian women before putting in the poison-
ous leaf-pulp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … 41
-> Edge of bayou between right bank of Essequibo and outlying sand-bar at Rockstone . 42
Looking across the Rapids of the Potaro River at Tumatumari. Papaya-trees in .
foreground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Albert, one of the Indian bearers, transporting goods at Kangaruma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
View looking up the Potaro River in the early morning. Glimpse of the Guiana
Plateau in the distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * - - - - - . . . . . . . . ... 47
Seining on a sand-bar below the Amatuk Cataract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " * c -e s e. 48
View on the Potaro River looking up stream at the point where the first glimpse of t
the Kaieteur Falls is caught. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exposed left side of the bed of the Potaro River at Tukeit in the dry season. . . . . . . 50
Looking up the Potaro Valley from the brink of the Kaieteur Falls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Looking down the Canyon of the Potaro River from the brink of the Kaieteur Falls. 52
View looking up the dry bed of Shrimp Creek. Figure of man in middle distance
shows height of rocky steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 53
Diagrammatic representation of the contour of the Kaieteur Falls. (After Brown.).. 56
Table showing distribution of the fishes taken by C. H. Eigenmann in the Potaro
River above the Kaieteur Falls........................................... 101
xii LIST OF FIGURES IN TExT
Bunocephalus amaurus Eigenmann. Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Agmus lyriformis Eigenmann. Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Teeth of Selenaspis herzbergi (Bloch). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Teeth of Selenaspis passany (Cuvier and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Outlines of occipital processes of various individuals of Notarius grandicassis (Cuvier
and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Outlines of occipital processes of various individuals of Notarius parmocassis (Cuvier
and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Outlines of occipital processes of three specimens of Notarius stricticassis (Cuvier and
Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Outline of premaxillary band of teeth in Megalonema platycephalum Eigenmann..... 150
Outline of Pseudopimelodus villosus Eigenmann. Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Chasmocranus longior Eigenmann. Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Plecostomus hemiurus Eigenmann. Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Pseudancistrus nigrescens Eigenmann. Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... s is e s a e s s . . . . . . . . . . 234
Ancistrus lithurgicus Eigenmann. Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.18
Tetragonopterus chalceus Agassiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Maxillary bone of Rhinosardinia serrata Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . ... • * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . 445
II.
III.
IV.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
DXII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
LIST OF PLATES.
Frontispiece: The Kaieteur Falls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Facing p. 1)
PLATE.
I.
Aspredo sicuephorus Cuvier and Valenciennes ; Bunocephalus gronovii
Bleeker. -
Bunocephalus chamaizelus Eigenmann; Bunocephalus amaurus Eigenmann.
(Type.) -
Agmus lyriformis Eigenmann. (Type.)
Agmus scabriceps Eigenmann and Eigenmann. (Type.)
Sciadeichthys flavescens (Cuvier and Valenciennes); Sciadeichthys proëps
(Cuvier and Valenciennes); Sciadeichthys parkeri (Traill).
Sciadeichthys proëps (Cuvier and Valenciennes); Dorsal view (the so-called
“monk”); Palatal view (the so-called “crucifix”); Lateral view.
Selenaspis herzbergi (Bloch); Selenaspis passany (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Notarius grandicassis (Cuvier and Valenciennes); Notarius parmocassis
(Cuvier and Valenciennes); Notarius stricticassis (Cuvier and Valen-
ciennes.)
Sciadeichthys emphysetus (Müller and Troschel); Arius spizi (Agassiz);
Hezanematichthys rugispints (Cuvier and Valenciennes). -
Pseudopimelodus villosus Eigenmann. (Type); Megalonema platycephalum
- Eigenmann. (Type.) gº º
Pseudopimelodus albomarginatus Eigenmann. (Type); Brachyglanis melas
Eigenmann. (Type.) s -
Brachyglanis phalacra. Eigenmann. (Type); Microglanis poecilus Eigen-
mann. (Type.) - - - -
Brachyglanis phalacra Eigenmann.
mann. (Type.)
Myoglants potaroënsis Eigenmann. (Type); Chasmocranus longior Eigen-
mann. (Type.) *
Chasmocranus brevior Eigenmann. (Type); Pimelodella megalops Eigen-
mann. (Type.) - - *.
Pimelodella macturki Eigenmann.
mann. (Type.) - 4
Leptodoras linnelli Eigenmann. (Type); Trachycorystes obscurus (Günther).
(Type); Brachyplatystoma waillanti (Cuvier and Valenciennes); Doras
granulosus Valenciennes.
(Type); Leptoglanisessequibensis Eigen-
(Type); Pimelodus heteropleurus Eigen-
xiii
xiv
LIST OF PLATES
XVIII.
XIX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
Leptodoras linnelli Eigenmann. (Type); Hemidoras microstomus Eigen-
mann. (Type.)
Hemidoras leporhinus Eigenmann. (Type); Hemidoras notospilus Eigen-
mann. (Type.) -
Centromochlus aulopygius Kner; Pseudauchenipterus nodosus (Bloch);
Tympanopleura piperata Eigenmann. (Type.)
Auchenipterus demerara. Eigenmann. (Type); Ageneiosus guianensis Eigen-
mann. (Type.) $
Ageneiosus marmoratus Eigenmann. (Type); Helogenes marmoratus Günther.
Hemicetopsis macilentus Eigenmann. (Type); Hemicetopsis minutus Eigen-
mann. (Type.) - -
Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock); Hoplosternum thoracatum (Cuvier and
Valenciennes); Corydoras punctatus (Bloch.) -
Plecostomus hemiurus Eigenmann. (Type); Pseudancistrus nigrescens
Eigenmann. (Type); Ancistrus lithurgicus Eigenmann. (Type.)
Plecostomus watwata (Hancock); Lithogenes villosus Eigenmann. (Type);
Neoplecostomus granosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). -
Corymbophanes andersoni Eigenmann. (Type.)
Hemiancistrus brauer. Eigenmann. (Type); Pseudancisirus barbatus (Cu-
vier and Valenciennes.)
Lithozus lithoides Eigenmann, d" (Type); Lithoxus lithoides Eigenmann,
Q and d". Ventral surface.
Loricariichthys microdon Eigenmann. (Type); Loricariichthys griseus Eigen-
mann. (Type); Loricariichthys brunneus (Hancock); Loricariichthys
platyurus (Müller and Troschel); Loricariichthys stewarti Eigenmann.
(Type); Harttia platystoma (Günther.)
Harttia platystoma (Günther); Loricariichthys platyurus (Müller and
Troschel); Loricariichthys brunneus (Hancock.) -
Loricariichthys microdon Eigenmann. (Type); Loricariichthys griseus Eigen-
mann. (Type); Farlowella hargreavesi Eigenmann. (Type.)
Bivibranchia protractila Eigenmann. (Type.)
Curimatus spilurus Günther; Curimatus microcephalus Eigenmann and
Eigenmann; Curimatus morowhannae Eigenmann. (Type); Curimatus
issororoënsis Eigenmann. (Type.) - - –
Curimatus schomburgki Günther; Prochilodus maripicru Eigenmann. (Type);
Tylobronchus maculosus Eigenmann. (Type); Chilodus punctatus Müller
and Troschel.
Parodon bifasciatus Eigenmann. (Type); Hemiodus quadrimaculatus Pelle-
grin; Hemiodus semitaeniatus Kner; Nannostomus marginatus Eigenmann.
LIST OF PLATES XV
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
XLIII.
XLIV.
YLVII.
XLVIII.
(Type); Nannostomus minimus Eigenmann. (Type); Nannostomus
simplex. Eigenmann. (Type.) • -
Poecilobrycon harrisoni Eigenmann. (Type); Poecilobrycontrifasciatus (Stein-
dachner); Poecilobrycon erythrurus Eigenmann. (Type); Poecilobrycon
ocellatus Eigenmann. (Type); Archicheir minutus Eigenmann. (Type);
Characidium laterale Eigenmann. (Type and Cotype.)
Characidium vintoni Eigenmann. (Type); Characidium blennioides Eigen-
mann. (Type); Characidium catenatum Eigenmann. .
Characidium fasciatum Reinhardt; Characidium pellucidum Eigenmann.
(Type); Characidium pteroides Eigenmann. Type and Cotype.
Anostomus anostomus Linnaeus. * -
Anostomus anostomus (Linnaeus); Anostomus trimaculatus (Kner); Anosto-
mus plicatus Eigenmann. (Type); Schizodontopsis laticeps Eigenmann.
(Type.) -
Leporinus nigrotaeniatus (Schomburgk); Leporinus arcus Eigenmann.
(Type.)
Leporinus alternus Eigenmann. (Type); Leporinus maculatus Müller and
Troschel; Leporinus granti Eigenmann. (Type); Leporinus frideric;
(Bloch.) * . -
Pacilocharaz bowallii Eigenmann. (Types 3 and 9); Odontostilbe melandelus
Eigenmann. (Type); Aphyocharaz erythrurus Eigenmann. (Type);
Aphyodite grammica Eigenmann. (Type.) r
. . Creagrutus melanzonus Eigenmann. (Type); Bryconamericus hyphesson
Eigenmann. (Type); Pristella riddlei (Meek); Pristella aubyne; Eigen-
mann. (Type) . - .
Maenkhausia profunda Eigenmann. (Type); Fowlerina orbicularis (Cuvier
and Valenciennes); Maenkhausia oligolepis (Günther).
Ctenobrycon spilurus (Cuvier and Valenciennes); Maenkhausia grandi-
squamis (Müller and Troschel); Maenkhausia browni Eigenmann. (Type);
Maenkhausia shideleri Eigenmann. (Type.)
Hemigrammus unilineatus Gill; Hemigrammus erythrozonus Durbin.
(Type); Hemigrammus rodwayi Durbin. (Type); Hemigrammus ocellifer
(Steindachner); Hemigrammus orthus Durbin. (Type) -
Hemigrammus iota Durbin. (Type); Hyphessobrycon minimus Durbin.
(Type); Hemigrammus cylindricus Durbin. (Type); Hyphessobrycon
gracilis (Reinhardt); Hyphessobrycon minor Durbin. (Type); Hemi-
grammus analis Durbin. (Type); Hyphessobrycon sticius Durbin. (Type.)
Hyphessobrycon rosaceus Durbin. (Type); Hyphessobrycon eos Durbin.
(Type); Creatochanes affinis Günther; Creatochanes melanurus (Bloch);
Creatochames caudomaculatus Günther.
LIST OF PLATES
LI.
LII.
LIII.
LIV.
LV.
LVI.
LVII.
LVIII.
LIX.
LXII.
LXIII.
LXV.
LXVI.
LXVII.
Astyanar guianensis Eigenmann. (Type); Astyanaz essequibensis Eigen-
mann. (Type); Astyanaz mutator Eigenmann. (Type); Astyanaa: mucro-
natus Eigenmann. (Type.)
Astyanaa wappi (Cuvier and Valenciennes); Paecilurichthys polylepis
(Günther); Poecilurichthys abramoides Eigenmann. (Type); Poecilurich-
thys potaroënsis Eigenmann. (Type.)
Deuterodon potaroënsis Eigenmann. (Type); Deuterodon pinnatus Eigen-
mann. (Type); Phenacogaster megalostictus Eigenmann. (Type); Phena-
cogaster microstictus Eigenmann. (Type.)
Holobrycon pesu (Müller and Troschel); Brycon falcatus Müller and Troschel;
Brycon siebenthalae Eigenmann. (Type.) * .
Chalcinus rotundatus (Schomburgk); Carnegiella strigata (Günther); Gastero-
pelecus sternicla (Linnaeus). * - -
Serrasalmo rhombeus (Linnaeus); Pygocentrus bilineatus Eigenmann. (Co-
type); Catoprion mento (Cuvier). gº r
Metynnis maculatus (Kner); Myloplus rubripinnis (Müller and Troschel);
Myloplus asterias (Müller and Troschel), d". - -
Myloplus rhomboidalis (Cuvier).
Myleus pacu (Schomburgk).
Ezodon paradoxus Müller and Troschel; Roeboides thurnt Eigenmann.
(Type); Charaz gibbosus (Linnaeus); Asiphonichthys hemigrammus Eigen-
mann. (Type.) -
Acanthocharaz microlepis Eigenmann. (Type); Heterocharaz macrolepis
Eigenmann. (Type); Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch); Acestrorhynchus
nasutus Eigenmann. (Type.)
Hoplias macrophthalmus (Pellegrin); Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch); Rhino-
sardinia serrata Eigenmann. (Type); Stolephorus guianensis Eigenmann.
(Type.)
Rivulus breviceps Eigenmann. (Type); Rivulus holmiæ Eigenmann, dº
(Cotype), Q (Type); Rivulus waimacui Eigenmann, d" (Cotype), 9
(Type); Rivulus stagnatus Eigenmann, d" (Cotype), 2 (Type).
Rivulus lanceolatus Eigenmann. (Type); Rivulus frenatus Eigenmann.
(Type); Paecilia vivipara Bloch and Schneider, 3, 9; Acanthophacelus
melanzonus Eigenmann, d' (Type), 9 (Cotype). -
Acanthophacelus reticulatus (Peters), d", 9; Acanthophacelus bifurcus
Eigenmann, 3 (Cotype), 2 ; Tomeurus gracilis Eigenmann, d' (Type),
Q (Cotype); Nannacara anomala Regan.
Nannacara bimaculata Eigenmann. (Type); A'quidens potaroënsis Eigen-
mann. (Type); Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch).
Geophagus jurupar; Heckel; Group of young.
LIST OF PLATES xvii
LXVIII.
LXIX.
LXX.
LXXI.
LXXII.
LXXIII.
LXXIV.
LXXV.
LXXVI.
LXXVII.
LXXVIII.
LXXIX.
LXXX.
LXXXII.
LXXXIII.
LXXXIV.
LXXXV.
LXXXVI.
LXXXVII.
LXXXVIII.
LXXXIX.
w YC.
XCI.
XCII,
XCIII.
XCIV.
XCV.
|XCVI.
XCVII.
XCVIII.
XCIX.
C.
CI.
CII.
CIII.
Heterogramma ortmanni Eigenmann. (Type); Heterogramma Steindachner;
Regan; Crenicichla alta Eigenmann. (Type.)
Cichla ocellaris Bloch and Schneider; Young, half-grown.
Apionichthys unicolor Günther; Soleonasus finis Eigenmann. (Type.)
Map: Distribution of the Aspredinidae.
Map: Distribution of the Pimelodinae.
Map: Distribution of the Pimelodinae continued.
Map: Distribution of the Pimelodinae continued.
Map: Distribution of the Doradinae.
Map: Distribution of the Doradinge continued.
Map: Distribution of the Auchenipterinae.
Map: Distribution of the Callichthyidae.
Map: Distribution of the Plecostominae.
Map: Distribution of the Plecostominae continued.
Map: Distribution of the Plecostominae continued.
Map: Distribution of the Loricariinae.
Map: Distribution of Bivibranchia and Curimatus.
'Map: Distribution of the Hemiodinae and Prochilodinae.
Map: Distribution of the Nannostomatinae.
Map: Distribution of Charicidium of the Nannostomatinae.
Map: Distribution of the Anostomatinae.
Map: Distribution of Leporinus.
Map: Distribution of Moenkhausia.
Map: Distribution of the Tetragonopterinae.
Map: Distribution of Hemigrammus.
Map: Distribution of the Tetragonopterinae continued.
Map: Distribution of Creatochanes. * .
Map: Distribution of the Tetragonopterinae continued.
Map: Distribution of the Tetragonopterinae continued.
Map: Distribution of various genera of Characidae.
Map: Distribution of the Characidae.
Map: Distribution of Characidae continued.
Map: Distribution of the Erythrininae.
Map: Distribution of the Cichlidae.
Map: Distribution of the Cichlidae continued.
Map: Distribution of the Cichlidae continued.
Map: Distribution of the Cichlidae continued.
MEMOIRS
OF THE
CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
WOL. V. - NO. 1.
THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA, INCLUDING A
STUDY OF THE ECOLOGICAL GROUPING OF SPECIES,
AND THE RELATION OF THE FAUNA OF THE
PLATEAU TO THAT OF THE LOWLANDS.
By C. H. EIGENMANN, PH.D.
INTRODUCTORY.
I had two purposes in view in the trip to Guiana: first, to observe, photograph,
and incidentally collect as many species as possible for my monograph of the
characins; second, in connection with my general faunal study of the fishes of
South America to determine, if possible, the relation of the fish-fauna of the Guiana
plateau to that of the lowlands, more particularly the relationship existing between
the faunas of the upper and the lower Potaro. The two reaches of the Potaro are
separated from each other by the Kaieteur Fall, over which the water leaves the
Guiana Plateau by a drop of seven hundred and forty-one feet. Although all
other things were sacrificed to the two purposes mentioned, I cannot claim that
I accomplished them to my entire satisfaction. The conditions were all so novel,
the difficulties of travel so great, the heat so intense, the fauna so rich, the
time and the money at my command so limited, that I now occasionally regret
that at this or that point I did not use different means, or devote more time to
the objects in view. But to offset this regret I have many solid satisfactions.
If seeing and recording a lot of “specimens,” which have been disintegrating
for longer or shorter periods in alcohol, can be called acquaintance, I have been
acquainted with South American fresh-water fishes for many years. In contrast
1
2 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
*
to such an acquaintance I recall standing one exciting morning on the brink of a
small pool, which my Indians said contained fishes. It was not more than fifty
feet across and was back-water left by the receding Essequibo. The Indians
pounded poisonous hiari roots, tied them into bundles, and the boys then Swam
through the pool with them over their backs, and thus mixed in the poison. Soon
one species, then another, and still others, which I had only known as mummies,
were resurrected from the depths of that pool, and I danced about its margin with
delight to see them in their vivid living colors and incidentally to embalm them
in their turn for future reference. On another glorious working day, which lasted
from 6 A.M. to 12:30 A.M. of the day following, I secured over seventy species of
fresh-water fishes, more than forty of which were characins. *
Robert Schomburgk noted eighty-three species of fishes in his travels about
Guiana, only thirty of which came from the region covered by this paper. I secured
more than twice as many species in a few hours. Richard Schomburgk reported
a total number of one hundred and forty-eight species, of which about eighty
were recorded from the area covered by this report. In all, only one hundred
and sixteen species have been hitherto recorded from the rivers of British Guiana,
discharging into the Atlantic, while three hundred and sixty species are
recorded in the present paper. Of these I myself collected all but twenty-
seven. Of the twenty-seven species I have examined all but Rhamdia laukidi,
Rhamdia arekaima, and Pimelodus altipinnis. Rhamdia laukidi and arekaima are
probably forms of R. clarias. No one has seen them since Schomburgk's day, and
he did not preserve specimens. Pimelodus altipinnis was described from a small
specimen said to have come from Demerara. The species said to be P. altipinnis
is abundant in the lower Amazon.
With the exception of the few cases in which labels were lost in transit, all of the
specimens here recorded are assigned to exact localities. Very few definite localities
had been previously put on record. “Demerara,” “Essequibo,” “Rupununi,”
or “British Guiana,” have been the usual designations. Nannostomus beckfordi
Günther and Heterogramma steindachneri Regan are among the few species the
definite habitats of which were known.
Science owes a debt to a number of persons in and out of Guiana, who
very generously assisted me in various ways. The officers of the Quebec
Steamship Co., Ltd., transported our collecting outfit and our collections free of
all charge, and made generous reductions from the regular passenger tariff from
New York to Georgetown and return. Messrs. Sprostons, Ltd., conveyed us and
our baggage free to all points within the colony reached by their boats, and put
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 3
us under still greater obligations by instructing their various agents to help us in
every possible way. The officers of the railway between Georgetown and New
Amsterdam gave us similar help. Mr. Lyman Jones and Mr. St. Aubyne of the
Lama Water Conservancy placed boats, a house, servants, and a number of men
at our disposal, and the collections from Lama Stop-Off, Maduni Stop-Off, and
Cane Grove Corner are altogether due to the disinterested help of these gentlemen.
The most generous interest in the success of the expedition was displayed by Dr.
Edwin Bovallius and Mr. George Linnell, who furnished me with boats and a
crew of sixteen Indians, who conducted me from Kangaruma to the Chenepowo
River at Holmia and to the Aruataima Cataract. Mr. William Grant, the Indian
guide and interpreter on this trip, became an enthusiastic fisherman, and has sent
me many new things since my return." At Holmia the quarters of the Essequibo
Exploration Company were placed at my disposal, and here I was able to recuperate
from a fever, while my crew were gathering poison and fishes. The success in the
upper Potaro is entirely due to the generous help of Messrs. Bovallius and Linnell.
At Tumatumari Mr. Brummel, at Wismar Mr. J. D. Spence, and at Georgetown
Messrs. J. B. Mitchell, James Rodway, C. W. Anderson, E. A. W. Abraham, and
Professor J. G. Harrison aided me in various ways. Mr. B. S. Conrad of George-
town, to whom I had a letter of introduction, greatly assisted the expedition with
advice and guidance. He not only generously devoted much of his own valuable
time to the interests of the expedition, but introduced me to other gentlemen, who
aided me in a variety of ways. I am indebted to Mr. E. S. Shideler, who acted as
volunteer student assistant on this trip. He collected with me most of the time,
and the collections from Malali, Bartica, the Botanic Garden, and the northwest
are entirely due to his efforts.
- The summer of 1910 was devoted to examining the types of fishes from Guiana
in European museums. Drs. G. A. Boulenger and C. T. Regan of the British
Museum, Drs. Th. W. van Lidth de Jeude and C. M. L. Popta of the Leyden
Museum, Director Dr. Max Weber of the Amsterdam Museum, Director Dr. A.
Brauer and Dr. P. Pappenheim of the Royal Museum in Berlin, Intendant Hofrat
Dr. Fr. Steindachner of the K. K. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum in Vienna, and
Dr. J. Pellegrin of the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris all cordially coöperated
by placing the types in their keeping at my disposal. - -
*Mr. Grant collected in the following places not reached by me: Nickaparoo (or Nickaparu) Creek,
branch of the Ireng; Maripicru, a branch of the Ireng between Wontyke and Karakara, above the Karona
falls; Chipoo, a tributary of the Ireng between Karakara and the Rupununi; Papan, near Eworora; Twoca
Pan, between the Rupununi and Pununike; Rupununi, opposite Massara Landing; creek between Rapoo and
the lower falls; Packedo should possibly be “Pacu” Falls, in the Rupununi; Gatuck Creek, Potaro Highland;
Yakeatonuk Fall, Potaro River. Some of these names are spelled in several ways on the different labels.
4 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Most of the drawings illustrating the paper were prepared by Mr. W. S.
Atkinson of Stanford University. The photo-drawings are for the most part the
combined work of Professor W. Cogshall of Indiana University, Miss Maud Sie-
benthal, and myself. The final arrangement of the figures on the plates was the
work of the Editor, to whom I am indebted for much other kind help and crit cism.
In the preparation of the account of the Ariinae I had the assistance of Mr.
Owen Frazee. Mr. Elmer Deem assisted with the Doradinae, and Miss Lola Vance
with the Pimelodinae. The account of the Gymnotidae was prepared by Dr. Max
Ellis. I have given no figures of the Gymnotidae, having reserved these for the
monograph of the family by Dr. Ellis, which is ready to go to press. The Sciaenidae
were described by Mrs. Marian Durbin Ellis, and the accounts of Hemigrammus
and Hyphessobrycon are extracted from the monograph of these genera by Mrs.
Ellis, which is still in manuscript. -ºf-
r Mrs. Rosa Smith Eigenmann has been of the greatest assistance in the prepara-
tion of this paper. Deprived of the pleasures and responsibilities of more formal
collaboration, she has critically read the manuscript and overseen the work of the
artists. -
\
CHAPTER I.
BRITISH GUIANA.
In speaking of the country I cannot do better than to reproduce in part the
excellent account from the pen of Wilgress Anderson, F.R.G.S., contained in a
work upon the goldfields published a couple of years ago by Mr. J. B. Harrison.
The pages of the original are indicated in brackets:” -
GENERAL PHYSICAL AND Topograph.ICAL FEATURES OF BRITISH GUIANA.
[p. 9.] “Situation and Eatent.—The region called Guiana, or Guyana, stretches
along the northern coast of South America from the mouth of the Orinoco River
to that of the Amazon River, and inwards to Brazil. . . .
“The only European possessions in South America are three in number, and
are situated on the central portion of this territory, which is divided into the colo-
nies of the British, Dutch, and French Guiana. -
“Of these colonies, the most westerly is that of British Guiana, which extends
from the eastern limits of Venezuela, westward to Dutch Guiana, and north of
Brazil to the coast on the Atlantic Ocean, its extreme limits touching the parallels
of 0°41' and 8° 33'22" north latitude, and the meridians of 56° 20%" and 61° 23'
24.7’’ west longitude. - •
“British Guiana has a seaboard of about 270 miles trending in a southeasterly
direction, with a mean depth of about 500 miles, and is equal in extent to the com-
bined size of England, Scotland and Wales, the area being about 90,000 square
miles, most of which is densly covered with exuberant primeval forest, but in some
parts there are broad open flats and undulating grassy plains, or savannahs, and
mountainous grass-clad country.
“Physical Features. The Alluvial Belt.—The colony may be divided broadly
into two low-lying belts near the coast and a hilly and mountainous hinterland
which constitutes by far the largest area. -
“The coast-lands are flat and for the most part swampy, being slightly de-
pressed below the level of ordinary spring-tides, so that sea-walls and other defences
• The Geology of the Goldfields of British Guiana, by J. B. Harrison, 8vo, pp.i-ix, 1–320,43 plates. London,
Dulau & Co. - 5
6 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
have to be constructed to protect the settled parts of the coast-lands from being
flooded by high tides. They form part of an alluvial belt which rises gradually
from the sea-level and extends inland for a distance varying from ten to forty
miles, and which is composed of variously colored clays with intermediate layers
of Sand and peat, the latter being locally known as pegass.
“The margins of this formation along the sea and rivers are covered with a
dense growth, consisting principally of mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) and of
courida (Avicenna nitida), which form natural sea-defences, the former being found
along the western and the latter along the eastern parts. Behind this growth are
flat grassy savannahs (p. 10] interspersed with forest, consisting mostly of Aeta
and Trooli palms (Mauritia flexuosa and Manicaria saccifera), whilst in some parts
the land is covered with a dense jungle. It is on this belt that all the Sugar estates
and by far the greater part of the cultivated areas are situated. :
“The Sand and Clay Belt.—The alluvial belt is succeeded by a slightly elevated
and undulating belt composed of sandy and clayey sedimentary soils, derived
from the disintegration of the various country rocks in situ, and traversed in some
places by sand-dunes, which rise from fifty to about one hundred and eighty feet
above the sea-level. This second belt commences at the Waini River, in the north-
western district, and gradually increases in width as it extends toward the eastern
boundary of the Courantyne, in the vicinity of which it attains its greatest depth
at about one hundred miles inland. Grass-covered downs occur on the banks of
the Berbice and Courantyne Rivers, but the greater part of this tract consists of
high forest, and along the river margins and in the valleys mora trees (Dimorph-
andra mora) grow plentifully. - - -
“The Hinterland.—Beyond these belts, southward, the country rises between
the river valleys, which are in many parts swampy, and as it approaches the
sources of the larger rivers attains a height of about nine hundred feet above the
sea-level at the source of the Takatu, the western boundary, and about four hundred
feet above the sea at the source of the Courantyne, the eastern boundary. This
more elevated portion occupies about eleven-twelfths of the area of the colony.
It is diversified by numerous low hills and valleys, and contains three principal
mountain ranges, several irregularly distributed smaller ranges, and in its Southern
and eastern parts many scattered isolated mountains, none of the last mentioned
being more than fifteen hundred feet above sea-level. &
“The eastern portion is almost entirely forest-clad, yet the country on the
western side of the colony, between the Rupununi and Ireng Rivers and extending
southwards from the Pakaraima Mountains to the Kanuku Range consists of an
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 7
almost flat grass-clad plain or savannah, elevated about three hundred feet above
sea-level, in which, in the vicinity of and bordering upon the many streams by
which it is watered, are patches of woodlands. From the Kanuku Mountains
southwards to about six miles from the source of the Takutu and from that river
eastwards to a considerable distance beyond the Rupununi there is an extensive
and undulating elevated savannah with similar patches of woods along the valleys
of the many streams by which it is drained. Beyond this the extreme southern
part of the colony is entirely forest-clad. -
[p. 11.] “Rivers.-Of the numerous river-systems there are six principal ones,
viz.:- - .
(1) The Essequibo and its principal tributaries, the Mazaruni and Cuyuni;
(2) The Courantyne and its tributary, the New River;
(3) The Berbice and its tributary, the Canje;
(4) The Waini and its tributary, the Barama;
(5) The Demerara;
(6) The Barima. -
“These, together with the following smaller ones, the Abary, Mahaicony,
Mahaica, Boerasirie, Pomeroon, and Maruka Rivers, flow to the Atlantic Ocean.
“In addition to the above mentioned rivers, there are the Takatu and its
tributary, the Ireng, which meet together at 3° 34' north latitude and form the
Brazilian boundary. The Takuta River flows thence to the Rio Negro, the waters
of which join the Amazon. * gº
“The Essequibo, the largest river in the colony, rises in 0°41' north latitude,
about eight hundred and fifty feet above the sea-level and flows in a northerly
direction for some six hundred miles. It is joined at Bartika, about forty miles
from its mouth, by the Mazaruni River, a tributary, which is itself joined at
Cartabo, five miles above Bartika, by another tributary called the Cuyuni River,
all these combining to form an estuary with a width of about three miles below
their junction, and which expands to a width of fourteen miles at the mouth, con-
taining, as it approaches the sea, three islands, each of which is about twelve miles
in length, and in addition many smaller ones. The river is navigable for large
vessels as far as Bartika, and for small launches to the foot of the first rapids,
eighteen miles above that point. Beyond this its course is broken by many rapids
and cataracts, and about five miles above the junction of the Rupununi the Esse-
quibo river is practically unnavigable on account of the many long series of cataracts
and falls, which obstruct its course. &
ſp. 12.] “The Rupununi River joins the Essequibo in 4° 2'52" north latitude,
8 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
and gives access during the rainy seasons to the elevated grass-clad plains, or
savannahs, on which at the present time a large number of cattle are being raised.
During the height of the dry seasons the river becomes very shallow, its course
being impeded by many sandbanks and rapids, and during this time it can only
be ascended with great difficulty and much loss of time, or rather not at all. Its
many inlets and large lake-like ponds on both banks form a feature common also
to the upper parts of the Berbice, River. Its largest tributary is the Rewa, or
Illiwa, which is itself joined by the Quitaro, and both flow through country covered
with high forests.” - *
(p. 14.] “The Demerara River, although commercially the most important and
best known of all the rivers in the colony, is, compared with some of those already
described, a small one. As the greater depth at the bar admits of large vessels
entering this river with more security and ease than is the case with any of the
other rivers in the colony, Georgetown, the capital and principal port of the colony,
has been established on its east bank at its mouth, which is there three-quarters
of a mile wide, and furnishes a safe harbor for the many steamers and sailing vessels
which frequent the port. The Demerara River takes its rise in the small mountain-
range called the Maccari, which is really an offshoot of the great Pakaraima range.
It has a generally northerly course, and flows between the Essequibo and the Berbice
Rivers. The river is navigable for steamers for nearly eighty miles upwards from
its mouth, and beyond this for launches for about twenty-four miles further up,
as far as the Malali Rapids, where the influence of the tide ceases. Above Malali -*.
the river is again navigable for launches as far as Kanaimapoo, above which are
the Kumaparu Rapids, where the Demerara River approaches nearest in its course
to the Essequibo River. The first great cataract on this river is situated a short
distance above Kamaparu, in latitude 5° 18' north, and is known as the Oruru-
Malali, or Great Falls. Beyond Oruru-Malali the river is sluggish, and is again
navigable for boats as far as the Cannister Cataracts, where it divides into two
streams. Its forest-clad banks are flat as far up as the second or sand and clay belt,
where the sand hills occur and form the first high land.”
“Mountain Ranges.—One of the most prominent features of the country is the
great central mass of mostly flat-topped mountains, known as the Pakaraima group
or chain, which occupies the most western [p. 15|portion of the colony, and stretches
southward from the Cuyuni River to within thirty miles above the mouth of the
Ireng River, and eastward to the Essequibo River right across the colony as far
as the Courantyne River.” " . w
“The bulk of these mountains forms a successive series of terraces and broad,
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 9
undulating plateaus, with bold, and in some cases, perpendicular sandstone escarp-
ments, varying in height from about twelve hundred to over two thousand feet,
and eventually forming a large undulating table-land at an average height of about
thirty-five hundred feet above the sea-level. In many parts of the mountains and
table-lands great and deep gorges have been eroded by the rivers and streams
which traverse them. They attain their greatest height at Mount Roraima and
Mount Kukenaam, both of which rise over eight thousand five hundred feet above
the sea. The portion of this range which extends westward and down the southern
bank of the Mazaruni River to the vicinity of the Teboco Cataracts retains the
striking flat-topped features and is known as the Merumé Mountains.”
“The elevated table-land (8635 feet) of Mount Roraima is about twelve square
miles in area, and on it the boundaries of the colony with those of Venezuela and
Brazil meet at a common point. This very remarkable mountain, together with
Mount Kukenaam, is a part of one of the most extensive sandstone formations
on the globe, and they both rise with perpendicular cliffs of sandstone two thousand
feet in height above the base of the surrounding country.”
“The highest plateaus, such as Mount Roraima, are mostly bare, exposed
expanses of rock, between the crevices of which grow many rare and curious orchids
and other flowering plants, besides some low bushes and extremely stunted trees.”
GENERAL GEOLOGY.”
[p. 19. “The Coast-Lands-The alluvial deposits are of considerable, but
unknown thickness. As they rest upon beds of pipe-clay or impure kaolin it is a
matter of great difficulty to decide whether the borings for underground waters,
which have from time to time been made in various parts of the coast-lands, have
been wholly in the alluvium, or hāve, as they certainly have done in some cases,
penetrated through these beds into the underlying residuary clays. In places,
however, the alluvial deposits have been proved for depths of over two hundred
feet, and it is possible that in many places their thickness far exceeds this. The
cores of the borings show that the alluvial deposits consist of beds of more or less
indurated marine muds and sands which have been laid down so as to form beds
of clay, of mixed clay and very fine siliceous sand, locally known as ‘caddy,' and
of siliceous sands varying, much in texture—some beds consisting of sand of ex-
tremely fine texture, others of coarser grain, while others again approach in char-
acter finegrits or gravels. In places some of the beds contain considerable quantities
*The notes upon the Geology are derived from the same work hitherto quoted, and from the pen of
, Mr. J. B. Harrison, the Government Geologist of British Guiana. - • - -
10 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
of decomposing vegetable debris, and these, when drilled into during deep well-
sinking operations, in some cases give off inflammable mixtures of gases containing
marsh gas in considerable quantities. In places the effusion of the gases has been
accompanied by that of small quantities of petroleum, a decomposition product of
the organic matters. The geological age of these beds is uncertain, the lower parts
may be of late Tertiary or Pleistocene age, while the parts now bordering the coast-
line are undoubtedly recent. I am inclined to think that their age is, in part at
least, similar to that of the Moruga sands of Trinidad. The sand-beds of these
deposits are not unfrequently exposed in the cultivated parts of the coast-land,
where they are known as sand-reefs. These form in places oval patches of land
raised a few feet above the general level of the surrounding ſp. 20) argillaceous
soils, and in many others gives rise to long narrow ridges somewhat raised above the
general level of the land which they traverse. Their mode of occurrence indicates
that they are purely local modifications of the alluvial deposits, sands separated
from the mass of the marine silt by the action of local currents and of the waves,
and thus the sand-beds form more or less lenticular beds occupying, as a rule, no
great area. They are, in my opinion, very distinct from the beds of sand which
characterize various phases in areas where the land is either rising or falling to any
extent in the vicinity of a shallow sea.
“The general evidence indicates that British Guiana occupies one of the most
stable areas of the earth's surface,—one which has been very slowly rising through long
ages,”—this slow movement having given rise to the low rapids which usually
mark the termination of the tide-way in the rivers, and possibly which has so
altered the contour of parts of the continent on which the colony is situated as to
change the main lines of drainage, and thus to make the rivers relatively small
streams traversing the deeper parts of the courses and valleys eroded by their
predecessors in earlier periods. During a stage in this slow upheaval the low hills
already mentioned as occurring in a few places in the alluvial coast-land were in
turn rocks and small islands in the shallowing sea which then surrounded them, as
now they are surrounded by an apparently unbounded expanse of forest or of
marsh. - - -
“A remarkable feature in parts of the alluvial coast-land is the occurrence of
extensive beds of a kind of peat. This is locally known as “pegass,’ and consists
of the more or less altered remains of ferns, mosses, and sedges, and of other marsh-
loving plants. It resembles in its general character the upper layers of the vegetable
matter which are found in peat-bogs in temperate climates. As far as my observa-
*The Italics are mine. C. H. Eigenmann. . .
EIGENMANN TEIE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 11
tions go it is never as compact as true peat. This is probably due to the deposits
of it being seldom more than from two to four feet in thickness.
“As pointed out by Sir Charles Lyell in his ‘Principles of Geology,’ a large
portion of the sand and clays of the alluvial deposits has been brought by the cur-
rents from the mouth of the Amazon River; the burden brought by the present
rivers of the colony from the higher districts through which they flow having been,
during recent periods, a very subordinate factor in the accumulation of this wide-
spread formation; although perhaps in earlier times, before the land had risen to
its present level, the river-borne silt may have contributed a large quota to the
Iſla,SS. *
“The Forest Lands and Residuary Deposits.-The alluvial strata extend to
depths varying from five to, in places, as much as thirty-five miles from the coast-
line and rest upon beds described by C. B. Brown as ‘sand and clay deposits.’”
ſp. 21.] “These residual deposits cover and hide the true country over vast
areas of the lower-lying parts of the colony, and form the characteristic Sub-soils
and soils of our forest regions. -
“The parts of the areas covered by these residuary deposits which abut upon
the true alluvial beds are in many places traversed by long ranges of sand-dunes,
giving rise to low hills, which, as in the case of the range traversed by the Demerara-
Essequibo Railway, may attain a height of somewhat over two hundred feet. As
a rule, their heights do not exceed one hundred or one hundred and twenty feet.
The sand, of which the upper parts, at any rate, of these dunes (it is possible that
in many cases they cover ridges of the residuary deposits) consist, is glistening,
white, quartz sand, the grains of which are usually uniform in size over relatively
large areas, the majority being well rounded, thus accentuating the wind-blown
origin of the dunes. + -
“C. B. Brown notices that the beds form a low escarpment at the southern
limit of the fluvio-marine deposit, and that this has been taken for a ridge running
parallel to the coast. I have not had opportunities of repeating this observation,
but, accepting its accuracy, I consider that the ridge approximately marks the shore-
line, which existed at the commencement of the deposit of the present fluvio-marine
ſp. 22) alluvium. Observations made in the forest regions since the time of Brown's
geological reconnaissances of the interior of the colony have shown that the resid-
uary deposits cover the country not alone on the plains of the lowlands, but along
the great river-valleys and on the lower forest-covered parts of many of the hills
and mountains. The heavy, at times torrential, tropical rains have carved out
of the residuary coverings deep ravines and valleys; and the gravels, sands, and
12 MEMOIRs of THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
silts derived from the eroded material have been laid down in the wide valleys
along the courses of parts of the rivers as fluviatile loams, gravels, and sands.
“The Sandstone and the Diabase Intrusions.—Large areas of the interior of the
colony are occupied by a thick stratified formation of sandstone and conglomerate.
Just as the basal igneous rocks are, so is this, pierced and traversed by dykes of
diabase, hence the latter rock must be of later origin than all except the sedimentary
coverings and the fluvio-marine deposits. The blue-grey rock varies much in depth
of color and texture, and its varieties will be described in the chapters dealing with
the petrography of the colony.
“The diabase intrusions occur in belts, generally stretching across the colony
in a north-westerly and south-easterly direction. The intrusions vary from narrow
dykes, only exposed in the courses of the rivers during very dry seasons, some being
not more than from two to three feet across, to low hills and to mountain ranges,
some of which—for example, the Eagle mountains in the Potaro gold district—
exceed in height two thousand feet. The tops and sides of the hills and mountains,
except where they have suffered great denudation, are covered with ironstone gravel,
while the lower parts of the district in which diabase forms the ſp. 23] country are
covered up with strata of laterite, frequently over one hundred feet in depth, and
in places interspersed with nests of secondary quartz, or traversed by veins and
stringers of quartz, or, less often, by lenticular layers of secondary quartz, closely
resembling, when cut through by mining shafts, tunnels and trenches, true quartz-
reefs. The quartz rock in all these forms is not unfrequently auriferous, the metal
being dispersed through it in a very irregular manner, especially in the large lenticu-
lar layers, which in many parts are nearly, or even entirely, barren of gold, and in
others are “bonanzas” carrying at rates from twenty to, in places, several hundred
ounces of the precious metal to the ton of the rock. Unfortunately hitherto these
bonanzas have proved few and far between; but there is no reason for assuming
that they will not be found in many places in the enormous area of the laterite
deposits which up to the present has not been prospected, as they have been in
similar places at intervals in the past. Gold also occurs as paint gold, as gold dust,
and as nuggets of very varying sizes in the laterite. - *
“Of earlier age than the diabase is the sandstone and conglomerate series.
It constitutes the greater portion of the Pacaraima mountains, and spreads west-
wardly into Venezuela. A similar formation occurs in Brazil, and in all probability
is part of the same massif as the Guiana one. Wherever it occurs it appears to
be unfossiliferous, and hence we have no paleontological evidence with regard to
the geological period at which it was deposited. Two conjectures have been made
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 13
as to this. C. B. Brown arrived at the conclusion on what appears to me to be
somewhat defective evidence (its, in parts, reddish color, its unfossiliferous nature,
and its being penetrated by masses, dykes, and sills of greenstone—diabase—as
are sandstones of Triassic age in North America), that it is an equivalent of the
New Red sandstone. In Venezuela its relationship to rocks of known age is said
to be recognizable, and it is stated to be of Cretaceous age. A like conclusion that
the northern parts of the format on are of Cretaceous age has been arrived at in
Brazil. If these views are correct, the later outbreaks of diabase, which are, directly
or indirectly, the causation of many of the auriferous deposits of British Guiana,
must be either of Cretaceous age, or belong to the Tertiary or to a later period.
And as there is a very great resemblance in the magmatic character of the Guianan
diabase, and of the lavas of the West Indian province, whose outbreaks are clearly
of Tertiary and of present age, the assumption of the relatively recent age of the
diabase is a plausible one. As will be mentioned in a later chapter, the diabase
shows no signs of the effects of the regional metamorphism which has materially
affected many of the rocks underlying the sandstone formation.
“The only evidence available in this colony with regard to the sandstone and
the geological period of its formation is that wherever its base has been seen it
occupies an analogous position to the Torridonian sandstones of the Scottish High-
lands, to which the sandstone has a close resemblance in constitution. It lies
invariably on the presumably Archean rocks of the colony; and its constituents,
as far as I have been [p. 24] able to examine them, show no signs of having, even in
part, been derived from later rocks. If it is of Cretaceous age it offers an interesting
example of the recurrence of similar formations in widely divided geological ages,
when the conditions affecting their formation and deposition are identical. Per-
sonally I am not prepared from my own observations and studies to accept any
statements of its geological age further than that shown by its relationship to the
underlying gneiss, porphyries, felsite and schists derived from them.
“The sandstone formation spreads eastwardly through the colony, crosses the
Essequibo River in a low narrow belt at Comuti Mountain, gives rise to the Maccari
Mountain in Demerara, and crossing the Berbice River near Marlissa Rapids, is
seen forming a low mountain range at Itabru near that river. It passes into Dutch
Guiana across the Courantyne River near its union with the Cabelebo River, and
also in its higher reaches. The formation consists of beds of coarse conglomerate,
red and white sandstones of very varying textures, and in places of strata of red
shale. e
“High mountains occur in the sandstone formation, which consist of coarse
14 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
textured diabase or of rather fine-grained gabbro. This rock shows signs of meta-
morphism, in places being granulitic in structure and in others being changed to a
considerable extent, either by the development in it from augite of a dark-brown
secondary biotite, or the pyroxene is altered from an almost colorless mineral to a
brown-colored strongly dichroic one.
“Mr. C. Wilgress Anderson, who in 1895 spent several months in traversing
the sandstone district while nouiring into the alleged occurrence of beds of aurifer-
ous conglomerate in it, and has since crossed it repeatedly during the Boundary
Surveys, is of opinion that the diabase gabbro is of greater age than the Sandstone,
the latter formation in places resting on or abutting against it, and this view is
upheld by its structure. The hills were probably small islands in the shallow seas
in which the sandstone formation was laid down. C. B. Brown, on page 14 of the
“Reports on the Geology of British Guiana,' mentions the occurrence of great
layers of conglomerate in the neighborhood of ‘greenstone,’ and this is confirmatory
of Mr. Anderson's view. The possible existence of ‘greenstone’ of two distinct
geological ages and modes of occurrence does not seem to have struck Brown and
Sawkins, but it offers an intelligible explanation of the facts recorded by them in
their reports. These surveyors estimated the total thickness of the sandstone on
the assumption that it is traversed by three layers of greenstone at about three
thousand feet. As, however, it is probable that some at least of the latter diabase,
as, for instance, that at Roraima, is in the form of laccolites, and during intrusion
has elevated great tracts of the sandstone country, probably the formation has not
the total thickness deducible from C. B. Brown's figures, and may at present not
anywhere exceed in thickness that shown at Roraima—about two thousand feet.
As a rule the sandstone lies nearly horizontally, dipping somewhat to the north,
and few faults are seen in it, although in places near where diabase has intruded
into it [p. 25) there are well-marked local disturbances in its dip. Many of the
beds of sandstone of finer texture show well-marked current-bedding.”
CHAPTER II.
EARLIER WORKS ON THE FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA.
The first notice of the fishes of the area covered by this report, which I have been
able to discover, is Van der Lott's “Kort Bericht von den Congeraal, ofte Drilvisch,”
Verhandl. Holl. Maatsch., Harlem, 1762. Van der Lott was at the time a surgeon
on the Essequibo, who attributed so many “medical properties” to the electric
eel that he “acquired no increase in reputation therefrom in this colony,” as Ban-
croft says. * w
In his “An Essay on the Natural History of Guiana,” London, 1769, Edward
Bancroft publishes a letter dated “Demerary, Aug. 15, 1766,” in which he mentions
or describes (p. 188) the “Lowlow,” the “Barroketa” (Arapaima?), (p. 189) “Peri”
(Serrasalmo'?), (p. 190) “Saw-fish, Flounders, Brasilian Soles, Surinam Mackarel,
Drummers, Old-wifes, Mullets, and a species of Anchovies.” -
He devotes several pages, 190–202, to the “torporific eel,” attributing the
shock to electricity. This was several years before Holst (1772) demonstrated
that the peculiar power of the torpedo is due to electricity.
Hillhouse in his “Indian Notices,” a book which I have not seen, is said to
enumerate “ wenty-six species as peculiar to the coast, estuaries, and rivers of
Guiana.” . n
Hancock in his “Notes on some species of Fishes and Reptiles from Demerara,
presented to the Zoological Society by John Hancock” (Zoological Journal, Vol.
IV, pp. 240–247, 1829; also Isis) describes: -
Doras costatus = Doras hancockii Cuv. & Val.
Callichthys littoralis = Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock).
Hypostomus watwata = Plecostomus watwata (Hancock).
Hypostomus multiradiatus = Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus (Hancock).
Loricaria brunnea = Loricariichthys brunneus (Hancock).
But the first real work in gathering fishes and knowledge concerning them
began with the explorations of Robert Hermann Schomburgk, conducted during
the years 1835–1839 under the auspices of the Royal Geographical Society and the
British Government. The explorations were continued by Robert Hermann
15
Y 16 º MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Schomburgk and his brother, Richard Schomburgk, during the years 1840–1844.
Robert in the second expedition went as an explorer for the British Government.
Richard Schomburgk was sent along by the king of Prussia at the instigation of
Alexander Von Humboldt.
Robert H. Schomburgk during his first expedition collected but few specimens,
to which we may now refer. But he had many drawings made and furnished notes
concerning the Species drawn. The notes were edited, the drawings named, and
the whole published by Jardine as “Fishes of British Guiana,” Parts I and II,
forming Volumes XXXIX and XL of “The Naturalists Library.”
Schomburgk not only explored the rivers flowing northward, but made a long
tour across the head of the Orinoco, down the Rio Negro, and up the Rio Branco.
Fifty-three of the eighty-three species noted in the volumes seem to have come
from the basin of the Rio Negro, only thirty being definitely ascribed to streams
flowing northward. g
I long ago expressed the opinion that some of the drawings are composites,
and that in some cases a wrong combination of figure and description was made
by the editor." Nevertheless the two little volumes form a notable contribution
to the knowledge of the fishes of Guiana. Schomburgk presented to the Jardin
des Plantes and to the British Museum several specimens, which were made the
types of new species. Whether they were collected during his first or second
expedition I do not know.
Schomburgk's first journey was described in his “Reisen in Guiana und am
Orinoco wahrend der Jahre 1835–1839,” published by O. A. Schomburgk, Leipzig,
1841. The journey was divided into several longer or shorter excursions.
1. He left Georgetown September 21, 1835, and ascended the Essequibo to
the Cuyuni, up which he went a short distance, and then continued on up the Esse-
quibo to the Rupununi and up this river to near its source. He then returned to the
Essequibo and went up this stream to the William IVth Cataract, then down to the
Siparuni, up which he went some distance, returning March 28, 1836, to Georgetown.
2. On September 2, 1836, he again left Georgetown and ascended the Couran-
tyne to Some large cataracts. -
3. On November 25th he started up the Berbice River and went to the parallel
‘Schomburgk's difficulties may be appreciated from his statements, Vol. I, 82–83: “But with the ex-
ception of my Indian friends and Dr. Fleming's Philosophy of Natural History I had nothing to guide me in
my researches” and “The first specimen of any fish, a drawing of which we did not previously possess, served
generally to sketch its outward forms and general colors on the paper; and when we were fortunate enough
to secure a second specimen those delicate hues were painted in, which are only visible immediately after the
fish comes out of the water.”
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 17
of the junction of the Rupununi and Essequibo and started over to the Essequibo
and returned by way of the Berbice.
4. On September 12, 1837, he again ascended the Essequibo and Rupununi
to the Rewa, up which he went and crossed over to the Cuyuwini, an upper tribu-
tary of the Essequibo. He descended it to the Essequibo, which he ascended to its
Source. He then returned to the Rupununi about Lake Amucu," whence he went
to Fort St. Joaquin on the Takutu. He left this place on September 20, 1838,
Sailing up the Takutu to its tributary, the Mahu, swinging from here northwestward
to Roraima, thence southwestward to the Parima, up this river, and then, following
the mountains, to Esmeralda on the Orinoco, along the Cassiquiare to the Rio
Negro, down this river to the Rio Branco, and up this stream back to Fort San
Joaquin on April 22d. He returned thence to Georgetown on June 20, 1839.
The species he figured and noted, together with the identification of those
dealt with in the present work, are given in the following list. Those from the
northern slope are marked with an asterisk; those which have been found on the
northern slope since Schomburgk's day are marked i.
VoI. I.
1. Acanthicus histria. Spix, p. 131, pl. 1. Rio Branco at Fort San Joaquin.
f 2. Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus, p. 136. Locality? = Loricaria cataphracta (Linnaeus).
3. Hypostoma plecostomus Valenciennes, p. Rio Branco, 8 in. = Plecostomus plecostomus
139. (Linnaeus). gº
* 4. Hypostoma squalinum Schomburgk, p. Rio Branco, Rio Negro, Essequibo. 13% in. =
142, pl. 2. - Plecostomus emarginatus (Cuv. & Wal.).
5. Hypostoma punctatum Schomburgk, p. Rio Branco. 6% in.
145, figure.
6. Hypostoma barbatus Cuv. & Val., p. 147. Loc 2.6% in. = Pseudancistrus barbatus (Cuv. &
Wal.). tº
* 7. Callichthys longifilis Cuv. & Wal., p. 150, Pools, marshes, and creeks. 8 in. = Hoplosternum
figure. thoracatum (Cuv. & Wal.).
* 8. Callichthys 7 p. 152, figure. Curassarraka on the Rupununi.
f 9. Doras costatus Lacépède, p. 155. 12 in. = Doras costatus (Linnaeus).
fl0. Doras cataphractus Linnaeus, p. 158. Rio Negro. = Doras cataphractus (Linnaeus).
11. Doras castaneo-ventris Schomburgk, p. 161, Pasawiri. 7 in. = ? Doras cataphractus (Linnaeus).
pl. 3.
*12. Doras brunnescens Schomburgk, p. 163. Upper Essequibo. 5 in. = ? Doras cataphractus
. (Linnaeus). -
13. Doras niger Valenciennes, p. 165. Esmeralda. = Ozydoras niger (Val.).
14. Doras, p. 166. - Orooporary on the Essequibo.
* In recent works this word is spelled Amacu.
18
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
*15.
16.
17.
*18.
*19.
*20.
f21.
22.
*23.
25.
26.
27.
*28.
*29.
*30.
31.
*32.
33.
*34.
85.
36.
*37.
Phractocephalus hemilopterus Agassiz,
p. 169, figure.
Arius oncina Schomburgk, p. 173, pl. 4.
Arius obesus Schomburgk, p. 174.
Pimelodus (Bagrus) maculatus Lacépède,
p. 175, figure. -
? 7 ? p. 176.
Pimelodus arekaima Schomburgk, p. 178,
pl. 5.
Pimelodus insignis Schomburgk, p. 180,
pl. 6. *
Pimelodus notatus Schomburgk, p. 181,
pl. 7.
Pimelodus pirinampu Spix, p. 183.
. Platystoma tigrinum Valenciennes, p. 185,
pl. 8.
Platystoma planiceps Agassiz, p. 187.
Platystoma waillanti Valenciennes," p. 188.
Hypophthalmus dawalla Schomburgk, p.
191, pl. 9.
Lau-Lau, p. 193, figure.
Sudis gigas Cuvier, p. 198, pl. 17.
Osteoglossum arowana Schomburgk, p. 205, -
pl. 10. - -
Chalceus rotundatus Schomburgk, p. 209,
* figure.
Chalceus taeniatus Schomburgk, p. 210.
Chalceus labrosus Schomburgk, p. 212, pl.
13. -
Chalceus nigrotaeniatus Schomburgk, p.
213, pl. 13.
Chalceus latus Schomburgk, p. 214.
Chalceus fasciatus Schomburgk, p. 215.
Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier, p. 216, pl.
14.
All rivers of Guiana. 4 ft. = Phractocephalus
hemiliopterus (Bloch & Schneider).
Rio Padauiri. 10 in. = ?
Rio Branco. 8 in. = ?
Most of the rivers. 12 in. = Pimelodus clarias
(Bloch).
Demerara and Essequibo. 18–20 in.
Upper Essequibo and Rio Branco. 2 ft. 3 in. =
Rhamdia arekaima (Schomburgk).
Rio Branco. 18 in. = Pimelodella cristata (Müller
& Troschel).
Rio Branco. 3 feet.
Rivers of Guiana. 3 feet or more. = Piniram-
pus pirinampu (Spix).
Most rivers of Guiana. = Pseudoplatystoma fas-
ciatum (Linnaeus).
Rio Branco.
Guiana. To 2 ft. 3 in. = Brachyplatystoma
vaillanti Valenciennes.
Rivers of Guiana. 2%ft. = Ageneiosus breviñlis
(Cuv. & Wal.). º
Rivers of Guiana. 10–12 ft. 200 lbs. = Platy-
stoma vaillanti Valenciennes. º *
Rupununi, Rio Branco, Rio Negro. 15 ft. 410
pounds = Arapaima gigas (Cuvier).
Rupununi, Essequibo, Rio Branco, Rio Negro.
= Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Wandelli.
Padauiri. 6–7 in. = Chalcinus rotundatus (Schom-
burgk). -
Essequibo, Rio Negro, Rio Branco. 15–18 in.
= ? -
Rio Paduiri." 594 in. =? Brycon falcatus Müller
& Troschel. - •
Loc. ? 14–16 in. = Leporinus nigrotaeniatus
(Schomburgk). -
Padauiri, tributary of the Rio Negro. 4 in.
Padauiri. 18 in. - •
Essequibo. 15 in. = Chalceus macrolepidotus
Cuvier.
*This species is given on the authority of Valenciennes. Its identity with the Lau-lau was not appre-
ciated by Schomburgk.
7 Padauiriº
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 19
f38. Anodus notatus Schomburgk, p. 218, pl. 15. Rio Negro. = Anisitsia notatus (Schomburgk).
f39. Serrasalmo piranha Spix, p. 221, pl. 16. Rio Branco. 10–11 in. = Pygocentrus piraya
(Cuvier). t
*40. Serrasalmo stagnatilis Schomburgk, p. 222. Upper Essequibo, in pools. 8 in. = ?
741. Serrasalmo punctatus Schomburgk, p. 223, = Pygopristis denticulatus (Cuvier).
pl. 17. -
?42. Serrasalmo 7 p. 224.
*43. Serrasalmo niger Schomburgk, p. 225, pl. All rivers of Guiana. 16 in. = Pygocentrus niger
18. (Schomburgk).
?44. Salmo emarginatus Schomburgk, p. 231, Loc. ? = Metynnis sp.?
pl. 19.
45. Salmo undulatus Schomburgk, p. 232, Padauiri. 6 in. = ?
figure. -
46. Serrasalmo scotopterus Schomburgk, p. Rio Branco.
233. - * -
*47. Myletes pacu Schomburgk, p. 236 pls. 20 Dikes of Essequibo. 24 in. = Myleus pacu
& 21. - (Schomburgk).
47a, b, c. Morocoto," cartabac, palometo, pp. 239,
240.
*48. Tetragonopterus latus Schomburgk, p. 241. All rivers of Guiana. = ?Metynnis, sp.?
49. Tetragonopterus schomburgkii, Jardine, p. Rio Negro.
243, pl. 22.
*50. Xiphostoma ocellatum Schomburgk, p. 245, Essequibo, Rios Negro and Branco. 2 ft. = Hy-
pl. 23. º drocynus cuvieri (Agassiz).
* “The morocoto, cartabac, and a species of pacu which we found in the river Parama, and which differed
only from the common pacu in its colour being black, constitute a group of fishes which resemble each other
by structure, teeth, habits, and their being phytivorous. One of the most delicious among this division is the
morocoto or ostbu of the Warraus; it inhabits only the estuaries, and does not occur in fresh water; it would
fall, therefore out of the limits of the present descriptions; but as it is so closely allied with the pacu, I shall
mention at least its dimensions and general appearance. The teeth, which consist of fourteen in the upper jãw,
and are placed in a double row in the fore part, are all distinctly molar or grinding teeth. It attains a length
from about twenty-five to twenty-eight inches, and is twelve inches in depth. The gill covers consist of three
strong bones, the dorsal fin of sixteen rays, the ventral of eight, and the anal of twenty-four, the caudal is
compressed and thin; in every other respect it resembles the pacu, and is extremely fat and delicious. During
the month of August, when they feed upon the fruit of the caramacata, a tree of large size and very hard wood,
and the bark, leaves, and fruit of which is extremely bitter, their flesh has a bitter taste, but otherwise it is
much sought after, and large numbers of it are occasionally brought from the mouth of the Orinoco to George-
town. It forms the chief support of the Warrau Indians who inhabit the coast regions in the vicinity of the -
estuaries of the Orinoco and the months of the Guainia and Barima.”
“The palometo, which is about fourteen inches long and seven inches in depth, its body compressed
and flat, with a thin sharp belly, is equally well flavoured as the morocoto and pacu, and frequents similar
haunts as the morocoto.” (Fishes of British Guiana, pp. 239–40.) I have not identified these species
which are mentioned only by their Indian names. -
20
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
*51.
*52.
53.
*54.
.*55.
*56.
57.
58.
59.
*60.
*61.
*62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
*67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
Hydrocyon microlepis Schomburgk, p. 247, Essequibo, Rios Negro and Branco. = Acestro-
pl. 24. - rhynchus microlepis (Schomburgk).
Hydrocyon armatus Schomburgk, p. 249, All rivers of Guiana. 10–12 lbs. = Acestrorhyn-
pl. 25. chus falcirostris (Cuvier).
Schizodon fasciatus Spix, p. 252, pl. 26. Rio Branco. = Schizodon fasciatus Spix.
Erythrinus macrodon Schomburgk, non Berbice, beyond the cataract, Itabru, Cuyuni,
Agassiz, p. 254, pl. 27. 4 ft. = Hoplias macrophthalmus Pellegrin.
Huri, Cauhui, Tari-ira,” p. 256. In every river of Guiana. = Hoplias malabaricus
(Bloch).
Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus Schomburgk, p. Essequibo, Rios Branco and Negro. 2 lbs. =
258, pl. 28. Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus Schomburgk.
Prochilodus binotatus Schomburgk, p. 260, Rio Branco. 13% in.
pl. 29. -
Prochilodus insignis Schomburgk, p. 261, Rio Branco. 11% in.
pl. 30.
- WOL. II.
Belone guianensis Schomburgk, p. 131, pl. Padauiri. 15 in. = Potamorhaphis guianensis
1. (Schomburgk).
Sciaena rubella Schomburgk, p. 133. Most rivers. 2 feet. = Plagioscion squamosis-
simus Heckel. •,
Corvina grunniens Schomburgk, p. 136, Essequibo. = Pachypops grunniens (Schom-
pl. 2. burgk).
Cychla labrina Agassiz, p. 139, pl. 3. Upper and lower courses. 6–7 inches. = Cre-
nicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus).
Cychla fasciata Schomburgk, pl. 141, p. 4. Loc.? = Crenicichla johanna Heckel.
Cychla rutilans Schomburgk, p. 142, pl. 5. Rio Branco. = Crenichla lugubris Heckel.
Cychla flavomaculata Schomburgk, p. Rio Negro and Padauiri. 2 ft. = Cichla ocellaris
145, pl. 6. (Bloch & Schn.).
Cychla nigro-maculata Schomburgk, p. 147, Rio Negro and Padauiri. 18 nehes. = Cichla
pl. 7. ocellaris (Bloch & Schn.).
Cychla argus Valenciennes, p. 149, pl. 8. Essequibo; Rio Branco; Rio Negro. = Cichla
ocellaris (Bloch & Schn.).
Cychla trifasciatus Schomburgk, p. 151; Rio Negro; Padauiri. = Cichla ocellaris (Bloch &
pl. 9. - Schn.).
Cychla f rubro-ocellatus Schomburgk, p. Rio Negro. = ?
153, pl. 10. sº
Centrarchus cychla Schomburgk, p. 157, Rio Negro. = ?
pl. 11.
Centrarchus niger Schomburgk, p. 159, pl. Rio Negro. 6%. = ?
12. x -
Centrarchus notatus Schomburgk, p. 160, Loc.? = Cichlasoma severum (Heckel).
pl. 13.
This species is not listed under its scientific name.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 21
73. Centrarchus f vittatus Schomburgk, p. 161, Loc.? = ?
pl. 14.
74. Centrarchus ºf rostratus Schomburgk, p. Rio Negro. 4.4 inches. = Acaropsis massa
163, pl. 15. (Heckel). -
*75. Centrarchus f cyanopterus Schomburgk, p. Essequibo. 3 in. = ? Cichlasoma bimaculatum
165, pl. 16. (Linnaeus).
76. Pomotis # fasciatus Schomburgk, p. 169, Rios Padauiri and Negro. 8.5 in.
pl. 17.
*77. Pomotis f bono Schomburgk, p. 171, pl. 18. All rivers, and in pools and marshes. 6.5 in. =
- Æquidens tetramerus (Heckel).
78. Gymnotus electricus Linnaeus, p. 173, pl. Rio Negro. = Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus).
18. -
79. Gymnotus fasciatus Pallas, p. 174, pl. 19. Rio Branco. = Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus.
80. Trigon histria: Ž D’Orbigny, p. 180, pl. 20. River Roowa. 12 inches. = Potamotrygon hys-
g tria (Müller & Henle).
81. Trygon garrapa Schomburgk, p. 182, pl. Rio Branco. = Potamotrygon hystria (Müller &
21. - Henle).
82. Trygon strongylopterus Schomburgk, p. Rio Branco. = Paratrygon strongylopterus
183, pl. 22. (Schomburgk).
83. Elipesurus spinicauda Schomburgk, p. Rio Branco.
184, pl. 23.
84. Silurus parkeri Trail, p. 188, pl. 24. = Sciadeichthys parkeri (Trail).
The brother, Richard Schomburgk, in the expeditions which have been men-
tioned, ascended the Demerara River to near the “Great Fall,” He also threaded
the Pomeroon, Waini, and Barima Rivers, which discharge their waters west of
the Essequibo. He ascended the Essequibo to the Rupununi, following the latter
to near its sources. From Pirara he ascended the Takutu to its source and de-
scended it to Fort San Joaquin, whence he went to Roraima. His last collections,
made on the trip to Roraima, were all lost.
An account of his journeys was published in two volumes under the title
“Reisen in British Guiana in den Jahren 1840–1844 im Auftrag Sr. Majestät des
Königs von Preussen.” His collections were enumerated in a third volume. The
new fishes were largely described in the “Horae Ichthyologicae,” by Müller &
Troschel, who also prepared the account of the fishes in this third volume. He gives
many notes on the habits of the fishes in the first two volumes. Müller & Troschel
enumerate one hundred and forty-one species as represented in his collections.”
Most of these I had an opportunity of examining in the Zoological Museum in
10 To these Schomburgk adds ten species known to him, but not recognized by Müller and Troschel.
Some of these, like Myletes pacu, as Schomburgk himself noted, were given by Müller & Troschel under other
IlºſſléS,
22
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Berlin during July of 1910. On account of lack of time no effort was made to
verify the marine or estuarine species. The list of species with the identification
of those dealt with in the present volume is given in the following table.
1.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Centropomus undecimalis Cuvier & Wal-
enciennes, p. 620.
. Serranus galeus Müller & Troschel, p. 621.
. Pomotis catesbet Cuvier & Valenciennes,
p. 621.
. Otolithus toe-toe Cuvier & Valenciennes,
p. 621.
. Otolithus leiarchus Cuvier & Valenciennes,
p. 621. -
. Ancylodon jaculidens Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, p. 621.
. Micropogon lineatus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, p. 621.
. Micropogon trifilis Müller & Troschel, p.
622.
. Polycentrus schomburgkii Müller & Tros-
chel, p. 622.
Gerres rhombeus Cuvier & Valenciennes, p.
622.
Acharnes speciosus Müller & Troschel, p.
622. g
Chorinemus saliens Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, p. 623.
Caranz carangus Cuvier & Valenciennes,
p. 623.
Mugil liza Cuvier & Valenciennes, p. 623.
Mugil curema Cuvier & Valenciennes, p.
623.
Gobius bacalaus Cuvier & Valenciennes, p.
623.
Eleotris guavina Cuvier & Valenciennes, p.
623.
Batrachus, surinamensis Bloch & Schnei-
der, p. 623.
Monochir maculipinnis Agassiz, p. 624.
Acara margarita Heckel, p. 624.
Acara nassa Heckel, p. 624.
Coast. 1–2 ft. = Centropomus undecimalis
(Bloch).
Coast.
Coast. 8–10 in. = Cynoscion acoupa (Lacé-
pède).
Coast. 12–14 in.
Coast. 6–8 in. = Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch &
Schneider).
Coast. 1–2 ft. = Micropogon furnieri (Desmar-
est).
Coast. 16–18 in. = Pachypops furcraus Lacé-
pède. -
Essequibo. = Polycentrus schomburgkii Eigen-
ICl2][lıl.
Coast. 10–12 in.
Mouth of Essequibo. 6–8 in. = Cichla ocellaris
Bloch & Schneider.
Coast. 2–6 ft.
Coast. 2–6 ft.
Mouths of rivers. 18–20 in.
Mouths of rivers. 16–18 in.
Coast.
Mouths of rivers. 8–10 in. = Guavina guavina
(Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Coast. 8–10 in.
Coast. 20–26 in.
Amucu Swamps. 8–10 in. = Cichlasoma bi-
maculata (Linnaeus).
Lake Tapacuma. 4-6 in.
Heckel.
Acaropsis massa
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA.
23
22.
23.
25.
26.
a.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
41.
Acara tetramerus Heckel, p. 624.
Acara heckelii Müller & Troschel, p. 624.
. Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, p. 625.
Geophagus jurupari Heckel, p. 625.
Geophagus surinamensis Müller & Tros-
chel, p. 625.
Geophagus leucostictus Müller & Troschel,
p. 625.
Geophagus pappaterra Heckel, p. 625.
Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, p. 625.
Crenicichla saxatilis Heckel, p. 626.
Crenicichla vittata Heckel, p. 626.
Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, p. 626.
Tylosurus guianensis Müller & Troschel,
p. 626.
Bagrus mesops Cuvier & Valenciennes, p.
627.
Bagrus proëps Valenciennes, p. 627.
Bagrus passany Valenciennes, p. 627.
Bagrus clarias Müller & Troschel, p. 627.
Bagrus coelestinus Müller & Troschel, 627.
Bagrus emphysetus Müller & Troschel, p.
627.
. Platystoma tigrinum Valenciennes, p. 627.
Platystoma platyrhynchus Valenciennes, p.
628. e
42.
43.
Galeichthys gronovii Valenciennes, p. 628.
Pimelodus sebae Valenciennes, p. 628.
. Pimelodus raninus Valenciennes, p. 628.
Lakes Tapacuma, Capoye, and Amucu, 4–6 in.
= AEquidens tetramerus (Heckel).
Swamps and savannahs. 4–6 in.
heckelii (Müller & Troschel).
Amucu. 6–8 in. = Chaetobranchus flavescens
Heckel.
Amucu, swamps and Savannahs.
Geophagus jurupari Heckel.
Lakes Tapacuma, Capoye, and Amucu. 4–6 in.
= Geophagus surinamensis Müller & Troschel.
Amucu. 4–6 in. = Geophagus jurupari Heckel.
= Acarichthys
8–10 in. =
Amucu (Tributary of Branco). 4 in. = Geophagus
jurupari Heckel.
All rivers. 2% ft.
Schneider.
All rivers. = Crenicichla saacatilis Heckel.
Essequibo, Lakes Tapacuma and Capoye. = Cren-
icichla lugubris Heckel.
Essequibo and neighboring swamps. = Crenicichla
lugubris Heckel.
Coast. 1–2 ft.
Gaimard.
Waini and Barima. 2 ft. = Selenaspis herz-
bergii (Bloch). .*
Waini and Barima. 18–20 in.
proëps (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
= Selenaspis passany (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Waini & Barima. 12–14 in. = Pimelodus clarias
(Bloch).
Waini & Barima. = Selenaspis herzbergii (Bloch).
Waini and Barima. = Sciadeichthys emphysetus
(Müller & Troschel).
Nearly all rivers. 2% ºft.
fasciatum (Linnaeus).
= Cichla ocellaris Bloch &
= Tylosurus almeida Quoy &
= Sciadeichthys
= Pseudoplatystoma
Rupununi. = Hemisorubim platyrhyncos Cuvier
& Valenciennes.
Waini and Barima. = Felichthys bagre (Linnaeus).
All rivers. 8–10 in. = Rhamdia sebae (Cuvier &
Valenciennes). -
All rivers. 6–8 in. = Pseudopinelodus villosus
Eigenmann. *
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
65.
66.
Pimelodus cristatus Muller & Troschel, p.
628.
Pimelodus foina Müller & Troschel, p. 628.
Pimelodus eques Müller & Troschel, p. 628.
Pimelodus stegelichii Müller & Troschel, p.
628.
Calophysus macropterus Müller & Tros-
chel, p. 629.
Auchenipterus maculosus Valenciennes, p.
629.
Auchenipterus furcatus Valenciennes, p.
692. -
Doras armatulus Valenciennes, p. 629.
Doras niger Valenciennes, p. 629.
. Doras carinatus Valenciennes, p. 629.
Doras maculatus Valenciennes, p. 629.
Callichthys coelatus Cuvier & Valenciennes,
p. 630.
Callichthys eacaratus Müller & Troschel,
p. 630, •
Callichthys pictus Müller & Troschel, p.
630.
Aspredo laevis Valenciennes, p. 630.
Aspredo tibicen Temminck, p. 630.
Acanthicus hystria, Spix, p. 630.
Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus, p. 631.
Loricaria acuta Valenciennes, p. 631.
. Loricaria platyura Müller & Troschel, 631.
Hypostomus commersonii Valenciennes, p.
631. - -
Hypostomus itacua Valenciennes, p. 631.
Takutu and Mahu. 16–18 in. = Pimodella cris-
tata (Müller & Troschel).
Takutu. 7–8 in. = Rhamdella foina (Müller &
Troschel. -
All rivers. 16–18 in. = Gaeldiella eques (Müller
& Troschel).
Forest brooks. 10–12 in. = Rhamdia sebae Cu-
vier & Valenciennes).
Essequibo. 12 in. = Callophysus macropterus
(Lichtenstein). -
Essequibo. 4–6 in. = Trachycorystes galeatus
(Linnaeus). -
Essequibo. 6–8 in. = Pseudauchenipterus nodo-
sus (Bloch).
Rupununi and Awaricuru. 10 in. = Doras costa-
tus (Linnaeus).
All rivers. 10–12 in. = Ozydoras niger (Valen-
ciennes).
Essequibo. 10–12 in. = Hemidoras carinatus
(Linnaeus).
Essequibo. 2 ft. = Doras granulosus (Valen-
ciennes). * *
Trenches. 4–6 in. = Callichthys callichthys
(Linnaeus).
Trenches. 4–6 in. = Hoplosternum thoracatum
(Cuvier & Valenciennes). -
Trenches. 4–6 in. = Hoplosternum thoracatum
(Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Waini. = Aspredo aspredo (Linnaeus).
Coast. 10–12 in. = Aspredinichthys tibicen
(Temminck).
Takutu and Rio Branco. 3—3.6 ft. = Acanthicus
hystria: Spix. 4.
Rupununi. 8–10 in. = Loricaria cataphracta
Linnaeus.
- Rupununi. 8–10 in. = Loricariichthys microdon
Eigenmann. w
Rupununi. 8 in. = Loricariichthys platyura
(Müller & Troschel). -
Takutu. 6–8 in. = Plecostomus verres (Cuvier
& Valenciennes).
Takutu. 3–4. = Hemiancistrus brawer. Eigen-
Iſlållll.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 25
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
Hypostomus temminckii Walenciennes, p.
631.
Hypostomus nudiceps Müller & Troschel,
p. 631.
Anableps tetrophthalmus Bloch, p. 632.
Anableps microlepis Müller & Troschel,
p. 632.
Poecilia vivipara Bloch & Schneider, p. 632.
Erythrinus unitaeniatus Spix, p. 632.
Erythrinus salvus Agassiz, 632.
Macrodon trahira Müller, p. 632.
Macrodon brasiliensis Müller, p. 633.
Anodus alburnus Müller & Troschel, p.
633.
Anodus ciliatus Müller & Troschel, p. 633.
Pacu nigricans Spix, p. 633.
Hemiodus unimaculatus Müller & Troschel
p. 633.
Piabuca argentina Cuvier, p. 633.
Chilodus punctatus Müller & Troschel,634.
Schizodon fasciatus Agassiz, p. 634.
83. Leporinus fasciatus Müller & Troschel, p.
85.
86.
634.
. Leporinus nigrotaeniatus Müller & Tros-
chel, p. 634.
Leporinus maculatus Müller & Troschel, p.
634.
Leporinus frederict Agassiz, p. 634.
Bloch.
Takutu. 2–3 in. = Ancistrus temminckii Cuvier
& Valenciennes.
Takutu. 2–3 in. = Xenocara gymnorhynchus
(Kner). *
Mouths of streams. 6–8 in. = Anableps ama-
bleps (Linnaeus).
Mouths of streams. 4–6 in. = Anableps micro-
lepis Müller & Troschel.
Georgetown canals and others. }% in. =
Poecilia vivipara Bloch & Schneider.
Swamps, streams, and brooks of the Canuku Mts.
8–10 in. = Hoplerythrinus wrvitaeniatus (Spix).
Small forest streams and standing water. 10–14
in. = Hoplerythrinus writaeniatus (Spix).
Generally distributed in British Guiana. = Hop-
lias macrophthalmus Pellegrin.
Generally distributed, British Guiana. , 12–14 in.
= Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch).
Lake Amucu and swamps of the savannah. Up to
10 in. = Curimatella alburna (Müller & Tros-
chel).
Lake Amucu. 6–8 in. Curimatus ciliatus (Müller
& Troschel).
Generally distributed, British Guiana. 6–8 in.
= ?Pygocentrus piraya (Cuvier).
Essequibo. 6–8 in. = Anisitsia notata Schom-
burgk. º
Lake Amucu and swamps of the savannah. 3–4
in. = Plabucus dentatus Koelreuter. -
Still water of the savannah. 3—4 in. = Chilodus
punctatus Müller & Troschel.
Upper Rupununi, Rio Branco, Takutu, and the
swamps near these. = Chilodus punctatus
Müller & Troschel.
Pirara and nearby swamps. = Leporinus fasci-
atus Bloch. - r
Abundant in upper Pomeroon and its tributary
forest brooks. 4–6 inches. = Leporinus nigro-
taeniatus (Schomburgk).
Abundant in Rupununi and Awaricuru. 6–8 in.
= Leporinus maculatus Müller & Troschel.
Pomeroon. 12–14 in. = Leporinus frideric;
Bloch.
26
CARNEGIE MUSEUM
MEMOIRS OF THE
87.
88.
89.
90.
e 91.
92.
93.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Tetragonopterus argenteus Artedi, p. 634.
Tetragonopterus maculatus Müller & Tros-
chel, p. 634.
Tetragonopterus melanurus Müller & Tros-
chel, p. 635.
Tetragonopterus tapniatus Jenyns, p. 635.
Chalceus angulatus Spix, p. 635.
Brycon macrolepidotus Müller & Troschel,
p. 635.
Brycon falcatus Müller & Troschel, p. 635.
... Brycon schomburgkii, Müller & Troschel,
p. 635. -
Brycon pesu Müller & Troschel, p. 635.
Eacodon paradoſcus Troschel, p. 635.
Epicyrtus gibbosus Müller & Troschel, p.
Xiphoramphus falcatus Müller & Troschel,
p. 635.
Xiphoramphus microlepis Müller & Tros-
chel, p. 636.
Hydrolycus scomberoides Müller & Tros-
chel, p. 636.
Agoniates halecinus Müller & Troschel, p.
636.
106.
Xiphostoma cuvier: Spix, p. 636.
Pygocentrus piraya Müller & Troschel, p.
636.
Pygocentrus nigricans Müller & Troschel,
p. 636.
Pygocentrus niger Müller & Troschel, p.
636.
Pygopristis denticulatus Müller & Troschel,
p. 637.
Lake Amucu. 4–6 in. = Tetragonopterus argen-
teus Artedi.
Rupununi and Essequibo and the swamps and
morasses near by. 3—4 in. = Poecilurichthys
bimaculatus (Linnaeus).
Upper Rupununi. 4–6 in. = Creatochanes caud-
omaculatus Günther.
Trenches and swamps along the coast. 1–2 in.
= Maenkhausia oligolepis (Günther).
Essequibo and Rupununi. 6–8 in. = Chalceus
rotundatus (Schomburgk).
Lower Essequibo and Mazaruni. 6-8 in. =
Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier. -
Generally distributed, British Guiana. 6-8 in.
= Brycon falcatus Müller & Troschel.
Plentiful in lower Essequibo. 6–7 in. = Brycon
falcatus Müller & Troschel. -
Lower Essequibo and Mazaruni. 4-6 in. =
Holobrycon pesu (Müller & Troschel).
Plentiful in creeks of the upper Rupununi. 4-6 in.
= Eacodon paradoxus Troschel.
Plantation drains and lower Essequibo. 4–6. in.
= Charaz gibbosus (Linnaeus).
Essequibo and Pomeroon. 6–8 in. = Acestro-
rhynchus falcatus (Bloch). *
Pomeroon, upper Essequibo, Rupununi, and
Takutu. = Acestrorhynchus microlepis (Müller
& Troschel). •
Generally distributed. 2–3 ft. = Hydrolycus
scomberoides (Cuvier).
Cuyuni. 6 in. = Agoniates halecinus Müller &
Troschel. -
Upper Essequibo, Rupununi, and Takutu. 2 ft.
= Hydrocynus cuvieri (Agassiz).
Generally distributed in British Guiana. 10–12 in.
= Pygocentrus piraya (Cuvier). -
Generally distributed. 11–12 in. = Pygocentrus
piraya (Cuvier).
Generally distributed, British Guiana. 16–20 in.
= Pygocentrus niger (Schomburgk).
Essequibo, Rupununi, Takutu, and near-by
swamps. = Pygopristis denticulatus (Cuvier).
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA
27
im.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Pygopristis fumarius Müller & Troschel,
p. 637.
SerraSalmo rhombeus Müller & Troschel, p.
637.
Serrasalmo aureus Spix, p. 637.
Catoprion mento Müller & Troschel, p.
637. "
Myletes rubripinnis Müller & Troschel, p.
637. ſº
Myletes schomburgkii Müller & Troschel,
p. 637. -
Myletes hypsauchen Müller & Troschel, p.
637.
Myletes latus Müller & Troschel, p. 638.
Myletes asterias Müller & Troschel, p. 638.
Myleus setiger Müller & Troschel, p. 638.
Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Spix, p. 638.
Arapaima gigas Müller, p. 638.
Megalops atlanticus Valenciennes, p. 639.
Elops saurus Linnaeus, p. 639.
Engraulis thrissoides Müller & Troschel, p.
639.
Gymnothoraz ocellatus Agassiz, p. 638.
Gymnotus electricus Linnaeus, p. 639.
Sternopygus virescens Müller & Troschel,
p. 639.
Sternopygus lineatus Müller & Troschel, p.
640.
126.
Rhamphichthys rostratus Müller & Troschel,
p. 640.
Rupununi, Essequibo, and near-by swamps. 4–6
in. Pygopristis denticulatus (Cuvier).
Rupununi, Takutu, and near-by swamps. 12–14
in. = Serrasalmo rhombeus (Linnaeus).
Essequibo and Rupununi. 6–8 in. = ? Serrasal-
mo gymnogenys Günther.
Lake Amucu. 3–4 in.
(Cuvier).
Lower Essequibo.
pinnis (M. & T.).
Rupununi, Takutu, Zuruma, as well as swamps of
the savannah. 4-6in. = Mylewspacu (Schom-
burgk).
Standing water, Tapacuma Lake. 3–4 in. =
Metynnis hypsauchen (Müller & Troschel).
Generally distributed in British Guiana. 10–12 in.
= Myloplus rhomboidalis (Cuvier).
Essequibo and Mazaruni near falls. 2 ft. =
Myloplus asterias (Müller & Troschel).
Essequibo near cataracts and in Swift water.
12 in. = Myleus pacu (Schomburgk).
Still water of Rupununi, Takutu, Rio Branco and
near-by swamps of Savannah, and in Lake Amu-
cu. }. ft. = Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Wan-
delli. - *
Generally distributed in streams of British Guiana.
8–10 ft. = Arapaima gigas Cuvier.
Along the coast. 2 ft. = Tarpon atlanticus
(Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Along the coast. 12–14 in.
Cuyuni. 4–7 in. = Stolephorus spinifer (Cuvier
& Valenciennes).
Plantation drains and standing water. 3–4 ft.
= Lycodontis ocellatus (Agassiz).
All fresh water of British Guiana. 7 ft.
trophorus electricus (Linnaeus). -
Lake Amucu and forest streams. 18–20 in. =
Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes).
Small forest brooks. 6-10 in. =Eigenmannia
virescens (Valenciennes).
Demerara River. 4–6 ft.
tratus (Linnaeus).
= Catoprion mento
4–6 in. = Myloplus rubri-
10–
= Elec-
= Rhamphichthys ros-
28
CARNEGIE MUSEUM
MEMOIRS OF THE
127.
128.
Sternarchus oxyrhynchus Müller & Tros- -
chel, p. 640.
Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, p. 640.
129. Chelichthys punctatus Müller & Troschel, p.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
641.
Chelichthys psittacus Müller & Troschel, p.
641.
Chelichthys asellus Müller & Troschel, p.
641.
Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus, p. 641.
Carcharias (Prionodon) henlei Valencien-
nes, p. 641.
Carcharias (Prionodon) oxyrhynchus Mül-
ler & Henle, p. 642.
Sphyrna tudes Müller & Henle, p. 642.
Pristis pectinatus Latham, p. 642.
Taeniura motoro Müller & Henle, p. 642.
Trygon garapa Schomburgk, p. 642.
Trygon strongylopterus Schomburgk, p. 642.
Hypostomus plecostomus Valenciennes, p. Takutu and Rio Branco. 8 in. = Plecostomus.
643. -
Hypostomus squalitus Schomburgk, p. 642.
Phractocephalus hemiliopterus Agassiz, p.
643.
Pimelodus arekaima Schomburgk, p. 643.
Pimelodus insignis Jardine, p. 643.
Hypophthalmus dawalla Schomburgk, p.
643.
Myletes pacu Schomburgk, p. 644.
Prochilodus rubro-taeniatus Schomburgk,
p. 644.
Trygon histria. Schomburgk, p. 644.
148.
Lower Essequibo. 16–18 in. = Sternarchorhyn-
chus oxyrhynchus Müller & Troschel.
Drains of the plantations. 2–3 ft. = Synbran-
chus marmoratus Bloch.
Sand banks of the coast. 12–15 in.
Mouths of the Waini and Barima and sand-banks
of the coast. 4-6 in. = Colomesus psittacus
(Bloch & Schneider).
Fresh water, Barima. 4 in. = Colomesus psit-
tacus (Bloch & Schneider).
Salt water near the coast. 10–12 in.
Found on whole coast, especially near the mouth
of the Demerara. 4–6 ft. -
Coast, especially near the mouth of the Demerara.
6–8 ft.
Whole coast, especially mouth of Demerara. 4-6
ft.
Coast. 4–6 ft.
Mouth of the Zuruma. 6-8 in. = Potamotrygon
hystria (Müller & Troschel).
Takutu and Rio Branco. 8–10 in. = Potamotry-
gon hystria (Müller & Troschel).
Rupununi, Takutu, and Rio Branco. 8–10 in
= Paratrygon orbicularis Bloch & Schneider.
plecostomus (Linnaeus). -
Essequibo, Rio Branco, and Takutu. = Plecos-
tomus emarginatus Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Generally distributed in British Guiana. 2 ft. 11
in. to 4 ft. 2 in. = Phractocephalus hemiliop-
terus Agassiz. " tº
All rivers of the savannah. 2–3 ft. = Rhamdia
arekaima Schomburgk.
Takutu and Rio Branco. = Pimelodella crºstata
(Müller & Troschel).
Rivers of British Guiana. 2–3 ft. = Ageneiosus
brevifilis Cuvier & Valenciennes. .
= Myletes pacu Schomburgk. -
Essequibo and tributaries. 18–20 in. = Pro-
chilodus rubrotaeniatus Schomburgk.
Rupununi, Takatu, and Rewa. = Potamotrygon
hystriz (Müller & Troschel).
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 29
The Lau-lau is mentioned without referring it to any other name.
One other collection of note was made in British Guiana by a Mr. A Ehrhardt.
He collected at Mocco Mocco and Arisaro, spending about two months on the Esse-
quibo. Part of his collection is in the British Museum, part in the Berlin Museum.
The portion in the British Museum was reported upon by Günther in his “Catalogue
of Fishes in the British Museum,” and in a short paper “On New Species of Fishes
from the Essequibo,” published in the Annals & Magazine of Natural History,
December, 1863.
The new things described are: Acara punctulata = Crenicara punctulata
(Günther); Pimelodus holomelas = Rhamdia holomelas (Günther); Auchenipterus
obscurus = Trachycorystes obscurus (Günther); Helogenes marmoratus Günther;
Crenuchus spilurus Günther; Leporinus megalepis Günther = Leporinus maculatus
Müller & Troschel, and Xiphoramphus feroz Günther = Acestrorhynchus falcatus
(Bloch). - w
As I have already stated in the introduction, in none of these papers was a
definite locality given. *
In recent years Mr. T. Sidney Hargreaves collected fresh-water fishes in
British Guiana. They were deposited in the Georgetown Museum. Few have
definite locality labels. Mr. Hargreaves published a series of articles in “The
Argosy,” a local paper, which were reprinted in book form. The booklet is only
of local interest, and adds but little which is of a sufficiently specific nature to be
quoted in a scientific work. *
CHAPTER III.
GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE EXPEDITION.
Accompanied by Mr. S. E. Shideler, I sailed from New York on August 23,
1908, arriving in Georgetown on September 6th.
From August to December is the long dry season in Guiana. In consequence
the upper portions of the rivers are lowest in October and November, and the
fishes are then concentrated in the channels of the streams. We had rain during
the first week of our stay in Guiana, but later were only once interrupted by rain
or high water. While on the Guiana plateau at Holmia a rain lasting a day and
a night caused the river to rise many feet.
-
-
Fig. 1. Mouth of the Demerara River at Georgetown, British Guiana.
The two main objects of the expedition have been outlined in the Introduction.
I desired to secure as many characins as possible and to compare the fauna of the
plateau with that of the lowland. The former became an incident in the study of
the latter question. To get an idea of the lowland fauna a series of collections in
fresh water was made at sea-level within tidal influence from Lama Stop-Off to
Morrawhanna, Wismar, Malali, and Bartica. Above tidal influence collections
were made at Rockstone, Crab Falls, Konawaruk, and Warraputa, in the Essequibo
and along the Potaro from its mouth to the Kaieteur. The fauna of the plateau
was studied in the Potaro from the Kaieteur to the Aruataima Cataract.
30

EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 31
Our equipment consisted of two barrels of alcohol, ten gallons of formalin, a
Baird collecting-net, having a quarter of an inch mesh, fifteen feet long and five
feet deep, a similar net forty-five feet long and seven feet deep, a net one hundred
and fifty feet long with one-inch mesh in the wings and half-inch mesh in the other
Seventy-five feet, several gross of vials, several glass stoppered bottles, numerous
empty one-pound coffee-tins, several five-gallon galvanized iron cans with screw-
tops, one large galvanized iron can, buckets, etc. Kerosene tins were used in
shipping specimens home.
Immediately upon my arrival Irented a house of two rooms named “Charity,”
which stood between two others called “Faith” and “Hope.” The preliminaries
of attending to the customs, moving in, making several trips to the bank and the
office of the Consul before my draft was accepted, making calls, and securing
transportation, consumed Monday and Tuesday, September 7th and 8th. On
Wednesday at 5 A.M. I visited the market, and from that time forward until
FIG. 2. A trench in Georgetown.
my return from the Kaieteur every calory of energy was consumed for the one
object of making the trip successful.
Georgetown is but a few inches above high tide; parts of it, in fact, are below
tide. Many of the streets are provided with a wide central trench for drainage.
Some of these are provided with tide-locks. One canal brings water from the
Lamaha Conservancy, concerning which a little more later. The trenches are

32 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
planted with various native and exotic water-plants, one with Victoria regia, one
with lotus, and so forth. The Lamaha trench is abundantly supplied with in-
digenous water-plants.
We began seining in the trenches of Georgetown as soon as our baggage was
cleared and other preliminaries were attended to, and devoted four days to them.
Toward the end of our stay in the country Mr. Shideler devoted himself again to
the trenches, and particularly to those of the Botanic Garden, one of which he
drained of its water, the results being given in a list published in a later chapter.
We took altogether thirty-nine species (to which Mr. Ellis has added another)
from the trenches, four of which we found nowhere else in Guiana: Plecostomus
watwata, the sea-hassar, Ctenobrycom spilurus, Poecilia vivipara, and Acanthophacelus
melanzonus.
The first is found from Georgetown along the coast to Pará. The second has
been taken only in Georgetown and Surinam. A close relative is exceedingly
FIG. 3. View of the lowlands looking seaward from the railway near Mahaica.
abundant in the Amazons. The third is widely distributed in the West Indies and
South America, while the last has not been taken elsewhere. The water in most
of the trenches in which we collected is fresh; that in a muddy pond at the lower
end of the town may be at times contaminated with brackish water. Few of the
species characteristic of brackish water were taken in the trenches. There were no

EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 33
marine cat-fishes or Banjamans, both groups excessively abundant in the brackish
Water.
The species most abundant were Pristella riddlei, a highly colored little characin
first reported from the Orinoco and also found at Wismar; Hemigrammus rodway?,
another little characin confined to Georgetown and the northwest coast; the widely
distributed characins Poecilurichthys bimaculatus and Charaa, gibbosus, the latter of
which was most abundant of all; the eels, Sternopygus macrurus, Eigenmannia
virescens, the poecilid “Millions” and the cichlid Cichlasoma bimaculatum.
-
Fig. 4. View of the drainage canal at Cane-Grove Corner.
The fauna of the trenches as a whole is poor as compared with that of the
interior. This character the trenches share with the streams of the northwestern
territory near the coast, and the waters about Lama Stop-Off. Many of the species
are so small that our nets having one-quarter inch mesh permitted them to get
through without difficulty. This may in part account for the apparent restriction
of some of the species in the different trenches. Of Pristella riddlei we took with
our nets but eight specimens in the Georgetown trenches, while in the trench of
the Botanic Garden, which was drained, we obtained two hundred and thirty-three.
Having packed the specimens from Georgetown we left on the 15th for Lama



34 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Stop-Off. It may be reached either by boat directly through the canal, or by rail and
boat by way of Mahaica. Arrangements were made for us to go via Mahaica.
The railroad runs through a flat country grazed by cattle, often standing up to their
knees, or even deeper, in water. In places cocoanut-plantations abound and at
frequent intervals canals run across the country to the ocean. Burnt clay is used
in ballasting the railroads and in building the roads. Between the station at
Mahaica and Cane-Grove Corner are a number of sugar-estates, all traversed
by canals.” At Cane-Grove Corner the Lama Water Conservancy begins. It is a
large tract of Swampy savannah converted into a pseudo-lake, or water reservoir,
by surrounding it with a ditch or canal and an outer embankment. At Lama
Stop-Off and Maduni Stop-Off two streams, the Lama and the Maduni, tributaries
of Mahaica Creek, former'y draining the savannah, are “stopped off" or dammed.
*The following from Rodway gives a picture of a single plantation: - t
“One of the principal estates situated on the east coast of Demerara is two hundred roods on façade
by the full depth of two thousand two hundred and fifty roods, i.e., about half a mile wide by five and a half
deep. In front is the seashore, to protect which mangrove and courida bushes are allowed to grow, inside of
which a dam of earth is thrown up, the excavation alongside forming a drain for carrying off any salt water
that may come over during high tides. At a short distance within the front dam comes the public road, which
extends along the coast, and which is kept up at the expense of the estate owner, as far as it extends through his
property. Beyond the road, which with its two canals at the sides forms a second dam, comes about a mile
of grassy land which is used for pasturing cattle, horses, and mules belonging to the plantation. Then comes
the railway, near which is the draining engine and kokers or sluices of the canefields, which commence immedi-
ately behind this third defence. Beyond a mile or so of pale green sugar-cane come the plantation buildings,
which consist of the sugar factory, manager's residence, house for the overseers, hospital, school-house, one or
two shops, and the labourers' cottages, which last are very numerous. This group of buildings forms, to all
intents and purposes, a self-contained village, the manager's house, standing in the midst of a fine garden,
representing the mansion of the squire, while round him live as many mechanics and labourers as are necessary
to carry on the cultivation and factory. Beyond this village come interminable fields of canes as far as the
cultivation extends, where a back dam protects it from floods. The plantation under review had some years
ago nine hundred and thirty-five acres, or exactly half its area, planted with canes, and produced over fifteen
hundred hogsheads of sugar annually. The remaining portion comprised three hundred and fifty-eight acres
in pasture and bush, one hundred and sixty-two acres not then empoldered, one hundred and ninety-eight acres
in dams, parapets, and trenches, one hundred and sixty-two acres of swamp in front, above low water mark,
but outside the sea dam, and fifty-three acres covered by the buildings, garden, public road, railway, etc.
From the number of acres in dams and trenches it may be seen how important this part of the economy of
the plantation must be. On every hand is an earthen dam with corresponding canals, these latter being cut off
from outside by flood-gates, so that no water from sea or swamp can penetrate, while the rainfall of the plan-
tation itself is run off through the sluices at low water, or in very heavy weather, by means of the draining
engine. These draining canals are connected with other trenches between every field, and these again with the
ditches of each bed of canes. With such a perfect system of canals it has naturally followed that sugar canes
are brought to the factory by water, and to complete the communication a middle dam and two canals are car-
ried through the center of the plantation to the factory and thence up to the railway, or to the shipping-trench,
where the droghers take the produce to the port by sea.”
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 35
We embarked on the canal a Cane-Grove Corner and went about nine miles to
Lama Stop-Off, where we made our headquarters, as the guests of Mr. St. Aubyne
from the 15th to the 19th of September. Lama Stop-Off, according to a map at
hand, is about twenty-two miles from Georgetown in a straight line. Lama Creek
below the dam is influenced by the tide so that the top of the dam is but a few feet
above Georgetown. -
Fishes are exceedingly abundant at Lama Stop-Off, although the number of
species does not seem to be large. Undoubtedly several more species might have
been secured if we could have used dynamite or poison. We arrived at nine in the
evening and fishes could be heard jumping out of the water in all directions. We
were awakened in the morning by the howling of monkeys. The entire force at
the command of Mr. St. Aubyne was put to work to use every device known to
him, or brought by us, to gather everything there was in the water.
A naked negro baby caught the enthusiasm, walked into the edge of the water
with a market basket, and made a dip, catching a specimen of Carnegiella! It
Fig. 5. Photograph of Carnegiella strigata in aquarium.
was the first time the fish had been caught since it was described by Günther from
his poor material without a known locality. Naturally I was very anxious to
catch more. In spite of all our efforts we did not catch a second specimen at this
place. We found it later at Maduni Stop-Off and in other places. Cichlids were
very abundant here, and the delicious luckananee (Cichla) was more abundant
here than we found it elsewhere. It gave me particular pleasure, in honor of Mr.
St. Aubyne, to apply the name Pristella aubynei to the species from this place,
of which we collected more specimens han of any other.
We seined both in the canal and below the dams at Maduni Stop-Off and
Lama Stop-Off. In all we secured forty-nine species, five of which were not taken
elsewhere: Rhamdia holomelas, Ageneiosus breviſilis, Nannostomus simplex, Pristella
aubynei, and Hyphessobrycon minimus. The first three are certainly found elsewhere

36 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
ºn the colony, and the fifth is a minute species imperfectly known from the few
specimens secured.
Although the Georgetown trenches are a direct continuation of the canal at
Lama Stop-Off, we secured twenty-eight species at the latter point which we did
Fig. 6. View on the right bank of the Demerara River.
not get at Georgetown. Part of the twenty-eight have come from below the dam
at Lama Stop-Off, but even this reach of water is but recently disconnected from
the general system.
From Lama Stop-Off we returned to Georgetown on the 19th of September,
packed and forwarded the fishes collected to the United States, and prepared to go
inland. Mr. Shideler left for Wismar on the 23d and I followed on the morning
of the 24th. The steamer left Georgetown at 8 A.M. and reached Wismar at 4:30
P.M. The water is muddy until Berlin is approached and becomes blackish
further up. Wismar is about sixty-five miles above Georgetown in a straight line.
The Demerara is navigable for ocean-going sailing-vessels to this point, and is
affected by the tide to the first cataract at Malali, about one hundred miles from
Georgetown, in a direct line. The entire region from Georgetown to Wismar is
flat, except for occasional sand-hills. Creeks enter the Demerara from both sides
about Wismar. At Christianburg a creek has been dammed and a canal brings the
water to the sawmill on the river. We collected in the Demerara river at Christian-
burg and at Wismar, in the Christianburg canal, and in the creeks emptying into the


EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 37
Demerara. It had become evident that during the heat of the day but few fishes
could be taken in the shallow water of the main stream, so that from this time on
the daytime was used to explore for likely places, which were then seined at night.
Most of the mouths of the creeks about Wismar are provided with partial
fences built of poles and palm or banana leaves. The center is ordinarily left
open for the flow of the tide. A mat can be placed in the gap, which will prevent
fishes from coming out of the creek. When the tide is high at night and fish have
FIG. 7. View of creek, filled with brush-wood above Wismar at low tide. Indians are poisoning the creek.
left the main stream and entered the creek the mat is put in place. In the morning
when the tide is out the fishes trapped are either killed with a cutlass, or poisoned.
Many of our specimens were obtained in this way. The creeks are so full of brush
that all ordinary methods of fishing are out of the question. Trap-nets could
probably be used effectively instead of the fence in the mouths of the creeks.
Except in a very few favorable places the banks and shallows of the Demerara
are so profusely overgrown with Caladium arborescens that the seine could not be
used. I engaged fishermen to collect for me some distance below Wismar and had
a creek poisoned at Kumaka, several miles above Wismar. From all of these
places I secured ninety species, five of which were not taken elsewhere. The speci-
mens not taken elsewhere are: A geneiosus guianensis, Poecilobrycon harrisoni,

38 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Acanthophacelus bifurcus, Archicheir minutus, and Steatogenys elegans. Of these
A. minutus is known by but one specimen. The first three are new, and S. elegans
is found in the Amazons. Mr. Shideler went up to the cataract at Malali but
secured only twenty-three species, of which Myloplus asterias was the only one I
FIG. 8. Fish-fence made of reeds and banana leaves on creek above Wismar. Indian with bow and arrow
ready to shoot larger fishes brought up by poison.
did not get elsewhere. A list of the fishes which do not extend so far inland and
another list of those which do not extend so far down stream as Wismar are given
later.
On September 29th, at 5:30 P.M., we took the train for Rockstone. Rockstone
consists of an hotel, terminal station of the steamer connecting with the railroad,
a small store, and a number of cottages for workmen. All goods for the gold-mines,
and all rubber coming from the interior are transferred here to avoid the cataracts
in the Essequibo below Rockstone. The Essequibo is here divided into two chan-
nels by Gluck Island. At the time of our visit rocks were exposed at the stelling
and a short distance below Rockstone. At the bend of the river above Rockstone
there was an extensive sand-bar exposed. We collected at the Rockstone stelling,
in the railroad-cut running into the river just below the town, in a small woodland
creek on Gluck Island, and on the sand-bank at the bend above Rockstone. The

EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 39
richest ground was found in the brook on Gluck Island and the slough between the
sand-bank and the shore of the river. A haul made at night on the sand-bar was
also very successful.
A portion of a letter describing my first day at Rockstone follows:
-
- . .
Fig. 9. View on bayou back of Christianburg. Indian fishing from his corial.
September 30th, 1908.
“Very early in the morning I engaged two Indians who were on a balata boat waiting for a
crew to go up the Rupununi. They did not know English, neither did they know how to fish, and
I got exasperated, till Shideler went in to show them. Hereafter I shall always dress to go into the
water myself. We worked faithfully along the stelling and below, with the poorest success I ever
had anywhere. We could see fishes galore, one especially (Chalceus macrolepidotus) lustrous plum-
beous, with the most gorgeous, maroon colored fins, flaunted its colors in my face, but it was im-
possible to get at it. At ten we came to the hotel, I completely dead beat, for this was the place
where we were told we should ‘catch fishes.’
“As we were waiting for breakfast aband of Indians came along, a man and about six girls and
women. After parleying it turned out that they were going to poison a creek. We asked them to




40 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
wait at the station till we could join them. We rushed through breakfast, caught our two Indians,
who were just ready to eat their breakfast, and made them take it along, and then went after the
fishing Indians, who started as soon as they saw our boat come out of the creek. After skirting
Gluck Island some time they stopped at a creek so small that I thought it could have no fishes.
Fig. 10. Indian women pounding leaves in a hollow on the ground preparatory to using the pulp for poisoning
a stream on Gluck Island.
Two of the Indian women scraped a small depression into the ground, cut two sticks and used them
as pestles and the depression as a mortar in which they pounded a basketful of leaves into a pulp.”
They then built a fence across the creek with palm leaves, scraped the mud from their mortar into
balls and squeezed them into the water some distance up the creek. The Indians and myself were
soon knee-deep in water and mud, picking up the fishes which came to the surface. The little ones
died in numbers on the banks, the bigger ones revived. I had a set-to with the Indian women
because they did not want to sell me all the catch. We finally compromised, and I took all I wanted,
giving them the larger ones. I supposed they wanted several dollars, but they asked only two
shillings. I gave them three and we were both happy. After my transaction with the women was
completed, the man gleefully held up a fine luckananee he had shot with an arrow.
*I regret to say that I did not get the name of this poison.

EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 41
“On the way home we stopped on some rocks, dikes that run across the river, and secured
crabs, and another Loricaria. -
“I ate dinner with a somewhat better feeling, but determined to use our big hundred-and-fifty-
foot net at the sand-bank after dinner. The porters were all gone when we got to the station, but
I was able to pick up a couple of negroes, and took one of our Indians. Mr. Kingsland, the agent
at Wismar, went along. The crew played the most interesting tunes with their paddles. When-
ever he felt like it, the leader, by a peculiar stroke with the paddle, would get all of them to hit the
boat during a definite part of the stroke. It produced surprising results and varied the monotony
of the long row. After we had gone what I thought twice the distance, we discovered that by staying
on the wrong side of the river we had overshot our mark and had to go back. Soon our boat got
stuck in the mud at the upper end of the bank, but finally landed on a place that must have been
made for us. It was a shallow bay on the upper end of the sand bank, a hundred and fifty feet
across with a sandy bottom. We stretched the big net across and hauled out at the head of the bay.
Fig. 11. Small stream on Gluck Island dammed by Indian women before putting in the poisonous leaf-pulp.
Fish flopped in every direction, dozens went over the net, one of them went at one of the men and
made him jump. At the critical moment the enthusiasm got the better of even our Indian, and he
ran ashore with the top of the net and let half the catch out. As it was we had two buckets full of
specimens. I gave Mr. Kingsland a luckananee weighing seven pounds, and the crew had enough
to make the haul historic for all time to come. We got home at 12:30 A.M.”
*I recognized seventy-one species on the day following. The number was probably nearer ninety, for
in the final examination I found I had taken sixty species in two or three hours out of the small brook on Gluck
Island.

42 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
The first day of October until evening was devoted to sorting and preserving
fishes. Prochilodus gave us much trouble. Full strength alcohol and formaline
injected did not keep these specimens from beginning to decay. In the evening we
seined on the rocks of the stelling and in the railroad-cut mentioned above. At the
stelling we caught so many Hemidoras carinatus and allies with erected spines that
it took us a long time to untangle them from the net. Each pectoral spine of these
catfishes is provided with retrorse hooks, the spines are erected when the fish feels
himself caught, and each spine must be individually disentangled from the net.
On the second of October we went to the Rockstone sand-bar with our two
Indians. We were soon joined by seven porters who came from Rockstone to get
sand and who helped us pull the large net at the lower end of the sand-bar. The
most important captures we made consisted of specimens of Geophagus carrying young
in their mouths. The outer edge of the bar was almost barren, but yielded a few
minute, translucent specimens of Characidium, which so closely resemble our sand-
burrowing darters that they amply repaid for the water-hauls. But the greatest
-
-
-
Fig. 12. Edge of bayou between right bank of Essequibo and outlying sand-bar at Rockstone.
success was obtained in a bayou between the upper half of the bar and the land.
Here we collected a large number of small fishes. The Indians took half a bushel.
There is a great general similarity between the contents of the net here and one
drawn at any similar locality in the Mississippi valley, although not a single species





EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 43
or genus occurring in the Mississippi valley was found in the catches. Here we
secured the only specimen, greatly mutilated, of the widely distributed Symbran-
chus, and the young of many species of large fishes. Before starting for the sand-
bank I had an opportunity of securing a lau-lau, but in the hurry of getting off,
and on account of a momentary fit of penuriousness, I took only the head.
On October third I returned to Wismar to make purchases for our trip to
Tumatumari, and incidentally arranged to have a creek “stopped.” I returned to
Rockstone in the evening and sent Mr. Shideler to bring over the catch the next day
at 2 P.M. Among other things he brought the rare Rhamphichthys. It is a long-
snouted, sword-shaped, gymnotid eel.
On October 4th I watched some of the natives dynamite about the Rockstone
stelling and packed most of our catch for shipment.
In the work of enumeration, which has taken two full years since my return,
I find that Rockstone, where our fishing began so discouragingly, is the richest in
species of all the localities examined. This was no doubt due to the fact that con-
ditions for collecting were favorable. The water was low and we fished exhaustively
in a variety of places. No doubt many channel fishes living here we did not get.
Pseudoplatystoma, Phractocephalus, and others, should be found there. Altogether
we got one hundred and thirty-three species, eighty-three of which were characins.
Of the one hundred and thirty-three species fourteen were not taken elsewhere:
1. Xenacara gymnorhynchus. 2. Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus
3. Aphiocharaar melanotus. . 4. Aphyocharaz erythrurus.
5. Mankhausia megalops. 6. Hemigrammus iota.
7. Hyphessobrycon rosaceus 8. Hyphessobrycon riddlei.
9. Hyphessobrycon gracilis. 10. Phenacocharaa hemigrammus.
11. Acestrorhynchus nasutus. 12. Rivulus lanceolatus. f
13. Rivulus frematus. 14. Crenicara punctulata.
Some of these are known to have a very wide distribution. Number 2, for
instance, extends to Paraguay; Nos. 6 and 9 are found in the Amazon; No. 8
in the Orinoco. Others are known only from the specimen collected. A critical
examination of this list of uniques thus shows that these lists mean nothing except
what is on the surface. - *
On Monday, the fifth of October, we started for Tumatumari, but on account
of various accidents to the boats we had to tie to the shore over night. Being
overtaken on the following day by another boat, we went on with it to Tumatumari.
which we reached at 7:00 P.M. I called on Mr. Edward Bovallius, the representa-
tive of the Essequibo Exploration Company, and on Mr. Brummel, one of the
government officers, and began seining on the following morning.
44 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Tumatumari owes its existence to a cataract in the Potaro River. The goods
brought up by the launch to the lower landing are transported by cart to the upper
landing, and this transport gives employment to nearly all the inhabitants. At
the time of our visit the stream was confined to the northern channel, the southern
channel being entirely dry. We made headquarters in the Sproston's rest-house,
from which point we had a view over the cataract. We collected on sand-bars
-
Fig. 13. Looking across the Rapids of the Potaro River at Tumatumari. Papaya-trees in foreground.
above and below the cataract, in the cataract itself, and in a little stream emptying
from the north just below the cataract. Our experience in fishing may again be
quoted from letters sent home.
“We found a brook and went up it. I enjoyed the water, it was nice and cool. The water
we have to drink is in an iron tank out in the broiling sun and no ice is to be had nearer than forty-
seven miles. We fished upstream until we came to a deep pool. The nondescript helping us did
not know “how,” and stepped on a spiny palm branch besides, so I got into the water to take his
place, and told him to take a big club and beat the water to drive the fishes down. He did this
slowly. Shideler and I then took up the lead line of the net, for the banks were so steep and full
of snags there was no place to haul the net ashore. We were walking down stream with the bag
of the net in the water to a place where we could land, when Shideler said, “I believe we have an
electric eel, for I have had two slight shocks.”

EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 45
“I envied him, but too soon, for just then I got a good shock from ankle to knee and I jumped
and yelled, not so much from pain as from the unexpectedness of the shock. -
“We found we had five eels in the net, the largest three feet long, and it took manoeuvering to
get them into the buckets. I received several more slight shocks before it was accomplished.
“We rested in the afternoon, so as to be ready to go out at night. It is scarcely possible to
catch anything in the river in daytime. We were simply looking about to see where we could haul
at night. In crossing the river at night I think our boat struck half the sunken rocks, until I in-
sisted that the water be baled out before we risked another shock. On the sand-bank across from
the lower landing we caught two more electric eels in a net well filled with fishes. It was surprising
how soon everything became quiet in the flopping netful of fishes with such customers in their
midst. I opened one of the eels and found small fishes in its stomach. I put a twig through the
gill of the largest eel, for we proposed to eat it; the other eel we wanted to take home alive to see
some sport, and I placed it in a live-net. I had the eel in one hand, and in order to pick up the net
put the lantern in the same hand, but as soon as the lantern touched the eel I got a shock through the
handle. It was not a heavy shock, but I did not know how much heavier it might become, and so
gave up that way of managing.
“When I came to pick up the net containing the other eel, I got another slight shock, and con-
cluded I needed help to carry them. We ate part of the largest; the electric organ was pasty
and the rest was so full of bones that we did not succeed with it.” -
“Thursday morning Shideler went to fish above the falls preparatory to fishing at night. I
took care of the fishes, but by night we were both so tired we postponed the fishing till Friday night,
when we caught a seven pound luckananee, which, profiting by previous experience, we skinned and
ate. On one haul our net was again full of Hemidoras. These became so tangled up in the net
that it took an hour or more to get them out. One of them was new (Leptodoras linnelli).” *
On the 10th of October I went to Potaro Landing to make arrangements to
ascend to the Kaieteur. Mr. Shideler went up the next day to watch some poison-
ing, but returned in the afternoon with Mr. Linnell, who had come down from
Holmia with a crew of Indians.
Mr. Linnell, the representative of the Essequibo Exploring Company at
Holmia, and Mr. Bovallius, the representative at Tumatumari, after consultation,
lent me the crew of Indians which brought down Mr. Linnell, under the Indian
captain William Grant. They also placed their bateaux between Kangaruma and
“The “numb fish” early excited the interest of naturalists and thus directed attention to the fish-
fauna of the Guianas. The first notice of the fishes of the Essequibo was an account of the doings of the
electric eel, and in the second paper Bancroft attributed the shocks delivered by the electric eel to electricity.
Humboldt described how his assistants drove some horses into the water to exhaust the eels. It became
generally accepted that this was the usual method of fishing, although it is doubtful whether this method was
ever tried except on the occasion when Humboldt did it. -
A comprehensive account of the electric eel was published by Sachs as a result of a trip to Venezuela
for the special purpose of studying it. “Ausden Llanos,” Leipzig, 1899, and “Untersuchungen am Zitteraal,”
Leipzig, 1881. -
46 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Holmia at our disposal. Our success on the expedition to the upper Potaro was
largely due to the coöperation of Messrs. Linnell and Bovallius.
We started on a launch from Tumatumari on the 14th of October at nine
o'clock in the morning. We were met at Potaro Landing by part of our crew,
who carried a portion of our outfit about seven miles to Kangaruma. The crew
returned to Potaro Landing the following day for the remainder of the goods. The
latter part of the trip between Potaro Landing and Kangaruma was through the
forest, the first two miles through a hot sandy road. I felt a slight fever on arriving
Fig. 14. Albert, one of the Indian bearers, transporting goods at Kangaruma.
at Kangaruma. The portage from Potaro Landing to Kangaruma, which can be
made in two and a half to three hours, obviates the engagement of a series of
cataracts between the two points. We left Kangaruma in the afternoon by a
peculiar bateau. A tarpaulin covered the center of the boat where our goods were
stored; in front sat three pairs of paddlers; behind several more paddlers. William
was captain and steersman as well, until we picked up a corial at Amatuk and

EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 47
“Trenchan” became steersman. Eddie, my cook, spent his time largely with the
dog “Sunday.” Part of our Indians were jolly, naked savages from near Holmia;
the others were surly fellows dressed in shirt and trousers and had come from Brazil.
After about two hours rowing we camped beside a creek, Erukin. I attempted
---
-
-
FIG. 15. View looking up the Potaro River in the early morning. Glimpse of the Guiana Plateau in the
distance.
a little fishing at night, but with the very poorest success. On our return trip we
were more successful at this point.
On Friday, the 16th, we started at 6 A.M., and by eight were at Amatuk, where
we remained till breakfast. We attempted to do some collecting on the sand-
bank, but, as usual in the daytime, with very little success. At Amatuk the goods
had to be carried to a boat above the twenty-five foot cataract. I had felt fine
all the morning and enjoyed especially the lazily flopping Morphos crossing the
river, and the flying fishes. The latter would dart up in front of us, cut through
the water, leaving the breast or tail in the water and beating the water with their
pectorals. One of the flying-fishes would cut through the water for forty feet or
more and then leave the water entirely for five or ten feet. At the end of its
flight it would fall sidewise into the water. At first it looked like a long, slender
fish, but by watching near the end of the flight, when the momentum was gone,
the disc-like shape could easily be made out. To make sure I asked the Indians

48 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
to point out the fish when we seined. William pointed out a long, slender Creato-
chames, but the naked hunter shook his head, and with thumb and forefinger made
a circle. We caught none in the Potaro, where we saw them frequently, but got
them in abundance in the lower Demerara. Gasteropelecus is more apt in its
flight than Carnegiella. Whole schools will sometimes leave the water and shoot
over the surface.
After breakfast we rowed up through the gorge, which the Potaro has cut
through the table-land beginning at Amatuk. The edges of the gorge have been
--- - - - --- - - -
Fig. 16. Seining on a sand-bar below the Amatuk Cataract.
carved in a variety of ways which give them the appearance of high mountains.
The valley is quite broad, indicating the great age of the gorge, which is a thousand
feet deep.
We took with us a corial from Amatuk, planning to send Mr. Shideler back
in it from the Kaieteur. The Indians shot a baboon on the way up to Waratuk,
the next portage. We camped rather early in the day above Waratuk and during
the night I had a particularly nasty case of chills and fever. By midnight I could
scarcely stand, but enjoyed the great variety of new noises from the water and
forest.
We started at 7:00 A.M. on the 17th and stopped at 8:00 to get our first
glimpse of the pride of Guiana, the Kaieteur. The Kaieteur was hidden in mist

EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 49
so early in the morning. We camped shortly afterwards at Tukeit, called “Tukui,”
or humming-bird, by the Indians, after the waterfall coming from the plateau
opposite the camp. Our hunters killed four peccaries across the river, and young
wild pork was a pleasant change from the canned meats. At Tukeit there is
another cataract in the Potaro, and above it several more towards the foot of the
fall. It is one of my regrets that time did not permit me to walk up to the Kaieteur.
We collected in the Potaro at Tukeit and the following morning at eight
started to ascend the plateau. The path leads back from the river for a time,
crosses Shrimp Creek, and then ascends very steeply to the top of the plateau.
Here it is comparatively level again and runs through the woods to the edge of
the sav. nnah, or treeless tract, immediately about the fall.
FIG. 17. View on the Potaro River looking up stream at the point where the first glimpse of the Kaieteur
Falls is caught.
After breakfast, at the edge of the savannah, Mr. Shideler and I, with William
and another Indian, walked to the edge of the precipice and to the fall, while the
rest of the Indians went on to pitch the camp and get the boats of the upper Potaro
ready.
The scenery about the fall is unique. Looking down the stream one sees

50 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
the U-shaped gorge cut out by the Potaro in the level plateau. The Potaro is
visible from time to time as it crosses from one side of the valley to the other. The
best view of the fall itself can be had by climbing down on a ledge of rock at the
edge of the precipice. I not only climbed down, but, all excitement with the fever,
FIG. 18. Exposed left side of the bed of the Potaro River at Tukeit in the dry season.
the steep climb, and the superb view, set up my camera on the ledge and took
numerous photographs. I confess to feeling distinctly dizzy when I placed my
head under the focusing cloth, knowing that if something should happen I and the
camera would land on the rocks a thousand or so feet below. Not that I could
find a finer place to die, but I was reluctant to start to “kingdom come" on such a
heavy down grade.
After making about thirty exposures under varying conditions, we went to
the camp in the bush some distance up the river. The fall is caused by an exces-
sively hard conglomerate which overlies a softer sandstone. The savannah above
the fall is in large part this naked conglomerate. In places bushes grow from
cracks in the rocks. Many bunches of grass, or flowers grow from a little accumula-
tion of soil that can be kicked from place to place along the surface of the rock.
The afternoon of the 18th and part of the 19th were devoted to fishing and packing.

EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 51
Mr. Shideler started down for Georgetown at 11:00 A.M. of the 19th, with three
of the Indians. He collected about Potaro Landing, in the Botanic Garden, at
Bartica and near Morawhanna, Issorora, etc., of the northwest coast. The crew
who remained with me was divided between two boats. One boat, the “balahoo,”
was dispatched at once with the goods, while a few of the Indians, with William
and myself, stayed till the following morning. -
We started after the other boat on the 20th, at 6 A.M. It rained hard. All
hands pulled with all their might on this, the home stretch. We reached the regular
camping site at 3:00 P.M., but all the Indians were anxious to go to Holmia, which
they said they could make in three hours. I was willing. By a supreme effort
the three hours were cut down to two hours and twenty minutes, and at 5:20 P.M.
we reached Holmia.
Holmia is the trading camp of the Essequibo Exploration Company. The
FIG. 19. Looking up the Potaro Valley from the brink of the Kaieteur Falls.
company has a store and depot surrounded by a few Indian huts. It is situated
on the Potaro at the entrance of the Chenapowu river. My crew of Indians went
out at once to collect poison, the root of a plant called “hiari” (?Lonchocarpus)
under the guidance of the local Indian, Jordan. The Indians of the surrounding
regions brought me fishes and we ourselves poisoned a small creek just below the

52 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
houses. Unfortunately, it rained heavily, so that the Chenapowu and the Potaro
rose many feet and made fishing in them not profitable for some time. We went
up the Potaro a distance further and poisoned two creeks just below the Aruataima
cataract. In the cataract itself we could do nothing on account of the high water.
William later collected in the cataract and sent me two new genera and three new
Fig. 20. Looking down the Canyon of the Potaro River from the brink of the Kaieteur Falls.
species, from which it would seem that further collecting would prove profitable
at this point.
The character of the fauna of the plateau is discussed in detail in another place.
It seemed that each creek we examined contained some one dominant form and a
few stragglers. The dominant forms varied in different creeks.
I started from Holmia on October 27th, fully intending to return with Mr.
Linnell, but I found at Tumatumari that he had gone to England, and I did not
return. That I could go no further on the Potaro, could not cross over to the
Ireng, is a lingering regret. We reached Savannah Landing at 12:00 and walked
over to the Kaieteur to take a few more photographs.
We also poisoned another creek and collected in a swamp above the landing.
We started down for Tukeit at 1:30 on the 29th of October. In crossing Shrimp
Creek, which seemed quite impossible as a fish habitat, I caught a Rivulus with

EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 53
my hand. I was surprised by the catch and more so by the sequel. The fish
jumped out of my hand and stuck to a vertical rock by its tail and jumped from
this to another point higher up on the same rock. It was lost on the way down to
camp, so I sent William back the next day to poison the creek. He secured two
species of Rivulus (waimacui and breviceps) and a Characidium (vintoni), all of them
new. We collected about Tukeit in the afternoon, poisoning the creek just below
Fig. 21. View looking up the dry bed of Shrimp Creek. Figure of man in middle distance shows the height
of the rocky steps. Follow indices on cut.
the landing with considerable success. The striking thing about the fauna at
Tukeit is its evident contamination by the fauna of the plateau. Helogenes and
Poecilocharaac, fishes of the plateau, are found at Tukeit below the Kaieteur, but
were not taken lower down.
On the 30th we started down the river. While the Indians were transporting
the goods at Waratuk I experimented a while with poison in a little side branch of
the cataract. I was so successful that I proposed to make a more systematic
attempt at Amatuk, where we stayed for the night. We poisoned above the
cataract on an island, but without great success. Below the north branch of the
cataract we tried once more on the morning of the 31st. Some of the water loses

54 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
itself here under rocks, and we placed the poison above the point where it runs into
the rocks. The branch was entirely too large to enable us to kill the fishes, but
the poison drove them out from under the rocks so dazed that we could pick them
up with our dip-nets. e
In all we took forty-two species, of which five were not found elsewhere : 1.
Brachyglanis frenata, 2. Brachyglamis phalacra, 3. Hemicetopsis minutus, 4. Pseud-
ancistrus migrescens, 5. Characidium laterale. All of these were new.
Here I also secured a series of related little catfishes that were either confined
to, or most abundant in, the cataracts of the lower Potaro. These are Brachyglanis
frenata and phalacra, mentioned above; Myoglanis potaroënsis and Chasmocranus
longior and brevior. Other Pimelodinae, Doradinae, and Auchenipterinae were ab-
sent. Lithoxus, a little loricariid catfish, was very abundant. It is flat and clings
to the rock, which is greatly resembles. They were especially abundant in rather
deep pools and could only be seen when the poison brought them fluttering to the
surface. Loricaria was not observed. Deuterodon pinnatus and potaroënsis were
also abundant in the cataract, and Poecilurichthys abramoides and Æquidens potaroën-
sis occurred in a shallow pool near the margin.
Tetragonopterine characins were scarce, but one representative of the Ser-
rasalminae was taken. Of the Characinae there were none. The peculiar Sternar-
chorhynchus oxyrhynchus, Porotergus gymnotus, and Sternarchus leptorhynchus were
seen here for the first time. They were among the rocks and were driven out by the
hiari. The following letter preserves the impressions of this region in their freshness :
Kangaruma, October 30, 1908.
“I think I have written everybody and answered all questions, which need answering, so I may
continue my record. ſº
“I awoke before five, and as some of the Indians were stirring I began to sing “balahoo,” re-
peating the word to an old college tune. It has been the reveille and march for the crew ever since
we first reached the Kaieteur. I learned several tricks yesterday in poisoning Waratuk that I
proposed to put in execution today at Amatuk. We first tried poisoning a little branch above the
fall at Amatuk, and got some things. Then we tried a more ambitious scheme of poisoning a
big branch below the fall. I found that the poison will drive some fishes out before it kills. We
had three men pound hiari and wash it into the branch of the northern part of the fall. William
and another Indian stood a long distance below after the water had flowed among and under rocks.
I at first stayed near a pool where they were poisoning. Soon Plecostominae began to come up.
They were new to me and I dipped with enthusiasm until I fell in. This broke the ice for me, for
Ithen waded from rock to rock, securing eighty-seven specimens of the new genus Lithozus. William
came with a dip-net full of fishes, among them long curved-snouted Gymnotidae I had not seen.
“We poisoned and waded, gathering in all half a bucketful of small fishes, all valuable as speci-
mens. It was rare sport, and I did not realize that it was ten o’clock and that I was played out.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GULANA 55
We had soup, rice, tea, and jam for breakfast, and started at 11:30 on the home-stretch. Dead fishes
were floating about the little bay from which we started, so the poison kills.
“Most of the Indians had done nothing but swing in their hammocks all the morning, so they
paddled with a swish and swing in great contrast to yesterday's dilly-dallying. At one P.M. we
were at Erukin, a sandy, clear creek that I wanted poisoned. We had fished here with poor success
at night on the way up. William thought it was too big and swift to poison, but I had them stretch
the net across the mouth, sent the pounders up-stream, and William, some other Indians, and myself
took up stations at intervals obliquely across the river. I stood in a patch of sunlight where every
grain of Sand could be seen at the bottom. I was in sleeveless undershirt, pants, and a pair of socks.
My tennis-slippers had gone to pieces on the rocks at Amatuk. Soon fishes came down the stream
in distress, and when the poison was exhausted, we found we had a number of novelties in our dip-
nets and the fifteen-foot net at the mouth of the creek had caught most things as they came down.
At 2:30 we were moving again, and when near 4:00 o'clock William cried out “Kangaruma.” all
paddles stopped for a moment and then dashed on, and we landed here at 4 P.M." I read let-
ters, not all of them thoroughly, till supper time. I must wrap and pack my fishes before we
start on our two-and-a-half hours' walk to-morrow, for I don’t want to lose the day's catch during
the walk.
- Saturday morning.
“For about a month now I have not slept out of hearing of the roar of the cataracts. Tumatu-
mari, Kangaruma, Amatuk, Waratuk, Tukeit, Kaieteur, and Holmia are all on cataracts or falls.
In fact they are all places where goods have to be transported on account of cataracts. I have so
much stuff that it took more than one trip for the twelve carrying Indians that have come down with
me. But then their food and personal effects add a little. My personal effects make about one
load now. The trip has been a phenomenal one. I can't say that I could swear that I have every-
thing, but every effort, seconded in each case by William and sometimes suggested by him, has been
made. I ought to have poisoned the cataract above Holmia, but it rained a night and a day so the
river rose five feet, and it could not have been done even if I had at that time learned the trick.”
We left Kangaruma in the morning of November 1st for the walk through
the woods, and arrived at Potaro Landing in time to catch the boat for Tumatumari.
Here I parted with my crew, who returned to Holmia with Mr. Bovallius. I
packed fishes and had the fever again. I broke it, and left on the 4th for Crab
Falls. .
The Potaro Gorge is one of the remarkable features of the world. The river
is lined with trees so tall they could only thrive in a region free from strong winds.
The sides of the gorge are rugged, and the whole recalls the Rhine, or the Yosemite.
We saw no one from the time of striking into the woods behind Potaro Landing
till we reached Holmia. The entire stretch is utterly uninhabited and very few
tourists pass this way to get the inspiring view of fall and gorge from its upper
brink. The region between Savannah Landing and Holmia is level, but mountains
* Mr. Macturk had brought a batch of letters from Georgetown and left them here.
56 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
can be seen in the distance, toward the south, when the view is not obstructed
by trees.
The fauna of the Essequibo becomes attenuated as we go up the Potaro. Its
upper course below the fall undoubtedly contains intrusives from the plateau which
decrease in number as one gets further and further from the Kaieteur.
At Tumatumari I boarded the launch, taking with me a negro, Mr. Cum-
mings, with a bateau. We landed at the head of an island a short distance below *
the mouth of the Potaro and just above Crab Falls. There was an Indian settle-
ment here. We slung our hammocks under the shelter of one of their huts. My
width 552FT -
: 600 FT wipTH 369 FT
• * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
132O FT-
—A-
: seerſ
Fig. 22. Diagrammatic representation of the contour of the Kaieteur Falls. (After Brown.)
own hammock, that of Mr. Cummings, and that of an Indian woman radiated
from the same center pole, at the base of which a monkey was tied, a cosmopolitan
quartet. Cummings and the Indians went out with the net at night to fish on the
sandbanks. I remained in my hammock to recuperate from the fever. On the
fifth I sent several of the Indians out to dig hiari roots while I fished about the rocks
of Crab Falls. The Essequibo is very wide at this point, divided by an island, and
falls over a dike running squarely across the river just after it has made a turn.
On the sixth, Cummings, myself, and four Indians went with the bateau up
the Essequibo to shoot pacu at the Warraputa Cataract. Above the mouth of
the Potaro the Essequibo is broken by a large number of rocky islets, fragments
of a dike crossing the river. Other dikes cross the river further up, the water
rushing through the gaps. Through some of the gaps the Indians succeeded in
paddling the bateau, through others they dragged the boat after being driven back
several times by the current.
A dike extends across the Essequibo near the mouth of the Konawaruk.
Opposite the Konawaruk and below the dike there is a lagoon separated from the
river by a sandy and partly wooded spit of land, but connected below with the

EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 57
river. Near the head of the bayou and connected with it by a few inches of water
there is a pool toward the river side. It is not more than fifty feet in diameter
and perhaps six feet deep in its deepest part. Trees overhang it from the river
side. The Indians pounded hiari roots into shreds. They were tied into bundles
and two Indians boys swam through the pool with them to mix in the poison.
I have described the effect in the introduction. First one species and then another
came to the surface, and then they came indiscriminately. A stingaree came
fluttering to the surface toward the last, while the little Corydoras punctatus with-
stood the poison to the end. Catoprion mento, a Mylinid characin with a projecting
chin, was particularly acceptable. The fish that created the greatest interest was
Moenkhausia dichrourus, of which I had seen dozens of specimens, hailing from dif-
ferent localities all the way from Paraguay to Para, and all of them conveyed about
as much idea of the appearance of the living fish as a dead and plucked Baltimore
Oriole would give of the living bird. The base of the tail is bright canary-yellow,
the lobes are crossed with jet-black bands and the tips are milk-white.
I do not know how long we stayed here, not over two hours, in which we
caught fifty-five different species of fishes, six of which were not secured elsewhere.
The uniques were Bunocephalus amaurus, Ochmacanthus flabelliferus, Odontostilbe
melanditus, Aphyodite grammica, Hyphessobrycon minor, Dormitator gymnocephalus,
all of them new. Several other new or rare things were taken in only one other
locality: Porotergus gymnotus, Catoprion mento, Hemiodus semitaeniatus. º
We continued our row to the Warraputa Cataract. The river is divided
here into several branches by wooded islands. The two older Indians started
out to shoot pacu, but bagged nothing. The rest of the crew and myself set to
work to poison a branch of the cataract, where we were again quite successful,
Securing a series of specimens that recalled the Amatuk cataract. We also got a
series of the young of the pacu, the first which were obtained or recognized as such.
The color changes in the young can be seen in plate LIX. After the poisoning Cum-
mings went to the sand-bank to prepare supper, while I browsed about the cataract
with the two young Indians. g
On my return at dusk I found that no provision had been made for my ham-
mock. The Indians declined to go into the bush at night to secure palm-
branches and I did not like to risk a drenching rain so soon after having had
the fever. I insisted that the Indians either build me a shelter or take me
back to their camp. Giving them an alternative was a mistake. They de-
cided to take me back. It did not rain that night. It was all very well to come
up through the gaps in the dikes in the day time. It was quite another matter
58 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
to safely guide the bateau down through them at night. We shot through at a
tremendous rate and once the boat touched something. The boys shouted with
glee, while I came to a sober realization that it would have been better to trust the
sky than the rapids. But we got safely back to the huts early in the evening.
On the seventh of November I collected about the rocks just above the fall.
Here I succeeded again with hiari in getting fishes which could have been secured
in no other way. At one point the bank is piled with huge blocks of stone. To
dislodge the fishes from between them would have been impossible in any ordinary
way. We pounded some hiari roots and washed them in the swift current that
was flowing towards the rocks. At once some species came to the surface, straight
up, without attempting to escape. Several species were dislodged including an
electric eel. We repeatedly got it into our dip-net, and it as often got out again,
without, however, making any coördinated movement to escape from the reach of
the net. It proved too slippery, however, to hold in the net, and it got away.
When the launch came by from Tumatumari we loaded my effects into it and I
left the region of the Potaro and upper Essequibo. I landed at Rockstone in the
afternoon and took the train for Wismar the next morning. After packing fishes
all day I went to Christianburg as the guest of Messrs. Spence and Brummel. On
the ninth I rested at Christianburg. The tenth Mr. Brummel took me to Kumaka,
where I made arrangements to have a creek poisoned, and on the morning of the
eleventh I took the steamer for Georgetown.
Visiting the markets, preserving and packing fishes, suffering a relapse, re-
covering from the fever, and enjoying the hospitality of friends at Georgetown
consumed the time until sailing for New York. Everything collected arrived at
home safely.
METHOD OF PRESERVING.
The method of preserving the fishes, not one of the twenty-five thousand of
which was lost through decay in this tropical region, was as follows:
In the Essequibo and the lowlands all fishes except large catfishes were dropped
alive into a can of 25–35 per cent. alcohol in which they were killed. Minute
fishes were placed in vials or in small bottles instead of in the tank. Shortly after
reaching the camp or home all the fishes above two inches were injected with 95
per cent. alcohol, freed from the coagulated slime, and placed in a can with about
50 per cent. alcohol. The first alcohol, if less than 25 per cent., was thrown away;
if more than 25 per cent. it was allowed to stand and was decanted to be used again.
A day or two following the catch the specimens were transferred into 75 per cent.
alcohol and the larger ones again injected. The following day they were roughly
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHEs of BRITISH GUIANA 59
sorted, wrapped in cheesecloth and dropped into 85–95 per cent. alcohol. As soon
as sufficient material was at hand to fill a kerosene can or two, they were filled with
fishes packed tight as sardines and the can soldered. A small hole was then punched
and the can filled to the top with 95 per cent. alcohol, and again soldered.
Two cans were usually packed in an original kerosene-can box and shipped at
once to New York. Some of the cans were punctured and the alcohol leaked out
on the way home. The fact that these also brought the fishes through in perfect
shape showed that ordinarily greater precautions were taken than necessary.
Because some one who knew nothing of the Indians told me they would steal
the alcohol, I took only formalin beyond Tumatumari. I regretted it much,
because the precaution was not at all necessary and it would have been better to
have had all the scaled fishes preserved in the same manner.
In wrapping the fishes for packing the usual precaution was taken. A locality
label was added to each little bundle and the fishes were so wrapped that a layer
of thin cheese-cloth was between every two. Care was always taken not to tie
the bundles too tightly, and minute delicate things were placed in a small vial after
being wrapped Smaller specimens after being wrapped were packed in empty
one-pound coffee-tins to keep them from being crushed in the larger kerosene
C8.IlS. *
Naked catfishes in general were preserved in formalin and transferred to
alcohol at home. They do not have metallic tints which are dissolved by the for-
malin, and retain their plumpness better than in alcohol. But the difficulty in
opening the jaws and the danger of damaging the fins probably fully dis-
counts for all the gain.
Color notes upon the characins were preserved. It was not possible to do
more at the rate I was collecting. The difficulty with Prochilodus was mentioned
above.
CHAPTER IV.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF
BRITISH GUIANA.
Every effort was made to secure a complete series of the fishes of the area
covered, and reasonable success may be claimed, the ichthyic fauna at large being
well represented by the eighteen thousand three hundred odd specimens collected.
Inasmuch as several localities were examined in each of the following districts,
(1) the lowlands, (2) the middle Essequibo, (3) the lower Potaro, (4) the upper
Potaro, we may also conclude that the faunas of these stretches of territory are well
illustrated by the material collected. Furthermore, the work on such units of
environment as the trench in the Botanic Garden, the woodland creek and sand-
bank at Rockstone, the Konawaruk pool, and the Amatuk Cataract was entirely
satisfactory.
On the other hand, it may be doubted whether the lists of specific localities
are in many other cases exhaustively complete. I have called attention to this
matter in connection with the species taken at Rockstone and nowhere else. It was
found that many of these are known to have a wide distribution and must occur
in other localities in the area under consideration, although they were not taken
elsewhere. - -
Furthermore, it must be regretted that time did not permit me to make a
more exhaustive study of the fauna in the Potaro between Amatuk and Tukeit
and above the Kaieteur. - O
GENERAL PLANs For DISTRIBUTIONAL WORK.
A question of greater interest to the next expedition than to the general account
of the present trip is the length of time that should, and could to advantage, be given
to any one place, and how far apart stations should be selected. To graphically
demonstrate conclusions I have prepared two tables.
On p. 84 is a summary showing the total number of species taken at each place,
and on p. 85 a summary of the number of species taken at but one locality. The
latter shows how much would have been lost from the total number of species, had
any particular locality been skipped. Only Kangaruma yielded nothing new, and
fishing here was but a minor incident. There is very great inequality. The omis-
sion of Konawaruk, where two hours were spent, would have entailed nearly as
60
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES of BRITISEI GUIANA 61
great a loss as the omission of Tumatumari, where a week was devoted to fishing.
Amatuk also, where fishing was attempted twice in passing up and down the
Potaro, yielded a large number of unique species. --
At Konawaruk we stopped for only about two hours on our way up the
Essequibo. Our success here is chargeable altogether to the fact that everything
was gathered that was contained in a small sand- and mud-lined pool. A week's
stay would not have yielded more. No doubt the list for this locality would have
been vastly increased if we had as thoroughly cleaned out one of the rapids, a sand-
beach, a fallen tree-top, a woodland brook, a rock-lined pool, the channel, etc.
As far as possible one of each of such different units should be exhaustively fished
at each locality if the limits of the distribution of species is sought. Superficial
fishing yields only the ordinary, the cream is obtained by stripping. The length
of time that should be devoted to any one locality depends, therefore, on the variety
of units to be found at one place. Rockstone shows a larger number of species
in the preceding lists because a greater variety of units were examined. Further
collecting at this place would have been profitable.
Again, to determine the limits of the distribution of species, localities should
be no more than twenty-five miles apart in a stream like the Essequibo or lower
Potaro. The distance between stations should of course be much less where the
stream is descending rapidly. It may be greater if the largest number of species
in the shortest time is the object. Rockstone and Crab Falls are about forty-five
miles apart in a straight line. Sixteen species taken at Crab Falls were not taken
at Rockstone or below Rockstone. Their downward limit was therefore not
determined. About twenty species taken at Rockstone do not extend as far as
Crab Falls, and their upward limit was therefore not determined. It is doubtful
whether anything else of consequence was missed, because the stations were so far
apart. Over twenty-five species taken at Rockstone were not seen at Crab Falls,
but must occur there, for they were taken farther up the stream, a fact which again
demonstrates the necessity of exhaustive work. -
The general recommendation for future work is, then, that representative
localities be selected twenty-five to fifty miles apart, and that collecting be done
exhaustively in each sort of environment to be found at each locality. A week at
the least in each locality should be the minimum time-allowance. On a large river
like the Amazon a month or more would be required in a favorable season to
secure a representative collection from any one point (In an unfavorable season
it would not be worth while to attempt fishing.) Such collecting could advan-
tageously be supplemented by exhaustive collecting in isolated favorable units.
Here the time requirements would be much less.
62 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
THE ICHTHYOLOGICAL POSITION OF BRITISH GUIANA.
In the Reports of the Princeton University Expedition to Patagonia, Vol. III,
I discuss, among other things, the distribution of the fishes in the Americas South
of the tropic of Cancer. Five distinct regions of unequal value are recognized:
(1) Transition, (2) Mexican, (3) Brazilian, (4) Andean, and (5) Patagonian.
..In the Brazilian region the following “provinces” were enumerated: (1) Central
America, (2) Pacific, (3) Magdalena, (4) Amazon, (5) Guiana, (6) Trinidad, (7)"
San Francisco, (8) Coastal, (9) La Plata, the latter divided into the Paraguay and
Parana-La Plata.
Concerning the Guiana Province, including French, Dutch, British, and Vene-
zuelan Guiana, the following is said (p. 319):
“The Guiana Province, including one of the oldest land-masses, is drained
by the Cachipur, Oyapoc, Cayenne, Mana, Maroni, Surinam, Corentine, Essequibo
(Mazaruni, Cuyuni, Rupununi and other tributaries of the Essequibo), Demerara,
Berbice, by the Orinoco and its eastern and southern tributaries, the Caroni, Caura,
Ventuari, and by the Rio Branco, and the northern tributaries of the Amazon east
of the Branco.
“The feature distinguishing this region is the known or reported connection
between neighboring streams. The Cassiquiari connects the Orinoco with the Rio
Negro. The Atabapo is said during the rainy season to be connected with the
Guaina, and the Rupununi of the Essequibo basin with the Tacutu of the Rio
Branco basin. It is said that the Essequibo is also connected with the Rio Trom-
betas through the Apini and the Oyapoc, Cachipur, and Araguary with the tribu-
taries of the Yari, which empties into the Amazon.
“The lower course of the Essequibo of British Guiana at least is connected
with the lower Orinoco by natural canals, so that these form part of the Orinoco-
Amazon-La Plata meshwork and contain the same types. The Eastern Guianas
(French) have a less varied fauna.
“The fauna of this region is of the greatest importance to theoretical chorology,
since this is one of the two old land-masses, and since it was by a continuation of
this area that South America is supposed to have been connected with Africa.
“Our knowledge of the fish fauna of this region is derived from Müller &
Troschel's account of the fishes of British Guiana; Bleeker's Silure de Surinam;
Vaillant's notes on the fishes of French Guiana, and his account of the Berbice and
the general work of Cuvier & Valenciennes, Günther, Eigenmann & Eigenmann,
Regan and Pellegrin. . -
* “East Brazilian Plateau,” comprising 7 and 8, was given a separate heading in the paper quoted.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 63
“Unfortunately little is known of the fauna of the streams of the table land of
Guiana, the region where the remnant of the original fauna may be expected to
persist. Schomburgk's collections made in those streams were largely lost. He
states that it was rich in species (over 30).
“Andre (‘A Naturalist in the Guianas,” p. 205) says: ‘In fact the falls of Para
[of the Caural appear to constitute an effective barrier between distinct forms of
river life', and that the fauna above the falls is different from that below.
“The most promising field for scientific results, if not number of species, seems
to me to be offered by the rivers of this region, which should be explored above and
below falls that are impassable barriers for the ascent of fishes.
“The rivers of this region, exclusive of the northern tributaries of the Amazon,
concerning which not much is known, contain a total of about 298 recorded species.
Of these about 60 per cent. are also found in the Amazon; as of these about 16
species are from the Rio Branco basin and not from the other streams and the Rio
Branco belongs to the Amazon system, this number must be reduced by 16, which
still leaves over 50 per cent. of the fauna identical with that of the Amazon.”
The following table is derived from the one succeeding the above quotation.
It is condensed laterally by including the tributaries of the Branco and the rivers
of French and Dutch Guiana in one column each, and is expanded vertically by add-
ing the species discovered by me. -
It will especially show the relation of the fauna of the Essequibo to that of
adjoining regions. Columns 1, 2, 5, 8, 9 and 10 offer an opportunity for a com-
parison of the lowland faunas from west to east, i. e., of the Orinoco, Barima,
lower Essequibo, Demerara-Mahaica, Surinam, and French Guiana. Columns 3,4,5,
6 and 7 offer an opportunity for a comparison of the fauna of the Lower Essequibo
(5) from its mouth to the Warraputa Cataracts with that of the Upper Essequibo
and its tributary the Rupununi (4) and with that of the lower Potaro (6) and upper
Potaro (7), and also the Rio Branco (3) with its tributaries, the Ireng, et al. The
details of the distribution of the British Guiana species are taken up later. Those
species found also in the Amazon are preceded by an A. Those species preceded
by an L are also found in the La Plata system. Those peculiar to the Guianas
are marked with an *, and the genera peculiar to the region are marked with a
double *. The estuarine species are preceded by an M.
In the following table column 1 represents the Orinoco basin, 2 the streams
emptying between the Orinoco and the Essequibo, 3 the Rio Branco,basin, Takutu,
Ireng et al., 4 the upper Essequibo with the Rupununi, 5 the Essequibo below
Warraputa, 6 the lower Potaro, 7 the upper Potaro, 8 the Demerara, 9 Dutch
Guiana, especially Surinam, and 10 French Guiana.
64
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
|
.
|
2
. A * Paratrygon strongylopterus (Schomburgk) . . . . . . tº
. A L Potamotrygon hystria (Müller and Henle) . . . . . .
. * Potamotrygon d'orbignyi (Castelnau). . . . . . . . . . . e e s tº I s
. A Potamotrygon reticulatus (Günther). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. A L Potamotrygon motoro (Müller and Henle) . . . . . . . e is is a º ſº a tº
Elipesurus spinicauda (Schomburgk) . . . . . . . . . . * * is a , is tº $ tº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * H s tº º ºs I is tº $ tº
Platystacus cotylephorus (Bloch). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * & © tº & º & F | * g g g º e s is we dº º ſº i º ºs º & is tº * * | * g º a
Platystacus nematophorus Bleeker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . e g º ſº I & tº ſº º e º e º e º ſe & g g g º I s s a dº | * * * * * *
Chamaigenes filamentosus (Cuv. and Valenciennes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aspredinichthys tibicen (Temminck). . . . . . . . . . . . e e º is s 6 & #
Aspredo aspredo (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g tº g tº a g º e s º ºs e º l tº a tº a a s ∈ & tº ſº & 8
Aspredo Sicuephorus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bunocephalus gronović Bleeker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º 'º º e º & I e º 'º a in a gº º is
Bunocephalus amaurus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * | * * * * | * * * is & © tº dº
Bunocephalus chamaizelus Eigenmann . . . . . . . . . g g g g | 8 tº e º I gº e g º I tº
Agmus lyriformis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº a g º & # * * | * : * *
Bunocephalichthys hypsiurus (Kner). . . . . . . . . . . . tº º, e = | tº º ſº tº
Felichthys bagre (Linnaeus)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gº º a s
3:
Felichthys marinus (Mitchell). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sciadeichthys temminckianus (Cuv. and Wal.)...
41. A Pirinampus pirinampu (Agassiz)... . . . . . . . . . . . . tº tº
42.7A L Zungaro zungaro (Humboldt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
* Microglants poecilus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Pseudopimelodus raninus (Cuv. and Valenciennes) & Q & © e º g g : e º O g
* Pseudopimelodus villosus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . * 9 º' tº & © tº ſº e º e º e g g g | tº
* Pseudopimelodus albomarginatus Eigenmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
* Brachyglants frenata Eigenmann... . . . . . . . . . . . . . q := e º f is tº e º I e º e o I e g g g g
* Brachyglants melas Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e g º f * to º e º e º us tº e º º tº
* Brachyglanis phalacra Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . ſº e º e i e º 'º e i tº e s ∈ I gº e s e
** Leptoglants essequibensis Eigenmann . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º g : * * * > * > * > * I e º e tº
** Myoglanis potaroënsis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
** Chasmocranus longior Eigenmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . g tº E tº tº ſº 9 tº tº e º O || 9 s tº E
* Chasmocranus brevior Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º ſº I tº e º e I e º e º I e º O p I º º ſº tº e e º 'º g º ºs º 'º we
A I, Heptapterus mustelinus (Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . & 9 e º e s tº e I e º e e I e s is e ] e º a tº is $ 9 & e º e = | * * * * * *
|
|
i
:
:
3
Sciadeichthys flavescens (Cuv. and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
X.
3.
×
:
Sciadeichthys emphysetus (Müller and Troschel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sciadeichthys proëps (Cuvier and Valenciennes)..|. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sciadeichthys luniscutis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sciadeichthys albicans (Cuvier and Valenciennes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sciadeichthys parkeri (Traill). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is e º 'º º e º ſº ſº e º us || || | | * : * * : * | * * * * | * * * *
Selenaspis herzbergi (Bloch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . it is ſº tº tº º ſº tº g g g g | g º º ſº I g g g º p is gº tº e g º &
Selenaspis passany (Cuvier and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Notarius grandicassis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Notarius parmocassis (Cuvier' and Valenciennes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Notarius stricticassis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hezanematichthys surinamensis Bleeker. . . . . . . . . gº tº e º 'º º ſº I ſº
Hezanematichthys rugispints (Cuv. and Val.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hezanematichthys phrygiatus (Cuv. and Val.)...|. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arius spiri Agassiz ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº it is a º ſº tº # 1 s º a y | a s > * * * * * * || @ e º is ſº tº & tº
Arius fissus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . tº tº e º # * * * | * tº gº tº tº º 'º º | tº º ſº s > * > || “… tº ſº º
Arius variolanus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). . . . . tº s = & is º º ſº I g
Callophysus macropterus (Lichtenstein). . . . . . . . . g º º º is is tº e I e
. A L Luciopimelodus pati (Valenciennes) . . . . . . . . . . . . e tº e º || s tº $ tº tº e º ſº
. ** Megalonema platycephalum Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . e tº e º tº & # tº i º e º ſº * * * * *
---i
|
|
i
i
;
54.
55.
* Acentronichthys surinamensis Bleeker. . . . . . . . . . . e e º e i e e g º e º e º y º e s ∈ I gº tº e º 'º e º e º e > * > * > * *
*gºe
****
sºgee
&egee
º&ee
:
.
X.
s
i

EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA
6
5
. A L Pimelodus clarias (Bloch). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. A L Pimelodus ornatus Kner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº º tº dº tº º ſº
. * Pimelodus heteropleurus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . tº tº tº º tº gº tº $ g g g is
. A Pimelodus altipinnis Steindachner . . . . . . . . . . . . . a tº e º º is tº gº
. A Goeldiella eques (Müller and Troschel). . . . . . . . . . tº º º
. A Platynematichthys punctulatus (Kner). . . . . . . . . . . g tº g g I tº ſº º ſº. & *
. A Phractocephalus hemiliopterus (Bloch and Schn.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. A Brachyplatystoma vaillanti (Cuvier and Val.). . . .
. A L Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (Cuvier and Val.). . .
. A Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . .
... ? A Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (Cuvier and Val.). . . . .
. A L Sorubim lima (Bloch and Schneider). . . . . . . . . . .
. A L Sorubimichthys planiceps (Agassiz). . . . . . . . . . . . . * - © .
. A L Doras granulosus Valenciennes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº º ſº sº I g º º
. A Doras dorsalis Cuvier and Valenciennes. . . . . . . . . tº ſº tº º || > 0 &
Rhamdia sebae (Cuvier and Valenciennes). . . . . . .
* Rhamdella notata (Schomburgk). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L Pimelodella gracilis (Valencientnes)... . . . . . . . . . . .
Doras albomaculatus Peters... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sº
. * Doras helicophilus Günther. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº tº $ tº tº $ ſº tº tº 9 & & ) is
. * Doras dentatus Kner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº g º ſº ſº tº ſº tº e º g º º
. * Doras hancocki (Cuvier and Valenciennes). . . . . . g
. A L Doras armatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). . . . . . . g tº ſº tº g º g tº ſº
. A Doras cataphractus (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º ſº e º ſº º tº º e º || g º 'º º
. A Doras affinis Kner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº ſº tº º º 'º º te
. A * Doras castaneo-ventris Schomburgk. . . . . . . . . . . . gº tº ſº tº 1 tº e º o
Oxydoras niger (Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº $ tº ſº | e º ſº tº & g º is
Leptodoras linnelli Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº tº E tº I tº º e º º ſº s , , , is tº s tº
Hemidoras microstomus Eigenmann... . . . . . . . . . . tº ſº tº º tº tº gº tº tº ºn tº e º 'º tº e ºl
Hemidoras carinatus Linnaeus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & ſº º ſº g º gº e tº e g º e g º º
Hemidoras micropaeus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº g º ºſ I º ſº º & I e º gº tº º 'º º
Hemidoras leporhinus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'Hemidoras notospilus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º 'º i º tº ſº tº tº
. A L Trachelyopterus coriaceus Cuvier and Valenciennes . . . . . . . . .
. A * Centromochlus oncinus Schomburgk. . . . . . . . . . . . o
. A Centromochlus heckel. Philippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº t e º H to © tº ſº tº e º O & I o
... ? A Centromochlus perugiae Steindachner?... . . . . . . . . . e is e g º e º 'º $ e g º º tº g tº tº s tº E & g
i
. A Centromochlus aulopygius Kner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. * Trachycorystes glaber Steindachner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. * Trachycorystes obscurus (Günther). . . . . . . . . . . . . º e s e i e s e e i is a s e
. A Trachycorystes ceratophysus (Kner). . . . . . . . . . . . . g
. A L Trachycorystes galeatus (Linnaeus) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. A Pseudauchenipterus nodosus (Bloch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. A Auchenipterus nuchalis (Spix)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e g º I e º ſº tº º tº $ tº tº e º e i º e º e i s = e s º e º e º ſe e º 'º
. * Auchenipterus demerarae Eigenmann . . . . . . . . . . . gº tº e e i e º e e
*w-|
---
&
|
|
2
X
iſ:
A
A tº gº tº ſº e
A Rhamdia quelen (Quoy and Gaimard). . . . . . . . . . . is g º ſº g º is tº
* Rhamdia holomelas (Günther). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e g g g e º ſº
* Rhamdia arekaima (Schomburgk). . . . . . . . . . . . . . is is a tº as tº s ſº I gº
. A Rhamdia multiradiatus (Kner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº is a tº s tº e is
* Rhamdella foina (Müller and Troschel). . . . . . . . . * tº º ſº I tº tº gº tº I wº
A
A
sh.
sk
A
|
|
º
s
3
3
Pimelodella cristata (Müller and Troschel). . . . . . | | | | | | | | | | ||
Pimelodella megalops Eigenmann... . . . . . . . . . . . . g p → p ≤ is
Pimelodella macturki. Eigenmann]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * > *
:
:
-
º
º
s
-i
i
|
s
º
Rhamdia laukidi Bleeker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * @ 9 & I is t tº a e º e º º e º a tº a nº ºn I e º 'º e i e º 'º e i e º e e
Rhamdia schomburgki Bleeker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº tº ſº tº j tº tº E & e º e º | tº $ tº tº $ ſº ſº e º ºn 9 s e i º e º e
;
s
º:
s
i

66
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

#| # o • I –
3 is #| 3 # | 3 || 3 # 3
§ #5 C * § § § º # #
* 3:#| || || 3 || 3 || 3 || || 3 || 3
#|{#| | | | | | | | | #| || #| ||
º O Q 5 Gl)
5 |ÉT | # | 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 5 || 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | 8 9 10
111. * Auchenipterus brevior Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112. * Tympanopleura piperatus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
113. * Ageneiosus guianensis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . * a tº a a e º e ] e º e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . .
114. * Ageneiosus marmoratus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
115. * Ageneiosus inermis (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . .
116. * : Ageneiosus armatus Lacépède. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . .
117. A Ageneiosus dentatus Kner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . .
118. * Ageneiosus porphyreus Cope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & ſº ſº tº . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . .
119. A L Ageneiosus breviſilis Cuvier and Valenciennes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . .
120. * Ageneiosus axillaris Günther. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e º e s ] e º s is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . .
121. * Helogenes marmoratus Günther. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & Q & $ X | X | X | X | . . . . . . . . .
122. A Hypophthalmus edentatus Spix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X |. X | . . . . . . . . . X | X | X
123. A Cetopsis caecutiens (Lichtenstein). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
124. * Hemicetopsis macilentus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . * * * | * * g g
125. * Hemicetopsis minutus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . is is a tº
126. * Pygidium guianense Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X |. & 1 & 6 E g
127. * Pygidium gracilior Eigenmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . ſº tº e -
128. * Pygidium conradi Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
129. 7. Pygidium taenia (Kner).”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X
130. * Ochmacanthus flabelliferus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
131. A Vandellia plazaii Castelnau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X a e s s a a s a e i e s ∈ is I s = * * I e s tº $ | * * * * | * * * * * * * * * *
132. A L Callichthys callichthys (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X , X | X X | X | X | X | X | X
133. A L Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock). . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X
134. A Hoplosternum thoracatum (Cuv. and Valenciennes) × | X | X | X | X |. . . . . X | X | X
135. A Corydoras punctatus (Bloch)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X | . . . . . X | X | . . . .
136. A L Plecostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X
137. * Plecostomus hemiurus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . X | X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
138. A Plecostomus verres (Cuvier and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . X
139. A Plecostomus emarginatus (Cuv. and Valenciennes)|, ...| X | X . X |. g a º e I tº dº tº 3 º' tº gº & J tº E tº a
140. * * Lithogenes villosus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a s s a gº º s • | * & ſº g p X & ſº ºn tº , ſº º ſº e
141. * * Corymbophanes andersoni Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . tº a tº ºr j . º is . is º I gº tº º º ſº | e X • * is is . . tº a
142. A L Cochliodon cochliodon (Kner)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X tº e º 'º - e. ſº tº ſº º gº ºn e º tº a tº º
143. * Hemiancistrus schomburgki (Günther)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s & ſº I sº ſº º
144. * Hemiancistrus megacephalus (Günther) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
145. * Hemiancistrus medians (Kner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . .
146. A * Hemiancistrus brauer. Eigenmann... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . e i º gº i º e g is tº e º tº
147. A L Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus (Hancock). . . . . . . . tº tº gº © ſº tº tº $ tº g g º tº º º is ſº tº tº $ tº X | . . . . . . . .
148. L. Pseudancistrus barbatus (Cuv. and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . .] X | X
149. * Pseudancistrus depressus (Günther). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] X 1. . . .
150. * Pseudancistrus guentheri (Regan).”. . . . . . . . . . . . . s e g º is is e º a º ºs e i is g º a & e º i s m s e X |.
151. * Pseudancistrus nigrescens Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X |. tº ſº tº gº
152. A L Xenocara gymnorhynchus Kner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] X | . . . . . X i. . . . gº tº tº g : e.g.
153. F Ancistrus dolichopterus (Kner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X
154. A * Ancistrus temmincki (Cuvier and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . X | X | X ... . X | X
155. A L Ancistrus hoplogenys (Günther)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . . . . . . . .
156. A L'Ancistrus cirrhosus (Valenciennes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . X | . . . .
157. * : Ancistrus lithurgicus Eigenmann... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X i. . . .
158. * * Lithoxus lithoides Eigenmann... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
159. * Pseudacanthicus serratus (Cuv. and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . × . . . .
160. * Pseudacanthicus ford: Günther... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................] × [...
161. A Acanthicus hystria. Spix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
162. A L Loricaria cataphracta (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . . X | X X | X X
163. M Loricariichthys filamentosus (Steindachner). . . . . . a s e o e s e e s = e = | e s e º | * * * * * * * * * s is e . . . . X . . . .
* It is very doubtful whether the specimen recorded is the taºnia of Kner.
17 British Guiana.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA
6
7
|
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171. A L Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus (Kner). . . . . . . . . . tº ſº tº e
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
A Loricariichthys maculatus (Bloch)... . . . . . . . . . . . g º 49 &
A L Loricariichthys typus (Bleeker). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
* Loricariichthys microdon (Eigenmann). . . . . . . . . . | | | | | | | | | |
* Loricariichthys griseus (Eigenmann). . . . . . . . . . . . & is º º & E tº * | g g g º I &
* Loricariichthys brunneus (Hancock). . . . .
A Loricariichthys platyurus (Müller and Troschel). [...]...].
|
2
º
A * Loricariichthys stewarti (Eigenmann). . . . . . . . . . . * * * > . In º a s
* Harttia platystoma (Günther). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Neoplecostomus granosus (Cuv. and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . .
* Farlowella hargreavesi Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * | * g º e ] { w tº a J & e g e
** Bivibranchia protractila Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . tº E tº $ I dº º is tº I g g g º f * * g e
A Curimatopsis macrolepis Steindachner. . . . . . . . . . g
A I, Curimatella alburna (Müller and Troschel). . . . . .
Curimatus schomburgki Günther. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eigenmannina orinocensis (Steindachner). . . . . . .
Prochilodus laticeps Steindachner. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prochilodus brama (Cuvier and Valenciennes) . . .
Caenotropus labyrinthicus (Kner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
:
::
Hemiodus immaculatus Kner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
:
st
A L Characidium fasciatum Reinhardt.'. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Curimatus ciliatus Müller and Troschel. . . . . . . . .
Semitapicts lation (Spix)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & # * * *
Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus Schomburgk. . . . . . . . . tº ſº tº ſº | tº ſº tº º
Prochilodus maripicru Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . & ſº e º ºf g º ſº
Prochilodus insignis Schomburgk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e is e i is a tº º
Prochilodus binotatus Schomburgk. . . . . . . . . . . . . &
Curimatus spilurus Günther... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * : *
Curimatus microcephalus Eigenmann and Eigenm. . . . .
Curimatus morawhannae Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;
Curimatus issororoënsis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ſº
Curimatus kner. Steindachner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº tº is tº º is tº g tº
Curimatus cyprimoides (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . * > . . . . . .
s
Tylobronchus maculosus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . tº gº tº a ºf tº e #
Chilodus punctatus Müller and Troschel . . . . . . . . tº º is s ſº tº e º f e
Parodon bifasciatus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is º is tº . e º ſº tº
Hemiodus semitaeniatus Kner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t
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---i
X.
Hemiodus quadrimaculatus Pellegrin. . . . . '• * * * * * * * * * * | * ~ * * I e s a s | *
Hemiodus maculofasciata. Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . & º 'º - I e s tº s & e s m i e
Anisitsia keppleri (Günther). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 * * * * * * * * | * * * * | *
Anisitsia notata (Schomburgk). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & ºn e º a tº e º e º sº gº g
Piabucina unitaeniata Günther. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is º is ºn I in
Pyrrhulina filamentosa Cuvier and Valenciennes. . . . .
Nannostomus beckford: Günther. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº p tº e I tº g g tº g : e.
Nannostomus marginatus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . s e s e i e s ∈ e ] e a s e i g º e s
Nannostomus minimus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . tº º ſº tº º 'º e º f e is tº e ] e º 'º e I e
Nannostomus simplex. Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº 9 tº º e o e º l e s tº e I g g º ºs
Poecilobrycon harrison? Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . & © tº e I e º gº tº e º e º º ºs e p
Paecilobrycon trifasciatus Steindachner. . . . . . . . . . © tº tº 6 || tº tº º tº º & © g tº e º º
Poecilobrycon erythrurus Eigenmann . . . . . . . . . . . e e º e i tº º tº e i e º 'º tº e.
Poecilobrycon ocellatus Eigenmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e o tº e º tº ſº I e e º e
Archicheir minutus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e Q e º e e º e i e º 'º º tº
Characidium laterale Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gº e s e
Characidium vinton? Eigenmann... . . . . . . . . . . . . . º
* Characidium blennioides Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . e
º
s
3.
s
s
s
i
×
i
---i
3.
-º-º-|
&*|
*----!
-

68
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
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i
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219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
241.
244.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
261.
262.
263.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.
271.
272.
::§:
Anostomus orinocensis Steindachner . . . . . . . . . . .
A L Schizodon fasciatus. Spix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Characidium pellucidum Eigenmann ... . . . . . . . . . e e o e & & & ©
Characidium pteroides Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Characidium catematum Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . e e º e I e º & © e º is a s e º e
Anostomus anostomus (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº a tº ſº | * * * * } is e º e gº
Anostomus trimaculatus Kner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is a tº e ſº º ſº º
Anostomus plicatus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & e º e I tº * * *
* Schizodontopsis laticeps Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . g tº º 'º & © & He tº ſº tº ºn & g º º
A L Leporinus striatus Kner. . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
* Leporinus arcus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº º is ſº
A Leporinus nigrotaeniatus (Schomburgk). . . . . . . . . &
A Leporinus muelleri Steindachner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A L Leporinus friderici (Bloch)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A * Leporinus maculatus Müller and Troschel. . . . . . . tº º tº ſº ſº tº
A * Leporinus grant? Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to ſº G & I tº dº e & § º g
* Leporinus alternus Eigenmann... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º ºs I tº e º e tº tº º f tº g g tº
A L Leporinus affinis Günther. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A L Leporinus hypselonotus Günther. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A L Leporinus fasciatus (Bloch). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Crenuchus spilurus Günther. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº dº º ſº.
. ** Poecilocharaa bovallii Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº º º is iſ ſº º
* Odontostilbe melandetus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . gº tº $ tº tº 3 || ſº
. * : Aphyocharaz melanotus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . gº tº ſº tº . s tº gº tº
. A * Aphyocharaº erythrurus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . tº e º ſº tº dº º ſº. g is º g
** Aphyodite grammica Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g º O & tº ſº º ſº tº e ſº I & tº ſº o
. A Iguanodectes tenuis Cope... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © g º ſº e º ſº º ſº I s 6 & e
A Piabucus dentatus Koelreuter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g g g g
* Agoniates halecinus Müller and Troschel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
** Scissor macrocephalus Günther. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e º &
A L Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier... . . . . . . . . . . . .
A L Tetragonopterus chalceus Agassiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maenkhausia profunda Eigenmann . . . . . . . . . . . .
:
Pristella riddlet (Meek). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-
Hemigrammus unilineatus Gill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
s
Maenkhausia oligolepis (Günther). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pristella aubynei Eigenmann... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
:
:
Maenkhausia grandisquamis (Müller and Troschel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maenkhausia chrysargyrea (Günther). . . . . . . . . . . is º ſº º 1 - & ſº tº tº ſº ſº wº
Maenkhausia ovalis (Günther)*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e s e i s s º is e º e º a sº e s ºn s tº ſº I &
Maenkhausia brown? Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a tº ſº tº e º ſº e I g e is tº tº e º ſº I tº ſº tº a
Moenkhausia megalops Eigenmann... . . . . . . . . . . . . e tº gº tº I tº $ tº $ ſº tº ſº tº g g g tº
Moenkhausia Shideleri Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º ºs I & Hº & º e e s ∈ I is º a º
L Maenkhausia dichrourus (Kner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº ſº tº e i tº e º sº I tº g º º
Maenkhausia lepidurus (Kner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº gº tº º tº ſº ºn tº e º e g
Maenkhausia cotinho Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº g tº ſº º ſº tº ſº | g g g tº
Maenkhausia colletti (Steindachner). . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º e i s e º e i º g º ºn
Maenkhausia copei (Steindachner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº tº e º I tº e º tº e º 'º a
sº
:
i
X.
º:
i
s
.
:
.
º
X.
.
Hemigrammus erythrozonus Durbin. . . . . . . . . . . . . tº g g tº g e º e I e g g g
Hemigrammus rodwayi Durbin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e o ſº I tº gº © tº I tº gº to gº e º o
Hemigrammus ocellifer Steindachner. . . . . . . . . . . . º es e º e º 'º e I e º e º e e º 'º
Hemigrammus iota Durbin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº g g e i e o G & J C e e º tº e o e
Hemigrammus orthus Durbin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . º e º 'º ºn e º e º e º e e
Hemigrammus cylindricus Durbin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº 9 tº º g º º 0.
is British Guiana.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA
6
9
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2
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273.
* 274.
275.
276.
277.
278.
279.
280.
281.
282.
283.
284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
289.
290.
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
303.
304.
305.
306.
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
314.
315.
316.
3.17.
3.18.
319.
320.
321.
322.
323.
324.
325.
326.
327.
Hemigrammus micropterus Meek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hyphessobrycon belotti (Steindachner). . . . . . . . . .
L Poecilurichthys bimaculatus (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . .
L Poecilurichthys abramis (Jenyns). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ctenobrycon spilurus (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Ctenobrycon haurwellianus (Cope). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brycon longiceps Steindachner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hyphessobrycon minor Durbin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o tº dº ſº s & © g e e º e ſº
Hyphessobrycon rosaceus Durbin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º e e º ſº s tº gº tº e i º e º 'º
Hyphessobrycon riddle. Meek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº gº tº $ tº $ ſº & tº e º ſº to e o e
Hyphessobrycon gracilis Reinhardt. . . . . º is tº º e º e a & s g g tº * * * * * * * tº tº g º ºs
Hyphessobrycon minimus Durbin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . & is e º is a º is & © tº * I e s ſº in º
Hyphessobrycon eos Durbin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e is e s is a º º tº * * * : * * * * : * ~ *
Hyphessobrycon stictus Durbin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e is e a & © tº º is a s a º is ſº º e º º
Poecilurichthys potaroensis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . e
×
* Poptella longipinnis (Popta). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e gº ºn g : e º ſº tº g º ºn
A I, Chalcinus angulatus Spix... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brycon siebenthali Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ſº ſº º sº I º & G + i tº p & ſº I tº e º ºs
Brycon falcatus Müller and Troschel. . . . . . . . . . . e & e g | tº E tº tº ſº
A * Brycon lucidus (Kner)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº g º a tº ſº º is e g g ſº
A Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gº º º f is tº º tº e º is sº I & & tº
A Fowlerina orbicularis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*-*.|
Poecilurichthys polylepis (Günther). . . . . . . . . . . . . | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Poecilurichthys abramoides Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . g e g c | * * * * { ſº ſº tº º I ſº
A Chalcinus rotundatus (Schomburgk). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Chalcinus elongatus Günther. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº gº tº º
A Carnegiella strigata (Günther). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e tº e º tº
A Gasteropelecus sternicla Linnaeus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & a tº º
LA Thoracocharaz stellatus (Kner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I, SerraSalmo gymnogenys Günther. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L Serrasalmo marginatus Valenciennes. . . . . . . . . . . .
#
X.
i
i
:
Dermatocheir catablepta Durbin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº º e º | * * * * | * * $ tº $ # * > || g e º g
Creatochanes affinis Günther... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w a g º l tº $ tº tº
Creatochanes melanurus (Bloch)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº g g g tº a tº # 1 ºn tº ſº º f *
Creatochanes caudomaculatus Günther. . . . . . . . . . & tº º tº e º e i º
Creagrutus melanzonus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bryconamericus hyphesson Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . ſº tº sº º i e is e º M is is is a is e º e - e.
Astyanaz guianensis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g g º ºs I & e º ſº I tº $ tº e I tº º gº tº
Astyanaz essequibensis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . tº º e s ] tº e º 'º ºn e º & º ſº a tº
Astyanaz mutator Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e & Q & s is s tº e º e º tº º ſº tº
Astyanaz mucronatus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . s e g º tº E tº & J C º ſº º I º º ſº tº ſe
;
º
Deuterodon potaroensis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . e º 'º 4 tº gº tº º º $ tº tº s e º 'º º is ſº tº
Deuterodon pinnatus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gº ºn e º I e g º ºs I tº e º e g tº º te tº
Phenacogaster megalostictus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . gº º gº tº I e º e º & e º E I tº ſº tº s
Phenacogaster microstictus Eigenmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Holobrycon pesu (Müller and Troschel) . . . . . . . . ſº
.
:
i
×
º
s
-i
|
|
|
s
.
:
A I, Serrasalmo spilopleura Kner... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º ºs I e º e º e g g ſº
A * Serrasalmo rhombeus (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e g º || 0 tº 9 &
* Pygocentrus stagnatilis (Schomburgk)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A * Pygocentrus niger (Schomburgk). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © & e e I & Q & Q e e s tº
A L Pygocentrus piraya (Cuvier)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gº º ſº e i º e º e
A Pygocentrus scapularis (Günther). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A L Pygocentrus mattereri (Kner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
* Pygocentrus bilineatus Eigenmann . . . . . . . . . . . . tº g º e
:
70
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
§ . 3 • | --
# 3 # # # | 3 || 3 # à
#|##| 3 || 3 | #| 3 || 3 || 4 | # #
§ 3; #| 3 || 3 | f | | | | | 3 || ||
#| | | | #| | | | | | | | | #| #
e Q) Q)
5 |: T | # | 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 5 | #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
328. A Pygopristis denticulatus (Cuvier). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X | X | . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . .
329. A Catoprion mento (Cuvier). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
330. A Mylesinus Schomburgki Cuvier and Valenciennes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
331. A Acnodon oligocanthus (Müller and Troschel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X i. . . .
332. A Piaractus macropomus (Cuvier). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X is e e s \ is e & e ] e s e a e s e i s a s º a s a tº e º is a & 4 º' s
333. A Metynnis hypsauchen (Müller and Troschel). . . . . . . . . . . . .] × [.... X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
334. A Metynnis maculatus (Kner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X
335. A Myleus pacu (Schomburgk)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X
336. A Myloplus schomburgki (Jardine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . X | X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . .
337. A Myloplus torquatus (Kner) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
338. * Myloplus kner (Steindachner) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº a tº e I & # * * | * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . .
339. A Myloplus discoideus (Kner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X e I e a s a s & e º s = e s a s is & T S s e º I s e a s
340. * Myloplus rubripinnis (Müller and Troschel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . X. . . . . . . . .
341. L * Myloplus asterias (Müller and Troschel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . .] X | . . . . . . . .
342. A Myloplus rhomboidalis (Cuvier). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X i. . . . . . . . X | X
343. A L Mylosoma aureum (Spix). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . .' X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
344. A Cynodon gibbus Spix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . X . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . .
345. A L Rhaphiodon vulpinus Spix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
346. A Hydrolicus scomberoides (Cuvier). . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
347. A Exodon paradoxus (Müller and Troschel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
348. A Raeboides affinis Günther... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
349. * Roeboides thurni Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
350. R. Raeboides microlepis (Reinhardt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
351. A L Charaz gibbosus (Gronow). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . X | X | . . . . X | X | . . . .
352. * Charaz rupununi Eigenmann... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
353. ** Asiphonichthys hemigrammus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
354. * Cynopotamus essequibensis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . tº $ tº tº . . . . X | X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
355. A Cynopotamus humeralis Valenciennes. . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
356. ** Acanthocharaz microlepis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
357. ** Heterocharaz macrolepis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . .
358. A L Salminus hilarii Cuvier and Valenciennes . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
359. A Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . X | X | X | . . . . X | X | X
360. A Acestrorhynchus microlepis (Schomburgk)... . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . . . X | X | . . . . X | . . . . . . . . .
361. A Acestrorhynchus falcirostris (Cuvier). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . . . . . .] X | . . . . . . . . .
362. * Acestrorhynchus nasutus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
363. A #;; tº º is a e s m e º ſº º ſº e º ſº e & X | . . . . X | X | X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
364. A L Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X X | X | X | X | X | X | X
365. A * Hoplias macrophthalmus Pellegrin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . X | X i. . . . X | . . . . . . . . .
366. A L Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X | X | X X | X | X
367. A Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch and Schneider). . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X | X | X | X | X | . . . .
368. A Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X | X | ? | X | X | X | . . . . X | X | X
369. A L Gymnotus carapo (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . × × × × X | X | X | X | X | X
370. A Sternopygus macrurus (Bloch and Schneider). . . . X X | X |....| X X |....| X | X | . . . .
371. * Eigenmannia macrops (Boulenger). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
372. A L Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . .
373. A Eigenmannia lineatus (Müller and Troschel)”. . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X | X . . . . X | . . . . . . . .
374. A Steatogenys elegans (Steindachner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . .
375. A Hypopomus brevirostris (Steindachner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X | . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . . . . . . .
376. * Hypopomus artedi Kaup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . .] X | . . . . X
377. A Rhamphichthys rostratus (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . X | X | X
378. Gymnorbamphichthys hypostomus Fllis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X |. tº º ſº is e º e º I e e º e
379. A L Rhamphichthys marmoratus Castelnau. . . . . . . . . . X © & © tº º g g g | e X |.
380. * Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus (Müll. & Trosch.)|....|. X | X |. e tº e º I &
381. ** Sternarchogiton sachsi (Peters). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X tº g º $ a tº $ tº || 6 © tº e C.
382. A L Sternarchus albifrons Linnaeus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X |. . X |.
383. A Porotergus gimbeli Ellis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº G & © tº e º ºs X | . . . . . G. C. e >
19 No. 373 = No. 272.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA
7
1
& - à # à e tº c; c;
#|##| || # | 3 | # à || 3
© •- “º <!--> e sº ;
#|##| || #| || 3 || 3 || || 3 || 3
3 gº 5 c $ 5 § § -5 ©
.5 || 3 º' | c. Q. B: B: Q. E sº 5
5 |#" # | 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 5 | #
1 2 3 4 5 6 : 7 8 9 10
384. * Porotergus gymnotus Ellis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X e e o e a s gº & 1 tº e g tº
385. * Sternarchus leptorhynchus Ellis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . e º i º º is e . . . . X | X e e º e tº º & & | * * @ 8
386. A I, Symbranchus marmoratus Bloch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X
387. M Tarpon atlanticus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . .
388. M** Rhinosardinia serrata. Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
389. M A L Ilisha flavipinnis (Valenciennes) . . . . . . . . . . . . tº ſº tº tº . X | X . . . .
390. M " Odontognathus mucronatus Lacépède. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' X 1. . . . . . . .
391. M A Pristigaster cayanus Cuvier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * | * * * * | * * * * | * * * * | * * * g . m e º e I e º e s I dº º e º a tº º
392. M A Stolephorus spinifer (Cuvier and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . .
393. M A Stolephorus clupeoides (Swainson). . . . . . . . . . . . . tº $ tº * I tº º tº tº g it tº tº º . . . . . . . X | . . . .
394. M* Stolephorus guianensis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X i. . . . . . . . . X ..] X | . . . . . . . . .
395. M A Stolephorus surinamensis Bleeker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . X | . . . .
396. M A Pterengraulis atherinoides (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . º s e º tº #
397. M A Lycengraulis grossidens (Cuvier). . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e s s s is e º º is º a 1 g º is a I & I is tº ſº tº ſº tº
398. A Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Agassiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X * I tº a tº &
399. A Arapaima gigas (Cuvier). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X . | X
400. * Rivulus geayi Vaillant... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X
401. A Rivulus wrophthalmus Günther. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X
402. A Rivulus micropus Steindachner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # tº $ tº . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X
403. A Rivulus obscurus Garman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X * * * * : * * * * * g e º e I gº tº e s º ºs º a
404. * Rivulus breviceps Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
405. * Rivulus holmiæ Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . .
406. * Rivulus waimacui Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
407. * Rivulus stagnatus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . .
408. * Rivulus lanceolatus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] X |. s sº tº ſº a s a s : * * * *
409. * Rivulus frenatus Eigenmann... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X i. * s is a e º e º a * * *
410. A Anableps anableps (I.innaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . tº tº ſº º tº . | X | X | . . . .
411. A Anableps microlepis Müller and Troschel . . . . . . . & ſº tº ſº I tº g tº g . X . . . . . . . . .
412. A L Poecilia vivipera Bloch and Schneider . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . X | X | X
413. A Acanthophacelus reticulatus (Peters). . . . . . . . . . . . X X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . .
414. * Acanthophacelus melanzonus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X 1. . . . . . . . .
415. * Acanthophacelus bifurcus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . .
416. ** Tomeurus gracilis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X i. . . . . . . . .
417. M Tylosurus microps (Günther). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº tº ſº tº tº e º 'º i e tº e º e º ſº ſº I e g e º tº tº ſº ſe . . . . .] X | . . . .
418. M Tylosurus almeida Quoy and Gaimard. . . . . . . . . . * & © tº [ ſº e º 'º p & © tº f : * > . . º gº º ſº I gº º is e . . . . X | . . . .
419. A L Potamorrhaphis guianensis (Schomburgk). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X |. X | . . . . . X
420. M Doryrhamphus lineatus (Valenciennes.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X tº tº ſº tº tº e º 'º tº g to º tº tº º º f is tº e º | * * * *
421. M. Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? | ? . 7 |. X | ? | ?
422. M. Mugil cephalus Linnaeus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * | ? 2 * || 7 | ?
423. M. Mugil incilis Hancock... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * | ? | 2 |. ? | ? | ?
424. M. Mugil curema Cuvier and Valenciennes. . . . . . . . . ? | ? ... ? |. X | ? | ?
425. M Cynoscions acoupa Lacépède”,” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X
426. M. Cynoscion leiarchus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X
427. M. Cynoscion virescens (Cuvier and Valenciennes)”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | . . . .
428. M Cynoscion steindachneri (Jordan). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X i. . . . . . . .
429. M Cynoscion microlepidotus (Cuvier and Val.)”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . .
430. M Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch and Schneider)*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X | X
431. M Sagenichthys ancylodon (Bloch and Schneider)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | X

* Several other species of Sciaenidae may enter rivers.
* Lake Maracaibo.
* Porto Alegro, Brazil.
28 Brazil.
* Panama, Rio Grande do Sul, Montevideo, West Indies.
72
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
|
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2
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i
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432.
433.
434.
435.
436.
437.
438.
439.
440.
441.
442.
443.
444.
445.
446.
447.
448.
449.
450.
451.
452.
453.
454.
455.
456.
457.
458.
459.
460.
461.
462.
463.
464.
465.
466.
467.
468.
469.
470.
471.
472.
473.
474.
475.
476.
477.
478.
479.
:
?-
L
Bairdiella ronchus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)*. . . . . . . .
Nebris microps Cuvier and Valenciennes”. . . . . . &
Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel)”. . . . . . . . . .
Plagioscion auratus Castelnau”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e s a s | * * * * e g º e I s s e e ºn v is a e s e º & © tº *
Plagioscion heterolepis (Bleeker). . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * : * c & 0 | * * e º º e º e I e g º us | tº wº e º & P → *
Plagioscion Surinamensis (Bleeker)*. . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * e s s is | s e s is in a s a || s e e s , s s & º | * * * * | *
Stelliferus rastrifer Jordan... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & Cº - sº i tº
Pachypops furcraftus (Lacépède). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº ſº gº tº
Pachypops trifilis (Müller and Troschel). . . . . . . . . . . . . tº E tº g
Pachypops grunniens (Schomburgk). . . . . . . . . . . . tº g º G | tº $ tº is e g g g & g g tº & tº tº
L M Micropogon furnieri (Desmarest)*. . . . . . . . . . . * * * * | * * * * e s a s | s a s a l e a s a | s • * * | * * * *
Lonchiurus lanceolata Bloch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & a tº a º e s ∈ J ſº tº ſº e º
Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch)... . . . . . . . . . . . . to ſº º ji I tº $ tº
Centropomus ensiferus Poey... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº it tº g I tº
Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &
Acaropsis massa (Heckel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nannacara anomala Regan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº ſº tº º
s
Nannacara bimaculata Eigenmann... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Æquidens maronii (Steindachner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . ge
Æquidens vittata (Heckel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Æquidens potaroënsis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AEquidens tetramerus (Heckel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & a ºn
Æquidens geayi (Pellegrin). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ſº gº tº ſº e g º is
Æquidens guianensis (Regan)*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gº
L Mesonauta festivum Heckel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . .
Cichlasoma temporale (Günther)*... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cichlasoma severum (Heckel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * | * > * > || @ e º gº
Cichlasoma psittacum (Heckel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . a e <
Acarichthys heckelii (Müller and Troschel). . . . . . * * * * | * tº e º º º ſº e
Biotodoma cupido (Heckel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * I e º 'º e I e g º ºs I e
Geophagus pappaterra Heckel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * † tº $ tº tº ºf s \ is e º ſº I e g º a
Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº g tº e I & tº º gº
Geophagus jurupar; Heckel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * { } tº gº tº gº tº
Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin. . . . . . . . . . . . * * * | * * * * | * * * * | *
Heterogramma ortmanni Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . * g g g : E → * * * g is e tº
Heterogramma steindachner Regan. . . . . . . . . . . . . a dº º º is is ſº tº
Cichla ocellaris Bloch and Schneider. . . . . . . . . . .
Cichla temensis Humboldt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crenicara punctulata (Günther). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Batrachops punctulatus Regan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
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Batrachops semifasciatus Heckel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 9 e ºs tº tº iº º º ſº tº
Crenicichla alta Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & © tº º s is e º || @ 9 tº e e s p ſo
Crenicichla wallace. Regan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº tº e º tº e º e I e g º º e º 'º a
Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e º e I e º e a
A L Crenicichla vittata Heckel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |..
480. A Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
X
* Maracaibo.
* Panama.
* Rios Crixas & Araguay.
* Rio Ucayale.
* Venezuela, Cauca.
30 Havana.
* Guiana.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA
7
3
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481. A Crenicichla lugubris Heckel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . X | X |. º e º e ſº e º e --
482. A Crenicichla johanna Heckel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . . X | X | X |. X | . . . .
483. A Pterophyllum scalare (Cuvier and Valenciennes). . . . . . . . . . X | X i. . . . . . e e o e & 6 s a
484. * Pterophyllum altun Pellegrin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . & © tº º ſº e º 'º tº 9 º' tº e º ſº º
485. * Polycentrus schomburgki Müller and Troschel . . . × × . g | E tº $ X . . . .
486. * Dormitator gymnocephalus Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l. . | X * tº º ſº & tº tº º
487. * Eleotris amblyopsis Cope. . . . . . . . . . . ... tº & ſº tº tº ſº tº e º O ſº . . . . . X tº e º e X | . . . .
488. M Guavina guavina (Cuvier and Valenciennes) . . . . . . . . 2 º ? | . . . .
489. M Evorthodus breviceps Gill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] × . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] ×
490. M Archirus lineatus (Linnaeus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] X | X . . . . . X | . . . .
491. M Apionichthys unicolor Günther. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X |.
492. * Soleonasus finis Eigenmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X u º dº tº I gº
493. A Colemosus psittacus (Bloch and Schneider). . . . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . . . X |. . . . . . . . . X. . . . . . . . . .
Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 || 50 | 85 83 184 142 22 | 167 | 118 75
Total No. of species in Essequibo Basin. 266
Of the four hundred and ninety-three species enumerated in the preceding list
all but twenty-three, which are recorded from the Rio Branco only, inhabit the
northward-flowing streams from the Orinoco on the west to the Brazilian boundary
on the east. Of these two hundred and forty, or over 50 per cent., are also found
in the Amazon.
In the Rio Branco, the only stream of the Guianas flowing southward which
has been examined, twenty-three species have been taken, aside from those which
it has in common with the upper Essequibo. The more readily to show the relation
of the Rio Branco to the Rupununi and upper Essequibo, the fauna of the Essequibo
is divided into (4) the fauna of the Essequibo above the Warraputa Cataract, (5)
the fauna below the Warraputa, (6) the fauna of the lower Potaro, (7) the fauna of
the upper Potaro. -
From the Essequibo basin two hundred and sixty-six species have been taken,
and this number may serve as a measure of our information, or lack of information,
about the inhabitants of the other streams. From the large Orinoco basin but
eighty-nine species have been recorded. *
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OBTAINED IN THE AREA EXAMINED.
The maps, given in Plates LXXI-CIII inclusive, graphically show the points
at which the commoner species characteristic of the fauna were taken. A refer-
ence to these maps will, I trust, be useful to the student who is interested in the
question of distribution. &
74 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
In the following table the distribution of the species obtained is given. Species
not obtained by me but reported by others have their approximate locality indicated
by an asterisk. The number of specimens of each species obtained is given in
the appropriate column under the several localities specified, thus indicating for
each locality the relative abundance of the respective species found thereat, as
well as the localities where each species was most numerous. For several unique
localities the lists here given are repeated on subsequent pages.
The columns are not quite of equal value. Under the head of Lama Stop-off
are given all specimens obtained between Maduni Stop-off and Cane Grove Corner.
Few came from the latter place, most of them from Lama Stop-off, which is between
the other two. The specimens from the Georgetown trenches include those from the
Botanic Garden. The specimens from the northwestern coast include all those
taken in and near Morawhanna, i. e., Mora Passage, Aruka River, Koriabo Rubber
Plantation, Issorora Plantation. The Kumaka column includes specimens from
the Demerara River and its tributaries between Kumaka and Christianburg, a
distance of several miles, and from some distance farther down the Demarara
itself, at some mud-flats. The Rockstone column contains specimens from
Rockstone itself, from the sand-bank just above Rockstone, and from a stream
on Gluck Island across from Rockstone. The columns from Crab Falls, Tumatu-
mari, Potaro Landing, Tukeit, Savannah Landing and Holmia contain similar
groups of habitat. In all of these cases a radius of a mile would probably include
all of them. I do not know how much Rupununi includes, but certainly Twoca
Pan, and a creek opposite Massara Landing. All the specimens from this region
were collected by Mr. Grant. Where a species was abundant in the Georgetown
market the sign of infinity is substituted for the definite number of specimens
preserved.
The water of the lower Demerara (see Figure 1) and of the ocean for Some
distance out is muddy. This muddy water is inhabited by a peculiar fauna. It is
rich in Aspredininae, Ariinae, Mugil, Anableps, Sciaenidae, several sharks, and a sting-
ray. In so far as these have any relation to the strictly fresh-water fauna they
are included in the present report. No sharp line has been or can be drawn. No
species has been omitted which should be included, but some of the species included
should probably be excluded. This is notably true of some of the Sciaenidae, Centro-
pomidae, and Mugilidae which are generally distributed in the West Indies. The
Aspredininae, Ariinae, and Anableps more clearly belong to the South American
estuarial fauna and all properly belong here. Most of the fishes brought to the
Georgetown market come from the estuaries or coast.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA
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Loricaria cataphracta. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . e e s i e º e i = * * ... [… ſe s I - a s tº o e º 'º - E - I e º e - i. e. g. tº e - © e -
Loricariichthys microdon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * g º º - 9 31. . . . . . . . . . . . .". . . * * e i e º a a s s to t e º e i e º a a s = e º gº e g º sº e e
Loricariichthys griseus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is º 'º a e - - - . . . . . 12 i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * : * * * * * * * * I e º e I e s - H e s - e i e º 'º - I e s -
Loricariichthys brunnews. . . . . . . . . . . 19 || 1 11 || 2 | . . . ; 32 . . . . . . . . . 6 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * : * s p º e e º º a s \ ^ 4 e e º 'º º ji e º e > * * * *
Loricariichthys platyurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * : * * * * : * * * } is a s a , is e º s e s - 1 . . . . . .". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Trachycorystes glaber. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trachycorystes galeatus. . . . . . . . . . . .
Trachycorystes obscurus. . . . . . . . . . .
Pseudauchenipterus nodosus” . . . . . .
Auchenipterus demerarae. . . . . . . . . . .
Auchenipterus brevior. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tympanopleura piperata. . . . . . . . . .
Ageneiosus guianensis. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ageneiosus brevifilis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ageneiosus marmoratus. . . . . . . . . . . .
Hypophthalmus edentatus” . . . . . . . .
Helogenes marmoratus. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hemicetopsis macilentus. . . . . . . . . . .
Hemicetopsis minutus. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pygidium guianense. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pygidium conrad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pygidium gracilior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ochmacanthus flabelliferus
Callichthys callichthys” . . . . . . . . . . .
Hoplosternum littorale”. . . . . . . . . . . .
Hoplosternum thoracatum . . . . . . . . . .
Corydoras punctatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pterygoplichthys duodecimalis”
Plecostomus plecostomus. . . . . . . . . . .
Plecostomus hemiurus. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plecostomus watwata” . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plecostomus emarginatus” . . . . . . . . .
Lithogenes villosus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Corymbophanes andersoni . . . . . . . . . .
Hemiancistrus schomburgki”. . . . . . .
Hemiancistrus megacephalus
Hemiancistrus braueri" . . . . . . . . . . .
Pseudancistrus barbatus. . . . . . . . . . .
Pseudancistrus nigrescens. . . . . . . . . .
Pseudancistrus guentheri”
Xenacara gymnorhynchus . . . . . . . . .
Ancistrus temmincki... . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ancistrus cirrhosus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ancistrus hoplogenys. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ancistrus lithurgicus. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Loricariichthys stewarti. . . . . . . . . . . .
Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus. . . . .
Harttia platystoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farlowella hargreavesi.”
Bivibranchia protractila. . . . . . . . . . .
Curimatopsis macrolepis
Curimatella alburna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Curimatus spilurus
Curimatus microcephalus
Curimatus morawhannae. . . . . . . . . . .
Curimatus issororoënsis. . . . . . . . . . .
Curimatus schomburgki
Curimatus ciliatus. . . . . . . . . . . . - - - -
Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus. . . . . . . . . .
Prochilodus maripicru. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parodon bifasciatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hemiodus semitaeniatus. . . . . . . . . . . .
Hemiodus quadrimaculatus. . . . . . . .* s
Anisitsia notata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tylobronchus maculosus
Chilodus punctatus
Pyrrhulina filamentosa. . . . . . . . . . . .
Characidium laterale
* * * * * * * * * * e º 'º s e
tº e º e º gº is e º a
s & © e º e - © tº e º 'º e - ©
tº e º & © - © e º 'º - e º -
Characidium fasciatum . . . . . . . . . . . .
Characidium pellucidum. . . . . . . . . . .
Characidium pteroides. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Characidium catenatum. . . . . . . . . . . .
Nannostomus beckford. . . . . . . . . . . .
Nannostomus marginatus. . . . . . . . . .
Nannostomus minimus
Nannostomus simplex:
Poecilobrycon harrisoni . . . . . . . . . . . .
* Locality unknown.
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Æquidens maroni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Æquidens geayi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Æquidens vittatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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AEquidens tetramerus. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cichlasoma bimaculatum *. . . . . . . . .
Cichlasoma severum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mesonauta festivum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Crenicara punctulata. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Nebris microps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plagioscion auratus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Pachypops furcrafus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pachypops grunniens. . . . . . . . . . . . .
hurus lanceolatus. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Micropogon furnieri. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Centropomus undecimalis. . . . . . . . . .
Centropomus ensiferus. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chaetobranchus flavescens. . . . . . . . . . .
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Nannacara anomala. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crenicichla wallace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crenicichla lugubris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crenicichla johanna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pterophyllum scalare. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Polycentrus schomburgki . . . . . . . . . .
Dormitator gymnocephalus. . . . . . . . .
Eleotris amblyopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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93
84
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
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EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA
85
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MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
SUMMARY OF FAMILIES.
Dasyatidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * 2
Aspredinidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Siluridae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Hypophthalmidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Helogeneidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
Pygidiidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Callichthyidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Loricariidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Characidae. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Gymnotidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Symbranchidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Osteoglossidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Arapaimidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Clupeidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Stolephoridae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Poeciliidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Belonidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Syngnathidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Mugilidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Sciaenidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Centropomidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Cichlidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Polycentridae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Gobiidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Soleidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tetraodontidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
360
CHAPTER V.
ECOLOGICAL COMBINATIONS OF SPECIES.
In many localities it was not profitable to mark the specimens separately in
such a way that their exact locality could be retained. For instance, all species
taken on the sand-bar at Rockstone were marked “Rockstone Sand-bar.” Later it
became evident that it might have been profitable to keep separate: (a) the species
taken at night from a bay on the bar—they were largely big fishes; (b) those taken
on the river side of the bar; (c) those taken in the bayou on the land side of the
bar; (d) those taken with a large net from the lower end of the bar. Each of
these places yielded its own fauna, but their separation must be left to someone else.
The places of greatest interest in this connection are probably one of the
trenches in the Botanic Garden, a woodland brook on Gluck Island, the Konawaruk
pool, and the Warraputa, or Amatuk, Cataracts. In each of these places a single
unit was studied exhaustively. At Amatuk, however, where the cataract furnished
most of the specimens, a few species were obtained by seining on the sand-bar
below the fall. From each of these units practically a complete list of species and
the relative number of individuals of each species can be given.
In the Botanic Garden a trench, said to have been undisturbed for twenty
years or more, was drained and most of its contents preserved. On Gluck Island
a short stretch of a small woodland brook was poisoned and everything but a few
larger catfishes and cichlids preserved. At Konawaruk everything in a pool less
than one hundred feet in diameter was killed and preserved. In the cataracts at
Amatuk and at Warraputa the fishes were either all killed or driven out by poison,
and everything possible secured and preserved. A list of the captures at these
places will therefore give us the ecological composition of the various faunas.” In
the following tables species not taken elsewhere are in italics.
*These might be supplemented by the list of fishes taken at Erukin, where everything in the lower two
hundred yards of the stream was taken, and by that at Aruataima. All but Corymbophanes, Pygidium, and
Lithogenes of the fishes listed from Aruataima came from the small brooks.
87
88 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
SPECIES AND NUMBER OF SPECIMENS FROM A TRENCH IN THE BOTANIC
GARDEN.
It would seem from this list that the bulk of the fauna is composed of seven
out of the twenty-three species.
SILURIDAE. - 12. Ctenobrycon spilurus. . . . . . about 800
1. Rhamdia Sebae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 13. Charax gibbosus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
2. Pimelodus clarias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 14. Acestrorhynchus microlepis. . . . . . 6
- 15. Hoplias malabaricus. . . . . . . . . . . . 6
CALLICHTHYIDAE. - -
3. Hoplosternum littorale. . . . . . . . . 2 GYMNOTIDAE.
4. Hoplosternum thoracatum. . . . . . 1 16. Gymnotus carapo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
17. Sternopygus macrurus. . . . . . . . . . 104
LORICARIIDAE. 18. Eigenmannia lineata. . . . . . . . . . . 155
5. Plecostomus hemiurus. . . . . . . . . . 1
6. Loricariichthys brunneus. . . . . . . . 1 CICHLIDAE.
*, C 19. Cichlasoma bimaculatum . . . . . . . 17
7. Curimatopsi : 1 20. Mesonauta festivum. . . . . . . . . . . . 12
G. urma opSls macro eps * G - a tº is ſº tº 21. Geophagus jurupari. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
8. Curimatus schomburgki . . . . . . . . 3 ſº tº tº e
iº & e 22. Crenicichla saxatilis. . . . . . . . . . . . 3
9. Pristella riddlei. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23362
10. Hemigrammus rodwayi. . . . . . . . . 112 PolycenTRIDAE.
11. Poecilurichthys bimaculatus. . . . . 122 23. Polycentrus schomburgki . . . . . . . 39
SPECIES AND NUMBER OF SPECIMENS FROM A SMALL BRook on GLUCK
ISLAND.
ASPREDINIDAE. CHARACIDAE.
1. Bunocephalus chamaizelus. . . . . . 6 12. Curimatopsis macrolepis. . . . . . . . 3
2. Agmus lyriformis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 13. Curimatus spilurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
SILURIDAE. 14. Chilodus punctatus. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3. Rhamdia Sebae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 15. Hemiodus maculofasciatus. . . . . . . 1
4. Doras costatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 16. Anisitsia notatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
5. Doras hancocki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 17. Pyrrhulina filamentosa. . . . . . . . . 22
6. Doras cataphractus. . . . . . . . . . . . 20 18. Nannostomus marginatus. . . . . . . 5
19. Poecilobrycon trifasciatus. . . . . . . 8
CALLICHTHYIDAE. tº
20. Poecilobrycon erythrurus. . . . . . ‘. . 4
7. Hoplosternum thoracatum. . . . . . 74 21. Poecilobrycon ocellatus. . . . . . . . . 9
LORICARIIDAE. 22. Characidium pellucidum . . . . . . . . . 2
8. Plecostomus hemiurus. . . . . . . . . . 1 23. Leporinus nigrotaeniatus. . . . . . . . 2
9. Xenocara gymnorhynchus. . . . . . . . 1 24. Iguanodectes tenuis. . . . . . . . . . . . 4
10. Loricariichthys brunneus. . . . . . . . 24 25. Moenkhausia lepidurus. . . . . . . . . 8.
11. Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus ... 1 26. Moenkhausia colletti. . . . . . . . . . . . 12
* From the Georgetown trenches only eight specimens were taken.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA
89
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
Moenkhausia copei. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Hemigrammus ocellifer. . . . . . . . . 109
Hemigrammus iota. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Hemigrammus orthus. . . . . . . . . . 25
Hemigrammus cylindricus. . . . . . . 1
Hyphessobrycon rosaceus. . . . . . . 25
Hyphessobrycon gracilis. . . . . . . . . 16
Creatochanes caudomaculatus.... 20
Poecilurichthys polylepis. . . . . . . . 10
Poecilurichthys abramoides. . . . . . 1
Holobrycon pesu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chalceus macrolepidotus. . . . . . . 5
Carnegiella strigata. . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Myleus rhomboidalis. . . . . (young) 1
Acestrorhynchus falcatus. . . . . . . . 1
Hoplias malabaricus. . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus. . . . . . 1
POECILIIDAE.
Rivulus frenatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60
BELONIDAE.
Potamorrhaphis guianensis. . . . . . 3
GYMNOTIDAE.
Gymnotus carapo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Hypopomus artedi. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
CICHLIDAE.
AEquidens tetramerus. . . . . . . . . . . 4
AEquidens geayi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Mesonauta festivum. . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Acarichthys heckeli. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Biotodoma cupido. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Geophagus jurupari. . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Heterogramma ortmanni. . . . . . . . 3
Heterogramma steindachneri. . . . . 25
Cichla ocellaris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Crenicara punctulata . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Crenicichla saxatilis. . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Crenicichla alta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Crenicichla wallacei . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Rhamdia Sebae and Crenicichla saacatilis and alta were present in larger propor-
tion than this table indicates, many specimens being retained by the Indians.
Only the young of the larger species were living in this brook.
SPECIES AND NUMBER OF SPECIMENS FROM THE KONAWARUK POOL.
DASYATIDAE.
1. Potamotrygon hystrix. . . . . . . . . . . 1.
ASPREDINIDAE.
2. Bunocephalus amaurus. . . . . . . . . . 2
SILURIDAE.
3. Leptoglanis essequibensis. . . . . . . 1
4. Chasmocranus longior. . . . . . . . . . 2
5. Pimelodella cristata. . . . . . . . . . . . 2
6. Hemidoras leporhinus. . . . . . . ... 3
PYGIDIIDAE.
7. Ochmacanthus flabelliferus. . . . . . 3
CALLICHTHYIDAE.
8. Corydoras punctatus. . . . . . . . . . . 16
LORICARIIDAE.
9. Lithoxus lithoides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Loricariichthys griseus. . . . . . . . . . 12
Harttia platystoma. . . . . . . . . . . . 4
CHARACIDAE.
Curimatopsis macrolepis. . . . . . . . 2
Curimatus spilurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Curimatus microcephalus. . . . . . . 2
Curimatus ciliatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Hemiodus maculofasciatus. . . . . . 7
Chilodus punctatus. . . . . . . e º s • * 1
Pyrrhulina filamentosa. . . . . . . . . . 2
Characidium pteroides. . . . . . . . . . 3
Poecilobrycon trifasciatus. . . . . . . 17
Poecilobrycon ocellatus. . . . . . . . . 18
Leporinus fasciatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Odontostilbe melandetus. . . . . . . . . . 3
Aphyodite grammica. . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Iguanodectes tenuis. . . . . . . . . . . . 10
90
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
26. Moenkhausia chrysargyreus. . . . . 15
27. Moenkhausia dichrourus. . . . . . . . 12
28. Moenkhausia lepidurus. . . . . . . . . 22
29. Moenkhausia colletti. . . . . . . . . . . . 19
30. Hemigrammus ocellifer. . . . . . . . . 3
31. Hyphessobrycon minor. . . . . . . . . . 3
32. Creatochanes affinis. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
33. Deuterodon pinnatus. . . . . . . . . . . 2
34. Phenacogaster microstictus. . . . . . 7
35. Chalceus macrolepidotus. . . . . . . . 5
36. Fowlerina orbicularis. . . . . . . . . . 72
37. Catoprion mento. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
38. Myloplus rhomboidalis . . . . . . . . . 1
39. Charax gibbosus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
40. Acestrorhynchus falcatus. . . . . . . . 1
41. Acestrorhynchus microlepis. . . . . . 5
42. Acestrorhynchus falcirostris. . . . . 2
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
GYMNOTIDAE.
Sternopygus macrurus. . . . . . . . . . . 2
Porotergus gymnotus. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
BELONIDAE.
Potamorrhaphis guianensis. . . . . . 5
CICHLIDAE.
AEquidens geayi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
AEquidens potaroënsis. . . . . . . . . . 1
Crenicichla alta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Crenicichla wallacei. . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Mesonauta festivum. . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Geophagus jurupari. . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Biotodoma cupido. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Heterogramma ortmanni. . . . . . . . 11
GoBIIDAE.
Dormitator gymnocephalus.
SPECIES AND NUMBER OF SPECIMENS FROM THE WARRAPUTA CATARACT.
As stated before, the specimens taken at this place all came from a small
branch of the cataract where the water wound its way about and under rocks.
The fishes were driven from their hiding-places by poison.
SILURIDAE.
1. Brachyglanis melas. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Leptoglanis essequibensis. . . . . . . 5
3. Chasmocranus longior. . . . . . . . . . 12
4. Rhamdella foina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
LORICARIIDAE.
5. Hemiancistrus megacephalus. . . . . 1
6. Pseudancistrus barbatus. . . . . . . . 6
7. Lithoxus lithoides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
8. Harttia platystoma. . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CHARACIDAE.
9. Curimatus ciliatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
10. Characidium catenatum. . . . . . . . 1
11. Iguanodectes tenuis. . . . . . . . . . . . 6
12. Moenkhausia chrysargyreus... . . . 1
13. Moenkhausia dichrourus. . . . . . . . 2
14. Moenkhausia lepidurus. . . . . . . . . 7
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Creatochanes affinis. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Creagrutus melanzonus. . . . . . . . . 2
Astyanax guianensis. . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Deuterodon pinnatus. . . . . . . . . . . 19
Holobrycon pesu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Fowlerina orbicularis. . . . . . . . . . . 7
Myloplus pacu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Myloplus rhomboidalis . . . . . . . . . 7
GYMNOTIDAE.
Sternopygus macrurus. . . . . . . . . . 3
Eigenmannia virescens. . . . . . . . . . 4
Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus 1
Sternarchus leptorhynchus. . . . . . 1
CICHLIDAE.
Geophagus jurupari. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Cichla ocellaris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Crenicichla lugubris. . . . . . . . . . . 1
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA
91
:
6.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
SPECIES AND NUMBER OF SPECIMENS FROM THE AMATUK CATARACT.
SILURIDAE.
. Brachyglants frenata . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
. Brachyglanis phalacra. . . . . . . . . . . 1
. Myoglanis potaroënsis. . . . . . . . . . 8
. Chasmocranus longior. . . . . . . . . . 13
Chasmocranus brevior. . . . . . . . . . 1
PYGIDIIDAE.
Hemicetopsis minutus. . . . . . . . . . . 1
Pygidium conradi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
LORICARIIDAE.
Plecostomus hemiurus. . . . . . . . . . 4
Hemiancistrus megacephalus. . . . 9
Pseudancistrus nigrescens. . . . . . . 2
Lithoxus lithoides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
- CHARACIDAE.
Curimatus microcephalus. . . . . . . 8
Hemiodus pellegrini. . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Characidium laterale. . . . . . . . . . . .
Characidium blennioides. . . . . . . . 13
Nannostomus minimus. . . . . . . . . 1
Poecilobrycon erythrurus. . . . . . . . 1
Anostomus anostomus. . . . . . . . . . 2
Anostomus plicatus. . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
Leporinus arcus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Leporinus megalepis. . . . . . . . . . . . 12
22
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
Moenkhausia browni. . . . . . . . . . . 2
Moenkhausia colletti. . . . . . . . . . . .
Creatochanes affinis. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Poecilurichthys abramoides. . . . . . 48
Poecilurichthys potaroënsis. . . . . . 13
Deuterodon pinnatus. . . . . . . . . . . 67
Deuterodon potaroënsis. . . . . . . . . 6
Phenacogaster megalostictus. . . . . 4
Fowlerina orbicularis. . . . . . . . . . . 7
Myloplus rhomboidalis . . . . . . . . . 8
Acestrorhynchus falcatus. . . . . . . . 3
Hoplias malabaricus. . . . . . . . . . . . 12
GYMNotidAE.
Sternopygus macrurus. . . . . . . . . . 9
Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus 4
Sternarchus gymnotus. . . . . . . . . . 3
Sternarchus leptorhynchus. . . . . . 2
PoECILIIDAE.
Rivulus waimacui. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CICHLIDAE.
SPECIES OF THE COASTAL STREAMS NOT TAKEN IN ANY OF THE INLAND
STATIONS OR NOT BEYOND WISMAR AND ROCKSTONE.
Those species extending as far as Rockstone or Wismar are in italics, those near
the coast or in brackish water are marked with an *. The Ariinae are not considered
in this list.
:
SILURIDAE.
. Pimelodella macturki.
. Hemidoras micropaeus.
. Trachycorystes galeatus.
. Pseudauchenipterus coeruleus.
. Ageneiosus brevifilis.
CALLICHTHYIDAE.
. Hoplosternum littorale.
39.
40.
41.
42.
AEquidens geayi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
AEquidens potaroënsis. . . . . . . . . . 17
Crenicichla alta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Crenicichla lugubris. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
LORICARIIDAE.
Plecostomus watwata.
. Plecostomus plecostomus.
CHARACIDAE.
. Curimatus schomburgki.
10.
11.
12.
Curimatus morawhannae.
Curimatus issororoënsis.
Piabucus dentatus.
92 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
13. Pristella riddle. PoECILIIDAE.
14. Pristella aubynei. 23.” Poecilia vivipara.
15. Hemigrammus unilineatus. 24. Acanthophacelus melanzonus.
16. Hemigrammus rodwayi. 25.”Acanthophacelus reticulatus.
17. Hyphessobrycon minimus. 26. Tomeurus gracilis.
18. Ctenobrycon spilurus.
19. Chalcinus elongatus.
DoRYRHAMPHIDAE.
27.*Doryrhamphus lineatus.
20. Pygocentrus bimaculatus.
CICHLIDAE.
CLUPEIDAE. 28. Nannocara anomala.
21.*Rhinosardinia serrata. 29. AEquidens moroni.
STOLEPHORIDAE. GoBIIDAE.
22.*Stolephorus guianensis. 30.*Eleotris amblyopsis.
* º 31.*Evorthodus breviceps.
A few of these species, like Ageneiosus breviñlis, are not limited to this area,
but as no specimens were captured in the interior they are included in this list. ,
LIST OF SPECIES NOT TAKEN AT ROCKSTONE, WISMAR, OR LOWER DOWN
IN THE ESSEQUIBO AND DEMERARA RIVERS.
While the downward limit of many of these species has not been determined
it seems certain that they are excluded from the coastal regions. Sixteen species
marked with an * extend as far down as Crab Falls. The large number (eighty-two
species) not found at Rockstone shows that the fauna of the upper courses of the
river is much richer in exclusives than the coastal region with its thirty-one peculiar
forms.
SILURIDAE. 16. Hemidoras leporhinus.
1. Megalonema megacephalum. 17. Auchenipterus brevior.
2. Microglanis poecilus. 18.*Tympanopleura piperata.
3. Pseudopinelodus albomarginatus.
PYGIDIIDAE.
4. Brachyglanis frenata.
19. Hemicetopsis macilentus.
20. Hemicetopsis minutus.
21. Pygidium guianense.
22. Pygidium conradi.
23. Pygidium gracilior,
24. Ochmacanthus flabelliferus.
5. Brachyglanis phalacra.
6.*Leptoglanis essequibensis.
7. Myoglanis potaroënsis.
8. Chasmocranus longior.
9. Chasmocranus brevior.
10. Rhamdia quelen.
11. Rhamdella foina. LORICARIIDAE.
12.*Pimelodella megalops. 25. Lithogenes villosus.
13. Pimelodus heteropleurus. 26. Corymbophanes andersoni.
14. Oxydoras niger. 27. Hemiancistrus megacephalus.
15.” Hemidoras notospilus. 28. Pseudancistrus nigrescens.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 93
29. Ancistrus temmincki.
30.*Ancistrus lithurgicus.
31.*Lithoxus lithoides.
32. Loricariichthys microdon.
33. Loricariichthys platyurus.
CHARACIDAE.
34. Curimatella alburnus.
35.” Hemiodus quadrimaculatus.
36. Characidium laterale.
37. Characidium vintoni.
38.*Characidium blennioides.
39. Nannostomus minimus.
40.*Anostomus anostomus.
41. Schizodon fasciatus.
42.*Schizodontopsis laticeps.
43. Leporinus arcus.
44. Leporinus granti.
45. Poecilocharax bovallii.
46. Odontostilbe melandetus.
47. Aphyodite grammica.
48. Tetragonopterus argenteus.
49. Moenkhausia oligolepis.
50. Moenkhausia browni.
51.*Moenkhausia dichrourus.
52. Hemigrammus erythrozonus.
53. Hyphessobrycon minor.
54. Hyphessobrycon eos.
55. Dermatocheir catablepta.
56.”Creagrutus melanzonus.
57. Bryconamericus hyphesson.
58. Poecilurichthys potaroënsis.
59. Astyanax mucronatus.
60. Astyanax mutator.
61. Deuterodon pinnatus.
62. Deuterodon potaroënsis.
63. Pygocentrus piraya.
64. Exodon paradoxus.
65. Charax rupununi.
66. Gymnorhamphichthys hypostomus.
GYMNOTIDAE.
67. Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus.
68. Porotergus gymnotus.
69. Sternarchus leptorhynchus.
70. Sternarchus albifrons.
OSTEOGLOSSIDAE.
71.*Osteoglossum bicirrhosum.
PoECILIIDAE.
72. Rivulus breviceps.
73. Rivulus holmiæ.
74. Rivulus waimacui.
SCLENIDAE.
75. Pachyurus schomburgkii.
76." Pachypops grunniens.
CICHLIDAE.
77. Nannocara bimaculatum.
78.*AEquidens potaroënsis.
79. Cichlasoma severum.
80.*Batrachops punctulatum.
GoBIIDAE.
81. Dormitator gymnocephalus.
SOLEIDAE.
82. Soleonasis finis.
CHAPTER VI.
THE ICHTHYIC FAUNA OF THE POTARO RIVER AND OF THE GUIANA PLATEAU.
The Guiana Highland has a double interest. First, it is presumably one
of the oldest land-masses of South America, probably dating back to the time
when Africa and South America were connected by land or by a chain of islands.
Second, all of the rivers, so far as known, descend from the plateau over falls which
no fish can ascend, the most prominent of these being the Kaieteur, with a height
of seven hundred and forty-one feet, which divides the Potaro into an upper and
a lower course.
Measurements made by Brown show that the Potaro, six hundred feet above
the fall, is four hundred and two feet wide and twenty and two-tenths feet deep. At
the brink of the fall it is three hundred and sixty-nine feet wide. These measurements
are taken at flood. The fall is seven hundred and forty-one feet high and in the
one thousand and twenty feet down stream from the kettle below the fall the
Potaro has a fall of eighty-one feet. The brink of the fall is about eleven hundred
and thirty feet above sea-level.
The map of Anderson makes the Potaro about thirty miles long to Amatuk,
fifteen from Amatuk to the Kaieteur and fifteen from the Kaieteur to Holmia, meas-
ured in straight lines; it is twice as long or more following the course of the stream.
The lower Potaro River, from the Kaieteur to near Potaro Landing, follows a
northwest to a northeast course, but from Potaro Landing to its mouth the course
is from west to east.
At Tumatumari a dike of diabase five hundred yards wide crosses the Potaro
and causes the cataract at that point. Various dikes cross the Potaro between
Tumatumari and a point two miles above Potaro Landing, but none of these inter-
fere with navigation by launches.
Above the mouth of the Curiebrong,” a northern tributary of the Potaro, there
are a series of dikes causing the Ichaura Rapids, and the Cobenatuk and Pakatuk
Cataracts.
*The Curiebrong River, a northern tributary of the Potaro, comes down from the table-land in the Amaila
fall, one hundred and forty-four feet high, and then down an inclined plane for two miles to the level of the
river below.
94
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 95
Between the Pakatuk Cataract and Amatuk the river is again navigable for
Small boats. The “Amatuk Falls are over some of the lower beds of the great
Sandstone and conglomerate formation. Here the sandstone and conglomerate is
fine grained, with occasional quartz-pebbles, of a red color, and shows very clearly,
and in many places markedly, current-bedding. Not more than about twenty-five
feet of the lower beds are exposed in the actual section of the falls. A sill of diabase
intrusive through the sandstone causes small rapids above the main fall.”
At Waratuk (a few miles above Amatuk) a dike of diabase causes rapids, and as
stated, another series of cataracts occurs at Tukeit and between Tukeit and the
foot of the Kaieteur.
Above the Kaieteur, for about forty miles as the river flows, the Potaro is
navigable to bateaus without interruption. At Aruataima at the end of this stretch
is another cataract and beyond this point I did not go.
As stated, one of the chief objects of the expedition was to study the relation
of the faunas of the upper to that of the lower Potaro.
The questions of prime importance concerning the fauna of the upper Potaro,
i. e., the Guiana Plateau, are:
1. Of what does it consist?
2. Whence did it come?
3. How did it get there?
The first and second of these questions are simplified as to fishes by the obvious
fact that fishes live in water, and that most of them die in a few moments after
being taken from the water. Their migrations must be along waterways; i. e.,
along well-defined and restricted channels. m *
1. FISHES TAKEN IN THE POTARO.
The species found both above and below the Kaieteur are given in italics.
Those confined to the plateau are in heavy-faced type. These two categories
answer specifically the first of the above questions. Species peculiar to the Potaro
are marked with an asterisk, those genera peculiar to it with a double asterisk.
Those found between the mouth and the cataracts above Potaro Landing are
marked A, those between the latter place and Amatuk, B, and those above the
Amatuk Cataract, C.
ASPREDINIDAE. 3. Pseudopimelodus villosus A
1. Bunocephalus chamaizelus A B 4.*Pseudopinmelodus albomarginatus C
SILURIDAE. 5.*Brachyglanis frenata B
Pimelodinae. 6.*Brachyglanis phalacra B
2.**Megalonema platycephalum A 7.*Myoglanis potaroënsis A B C
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
8. Chasmocranus longior A B
9.*Chasmocranus brevior A B
10. Rhamdia quelen A (B? C?)
11. Pimelodella cristata A
12. Pimelodella megalops A
13. Pimelodus clarias A
14. Pimelodus ornatus A
15. Doras hancocki A
Doradinae.
16. Doras cataphractus (A?) B
17. Leptodoras linnelli A
18. Hemidoras carinatus A
19. Hemidoras leporhinus A
Auchenipterinae.
20. Centromochlus aulopygius A
21.*Auchenipterus brevior A
22.*Ageneiosus marmoratus A
HELOGENEIDAE.
23.” Helogenes marmoratus C
PYGIDIIDAE.
Cetopsinae.
24.”Hemicetopsis macilentus A
25.” Hemicetopsis minutus B
Pygidiinae.
26.”Pygidium conradi B C
27.*Pygidium gracilior B
28.*Pygidium guianensis
CALLICHTHYIDAE.
29. Callichthys callichthys (A B Cº.)
30. Corydoras punctatus A B
LORICARIIDAE.
Plecostominae.
31.**Lithogenes villosus
32. Plecostomus hemiurus (A2) BC
33.”Corymbophanes andersoni
34. Hemiancistrus megacephalus B C
35.”Pseudancistrus nigrescens
36.”Lithoxus lithoides (A?) BC
Loricariinae.
37. Loricariichthys brunneus A
38. Loricariichthys platyurus A
CHARACIDAE.
Curimatinae.
39. Curimatus spilurus A (B?) C
40. Curimatus microcephalus A B C
Prochilodinae.
41. Prochilodus rubrotaniatus A
Hemiodinae.
42. Hemiodus quadrimaculatus A B C
43. Anisitsia notata A
Chilodinae.
44. Tylobronchus maculosus A B
Nannostomatinae.
45.”Characidium laterale (A?) B
46.”Characidium vintoni C
47. Characidium blennioides A B C
48.*Nannostomus minimus B
49. Poecilobrycon erythrurus B
50. Poecilobrycon ocellatus A
Anostominae.
51. Anostomus anostomus AB
52. Anostomus plicatus A B
53. Schizodon fasciatus A
Leporininae.
54." Leporinus arcus A B C
55. Leporinus nigrotaeniatus A
56. Leporinus friderici A B
57. Leporinus maculatus A B C
58. Leporinus alternus A (B?) C
59. Leporinus fasciatus A
Pyrrhulininae.
60. Pyrrhulina filamentosa (A? BC)
Crenuchinae.
61.**Poecilocharaa, bovallii C
Iguanodectinae.
62. Iguanodectes tenuis A
Tetragonopterinae.
63.”Tetragonopterus argenteus A
64. Tetragonopterus calceus B
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 97
65.” Maenkhausia oligolepis A B (C7)
66. Moenkhausia grandisquamis A B
67. Moenkhausia chrysargyrea. A
68.*Moenkhausia browni A B C
69. Moenkhausia shideleri A
70. Moenkhausia lepidurus A B
71. Moenkhausia cotinho A B C
72. Moenkhausia colletti A B
73.” Hemigrammus erythrozonus B
74. Hemigrammus orthus (A B?) C
75. Hemigrammus cylindricus A
76. Hyphessobrycon eos BC
77.*Dermatocheir catablepta A
78. Creatochanes affinis A B C
79. Creatochanes caudomaculatus A
80. Creagrutus melanzonus A
81.*Bryconamericus hyphesson A
82. Poecilurichthys polylepis A
83. Pacilurichthys bimaculatus (A B Cº.)
84. Poecilurichthys abramoides A B
85. Poecilurichthys potaroënsis B C
86. Astyanax mucronatus A (B?) C
87. Astyanax essequibensis A
88. Astyanax guianensis A
89.”Astyanax mutator
90. Deuterodon pinnatus (A?) BC
91.*Deuterodon potaroënsis A B
92. Phenacogaster microstictus A
93. Phenacogaster megalostictus A B C
Brycominae.
94. Holobrycon pesu A
95. Brycon falcatus (A B?) C
Chalcininae.
96. Chalceus macrolepidotus A
Brachycalcininae.
97. Fowlerina orbicularis A B
Gasteropelicinae.
98. Carnegiella strigata A
99. Gasteropelicus sternicla (A B C7)
Serrasalminae.
100. SerraSalmo gymnogenys A
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Serrasalmo rhombeus A
Mylinae.
Myloplus rubripinnis A
Myloplus rhomboidalis A B
Myleus pacu A
Characinae.
Charax gibbosus A
Cynopotamus essequibensis A
Acanthocharax microlepis A
Acestrorhynchinae.
Acestrorhynchus falcatus A B C
Acestrorhynchus microlepis A B
Erythrininae.
Hoplias macrophthalmus A (B?) C
Hoplias malabaricus A B C
Hoplerythrinus writaeniatus (A B C7)
Erythrinus erythrinus A (B?) C
GYMNOTIDAE.
Electrophorinae.
Electrophorus electricus A
Gymnotinge.
Gymnotus carapo (A B2) C
Hypopominae.
Sternopygus macrurus A B C
Hypopomus brevirostris (A B C7)
Eigenmannia macrops A
Eigenmannia virescens A B
Rhamphichthys rostratus A
Gymnorhamphichthys hypostomus A.
Sternarchinae. *
Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus (A?) B
Porotergus gymnotus B
Sternarchus leptorhynchus B
Sternarchus albifrons A
PoECILIIDAE.
126.”Rivulus breviceps C
127.*Rivulus waimacui B C
128.*Rivulus holmiae
BELONIDAE.
129. Potamorrhaphis guianensis A
98 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
SCLENIDAE. 138. Heterogramma steindachneri A
130. Pachyurus schomburgki A 139. Cichla ocellaris A
CICHLIDAE. 140. Crenicichla alta A B C
131. Nannocara bimaculata B 141. Crenicichla wallacei A
132.*AEquidens geayi A B 142. Crenicichla lugubris A B C
133. AEquidens potaroënsis A B C 143. Crenicichla johanna A
134. Cichlasoma severum B SoLEIDAE.
135. Geophagus Surinamensis A 144. Achiurus lineatus A
136. Biotodoma cupido A 145.”Seleonasus finis A
137. Heterogramma ortmanni (A?) B (C7)
Of these, Poecilurichthys bimaculatus, Hypopomus brevirostris, and Callichthys
callichthys have not been taken in the Potaro below the Kaieteur, but, inasmuch
as they are found on the plateau and in the Essequibo, they probably also occur in
the lower Potaro, and are so rated. -
The table on page 99 Summarizes the different categories in the preceding list.
In this table the first column represents the species found below the Kaieteur,
and it will be seen that while there are one hundred and forty species found in this
part of the river, there are but twenty-three above the Kaieteur.
It is, however, not fair to compare the fauna of the plateau with the fauna
of the entire lower Potaro, because the fishes of the Essequibo can easily ascend to
Tumatumari. The cataract at Tumatumari is probably not an effective barrier
to many fishes. There is a more difficult series of cataracts between Potaro Landing
and Kangaruma, and another cataract at Amatuk. The cataract at Waratuk, like
that of Tumatumari, may be left out of account. By comparing the fauna as
determined in the three lower divisions of the Potaro it is seen that only seventy-
six species (B and C) are found above Kangaruma. The rest, with very few excep-
tions, are fishes of the lower and middle Essequibo. Evidently species that are
not able to ascend the Potaro Landing cataracts need not be expected on the plateau.
By further restricting the vision we find that only thirty-six species have so
far been taken above the Amatuk Cataract. This is certainly not all of the species
found in this area, but the number indicates that there is a distinct reduction in the
number of species as compared with the Potaro at Tumatumari.
Further investigations should be made of the fauna of the Potaro above the
Amatuk cataract and above the Kaieteur. Eight species found above the Kaieteur
and in the Essequibo, but not taken in C, should probably be added to the thirty-six
actually captured. It would seem from these lists that the groups extending to
the base of the Kaieteur, but not found above it, are the Curimatinae, Hemiodinae,
Nannostomatinae, Leporininae, Bryconinae, Gasteropelicinæ and Acestrorhynchinae.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 99
Species Below the A | B C Species Above the
Kaieteur. | Kaieteur.
Aspredinidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 | 1 0 0
Pimelodinae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 5(6?) 2(3?)
1
Auchenipterinae. . . . . . . . . . .
Ageneiosinae. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Helogeneidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
©
Pygidiidae
Pygidiinae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Callichthyidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loricariidae:
0
0
1
1
2
1
(2?) 4
0
C
e
t
O
pSin
32
(2?)
(3?)
(or 4?)
Iguanodectinae. . . . . . . . . . . .
Tetragonopterinae. . . . . . . . . 23(26?) | 12(15?) (11?)
1
0
1.
1
5
2
3
(1?) 1
0
0
2
1(2?) 0(1?)
0 0
Brachycalcininae. . . . . . . . . . . 0
Gasteropelicinae. . . . . . . . . . .
1
1(2?) (1?) (1?)
0
1
0
Acestrorhynchinae. . . . . . . . . * 2
Erythrininae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3(4?)
Gymnotidae:
Electrophorinae. . . . . . . . . . . .
Sternarchinae. . . . . . . . . . . . .
(4?) (4?)
0
1(2?)
5(6?) (3?)
(1?) (1?)
0
l
1
10(11?).
2
0
0
0
2
1
0
3
2
(2?)
:;§:
0
i
0
0
7 3(4?)
0 0
y
linae
º3
40
87(102?) 58(71?) 36(44?)
2. Whence did the fauna of the plateau come?
A. Is it the nucleus of the original fauna of Guiana? Or
B. Have the faunas on the plateau and the lowland developed from a
common nucleus? Or
.C. Is it a relict of a more abundant modern fauna? Or
D. Does it consist of recent immigrants? Or
E. Is it a mixture? -
To assist in answering these questions I give the species of the plateau with
their distribution in the Potaro and also their general distribution in South America.
100 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM


# e #
à # # d
#| || || || | T | | 3 || 3 | | 3 .#
§ º 3 º º -G e . 92
#|##| ||#| || || || ||##| || |#|
#| || || ||##|##| || |||}|##| ||
3|E|3| 3 ||3|3|5|4|#|3|}|#| |#|5|#|#|s|3
1. Rhamdia quelen. . . . . . . . . . . * * * I e e s i s e g { e 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 41 . . . 3 || 8 | X | X | . . .
2. Helogenes marmoratus. . . . . . ...| ? | . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . 14 I. . . . 19, 15 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Pygidium guianensis. . . . . . . . & º a ſº tº e I e e a | * * * : * * e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Callichthys callichthys. . . . . . . . . . 15 || 7 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. . . . . . . . 1 || 1 | X | X | . . .
5. " Iithogenes villosus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Corymbophanes andersoni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. Pyrrhulina filamentosa. . . . . . 365, 95 | 40 | . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . | 7 || 50.104 35 | 14 | . . . . . . . X | . . . . . . .
8. Poecilocharax bovallii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631220. 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Moenkhausia oligolepis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 8 || 1 |. 3|. . . . . . | 7 || 41. 41|...| 1 | . . . . . . X | ? . . .
10. Moenkhausia browni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . | 2 | . . . | 9 || 69: 38| 1 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. Creatochanes affinis. . . . . . . . . . . . 6 || 4 |47 || 5 |. 6|. . . 27 | 8: 45| 9 || 30 | . . . . . . . . X'. . . . . . .
12. Poecilurichthys bimaculatus...|233. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5|...| 1 | . . . . . . . X | X | X
13. Astyanax mutator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1121. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. Hoplias malabaricus. . . . . . . . 72| 7 | 18 . . . | 1 | . . . . . . . | 12 | 1 |. 4| 9| 2 |...} 3 | . . . X | X | X
15. Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus...| 15|...| 8 |...|...]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] 2 8|10|...}...| 1 | X | X |...
16. Erythrinus erythrinus. . . . . . ...| 4 || 15 . . . || 2 | . . . . . . . 10 || 3| 37| 9 |. . . . . . . 16 | X | . . . . . . .
17. Gymnotus carapo. . . . . . . . . . 12 12 | 11 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30|... 34 15 || 1 || 1 |32 | X | X | X
18. Hypopomus brevirostris. . . . . . 4| 1 || 1 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2: . . . . . . . . . . || 2 || 4 | X | X |...
18a. Eigenmannia virescens. . . . . . 181| 35 | 5 | . . . . 2 || 1 |. tº e º I g 1} . . . . . . .] 3 || 5 |...| X | X | X
19. Rivulus holmiæ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20. AEquidens potaroënsis. . . . . . . ! - - - - - - 2 . . . . 1 || 4 || 3 || 17 | 1 ||25 || 27| 33| 5 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21. Heterogramma ortmanni. . . . . . . . . . .] 16 . . . . . .] 1 |46 |...}...|...|...| 1|...|...|...|...|X| ?
22. Crenicichla alta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |...] 35|...| 2 |... 2 . . . . 4 || 2: 9| 8 |. . . . 9 || ?
these are also found below the Kaieteur, but in different proportions.
centage of the total fauna of the plateau formed by this group is 56.60.
(?):
species belonging to genera of the widest distribution in South America.
The numbers in the respective squares show the number of specimens taken
and thus indicate the relative abundance of the species at each place.
An analysis of this list shows three groups of species.
a. Very widely distributed species: 1, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21.
All of these are found in the neighboring river Ireng, of the Amazon basin. All of
b. Peculiar species of very widely distributed genera.
(1) Confined to the plateau: 3, 13, 19 = 13.01 per cent.
(2) Found also below the Kaieteur: 10, 20, 22 = 13.01 per cent.
c. Peculiar genera and species.
(1) Peculiar to the plateau: 5, 6 = 8.69 per cent.
(2) Found both above and below the Kaieteur, but confined to the Potaro
2, 8 = 8.69 per cent.
The per-
A. If this fauna is the nucleus of the original undifferentiated fauna of South
America we are at once confronted by the fact that 56.60 per cent. of the species
are identical with species now found everywhere, and 26.02 per cent. consist of
The
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 101

| *} | . ; #
* | #|H|#| |}
3 || | | | | | # | {
dº Rhsrndis quel." ++ 7 a !
Helogenes mermoratus C(2) 2
fygidium quianense b0)3
* Callichthys caſhdiye m: 2 2 2 a 4
Lithogenes viſloeue |coš
Corymbºnes anderson Cſ) 6
Pyrrhulina filamenices a 7°
Poecilobrycon bowsllii C(2) 8
Markhausis oligolepis a 9
Moenkhausis brown s b6,10
Cresſochenes affinis 3 11
Aryanax bimaculside 2 ? º a 1.
Asiyanax mutsför b()13
Hoplise melsbaricus a 14
Hofleryhtinue uniſsenisius 2 || 2 || 2 a 15
Erythrinus eyſhrinus a 16
Gymnoſus carapo 7 a |7
Hypopomu- breviroefrie 7 || 7 a 18
Rivulus helmie b(019
Aequidens poſsroensis b(2)2O
Heterogramma orfmanni 2 7 a 21
Crenicichla alſº bø22
FIG. 23. Table showing Distribution of the Fishes taken by C. H. Eigenmann in the Potaro River above
the Kaieteur Falls. (No. 18a, mentioned in the table above, should have been added. It was overlooked
in preparing this figure.) l
great improbability that so many species should have retained their identity since
the early tertiary, or should have diverged only in minor specific characters, dis-
poses of the theory that this fauna as a whole is the nucleus of the original South
American fauna. The number of species peculiar to the plateau forms a larger
percentage than a corresponding list for the entire Potaro below the Kaieteur, but
not too large to be readily accounted for by the easy access to the Lower Potaro pos-
sessed by all the species of the Essequibo. Such easy access tends to lower the per-
centage of uniques.
The percentage of peculiar species above the Potaro Landing is about the same
as for the plateau, and in actual numbers almost equal to the entire fauna of the
plateau.
102 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
B. The same facts also dispose of the notion that this fauna as a whole may
have developed concomitantly with the lowland fauna from a common nucleus. If
it had so developed, we could not expect so large a percentage to be identical.
C. Is this poverty-stricken fauna the relict of a more abundant and divergent
fauna, dating from a time when the plateau may have been easily accessible to the
present diverse fauna of the lowland?
If it is such a relict the fact implies:
(a) That at some time in the past, when the plateau was more easily acces-
sible than now, in fact formed part of the general level, it shared the fauna of the
region with the general level.
(b) That the fauna became isolated by the gradual elevation and formation
of the plateau, and of the falls in its rivers.
A simple isolation will not account for all the facts. To account for the
poverty we must assume either that the isolation took place before the origin of
the present variety in the lowland, or that conditions altered so that most of
the great variety of the lowland became extinct. The first horn of this dilemma
assumes that the fauna as a whole is a relict of the original fauna, which we have
shown to be most improbable. I am not prepared to satisfactorily deal with the
other horn of the dilemma. The elevation at the present time is not sufficient to
exclude these various lowland types. I do not know of any evidence that other
unfavorable conditions have obliterated the fauna of the plateau.
D. Does the fauna consist of recent immigrants?
If it consists of recent immigrants only, we must assume that the plateau
became isolated before the origin of the fauna of the lowland, or again, that at
some time it became elevated to such a height that practically the entire fauna
was wiped out, and later restored by immigrants. Assuming that one or the other
of these alternatives is a fact, we may discuss the possibility of the immigration of
species. -
In this connection the word “migration” as applied to fishes needs defini-
tion. It is applied to such journeys as that of the eel to the ocean, or that of the
salmon toward the headwaters, for purposes of reproduction. Such trips, although
very long, probably only incidentally influence the dispersal of fishes. On the
other hand, some species are natural pioneers, found always in the rivulets of the
headwaters, as far up as they can get. If the headwater is advanced a few feet, they
advance with it. Their migration from one system to another is not miraculous.
To find such fishes on opposite sides of a low water-shed presents no mystery. If
by a sudden freshet two rivulets join for but a short time, these species are present
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 103
to take advantage of the temporary union, and frequently do take advantage of it.
Such species usually have a very wide distribution.
In other regions where falls as high as the Kaieteur are the only means of
migration, they are effective barriers to the downward as well as upward migration
of fishes. It would seem, however, from examining the distribution in the preceding
list of species 2, 8, 9, 10, and 20, that in some way or other fishes succeed in getting
down from the plateau. Some of these species, especially 2, 8, and 10, are abundant
above the fall, while below it they were taken at Tukeit only, or but a few miles
farther down the river. They are evidently fishes of the plateau which in some way
have made their way down.
In contrast to these we have the species numbered 1, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 18a, and 21, abundant everywhere below, but also found on the plateau.
These species probably came up from below. They certainly did not ascend
the Kaieteur. The fact that a number of species got down may imply unknown
means of ascent and descent near the Kaieteur. Whether any of them ascended
from the side of the Amazon I cannot say. It is quite probable, as all are found
in the Amazon. -
The method of ascent of vertical walls by members of the genus Rivulus, one
of which is found on the plateau, is of great interest. One of these fishes taken in
Shrimp Creek jumped against the vertical face of a huge rock and clung by the
adhesion of its tail. From this point by another flop it made and clung to a point
much higher up the face of the rock. I do not know how high this genus would be
able to climb a vertical wall. It certainly would not be able to ascend the face
of the Kaieteur, but there may be smaller rivulets up one of which it might have
made its way.
The fact that a very large part of the fauna consists of species of the widest
distribution, or of local species of genera of the widest distribution, seems to make
the recent settlement of the plateau by some of the species certain.
E. Whether or not the fauna is a mixture, the genera and species of the remain-
ing group “c,” i.e., Lithogenes villosus, Corymbophanes andersoni, Helogenes marmo-
ratus, and Poecilocharaac bovallii should answer. *-
Now Corymbophanes differs from Plecostomus in trifling characters only. The
genus Plecostomus is one of the widely distributed genera of South America, being
found on both slopes of the Andes and from Panama to Buenos Aires. Corymbo-
phanes may therefore be a local modification of a comparatively recent immigrant
to the plateau.
Helogenes marmoratus, on the other hand, is found in the Essequibo basin
104 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
only. It is a very aberrant Nematognath, with no relatives in other parts of South
America. It may be a remnant of the original forms.
Poecilocharaac stands alone in the Characinae, its only near relative being
Crenuchus, found in the Essequibo and Amazon. It also may be a left-over.
This leaves Lithogenes villosus the only genus of the Loricariidae with the .
armature reduced to a few prickles. Whether we regard this nakedness as primitive
or as secondarily acquired it points to a long separation from the other Loricariidae,
and Lithogenes may also be a left-over.
The evidence seems, then, to favor the conclusion that the larger part of the
fauna of the upper Potaro has been more or less recently acquired, and that a
smaller part is composed of relicts of the original fauna of the Guiana Plateau.
This conclusion is, however, but tentative. Nothing is known about the fauna or
physical condition of the rest of the Guiana plateau except what follows under the
next head. The only other collections made were those of Richard Schomburgk,
and they were all lost. It is highly desirable, therefore, to collect about Roraima,
in the streams flowing in different directions. º
FISHES OF THE IRENG RIVER,
The following list may serve as a cross-reference to the preceding list of the
Upper Potaro. The names of species common to the Potaro and the Ireng are
here italicized. The Maripicru is a branch of the Ireng between Wontyke and
Karakara above the Karona Falls. Chipoo is between Karakara and the Rupununi
and is probably below the Karona Falls. The location of Nickaparoo was not
given me.
The total list of species suggests that we may expect to find a number of
additional species in the Upper Potaro.
Maripicru. Chipoo. Nickaparoo.
1. Chasmocranus longior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Rhamdia quelen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8
3. Trachycorystes galeatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Callichthys callichthys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
5. Hoplosternum thoracatum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
6. Plecostomus hemiurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
7. Ancistrustemmincki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
8. Ancistrus cirrhosus."
9. Loricariichthys stewarti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10. Prochilodus maripicru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
11. Parodon bifasciatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
12. Chilodus punctatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
13. Charicidium fasciatum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
14. Pyrrhulina filamentosa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
15. Leporinus granti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 -
1 Near Holmia.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA
105
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31
Aphyocarax erythrurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maenkhausia oligolepis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Creatochanes affinis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poecilocharaz bimaculatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hoplias macrophthalmus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hoplias malabaricus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Erythrinus erythrinus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. Gymnotus carapo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heterogramma
. Crenicichla alta
Eigenmannia virescens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hypopomus bretirostris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AEquidens geayi, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AEquidens potaroënsis'
Cichlasoma bimaculatum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
steindachneri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
* Near Holmia.
:
16
32
CHAPTER VII.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
A number of interesting and important facts, bearing on general biological
problems, are incidentally dealt with in the systematic portion of this paper.
Inasmuch as it is not at all to be expected that anyone would read through the
mass of details to discover them they are extracted and presented here.
“UNNATURAL NATURAL HISTORY.”
The skeletons of a variety of the Ariinae are prepared and sold as “crucifix
fishes.” The one which is most frequently prepared is Sciadeichthys proëps (Plate
VI). The dorsal surface of the skull and dorsal plate are pointed out as resembling
a hooded monk with outstretched arms. The ventral surface resembles the
cross. Fancy pictures the dorsal spine as a representation of a spear, while the
otoliths, which rattle when the skull is shaken, are the dice with which the
soldiers cast lots for the garment of our Lord.
Skulls of the Aspredininae are put together to form a “crown of thorns.”
JoRDAN's LAW.
If we should find specimens of any group with such slight differences as there
are between Crenicichla saacatilis and alta or Æquidens vittatus and potaroënsis
generally present at any locality we should probably consider them as variations
without special significance. The differences must, however, be of distinct sig-
nificance, if they are coördinated with the environment in such a way that one can
predict what the form will be at any locality.
In the present paper such forms have been given specific designation. Thus
AEquidens vittatus of the lowlands is replaced by AEquidens potaroënsis in the Potaro
River, both above and below the Kaieteur. Similarly Crenicichla alta replaces
Crenicichla saacatilis, the two forms overlapping at Rockstone. Similar replace-
ments of lowland species by highland species are abundant. Rhamdia quelen of
the upper Potaro replaces Rhamdia sebae of the lowland. Helogenes marmoratus
replaces Hypophthalmus edentatus. Plecostomus hemiurus replaces Plecostomus
- 106
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 107
watwata of the lower courses. Maenkhausia browni replaces Maenkhausia grandi-
Squamis, Creatochanes affinis replaces Creatochanes melanurus, Chalcinus rotundatus
replaces Chalcinus elongatus, Charaac rupununi replaces Charaa, gibbosus, Pimelodella
cristata and P. megalops replace P. macturki. e
In a number of other places the replacement is not so conspicuous. In several
of the above mentioned cases the species overlap. In some of the cases there is
quite evident genetic connection between the two mutually excluding forms. In
other cases the genetic connection, while evident, is certain y remote, as in the
case of Crenuchus and Poecilocharaz, for instance, and in still other cases the relation
may be apparent rather than real, i. e., one or both forms may have immigrated to
adapted localities, and not have become differentiated in their present habitat.
In so far as two of the above pairs represent local adaptations, that is, in so
far as one or both members of the pair are autochthons, thus far do they give evi-
dence in support of Jordan's Law. Where, however, we find such cases in support
of the law, there are many others where the more closely related species occupy the
same territory and are contrary to it. We may cite Phenacogaster megalostictus and
microstictus; Chasmocranus longior and brevior; Doras hancocki and cataphracta; Curi-
matus microcephalus and spilurus; Characidium pellucidum, C. pteroides and C. cate-
natum; Poecilobrycon trifasciatus, P. erythrurus and P. ocellatus. It may be said in
favor of Jordan's Law that in some of the cases in which we are certain that the
forms are immediately related (Crenicichla and Æquidens) its postulates are
undoubtedly sustained. & g
MUTATION.
Two instances of apparent mutation may be mentioned.
1. Moenkhausia profunda differs from Fowlerina orbicularis apparently only
in the generic characters. I say apparently, for it is to be borne in mind that in
comparing “specimens” of fishes we are put on a level with the ornithologist who
might be compelled to compare plucked specimens of the Orchard and Baltimore
Orioles. It is doubtful whether he would draw correct conclusions as to their song
and nesting-habits from such data. Similarly Moenkhausia profunda and Fowlerina
orbicularis may differ from each other much more than the characters of speci-
mens seem to indicate. Granting that the two species are as similar as they appear
to be it is quite probable that the former is a recent mutant of the latter. Fowlerina
is exceedingly abundant in the Essequibo. Moenkhausia profunda is known by but
two specimens from the northwestern coast. (Plate XLVI, figs. 1 and 2.)
2. The Second instance is complex and indicates simultaneous, orthogenic
mutation in a number of not closely related species of the same family.
108 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
In different species of the Nannostomatinae, Tetragonopterinae and the Chara-
cinae the pectoral has at times been arrested in its normal development. It has
retained the embryonic form. Inasmuch as I had never seen a similar condition
in other fishes the first specimen was described as a distinct genus. Mrs. Ellis
at once found another. Mrs. Ellis then made a systematic search for similar mu-
tants in the large collections made, not only by myself, but also among the Tetra-
gonopterinae collected by Mr. Haseman in various parts of Brazil. She reports:
The specimens with an archaic pectoral were forty-four in number, belonging
to eight different species of five different genera and three different subfamilies,
as follows:
Archicheir minutus Eigenmann, one specimen, 26 mm., Christianburg (Car-
negie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1186).
Dermatocheir catablepta Durbin, one specimen, 18 mm., Tumatumari, British
Guiana (C. M. Cat. No. 1198).
Hyphessobrycon parvella Mrs. Ellis, one specimen, 18 mm., Riberao, Azula
Lagoa (C. M. Cat. No. 2930); one specimen, 12 mm., Rio Tieté (C. M. Cat. No.
2931), with archaic pectorals. Thirteen specimens, 13 to 29 mm. (No. 2932),
Aqua Quente, Alagoinhas, Rio Catu, Queimadas, Rio Itapicurú, have normal
pectorals.
Hyphessobrycon lütkeni (Boulenger), four specimens, 12, 16, 16, and 19 mm.
(without the caudal), Jacarehy (C. M. Cat. No. 2933), have archaic pectorals.
Three specimens, 19, 19, and 20 mm. (without the caudal), Jacarehy, (No. 2937),
have normal pectorals. The pectorals are also normal in thirteen hundred and
seventy-four specimens, 23 to 65 mm., from Rio Grande do Sul, Paraguay basin,
and the coastwise streams of Southern Brazil.
Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Mrs. Ellis, twenty-seven specimens, 15–25 mm.,
Cacequy (C. M. Cat. No. 2935); and five specimens, 18 to 27 mm., Munez Freire
(C. M. Cat. No. 2936), have archaic pectorals, while one hundred and eighty-four
specimens, 25 and 29 to 47 mm., from Campos, São João da Barra, Xiririca, Porto
Alegre, Morretes, Munez Freire, Lagoa Feia, and Cacequy have pectorals of the
adult type.
Hasemania maxillaris Mrs. Ellis, one specimen, 29 mm., from Porto União,
Rio Iguassú (C. M. Cat. No. 2937).
Hasemania bilineatus Mrs. Ellis, four specimens, 14 to 16 mm., from Mogy das
Cruzes, Rio Tieté (C. M. Cat. No. 2938) have archaic fins; five specimens, 20 to
41 mm. (2939), from Mogy das Cruzes, Alto da Serra, São Paulo, have normal
pectorals. g
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 109
Charaz gibbosus (Linnaeus), four specimens, 29 to 33 mm., Botanic Garden,
near Georgetown, British Guiana (C. M. Cat. No. 2940). -
Asiphonichthys hemigrammus Eigenmann, two specimens, 27 mm., Gluck
Island (C. M. Cat. No. 2138, I. U. Cat. No. 12044); one specimen, 25 mm. (without
the caudal), Gluck Island (I. U. Cat. No. 12645), have archaic pectorals. One
specimen, 33 mm. (with the caudal), Gluck Island (C. M. Cat. No. 2941), has a
normal pectoral. -
In contrast to the species of Hyphessobrycon enumerated above we have one
thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine specimens of Hyphessobrycon gracilis be-
tween 19–30 mm., all with normal fins.
Whether any of the forms here enumerated are permanent, or simply abnormal
individuals, doomed to elimination, the interesting fact remains that a very unusual
mutation is arising simultaneously in widely different members of the same family.
This is of special interest in the case of the characins, for it seems quite certain that
other characters have independently made their appearance in different subfamilies.
A pair of conical teeth in the lower jaw belongs to this category. They are found
in widely distinct subfamilies both in Africa and America. A triple series of
teeth in the maxillary is another character that has been several times and inde-
pendently derived from a double series, and the double series from a single series.
The steps in this process have been preserved in part. The process in the latter
cases is again orthogenic, but it is doubtful whether progress is made by mutation.
CHANGES OF COLOR AND SHAPE wiTH AGE.
Marked changes in color take place with growth in Cichla. Only melanism is
taken into account. In the smaller specimens there is a series of three conspicuous
spots on the sides (Plate LXIX, fig. 1). These become ocellated a little later, at
the same time that vertical dark bands appear (fig. 2). With growth the two
anterior spots disappear entirely, the last one being retained as a caudal ocellus
(fig. 3). The sides are marked at this stage with three heavier, and a number of
fainter, cross-bands. With full growth the bands become concentrated into ir-
regular spots surrounded by lighter (fig. 4). -
Changes in the color of Crenicichla alta are sufficiently described in the diagnosis
of the species.
The changes in color in Myloplus rhomboidalis and Myleus pacw are indicated
in Plates LVIII and LIX. In the figure of the adult M. pacuirregular blackblotches,
which are frequently present, are not indicated. In both these species there is a
notable change in shape with age. The young are much slenderer, depth 2.6 in
110 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
the length in the young M. pacu, as compared with 1.6 in the adult; 2.4 in the
length in the young Myloplus rhomboidalis as compared with 1.5 in the adult.
Similar changes in shape take place in SerraSalmo rhombeus and probably in all of
the other characins with an extremely deep body. In this connection figures 2 and
3 of Plate LII should also be examined; they represent the change in shape in
another type of characins.
ON THE UTILIZATION OF DIFFERENT STRUCTUREs To OBTAIN THE SAME END.
(Plates V–IX.)
In a number of Siluridae, especially the marine Ariinae, the nuchal region is
heavily armored. Granting that this armor is an adaptation, it is of interest that
it is formed of either the occipital process, the so-called dorsal plate, or combinations
of the two in varying proportions. f
In Sciadeichthys flavescens (Plate V, fig. 1) the entire armature is furnished
by the dorsal plate. In proëps (Plate V, fig. 2) the occipital process takes a slight
part, the major portion of the armature being formed by the dorsal plate. In
parkeri (Plate V, fig. 3) the occipital process is still more prominent. In Sciadeichthys
emphysetus (Plate IX, fig. 1) the dorsal plate and occipital process are of about equal
value. In the two species of Selenaspis, S. herzbergii and S. passamy (Plate VII) the
occipital process is slightly larger than the dorsal plate. In Arius Spirit and Hez-
anematichthys rugispinis (Plate IX) the dorsal plate forms a negligible portion
of the armature. It is still further reduced in the three species of Notarius (Plate
VIII) in which the occipital process differs progressively from the linear form in
N. stricticassis to the leaf-shaped in N. grandicassis. In the latter three species
there is very great variation.
The series outlined above is not a genetic series. It is simply a series showing
the inversely proportioned.coördinated development of the structures to accomplish
the arming of the nuchal region. They illustrate the dictum of Weismann that
“adaptations arise if they are at all possible” and that the structures utilized in
bringing out the adaptation are not material. Natural selection would be satisfied
with the arming of the nuchal region regardless of the structure that did the arming.”
A similar case is furnished by the genera Charaz, Asiphonichthys, Acanthocha-
raz and Heterocharaz. In these a spinous armor for the lower gill-region, or breast,
may be considered an adaptation. In the first two genera the clavicle furnishes
the spine. Its lower edge rises blade-like and ends in a spine anteriorly and pos-
* Dr. C. R. Eastman calls my attention to the fact that a similar armoring has developed in Coccosteus,
Dinichthys, and other extinct fishes.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 111
teriorly. In the latter two genera the clavicle is free from spines, but the preopercle
is provided with a spine at its lower angle. Granted that the presence of a spine
was advantageous at this point, it is evident that natural selection might pre-
serve two different lines of individuals which varied in this direction,
MUTILATION.
Mutilated specimens which would not have survived, if there were the close
individual selection and elimination which we have imagined, are not rare.
A Potamotrygon evidently had a piece bitten out of the side by a “Perai.” An
Astyanaa: abramoides had a mutilated snout of long standing, although it was the
largest specimen of the species obtained.
A Loricaria brunnea had lost the posterior portion of the body and had re-
generated a caudal fin. A Trachycorystes obscurus had suffered a similar injury
and regenerated the caudal. Several specimens of Charaz gibbosus and Eigen-
mannia virescens had suffered a variety of injuries. A detailed study of the mutila-
tions in the gymnotid eels will be published in a monograph on the Gymnotidae,
which has been prepared by Dr. Max Ellis, and which will shortly appear in the
Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum.
THE CHARACINs.
This family will be fully dealt with in another place, but a few of the new
points brought out by the present expedition may be mentioned.
More than half of the strictly fresh-water fauna of Guiana is composed of
characins. In all there are one hundred and fifty-one species. In all localities,
except Lama Stop-Off, the Georgetown trenches, Waratuk, the Packeoo Falls, and
the Rupununi and Aruataima, they form more than half the number of species.
It was found that some of the small species (Plate XXXIX, figs. 3–7) burrow on
the sand-banks like some of the North American darters, and that some species
actually fly for a short distance after scooting along the surface of the water for a
much longer distance. The characins are thus found in the bottom below the
river and in the air above it. It has long been known that different members are
adapted to, and live in, all the regions between the two.
The organs of flight, which have been the subject of study by one of my students,
consist of the enlarged pectorals and the hypertrophy of the attached muscles.
To furnish points of origin for the muscles the coracoids are enormously expanded
and united below into a sternum. The entire anatomy of the anterior half of the
fish has been modified to become adjusted to this peculiar structure. (Plate LV.)
112 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
O
I have elsewhere called attention to the fact that the characins parallel most
other fishes. For this reason they were distributed by the earlier naturalists
among various families of fishes. Paecilocharaz, a small species about the Kaieteur,
looked so nearly like a Poeciliid that only careful scrutiny after my arrival at home
enabled me to place it where it belongs. (Plate XLIV.) Not only do they parallel
other species of fishes, but they parallel each other. Moenkhausia lepidurus “mimics”
Creatochames caudomaculatus, which frequently lives with it. The young of Ano-
stomus anostomus (Plate XLI, fig. 1) so closely resemble the young of Leporinus
arcus (Plate XLII, fig. 2) that a most skilled ichthyologist pronounced them the same
when the snouts of the two specimens were covered. Some idea of the diversity in
this family may be gathered by glancing at the plates from Numbers XXXIII to
LXI. The most interesting discovery was probably Bivibranchia, a characin with
a protractile upper jaw (Plate XXXIII) and of nearly equal interest was the dis-
covery of the sexually dimorphic Poecilocharaz (Plate XLIV, figs. 1 and 2).
Of more general interest was the finding of the young of the “Pacu” in the Wara-
puta Cataract and elsewhere. The breeding-place of this important food-fish was
not known, and it had been supposed that it bred on the overflowed land during
the rainy season. -
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.
Color differences are as common between the sexes of fishes in Guiana as else-
where, but it is not the intention to take up these. Red and yellow are frequently
present." Usually if yellow and red are present in a species the red replaces in
the male the yellow of the female. -
The secondary sexual differences of the Poeciliidae are varied and great. They
have often been described, but none of those hitherto described approaches the
modification in the male of Tomeurus. (Plate LXV, figs. 7 and 8.) The anal fin in
this species has been moved further forward and is more highly modified than in any
other member of the family. In Rivulus (Plate LXIII) the female has an ocellus
on the base of the upper caudal lobe. (See also Plates LXIV and LXV for other
instances of sexual differences in the Poeciliidae.)
Great secondary sexual characters are also found in the “Pacu,” Myleus, and
probably in all of the related species of Myloplus. The anal fin in the male is
bilobed (Plate LIX, fig. 5), the middle rays longer than those either just in front
or behind them. The anal of the female is falcate (Plate LIX, fig. 6).
* In Hyphessobrycon and Hemigrammus the red of the caudal frequently encroaches on the sides of
the body. The red markings are sometimes very abrupt, as in the caudal of Cichla ocellaris, and in the fins of
Chalceus macrolepidotus. ©
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 113
The difference between the male and female of Poecilocharaz are indicated on
Plate XLIV, figures 1 and 2.
In Some of the Loricariidae the male is more abundantly supplied with spines.
In Pseudancistrus barbatus, for instance, the cheeks of the males are provided with
long bristles. In Lithozus lithoides the pectoral spines are much longer in the
male (Plate XXIX, fig. 4) than in the female (fig. 3) and more profusely provided
with bristles.
The peculiar barbels, much more profusely developed on the head of the male
Ancistrus than on the female, have long been known (Plate XXV, fig. 3).
NEw GENERA AND SPECIES.
The new genera described during the progress of the work are:
1. Chamatgenes. - 15. Poecilobrycon.
2. Agmus. * 16. Archicheir.
3. Megalonema. l 17. Poecilocharaac.
4. Microglanis. g 18. Aphyodite.
5. Brachyglanis. 19. Dermatocheir.
6. Leptoglanis. 20. Carnegiella.
7. Myoglanis. 21. Acanthocharaz.
8. Chasmocranus. 22. Heterocharaz.
9. Tympanopleura. 23. Gymnorhamphichthys.
10. Lithogenes. 24. Porotergus.
11. Corymbophanes. 25. Rhinosardinia.
12. Lithoacus. - 26. Tomeurus.
13. Bivibranchia. 27. Acarichthys.
14. Tylobronchus. - 28. Soleonasus.
The new species of fresh-water fishes, based on the collections made, are:
1. Bunocephalus amaurus. 14. Chasmocranus brevior.
2. Bunocephalus chamaizelus. 15. Pimelodella megalops.
3. Agmus lyriformis. 16. Pimelodella macturki.
4. Megalonema platycephalum. 17. Pimelodus heteropleurus.
5. Pseudopimelodus villosus. - 18. Leptodoras linnelli.
6. Pseudopimelodus albomarginatus. 19. Hemidoras microstomus.
7. Microglanis poecilus. 20. Hemidoras micropaeus.
8. Brachyglants frenata. 21. Hemidoras leporhinus.
9. Brachyglanis melas. 22. Hemidoras notospilus.
10. Brachyglanis phalacra. 23. Auchenipterus demerarae.
11. Leptoglanis essequibensis. 24. Auchenipterus brevior.
12. Myoglanis potaroënsis. 25. Tympanopleura piperata.
13. Chasmocranus longior. 26. Ageneiosus guianensis,
114
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
. Curimatus morowhanna.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
. Poecilobrycon ocellatus.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
Ageneiosus marmoratus.
Hemicetopsis macilentus.
Hemicetopsis minutus.
Pygidium guianense.
Pygidium conradi.
Pygidium gracilior.
Plecostomus hemiurus.
Lithogenes villosus.
Corymbophanes andersoni.
Hemiancistrus braueri.
Pseudancistrus nigrescens.
Lithoacus lithoides.
Loricariichthys microdon.
Loricariichthys griseus.
Loricariichthys stewarti.
Farlowella hargreavesi.
Bivibranchia protractila.
Curimatus issororoënsis.
Prochilodus maripicru.
Tylobronchus maculosus.
Paradon bifasciatus.
Nannostomus marginatus.
Nannostomus minimus.
Nannostomus simpler.
Poecilobrycon harrisoni.
Poecilobrycon erythrurus.
Archicheir minutus.
Characidium laterale.
Characidium vintoni.
Characidium blennioides.
Characidium pellucidum.
Characidium pteroides.
Characidium catenatum.
Anostomus plicatus.
Schizodontopsis laticeps.
Leporinus arcus.
Leporinus granti.
Leporinus alternus.
Poecilocharaz bovallii.
Aphyocharaz melanotus.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110,
Aphyocharaz erythrurus.
Aphyodite grammica.
Maenkhausia profunda.
Maenkhausia browni.
Maenkhausia shidleri.
Pristella aubynei.
Hemigrammus erythrozonus.
Hemigrammus rodway.
Hemigrammus iota.
Hemigrammus orthus.
Hemigrammus cylindricus.
Hemigrammws analis.
Hyphessobrycon minor.
Hyphessobrycon rosaceus.
Hyphessobrycon minimus.
Hyphessobrycon eos.
Hyphessobrycon strictus.
Dermatocheir catablepta.
Creagrutus melanzonus.
Bryconamericus hyphessus.
Astyanaa: guianensis.
Astyanaz essequibensis.
Astyanaa: mutator.
Astyanaa: mucronatus.
Poecilurichthys abramoides.
Poecilurichthys potaroënsis.
Deuterodon potaroënsis.
Deuterodon pinnatus.
Phenacogaster megalostictus.
Phenacogaster microstictus.
Brycon siebenthali.
Pygocentrus bilineatus.
Roeboides thurni.
Charaz rupununi.
Asiphonichthys hemigrammus.
Cynopotamus essequibensis.
Acanthocharaz microlepis.
Heterocharaz macrolepis.
Acestrorhynchus nasutus.
Gymnorhamphichthys hypostomus.
Sternarchus leptorhynchus.
Porotergus gymnotus,
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 115
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
Porotergus gimbel.
Rhinosardinia serrata.
Stolephorus guianensis.
Rivulus breviceps.
Rivulus holmiæ.
Rivulus waimacui.
Rivulus stagnatus.
Rivulus lanceolatus.
Rivulus frenatus.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
Acanthophacelus melanzonus.
Acanthophacelus bifurcus.
Tomeurus gracilis.
Nannacara bimaculata.
AEquidens potaroënsis.
Heterogramma ortmanni.
Crenicichla alta.
Dormitator gymnocephalus.
Soleonasus finis.
CHAPTER VIII.
. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE FRESHWATER FISHES
OF BRITISH GUIANA.
Class SELACHII.
Order BATOIDEI.
SUBORDER MASTICURA.
Whip-tailed Rays.
Family I. DASYATIDAE.
Tail abruptly slender, its back usually with a serrated spine; pectoral fins
uninterrupted, confluent around the snout; teeth small; nasal valves forming a
flap, which is joined to the upper jaw by a narrow frenum; spiracles large.
Subfamily PotAMOTRYGONINAE.
Pelvis with a sword-shaped cartilage extending forward in the mid-ventral line.
KEY TO THE GUIANA GENERA of PotAMOTRYGONINAE.
a. Tail with irregular thorns on its upper surface, and with a large spine.
b. Mouth with papillae; teeth in more than twenty-five rows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potamotrygon.
bb. Mouth without papillae; teeth in less than twenty-five rows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paratrygon.
aa. Tail with many short spines about its base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elipesurus." '
POTAMOTRYGON Garman.
Taeniura MüLLER and HENLE, Bericht. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1837, 117 (ornatum).
Potamotrygon GARMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1877, 210.
Type, Pastinaca humboldtii Roulin.
1. Potamotrygon hystrix (Müller and Troschel).
? Pastinaca humboldtii Roulin, Ann. Sc. Nat., XVI, 1829, 104, pl. 3 (Meta).-
DUMáRIL, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1865, 625 (copied).
Potamotrygon humboldtii GARMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1877, 210.
Trygon hystriz MüLLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 1841, 167—VAL-
* Elipesurus was taken by Schomburgkin the Rio Branco, and may occur in the Essequibo basin also.
116
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 117
ENCIENNES, in d'Orbigny, Voy. Am. Mer., V, ii, 1847, i1, pl. 15 (La Plata
to Amazon).-SchoMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1842, 180, pl. 20
(Roowa).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 644
(Rupununi; Takutu; Rewa),—CASTANAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 103–
DUMáRIL, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1865, 608 (Rio de Janeiro; Lake Maracaibo;
Buenos Aires).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, VIII, 1870, 482 (Santarem; Surinam).
Potamotrygon hystria, EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1903, 498 (Asuncion). -
Taeniura motoro MüLLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschr. Plagiostomen, 1841, 197
(Cuyabá).—MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 642
(Mouth of the Zuruma).--DUMáRIL, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1865, 624 (Rio de
Janeiro).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, VIII, 1870, 484.
Trygon garrapa SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1842, 182, pl. 21 (Rio
Branco).-MüLLER and TROsCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 642
(Rupununi; Takutu; Rio Branco). -
Taeniura orbignyi CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 102, pl. 49, fig. 1.-
DUMéRIL, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1865, 624 (Tocantins).-GüNTHER, Catalogue,
VIII, 1870, 484.—STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” i, 1879, 11
(Ciudad Bolivar). -
Trygon milleri CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 102, pl. 48, fig. 2.--
DUMáRIL, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1865,621 (Rio Crixas and Araguay).
Trygon hemlet CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 102; pl. 48, fig. 3.−
DUMáRIL, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1865, 623 (Tocantins). g
One specimen, 147 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1737.) ſº
Three specimens, 158, 181, and 174 mm. across the disk. Rockstone sand-
bank. (C. M. Cat. No. 1738; I. U. Cat. No. 12101.) *.
Five papillae behind the teeth of the lower jaw. Oval, disk but little longer
than broad, without projecting snout; eye about 2 in the interocular space;
interorbital 2 or less in the distance from the tip of the disk to the line between
the anterior margins of the eye; middle of back tuberculate, becoming smooth at the
margin of the disk; irregularly placed thorns along the middle of the tail in front of
the serrated spine, and a lower ventral fold (tails of all the specimens broken a short
distance behind the spine). - -
Back brown with obscure rounded lighter spots, decreasing in size to fine
vermiculations on the fin (garrapa of Schomburgk); in the smaller specimens the
darker areas about the light spots are intensified into four to seven black spots,
two of which are sometimes confluent, forming an hour-glass, or less regular streak
118 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
(histria, of Schomburgk); sides of tail banded, lower surface of tail marbled; a small
black spot near the middle of the belly. .
PARATRYGoN Duméril.
Paratrygon DUMéRIL, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1865, 594.
Disceus GARMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1877, 208.
Type, Raja orbicularis Bloch and Schneider.
This genus is distinguished from Potamotrygon, among other characters, by the
absence of papillae in the mouth and by the smaller number of teeth.
2. Paratrygon orbicularis (Bloch and Schneider).
“Aiereba" Marcgrave, in Piso, De Indiae, etc., 1658, 175 (copied by Jonston, De
Pisc., pl. 38, fig. 6, and Willughby, 68, pl. 101, fig. 2).
Raja orbicularis BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 361.
Trygon orbicularis GüNTHER, Catalogue, VIII, 1870, 482 (copied).
Trygon strongyloptera ScHoMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1842, 183, pl. 22
(Rio Branco).-MüLLER and TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,642
(Rupununi; Takutu, Rio Branco).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, VIII, 1870, 476
(copied).
Trygon aiereba DUMáRIL, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1865, 592 (Brazil).
No specimens were secured. tº “
Disk ovate, scarcely longer than broad; eyes very small; plain or with un-
dulating stripes.
Class TELEOSTOMI.
KEY. To THE ORDERs of TELEostomi Found IN THE FRESH-waters of GUIANA.
a. Weberian ossicles present; the anterior vertebrae coalesced. A single rayed dorsal fin, usuallyfollowed
by an adipose fin. -
b. Skin naked or with bony plates; maxillary rudimentary, forming the base of a barbel..Nematognathi.
bb. Scales well-developed (rarely naked); maxillary not forming the base of a barbel.
c. Body not eel-shaped (an adipose fin usually present). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heterognathi.
cc. Body elongate, more or less eel-shaped, the anal fin very long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glanencheli.
aa. No Weberian ossicles; the anterior vertebrae not united. -
d. Air-bladder connected with the alimentary canal by an open duct; ventral fins abdominal; no
spinous dorsal.
e. A mesocoracoid; body not eel-shaped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isospondyli.
ee. No mesocoracoid; parapophyses coössified with centra.
f. Body eel-shaped, no paired fins; no separate caudal.
g. Gill-opening single, ventral; premaxillaries normally developed.......Symbranchii.
(gg. Gill-openings not ventral; premaxillaries rudimentary or wanting. Apodes.)”
ff. Body not eel-shaped; paired fins; a well-developed caudal fin. . . . . . . . . . .Microcyprini.
* Müller and Troschel (Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 639) record Gymnothorax ocellatus from
plantation drains, and the fresh-water eel probably enters the Guiana rivers at times.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHEs of BRITISH GUIANA 119
da. Duct of air-bladder closed.
h. Ventral fins sub-abdominal; lower pharyngeals separate.
t. Snout tubiform; mouth terminal, toothless; parietals absent; pterotic extending down-
ward to basioccipital; gills lobate; body armed with dermal plates...Lophibranchii.
it. Snout not tubiform; parietals present; pterotic not reaching basioccipital; body not
armed; ventral fins of a spine and five rays... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percesoces.
hh. Wentral fins thoracic.
j. Gill-openings large; a spinous dorsal, or the dorsal very long.
k. Cranium symmetrical... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percomorphae.
kk. Cranium asymmetrical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Heterosomata.
jj. Gill-opening small; maxillary and premaxillary united; no ribs... . . . . . . . . Plectognathi.
Order NEMATOGNATHI.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NEMATOGNATHI.
a. Body naked or with a single series of plates along the middle of the sides. Mouth terminal or sub-
terminal. -
b. Opercle minute, a mere vestige; neural spines of the coalesced vertebrae forming a ridge from the
occipital to the dorsal. Caudal vertebrae greatly compressed, their neural spines expanded.
Gill-openings reduced to a slit in front of the pectorals. Air-bladder well-developed. No
adipose fin. Teeth villiform. Nares remote. Dorsal short, over the ventrals. Pectoral
with a strong spine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aspredinidae, II.
bb. Opercle well-developed. Gill-openings usually wide. Caudal vertebrae not compressed, the
neural spines spine-like. Maxillary a vestige.
c. Air-bladder well-developed, simple or with transverse constrictions, lying free in the abdominal
cavity. Body naked or with a single series of plates along the middle of the sides;
an adipose fin.
d. Dorsal over abdominal portion of the vertebral column; anal not very long, its origin
far behind the vertical from the dorsal fin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....Siluridae, III.
da. Dorsal over caudal portion of the vertebral column; anal very long, nearly co-extensive
with the tail, its origin far in advance of the vertical from the dorsal; air-bladder
-- transversely elongate, reniform, not covered by bone. . . . . . . . . . . Helogeneidae, IV.
cc. Air-bladder double, a minute one on either side of the coalesced vertebrae.
e. A small adipose fin. Dorsal over the anal, which is very long, origin of anal near the
origin of the second third of the length. Air-bladders enclosed by the lateral
processes of the coalesced vertebrae, the scapula and the process connecting the
scapula with the basioccipital. An adipose fin. Anal of 34 or more rays.
g - * Hypophthalmidae, V.
ee. No adipose fin; anal short, posterior; dorsal usually in advance of the anal, sometimes far
back and over the short anal or behind the origin of the anal in Tridens. Air-
bladder double, a minute one on each side, enclosed by the lateral processes
of the coalesced vertebrae only. Anal short tº e o e º e º 'º e º ſº tº gº tº e º gº tº e Pygidiidae, VI.
aa. Sides with two series of plates; caudal vertebræ normal, the neural and haemal spines spike-like,
separate from each other. Air-bladders minute, one on either side of the coalesced vertebrae
and surrounded by a bony capsule, in contact with the skin at a long narrow slit in the temporal
plate and at the last of a series of slits below the longer one. Mouth terminal; teeth villiform.
Callichthyidae, VII.
120 g MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
aaa. Derm more or less completely covered with several series of bony plates; caudal vertebrae compressed,
the neural and haemal spines expanded, forming a continuous ridge above and below. Air-
bladder minute, one on either side of the coalesced vertebrae, and surrounded by a bony capsule,
in contact with the skin at a notch in the posterior margin of the temporal plate at the beginning
of the lateral line. Mouth inferior, the lower lip reverted, the lips disk-like; teeth (if present) in
many series, a single series erect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loricariidae, VIII.
Family II. ASPREDINIDAE.
The “Banjamans” (banjoman).
= Aspredinoidei BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 117.
= Aspredimina GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 266.
= Aspredinidae GILL, Arrangement of the Families of Fishes, 1872, 19.
= Bunocephalidae EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Am. Nat., 1888, 647; Occasional
Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 12. - º
Characters given in the key to the families, p. 119.
KEY. To THE GENERA of ASPREDINIDAE.
a. Tail long, with a median dorsal fold; distance of vent from tip of snout less than half its distance
from base of caudal. A. 50–60. (Aspredininae.)
b. A series of barbels from the corner of the mouth along the breast and anterior part of abdomen;
maxillary barbel with a smaller barbel at its base.
c. Tip of snouth smooth, ethmoid without hooks; a single pair of mental barbels (rarely wanting).
Chamaigenes.
cc. Tip of snout (nasals and ethmoid) with four broad spines; a pair of mental and a pair of post-
mental barbels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aspredinichthys.
bb. Breast and head not margined with tentacles. Maxillary barbel adnate. tº
d. Maxillary barbel with a smaller barblet near its base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aspredo.
dd. Maxillary without a barblet at its base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Platystacus.
aa. Tail short, vent nearly equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal. Anal with 11 rays or fewer.
(Bunocephalinae.)
e. Dorsal well-developed, of five rays, the last of which is adnate. Barbels six.
f. Head depressed, its greatest depth about half its width; coracoid and coracoid processes not
prominent; no prominent tentacles about head; humeral process extending past cora-
coid process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bunocephalus.
ff. Head about as deep as wide; coracoid and coracoid processes prominent; head externally
tuberculate; coracoid process extending past humeral process... . . . . . . . . . . Agmus.
Subfamily ASPREDININAE.
CHAMAIGENES” gen, nov.
Chamaigenes EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
380 (name only). -
*xauaiyevis, earth-born.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 121
Type, Aspredo filamentosus Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Distinguished by the marginal tentacles of the head and breast, and by the
absence of prominent hooks on the ethmoid. Nasals each with a hook, which
is partially concealed. A single pair of mental barbels.
3. Chamaigenes filamentosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Aspredo filamentosus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840,
437, pl. 450 (Cayenne).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 270 (Demerara),—
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 26.
Platystacus filamentosus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2),
II, 1889, 50; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 24.
Chamaigenes filamentosus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia
III, 1910, 380. . - .
Several specimens; largest about 215 mm. Georgetown. (C. M. Cat. No.
1553a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11971.)
Distance from tip of snout to dorsal plate about 4.5 in the length to base of
caudal; depth of head about half its width, which is almost equal to its length
to upper angle of gill-openings. A. 51–56; D. 5; last ray adnate for half its length,
the first ray extremely elongate, considerably longer than its distance from the
tip of the snout in the adult. -
Eye small, about one-fourth the interorbital; maxillary barbel reaching gill-
opening or pectoral, scarcely adnate; patches of teeth of the two premaxillaries
forming a single band; width of mouth about one-third the width of the head;
a small barbel on the maxillary barbel opposite the corner of the mouth; a series
of barbels directly back of it past the base of the pectoral; a pair of post-mental
barbels, corresponding in position to the post-mentals in tibicen; no mental barbels.
A round pectoral pore under the tip of the humeral process; pectoral spine
with hooks on its inner margin, increasing in size toward the tip; those of the
outer margin small, directed at right angles to the spine.
Chocolate, without blotches; lower surface plain; a dark streak back from eye.
Anterior part of anal hyaline; ventrals dusky, other fins blackish.
ASPREDINICHTHYs Bleeker.
Aspredinichthys Bleeker, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 118 (tibicen).
Type, Aspredo tibicen Temminck. - -
Readily distinguished by the four nasal spines and the marginal tentacles of
the head and breast. e
122 t MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
4. Aspredinichthys tibicen (Temminck).
Aspredo tibicen (Temminck) CUVIER and VALENCIENNES Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV,
1840, 438 (Surinam).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III,
1848, 630 (coast of Guiana).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 270 (British
Guiana).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 26.
Platystacus tibicen EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II,
1889, 50; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 24 (Caruca; Rio Muria).
Aspredinichthys tibicen BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 118.-EIGEN-
MANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 381.
Large series of individuals up to a length of almost 215 mm. from the George-
town market. Evidently the most abundant of the banjomans. (C. M. Cat. No.
1552a–0; I. U. Cat. No. 11970.) º e
Distance from snout to dorsal plate nearly 5 in the length to the caudal;
width of head about equal to its length to the upper angle of the gill-opening;
depth of head about half its width; D. 5, the last ray adnate, the first much pro-
longed, its length in the adult equal to its distance from the eye or longer, not much
produced in the young. A. 51–58, the last ray adnate.
Head pointed, width of mouth one-third width of head, snout produced be-
yond the mouth for about one-third the width of the latter; eye rather large,
almost half the width of the interorbital; maxillary barbels about reaching gill-
openings, adnate for about one-fourth their length; maxillary barbel with a barbel
opposite the corner of the mouth; a series of barbels behind it on the lower surface
of the head and breast to about the base of the pectoral. A pair of mental barbels
nearly equidistant from each other and from the mouth, not reaching the post-mental
barbels, which are nearly twice as far apart; lower surface of head warty; a round
pectoral pore below the tip of the humeral process; inner margin of pectorals with
spines increasing toward the tip, those of the outer margin pointed toward its tip.
Slaty, irregularly marked with squarish darker blotches on the back; ventrals
and anterior part of anal hyaline, other fins slate or blue-black.
I examined two specimens of this species in the Museum at Leiden from
Surinam.
ASPREDO Bleeker.
Aspredo (ea: Linnaeus, Mus. Adolphi Fred., 1754, 73) BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr.
Dierk., I, 1863, 117 (batrachus).
Type, Aspredo batrachus Gronow = Aspredo aspredo (Linnaeus).
Distinguished by the absence of marginal tentacles on the head and breast
and by having a basal barblet on the maxillary. Snout without hooks.
Two species, distinguished thus:
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 123
KEY TO THE SPECIEs of AsPRED.o.
a. Head to tip of nuchal plate more than 4 in the length to base of caudal... . . . . . . . . . . . . . aspredo.
aa. Head to tip of nuchal plate 4 or less in the length to the caudal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sicuephorus.
5. Aspredo aspredo (Linnaeus).
Silurus aspredo LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, 304; ed. 12, 1766, 502.-BonnA-
TERRE, Tabl. Enc. Ichth., 1788, 150.--LACáPåDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 78.
Platystacus aspredo EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II,
1889, 50 (Pará; Arary); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 23.
Aspredo aspredo EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
380; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 26. -
Platystacus lavis BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, 58.—BLoch and SCHNEIDER, Syst.
Ichth., 1801, 373. *
Aspredo lavis MüLLER and TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 630
(Waini). -
Aspredo batrachus (ex Linnaeus, Mus. Adolphi Fred., 1754, 73) GRoNow, Cat. Fish,
ed. Gray, 1854, 137-BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 93 (Surinam).-
GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 268, part (British Guiana; Cayenne; Surinam).
No specimens of this species were secured. It has been recorded from Guiana
by Müller and Troschel and by Günther.
Head greatly depressed, spatulate; interorbital width 3.5 in the distance from
base of pectoral to tip of snout. Mouth broad, the snout projecting almost its
entire length; each jaw with two patches of small teeth. Maxillary barbel reach-
ing to base of pectoral, an accessory barbel in front; mental barbel placed near
the lip, extending to the post-mental, which is equal to the interorbital. Coracoid
processes slightly diverging backward, the length equal to the space between them.
A minute pectoral pore at the extremity of the coracoid process: Humeral process
a little longer than the coracoid process and overlapping it. * ,
Distance of dorsal fin from tip of snout 3.8 in the length; first dorsal ray rarely
prolonged. Outermost caudal rays slightly produced. Pectoral spine as in A.
tibicen. Dorsal surface uniform purplish brown, the ventral surface plain light,
shading into light purple or pinkish; dorsal fin dusky, usually with a dusky median
stripe on the interradial membrane; caudal dark, except the outermost rays; pec-
torals smutty, ventrals usually white, the posterior half sometimes dusky; anal fin
white anteriorly, becoming dusky backward; maxillary barbels more or less dusky. -
Greatest width before pectoral fins 5.66–6 in the length; A. 51–55.
In the specimens recorded by Cuvier and Valenciennes as lavis the head is 4
or less than 4 in the length to the tip of the caudal.
124 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
6. Aspredo sicuephorus Cuvier and Valenciennes. (Plate I, fig. 1.)
Aspredo sicuephorus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 439
(Mana).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 269 (copied).-EIGENMANN, Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 380.
Platystacus sicuephorus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II,
1889, 50; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 24 (Curuca; Rio
Muria).
Aspredo laevis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 431 (Guiana).
Aspredo batrachus GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 269, part.
Abundant in the brackish water about Georgetown. The largest of the
Aspredinidae secured. - -
Many specimens, the largest 340 mm. No young were secured. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1551a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 11969.) g
Distance from snout to predorsal plate 4 to tip or to base of caudal; width of
head equal to its length to upper angle of gill-opening, its depth little more than
a fourth of its width; D. 5, the last ray adnate. A. 54–57, the last ray adnate.
Eye minute; maxillary barbel adnate for nearly half its length, reaching the
pectoral spine, a small barbel near its base reaching the mental barbel, the latter
to the post-mental, the three in a nearly straight line, the mental barbel just behind
the angle of the mouth; patches of teeth on the two premaxillaries separate in the
middle; mouth broad, half the width of the head; the snout projecting beyond
the mouth for half the width of the latter; first dorsal ray more or less prolonged;
pectoral spine heavy, with nearly straight teeth on its inner margin, teeth on its
outer margin smaller, pointed toward the tip of the spine; no axillary pore.
Uniform light brown to slate above, ventral and anterior part of anal hyaline;
anal and caudal dark.
I have also examined the specimens in the Leiden and the British Museums.
It is very probable that aspredo and sicuephorus are identical. Günther's specimens
“e” and three of “a—d” are sicuephorus, while one has the head more than 4 in
the length and represents aspredo.
PLATYSTACUS Bloch.
Platystacus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, 52 (sp.).-BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr.
Dierk., I, 1863, 118.
Type, Platystacus cotylephorus Bloch.
Sternal and abdominal region without tentacles; maxillary barbel simple,
without tributary barbels at its base; snout without spines.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 125
7. Platystacus cotylephorus Bloch.
Platystacus cotylephorus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, 54, pl. 372.-BLOCH and
- SchNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 372.-BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864,
95 (Surinam).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II,
1889, 50 (Vigia; Pará; Tajapuru); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890,
21 (Vigia; Pará; Tajapuru).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp.
Patagonia, III, 1910, 300. - *
Silurus cotylephorus LACáPåDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 78.
Aspredo cotylephorus GünthER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 269 (Surinam).
Silurus hea'adayctlus LACáPåDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 82.
Aspredo sea-cirrhis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 441.
Aspredo spectrum GRoNow, Cat. Fish, ed. Gray, 1854, 137.
I did not observe this species myself, but several specimens were taken by
Mr. Ellis. –
A. 53–57; greatest width, before pectoral spine, 5.5–6.5 in the length; length
of head to gill-opening 9 in the length, with the caudal fin. -
Head greatly depressed, narrowed forward; interorbital width 3.5 in the dis-
tance from base of pectoral to tip of snout; width of mouth equals the interorbital
plus the orbits, the snout projecting half its length. Premaxillaries with two rhom-
boidal patches of villiform teeth, lower jaw with wider patches of similar teeth.
Maxillary barbels reaching to gill-opening, mental not to post-mental barbels, which
are as long as or a little longer than the width of the mouth. Coracoid processes
slightly diverging backward, the length of the processes 1.25 in the distance be-
tween their bases. Humeral processes co-extensive with but not overlapping the
coracoid processes. Pectoral pore below the tip of humeral process.
Distance of dorsal fin from tip of snout 3.5–3.75 in the length; first dorsal ray
scarcely prolonged. Outermost caudal rays prolonged. Four rows of papillae on
the sides. Dark brown, blotched with lighter.
Subfamily BUNOCEPHALINAE.
BUNOCEPHALUs Kner.
Bunocephalus KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss Wien, XVII, 1855, 95–BLEEKER, Nederl.
Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 118 (verrucosus).
Type, Platystacus verrucosus Bloch.
Tail short; dorsal well-developed; barbels 6; head depressed, without prom-
inent knobs. -
REY To THE SPECIES OF BUNOCEPHALUs.
a. A. 6; distance from snout to dorsal 2.75–3 in the length with the caudal ; width 3.5 in the
length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gronovii.
126 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
aa. A. 7; distance from snout to dorsal considerably more than 3 in the length with caudal; width more
than 3 in the length; general color dark chocolate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &L 18-111 UIS,
aaa. A. 8 or 9, rarely 7; distance from snout to dorsal more than 3 in the length with the caudal; width less
than 3 in the length; general appearance sand-like. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chamaizelus.
8. Bunocephalus gronovii Bleeker. (Plate I, figs. 2–2a.)
Aspredo verrucosa GRoNow, Cat. Fish, ed. Gray, 1854, 137 (not of Bloch).
Bunocephalus verrucosus KNER., SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVIII, 1855, 96 (Barra do
Rio Negro). - -
Bunocephalus gronovii BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 329 (based on
Gronow, Mus. Ichth., II, 1756, 5, No. 153, pl. 5, fig.3).-GüNTHER, Cata-
logue, W, 1864, 266 (Demerara).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., (2), II, 1889, 48; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 17–
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 380.
The following description by Günther is based on a specimen (figs. 2–2a), 102
mm. long collected by Hancock. The distance between the end of the snout and
the origin of the dorsal fin is one-third, or nearly one-third, of the total length
(with the caudal fin); the length of the head to the gill-opening is rather more than
one-seventh. Upper jaw but little prominent. The maxillary barbel extends to
the third fifth of the pectoral; the dorsal is inserted nearer to the end of the snout
than to the root of the caudal. Hind portion of the tail as high as broad. Brown
ish, clouded and spotted with darker.
Head to gill-opening 5 in the length; greatest width 3.5; distance of dorsal
from tip of snout 2.25; caudal 4; D. 5; A. 6.
9. Bunocephalus amaurus sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 2.)
Bunocephalus amaurus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 380 (name only). s
Type, 69 mm. Konawaruk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1555.)
Cotype, 53 mm. Konawaruk. (I. U. Cat. No. 11973.)
Head to gill-opening 5.66 in the length; greatest width 3.5; distance of dorsal
from tip of snout 2.33 in the length; caudal nearly 5. D. 5; A. 7; depth of
head 1.5 in distance from pectoral to tip of snout; length of coracoid process about
equal to the distance between their bases; anterior margin of coracoid with an
externally perceptible crest. Head verrucose but without knobs; nuchal crest
prominent, a notch between it and the knobbed dorsal plate.
Maxillary barbels reaching pectoral; pectorals not quite to ventrals; humeral
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 127
process reaching last fourth of the pectoral spine; half of the last dorsal ray adnate;
caudal peduncle terete; everywhere tuberculate, nine conspicuous series of tubercles
on the tail.
Dark chocolate, a light saddle between the dorsal and nuchal crest; back be-
hind the dorsal with lighter blotches; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins black, their
margins white, first rays of dorsal and anal
and outer rays of caudal banded; ventrals
mottled, margined with white, darkest just
below the light edge; pectorals black, last
rays with light mottlings; barbels banded.
10. Bunocephalus chamaizelus sp. nov.
(Plate II, fig. 1.)
Bunocephalus chamaizelus EIGENMANN, Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 380 (name only). N -
Type, 36 mm. Erukin. (Carnegie Mu- \ §
seum Catalog of Fishes No. 1556.) - \
Cotypes, five specimens, 24–44 mm. FIG. 24. Bunocephalus amaurus Eigen-
Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 1557a and b; I mann. Type. C. M. Cat. No. 1555.
U. Cat. No. 11974.)
Cotypes, seven specimens, 34–39 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1558a
and b; I. U. Cat. No. 11975.)
Cotypes, six specimens, 30–37 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1559a
and b; I. U. Cat. No. 11976.)
Head to gill-opening 5 in the length; greatest width 3.16; distance of dorsal
from snout 2.36 in the length; caudal 4.4–6; D. 5; A. 8 or 9, rarely 7; depth of
head about 1.5 in distance of pectoral from tip of snout; length of coracoid process
about one-half the distance between its bases; anterior margin of coracoid without
an externally visible crest; caudal peduncle terete; everywhere tuberculate, the
regular rows of the tail somewhat obscured by the intervening tubercles; tubercles
on the head variously developed. -
A faint ridge from eye to occiput; occipital with a slight knob, nuchal plate
with two, dorsal plate with one, the four in a straight line.
Maxillary barbel reaching pectorals; pectorals to ventrals in the smaller speci-
mens; humeral process reaching third fifth of pectoral spine.
Lighter or darker sand-color; a dark streak from pectoral forward to mouth

128 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
or chin, sometimes expanded downward behind gill-opening; a more or less evident
dark streak across the nuchal plate; a conspicuous dark band across the back and
dorsal fin, extending forward below to the axil; one or two more or less evident
dark blotches on the back of the tail, the anterior over the anal; fins colored like
the adjoining portions of the body.
--
- AGMUS" gen. nov. *º º / º
Agmus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 379.
Type, Agmus scabriceps Eigenmann and Eigenmann (Plate IV).
This genus differs from Bunocephalus in the great development of tubercles
about the head, which at the occiput is almost as high as it is wide; the depth of the
head at this point equals the distance of the pectoral from the snout. This genus
reaches the limit of divergence from Aspredo.
11. Agmus lyriformis sp. nov. (Plate III.)
Agmus lyriformis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
379 (name only).
Type, 56 mm. Gluck Island. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1554.)
Cotype, 49 mm. Rupununi. (I. U. Cat. No. 11972.)
- The only other species of the genus is
\ A. scabriceps Eigenmann and Eigenmann
- º from Jutahy, differing from lyriformis in its
-T- * converging coracoid processes, mottled fins,
- and extremely tubercular head.
Head to end of occipital process 2.66
in its length; depth of head at occipital pro-
cess about equal to its width at gill-open-
ings. D. 5; A. 6.
Nuchal plate with two high knobs;
dorsal plate with two small knobs, one on
s either side in front of the dorsal; a trans-
verse ridge in front of the nuchal crest,
curved backward on the sides and ending
in a small knob; a knob over each eye, con-
tinued backward as a low crest with a small
knob near its middle and a larger one in front of the large occipital knob, the two
* dyubs, a craggy place.
FIG. 25. Agmus lyriformis Eigenmann.
Type. C. M. Cat. No. 1554.
-
- º
º
º-

EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 129
orbital knobs connected by a low ridge, forming a lyre-shaped figure with the
crests extending backward from the orbital knobs, which approach each other be-
hind; low crests extending forward from the orbital knob and meeting on the
snout, each with a small knob forward of the eye; humeral process extending to
the middle of the pectoral spine, a small knob on the sides above and behind its
tip; coracoid process extending to the last fifth of the pectoral spine, but slightly
converging behind; a transverse ridge joining the bases of the processes, the cora-
coid outlined by another ridge.
Maxillary barbels extending slightly beyond base of pectoral; mental barbels
not reaching post-mentals, post-mentals not equal to interorbital.
Body and head everywhere covered with warts, those on the tail in longitudinal
Series, those along the lateral line longest.
Dark chocolate, mottled, some of the warts light; first rays of dorsal, anal,
ventrals, and pectoral banded, the rest of these fins black, margined with white.
Outer rays of the rounded caudal banded, the rest of the fin black, except the
extreme tips of the rays, which are white; barbels banded with black and white.
Wentrals in the cotype mottled.
Family III. SILURIDAE.
“Skin-fishes.”
Characters as given in the key, page 119.
KEY TO THE GENERA of SILURIDAE.
a. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus. Or the nares approximate in Arius.
b. Nares approximate, the posterior with a valve (Ariinae). F. 62-
c. Mental barbels two; maxillary barbel broad, band-like. Pectoral spine, and usually the
cc. Mental barbels four. Palatine teeth fixed. Head and occipital process covered with very
thin skin, granular. © e
d. Posterior nostrils connected by a membrane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selenaspis.
da. Posterior nostrils not connected by a membrane.
e. Palatine patches of teeth with a backward projecting angle on the inner margin.
f. Dorsal plate enlarged, the occipital process correspondingly reduced.
Sciadeichthys.
ff. Dorsal plate small, crescent-shaped. Occipital process linear or leaf-shaped.
Notarius.
ee. Palatine patches of teeth without a backward projecting angle. Eye above the
level of the mouth; gill-rakers twenty-five or fewer. -
h. Teeth on palate granular; no teeth on vomer; gill-membranes united, a narrow
membrane free. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arius.
hh. Teeth on palate villiform, vomer with or without teeth. . . . . Hexanematichthys.
**
f
dorsal spine, with long band-like filaments..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Felichthys. 2 ūz.
, ſº
130 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
bb. Nares remote; barbels six; adipose fin well-developed.
i. Teeth incisor-like, in two series in the upper, in a single series in the lower jaw. First dorsal
and pectoral rays not spine-like; adipose long (Callophysinae). . . . . . . . . Callophysis.
ii. Teeth villiform, in bands (Pimelodinae.)
j. Womer without teeth or with teeth in minute patches.
k. Snout broad and produced, spatulate. Adipose short. First ray of the dorsal and
pectoral fins articulate, not pungent, prolonged in filaments; barbels flat,
not fringed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Megalonema.
kk. Adipose fin very long, barbels flat, ribbon-like; dorsal and pectoral spines not
pungent, the dorsal spine produced. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pinirampus.
kkk. Snout not produced, barbels not flat.
l. Orbit without a free margin.
m. Dorsal and pectoral spines strong, pungent; body short.
n. Dorsal surface of skull covered with thin skin; head about as broad
as long; origin of ventrals behind middle of body, except
sometimes in the young; sometimes a small circular fontanel
at base of occipital process; frontal fontanel not extending
backward behind the eye.
o. Premaxillary patch of teeth with a backward projecting angle.
- Pseudopimelodus.
oo. Occipital crest very short, not nearly reaching dorsal; premaxillary
teeth without a backward projecting angle on the sides.
Species with a light band across the occiput... Microglanis.
nn. Dorsal surface of skull covered with a thick layer of muscle; occipital
crest short; origin of ventrals in front of middle... Brachyglanis.
mm. Pectoral spines strong but short; dorsal spines Small or replaced by a
soft ray; skull covered with a thick layer of muscle; anal 17–21,
body long, slender; occipital crest short.”
p. Caudal rounded; an occipital, no frontal fontanel; ventrals under
posterior half of dorsal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptoglanis.
pp. Caudal forked; ventrals under posterior half of dorsal; a median
ridge from the frontal fontanel to the occipital process; caudal
without accessory rays, lower caudal lobe longer; adipose
reaching caudal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myoglanis."
mmm. No dorsal or pectoral spines; upper surface of head covered with the
skin only; fontanel a narrow slit continued to base of occipital
process; ventrals entirely under the dorsal or partly in front of it.
much nearer snout than to caudal, body long and slender.
q. Caudal rounded. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Heptapterus.”
* Skull covered with thin skin; A. 9. Imparfinis.
* It is probable that Heptapterus colletti Steindachner “with the ventrals under the origin of the
dorsal; upper caudal lobe longer; caudal with fulcra; adipose not reaching caudal” should be the type of
another genus.
* The genus Heptapterus Bleeker, so far as known with certainty, is confined to southeastern tropical
America. It consists of the following species: Heptapterus mustelinus Valenciennes, from Rio Grande
do Sul and the lower La Plata, and Heptapterus eigenmanni Steindachner, from Maldonado.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 131
qq. Caudal forked.
r. Anal of eighteen or more rays. . . . . . . . . . . . . Acentronichthys.”
rr. Anal of about eleven rays. Premaxillary band of teeth with a
backward projecting angle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chasmocranus.
ll. Orbit with a free margin. Head distinctly longer than broad.
s. Occipital process not reaching the dorsal plate.
t. Fontanel not continued behind the eye; a small pit or fontanel some-
times at the base of the occipital process. . . . . . . . . . . Rhamdia.
tt. Fontanel continued to base of occipital process. A dorsal and a
pectoral spine. . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Rhamdella.”
ss. Occipital process reaching the dorsal plate; adipose fin longer than high.
u. Occipital process narrow; fontanel to base of occipital process;
humeral process spine-like... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pimelodella.
wu. Occipital process tapering ; fontanel not continued behind the eyes;
humeral process broad, not spine-like. -
v. Caudal deeply forked... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pimelodus.
vv. Caudal obliquely rounded. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goeldiella.
jj. Teeth on vomer in moderate or large patches.
w. Barbels not band-like.
ac. Head as broad as long. D. I,7. Upper surface of head with vermiculating
ridges. Womerine patch of teeth large, pentagonal, contiguous to the
palatine patches. Occipital process large, semicircular, not meeting
the reniform dorsal plate, upper half of the adipose fin usually rayed.
Phractocephalus.
zz. Head longer than broad; inner surface of gill-covers usually with one or more
dermal pouches. D. I,6–8. Caudal forked or rounded.
g. Inner teeth of the upper jaw slender and freely movable, the band scarcely
narrowed in the middle; teeth on vomer and palatines much smaller,
(the palatine teeth smaller than those on the vomer), villiform.
Adipose fin equal to or longer than the anal fin; caudal deeply
forked, the lobes pointed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brachyplatystoma.
yy. Teeth all similar in the upper jaw and on the vomer.
2. Head narrowed forward, its width at the mouth scarcely if any more
than two-thirds its greatest width; adipose fin longer than the
anal; lower jaw produced beyond upper.....Hemisorubim.
* The genus Acentronichthys Eigenmann and Eigenmann contains with certainty but one species,
the type, Acentronichthys leptos Eigenmann and Eigenmann. Heptapterus surinamensis Bleeker may
belong to this genus. It is certain that the Heptapterus collettii placed here by Eigenmann and Eigenmann
is not an Acentronichthys, for it has a strong pectoral spine.
An examination of the type of Heptapterus surinamensis in Leiden gives the following:
Skull covered with thin skin, fontanel a narrow slit to base of occipital process; first dorsal ray
just like the second, not spinous; last ventral ray and third dorsal ray about equidistant from the tip
of the snout; A. 18; caudal with numerous accessory rays, especially on the ventral side; middle rays
radiating, all broken, probably rounded; teeth on each pre-maxillary in a band one-half wider than deep.
It is therefore a Heptapterus if the caudal was rounded or an Acentronichthys if it was forked.
* No dorsal spine; first pectoral ray spinous at its base only; upper caudal lobe longer. Rhamdia-
glants of southeastern Brazil.
132 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
zz. Head depressed, its width at the mouth about equal to its greatest
width. Adipose fin shorter than the anal; caudal forked, the
rays much branched. Maxillary band of teeth much narrowed
in the middle; teeth on the vomer separated on the median
line, closely joined to the palatine patches, together forming,
on either side, a figure somewhat like a comma. Top of head
osseous; the occipital process produced, meeting or nearly
meeting the dorsal plate; fontanel extending from the middle
of the snout to behind the eyes, and continued to the occipital as
a groove. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pseudoplatystoma.
aa. Gill-membranes united and joined to the isthmus; nares remote, without barbels.
A. A series of bony plates along the sides. (Doradinae.)
B. Eye small, in anterior portion of head; snout depressed; teeth well-developed; humeral
process much longer and stronger than the coracoid process; anterior nares near the
upper lip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Doras.
B.B. Eye in middle or behind the middle of the head. f
C. Barbels all simple, teeth none. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxydoras.
C.C. Maxillary and mental barbels fringed.
D. Teeth none; a single large pectoral pore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptodoras.
DD. Teeth in one or both jaws; numerous pectoral pores... . . . . . . . . . . . . Hemidoras.
A.A. No plates along the sides.
E. Maxillary and mental barbels present. (Auchenipterinae.)
F. Mental barbels in two pairs. Adipose fin shorter than the anal fin.
G. Anal short, 7–11; mouth terminal; jaws equal; caudal forked; W. 6... Centromochlus.
GG. Anal 19–41.
H. Caudal obliquely truncate or slightly emarginate; outer margin of pectoral
spine serrate; mouth terminal, jaws equal or the lower longer; no promi-
nent bony orbit. V. 6–10, A. 19–40................. Trachycorystes.
HH. Caudal deeply forked; outer margin of pectoral spine smooth or granular.
W. 8; A. 17–21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * Pseudauchenipterus.
FF. Mental barbels arranged in a series near the symphysis; adipose fin short; dorsal fin
well-developed, I,6. Teeth villiform. W. 12–15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Auchenipterus.
E. E. Maxillary barbels only. (Ageneiosinae.)
I. Air-bladder projecting into the abdominal cavity, naked laterally, the skin over it
forming a large pseudo-tympanum; snout short, about equal to the eye.
Tympanopleura.
II. Air-bladder minute, concealed under peritoneum and largely covered with bone; no
pseudo-tympanum. Snout much longer than eye... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ageneiosus.
Subfamily ARIINAE. nº
FELICHTHys Swainson.” – w”
* A specimen of Felichthys 295 mm. long marked filamentosus is in the Leiden Museum, from Ind.
Occid., probably collected by Schomburgk. *
Dorsal from snout 3 in the length; highest anal ray 6+ in the length, base of anal 7; pectoral
spine 4 in the length, dorsal spine 4.8; anal lobe with numerous black dots; A. 19; distance of adipose
from dorsal 2.6 in the length. This specimen would therefore be bahiensis.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 133
Gaff-topsail Catfishes.
Breviceps SWAINSON, Class. Fishes, Amph., and Rept., I, 1838, 328 (bagre).
Felichthys SwainSON, Class. Fishes Amph., and Rept., II, 1839, 305, substitute
for Breviceps Swainson, preoccupied (bagre).
Ailurichthys BAIRD and GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 26 (marinus).
AElurichthys GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 172, emendation.
Mystus GRONow, Cat. Fish, ed. Gray, 1854, 165 (carolinensis), name preoccupied.
Pimelodus BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 65 (bagre), not of Lacépède, as
restricted by Gill.
Nostrils close together, separated by a valve; lower jaw with only two barbels,
band-like; dorsal and pectoral spines prolonged into filaments.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF FELICHTHYs.
a. Distance of dorsal fin from tip of snout 3.33 in the length; distance of adipose from the dorsal fin 2.6
times in the length, or longer; base of anal 4.66 in the length, or longer. Anterior lobe of anal
with minute dots; highest anal ray less than half the length of the base of the anal; vomerine and
palatine patches of teeth separate; anal rays 32–35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... bagre.
aa. Distance of dorsal from tip of snout 3 in the length; distance of adipose from dorsal fin 3 in the
length; highest anal ray about as high as the base of the anal, which is 5.8–6.5 in the length; anal
rays 20-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . marinus.
12. Felichthys bagre (Linnaeus).
Silurus bagre LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 505–GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I,
iii, 1788, 1360.
Pimelodus bagre LACáPåDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 93, 98 (Brazil).-BLEEKER,
“Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 66 (Surinam).
AElurichthys bagre Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 559 (name only).
Ailurichthys bagre EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 148 (São Matheos; Santos; Pará; Curuca; Bahia; Pernambuco; Brit.
Guiana); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 33.
Felichthys bagre GILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1891, 354.—JoRDAN and EveR-
MANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, I, 1896, 116.
Galeichthys gronovii CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 40
(Guiana; Maracaibo; Mana; Cayenne; Bahia),—MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in
Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 628 (Waini and Barima).-KNER, SB. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 392 (Cajutuba; Pará).
AElurichthys gronovii GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 178 (Demerara; West Indies).
Galeichthys eidouzii CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 43
(Guayaquil).
134 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
AElurichthys eydouaci. Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1884, 40 (note on type).
Bagrus macronemus RANZANI, Nov. Com. Acad. Sci. Inst. Bonon., W, 1842, 334,
pl. 28 (Brazil).
Mystus carolinensis GRoNow, Cat. Fish, ed. Gray, 1854, 156.
Pimelodus longifilis “Mus. L. B.” (fide Bleeker). w
Eight specimens, 194–354 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No. 1270,
1271; I. U. Cat. No. 11773.)
With the characters given in the key.
- 13. Felichthys marinus (Mitchill).
Silurus marinus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. and Philos. Soc. N. Y., I, 1814, 433.
Galeichthys marinus DEKAY, Nat. Hist. New York, Zoology, IV, 1842, 178, pl. 37,
fig. 118 (New York).
Ailurichthys marinus BAIRD and GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 26.-
GIRARD, U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, II, 1859, 31, pl. 14 (Indianola,
Tex.).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 148
(Rio de Janeiro; Pará; Bay of Balaxy; Mobile Bay; Pernambuco; Victoria);
- Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 36.
Ælurichthys marinus GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 178 (North America).-
GooDE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., II, 1879, 119 (St. Johns River, Florida).-STEIN-
DACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” i, 1879, 10 (Orinoco near Ciudad Boli-
var).-Jordan and GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., W, 1882, 246 (abun-
'dant from Pensacola, Florida, to Galveston, Texas), 584 (Charleston, S. C.).-
Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, 106 (Key West, Florida).-Jordan
and GILBERT, Synopsis Fishes N. Am., 1883, 111 (Cape Cod to Mexico).-
JoRDAN, Cat. Fishes N. Am., 1885, 16 (name only); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX,
1886, 26 (Beaufort, N. C.). -
Felichthys marinus GILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1891, 354.—JoBDAN and
EveRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. MUs. No. 47, I, 1896, 118.
Galeichthys parra, CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 33
(New York; Charlestown; New Orleans; Rio Janeiro)—CASTELNAU, Anim. Am.
Sud, Poiss., 1855, 37 (Bahia).-HYRTL, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVI,
1859, 17 (vertebræ 13 + 7 + 30).
Several specimens, Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No. 1484.) ' &
With the distinguishing characters given in the key. . . . . / , , ...",
2. § P A f 5. **
* ‘. f - -zerº \le &
SCIADEICHTHys Bleeker. . . . . . . . .
Sciades MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 8 (emphysetus et pictus).
''/.. – -4, , , , …" **** w ;
>74%: 944 (ºrk - a '• * : zºº. 2, 2,
ºUA). Y / 3. – 3. J C/ V
A 4
§
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 135
Sciadeichthys BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 62, 66 (emphysetus), 12/2 – a rº-
not Sciadeichthys Bleeker, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 99. *2.) A.
Type, Bagrus emphysetus Müller and Troschel. - *%. ...?-, %. .
This genus is distinguished from other South American Silurids by the approxi- ? , - .
mate nares, the enlarged dorsal plate, the backward projecting angle of the palatine
patches of teeth, and the absence of an internarial membrane. The species are
indiscriminately called “gillbacker.”
Only four species were secured, but several others found at Cayenne may
occur occasionally or seasonally in Guiana.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SCLADEICHTHYs.
a. Teeth on the palate villiform or bluntly conical.
b. Dorsal plate pointed in front, entering the notched occipital process.
c. Eye 8 in interorbital; dorsal plate as wide as the cranium behind the eye; granulations not
extending forward to eyes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * flavescens.
cc. Eye 4 in interorbital; dorsal plate much narrower than the cranium behind the eye, its sur-
face striate; maxillary barbel reaching past origin of ventrals. . . . . . . . . . . . emphysetus.
bb. Dorsal plate notched in front, receiving the point of the occipital process. Eye nearer snout
than to preopercle; jaws subequal; occipital process broader than long, mucronate at tip.
Eye 1.25 in Snout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . prôops.
aa. Teeth on the palate granular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parkeri.
14. Sciadeichthys flavescens (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Plate V, fig. 1.)
Bagrus flavescens CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, 1839, 462
(Cayenne).-KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 386 (locality ?).
Arius flavescens Günth ER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 151 (copied).
Galeichthys flavescens Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 559 (name only).
Tachisurus flavescens EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 141 (name only); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 53.
Sciadeichthys flavescens Jordan and EvKRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, I,
1896, 123.
The head of a specimen of this species was secured in the Georgetown market.
It measures 305 mm. to the dorsal. (C. M. Cat. No. 1265.)
15. Sciadeichthys emphysetus (Müller and Troschel). (Plate IX, fig. 1.)
Bagrus (Sciades) emphysetus MüLLER and TRoscHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 8
(Surinam).-MüLLER and TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 627
(Waini and Barima).
Arius emphysetus Günth ER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 150 (copied). -
Sciades emphysetus BLEEKER, Nederl, Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 91 (name only).
- 136 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Galeichthys emphysetus JoFDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 559.
Tachisurus emphysetus, EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 144; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1891, 53.
Arius physacanthus VAILLANT, Bull. Mus., d'Hist. Nat., V, 1899, 155; Nouv. Arch.
Mus. d’Hist. Nat., (4), II, 1900, 128, pl. 7, fig. 1–1c (French Guiana).
I have examined the type of emphysetus in the Berlin Museum and five speci-
mens, 250–500 mm., Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No. 1487, 1735, 2486;
I. U. Cat. No. 12110.) I have not been able to find any specimens in the Berlin
Museum from Guiana. The type from Surinam is undoubtedly identical with the
Specimens described below and with Vaillant's physacanthus.
Head 3.8; depth 5.75; D. I, 7; A. 17 or 18; adipose fin 9.5 in the length; eye 3
in the snout, 4 in the interorbital, 10 in the head.
Head depressed forward, the snout broad; width of the head at the rictus equal
to the greatest depth; dorsal plate shield-shaped, its pointed anterior end fitting
into the notched occipital process, its width 1.3 in the width of the skull behind the
eyes; occipital process about half as wide as broad; surface of dorsal plate pitted;
occipital process with rows of nodules, the median row being most prominent;
skull striate to in front of eye; maxillary barbels reaching past base of ventrals;
outer mental barbel to middle of pectoral. Teeth all small, those of the roof of
the mouth in four contiguous patches, the palatine patches large, subcircular.
Basal half or more of the dorsal spine swollen, its length equal to the width of
the head at the eyes or the opercle; anterior half of the swollen part of the dorsal
spine tuberculate, the part beyond with recurved notches both in front and behind;
pectoral spine about equal to the dorsal spine, the outer margin tuberculate to
near the tip, where it is notched, the posterior surface Serrate; caudal deeply
forked, the upper lobe longer, 4 in the length; anal emarginate.
Bluish gray above, white below; tips of dorsal, pectorals, ventrals and anterior
part of anal dusky.
16. Sciadeichthys proëps (CUVIER and VALENCIENNEs). (Plate V, fig. 2;
Plate VI, figs. 1–3.)
Bagrus proëps CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, 1839, 457
(Antilles; Guiana; Surinam; Porto Rico).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schom-
burgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 627 (Waini and Barima),—KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, XXVI, 1857, 386 (locality ?).
Arius proëps GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 148 (copied).
Netuma proëps BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 67; “Silures de Suri-
name,” 1864, 62, pl. 7, pl. 12, fig. 2 (Surinam).
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH--GUIANA 137
Galeichthys proëps Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 559 (name only).
Tachisurus proëps EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888,
141 (Pernambuco); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 57.
Sciadeichthys proëps JoRDAN and EveRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, I,
1896, 123. g
Several specimens, 245–680 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
1263, 1264, 1280; I. U. Cat. No. 11774.) -
I have also examined the specimens in the Leiden and Berlin Museums men-
tioned in the synonymy. -
Head 4–4.33; depth 7; D. I,7; A. 18. Eye 1.25–1.5 in snout, 5.5–8 in head,
1.75–2.66 in the interorbital. lº,
Slender and elongate, broader than deep. Head depressed, its width 1.33 in
its length, its depth 2, width at mouth 2; anterior portion of the head flat above;
top of the head, humeral process, and dorsal plate coarsely granular, the granules
arranged in series along the fontanel. Occipital process mucronate, broader than
long; dorsal plate large, butterfly-shaped. Opercle striate; fontanel 1.5 times as
long as the eye, its center in front of the middle of the eye, continued as a shallow
groove. -
Jaws subequal; teeth all villiform, the intermaxillary band very wide and
shallow; teeth on the roof of the mouth in six contiguous patches.
Gill-membranes meeting in an angle, forming a broad fold across the isthmus.
Gill-rakers 5 + 10. Pectoral pore large; vertical series of pores present.
Distance of dorsal spine from snout 2.8 in the length; the dorsal spine granular
in front, striate on the sides, weakly serrate behind, its length 1.25–1.5 in the head.
Space between dorsal and adipose fins 2.75–3 in the length, the adipose fin little
shorter than the dorsal, the posterior margin free. Caudal deeply forked, its upper
lobe longer, 4–4.5 in the length. Anal emarginate, as high as long, 2–2.33 in the
head. Ventrals 2 in the head. Pectoral spine rough or granular in front, serrate
behind, 1.2–1.33 in the head. -
Plumbeous above, with blue lustre, white below; maxillary barbels dark, the
mental barbels white; fins all more or less dotted with brown.
Abundant at Georgetown. The skull is prepared and sold in souvenir stores
as the “Crucifix Fish.”
17. Sciadeichthys parkeri (Traill). (Plate V, fig. 3.)
Silurus parkeri TRAILL, Mem. Wern. Soc., VI, 1832, 377, pl. 6, fig. 1 (muddy
water of rivers of Guiana),—SchoMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1843,
188 (Guiana). w
138 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Arius parkeri GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 153 (copied).
Galeichthys parker JoFDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 559 (name only).
Tachisurus parkeri EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888,
141 (name only); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 65.
Selenaspis parker JoFDAN and EveRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, I, 1896,
123.
Arius quadriscutis CUVIER and VALENCIENNEs, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840,
111 (Cayenne; Mana).-KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 389
(Pará). -
Netuma quadriscutis BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 59, pl. 8, pl. 13, fig. 2
(Surinam). -
Several specimens, 238–408 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
1272–1279; I. U. Cat. No. 11775.) f
I have also examined the specimen of quadriscutis mentioned by Bleeker.
Head 3.6; depth 5.33—5.5; D. I,7; A. 15–18.
Body comparatively stout, the greatest width equaling the greatest depth.
Head large, flattish above; profile descending; width of head 1.17 in its length;
width at the mouth 2–2.4, its depth at the base of the occipital process scarcely
less than its greatest width. Top of head coarsely granular in young, the granules
becoming finer and more regularly arranged in the adult; opercles Smooth; humeral
process with radiating lines of granules. Dorsal plate large, emarginate in front,
receiving the pointed occipital process. Middle of the fontanel above the posterior
margin of the eye. No skinny flap connecting the posterior nostrils.
Maxillary barbels extending little beyond the base of the pectoral or shorter;
mental barbels short. Teeth in jaws coarse, conical, those on the palate and,
vomer finely granular, the patches separate in the young, but united and covering
most of roof of mouth in the adult. Gill-membranes forming a broad marginal
flap across the isthmus. Gill-rakers 3–4 + 7–9.
Distance of dorsal from tip of snout 2.33 in the length; the spine 1.33–1.6
in the head, granular in front, serrate behind. Distance of adipose fin from the
dorsal 4–4.5 in the length, the adipose fin twice as long as high, adnate, as long
as the dorsal fin. t
Caudal forked, the upper lobe longer, 4.33–4.5 in the length. Anal fin about
as long as high, 2.15–2.25 in the head. Ventrals 1.75–2 in the head.
Pectoral spine stout, 1.25–1.16 in the head, granular in front (serrate in young),
striate on sides, serrate along inner margin.
Yellow in life. The most abundant catfish of the Georgetown market.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 139
SELENASPIs Bleeker.
Selenaspis BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 62 (herzbergii).
Leptarius GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 170 (dowii).
Type, Silurus herzbergii Bloch.
This genus is distinguished from Sciadeichthys by the internarial membrane.
The character is scarcely of generic importance, especially since in the young of
S. proëps a slit or incipient membrane is often present between the posterior nares.
Two species are found on the Atlantic coast of America, and a third one on
the Pacific coast of Panama.
REY TO THE SPECIES of SELENASPIs.
a. Upper jaw distinctly longer than lower; snout 3.5 in the head; palatine teeth forming a U-shaped
figure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . herzbergii.
aa. Upper jaw distinctly shorter than the lower; snout about 7 in the head; palatine teeth forming a
transverse patch without backward projecting angles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... passany.
18. Selenaspis herzbergi (Bloch). (Plate VII, fig. 1.)
Silurus herzbergii Bloch, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, 33, pl. 367 (Surinam).-BLOCH
and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 383 (Surinam). *
Bagrus herzbergii CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, 1839, 453
(Mana; Cayenne).-KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 386 (Pará).
Selenaspis herzbergii BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 63.—JoFDAN and
EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, I, 1896, 125.-EIGENMANN and BEAN,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1907, 659 (Amazon).
Arius herzbergii GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 144 (British Guiana; Demerara).-
VAILLANT, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., (4), II, 1900, 124 (Mahury, French
Guiana). -
Netwma herzbergii BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname”, 1864, 61, pl. 9, pl. 13, fig. 3,
(Surinam).
Galeichthys herzbergii JoFDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 559 (name only).
Tachisurus herzbergii EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 141 (Pará; Curuca; Bahia); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I,
1890, 59. º
Pimelodus argenteus LACáPłDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1801, 94, 102.
Bagrus pemecus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, 1839, 456
(Cayenne).
Bagrus mesops CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, 1839, 456.—
MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 627 (Waini and
140 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Barima).-KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 384, pl. 1, fig. 2 (Pará).
Arius mesops GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 145 (copied).
Galeichthys mesops Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 559 (name only).
Tachisurus mesops EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888,
141 (name only); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 57. -
Sciadeichthys mesops JoFDAN and EveRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, I,
1896, 123.
Bagrus coelestimus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 7 (Guiana).—
MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 627 (Waini and
Barima). - g
Hezanematichthys hymenorhinus BLEEKER, Versl. en Med. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam,
XIV, 1862, 377 (Surinam); “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 57, pl. 11, fig. 2,
pl. 13, fig. 4 (Surinam). f
Netwma dubia BLEEKER, Versl. en Med. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, XIV, 1862, 382
(Surinam); “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 63, pl. 15, fig. 2, pl. 13, fig. 5
(Surinam).
Arius dubius GünthER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 144 (copied).
Galeichthys dubius JoFDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 559 (name only).
Tachisurus dubius EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 141 (name only). R
Many specimens, 230–335 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No. 1266–
1269; I. U. Cat. No. 11776.)
Several specimens, to 197 mm. Mahaica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1733).
Head 3.66–3.75; depth 5–6; D. I,7; A. 18. Eye 1.75–2.5 in snout, 2.33–4 in
interorbital, 5.5–8 in head.
Elongate, the width equal to or greater than the depth. Width of the head
1.25–1.33 in its length, at the angle of the mouth about 2; its depth 1.66–1.75 in its
length. Humeral process, dorsal plate, and top of head to between the eyes, granular.
Occipital process wider than long, scarcely keeled. Fontanel not continued behind
the eyes and without backward projecting groove. Posterior nares connected by a
membrane.
Barbels flattish, those of the maxillary reaching to near the ventrals (to middle
of pectorals in older individuals); post-mental to or beyond base of pectoral, mental
to gill-opening. Teeth villiform, vomerine and palatine patches of about equal
size and shape in the young, a separate patch behind the palatines being developed
sooner or later. The teeth of the palate differ more than in any other species.
Gill-membranes meeting in an angle, forming a fold across the isthmus. Gill-
rakers 6 + 10.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 141
Distance of dorsal spine from snout 2.5–2.75 in the length; dorsal and pectoral
spines subterete, the outer margin roughened, the sides striate; the dorsal spine
slightly serrate behind, a little shorter than the pectoral spine, 1.4-1.6 in the head;
pectoral spine strongly serrate behind. Space between the dorsal and adipose fins
3.6–4 in the length. Adipose fin as long as the dorsal. Upper caudal lobe the
longer, about 4 in the length. Anal as high as long, 2 in head. Ventral 1.6–2 in
head. Pectoral pore minute; sides with vertical series of pores. Plumbeous above,
silvery on sides, fins dusky.
I have examined the types of coelestinus, hymenorhinus, dubius, and mesops.
They are all identical with herzbergi.
In the types of Bagrus caelestimus Müller and Troschel in the Berlin Museum,
215–275 mm. long, from Guiana, there is a distinct but narrow streak between the
posterior nostrils. The teeth are just as in a specimen of herzberg, 270 mm., col-
lected by me.
The mesops of Müller and Troschel, about 320 mm., is like coelestimus, but
the posterior patches of teeth are not so highly developed as in the latter.

FIG. 26. Teeth of Selenaspis herzbergi (Bloch). Total length of specimens the teeth of which are fig-
ured in order from left to right: 140 mm.; 240 mm.; 300 mm.
Three specimens of herzbergi, hymenorhinus, and dubius, 255, 207, and 170 mm.
long, in the Leiden Museum, have the dorsal aspect of the head alike, and the maxil-
lary barbels extend respectively not quite to the end of the pectoral, to the ventral,
and a little beyond the origin of the ventral. The internasal membrane is most devel-
oped in the largest and least in the smallest specimen. In the second in size the
posterior palatine patches are not developed, corresponding with a specimen 210
mm. long collected by me and now in the Berlin Museum. In the smallest the
two palatine patches are close together and the posterior patches much larger in
proportion.
19. Selenaspis passany (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Plate VII, fig. 2.)
Bagrus passany CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, 1839, 458
(Cayenne).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 627
(Waini and Barima).
142 MEMOIRS OF THEICARNEGIE MUSEUM
Arius passany GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 149 (copied).
Galeichthys passany Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 559 (name only).
Tachisurus passany EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 141; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 58.
I have examined the specimen about 543 mm. long collected by R. Schomburgk
and now in the Berlin Museum, No. 2968.
It is very similar to herzbergii but can easily be distinguished by its short snout
or rather abbreviated upper jaw and the peculiar dentation of the palate.

Fig. 27. Teeth of Selenaspis passany (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
NOTARIUS Gill.
Arius BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 91 (grandicassis), not Arius
Bleeker, 1858.
Notarius GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 171 (grandicassis).
Type, Arius grandicassis Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Distinguished by its peculiar and variable occipital crest. Dorsal plate small;
occipital crest not wider, usually much narrower at its base than towards its
middle or tip. y:
But three species of this genus are known. They range along the coast of
South America from near Bahia to Guiana. All three are abundant in the George-
town market.
KEY TO THE SPECIES of NoTARIUs.
a. Occipital process narrowly and deeply constricted at base, its margins regularly and strongly convex.
grandicassis.
aa. Occipital process broadly and deeply constricted, its margins describing a double curve; convex
toward tip, concave toward base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parmocassis.
aaa. Occipital process narrowed, its margins scarcely convex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stricticassis.
20. Notarius grandicassis (CUVIER and VALENCIENNES). (Plate VIII, fig. 1.)
Arius grandicassis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 54, pl.
427 (Guiana 2).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 153 (copied). -
Galeichthys grandicassis JoFDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 559 (name
only). -
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 143
Tachisurus grandicassis EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 141 (Maranhao; Bahia); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 65.
Netwma grandicassis Jordan and EveRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, I,
1896, 126.
Several specimens, 335–490 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
1254–1259; I. U. Cat. No. 11777.) e

0000

FIG. 28. Outlines of occipital processes of various individuals of Notarius grandicassis (Cuvier and
Valenciennes). Total length of specimens the processes of which are figured in order from left to right:
335 mm.; 435 mm.; 400 mm.; 490 mm.
Head 3.4–3.75; depth 5.66–6; D. I,7; A. 18. Eye 3–3.5 in snout, 4–4.5 in
interorbital, 8.5–10 in head.
Body cylindrical in front, tapering to a slender caudal penduncle. Head greatly
depressed, profile almost straight, descending, the width of the head 1.33–1.4 in
its length, its depth 1.8–2 in its length. Occipital process with a deep constriction
where it joins the occiput, shaped like a clover leaflet, much longer than broad,
sometimes keeled. Center of the fontanel over the middle of eye, the fontanel
not continued backward as a groove. Occipital process, top of head, and humeral
process granular; interorbital region with four ridges, the inner ones bounding the
fontanel, the outer ones running obliquely backward from near the posterior nares.
Maxillary barbels reaching to the base of the pectorals, mentals to gill-opening,
post-mentals a little longer. -
Upper jaw projecting a diameter of the eye or more, the lip very wide, espe-
cially in front, making the nose pointed; teeth of both jaws rather large, those on
the palate somewhat smaller; the depth of the premaxillary band 7–9 in its
width; the mandibulary band very shallow; vomerine teeth present in adult; pala-
tine patchestriangular, produced backward; four patches in adult, the two additional
ones placed just back of the two triangular ones in front.
Gill-membranes meeting in an angle, forming a fold across the isthmus. Gill-
rakers 6 + 10. .
Distance of dorsal spine from snout 2.33–2.5 in the length. Distance of
adipose fin from the dorsal 3.6–4 in the length; adipose fin at least as long as the
144 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
dorsal fin, adnate. Caudal fin forked, the upper lobe longer, about 5 in the length.
Anal fin longer than high. Ventrals small. Pectoral pore large.
Light brown above, somewhat Smutty below.
21. Notarius parmocassis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Plate VIII, fig. 2.)
Arius parmocassis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 57
(Bahia).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 154 (copied).
Tachisurus grandicassis parmocassis EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., (2), I, 1888, 141 (Bahia; San Matheos; Maranhao); Occasional Papers
Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 68.
Netwma stricticassis JoFDAN and EvKRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, I,
1896, 126, part.
| | || || 0
FIG. 29. Outlines of occipital processes of various individuals of Notarius parmocassis (Cuvier
and Valenciennes). Total length of specimens the processes of which are figured in order from left to
right: 376 mm.; 418 mm.; 480 mm.; 435 mm.; 375 mm.; 232 mm.
Several specimens, 232–480 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
1250–1253; I. U. Cat. No. 11779.)
This species differs from grandicassis in having the occipital process separated
from the occiput by a broader constriction and the process more elongate-ovate.
Womerine teeth are present in the adult. No patches of teeth are found back
of the two triangular palatine patches.
22. Notarius stricticassis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Plate VIII, fig. 3.)
Arius stricticassis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 58
(Cayenne).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 154 (copied).-BLEEKER, “Silures
de Suriname,” 1864, 55, pl. 5, pl. 12, fig. 4 (Surinam).
Tachisurus grandicassis stricticassis EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., (2), I, 1888, 141 (Bahia; Maranhao); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I,
1890, 68.
Netwma stricticassis Jordan and EveRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, I,
1896, 126. wº
Several specimens, 280–405 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
1260–1262; I. U. Cat. No. 11778.)
FIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 145
I have also examined the specimens in the Leiden Museum.
This species differs from Notarius parmocassis in having the occipital process
still narrower, the margins being little convex. No teeth on vomer; no patches
behind the two triangular palatine patches.
FIG. 30. Outlines of occipital processes of three specimens of Notarius stricticassis (Cuvier and
Valenciennes). Total length of specimens the processes of which are figured in order from left to right:
280 mm.; 400 mm.; 405 mm.
ARIUS Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Arius CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 53.—BLEEKER,
Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 6.2, 67 (arius).
Type, Pimelodus arius Buchanan. * -
Palatine patches of teeth without a backward projecting angle; teeth of the
palate granular, none on the vomer; gill-membranes united to the isthmus, with a
very narrow free margin across the latter.
23. Arius spixi (Agassiz).” (Plate IX, fig. 2.)
Pimelodus a bidus SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, pl. 7, fig. 1 (Equa-
torial Brazil). - -
Pimelodus spicii AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 19.
Arius spicii CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 76 (copied).
Tachisurus spicii EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888,
146 (Maranhao; Bahia; Rio Janeiro; Pará; Santos in São Paulo; Abrolhos);
Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 88.-JORDAN and EvKRMANN, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, I, 1896, 131. -
Arius arenatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 106 (Cay-
enne).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 172 (copied).-BLEEKER, “Silures de
Suriname,” 1864, 53, pl. 4, fig. 2 (Surinam). -
Galeichthys arenatus JoRDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 558 (name only).
Arius nuchalis GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 171 (British Guiana).
Galeichthys nuchalis JoRDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 559 (name only).
* Two specimens of fissus from Cayenne (from the Paris Museum) and one from Surinam (all in
the museum at Leiden) have head 3.4 and 3.6 in the length; otherwise they are very similar to the specimens
of arenatus (= spizi) with head 3.9 in the length. The palatine patches of teeth are also smaller.
146 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Tachisurus nuchalis EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888,
145 (name only); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 86.-Jordan and
EvKRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, I, 1896, 131.
There is no doubt that the specimens recorded below are identical with the
nuchalis of Günther, the types of which I have examined. Whether or not they
are identical with spici is not quite so certain.
Several specimens, 128–235 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
1287a—c; I. U. Cat. No. 11781.)
Several specimens, 140 mm. Mahaica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1732.)
Head 3.6–4; depth 5–5.5; D. I,7; A. 21. Eye 1.5–2 in the snout, 5–6.5 in the
head, 2.75–3 in the interocular.
Body compressed, especially towards the caudal fin, the depth greater than
the width. Head narrowed forward, its greatest width 1.33 in its length, its greatest
depth 1.5; width at the mouth 2.2 in the length of the head. Top of the head
granular in the young, the granules becoming more or less united in the adult,
forming fine reticulating ridges, especially on the occipital process; occipital process
longer than broad, with a blunt median ridge, the margins concave. Fontanel
narrowing without interruptions, continued as a deep tapering groove to near the
base of the occipital process; interorbital area with four ridges; opercles and hu-
meral process rough, covered with skin; sides of the head and snout with reticulating
mucous canals.
Maxillary barbels varying in extent, from about the middle of the pectoral
to the base of the ventrals; post-mental barbels extending to base of pectoral or
to near its tip; mentals to edge of gill-membrane or to beyond base of pectoral.
Upper jaw projecting; lips more or less papillose; teeth on the premaxillary
and the outer ones of the mandible villiform; the inner series of the mandible
and the palate granular; the palatine patches of teeth Small, subovate, sometimes
contiguous in front. - *
Gill-membranes united, joined to the isthmus, a very narrow free margin
across it. Gill-rakers 6 + 11–13. Pectoral pore moderate.
Distance of dorsal spine from snout 2.33–2.64 in the length; the spines 1.2–1.5
in the head, serrated on its inner margin, granular or almost Smooth on its outer
margin. Distance of adipose from the dorsal fin 3.2–3.6 in the length, the adipose
fin shorter than the dorsal fin, free posteriorly. Caudal forked, the upper lobe
slightly the longer, 4–5 in the length. Anal fin scarcely longer than high, its highest
ray about 2 in the head. Wentral fin 1.66–2 in the head. Pectoral spine strong,
about as long as the dorsal spine, Serrate on its inner margin, granular or scarcely
roughened on the outer margin.
EIGENMANN I THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 147
Color brownish above; sides and ventral surface silvery, sometimes with brown
dots. g
HEXANEMATICHTHYs Bleeker.
Hezanematichthys BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 62, 65.
Type, Bagrus sondaicus Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Similar to Arius, but the palatine teeth villiform. The species are found largely
on the Pacific Coast. But one species has been taken in British Guiana.
24. Hexanematichthys rugispinis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Plate IX, fig. 3.)
Arius rugispinis CUVIER and VAIENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 77
(Cayenne).-KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 388 (Pará).—GüN-
THER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 156 (copied).-VAILLANT, Nouv. Arch. Mus.
d’Hist. Nat., (4), II, 1900, 124 (Carsevenne, French Guiana).
Galeichthys rugispinis Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 559 (name only).
Tachisurus rugispinis EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 145 (Pará); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 83.
Several specimens, 235–420 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
1281–1286; I. U. Cat. No. 11780.)
Head 3.5–4; depth 5.5–6; D. I, 7; A. 19–21. Eye 3 in snout; 3.5 in inter-
orbital, 10 in head. Slender, tail compressed. Head broad and depressed, tapering
forward; width of the head 1.5–1.4 in its length, at the angle of the mouth 2.4—2.5;
depth of head 1.6–2; profile rather steep. Top of head, humeral process, front
and sides of the spines, and dorsal plate granular, the granulation not extending
forward to above middle of cheeks. Occipital process triangular, about as long
as broad, the median ridge not very prominent. Middle of the fontanel behind the
eye, the posterior portion separated by a bridge, not continued backward as a
groove; interorbital region with four ridges. -
Barbels villiform; maxillary barbel reaching to or beyond base of pectoral,
post-mental to gill-opening, mental barbels much shorter.
Mouth inferior, lower jaw included, lips thick; teeth villiform, the anterior
ones in the jaws longer, depth of the premaxillary band 4 in its width; palatine
patches of teeth one diameter of the eye apart, the width of the patches less than
one diameter of the eye. g r
Gill-membranes meeting in an angle, forming a fold across the isthmus. Gill-
rakers 6 + 11. Pectoral pore none; vertical series of pores present. -
Distance of dorsal spine from the snout 2.33–2.5 in the length. Space between
dorsal and adipose fins 4–4.66 in the length. Adipose fin adnate, as long as the anal
fin. Wentrals 2.5 in the head; pectoral spine serrate behind.
148 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Subfamily CALLOPHYSINAE.
CALLOPHYSUs Müller and Troschel.
Callophysus Müller and Troschel, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 1 (sp.).-BLEEKER,
Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 101 (macropterus). -
Pimelotropis GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 196 (lateralis = macropterus).
Pseudocallophysus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 102 (ctenodus =
macropterus).
Type, Pimelodus macropterus Lichtenstein.
One series of teeth in the lower jaw, two series in the upper; dorsal and pectoral
without spines; adipose long. A single species.
25. Callophysus macropterus (Lichtenstein).
Pimelodus macropterus LICHTENSTEIN, Wiedem. Zool. Mag., I, iii, 1819, 59 (Brazil).
Callophysus macropterus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
629 (Essequibo); Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 1 (Brazil; Guiana).-GüNTHER, Cata-
logue, W, 1864, 137 (copied).-PETERs, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, 470
(Apuré).—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 120
(Obidos; Lake José Assu; Cameta; Rio Negro; Santarem; Tonantins; Mana-
capuru); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 95.—EIGENMANN and
BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1907, 659 (Amazon).-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 382.
Pimelodus ctenodus AGASSIz, Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 21, plate 8a (Equa-
torial Brazil).-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 186
(copied).-CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 35 (Amazon).
Callophysus ctenodus MüLLER and TRoscHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 2 (Brazil).-
? KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 422 (locality?).-GüNTHER, Cata-
logue, W, 1864, 137 (copied).
Pimelodus insignis SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, pl. 6 (not descr.).
Pimelotropis lateralis GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 196 (Amazon).
Callophysus lateralis GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 136 (copied).-STEINDACHNER,
“Ichthyologische Beiträge,” v, 1876, 105 (Santarem; Tabatinga; Montalegre;
Obidos; Rio Negro; Tonantins; Lake Manacapuru; José Assu).-CoPE,
Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878,676 (Peruvian Amazon).-VAILLANT, Bull.
Soc. Philom., (7), IV, 1880,-(Calderon). -
No specimens were secured. I have examined the specimen collected by
Schomburgk and now in Berlin.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 149
, Head 4–4.66; depth 5–6; Br. 8–9; D. 7; A. 12; eye 3–4 in the snout, 2–3
in the interorbital, 7–8 in the head.
Barbels flat, those of the maxillary reaching to the end of the adipose or beyond.
Color uniform light brown, or with spots on the sides and adipose.
Subfamily PIMELODINAE.
PINIRAMPUs Bleeker.
Pinirampus BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 198 (pirinampu).
Pirinampus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 135.
Type, Pimelodus pirinampu Spix.
Barbels broad, flat with a membranous border behind; first dorsal and pec-
toral rays articulate, not pungent; adipose fin much longer than the anal fin; no
teeth on the vomer. A single species.
26. Pinirampus pirinampu (Spix).
“Mairipak.”
Pimelodus pirinampu SPIx, Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 20, pl. 8 (Brazil).-
SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 183 (Guiana).-CASTELNAU, Anim.
Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 35 (Amazon). -
Pinirampus pirinampu EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 121 (Cameta); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 104.—EIGEN-
MANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 383.
Pimelodus pirinampus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 196
(Brazil).-? KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 416 (locality?).
? Pimelodus barbancho HUMBOLDT, Rec. Obs. Zool., II, 1833, 172 (Venezuela).
Pinirampus typus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 100 (name only).
Pirinampus typus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 135 (copied).
A single specimen of this species 770 mm. long from the falls of the Mazaruni
was secured for me by Mr. Fowler, Commissioner of Lands and Mines. (C. M.
Cat. No. 2490.) -
Head 4.66, depth about 6; D. I,6; A. 11; eye 5.5 in the snout (3.5 in young),
10.75 in the head (7.5 in young), 5 in the interorbital (2.5 in young); adipose 2.2
in the length.
Head depressed, snout parabolic, body subterete, slightly compressed above;
caudal peduncle subterete. First dorsal ray prolonged, longer than the head.
Pectoral spine equal to the head in length, not prolonged; adipose dorsal beginning
near middle of last dorsal ray; maxillary barbel extending to end of ventrals.
Steel blue above, white below.
150 g MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
MEGALONEMA gen, nov.
Megalonema EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 383
(name only).
Type, Megalonema platycephalum sp. nov.
Pimelodines without teeth on vomer, the pectoral and dorsal spines prolonged
into filaments, articulate, not pungent; barbels flattened, not fringed; premaxillary
band of teeth without backward projecting angles; occipital process narrow, not
reaching dorsal plate; caudal deeply forked; eye in middle of head.
27. Megalonema platycephalum sp. nov. (Plate X, fig. 2.)
Megalonema platycephalum EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 383 (name only).
Type, 173 mm. Tumatumari. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1684a.)
Cotypes, four specimens, 37–65 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1685a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12060.) - -
Head 3.66; depth 5.5, D. I,6; A. 11; eye 2 in snout, 5 in head, equal to
interorbital. - -
Triangular in section at the dorsal, becoming oval at the caudal peduncle;
profile nearly straight descending to the snout, ventral profile straight.
FIG. 31. Outline of premaxillary band of teeth in Megalonema platycephalum Eigenmann.
Head rounded at the occiput, flat between the eyes; occipital process spine-
like, not quite reaching the dorsal plate; a pair of ridges from in front of the max-
illary barbels converging to the base of the occipital process; fontanel not continued
to the posterior margin of the eye; upper jaw projecting the width of the premax-
illary band of teeth; snout broad, depressed, width of mouth equals half the length
of the head; width of premaxillary band of teeth 7 in the length of its outer margin,
its outer ends rounded.
Maxillary barbel reaching tip of anal; outer mental barbel reaching tip of inner
pectoral ray; the mental barbels some distance in advance of the outer or post-
mentals, reaching base of pectorals; gill-membranes broadly overlapping, separate
to below the angle of the mouth. g
Dorsal spine slender, articulate above, as long as the head, the rays decreasing
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 151
*
in height, the second extending past the tip of the last; space between the dorsals
6.5 in the length, base of adipose 4.25; caudal lobes slender, longer than head, the
middle rays about one-third the length of the lobes; anal emarginate, the anterior
rays extending past the tip of the last; ventrals not reaching anal; pectoral to
ventrals.
Straw-color in alcohol; a pair of hidden spots at the base of the caudal, lower
lobe dusky.
In the specimen 65 mm. long the first pectoral ray is enormously prolonged,
reaching past origin of the anal; first dorsal ray to the adipose; in the younger
specimens they are shorter. In the young there is a faint lateral streak, an area along
the base of the anal and along the middle of the back, four streaks on the snout,
one from mouth up to base of maxillary barbel and then back to eye, and a pair
along the middle of the snout, diverging in front and behind.
PSEUDOPIMELODUs Bleeker.
Pseudopinelodus BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 196, 207 (sp.).; Nederl.
Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 101 (raninus).
Batrachoglanis GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI., 1858, 389.
Type, Pimelodus raminus Cuvier and Valenciennes. - -
Distinguished from Microglanis by the backward projecting angles in the
premaxillary patches of teeth. ge
In 1890 I identified Pimelodus bufonius with the Pimelodus zungaro of Hum-
boldt. Humboldt's species is known only from his figure and description, which
are said to have been taken from a fish three feet four inches long and reported
to attain seven feet. It is very doubtful whether the zungaro of Eigenmann and
Eigenmann from Goyaz is identical with Humboldt's species. It is also very
doubtful whether Pimelodus mangurus Valenciennes from the La Plata is syn-
onymous with zungaro. This elimination of synonyms leaves the genus Pseudo-
pimelodus, as here understood, consisting of raninus Cuvier and Valenciennes
(the type), bufonius Cuvier and Valenciennes, acanthocheira Eigenmann and
Eigenmann, cottoides Boulenger, and the two species here described.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PSEUDoPIMELODUS.
a. Occipital crest not meeting the dorsal plate; dorsal, caudal and ventrals in adult spotted, the latter
- two not margined with white; dorsal with a median or submedian light bar on the last rays, its
margin sometimes white; no humeral spine, pectoral teeth not as wide as the spine ...villosus.
aa. Occipital crest meeting the dorsal plate; a humeral spine.
b. Teeth on anterior margin of the pectoral spine as wide as the spine or wider.
152 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
c. Nape usually without a distinct light band; dorsal, caudal, anal and ventrals edged with
white.
d. Maxillary barbels not quite reaching gill-opening; dorsal spine rough on both edges.
- albomarginatus.
dd. Maxillary barbels reaching a little beyond tip of humeral process. . . . . . . . . raninus.
(cc. Nape with a zigzag cross-band; anal margined with white. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acanthochira.
bb. Teeth on anterior margin of the pectoral less than half the width of the spine.......... cottoides and
- bufonius.)
28. Pseudopinmelodus villosus sp. nov. (Plate X, fig. 1.)
2 Pimelodus raninus (not of Cuvier and Valenciennes) MüLLER and TROSCHEL,
in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 628 (all rivers).
Pimelodus (Pseudopimelodus) raninus PETERs, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, 470
(Apuré). -
Pseudopimelodus villosus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 384 (name only).
Type, 148 mm. Potaro Landing. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1677.) s
Cotypes, two specimens, 148 and 142 mm. Potaro Landing. (I. U. Cat. No.
12056.) -
FIG. 32. Outline of Pseudopinelodus villosus Eigenmann. Type. C. M. Cat. No. 1677.
Cotype, one specimen, 38 mm. Kumaka, Demerara. (C. M. Cat. No. 1680.)
Cotype, one specimen, 52 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1679.)
Head 3–3.2; depth 5–5.3; D. I,6; A. 11; eye 3 in snout, 10 in head, 5 in
distance between the eyes.
Everywhere covered with fine hair-like filaments, these especially abundant
above the pectoral. Width of head scarcely less than its length; depth of head a
little more than half its length; head flat above; anterior nostrils with very short
tubes; jaws equal; width of mouth equaling length of head without snout; depth
of premaxillary bands of teeth 6 in their width; a sharp backward prolongation at
the outer angle; maxillary barbel reaching middle of pectoral, outer mental barbel

EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 153
to the base of the last ray; inner mental barbels considerably in advance of the
Outer. - -
Distance of dorsal spine from snout 2.4 in the length, the spine about half the
length of the head, roughened with antrorse notches in front towards the tip,
Smooth behind; dorsal rays nearly all of the same height, equal to head less snout;
caudal notched, the upper lobe longer, nearly equal to the length of the head; and
rounded, reaching caudal; ventrals to anal; pectorals not to ventrals; pectoral
spine strong, about equal to head without snout, with retrorse teeth along its
entire posterior margin, its anterior margin with antrorse teeth which, in the adult,
are nearly as long as the spine is wide. -
Marbled, dark and light brown, without distinct markings on the body, the
area between the dorsals and below the posterior part of the adipose lighter in the
younger specimens. Margin and a variable median band on the posterior rays
of the dorsal light; caudal, anal, ventrals and pectorals profusely spotted, the
margins hyaline. r
In the specimens mentioned by Müller and Troschel and by Peters the premaxil-
lary band of teeth have a backward projecting angle. Both are in such a bad state
of preservation that I am not sure whether they are to be referred to this species
Or not.
29. Pseudopinmelodus albomarginatus sp. nov. (Plate XI, fig. 1.) .
Pseudopimelodus albomarginatus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Pata-
gonia, III, 1910, 384 (name only).
Type, 98 mm. Tukeit. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1680.)
Cotypes, twenty-one specimens, 33–108 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 1681
a—d; I. U. Cat. No. 12057.) -
Cotype, one specimen, 90 mm. Waratuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1682.) #
Head 2.66–2.9; depth 4.66; D. I,6; A. 10; eye 4 in snout; 12 in head, 5 in
space between the eyes. •,
Snout much depressed, head flat above; width of head but very little less
than its length, its height equal to half its width; anterior nostrils with a tube
projecting slightly beyond the upper lip; jaws equal, width of mouth equals length
of head without the snout; width of premaxillary bands of teeth about 6 in their
anterior margin, a long pointed backward projecting angle; maxillary barbel not
quite reaching gill-opening; outer mental barbel scarcely shorter.
Distance between snout and dorsal spine 2.25–2.3 in the length, the spine
slightly rough on the upper half of its margins; dorsal rays of nearly equal height,
154 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
2 in the head; caudal notched, the upper lobe much longer, nearly or quite equal
to the length of the head; anal reaching lobe of caudal, ventrals to anal; pectorals
not to ventrals; pectoral spine less than half the length of the head, its inner margin
with strong recurved hooks, its outer margin with still larger teeth, antrorse near
the tip, retrorse near the base. .
Black, with markings of brown, the lighter color forming a blotch on the
sides, below the space between the dorsal and a few smaller irregular ones in front
of it; adipose and upper surface of caudal peduncle and a spot on or near the lower
surface of the peduncle also light brown. Dorsal black, its margin and a wedge
entering the posterior rays hyaline; caudal with a median spotted area near its
base, the margin white, the rest of the fin black; anal, ventrals and pectorals each
with a light, clouded area at the base, and a broad black band and white margin,
which is very narrow on the pectoral.
30. Pseudopinelodus raninus (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Pimelodus raminus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 157
(Mana; Rio Janeiro)—KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857,421 (Barr
do Rio Negro; Guaporé; Mattogrosso). -
Pseudopimelodus raninus STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv., 1882,
4 (Rio Huallaga).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal.
- Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 111. *
Batrachoglanis raminus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 383 (name only). -
No specimens of this species were secured by me. The specimens mentioned
by Günther as from the Essequibo do not belong to this species. I examined the
types. Three specimens, 91–110 mm. “De la Mana, Leschenault,” in the Jardin
des Plantes. . -
Dorsal plate long, nearly touching the occipital process. Dorsal spine Smooth;
pectoral spine with strong teeth in front and behind, as wide as the Spine.
Maxillary barbel reaching a little beyond the tip of the humeral spine; a band be-
tween the gill-openings, a submedian band on the last dorsal rays, tips of rays
hyaline, anal similar, base and subterminal band of caudal dark.
Two of the specimens are nearly uniform dark brown, one has a very distinct
band between the gill-openings, and all have the entering wedge of light on the
dorsal and anal and have the vertical fins margined with white. Willose as in
villosus. • - -
All have backward projecting angles to the premaxillary bands of teeth. "
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 155
MICROGLANIS gen. nov."
Type, Microglanis poecilus sp. nov.
Small Pimelodines, reaching a maximum length of 110 mm., with the head as
wide as long, the skull covered by skin only; the occipital crest Small; frontal
fontanel not extending much if any behind the eye, sometimes a minute occipital
fontanel. Eye without a free orbital margin; dorsal and pectoral spines well-
developed; premaxillary patches of teeth without backward projecting angles.
The species of this genus parahyba and pulcher are variegated and marked
with three more or less well-defined cross-bands, one over the nape, one behind the
dorsal, and one across the caudal peduncle.
31. Microglanis poecilus sp. nov.” (Plate XII, fig. 2.)
Eight specimens, 22–37 mm. Below Packedo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1676
a and b; I. U. Cat. No. 12055.)
- The larger of the two specimens in the Carnegie Museum (a) may be considered
the type. - - -
g Head as wide as long, 3.4 in the length; depth 6; D. I,6; A. 9; eye 2.5 in
Snout, 8 in head, 3.5 in distance between the eyes. •
Head depressed, snout rounded; barbels banded, the maxillary barbel reaching
tip of humeral process, post-mental to base of last pectoral ray; mental barbel
considerably in advance of the post-mentals; mouth wide, but its angle in front
of the eye; lower jaw slightly projecting; anterior nares not tubular.
Distance of dorsal from snout 2.4 in the length, the spine about twice as long
as the eye; pectoral spine strong, with large teeth along the entire length of both
margins, half of those of the outer margin retrorse, the other half antrorse; ventrals
inserted behind the vertical from the last dorsal ray, just reaching the rounded
anal; base of dorsal, adipose, and anal about equal in length; upper caudal lobe
longer than head. *
A light, wavy band across the nape from the pectoral to pectoral; a light spot
at base of dorsal spine; a light band downward and backward from behind the
dorsal, joining another light band which extends upward but not to the dorsal spine;
an oval light area in front of adipose; a light band across caudal peduncle; some
light vermiculations about the snout; the light areas sometimes bordered by white,
the extent of light and dark brown varying greatly, sometimes one and sometimes
the other predominating. Pectoral light, with an oblique dark band; dorsal black,
* ulxpos, small, YAávis, cat-fish.
*The duplicates of this new species were distributed as Batrachoglanis raninus.
156 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
its margin and a wedge near the middle of the posterior rays hyaline; caudal
spotted, sometimes a narrow subterminal black band; anal and ventrals spotted;
lower surface profusely but faintly spotted.
BRACHYGLANIs” gen. nov.
Breviglamis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 384
(name only).
Type, Brachyglanis frenata sp. nov.
Dorsal and pectoral spines well-developed, pungent; skull covered with a thick
layer of muscle; ventrals under posterior half of dorsal; caudal forked, the lobes
short and about equal; adipose fin not joined to the caudal; anal short; occipital
process very short, the skull with a median ridge to near the eye, the fontanel
short; eyes small, not strictly superior, without a free orbital notch; premaxillary
patch of teeth without a backward projecting angle. f
KEY. To THE SPECIES or BRACHYGLANIs.
a. Maxillary barbel in the adult not reaching gill-openings when laid back, to the pectoral in the young;
a dark streak from anterior nares through eyes to gill-openings; a light streak in front of dorsal.
frenata.
aa. Maxillary barbel extending to below the dorsal.
b. Color uniform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . melas.
bb. A broad quadrate light spot on the back in front of the dorsal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . phalacra.
32. Brachygianis frenata sp. nov.
Breviglamis frenata EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
384 (name only).
Type, 49 mm. Amatuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1670.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 41 and 68 mm. Amatuk. (I. U. Cat. No. 12052.)
Head 3.5; depth about 5; D. I,6; A. 7 or 8; eye 2 in the snout, 7.5 in the
head, 1.5 in the distance between the eyes.
Tail compressed, depth nearly uniform from caudal peduncle to occiput; head
tapering to the flat snout; head slightly rounded above, its width equal to its
length exclusive of the part in front of the posterior nares, its depth equal to the
postorbital part of the head; angle of mouth below front margin of eye; the tubular
anterior nares projecting beyond the upper lip; maxillary barbel in the Smallest
extending to the pectoral spine, not to gill-opening in the largest; inner mental
barbels but slightly in advance of the outer. -
Dorsal spine equal to snout and eye or a little less, the dorsal rays of nearly
* 8paxºs, short, YAdvis, cat-fish.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 157
equal height, 2 in head; distance from snout to dorsal 2.7 in the length; adipose
fin beginning at the tip of the dorsal, its margin rounded, free posteriorly; caudal
short and very broad; anal short, rounded, its origin near the vertical from the
middle of the adipose; pectoral fin reaching ventral, the spine short, pointed, with
recurved hooks on both margins.
Light brown, spotted and marbled with darker; a clavate light area in front
of the dorsal; a dark streak from the anterior nares to the upper angle of the gill-
opening; bases of dorsal and caudal opaque, then abruptly hyaline, the margin of
the opaque area of the caudal blackish.
33. Brachyglanis melas sp. nov. (Plate XI, fig. 2.)
Breviglanis melas EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
384 (name only). º -
Type, 60 mm. Crab Falls. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1672.)
Cotypes, nine specimens, 36–53 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1673a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12053.)
Cotype, one specimen, 44 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No. 1674a.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 32–48 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1675a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12054.)
* Head 3.8; depth 5.5–8; D. I,6–9; A. 8, rarely 7. Maxillary barbel extending
to below the dorsal; outer mental barbel to base of last pectoral ray or to gill-
opening; origin of adipose fin some distance behind the tip of the dorsal, 5–5.5 in
the length. Light brown to blue-black; no markings; fins as in frenata.
34. Brachyglanis phalacra sp. nov. (Plate XII, fig. 1, and Plate XIII, fig. 1.)
Breviglanis phalacra EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
384 (name only). -
Type, 81 mm. Amatuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1671.)
Very similar to frenata.
D. I,8; eye 3 in snout, 11 in head, 2 in distance between the eyes; maxillary
barbel reaching to below the middle of the dorsal, outer mental barbel to the gill-
opening.
Light brown, a dark margin to the opaque portion of the caudal; a large quad-
rate yellow spot just behind the head, connected with a light bar extending down
over the opercle.
Otherwise as in frenata.
158 g MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
e LEPTOGLANIs” gen. nov.
Leptoglanis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 384
(name only). e
Type, Leptoglanis essequibensis sp. nov.
First dorsal ray soft or a minute spine; pectoral spine short but strong; origin
of ventrals under posterior half of dorsal, far in advance of the middle; adipose
fin long and low, continuous with caudal; caudal rounded; anal long; top of head
covered with a thick layer of muscle; an oval fontanel at the base of the occipital
process; premaxillary patch of teeth subrhomboidal, with the outer posterior angle
prolonged backward.
35. Leptoglanis essequibensis sp. nov. (Plate XIII, fig. 2.)
Leptoglanis essequibensis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 384 (name only). - f
Type, 156 mm. Crab Falls. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1652.)
Cotypes, four specimens, 90–170 mm. Crab Falls. (I. U. Cat. No. 12041.)
Cotypes, five specimens, 50–170 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1653a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12042.) - - §
Cotype, one specimen, 66 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1654a.)
Head 4–4.9; depth 9.5; D. 7 or I,6; A. 15–17; eye 2.5–3 in snout, 8–11 in
head. º
Elongate, depth of caudal peduncle equals depth at eyes; depth behind dorsal
equals depth of head, which is equal to half its width; occipital crest very short,
not nearly reaching dorsal; eye superior; anterior nostrils tubular, extending be-
yond upper lip; posterior nostrils nearer the eyes than to the anterior; head, and
especially the snout, depressed; mouth terminal, the lips thin, plicate; premaxillary
patch of teeth subrhomboidal, the outer angle much prolonged, its depth at the
middle about 1.5 in its outer edge; an oval fontanel at the base of the occipital
process; no frontal fontanel. -
Angle of the mouth considerably in advance of the eye; maxillary barbel reach-
ing to middle of dorsal in the adult, farther in the young; outer mental barbels on a
line with the angles of the mouth, reaching the opercle; inner mental barbels con-
siderably in advance of the outer, their distance from the edge of the lower lip
equal to the distance between the outer barbels; four large pores on the lower lip.
Pectoral spine strong, its length equal to half the length of the head, with
teeth along the basal parts of both edges, much stronger in the young; pectorals
* Aerrós, slender, YAdvis, cat-fish.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 159
not reaching ventrals; distance from snout to dorsal 3.3—3.4 in the length, the spine
evident in the young, less than twice the length of the eye, becoming soft with age;
adipose dorsal long and low, connected with a forward extension of the caudal,
3.5 in the length; origin of ventrals near vertical from middle of dorsal or farther
back.
Ashy to steel-blue above; fins hyaline.
MYOGLANIs” gen. nov.
Myoglanis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 384.
Type, Myoglanis potaroënsis sp. nov.
First ray of dorsal soft; pectoral spine very strong; skull entirely covered above
by a thick layer of muscle; ventrals under posterior half of dorsal; caudal forked,
the lower lobe longest; adipose long and low, continued to the caudal, there being
no caudal fulcra; a frontal fontanel, scarcely extending beyond the minute eyes;
skull behind the fontanel narrow, with a median ridge; occipital crest narrow and
short; eyes very small, directed slightly sidewise, mostly upward, no free orbital
margin; the two premaxillary patches of teeth forming a crescent; anal long.
It is probable that the Acentronichthys collettii of Steindachner belongs to this
genus.
36. Myoglanis potaroënsis sp. nov. (Plate XIV, fig. 1.)
Myoglanis potaroënsis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 384 (name only). •.
Type, about 58 mm. Creek at Tukeit. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1664.) g
Cotypes, sixteen specimens, the largest 60 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No.
1665a–d; I. U. Cat. No. 12048.) .
Cotypes, three specimens, 99–113 mm. Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1666a; I. U. Cat. No. 12049.) g
Cotypes, three specimens, 35–40 mm. Waratuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1667a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12050.) - +.
Cotype, one specimen, 33 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 1668a.)
Cotypes, eight specimens, 32–80 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1669a–b;
I, U. Cat. No. 12051.)
Head 4–4.3; depth 5.3–8; D. 6 to 8; A. 16–21; width of head equals its length
without snout; depth of head 2 in its length; eye 14 in head, 3.5 in snout, 5 in space
between the eyes. - - *
* ußs, muscle, YAávis, cat-fish.
160 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Compressed behind, depth from occiput to middle of anal nearly equal; head
not greatly depressed, rounded above; occipital process short, its tip a little nearer
to the dorsal than to the line between the posterior margins of the eye; anterior
nostril very close to the lip; lips very thin, smooth; angle of snout below the eye;
maxillary barbel reaching tip of pectoral in the adult, somewhat farther in the
young; inner mental barbel in advance of the line joining the outer. :
Distance from dorsal to snout 2.6 in the length; tip of dorsal about reaching
adipose, which is about 3 in the length; caudal frequently divided to the base,
the lower lobe the longer; pectoral spine strong, not quite half the length of the
head, with recurved spines on both margins; anal long, the tips of some of the
rays reaching caudal, its base 3.5–4 in the length.
Purplish brown, lighter below, the rayed fins lighter. No distinct markings.
CHASMOCRANUS” gen. nov.
Chasmocephalus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
384 (name only, preoccupied).
Type, Chasmocranus longior sp. nov.
First rays of pectoral and dorsal soft; origin of ventrals under origin of dorsal
or but slightly behind it, far in advance of the middle; caudal forked; top of skull
covered with skin only; fontanel narrow, extending to the base of the occipital,
interrupted over the eyes and again some distance behind the eyes; occipital crest
short and narrow; eyes superior, without a free orbital margin; adipose fin low,
not connected with the caudal; premaxillary patch of teeth subrhomboidal, its
outer posterior angle extended backward; anal short.
Closely allied to Heptapterus and Acentronichthys.
KEY. To THE SPECIES of CHASMOCRANUS.
a. Adipose fin 3.5–4.5 in the length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . longior.
aa. Adipose fin about 6 in the length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , e s s e e º e s e s s a s m e s s brevior.
37. Chasmocranus longior sp. nov. (Plate XIV, fig. 2.)
Chasmocephalus longior EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 384 (name only).
Type, 110 mm. Amatuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1655.)
Cotypes, twelve specimens, 40–93 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1656a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12043.)
Cotypes, three specimens, 95–129 mm. Maripicru ? (C. M. Cat. No. 1657a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12044.)
*xásua, a gaping, spávov, head.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 161
Cotype, one specimen, 89 mm. Waratuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1658a.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 67 and 68 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No.
1659a; I. U. Cat. No. 12046.)
Cotypes, twelve specimens, 38–83 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1660
a—c; I. U. Cat. No. 12046.)
One specimen, 60 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1661a.) This may
prove to be distinct. -
Very similar to Leptoglamis.

*
&TG (S
º
N
FIG. 33. Chasmocranus longior Eigenmann. Type. C. M. Cat. No. 1655.
Head 4.5–5; depth 9–10; D. 7; A. usually 11 or 12, rarely 10; width of head
less than its length, its depth 2 or 3 in its length; eye 6–7 in head, 2–2.66 in snout,
1–1.33 in distance between the eyes. *
Head depressed, tail compressed; tip of occipital crest about equidistant from
snout and dorsal; anterior nostril nearer the snout than to posterior nostril; lips
thin, plicate; mouth terminal, its angle about midway between anterior and pos-
terior nostrils; depth of premaxillary patch of teeth about 1.5 in the length of its
outer margin; maxillary barbel extending to or a little beyond origin of pectoral;
outer and inner mental barbels in a straight line, their distance from the edge of
the lower lip equal to the distance between the inner barbels.
Distance of dorsal from tip of snout 2.5–2.66 in the length, the rays from the
Second to the sixth of about equal height; ventrals and dorsal equidistant from
tip of snout; pectorals rounded, equal to head less snout in length; origin of anal
under origin of adipose, its base long, last but fourth ray highest or of equal height
with those immediately in front of it; caudal slightly forked, the lobes rounded, of
nearly equal length, considerably less than length of head. -
Dark brown to black; sometimes a light streak across back from gill-opening
to gill-opening; a light spot at base of first dorsal ray; fins light brown or blackish
with white margins. * -
162 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
38. Chasmocranus brevior sp. nov. (Plate XV, fig. 1.)
Chasmocephalus brevior EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 384 (name only).
Type, 56 mm. Waratuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1662a.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 69 mm. Waratuk. (I. U. Cat. No. 12047.)
* One specimen, 23 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1663a.)
This species differs from longior in having more pointed caudal lobes, and
especially in the length of the adipose fin, which is contained six times in the length.
RHAMDIA Bleeker.
Pimelodus LACáPłDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, − (sp.).-CUVIER, Règne Animal,
II, 1817, 203 (sp.).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 114 (sp.). -
Pteronotus SWAINSON, Class. Fishes, Amph., and Rept., II, 1839, 309 (5-tentaculatus),
preoccupied in mollusks. -
Rhamdia BLEEKER, Icth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 197, 207 (sp.).; Nederl.
Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 101 (queleni). -
Pimelonotus GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 391 (vilsoni).
Notoglanis GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 136 (multiradiatus).
Type, Pimelodus quelen Quoy and Gaimard.
Eye with a free orbital margin. Teeth on vomer none or minute; occipital
process short, not reaching the dorsal plate; no parietal fontanel; head covered
with skin, not granular; caudal forked; barbels terete. &
REY To THE GUIANA SPECIES of RHAMDLA.
a. D. I,6 or 7.
b. Premaxillary band of teeth rounded laterally.
c. Maxillary barbel not or very rarely extending to middle of adipose. Space between the eyes
22–2.6 in the head, both caudal lobes rounded, not quite as long as head, the sixth ray
of the upper lobe from the median cleft longest; eye 3 in the snout, 6.5-7 in the head,
3 in the space between the eyes; adipose dorsal 2.5 in the length. . . . . . . . . . . . . quelen.
cc. Maxillary barbel extending past middle of adipose; upper caudal lobe pointed; the fifth ray
of the upper lobe from the median cleft longest; space between the eyes about 2.33 in
the head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sebae.
bb. Premaxillary band of teeth with a backward projecting angle laterally. Maxillary barbel not
extending to middle of adipose; space between the eyes 3 in the head; caudal cleft, both
lobes rounded, the third or fourth ray from the cleft in the upper lobe longest; adipose dorsal
2-2.4 in the length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . holomelas.
aa. D. I,10; A.6; maxillary barbel to tip of ventrals... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arekaima.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 163
39. Rhamdia quelen (Quoy and Gaimard).
Pimelodus quelen QUOY and GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 1824, pl. 49, figs. 3–4.
Rhamdia quelen EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888,
126 (Santa Clara; Rio Mucuri; Juiz de Fora; Campos; Rio Jequitinhonha;
Mendez; Rio de Janeiro; Macacos; São Matheos; Rio Parahyba; Canna-
vierias; Rio Grande do Sul); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 127;
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 28.—BERG, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
IV, 1895, 133.−EIGENMANN and Norris, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IV, 1900, 350
(Taubaté).-EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903,
499 (Estanciala Armonia; Asuncion; Campo Grande).-EIGENMANN and BEAN,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1907, 660 (Amazon).-EIGENMANN, Ann. Car-
negie Mus., IV, 1907, 113 (Corumbá); Repts. Princeton Univ. F.Xp. Pata-
gonia, III, 1910, 386.
Rhamdia queleni BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 101 (name only).
Pimelodus queleni GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 123 (Brazil).-BoulENGER,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XV, 1900,—(Carandasińho).
Pimelodus (Rhamdia) queleni STEINDACHNER, “Süsswasserfische Südóstlichen
Brasilien,” iii, 1876, 64 (Rio Parahyba, near Juiz de Fora; Campos; Rio
Doce; Porto Alegre; Cannavierias; Amazon, near Pará; Bahia).
Heterobranchus sextentaculatus AGASSIZ, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 28,
pl. 11 (12 in. long; locality ?).
Pimelodus sellonis MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 2 (Brazil).
2 Pimelodus bahianus CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 35, pl. 16, fig. 2
(Bahia). - -
Pimelodus seba. KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 417, fig. 19 (Maar-
bitanos). - º
Silurus sapipoca (ex. Natterer, MS.) KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien., XXVI, 1857,418.
Pimelodus wuchereri GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 123 (Bahia).
Pimelodus (Rhamdia) queleni cuprea STEINDACHNER, “Süsswasserfische Südóstlichen
Brasilien,” iii, 1876, 65 (Juiz de Fora).
Pimelodus (Rhamdia) cuyabae STEINDACHNER, “Süsswasserfische Südóstlichen
Brasilien,” iii, 1876, 75, footnote (Cuyabá). - g
Six specimens, 112–169 mm. Gatuck Creek, Potaro Highlands. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1594a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11999.)
Forty-one specimens, 71—230 mm. Aruataima. (C. M. Cat. No. 1595a-i;
I. U. Cat. No. 12000.) & g -
164 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Six specimens, 107–184 mm. Yackeatonuk Fall, Potaro River. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1596a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 12001.)
Eight specimens, 86–168 mm. Nickaparu Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1604a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12002.)
Fifteen specimens, 80–219 mm. Guiana, label not legible, collected by Indians
in the upper Potaro or upper Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 1605a–e; I. U. Cat.
No. 12005.)
One specimen, 215 mm. Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No. 1597a.)
Thirteen specimens, 78–164 mm. Holmia, creeks. (C. M. Cat. No. 1598a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12003.) tº
Three specimens, 205–242 mm. Chipoo Creek, branch of the Ireng. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1599a; I. U. Cat. No. 12004.)
This species inhabits the plateaus of Guiana. It has not been recorded from
Guiana before. It is very closely allied to sebae, from which it differs principally
in its longer maxillary barbel.
Head 4.16–4.5; depth 5–4.3; D. I,6; A. 11.
Head about an orbital diameter longer than broad; eye in middle of head, 6.5
in head in adult, 2.5 in interorbital; maxillary barbel reaching middle of adipose
in the young, not to middle in the old ; outer or post-mental barbel not reaching
beyond pectoral; dorsal spine equaling snout in adult; pectoral spine a little
longer; spines shorter in the young; adipose fin half of the length without the head;
caudal cleft to its base, the upper lobe narrower, both lobes rounded, equal to the
head. Ashy above, blotched with darker; base of dorsal opaque at base, then
hyaline, darker above; other fins uniform.
40. Rhamdia sebae (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
“Rhamdia ou bagre de rio” MARCGRAVE, Hist. Rer. Nat. Bras., IV, 1648, 149.
SEBA, Locupl. Rer. Nat. Thes. Acc. Descr., III, 1748, pl. 29, fig. 5.
“Mystus’’ No. 83, GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., I, 1754, 34; No. 384, Zoophyl., 1763, 125.
Pimelodus seboe CUVIER and VALENCIENNEs, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 169
(Surinam; Cayenne; Rio Janeiro; Buenos Aires).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL,
in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 628 (all Guiana rivers).—HYRTL, Denkschr.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVI, 1859, 16 (vertebrae 11 + 2 + 26).—QUOY and
GAIMARD, Woy. Uranie et Physicienne, Zool., 1824, 228, pl. 49, figs. 3 and 4.—
GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 119 (Demerara; British Guiana; Brazil).
Pimelodus (Rhamdia) seba, STEINDACHNER, “Süsswasserfische Südâstlichen
Brasilien,” iii, 1876, 68 (Demerara; Essequibo; St. Martha, mouth of
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 165
Magdalena); “Fisch-Fauna Magdalenen-Stromes,” 1878, 17 (Magdalena);
“Fisch-Fauna des Cauca,” etc., 1880, 7 (Cauca).
Rhamdia Sebae EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), I, 1888, 126
(Tonantins; Gurupa; Rio Janeiro; Bahia; Xingu; Santa Cruz; Cudajas; São
Matheos; Rio Doce; Serpa; Tabatinga; Goyaz; Pará; Teffé; Surinam;
Villa Bella); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 123; Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 28.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Pata-
gonia, III, 1910, 385.
Pimelodus stegelichii MüLLE and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 628
(forest brooks); Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 3 (Surinam).-GüNTHER, Catalogue,
V, 1864, 121 (Demerara; Surinam).
Pimelodus musculus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 4 (America).
Pimelodus mülleri GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 119 (River Capin; Pará; Surinam).
Rhamdia queleni BLEEKER (not of Quoy and Gaimard), “Silures de Suriname,”
1864, 75 (Surinam). *
Twenty-nine specimens, 96–246 mm. Mud creek in Aruka River. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1588a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 11194.) -
One specimen, 119 mm. Below Packedo Falls, Essequibo. (C. M. Cat. No.
1589a.) 4
Seven specimens, 118–226 mm. Creek in Barima River. (C. M. Cat. No.
1590a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 11995.) *
Five specimens, 150–280 mm. Creek in Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No.
1591a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 11996.)
Fourteen specimens, 129–228 mm. Gluck Island, Rockstone. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1592a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11997.) - -
One specimen, 153 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 1593.)
One specimen, 294 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (I. U. Cat. No. 11998.)
One specimen, 200 mm. Georgetown, mud-flats. (C. M. Cat. No. 1601.)
One specimen, 220 mm. Botanic Gardens. (C. M. Cat. No. 1602.)
One specimen, 244 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1603.) -
I have also examined the types of stegelichii in Berlin.
Head 4–4.25; depth 3.3—5.16; D. I,6; A. 10–12; eye in the middle or slightly
in advance of the middle of the head, 6–6.5 in the head in the adult, 2–2.5 in the
interorbital; maxillary barbel reaching beyond middle of adipose, to tip of caudal
in some young; post-mental barbels to tip of pectoral or beyond origin of ventral.
Dorsal spine somewhat longer than snout in adult (shorter in young); pectoral
spine somewhat longer than snout and eye in the adult; adipose fin nearly half the
166 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
length from eye to caudal. Upper caudal lobe more pointed than in quelen, equal
to the length of the head. Ashy to black, with darker mottlings, or plain, other-
wise as in quelen. -
One of the types, 262 mm. long, in the Jardin des Plantes has the maxillary
barbel extending to the second third of the adipose only (the specimen mentioned
by Cuvier and Valenciennes from Guayaquil is another species), upper caudal
lobes rounded, the fourth ray longest.
41. Rhamdia holomelas (Günther).
Pimelodus holomelas GüNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), XXII, 1863, 442
(Essequibo); Catalogue, W, 1864, 120 (Essequibo).
I have examined the types in the British Museum and seven specimens, 275–
345 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 1600a and 2227a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 12413.)
Head 4–4.2; depth 5.5–5.66; D. 6; A. 11–13; adipose dorsal 2–2.4 in the length.
Head about an orbital diameter longer than broad, its depth half of its length;
interorbital flat, the snout distinctly depressed, the upper jaw longer; premax-
illary band of teeth five and a half times as long as deep, a distinct backward pro-
jecting angle laterally; maxillary barbel extending beyond the base of the pectoral
but not to its tip, post-mental a little beyond the base of the pectoral. Caudal cleft
to the base, one short ray on either side of the cleft; the second ray of the upper lobe
nearly as long as the third and fourth; both lobes rounded; pectoral spine equal to
the postorbital portion of the head or a little longer, with retrorse hooks in front,
slightly rough near the middle behind. Black, with obscure marblings.
42. Rhamdia arekaima (Schomburgk).
Pimelodus arekaima ScHoMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 178 (not pl. 5),
(Upper Essequibo).-MüLLER and TROsCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III,
1848, 643 (all rivers of the savannah).
Pimelodus multiradiatus KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 414 (Borba
on the Rio Madeira; Forte do Rio Branco on the Rio Takutu).
Notoglanis multiradiatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 136 (copied).
Rhamdia multiradiatus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 126 (name); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 130.—EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 386, part.
Habitat, Amazon and its tributaries, and northward.
This species is placed here on the authority of Schomburgk. The plate of
Schomburgk's arekaima is apparently Pimelodus clarias and the description does
not fit it. The specimen from which the drawing was made was said to be two feet
three inches long, of fine flavor, and called “Tiger fish.’’
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 167
RHAMDELLA Eigenmann and Eigenmann.
Rhamdella EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 129
(eriarcha). •
Type, Rhamdella eriarcha EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN.
This genus differs from Rhamdia in the presence of a long slit-like parietal
fontanel. Most of the species are found in southeastern Brazil.
43. Rhamdella foina (Müller and Troschel).
Pimelodus foina MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 628
(Takutu); Horæ Ichth., III, 1849, 5 (Guiana),—GüNTHER, Catalogue, V,
1864, 130 (copied). -
Rhamdia foina EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 126
(name); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 126; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIV, 1891, 28.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 386. - -
This species has been taken but once before; I have examined the type in
Berlin and five specimens, 141–201 mm. Warraputa Cataract. (C. M. Cat. No.
1587a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 12007.)
Head 4; depth 5–6.5; D. I, 6; A. 10. -
Head much depressed, its depth equal to eye and postorbital part of head, its
width equal to the length behind the maxillary barbel; head evenly archéd from
its lower margin to its lower margin, the eyes directed upward and outward, 4 in
the head, two-thirds of the interorbital; occipital fontanel long and narrow; occip-
ital process very short, extending about one-fourth of the distance to the dorsal
spine. Premaxillary teeth fine, in a band of about equal width throughout.
Maxillary barbel extending slightly beyond tip of pectoral; post-mental a little
beyond their base. -
Dorsal spine two-fifths the length of the head; base of dorsal a little less than
its distance from the adipose, which is 3.5 in the length. Caudal forked, not cleft
to its base, the lower lobe rounded, the upper lobe pointed, 4 longer than the
lower, 3.5 in the length; depth of caudal peduncle about half its length.
Uniform blue-black to mottled ashy; dorsal uniform or its base darker.
PIMELODELLA Eigenmann and Eigenmann.
Pseudorhamdia STEINDACHNER, “Süsswasserfische Südóstlichen Brasilien,” iii, 1876,
46 (lateristriga), not Pseudorhamdia Bleeker.
Pimelodella EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 131
(cristatus). e -
168 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Type, Pimelodus cristatus Müller and Troschel.
Similar to Pimelodus, but with a parietal fontanel persistent throughout life;
the occipital process not tapering, but of nearly uniform width, in contact with
the dorsal plate behind; no vomerine teeth.
Species usually slender and of small size.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIEs of PIMELodELLA.
a. Adipose fin 2.33–2.5 in the length. A narrow lateral band, conspicuous in young, becoming obscure
with age. Maxillary barbels to below middle of adipose or beyond tip of caudal. . . . . cristata.
aa. Adipose fin 3 or more in the length.
b. Eye 2.5 in the head, longer than snout; interorbital 2 in the eye; maxillary barbel reaching end of
adipose or caudal; caudal lobes long, slender, the lower 3 in the length; pectoral spine little
shorter than head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º ſº tº ºr a s a s is dº e º ſº º º a tº a º e º 4 & a megalops.
bb. Eye 3.5 in head, shorter than snout; tip of dorsal dusky; maxillary barbel reaching middle of
adipose; pectoral spine about equal to snout and eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . macturki.
44. Pimelodella cristata (Müller and Troschel).
? Pimelodus insignis SchoMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 180 (not plate).-
MüLLER and TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 643 (Takutu and
Rio Branco). -
Pimelodus cristatus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,628
(Takutu and Mahu Rivers); Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 4 (Guiana, in Esse-
quibo).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 117 (Guiana; Essequibo; River Capin,
Pará).—VAILLANT, Bull. Soc. Philom., (7), IV, 1880, 152 (Calderon)—STEIN-
DACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv., 1882, 4 (Rio Huallaga).-? PERUGIA,
Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), X, 1891, 631 (Tucuman).
Pimelodella cristata EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888,
132 (San Gonçallo; Avary; Villa Bella; Jutahy; Tapajos; Rio Mucuri;
Tabatinga; Hyavary; Coary); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 150.-
EIGENMANN and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1907, 660 (Amazon).-
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 388.
Pimelodus agassizii STEINDACHNER, “Icthyologische Beiträge,” v, 1876, 99
(Peruvian Amazon; Hyavary). -
Pimelodus (Pseudorhamdia) wesselii STEINDACHNER, “Süsswasserfische Südóstlichen
Brasilien,” iii, 1876, 56, footnote (Essequibo).
? Pimelodella wesselii EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 132 (Cudajas; Pará; Marajo; Rio Madeira; Rio Puty; Santarem);
Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 152.
Pimelodus ophthalmicus CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878,675 (Upper Ama-
zon).
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 169
Without opening the question whether the specimens recorded by Eigenmann
and Eigenmann as cristatus and wesselii belong to distinct species, I am inclined
to consider the wesselii of Steindachner as a synonym of the cristatus of Müller
and Troschel. I have examined the type of cristatus and:
Twelve specimens, 81–137 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1686a–d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12062.)
One specimen, 145 mm. Below Packeoo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1687.)
One specimen, 105 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1688.)
Two specimens, 115–150 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1689; I. U.
Cat. No. 12063.) -
Twelve specimens, 160–205 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1690a—d; I. U. Cat. No. 12064.)
Two specimens, 133–158 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1691a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12065.) .
Essequibo and creeks of the interior, most abundant in the lower Potaro River.
Head 4.5; depth 4.5–5.75; D. I,6; A. 13–15; adipose fin 2.25–2.4; eye 3.5–4
in the head, interorbital 4.25–5; half the eye or all of it in the posterior half of
the head.
Occipital crest more than three times as long as wide, reaching the dorsal
plate; fontanels of about equal width, the posterior becoming very narrow behind;
maxillary barbels extending to the base of the caudal or slightly beyond its tip;
outer mental barbels reaching ventrals or in the largest specimens a little shorter.
Dorsal rounded, the spine slender, about equal to the fourth ray in height;
anterior margin of the dorsal spine with recurved notches on its distal half or less,
posterior margin with small recurved hooks; interspace between the dorsals about ,
equal to the eye; caudal deeply forked, frequently split to the base, the lower lobe
much the broader; ventrals not reaching anal; pectoral not to ventral; pectoral
spine with small hooks along the posterior margin, its anterior margin rough, with
recurved notches on distal half. A narrow blue-black stripe from below origin
of dorsal, disappearing near caudal, and becoming obscure with age; dorsal
with the usual hyaline band. - -
45. Pimelodella megalops sp. nov. (Plate XV, fig. 2.)
Pimelodella megalops EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 389. *
Type, 100 mm. Tumatumari. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1692.)
Cotypes, fifty-six specimens, 67–96 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No.
1693a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12066.)
170 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Three specimens, 56–90 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1694; I. U. Cat.
No. 12067.) -
Allied to macturki, but with a distinctly larger eye and a longer and more slender
lower caudal lobe. .
Head 4.75–5; depth 6.5–7; D. I,6; A. 11 to 13; adipose fin 3.33 in the length;
eye 2.5 in the head, its center a little behind the middle of the head; interorbital
5.5 in the head.
Width of occipital crest 2.5–3 in its length, reaching dorsal plate; posterior
fontanel considerably wider than the anterior for a short distance, narrowed back-
ward; maxillary barbel reaching to near end of adipose or base of caudal; outer
mental barbels reaching the ventrals. -
Dorsal spine slender, equal to the third or fourth ray in height; a few scarcely
evident recurved notches near the tip in front, and fine recurved teeth for nearly its
entire length behind; space between the dorsals considerably greater than the
large eye; caudal very widely forked and sometimes split to the base, the lower
lobe longer than the upper by nearly the length of the eye, 2.75–3 in the length;
pectoral spine but little shorter than head, with minute straight teeth along its
anterior margin to the tip, where they are replaced by recurved hooks, posterior
margin with about eighteen recurved spines near the tip, the spines largest near
the middle.
A dark median band; dorsal hyaline, a narrow streak of chromatophores along
the front of each ray.
46. Pimelodella macturki sp. nov. (Plate XVI, fig. 1.)
Pimelodella macturkii EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 389.
Type, 69 mm. Creek in Mora Passage. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1695.)
Cotypes, fourteen specimens, 46–76 mm. Creek in Mora Passage. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1696a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12068.) º
Cotypes, two specimens, 66 and 65 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1697; I. U. Cat. No. 12069.)
Cotypes, fifteen specimens, 49–71 mm. Choca trenches at Morowhanna. (C.
M. Cat. No. 1698a–d; I. U. Cat. No. 12070.) º -
This species takes the place of cristata along the coast from Georgetown to
Morowhanna. It differs notably in the length of the adipose and barbels, the color
of the dorsal, and the serration on the pectoral spine.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 171
Head 4–4.5; depth 5.25; dorsal I,6; A. 10–13; adipose fin 3.5–4 in the length;
eye 3.33–4; interorbital 4.5; eye about in middle of the head.
Occipital crest more than three times as long as wide, reaching the dorsal
plate; fontanels of about equal width, the posterior becoming narrower backward;
maxillary barbel reaching origin or end of base of anal; outer mental barbel to
near tip of pectoral or a little shorter. -
Dorsal low, rounded, the spine equal to the third or fourth ray, rough near
the tip in front and on the distal half of the posterior margin; space between the
dorsals much greater than the eye; caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe broader,
a little longer than the head, 3.5 in the length; ventrals not reaching anal; pectorals
not to ventrals; pectoral spine equal to snout and eye in length or a little longer,
with minute teeth along its anterior margin to near the tip, with twelve long re-
curved spines along the middle of its posterior margin, the larger nearest the tip.
An obscure lateral stripe; tip of caudal dusky.
PIMELODUs Lacépède.
Pimelodus LACáPåDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803,-(species of several genera).-
CUVIER, Règne Animal, II, 1817,203 (species having a single band of teeth in the
upper jaw).-SWAINSON, Class. Fishes, Amph., and Rept., II, 1839, 305
(quadrimaculatus).-LüTKEN, Dan. Widensk-Selsk, Skr., (5), XII, 1875, 163
(maculatus = clarias). g
Pseudariodes BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 99 (clarias).
Pseudorhamdia BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 101 (maculatus =
clarias).
Pseudorhamdia LüTKEN, Dan. Widensk.-Selsk. Skr., (5), XII, 1875, 49, 169 (fur).
Type, Pimelodus maculatus Lacépède.
Eye with a free orbital margin; teeth on vomer none or minute; occipital
process reaching the dorsal plate; no parietal fontanel; head covered with thin skin,
granular; caudal forked; humeral process broad; barbels terete.
Key to THE GUIANA Species of PIMELodus.
a. Adipose dorsal about 4 or more than 4 in the length.
b. Occipital process broad at base, tapering to the dorsal plate. *
c. Pectoral spine smooth or nearly smooth in front. Dorsal without a conspicuous spot; sides
spotted, striped or plain; snout narrowed, its width less than half the length of the
head; posterior nares large; upper jaw but little projecting; dorsal spine reaching
considerably beyond tip of last ray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . clarias.
cc. Pectoral spine with antrorse teeth in front and retrorse teeth behind. Dorsal with a con-
spicuous black blotch near the middle of the front half of the fin; a light streak from
172 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
dorsal spine to above ventral and then back to the middle caudal rays, another light
streak above it; snout broad, depressed, the width of the mouth about half the length
of the head; posterior nares small; upper jaw considerably projecting; dorsal spine not
nearly reaching tip of last ray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ornatus.
bb. Occipital process narrow at the base, scarcely tapering to the tip; pectoral spine with retrorse
teeth on the basal half of the posterior margin; without conspicuous markings, the chroma-
tophores in an area between the anal and dorsal aggregated along the septa...heteropleurus.
aa. Adipose dorsal very long, 2.4-2.6 in the length; caudal lobes produced, twice as long as the head,
maxillary barbels extending much beyond the tips of the caudal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . altipinnis.
47. Pimelodus clarias (Bloch).
Silurus clarias BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, 1795, pl. 35, figs. 1–2 = Silurus clarias Linnaeus
in part; not Silurus clarias Hasselquist, which is Synodontis clarias from the Nile.
Pimelodus clarias LACáPàp E, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 93 (? 8 dorsal rays); CAS-
TELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 34 (Crixas; Araguay; Ucayale; Ama-
zon).-STEINDACHNER, “Fisch-Fauna Magdalenen-Stromes,” 1878, 15 (Mag-
dalena River); “Flussfische Südamerika's,” xiv., 1882, 4 (Rio Huallaga).-
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 134.—
EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894, 633 (Rio Grande do Sul).-
EIGENMANN and Norris, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IV, 1900, 353 (Iguapé).—EIGEN-
MANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 499 (Asuncion; Arroyo
Trementina).—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 388. -
Bagrus (Ariodes) clarias MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
627 (Waini and Barima).
Ariodes clarias MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 10 (British
Guiana).-KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 413.
Pseudariodes clarias BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 99 (name only).-
LüTKEN, Vid. Med. Naturhist. For. Kjöbenhavn, 1874, 194, 199 (Guiana).
Silurus callarias BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 379, part.
Pimelodus maculatus LACáPåDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1801, 94, 107 (Rio Plata).—
VALENCIENNES, in d'Orbigny, Voy. Am. Mer., V, ii, 1847, pl. 1, figs. 1–3 (La
Plata to Mexico, Lake Maracaibo).-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.
Poiss., XV, 1840, 192 (Cayenne; Maracaibo).-SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit.
Guiana, I, 1841, 175 (Rivers of Guiana generally; Rio Negro; Amazon).-STEIN-
DACHNER, “Icthyologische Notizen,” vi, 1867, 32 (La Plata); ix, 1869, 6 (Monte-
video).-Hensel, Archiv für Naturg., I, 1870, 69 (Jacuhy).-LüTKEN, Dan.
Widensk.-Selsk. Skr., (5), XII, 1875, 163, fig. (Rio das Velhas).-STEINDACHNER,
“Süsswasserfische Südóstlichen Brasilien,” iii, 1876,40 (La Plata; Rio San Fran-
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 173
cisco; Rio das Velhas; Amazon between Pará and Santarem; Rio Grande do Sul;
Porto Alegre).-PETERs, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, 470 (Calabozo).-
BoulBNGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1891, 233 (Rio Grande do Sul).-PERU-
GIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), X, 1891, 630 (Rio Durazno; Rio de La Plata;
Paraguay; Parana; Montevideo; Buenos Aires).-voN IHERING, Süsswasser-
fische Rio Grande do Sul, 1893, 17.—LAHILLE, Rev. Mus. la Bata, VI, 1895,
271 (very abundant everywhere in La Plata).-BouleNGER, Boll. Mus. Zool.
ed Anat. Comp. Torino, XII, 1897 (Mission San Francisco).-PERUGIA, Ann.
Mus. Genova, (2), XVIII, 1897, 149,-(Puerto 14 de Mayo).—PELLEGRIN,
Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., V, 1899, 157 (Apuré).—VAILLANT, Nouv. Arch. Mus.
d’Hist. Nat. (4), 1900, 124 (Carsevenne, French Guiana).-STEINDACHNER and
VON BAYERN, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXXII, 1902, 135.-EIGENMANN and
BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1907, 668 (Amazon); EIGENMANN, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, 115 (Porto Murtinho; Bahia Negra; Corumbá).
Pimelodus rigidus AGASSIZ, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Bras., 1829, 19, pl. 7, fig. 2.
Pimelodus blochii CUVIER and VALENCIENNEs, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 188
(Cayenne; (Surinam). -
Paramutana blochii GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 111 (copied).-VAILLANT, Bull.
Soc. Philom., (7), IV, 1880, 152 (Calderon).
* Pimelodus arekaima SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 178, plate, not
descr. (Essequibo). * ,
Mystus ascita GRoNow, Cat. Fish, ed. Gray, 1854, 156 (based on Mus. Ichth., I,
1754, 35; Zoophyl., I, 1763, 125, No. 385).
Pimelodus Schomburgkii BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 208 (for
B. maculatus Schomburgk). s -
Pseudorhamdia ascita BLEEKER, Versl. en Med. Acad. Wet. Amsterdam, XIV,
1862, 384 (Surinam). *
Pimelodus macronema BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 79, pl. 14 (Surinam).
Pseudorhamdia piscatric CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XI, 1870, 569 (Pebas);
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, 262 (Ambyiacu River); Proc. Am. Philos.
Soc., XVII, 1878, 674 (Peruvian Amazon). - *
Pseudariodes pantherinus LüTKEN, Vid. Med. Naturhist. For. Kjöbenhavn, 1874,
192, 199 (Venezuela).
Pseudariodes albicans LüTKEN, Vid. Med. Naturhist. For. Kjöbenhavn, 1874, 194,
198, not Airws albicans Valenciennes (La Plata and its tributaries).-STEIN-
DACHNER, “Fisch-Fauna Magdalenen-Stromes,” 1878, 61, note.
Piramutana macrospila GüNTHER, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), VI, 1880, 10,
pl. 2 (Rio Plata).
174 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
The following is a general description, applicable to all the varieties.
Head 3.75–3.85; depth 4–4.2; D. I,6; A. 12 or 13.
Top of head, occipital process, dorsal plate and humeral process granular;
profile steep, rising with more or less of an angle from the base of the occipital
process. Dorsal spine striate on the sides, with weak retrorse teeth near its tip on
the anterior margin; posterior margin with a few similar hooks near the tip; spine
about equal to the head in length, the last ray two-fifths the length of the spine.
Base of dorsal slightly greater than its distance from the adipose, which is slightly
longer than the dorsal; its height 2.5 in its length. Upper caudal lobe two-fifths
longer than the lower; anal emarginate; pectoral spine striate above and below,
its outer margin nearly smooth in the adult, retrorse spines along its inner margin.
Humeral process broad, obliquely truncate behind, not spine-like.
The following varieties were collected.
A.
One specimen, 98 mm. (maxillary barbel 115). Koriabo Rubber Plantation.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1617.) w
One specimen, about 127 mm. (maxillary barbel 150). Issorora Rubber Planta-
tion. (I. U. Cat. No. 12009.) -
Ten specimens, 53–68 mm. Creek in Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No. 1683
a—d; I. U. Cat. No. 12059.) - - .
One specimen, 238 mm. (maxillary barbel 270). Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1608.) -
Here belongs also the macronema of Bleeker.
Maxillary barbel extending beyond tip of caudal; vomerine teeth present;
upper caudal rays 2.5 in the length; eye 1–1.4 in the interorbital.
Ashy, lateral line light; no spots.
B. &P
Four specimens, 115–253 mm. (maxillary barbel 133–238). Wismar. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1609; I. U. Cat. No. 12010.)
Three specimens, about 67–108 mm. (maxillary barbel 138). Locality? (C.M.
Cat. No. 1610; I. U. Cat. No. 12011.) ſº .
114 specimens, 50–173 mm. Bartica Sand-bank. (C. M. Cat. No. 1611a—i;
I. U. Cat. No. 12012.) - -
Two specimens, 92 (maxillary barbel 100) to about 96 mm. (maxillary barbel
100). Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1612; I. U. Cat. No. 12013.)
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 175
Two specimens, 89–93 mm. (maxillary barbel 110–115). Crab Falls. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1613; I. U. Cat. No. 12014.)
Two specimens, 111 mm. to base of lower caudal lobe. Rupununi. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1614; I. U. Cat. No. 10215.) *
Womerine teeth present; upper caudal lobe 2.66 in the length; eye greater
than interorbital to 1.5 in interorbital; color in young ashy to below the lateral
line, lateral line and a narrower line half-way between it and the back light, the
dark streak below the lateral line breaking into spots at times, the light line on the
upper part of the sides becoming irregular; a dark predorsal spot; a darker streak
along humeral spine to above the ventral; dorsals spotted; color especially bright
in Nos. 1614 C. M. Cat. and 12015 I. U. Cat.; color of adult uniform ashy, without
Spots. * -
A single small specimen, 50 mm. long, from Tumatumari, probably belongs
here.
Two specimens, 275 (maxillary barbel 171, not reaching to caudal)–330 mm.
(maxillary barbel 235, reaching to caudal). Botanic Gardens. (C. M. Cat. No.
1615; I. U. Cat. No. 12016.) -
Five specimens, 190–172 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 1616; I. U.
Cat. No. 12017.)
Steel-blue, with light reticulations breaking the blue into small spots; lateral
line white. o ºg
Maxillary barbel usually not reaching the caudal. Eye 1.5 in interorbital.
48. Pimelodus ornatus Kner.
Pimelodus ornatus KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 411, fig. 18
(Surinam; Rio Negro; Cujabá).—GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 116 (River
Capin, Pará).—PETERs, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, 470 (Calabozo).-
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 134 (Goyaz).-
EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 499 (Asuncion;
Arroyo Trementina).-EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, 115
(Corumbá); Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 388.
Pseudorhamdia ornata BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 77 (Surinam).
Silurus megacephalus (ea: Natterer, M.S.) KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857,
413.
Five specimens, 140–283 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No.
1618q and b; I. U. Cat. No. 12018.)
Twenty-six specimens, 45–167 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1619q—
e; I. U. Cat. No. 12019.)
176 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Three specimens, 114–144 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1620; I. U. Cat.
No. 12020.)
One specimen, 55 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1621.)
Head 3.3—3.5; depth 4.4–5.5; D. I,6; A. 12–13.
Profile nearly straight, interorbital slightly depressed; surfaces of head covered,
scarcely granular in the adult. Dorsal spine slender, smooth or slightly rough in
front, not quite equal to snout and eye; last dorsal ray about half the length of
the highest, the spine not reaching beyond the middle of the last ray when depressed,
usually shorter; base of dorsal a little greater than its distance from the adipose,
which is longer than the dorsal; caudal lobes slender, the upper 3.5–4 in the length;
posterior margin of anal subtruncate; pectoral spine about equal to the snout,
with antrorse teeth in front and retrorse teeth behind. Maxillary barbel reaching
to base or to tip of caudal, post-mental to middle of pectoral; no teeth on the
vomer; humeral process spine-like. Dorsal with a conspicuous black blotch near
the middle of the front half of the fin; a light streak from dorsal spine to above
ventral and then back to the middle caudal rays, and above this again another
light streak.
49. Pimelodus heteropleurus sp. nov. (Plate XVI, fig. 2.)
Type unique, 46 mm. Rupununi Pan. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1734.)
Head 4; depth 5.3; D. I,6; A. 11; adipose 4 in the length; eye 3.3 in the
length, but little shorter than the snout, one-fourth longer than width of interorbital.
Form of Pimelodus clarias, the occipital process narrow at its base, scarcely
tapering to its tip, which just reaches the dorsal plate; fontanel not quite reaching
to the posterior margin of the eye, a bridge over the middle of the eye, the part
back of it narrower, not continued as a groove; jaws equal, the teeth in bands of
equal width in the two jaws; maxillary barbels reaching a little beyond middle of
adipose, outer mental barbel just beyond base of pectoral.
Dorsal spine slender, equal to head without snout in length, about equal to
the distance between the dorsals; anal rounded; ventrals not reaching anal; pec-
toral spine a little longer than the dorsal spine, rough in front, with retrorse teeth
behind which increase in size to the middle of the spine, where they cease abruptly;
humeral process spine-like. e
Sides punctate, the chromatophores in the median area between the dorsal
and anal gathered along the septa; a median series of chromatophores along the
sides; back along base of dorsal and between the dorsals dark.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 177
'• 1.2” zº. * ºr.” f ~~
*
50. Pimelodus altipinnis Steindachner.
Pimelodus altipinnis STEINDACHNER, “Icthyologische Notizen,” i, 1864, 14, pl. 2,
figs, 3 and 4 (Demerara); “Icthyologische Beiträge,” iv, 1876, 55, pl. 11 (Pará;
Santarem; Cameta).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
(2), I, 1888, 135 (Pará); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 180 (Pará).
—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 388.-
2 PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), XVIII, 1897, 18 (Rio Beni).-EIGEN-
MANN and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1907, 660 (Amazon).
The type of this species came from Demerara. It is 86 mm. long. No speci-
mens were secured by me. The species has the general characters of a Pimelodella,
and it would not be surprising if the small type in the Vienna Museum should
prove to be a Pimelodella and distinct from the specimens subsequently referred to
the same name.
- GOELDIELLA. Eigenmann and Norris. -
Goeldiella EIGENMANN and NoFRIs, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IV, 1900, 353 (eques).
Type, Pimelodus eques Müller and Troschel.
This genus differs from the related genera Pimelodus and Pimelodella in the
character of the caudal fin, which is unequally lobed. *
51. Goeldiella eques (Müller and Troschel).
Pimelodus eques MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,628 (all
rivers of Guiana); Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 5 (Guiana),—GüNTHER, Catalogue,
W, 1864, 116 (copied).-STEINDACHNER, “Icthyologische Beiträge,” v,
1876, 99 (Amazon near Fonteboa; Teffé; Obidos; Villa Bella; José Fernandez;
Xingu; Tonantins; Hyutahy; Lake Hyanuary).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN,
Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), 1888, 134 (localities given by Steindachner); Occa-
sional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 166; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
29.-PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 405 (Manaos).
Goeldiella eques EIGENMANN and NoFRIs, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IV, 1900, 353.−
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 388.
Eleven specimens, 91–148 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 1606a-c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12008.) sº
One specimen, 205 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1607.)
Head 3.5–3.75; depth 4.75—5.25; D. I,6; A. 10 or 11.
Profile in front of dorsal nearly straight, lower outline nearly straight from
caudal to below eye; interorbital flat; bones of the head from the nares to the
dorsal plate and the dorsal plate with reticulated ridges; occipital fontanel a
narrow slit in specimens up to a length of at least 150 mm. -
- f
- ~~~~ * *
178 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Eye 4.5–5.5, 1.3–1.5 in interorbital, somewhat behind the middle of the head;
premaxillary teeth in a narrow band of the same width throughout. Maxillary
barbel extending to the middle of the caudal or farther, post-mental not quite to
tip of pectoral.
Dorsal spine with retrorse notches in front, roughened behind, about equal
to snout and eye in length; pectoral spine strong, striate above and below, with
antrorse teeth in front and retrorse teeth behind; adipose fin nearly or quite half
as long as the body without the head; caudal peduncle half as high as long.
Caudal slightly notched, the upper lobe shorter than the lower, projecting for
about one-fourth of its length beyond the fork. -
A dark saddle downward and forward from front of dorsal, covering nearly
the entire opercle; an irregular mottled dark band along the lateral line and just
below it; base of caudal dark, the fins irregularly mottled. Lower surface white.
PHRACTOCEPHALUS Agassiz.
Phractocephalus AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 22 (bicolor =
hemilopterus). - + e
Large. Vomer with a large pentagonal patch of teeth in contact with the
palatine patches. Occipital process large, semicircular, not meeting the reniform
dorsal plate. Upper half of adipose usually rayed. Barbels subterete. Caudal
forked; head as broad as long.
Type, Silurus hemiliopterus Bloch and Schneider.
52. Phractocephalus hemiliopterus (Bloch and Schneider).
Silurus hemiliopterus BLOCH and ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 385.
Phractocephalus hemiliopterus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV,
1840, 3, pl. 421.-SchoMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 169 (Guiana,
everywhere).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1849, 643
(all rivers of Guiana).-CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 47, pl. 15,
fig. 4 (Rio Crixas; Araguay; Amazon).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 110
(River Cupai).-VAILLANT, Bull. Soc. Philom., (7), IV, 1880, 152 (Calderon).--
CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 674 (Peruvian Amazons).-EIGEN-
MANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 135 (Xingu; Coary;
Teffé; Manacapuru; Obidos; Lake Hyanuary); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad.
Sci., I, 1890, 188.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 390.
Phractocephalus bicolor AGAssiz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 23 (Amazon).
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 179
Pirarara bicolor SPIx, Gen. Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 23 (Amazon).
No specimens of this species were preserved. Parts of a head were seen in
the Georgetown market. Schomburgk states that it reaches a length of four feet
and is “common to all rivers.” The description is taken from Eigenmann and
Eigenmann. g
Head 3.33; depth 4.75; Br. 9; D. I,7; A. 9; eye 9 in head, 3 in snout, 5 in inter- &
orbital, 2 diameters behind the rictus.
- Body rapidly tapering towards caudal; head heavy, broad, flattened between
the eyes; greatest width of the head equals its length; width at the angle of the
mouth 2 in its length. -
Maxillary barbel on edge of lip, opposite anterior nostril, reaching beyond the
tips of the pectoral fin; mental barbels two-thirds to one-half as long as post-
mental barbels, which reach the pectoral. Lower jaw included; teeth all alike,
those on the intermaxillaries in a broad band of equal depth throughout; vomerine
teeth in a much broader patch; palatine teeth in narrower, wedge-shaped patches
contiguous to the vomerine patch. Gill-membranes separate to below anterior
margin of the eye. Gill-rakers short and fleshy, 4 + 15. Bones behind eye -
variously grooved and granulated; the occipital process broadly rounded behind,
not meeting the reniform dorsal plate.
Dorsal spine midway between snout and tip of adipose dorsal, and between
bases of pectoral and ventral fins; last dorsal ray over base of ventral, the length
of the spine 2.25 in head. *
Adipose dorsal short, high, its upper portion generally transformed into true
rays; its base longer than that of the anal. -
Caudal broad, slightly emarginate. The rays of the dorsal and caudal thick
and terete, once or twice branched. Ventrals extending for half their length
beyond the vent. -
Pectoral spine two or three times as thick as the dorsal spine, broad lamellae
in front and sharp recurved teeth behind; its length 2 in the head.
Between pectorals and anal dark brown; lower part of head, a narrow band
above pectorals and along sides, spreading over the lower three-fourths of the tail,
white (yellow in life), region above this brownish; a round white spot on each side
of dorsal spine; orbit bordered with white above, head and ante-dorsal region with
darker spots or vermiculations; sometimes all of the lower parts are white.
BRACHYPLATYSTOMA Bleeker.
Platystoma CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, − (sp.).
Brachyplatystoma BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 97 (vaillanti).
180 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Piratinga BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 100 (reticulata).
Malacobagrus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 100 (filamentosus).
Type, Platystoma vaillanti Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Womer and palate with villiform teeth; inner teeth of the jaws slender and
freely movable; caudal forked; head covered with skin; occipital process short,
concealed, not reaching the dorsal in the adult.
53. Brachyplatystoma vaillanti (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Plate XVII, fig. 3.)
“Laulau.”
Platystoma waillanti CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 21, pl.
423 (Cayenne and Surinam).-KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 397
(Pará).—GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 108 (Demerara).-PETERs, MB. Akad.
Wiss. Berlin, 1877, 469 (Calabozo).
Brachyplatystoma vaillanti BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 97 (name
only); “Silures de Suriname,” 1864,700Surinam).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN,
Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 136 (Tabatinga; Pará; Porto do Moz; Arary;
Rio Puty; Juiz de Fora); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 196.-
EIGENMANN and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1907, 662 (Amazon).--
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. ‘Patagonia, III, 1910, 390.
Platystoma affine CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 24
(Brazil).-CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 40 (Araguay).-
GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 109 (copied).
I have examined the specimen mentioned by Bleeker and:
One specimen, head only. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1288.)
Sixteen specimens, 178–290 mm. to tip of middle caudal rays. Georgetown
market. (C. M. Cat. No. 170a—d; I. U. Cat. No. 12083.)
Head 3.4–3.5; depth 5.5; D. I,6; A. 13; eye 4 in snout; 10 in head, 2.5 in
interorbital in a specimen 290 mm. long to tip of middle caudal rays, 4 in snout,
9 in head, and 2.5 in interorbital in a specimen 178 mm. long to tip of middle
caudal rays; adipose fin 4.4–4.5 in the length.
Subtriangular in section at the dorsal fin, the snout much depressed, the tail
moderately compressed; occipital crest narrow, not much tapering, its width near
the middle one-fourth its length in the Georgetown specimens, reaching but not join-
ing the dorsal plate. An elongate depression along middle of the head; fontanel nar-
row, extending to the posterior margin of the eye; mouth lunate from below, the
upper jaw scarcely projecting ; maxillary barbel extending beyond tip of middle
caudal rays in all the Georgetown specimens; mental barbels opposite angle of
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 181
mouth, the post-mentals reaching beyond the ventrals. Dorsal and anal emar-
ginate, the first ray in each reaching beyond the tip of the last; dorsal and pectoral
spines slender, with recurved hooks on the posterior margin, most marked toward
the tip; pectoral and ventral falcate; caudal deeply forked, the outer rays normally
about 4 times as long as the middle ones, but prolonged in the young to equal the
length from snout to caudal.
Pale below, darker above.
The young of this species can be readily distinguished by its long barbels
and prolonged caudal tips.
HEMISORUBIM Bleeker.
Platystoma CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 27 (sp.), pre-
occupied in Diptera. 4
Hemisorubim BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 97 (platyrhynchos).
Type, Platystoma platyrhynchos Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Upper jaw thin and truncate, shorter than the lower jaw; snout narrowed; the
width at the angle of the mouth 1.5 times in the greatest width of the head; mental
barbels approximate and near the edge of the lip; premaxillary band of teeth much
shallower at the middle than at the ends; the palatine patches large. Occipital
process shorter than the dorsal plate and meeting it; postorbital portion of the
head striate and granulate; skin on the sides of the head and snout reticulate.
54. Hemisorubim platyrhynchos Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Platystoma platyrhynchos CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840,
27 (no locality).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
628 (Rupununi).-CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1865, 40 (Amazon).-
RNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 398 (Barra do Rio Negro).
Hemisorubim platyrhynchos BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 97 (name
only).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 138
(Manacapuru; Rio Negro; Montalegre; Rio Puty; Lago Alexo; Obidos; Coary;
Tabatinga; Hyavary; Tonantins; São Paolo); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad.
Sci., I, 1890, 206.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 390.
Hemisorubim platyrhynchus Günther, Catalogue, W, 1864, 109 (copied).-PETERs,
MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877,470 (Calabozo).-CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.,
XVII, 1878, 674 (Peruvian Amazon).-VAILLANT, Bull. Soc. Philom., (7), IV,
1880, 152 (Calderon). t
No specimens of this species were obtained.
182 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
I have been able to examine a specimen collected by Schomburgk and now
in the Berlin Museum.
Head 3; depth 6–7; D. I,6; A. 10; Br. 11; eye 7 in head, 3 in snout, 1.75
in interorbital. e
Head depressed, rounded on occiput; eye directed largely upward. Lower
jaw projecting and entering profile. Maxillary barbels extending past dorsal fin;
mental barbels approximate, extending to below eyes; post-mentals to pectorals.
Teeth in the lower jaw in a narrow band. Vomerine and palatine teeth close
behind the premaxillary teeth, the vomerine teeth in a single patch separate from
the palatine patches. -
Dorsal spine weak and slender, 2.5 in head, its distance from the snout greater
than its distance from the posterior margin of the adipose fin, much nearer base
of ventrals than base of pectorals; with retrorse teeth behind. Adipose fin longer
than anal. Lower caudal lobe wider and longer than upper, rounded in adult,
pointed in young. Ventrals extending two-fifths their length beyond the vent.
Pectoral spine 1.6 in head, usually with equally strong teeth in front and behind.
White below, olivaceous above, with a few jet-black spots scattered on sides,
and usually a similar spot at base of upper caudal lobe; fins plain.
PSEUDOPLATYSTOMA Agassiz.
Platystoma AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 23 (sp.).
Sorubim SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, ple. 12–15 (sp.).
Pseudoplatystoma BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 97 (fasciatum).
Hemiplatystoma BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 97 (tigrinum).
Type, Silurus fasciatus Linnaeus (in part).
Upper jaw little longer than lower; teeth of the jaws alike; vomerine and
palatine patches of teeth more or less united, the two forming a comma-shaped
patch on each side of the palate; gill-rakers short, spine-like, not overlapping;
caudal deeply lobed, the lobes rounded (except in very young), the rays very much
branched, giving the fin a leathery texture. Branchiostegals 14 or 15; barbels
short.
55. Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus).
Tiger-fish.
Silurus fasciatus LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 505.-GMELIN, Syst. Nat.,
I, iii, 1788, 1359.-BonnATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Ichth., 1788, 154, 252.—
BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, 30, pl. 366.-BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst.
Ichth., 1801, 382. ... • -
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 183
Pimelodus fasciatum LACáPßDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 94, 99, 100.
Platystoma fasciatum CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 14
(copied).-KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 401 (Surinam).-
GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 107 (Essequibo; Surinam; River Capin, Pará).—
PETERs, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, 469 (Calabozo).-STEINDACHNER,
“Fisch-Fauna Magdalenen-Stromes,” 1878, 15 (Magdalena River).-COPE,
Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 674 (Peruvian Amazon).--STEIN-
DACHNER, “Fisch-Fauna des Cauca,” etc., 1880, 5 (Cauca); “Icthyologische
Beiträge,” viii, 54 (Surinam); “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv., 1882, 4 (Rio
Amazonas; Iquitos). -
Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 97
(name only); “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 72 (Surinam).-EIGENMANN
and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 138 (Obidos; Coary;
Hyavary); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 208.-STEINDACHNER
and voN BAYERN, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXXII, 1902, 136 (Rio
Lebrija, Colombia),—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 39.
Platystoma truncatum AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 27, pl. 13a
(Rio Japura and Solimoens).-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
XV, 1840, 20 (Brazil).-HYRTL, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVI, 1859,
17 (vertebrae 13 + 33).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 108 (copied).
Platystoma tigrinum (not of Cuvier and Valenciennes) SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit.
Guiana, I, 1841, 185 (most of the rivers).—MüLLER and TROSCHEI, in Schom-
burgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 627 (nearly all rivers).
Platystoma punctifer CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 40, pl. 19, fig. 2
(Amazon). * *-
Four specimens, 245–295 mm. Rupununi Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1699a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12082.)
One specimen, 455 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1295.)
Head 2.66–2.75; depth 6.5-7.25; D. I,6; A.11–14; eye 6 in snout, 12 in head, 2.5
in interorbital. - -
Snout much depressed; body slender, subterete at the dorsal; groove of the
fontanel not continued to the occipital process; a deep groove across the head at
base of the occipital process; maxillary barbel reaching to near tip of dorsal.
Dorsal spine nearer tip of adipose than to tip of snout.
- Dark brown above, abruptly white on the lower part of the sides; about ten
black cross-bands, margined with white in front; some dark spots along the line of
184 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
the lower ends of the bars; vertical fins, and sometimes tips of ventrals, spotted.
The specimen in the Leiden museum mentioned by Bleeker agrees with the above.
Subfamily DoRADINAE.
DoRAS Lacépède.”
Doras LACáPßDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, 116 (carinatus and costatus)—CUVIER
and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 267 (costatus).
Centrochir AGAssiz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 14 (crocodili).
Lithodoras BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 84 (lithogaster).
Pterodoras BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 84 (granulosus).
Platydoras BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 86 (costatus) = Doras
Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Acanthodoras BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 86 (cataphractus).
Astrodoras BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 86 (asterifrons).
Amblydoras BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 86 (affinis). gº
Zathoraz CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, 271 (monitor) = Astrodoras
Bleeker. -
Agamya is CoPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 101 (pectinifrons).
Type, Silurus costatus Linnaeus.
Doradines with anterior nares on or near the upper lip; the snout short, the eye
in anterior half of the head; teeth well-developed; adipose fin usually with a well-
defined anterior margin.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DORAs.
a. Caudal forked; dorsal spine serrate in front and behind, the serrae of the anterior margin antrorse.
Sides of dorsal spine with striations (Doras).
b. Plates of the sides increasing in height to the caudal peduncle, the highest about .4 the height of
the peduncle; caudal peduncle naked above and below, spotted, without lateral bands.
granulosus.
bb. Plates of sides decreasing in height regularly from the dorsal to the caudal, not meeting along a
median line above or below; caudal peduncle with a series of plates above and below.
Slate-colored above, with a yellow band from the fontanel along the sides to the tip of the
middle caudal rays; ventral surface without ossifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . costatus.
aa. Caudal very slightly emarginate or rounded; dorsal spine without serrations either in front or behind,
the sides of the spine with smooth striations; plates of the sides decreasing in height from the
dorsal to the caudal, not meeting above and below; caudal peduncle largely naked above and
below, the caudah fulcra continued about half-way to adipose and anal fins; chocolate brown with
an irregular dark band below the median hooks of the lateral plates, and other darker blotches;
nuchal region roof-shaped. (Amblydoras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hancocki.
* Doras maculatus Valenciennes, Müller and Troschel, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 629 (Esse-
quibo).
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GULANA 185
aaa. Caudal rounded; dorsal spine with a series of straight teeth along its anterior margin, its sides with
a regular or several irregular (in old), series of straight teeth, its posterior margin without teeth;
plates of sides of about the same height from dorsal to anal, those of opposite sides meeting along
the median line on upper and lower surfaces of the caudal peduncle of the adult; a narrow light
line from the upper margin of the eye to the caudal; a light line from dorsal spine forward to the
fontanel; nuchal region broadly rounded. (Acanthodoras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cataphractus.
...e."
56. Doras granulosus Valenciennes. (Plate XVII, fig. 4.) o' S ----
Doras granulosus VALENCIENNES, in Humboldt, Rec. Obs. Zool., II, 1811, 184.—
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 392. , . . .
Pterodoras granulosus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 15 (name only)
“Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 36 (Surinam).
Doras maculatus VALENCIENNES, in d’Orbigny, Woy. Am. Mer., V, ii, 1847, 7,
pl. 5, fig. 3.−CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 281
(Buenos Ayres).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
629.-STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLI, 1879, 47 (Rio de la
Plata),—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 150
(Arary 7); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 229 (Arary 2; Uruguay;
Buenos Aires, Serfa). - *
Doras murica (ea: Natterer, MS.) KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVII, 1885, 129
(Cujabá). - -
Doras muricus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 202 (Demerara 7). -
No specimens were secured. I have examined a specimen about 395 mm.
long collected by Schomburgk in Guiana. -
Head 4, depth about 4; D. I,6; A. 11; plates 35; eye 3.5 in the snout, 10
in the head, 3.5 in the interorbital. -
Lateral plates beginning on the vertical from just in front of the dorsal, the
twelfth about equal to the eye in height, the highest on the caudal peduncle .4
the height of the peduncle, with a median but no lateral spines. Dorsal spine
nearly as long as the head, the spines of the posterior margin much longer than
those of the anterior; pectoral spine longer than the head, its posterior spines about
twice as long as its anterior; caudal forked, the lower lobe longer. Humeral spine
very slender, reaching to below the dorsal spine. Maxillary barbel reaching to the
tip of the pectoral; free margin of the nasal plate but little pectinate.
Chocolate, marbled; the fins spotted.
57. Doras costatus (Linnaeus).
Silurus costatus LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 506. e
Cataphractus costatus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, 82, pl. 376.
186 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Doras costatus LACáPåde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 116, part (South Amer-
ica).-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840,268 (Guiana).-
CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 48 (Amazon).-GüNTHER, Cata-
logue, W, 1864, 201 (British Guiana; River Cupai).-EIGENMANN and EIGEN-
MANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 161 (Rio Preto; Rio Puty; San Gon-
gallo; Xingu Cascade; Obidos; Gurupa; Teffé); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci.,
I, 1890, 231–PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), 1891, 34 (Villa Maria, Para-
guay).-KINDLE, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 251 (Trocera on the Tocan-
tins).-EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903,500 (Para- º
guay).-EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., XXXI, 1907,116 (Corumbá; Laguna
Ipacarai); Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 393.
Platydoras costatus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 16 (name only);
“Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 38 (Surinam). s
Doras cataphractus (not of Linnaeus) SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841,
158 (Rio Negro).
Doras armatulus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 629
(Rupununi; Awaricura). r -
Two specimens, 105 and 108 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1638; I. U.
Cat. No. 12030.)
Four specimens, 75–90 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1639; I. U. Cat.
No. 12031.) - *.
One specimen in the Berlin Museum from Guiana and two from Calabozo.
Head 3.75; depth 4.25; D. I,6; A. 11; lateral plates 2 + 30 or 31. Eye
1.66–2 in snout, 4–5 in head; 1.5–2 in interorbital. Wentral surfaces of coracoid
not exposed. Width at tip of humeral processes greater than the depth; nuchal
region bluntly roof-shaped. Head granular to in front of posterior nares; nasal .
bone with blunt serration, scarcely raised; orbit with granular margin; maxillary
barbel reaching to tip of humeral process, outer mental to base of pectoral.” Upper
jaw longer; width of mouth less than half the distance between the gill-openings.
Pectoral spine striate above and below, strongly serrate in front and behind, reach-
ing beyond base of ventrals; dorsal spine shorter than pectoral spine, its sides
striate, serrate on its anterior and posterior margin, the serrae on the posterior
margin much smaller; teeth on front margin of dorsal spine antrorse; largest near
the tip; humeral process reaching to fourth fifth of the pectoral spine; caudal
forked; height of highest lateral plate about half the length of the head, each plate
with numerous small backward-directed spines, in several vertical rows in front,
* To its middle in the larger specimen at Berlin.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 187
in a marginal row behind; median spines strong, recurved; caudal peduncle entirely
covered with a median series of plates above and half-way to the anal below.
Slaty blue, a light band from the fontanel along the middle to the tip of the
caudal; lower surface and margin of head to near the eye light. Barbels dark,
dark streak back from the maxillary barbel; dorsal with a dark band across its
upper part; center and margins of caudal light, a pair of submarginal dark bands;
anal with a dark streak; ventrals hyaline; pectoral dusky.
58. Doras hancocki Cuvier and Valenciennes.
“Saurauwari,” “Yarauira.”
Doras costata (not of Linnaeus) HANCOCK, Zool. Journ., IV, 1828,242 (Demerara),—
SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 156.
Doras hancockii CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 279.-
GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 202 (Demerara; Rio Cupai).-EIGENMANN and
EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 234.—EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 393. g
One hundred and ninety-five specimens, 9–120 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1443a—i; I. U. Cat. No. 12033.)
Ten specimens, 65–123 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1444a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12034.)
One specimen, 28 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1445a).
Nine specimens, 26–41 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1446a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12035.)
Twelve specimens, 28–36 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1649a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12038.) . - :
Four specimens, 68–98 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1447a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12036.) .
Eight specimens, 30–45 mm. Rupununi Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1448a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12037.)
Head 4–4.3; depth 4.25; width at tip of humeral process 3.66; D. I,6; A. 11–
13; lateral plates 1 + 25; eye 1.5 in snout, 4.5 in head. 1.5 in interorbital.
Coracoid and its process exposed below, striate; nuchal area with a blunt
median keel, roof-shaped; head granular to the anterior nares; movable nasal bone
large, forming part of the orbit; maxillary barbel reaching tip of humeral process,
outer mental barbel to its middle; jaws equal, mouth terminal, its width less than
half the space between the gill-openings.
Pectoral spine strongly serrate on its anterior and posterior margins, its upper
188 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Acanthodoras cataphractus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 17; “Silures
de Suriname,” 1864, 40 (Surinam). . . . . . . . W. . v . . . . . .
Cataphractus americanus BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 107, pl.
SQ
surface with three sharp ridges, its lower striate, reaching past base of ventrals;
dorsal spine shorter than pectoral spine, with four sharp ridges on each side and a
median one in front, the latter sometimes broken up into teeth near the base of the
spine; caudal truncate, very slightly emarginate or rounded; humeral process with
lines of granules, which become stronger along the lower margin, and recurved spines
towards its tip.
Lateral plates regularly decreasing in height backward, each with a strong
recurved hook, and ridges above and below which end in spines; caudal fulcra
extending forward above and below on the caudal peduncle, but the latter largely
naked.
Ash-colored; head and body variously marked with black; an irregular black
band along sides below the median hooks. A black spot at base of caudal; three
more or less distinct black blotches on the back; one down and behind dorsal,
one about adipose and one across caudal peduncle; dorsal and caudal, and to less
extent the remaining fins, marked with black; lower surface variously marked.
59. Doras cataphractus (Linnaeus).
Silurus cataphractus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 307; ed. 12, I, 1766, 506.
Doras cataphractus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 276
(?).—KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVII, 1855, 126 (Rio Guaporé; Barra do
Rio Negro).-BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 54.—GüNTHER,
Catalogue, W, 1864, 204 (?).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers
Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 234.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp.
Patagonia, III, 1910, 393.
28–LACEPRDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, 124, 127 (Carolina Ż).
Doras blochii CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 277 (copied).
* Doras castaneo-ventris SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 161, pl. 3 (Rio
Pasawiri).
? Doras brunnescens SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 163 (Upper
Essequibo).
Doras polyramma et polygramma (ea: Heckel, MS.) KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
XVII, 1855, 126, 127. -
Callichthys asper GRoNow, Cat. Fish., ed. Gray, 1854, 157.
One specimen, 170 mm. Kangaruma. (C. M. Cat. No. 1640.)
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 189
One specimen, 84 mm. Georgetown. (C. M. Cat. No. 1641.)
Twenty specimens, 53–112 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1642a-c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12032.)
Head 3.75–4; depth equals head; width 3.16; D. I,5; A. 10 or 11; lateral
plates 2 or 3 + 22 to 27; eye 2.5 in snout, 9 in head, 3.5–4 in interorbital.
Wentral surfaces of coracoid not exposed; head depressed, flat between the
eyes, becoming slightly arched in the nuchal region, not roof-shaped, granulated
to between the anterior nares; posterior nares just in front of the supraorbital
ridge, scarcely protected by the low nasal bone; orbital margin, preopercle and
opercle granular in the adult; maxillary barbel reaching to second third of humeral
process in the adult, beyond its tip in the young; outer mental barbels scarcely
shorter than the maxillary. Jaws equal or the upper but slightly longer; mouth
strictly terminal, its width less than half the distance between the gill-openings.
Pectoral spine strongly serrate on anterior and posterior margins; upper Sur-
face in young with a median series of straight teeth, in the adult with numerous
irregularly placed teeth; lower surface rough in young, striate in adult; dorsal spine
about two-thirds the length of the pectoral spine, its posterior surface Smooth, its
anterior surface with a series of straight spines, its sides with one or more series
of similar spines; caudal rounded, humeral process reaching third fourth or fourth
fifth of pectoral spine, with a series of large recurved spines in young, and smaller
spines above them, the difference between large and small spines becoming less
with age; lateral plates highest above origin of anal, those of opposite sides meeting
along the median line from near the tip of the dorsal to the caudal and along the
ventral line of the caudal peduncle; median spine of plates nearly straight, each
plate from about the seventh with a series of teeth increasing in size toward the
upper and lower margins; anterior plates with more numerous Smaller spines.
Black; a light median line along back of head and sometimes body; a light
line from posterior nares following margin of skull and then along median line of
spines. Caudal black, with hyaline bars; other fins black with hyaline blotches or
bands; posterior margin of adipose light; lower surface and sides of head marbled.
OxYDORAS Kner.
Oxydoras KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVII, 1855, 115 (sp.); BLEEKER, Nederl.
Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 14 (niger).
Pseudodoras BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 53 (niger).
Rhinodoras BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 14 (Orbignyi).
Type, Doras miger Valenciennes.
Doradines with the barbels simple; no teeth; eye in posterior half of head,
snout long and pointed. -
190 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
S.
§
º 60. Oxydoras niger (Valenciennes).
(`
Doras miger VALENCIENNES, in Humboldt, Rec. Obs. Zool., II, 1811, 184.—CUVIER
and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 291 (?).—SCHOMBURGK, Fishes
Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 165.-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen,
III, 1848, 629 (Rivers of Guiana).-BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I,
1863, 14 (name only).
Rhinodoras niger GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 209 (Amazons).-CoPE, Proc. Am.
'. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 678 (Nauta).-VAILLANT, Bull. Soc. Philom., (7),
IV, 1880, 14 (Calderon). -
Oxydoras niger EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888,
159 (Teffé; Gurupa; Manacapuru; Coary; Obidos); ‘Occasional Papers Cal.
Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 247.-KINDLE, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1894, 251
(Pará).—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 393.
Doras humboldti AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 129, pl. 5 (Rio San
Francisco, Brazil).-AGASSIz, a Journey in Brazil, 1868, -.
Corydoras edentatus SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, pl. 5.
Rhinodoras prionomus CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 134 (Nauta);
Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 678 (Nauta).
Rhinodorasteffeanus STEINDACHNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXXI, 1875, 145, pl. 3
(Teffé).
One specimen, 178 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 1622.)
Head 3.3; depth 4.5; D. I,6; A. 11; lateral plates 23; eye 3 in interorbital,
4 in snout, 3 in preorbital part of head. -
Deepest in front of dorsal spine, the depth equal to the width; caudal peduncle
depressed, its depth half the distance from anal to lower caudal rays. Head
pointed, its width 1.4 in its length, almost equal to its depth. Opercle, top of
head, and dorsal plate tubercular striate. Interorbital flat; fontanel narrow, in a
wide groove continued beyond the fontanel, which does not extend beyond the
middle of the eye. * >
Lips and barbels thickly papillose, the barbels simple, free from the lips and
not united; maxillary barbel extending a little beyond eye; distance between nares
less than their distance from tip of snout or eye; distance between gill-openings
equals width of mouth. Highest lateral scute less than one-fourth the length of
the head, each scute with a very strong median hook, up to eight spines below the
median hook and up to ten above it. -
Dorsal spine striate, with a few straight spines on its posterior surface and
much more numerous and stronger antrorse hooks on its anterior margin. Pectoral
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHEs of BRITISH GUIANA 191
Spines with hooks of equal size in front and behind, the anterior antrorse, the
posterior retrorse. Adipose fin low, gradually merging into the back in front.
Caudal short and broad, its length equal to snout and eye.
Slaty black, with lighter markings below; fins black.
LEPTODORAS Boulenger.
Leptodoras BOULENGER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), II, 1898, 477.
Type, Oxydoras acipenserinus Günther.
No teeth; maxillary barbel fringed; anal 15–18; eye large.
Boulenger creates the genus Leptodoras on account of the longer body and the
longer anal fin, 15–17 rays. In another place (Trans. Zool. Soc., XIV, 1898,423)
he rejects the genus Hemidoras as indistinguishable from Oxydoras. As the type
of Hemidoras has thirteen anal rays and Hemidoras brevis has thirteen or fourteen
it might be doubted whether Leptodoras can be separated from Hemidoras on the
Score of anal rays. Since, however, Leptodoras has no teeth it may be kept distinct.
The extralimital species of this genus are acipenserinus, juruensis and probably
Stübelii. I have been able to examine the types of the two former in the British
Museum. -
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LEPTODoRAs.
a. Dorsal spine short, pungent, serrate in front.
b. Eye 3.5 in the head; pectoral spine longer than snout and eye; reaching near middle of ventrals.
linnelli. ,
(bb. Eye 5 in the head; pectoral spine longer, equal to snout and eye; reaching scarcely beyond origin
of ventrals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acipenserinus.
aa. Dorsal spine prolonged, not pungent, roughened near its base; eye 6.5 in the head; pectoral
spine reaching ventrals, head depressed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . juruensis.)
61. Leptodoras linnelli sp. nov. (Plate XVII, fig. 1; Plate XVIII, fig. 1.)
Leptodoras linnelli EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
395 (name only).
Type, 190 mm. Tumatumari. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1626.)
Cotypes, twenty-seven specimens, 64–209 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1627a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12022.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 64 and 182 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1628;
I. U. Cat. No. 12024.) -
Cotypes, six specimens, 75–103 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1629a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12023.)
192 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Cotype, one specimen, 174 mm. Georgetown market 2 (C. M. Cat. No.
1630.) - -
Head 3.5; depth 6; D. I,6; A. 12–14; lateral plates 38–39; eye 3.5–4 in head,
1.75—1.8 in snout; interorbital 2 in eye.
Slender; depth equal to width; caudal peduncle broad, depressed, its depth
equal to half its width, less than the distance of the anal from the caudal; fontanel
continued as a groove to the tip of the occipital process. A small foramen on
either side of the occipital process; no teeth; mouth nearly equal to the distance
between the gill-openings. Maxillary barbel reaching gill-opening in the young,
shorter in the adult.
Lateral plates well-developed along the entire sides, each with a central hook
and a series of marginal spines, those above the median hook close-set; median
hook strongest on the plates, just behind the vertical from the anal; humeral
process short, its upper margin greatly arched. g
Dorsal and pectoral spines of about equal length, little shorter than the head,
the pectoral spine reaching to the middle of the ventrals or farther in the adult,
not much beyond the base in the young; pectoral spine serrate on both edges, the
teeth much stronger on the inner surface; dorsal spine with much feebler serrations;
adipose free behind, its base nearly or quite equal to the base of the dorsal exclusive
of the spine. A large pectoral pore.
White beneath, uniform dark above; a pair of parallel bands on the caudal,
the middle rays light.
HEMIDORAs Bleeker.
Doras LACáPåDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 116 (carinatus and costatus).—
BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 13 (carinatus), not Doras Cuvier
and Valenciennes.
Ozydoras KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVII, 1855, 142 (sp.).
Hemidoras BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 53 (stenopeltis).
Hassar EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 158 (orestes).
Type, Doras stenopeltis Kner. º
Barbels fringed; eye large. One or both jaws with teeth; numerous pectoral
pores.
REY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of HEMIDORAS.
a. No foramen on either side of juncture between occipital process and dorsal plate. (Hemidoras.)
b. Lateral plates of the anterior part of the body well-developed; teeth in the lower jaw small, in
two patches.
c. Groove of the fontanel not extending backward; maxillary barbel not reaching gill-opening.
Eye 2.75 in head (1 in young); teeth very feeble, mouth half as wide as distance
between gill-openings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . microstomus.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 193
cc. Maxillary barbel extending to base of pectoral; eye 4.5 in the head in the adult (3 in the young),
2.75 in the snout (1.5 in young); teeth well-developed in both jaws; snout pointed;
mouth 1-1.5 in distance between gill-openings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . carinatus.
bb. Lateral plates of anterior part of body rudimentary or very small, increasing in size backward.
d. Teeth of the lower jaw minute, in two separate patches; differing from carinatus largely
in the rudimentary anterior plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . micropoeus.
dd. Teeth of the lower jaw large, brown-tipped, in a single median patch; maxillary barbel ex-
tending beyond origin of pectorals; snout bluntly decurved; pectorals extending to
ventrals; base of dorsal dark; a light band along the lateral hooks, bordered above
and below by darker, which is most intense on base of caudal . . . . . . . . . . leporhinus.
aa. A large foramen on either side of the juncture between dorsal plate and occipital process; dorsal with
a conspicuous black spot. (Hassar.)
e. Maxillary barbel extending to base of pectoral; orbit oval; snout long, conical; pectoral spine reach-
ing ventrals; dorsal spine with hooks on the basal half of the anterior margin; humeral
process elongate, its upper margin not greatly arched. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . notospilus.
(ee. Maxillary barbel to below posterior part of the eye; orbit ovate with a narrowing forward exten-
sion; snout slender; origin of orbit behind the middle of the head; pectoral spine not
reaching ventrals; dorsal spine with hooks along the basal two-thirds or three-fourths of its
anterior margin; humeral process spatulate, its dorsal margin much curved.
f. Scapula covered with skin; dorsal spot not extending to tip of the membranes. . . . . . . Orestes.
ff. Scapula granular; black spot extending to upper margin of dorsal membranes. . . . . . . wilderi.)
62. Hemidoras microstomus sp. nov. (Plate XVIII, fig. 2.)
Hemidoras microstomus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 394 (name only).
Type, 52 mm. Rockstone. (Carnegie Museum Catalogue of Fishes No. 1650.)
Cotypes, twelve specimens, 35–51 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1651
a—b; I. U. Cat. No. 12040.)
Cotype, one specimen, 52 mm. Rockstone. (I. U. Cat. No. 12039.)
Head 3.75–4.2; depth 4.33–5.5; D. I,6; A. 10–12; lateral plates 26–32; eye
2.5–2.66 in the head, 1–1.33 in the snout; interorbital 1–1.66 in eye.
Profile from dorsal to above eye straight, then descending rapidly; the snout
very blunt, rounded; lower jaw much shorter, included; fontanel elliptical, little
longer than eye, not continued as a groove; top of head convex. Width of mouth
equal to half the distance between gill-openings. Teeth very feeble, if present.
Maxillary barbels reaching gill-openings, or a little shorter; distance of dorsal
spine from tip of snout 2.75–3 in the length.
Dorsal spine as long as the head or a little longer, with serrae on the basal half
of the anterior margin and entire length of posterior margin. Pectoral spine a
little longer or shorter than the dorsal spine, reaching the ventrals; base of adipose
194 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
less than diameter of eye. Lateral shields small, of uniform height, height 2.5–3.3
in eye, hooks highest above tip of anal fin. Humeral process four times as long
as broad, spine-like.
Sides and back covered with minute black dots, thickest at base of dorsal
and caudal fins, white underneath.
63. Hemidoras carinatus (Linnaeus).
Silurus carinatus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 504.—BLOCH and SCHNEI-
DER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 108.
Doras carinatus LACáPădE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 116 (Surinam).-CUVIER
and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 288, pl. 442 (Cayenne).-
MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 629 (Essequibo).—
BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 54; Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I,
1863, 13 (name only); “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 31 (Surinam).
Doras (Oxydoras) carinatus KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVII, 1855, 144
(Surinam).
Ozydoras carinatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864,206 (Surinam; Essequibo River).-
VAILLANT, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), IV, 1880, 154 (Calderon). ... a
Hemidoras carinatus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 158; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 258.-EIGENMANN, Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 394. +
Doras ozyrhynchus VALENCIENNES, in Humboldt, Rec. Obs. Zool., II, 1833, 184.
One hundred and thirty-three specimens, 44–320 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1631a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 12025.)
One specimen, 95 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1632.)
Ninety-two specimens, 48–267 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1633a—i;
I. U. Cat. No. 12026.) -
Three specimens, 45, 113, and 247 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1634a; I. U. Cat. No. 12027.) *
One hundred and sixteen specimens, 39–140 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1635a—i; I. U. Cat. No. 12028.)
Head 3.16–3.33; depth 4.25–4.5; D. I,6; A. 11–14; lateral plates 33; eye 3–
4.5 in the head, 1.5–2.75 in the snout, the snout proportionately longer in the
old individuals; interorbital 1.3–1.5 in the eye. -
Heavy below the dorsal, the width 1.25 in the depth; caudal peduncle as
wide as deep, its depth less than distance of anal from the lower caudal rays;
occipital area roof-shaped, with a median groove which is not continued to the
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 195
fontanel; profile abruptly descending in front of the eye, the snout sharp; a pair
of patches of Small teeth in each jaw; those of the upper jaw sometimes wanting;
mouth narrow, 1–1.5 in the distance between the gill-openings. Maxillary barbel
reaching to the gill-openings. *
Lateral plates nearly equally well-developed along the entire length; humeral
process truncate, its upper and lower margins nearly parallel, its depth one-third
of its length. - - e
Distance between snout and dorsal 2.5 in the length, dorsal spine as long as
snout and eye or shorter; pectoral spine longer than dorsal spine, reaching the
ventrals; adipose fin low, its base equal to the base of the dorsal without the spine.
Axillary pores numerous.
White below, ashy above, no definite markings. In the specimen from Bartica
the dorsal spine is margined with dark.
64. Hemidoras micropoeus sp. nov.
Hemidoras micropaeus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 394 (name only). +
Type, 365 mm. Wismar. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1636.)
Cotype, 217 mm. Wismar. * -
Cotypes, two specimens, 250–270 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No.
1637; I. U. Cat. No. 12029.) *
These specimens differ from carinatus in having the plates from above the
ventrals forward rudimentary. Af -
65. Hemidoras leporhinus sp. nov. (Plate XIX, fig. 1.)
Hemidoras leporhinus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 394 (name only). º º
Type, 56 mm. Tumatumari. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1624.) -
Cotypes, three specimens, 53–59 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1625; I.
U. Cat. No. 12021.) -
Readily distinguished by its peculiar leporine snout, and by its mouth, lower
teeth, and coloration.
Head nearly 4; depth 5; D. 6; A. 12; lateral plates 33 to 35; eye 2.4 in the head,
equal to the snout; interorbital 1.6 in the eye.
Depth equal to the width in front of the pectoral; caudal peduncle slender, its
depth equal to the distance of the anal from the caudal fulcra; profile curved,
196 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
sharply so in front of the eye; snout pointed; fontanel continued as a groove to the
tip of the dorsal plate; a small foramen on either side of the juncture between the
dorsal plate and occipital process; mouth 2 in the distance between the gill-open-
ings; five to seven teeth in each ramus of the lower jaw, grouped in front so as to
form one continuous patch; maxillary barbel reaching at least to base of pectoral;
humeral process more than three times as long as wide, rounded behind.
Lateral plates deepest above end of anal, their depth four-tenths of the length
of the eye.
Distance of origin of dorsal from tip of snout 2.7 in the length.
Dorsal and pectoral spines about equal in length and equal to the length of the
head. -
Belly white; sides of head and body thickly dotted, darkest on dorsal surface of
caudal peduncle; a light stripe along the lateral plates and middle caudal rays;
bases of the caudal fulcra and a band above and below the central light band black;
tip of upper lobe dusky; a dark area on base of dorsal, highest on the spine.
66. Hemidoras notospilus sp. nov. (Plate XIX, fig. 2.)
Hemidoras notospilus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 394 (name only). - º
Type unique, 70 mm. Crab Falls. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1623.) -
Head 3.33; depth 5; D. I,6; A. 12; lateral plates 33; eye 3 in head, 1.5 in snout;
interorbital a little more than half the eye.
Profile from dorsal to above front of eye nearly straight, descending rapidly in
front of eye; snout pointed, lower jaw much the shorter; fontanel continued as a
groove to the occipital, not to the tip of the process or the dorsal plate; dorsal plate
bat-shaped, a large foramen on either side of it in front; interorbital and snout
narrow; depth of head greater than its width, 1.5 in its length. Eye oval, 1.75
times as long as high.
Maxillary barbel reaching pectoral, having numerous small barblets; mental
barbels papillose. Distance of dorsal spine from tip of snout 2.5 in the length.
Dorsal spine a little longer than snout and half the eye. Pectoral spine a
little longer than the dorsal spine, reaching the ventrals. Base of adipose less than
the length of the eye. •
Lateral shields highest above end of anal, their height 1.33 of the length of
the eye. Humeral process more than three times as long as broad.
Belly white, sides with an increasing amount of pigment toward the back;
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 197
base of dorsal and sides of the spine dotted, rest of fin hyaline, except a conspicuous
black spot near the tip of the first three dorsal rays.
Subfamily AUCHENIPTERINAE.
CENTROMOCHLUs Kner.
Centromochlus KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 430 (megalops =
heckelii).
Glanidium (ea: Reinhardt, MS.) LüTKEN, Dan. Widensk.-Selsk. Skr., XII, 1874, 31
(albescens).
Type, Centromochlus megalops Kner.
Mental barbels in two pairs; adipose fin shorter than the anal; anal short,
7–11; mouth terminal; jaws equal; caudal forked; W. 6.
67. Centromochlus aulopygius Kner. (Plate XX, fig. 1.)
Centromochlus aulopygius KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 432, pl. 8,
fig. 25 (Rio Guaporé).—GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 198 (Essequibo).-
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 157
(Cudajas); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 270–PELLEGRIN,
Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., V, 1899, 158 (Apuré).—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 395. *
- One specimen, 65 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No.
1727.)
One specimen, 65 mm. Wismar. (I. U. Cat. No. 12643.)
Head 3.75–4.25; depth 4–5; D. I,4 or I,5; A. 9 or 10; eye 5 in snout, 3 in
head, 2 in interorbital.
Head blunt, bullet-shaped; tail compressed; top of head finely granular; an
ovate fontanel, its posterior margin over the last third of the eye; jaws subequal;
teeth conical, fixed, in narrow bands; lower margin of gill-opening on a level with
the upper margin of the pectoral spine; maxillary barbel reaching slightly beyond
the middle of the pectoral spine; mental barbels reaching beyond base of post-
mentals, the post-mentals not to base of pectoral.
Dorsal spine a little shorter than the pectoral spine, as long as the head;
anterior margin of dorsal with large antrorse teeth, the posterior margin smooth;
pectoral spine serrate on both margins, the teeth of the posterior margin larger.
Ventrals not reaching to anal; anal rays crowded, especially in the Wismar speci-
men; adipose fin shorter than the dorsal.
Chocolate brown above, shading to white on the belly; sides of body and
caudal with numerous horizontally-oval light spots; lower fins light.
198 4 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM -
TRACHYCORYSTEs Bleeker.
Trachycorystes BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 88 (typus = trachy-
corystes). * -
Parauchemipterus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 88 (galeatus).
Type, Trachycorystes typus Bleeker.
Mental barbels in two pairs; adipose fin shorter than the anal fin; anal 19–41;
caudal obliquely truncate or slightly emarginate; outer margin of pectoral spine
Serrate. -
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TRACHYCORYSTEs.
a. Caudal oblique.
b. Dorsal spine longer than the pectoral spine, which is 1.5 in the head; head covered with smooth
bb. Pectoral spine longer than dorsal spine, about as long as head; head granular, or covered with
thin skin in the young; A. 22–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … ‘. . galeatus.
aa. Caudal emarginate; A. 19 or 20; dorsal spine serrate on its anterior edge; pectoral spine as long as
the head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . obscurus.
68. Trachycorystes glaber (Steindachner).
Auchenipterus glaber STEINDACHNER, “Süsswasserfische Südóstlichen Brasilien,” iii,
1876, 97, footnote (Demerara). -
Trachycorystes glaber EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 154 (name only); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 272,275.-
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 395.
: No specimens of this species were obtained. It is known from the types in
the Vienna Museum. * -
D. I,5; A. 23; dorsal spine smooth on outer, weakly serrate on inner margin,
longer than pectoral spine, 1.25 in the head; pectoral spine 1.5 in the head; caudal
obliquely rounded. g
69. Trachycorystes galeatus (Linnaeus).
Silurus galeatus LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 503 (based on Seba, Locupl.
Rer. Nat. Thes. Acc. Descr., III, 1748, pl. 29, fig. 7).-GMELIN, Syst. Nat.,
I, iii, 1788, 1357.-BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, 39, pl. 369, fig. 1.—
BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 384.
Pimelodus galeatus LACáP£d E, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 97, 114 (South America).
Auchenipterus galeatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 196 (Guiana),—PETERs,
MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, 470 (Calabozo). -
Parauchenipterus galeatus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 88 (name
only); “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 45 (Surinam),
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 199
Trachycorystes galeatus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 155 (Pernambuco; San Gonçallo; Rio San Francisco, below the falls;
Tabatinga; Teffé; Rio Puty); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890,
279.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 396.
Auchemipterus maculosus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840,
216 (Cayenne).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
639 (Essequibo).-KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 425 (Mara-
bitanos).—GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 196 (Surinam; Essequibo).-VAIL-
LANT, Bull. Soc. Philom., (7), IV, 1880, 154 (Calderon).
Auchenipterus immaculatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV,
1840, 218 (Cayenne). e * g
Auchenipterus punctatus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840,
219 (Brazil 7).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
629 (Essequibo).-KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 425 (Rio
Branco).
Auchenipterus lacustris LüTKEN, Dan. Widensk.-Selsk. Skr., XII, 1875, 148, with
fig. (Rio das Velhas). -
Auchemipterus robustus Günth ER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 197 (Demerara).
Trachycorystes robustus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2),
I, 1888, 156 (name only).
One specimen, 110 mm. Mud-flats, Demerara River, below Wismar. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1717a.) -
One specimen, 132 mm. Barima River. (C. M. Cat. No. 1718q.)
Five specimens, 116–160 mm. Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No. 1719q; I. U.
Cat. No. 12096a–b.)
Eleven specimens, 99–195 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 1720a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12093.) -
Four specimens, 130–228 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat. No. 1721a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12094.)
One specimen, 167 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 2229.)
Four specimens, 91–140 mm. Chipoo Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1722a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12095.) - -
Head 4–4.5; depth 3.5–4; D. 1,6; A. 22–27, most frequently 24; V. 6; P. I,6,
Eye 1.5–2 in snout, 5.5–6 in head, 3.5–4 in interorbital.
Head heavy, its width equal to its length, depressed, profile but little concave
at the nape, rounded forward, the lower jaw entering the profile; upper surface
of head finely granular in the old, covered with thin smooth skin in the young;
200 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
fontanel surrounded by bone; maxillary barbel reaching to or beyond tip of the
humeral process, mental barbel 2.5–3 times as long as the eye.
Dorsal spine equal to head without the snout or a little longer but not equal
to the length of the head, rough in front, with recurved hooks for over half its
length, from the tip on the posterior margin; pectoral spine as long as the head,
with antrorse teeth in front and larger retrorse teeth behind; caudal obliquely
rounded.
Color variable, much lighter in those inhabiting muddy water, with a light
band across the head behind the eye, the dorsal plate also light, sides strigate;
much darker to black in those inhabiting clear waters, the sides strigate.
The specimens from Chipoo Creek, a tributary of the Ireng, differ from those
near the coast in having the maxillary barbels a little shorter, reaching to or not
quite to the tip of the humeral process, the mental barbels 1.5–1.75 times as long
as the eye. -
70. Trachycorystes obscurus (Günther). (Plate XVII, fig. 2.)
Auchenipterus obscurus GüNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), XII, 1863, 442
(Essequibo); Catalogue, W, 1864, 195. .
Trachycorystes obscurus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2),
I, 1888, 154; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 275.-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 396.
I have examined the types in the British Museum and two specimens in the
Berlin Museum, all collected by Ehrhardt.
No specimens of this species were secured by me.
The species is readily distinguished by its emarginate caudal.
D. I,5; A. 19–20; maxillary and post-mental barbel extending to, or somewhat
beyond, the tip of the humeral process; mental barbel 2 or 3 times as long as the
eye; dorsal serrate along its anterior edge; pectoral serrate along both edges; dorsal
spine shorter than the pectoral spine, which equals the head in length; caudal
emarginate, the upper lobe scarcely longer than the lower. Uniform brownish black.
PSEUDAUCHENIPTERUs Bleeker.
Felichthys Swainson, Class. Fishes, Amph., and Rept., II, 1839, 305 (sp).-SwAIN,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1882, 281 (nodosus). -
Pseudauchenipterus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 88 (nodosus).
Type, Silurus modosus Bloch.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 201
71. Pseudauchenipterus nodosus (Bloch). (Plate XX, fig. 2.)
Silurus nodosus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, 35, pl. 368, fig. 1 (Tranque-
bar?).—BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 383.
Arius nodosus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 70
(copied). - -
Auchenipterus nodosus MüLLER and TRoscHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 11–KNER,
SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 424 (Surinam).-GüNTHER, Catalogue,
V, 1864, 194 (British, Dutch, and French Guiana).
Pseudauchenipterus nodosus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 88 (name
only); “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 43, pl. 11, fig. 1, pl. 13, fig. 6 (Surinam).
—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 396.
Felichthys nodosus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888,
154 (Pará; Bahia); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 291.
Auchenipterus furcatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840,
211 (Guiana).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 629
(Essequibo). w; -
Pseudauchenipterus guppyi REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, 387 (Trinidad).
Parauchenipterus paseada, REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, pl. 23.
Twenty specimens, 210–290 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
1723a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 12097.) *
Three specimens, 137–145 mm. Mahaica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1724a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12098.)
Two specimens, 212 and 227 mm. Mud-flats of Demerara River, near Wismar.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1725a; I. U. Cat. No. 12099.)
Head 42; depth 45–4.75, D. I,6; A. 21 or 22; V. 8; P. I,7. Eye about 1
in Snout, 4.25 in head, 2.5 in interorbital. * -
Subtriangular in front, the head blunt, the tail compressed; maxillary barbel
reaching posterior third of pectoral spine, mental barbel beyond base of pectoral,
post-mental to middle of pectoral spine; head nearly as broad as long; frontal
bones pitted, not much swollen; lower jaw included.
Dorsal spine 3—3.6 in the length, feebly serrate behind; pectoral spine 3.5–3.75
in the length, its outer margin striate, its inner finely serrate. Caudal forked;
anal slightly emarginate. -
Back and sides dark blue; an undulating white streak follows the lateral line,
dividing with it on the caudal; area above anal lighter than the rest of the sides;
upper and lower margin of caudal light, the hinder margin black; tips of remaining
fins light.
202 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
AUCHENIPTERUs Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Auchenipterus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 207
(nuchalis). -
Evanemus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 11 (colymbetes).
Type, Hypophthalmus nuchalis Spix.
Mental barbels arranged in a line near the symphysis; a short adipose fin;,
anal long; ventrals with 12 to 15 rays; pectorals I,11.
KEY TO THE SPECIES of AUCHENIPTERUs.
a. Mandibular barbels extending to the tip of the pectoral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . demerarae.
aa. Mandibular barbels extending to the lower angle of the gill-opening...................... brevior.
..º.) y º y, )7
2A Jr…aºſ z/ ~2 A.2/4 - '2' ' ' '.
72. Auchenipterus demerarae sp. nov." (Platé XXI, fig. 1.)
Type, 115 mm. Wismar. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1714.)
Cotype, 115 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1713.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 101 and 118 mm. Wismar and mud-flats just below
Wismar. (I. U. Cat. No. 12091.) -
Similar to Auchenipterus nuchalis (Spix), but with a lateral band.
Head 5.25; depth 4.75; D. I,6; A. 41 to 44; W. 12; P. I,11; eye 3 in head,
1.5 in interorbital, 1 in snout; depth of caudal peduncle 2 in the head.
Head short, blunt, depressed; body much compressed; occipital process as
long as wide, fontanel as long as the pupil, its anterior edge but slightly in advance
of the posterior margin of the eye; lower jaw slightly included, the teeth in very
narrow bands; gill-membranes free to behind the lower margin of the pupil; maxil-
lary barbel extending to the tip of the pectoral, mandibular barbels to the middle
of the pectorals; distance from tip of snout to dorsal 4.33 in the length, the spine
equal to snout and eye, with a few recurved notches on the posterior margin near
the tip; pectoral spine but little shorter than the head, smooth in front, with
recurved teeth along its entire posterior margin; pectorals not reaching ventrals,
ventrals to about the sixth anal ray; highest anal ray equals snout and eye; middle.
caudal rays about half as long as the outer. -
Sides everywhere peppered; a dark median band from the gill-opening to the
caudal; dorsal and caudal dusky, the tip of the upper caudal lobe sometimes quite
dark; lower fins hyaline. w * A 27/44.'Ž2% 9/ º/ A.J.K.
_^
~. ºth º
73. Auchenipterus brevior sp. nov.
Type, 71 mm. Tumatumari. (Carnegie Museum Catalogue of Fishes No.
1715a.) ſº -
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 203
Cotypes, twenty specimens, 50–73 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1716
a—d; I. U. Cat. No. 12108.) *
These specimens differ from demerarae notably in one observed particular: the
mandibular barbels extend to about the lower angle of the gill-opening, not to the
pectoral. e
The maxillary barbels are as long as in demerarae; depth 5.33.
Subfamily AGENEIOSINAE.
TYMPANOPLEURA” gen. nov.
Type, Tympanopleura piperata sp. nov.
Maxillary barbels only, short. Air-bladder projecting into the abdominal
cavity, naked laterally, the skin over it forming a large pseudo-tympanum; snout
short, about equal to the eye; profile very concave; first dorsal and first pectoral
rays pungent; origin of anal equidistant from rictus and middle caudal rays.
74. Tympanopleura piperata sp. nov. (Plate XX, fig. 3.)
Type, a male, 64 mm. Crab Falls. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1708.) g
Cotypes, two males and five females, 57–61 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No.
1709a; I. U. Cat. No. 12090.) - #
This is evidently a young fish. To what extent the large, protruding air-
bladder and the large pseudo-tympanum are characters of immaturity I am unable
to say. The short snout very probably is due to the age of the specimen.
Head 4.5; depth 4.75; D. I,5 or 6; A. 31; W. 7; P. I,9; Br. 7; eye 1 in snout,
2.8 in head, 1 in space between the eyes below. -
Profile much concave; fontanel open in front, continued as a groove to above
the posterior margin of the pupil; snout rounded, the gape short; maxillary barbel
in the male with an osseous base extending to below the anterior margin of the eye,
the fleshy tip a little farther; in the female, minute, fleshy, reaching the rictus;
gill-opening extending to below the posterior margin of the eye; dorsal spine with
minute teeth on its front margin, its posterior margin smooth in the male, with
recurved teeth along its entire length in the female; pectoral spine smooth in front,
with recurved teeth along its entire margin behind; a large pectoral pore. Distance
of dorsal from snout 3.66 in the length; origin of anal equidistant from rictus
and caudal; ventrals reaching past origin of anal; pectorals not to ventrals.
* réuravov, tympanum, whewpá, side.
204 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Sides everywhere lightly peppered with chromatophores; an hour-glass-shaped
dark bar across the base of the caudal.
AGENEIOSUS Lacépède.
Ageneiosus LACáPāDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1805, 132 (armatus); IX, 167.
Pseudageneiosus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 108 (davalla).
Ageniosus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 191 (sp.).
Type, Ageneiosus armatus Lacépède.
Maxillary barbels only; air-bladder minute, concealed under the peritoneum
and largely covered with bone; no pseudo-tympanum. Snout much longer than
the eye. .
- KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of AGENEIosus.
a. Caudal deeply forked. .
b. A. 45; back with obscure marblings; maxillary band of teeth comma-shaped, the teeth large;
dorsal and pectoral spines slender, pungent; origin of anal a little nearer base of middle
caudal rays than the rictus; pectorals not reaching ventrals. Head 4; P. I,14; Br. 9.
guianensis.
aa. Caudal emarginate; dorsal and pectoral rays smooth on posterior margin, the pectoral ray not
pungent. -
c. Dorsal spine strong, sinuate, rough or spinous in front; profile steep, concave, origin of anal
equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and anterior margin of eye; pectoral falcate,
the first ray reaching beyond origin of ventrals; head 3.66; P. I,14; Br. 9; A. 34, dark
above, lighter below. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . brevifilis.
cc. First dorsal ray not spinous; profile nearly straight and horizontal; origin of anal a little nearer
origin of pectoral than to base of middle caudal rays; pectoral rounded, not reaching ven-
trals; head 3.33; P. 16; Br. 10; A. 29. Conspicuously marked with light and dark.
marmoratus.
75. Ageneiosus guianensis sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 2.) tº
Type unique, a female, 175 mm. Wismar. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of
Fishes No. 1712a.)
Head 4; depth 5.5; D. I,6; A. 45; W. 8; P. I,14; Br. 9; eye 3 in snout, 6
in head, 3.5 in space between the eyes below.
Profile concave, not very steep, snout much depressed; width of head 1.4 in
its length; length of snout less than interocular width by about an orbital diameter;
fontanel reaching above middle of eyes, the groove considerably farther; cleft of
mouth 3 in the length of the head; half the maxillary barbel osseous, its tip reaching
rictus; premaxillary band of teeth comma-shaped, widest in front, its width half
the length of the eye, the teeth comparatively large. Gill-openings extending
to below the posterior margin of the eye, the space between them about equal to
the diameter of the eye.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 205
Distance from snout to dorsal 3.6 in the length; the spine slender, with minute
wide-set teeth on the anterior margin, more numerous minute teeth on the posterior
margin; pectoral spine slender, pungent, slightly rough in front, with small curved
teeth along its entire inner margin; caudal deeply forked, the middle rays not half
as long as the outer rays, which are 4.5 in the length; origin of the anal a little
nearer to the base of the middle caudal rays than to the rictus; ventrals reaching
beyond origin of anal; pectorals four-fifths the distance to the ventrals.
Dark chocolate above, shading to the anal; ventral surface light; back ob-
scurely marbled; dorsal, base and tips of caudal, upper surface of pectoral and
ventral, except their last rays, dark. * -
This species is near dentatus Kner and ucayalensis Castelnau, but differs in
the width of the head, the length of the snout, the mouth, color, etc.
76. Ageneiosus brevifilis Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Ageneiosus inermis (not Silurus inermis Linnaeus or Bloch) CUVIER and
WALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 240, pl. 440 (Surinam).-
CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 48 (Amazon).
Ageneiosus breviñlis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 242
(Cayenne).-KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 438 (Rio Cujabá).—
GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 192 (River Capin, Pará); Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1868, 229 (Xeberos).-CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878,
676 (Peruvian Amazon).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., (2), I, 1888, 150 (name only); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I,
1890, 309.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
397.
Pseudageneiosus brevifilis BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 83, pl. 16, fig. 1
(Surinam). *
Hypophthalmus dawalla SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 191, pl. 9
(Guiana).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 643.
Ageneiosus dawalla EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 150 (name only); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 309.
Ageniosus sebae GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 192 (copied).
One specimen, a male, 445 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 1711a.)
Head 3.66; depth 5; D. I,6; A. 34; V. 8; P. I,14; Br. 9; eye 3.5 in snout,
6.5 in head, 5.5 in space between the eyes below.
Profile steep, concave; head depressed, broad; fontanel reaching eye, the
groove beyond the posterior margin of the eye; maxillary barbel Osseous to near its
206 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
tip, tuberculate above, reaching the eye; premaxillary band of teeth .66 of the
length of the eye, the teeth minute; gill-openings reaching to below the eye, the
space between them equal to the eye.
Distance from snout to dorsal 3.66 in the length; the spine an orbital diameter
shorter than the head, with short sharp teeth along its concave anterior margin,
the posterior margin smooth; caudal emarginate; origin of anal equidistant from
base of middle caudal rays and the anterior margin of the eye, its first rays thick-
ened, osseous; ventrals emarginate, reaching to the third anal ray; pectorals sub-
falcate, the first ray not pungent, smooth on both margins, reaching the first or
fifth ventral ray. - -
Steel-blue above, lighter below; dorsal spotted; upper surface of pectoral and
anterior ventral rays steel-blue, the membranes white with dark spots; caudal
margined with light; a submarginal dark band shading into the color of the caudal
peduncle. - *
Bleeker's figure was based on his smaller specimen, and the markings are still
visible on the fins. The barbel is however too long, not reaching the eye.
77. Ageneiosus marmoratus sp. nov. (Plate XXII, fig. 1.)
Type unique, a female, 175 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (Carnegie
Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1710.)
Readily distinguished by its conspicuous markings and short anal.
Head 3.33; depth 5; D. I,6; A. 29; V. 8; P. 16; Br. 10; eye 3.5 in snout, 6.3
in the head, 4 in the interocular space ventrad.
Head wedge-shaped, much depressed, the profile nearly straight and but little
ascending; snout parabolic, the gape of the mouth very long, about three times as
long as the eye; fontanel extending to the anterior margin of the eye, its groove
to the posterior margin; premaxillary band of teeth half as wide as the eye, of
nearly uniform width to near the posterior end of the band; maxillary barbel not
reaching the rictus; gill-membranes free to below middle of the eye, the distance
between the clefts not equal to the eye; distance from snout to dorsal spine 3 in
the length; caudal emarginate; origin of anal but very little nearer base of pectoral
spine than to base of middle caudal rays; first dorsal and pectoral rays not pungent,
smooth on both margins.
Sides light, with spots and streaks of slaty; upper part of sides with five large
dusky spots margined with darker, not meeting on the middle line; dorsal black,
with a light band at base and another a little higher up; bases of caudal and anal
colored like the sides, then a broad black band, then narrowly margined with
hyaline; pectorals and ventrals black above, with a light band at the base.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 207
Family IV. HELOGENEIDAE Fam. nov.
< Siluridae anomalopterae GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 3, part.
Dorsal small, behind the middle of the body; anal long, its origin near the
beginning of the fifth ninth of the body; dorsal and pectoral without spines; adi-
pose fin minute; caudal forked; gill-membranes free from the isthmus; teeth few;
six barbels; nares without barbels; eyes very small, directed upward and outward;
air-bladder transversely uniform, not covered by bone.
So far known from one genus.
HELOGENES Günther.
Helogenes Günth ER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), XII, 1863, 443 (marmoratus).
Type, Helogenes marmoratus Günther.
This genus agrees with Hypophthalmus in its long anal and the backward
position of the dorsal, but differs from it in so many other essential characters that
it is but remotely related to that genus.
> Upper jaw heavy, the snout rounded, lower jaw included; vomerine teeth in
two separate patches; upper jaw with two series of teeth, the inner obscure; lower
... jaw with a narrow band of teeth, some of the outer ones distinctly larger than the
rest; head bullet-shaped, the eyes on side of head, superior; barbels not margined,
the two mental barbels remote from each other, below the angle of the mouth; gill-
membranes overlapping; about twelve branchiostegals; gill-rakers very short;
fontanel reaching to the base of the occipital process; coalesced vertebrae with
broad lateral processes; no dorsal or pectoral spines; eye without a free orbital
margin; anal very long. g
78. Helogenes marmoratus Günther. (Plate XXII, fig. 2.)
“Asicurrupa" (of the natives about the Kaieteur).
Helogenes marmoratus GünthER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), XII, 1863, 443
(Essequibo); Catalogue, W, 1864, 66 (Essequibo).—EIGENMANN, Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 398.
This species has been taken but once before.
Fifteen specimens, 39–82 mm. Creeks, about Aruataima. (C. M. Cat. No.
1703a–c; I. U. Cat. No. 12085.)
Nineteen specimens, 39–71 mm. Creeks about Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No.
1704a—c; I. U. Cat. No. 12086.)
Eleven specimens, 68–86 mm. Potaro Highland. (C. M. Cat. No. 1705a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12087.) g
208 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Fourteen specimens, 40–82 mm. Potaro Highland. (C. M. Cat. No. 1706a-c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12088.) . s
Fourteen specimens, 32–80 mm. Creek at Tukeit Landing. (C. M. Cat. No.
1707a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 12089.)
This species is preeminently a species of the Guiana Plateau. The only place
in the lowlands (with one doubtful exception) where it was secured is Tukeit, a short
distance below the Kaieteur. Günther records this or a related species from the
Essequibo. One specimen whose label was lost may have come from Kumaka.
Head 5.75-6.25; depth 4.25; D. 5 or 6; A. 37–40; W. 6. Eye 3 in snout, 8 in
head, 4 in the distance between the eyes.
Head short, rounded, its width about equal to its length, its depth about equal
to its length without the snout, covered with thick skin above. Maxillary barbel
fitting into a groove below the eye, extending to or a little beyond the middle of the
pectoral; mental and post-mental barbels close together, the mental barbel opposite
the maxillary barbel, reaching to the tip of the pectoral; the post-mental a little
shorter. Gill-membranes broad, overlapping, covered in front by a recurved fold
of skin. Dorsal small, rounded, equidistant from caudal and occiput or a little
nearer the latter; adipose fin very small, its distance from the dorsal equal to the
length of the head; caudal broad, slightly forked, lower lobe the longer, about 3.5–4
in the length; distance from Snout to anal about 1.25 in the length of the anal; anal
margin rounded behind, the rest of its margin straight or but slightly rounded;
ventrals reaching anal; pectorals to the ventrals.
Reddish brown, variously marbled; base of caudal dark, the fin then abruptly
lighter; fins, especially the dorsal, ventrals and pectorals hyaline-margined.
Family V. HYPOPHTHALMIDAE.
< Siluridae anomalopterae GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 3.
:= Hypophthalmida. CoPE, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XX, 1871, 331.
Dorsal over the anal, anal very long, its origin near the origin of the second
third of the body. Eye placed low, the optic nerve ascending beneath the skin; a
minute air-bladder on either side of the coalesced vertebrae, enclosed by their lateral
processes, the scapula, and the process connecting the scapula with the basi-occipital.
HYPOPHTHALMUs Spix.
Hypophthalmus SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 16, pl. 9 (sp.).-
BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 109 (edentatus).
Notophthalmus HYRTL, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVI, 1859, 17 (marginatus =
edentatus).
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 209
Pseudohypophthalmus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 109 (fimbriatus =
edentatus).
Type, Hypophthalmus edentatus Spix.
79. Hypophthalmus edentatus Spix.
Hypophthalmus edentatus SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 16, pl. 9
(equatorial Brazil).—GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 67 (copied).-CoPE, Proc.
Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 673 (Peruvian Amazon).-EIGENMANN and
EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 120 (Pará); Occasional Papers
Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 313.−EIGENMANN and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXXI, 1907, 664 (Amazon).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Pata-
gonia, III, 1910, 398.
Hypophthalmus marginatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV,
1840, 225, pl. 439 (Cayenne; Surinam).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 68
(copied).-VAILLANT, Bull. Soc. Philom., (7), IV, 1880, 150 (Calderon).-
WRIGHT, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, III, sect. iv., 1886, 107–118, pls. 8–10
(important paper on structure).-PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), X, 1891, -
(Chaco Centrale). *
Notophthalmus marginatus HYRTL, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVI, 1859, 17
(vertebrae 2 + 5 + 54).
Hypophthalmus longifilis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840,
230 (Surinam).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 68 (Demerara; Surinam).-
BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 88 (Surinam).
Hypophthalmus spirii CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840,
231 (copied).-KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 446 (Rio Branco).
Hypophthalmus edentulus CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 47.
Hypophthalmus fimbriatus KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXVI, 1857, 444, pl. 9,
fig. 30 (Rio Negro).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 68 (copied).
Hypophthalmus perporosus CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 673
(Nauta).-STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv., 1882, 4 (Rio
Huallaga; Rio Amazonas). -
Thirteen specimens, 270–485 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1701a–c; I.
U. Cat. No. 12084.)
One specimen, 445 mm. Morowhanna 2 (C. M. Cat. No. 1702.)
Head 3.8–4; depth 4.6–5; D. I,6; A. 64–68; eye about 10 in head; 5 in snout.
Much compressed, snout depressed, head rounded above, its lower surface
flat, the eye at the lower margin of the head; jaws equal, the upper papery, the
210 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
lower heavier; no teeth; barbels all broadly fringed, the maxillary barbel about
reaching tip of pectoral. - -
The four mental barbels but little shorter than the maxillary; gill-membranes
widely separate, gill-rakers very numerous, 2–2.5 times as long as eye.
Dorsal small, nearer adipose than to tip of snout, widely separate from the
occipital crest; base of adipose 1.5 times as long as eye; caudal forked; pectorals
reaching to or beyond tips of ventrals and beyond origin of anal; anal very long,
about 2 in the length. Upper part of head and sides above lateral line steel-blue,
white below; pectoral, dorsal, and caudal dusky; anal white or nigrescent.
Family VI. PYGIDIIDAE.20
> Siluroidei trichomycteriformes BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 112.
> Siluridae opisthopterae GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 4.
> Siluridae branchicolae GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 4.
= Trichomycteridae GILL, Arrangement of the Families of Fishes, 1872, 19.
= Pygidiidae EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Am. Nat., XXII, 1888, 649.
The characters are given in the key to the families, page 119.
REY TO THE GUIANA GENERA of PYGIDIIDAE.
a. Dorsal entirely in front of the ventrals; vomer with a series of conical teeth on each side; eye without
free orbital margin; a maxillary and two pairs of mental barbels; each jaw with a narrow band
of conical teeth. (Cetopsinſe). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... Hemicetopsis.
aa. Dorsal behind the ventrals; no teeth on vomer. *
b. Mouth terminal, maxillary with two barbels of about equal size; a nasal barbel; gill-membranes
free. (Pygidiinae.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pygidium.
bb. Mouth inferior, very wide; one of the maxillary barbels minute; no nasal barbel; gill-membranes
broadly united with the isthmus. (Stegophilinae.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ochmacanthus.
Subfamily CETOPSINAE.
HEMICETOPSIS Bleeker.
Hemicetopsis BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 111.
Type, Cetopsis candiru Agassiz.
g Dorsal in front of the ventrals; teeth conical, those on the vomer in a single
series.
REY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES OF HEMICETOPSIs. º
a. Gill-membrane very broadly united to the isthmus, the gill-opening extending as far below as above
the pectoral; posterior margin of the eye at the end of the first third of the head; ventrals scarcely
reaching anus; head subglobose; chromatophores of the sides with their branches spreading
backward and forward only, not upward and downward; maxillary barbel about half as long
as the head; Br. 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . macilentus.
* A family of mixed elements and hard to define,
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 211
aa. Gill-membranes scarcely united to the isthmus, extending much farther below than above the pec-
toral; posterior margin of the eye near the middle of the head; ventrals reaching beyond anus;
more slender; chromatophores of the sides radiating in all directions; maxillary barbels reaching
the tip of the opercle, but little shorter than the head; mental barbels reaching the edge of the
gill-membrane, post-mentals a little beyond the edge of the gill-membrane when laid straight
back. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minutus.
80. Hemicetopsis macilentus sp. nov. (Plate XXIII, fig. 1.)
Type, 55 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (Carnegie Museum Catalog
of Fishes No. 1726.)
Cotype, 65 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (I. U. Cat. No. 12100.)
Head 3.33; depth 3.8; D. I,5; A. 23, W. 6; P. I,7; eye 3 in snout, 8 in head,
3 in distance between the eyes.
Head short, blunt; tail compressed; width of head equals its length without
the snout; head covered with loose skin, which is minutely papillose; upper jaw
projecting, the mouth wide, 1.5 in the length of the head; teeth hard, conical, those
in the jaws in narrow bands, those on the vomer larger, in a single series, with some-
times an extra tooth near the end of the row; maxillary barbel about half the
length of the head; space between gill-openings 2.5 in the length of the head.
Dorsal spine a little less than one-third the length of the head; caudal fin
short, forked, the lobes about 4.5 in the length; ventrals free from each other and
from the belly; pectoral spine about one-fifth of the length of the head.
Upper surface of head gray; sides with numerous chromatophores, whose rays
branch forward and backward from the center of the cell, giving a strigose effect
and looking like little bundles of sticks tied in the middle, hence the name.
81. Hemicetopsis minutus sp. nov. (Plate XXIII, fig. 2.)
Type unique, a specimen 22 mm. long. Amatuk Cataract. (Carnegie Mu-
seum Catalog of Fishes No. 1728.) -
Differs from macilentus in having the color-cells regularly stellate, the ventrals
reaching to origin of anal (to anus in H. macilentus) and the gill-membranes very
narrowly united to the isthmus, almost free; barbels all reaching the gill-opening
when laid straight back; posterior margin of the eye near the middle of the head
(at the end of the first third in H. macilentus).
Subfamily PYGIDIINAE.
PYGIDIUM Meyen.
Trichomycterus VALENCIENNES, in Humboldt, Rec. Obs. Zool., II, 1833, 348
(nigricans), not Thrichomycterus Humboldt.
212 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Thrychomycterus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, 485
(misquoted). º
Thrichomycterus GIRARD, U. S. Nav. Astron. Exped., II, 1855, 242 (misquoted).
Pygidium MEYEN, Reise in Peru, I, 1835, 475 (fuscum). gº
Type, Pygidium fuscum Meyen.
Origin of the dorsal over or in front of the origin of the short anal; gill-mem-
branes free from the isthmus; mouth terminal; ventrals present; two maxillary
barbels; nasal barbels; opercle and preopercle with osseous prickles.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of PYGIDIUM.
a. Origin of dorsal in front of the vertical from the origin of the anal; maxillary barbel reaching tip of
opercle; snout about 2.5 in the head; nasal barbel reaching not quite to the tip of the maxillary
barbel.
b. Head 6 in the length; the first pectoral ray with its filament equals the length of the head; sides
and back with numerous spots, each larger than the eye, in about five series between the
dorsal and anal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . guianense.
bb. Head 5 in the length; first pectoral ray with its filament equals the length of the head without
the opercle; uniform yellowish brown above, lighter below; top of head marbled ... conradi.
aa. Origin of anal under origin of dorsal, head 6 in the length; maxillary barbel reaching tip of pectoral,
outer pectoral ray with its filaments equals the head in length; upper parts obscurely
82. Pygidium guianense Eigenmann.
Pygidium guianense EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 11 (Aruataima,
on the Potaro); Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 400.
This species is known from the type, taken in the cataracts of the Potaro River,
above the Kaieteur. *
Type, 77 mm. Aruataima Falls, Upper Potaro. (Carnegie Museum Catalog
of Fishes No. 1003.)
Head 6; depth equals head in length; D. 9; A. 7; eye 4 in snout, 9.5 in head.
Head nearly as broad as long; maxillary barbel reaching to tip of opercle;
teeth in bands of about four irregular series; origin of anal under middle of dorsal;
dorsal fulcra extending forward to near the dorsal; caudal rounded; first pectoral
ray prolonged in a filament nearly as long as the rest of the ray; round dark spots
everywhere, except on belly and lower surface of head; caudal" dusky, the margin
light.
83. Pygidium conradi sp. nov.
Pygidium guianense EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 11, part (Ama-
tuk and Waratuk),
IEIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 213
Type, 41 mm. Amatuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 2212.)
Cotype, 34 mm. Waratuk. (I. U. Cat. No. 11710.) -
These specimens were considered identical with guianense. The discovery of
Pygidium gracilior makes it very probable that they are distinct. The differences
are pointed out in the key.
This species is named for Mr. Bernard S. Conrad.
" * 84. Pygidium gracilior sp. nov.
Type unique, 27 mm. Erukin. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1730.)
Head 6; depth 9; D. 8; A. 6; eye about 2 in the snout; interorbital a little
greater than snout, snout 3 in the head. e º .
Slender, head as broad as long; maxillary barbel reaching tip of pectoral;
nasal barbel to origin of pectoral; outer pectoral ray prolonged, about equal to
the head in length. Origin of the anal under origin of dorsal; distance from origin
of dorsal to origin of caudal 3.5 in the length; length of caudal 5 in the length.
All upper parts obscurely spotted.
Subfamily. STEGOPHILINAE.
OCHMACANTHUS” gen. nov.
Type, Ochmacanthus flabelliferus sp. nov. -
In the Annals of the Carnegie Museum, IV, 118, I called attention to the fact
that Stegophilus insidiosus and Stegophilus reinhardti “differ much from each other
in the caudal fulcra and may represent two distinct genera.” A new species from
Guiana with the structure of reinhardti may be utilized to furnish a diagnosis of
the new genus. - -
Two maxillary barbels, one of them minute; mouth large, wholly inferior; dorsal
over anal; fully developed caudal rays much diverging from a narrow base; caudal
fulcra greatly developed; eye above the mouth.
85. Ochmacanthus flabelliferus sp. nov.
Type, 33 mm. Konawaruk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1729.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 34 and 35 mm. Konawaruk. (I. U. Cat. No. 12111.)
Head 5.33; depth 7; D. 8; A. 7; eye 1 in snout, 3.75 in head, 1 in space
between the eyes. -
Width of head equal to its length; snout semicircular in outline, the head
depressed; mouth very wide, its width equal to the lefgth of the head less half the
* 8xuos, series, drawba, thorn.
214 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Snout; upper jaw with three series of teeth; teeth of the two outer series conical, those
of the inner series broad, removed from the others, forming a solid palisade; no labial
teeth; lower jaw with an outer series of long, curved, claw-like teeth in the lip,
and four series in the jaw, of which the first is short, near the middle, the second
extends farther to the sides, the third is longest, extending from the middle to the
side of the jaw, the fourth is shorter again and confined to the sides, not reaching
the median line of the jaw. Preopercle with nine claw-like erectile spines; opercle
somewhat prolonged, carrying a bunch of nine spines similar to those of the pre-
opercle above and behind the gill-opening. Gill-opening small, entirely above the
level of the middle of the pectoral; outer maxillary barbel about as long as the
eye, the inner one minute.
Pectorals partly adnate; ventrals small, free, reaching anal; dorsal about equal
to the anal and but slightly farther forward. *
Light, with numerous chromatophores more or less aggregated in places; a
black spot on base of caudal.
Family VII. CALLICHTHYIDAE.
= Callichthyoidei BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 82.
< Siluridae proteropodes GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 4 (Hypostomatinae in part.)
= Callichthyida GILL, Arrangement of the Families of Fishes, 1872, 19–EIGEN-
MANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 449.
Distinguished from all other fishes by the double series of dermal plates meeting
along the middle of the sides. A small homogeneous group, confined to South
American waters.
KEY TO THE GUIANA GENERA of CALLICHTHYIDAE.
a. Two pairs of nuchal plates between occiput and dorsal plate; suture between humeral and coracoid
processes extending almost horizontally to the posterior margin of the pectoral armature; a
large opening between coracoid and clavicle below and in front of the pectoral spine.
b. Coracoid covered with skin. Sides of the head without bristles; no mental barbels; lower jaw
with small bands of teeth on the sides; a naked area along dorsal and ventral surfaces;
suborbital bones concealed; dorsal spine rudimentary; caudal rounded. . . . . Callichthys.
bb. Coracoid exposed below; coracoid bone joined to the clavicle for its whole length. Two barbels at
each rictus, none at the symphysis. Lower lip without barbels; a naked area along ventral
surface; caudal rounded or emarginate; dorsal spine low and flat; pectoral spine serrate on
inner margin in the young, outer margin and surfaces covered with bristles...Hoplosternum.
aa. Occipital with a narrow process extending to the dorsal plate. D. I,6–8; coracoid process exposed;
suture between coracoid and humeral processes extending from the large pectoral pore obliquely
downward and backward to the ventral margin of the pectoral armature; dorsal and pectoral
spines long, pungent, their outer surfaces smooth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corydoras.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 215
CALLICHTHYS Linnaeus.
Callichthys LINNAEUs, Amoen. Acad., I, 1754, 317.-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES,
Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 294 (asper = callichthys),-BLEEKER, Nederl.
Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 82 (tamoata = callichthys).
Cataphractus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, 80 (preoccupied in mammals).-
LACáPåDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1804, 124 (callichthys).-SwAINSON, Class.
Fishes, Amph., and Rept., II, 1839, 304 (depressus = callichthys).
Type, Silurus callichthys Linnaeus. -
Characters given in the key to the genera.
86. Callichthys callichthys Linnaeus.
Callichthys tamoata LINNAEUs, Mus. Adolphi Fred., 1754, 731.-BLEEKER, “Silures
de Suriname,” 1864, 22 (Surinam). *
Silurus callichthys LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 307 (America); ed. 12,
I, 1766, 506.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, iii, 1788, 1361.
Cataphractus callichthys EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 164 (Rio Janeiro; Pernambuco; Juiz de Fora; Bahia; Mendez; Macacos;
Porto Seguro; Surinam).
Callichthys callichthys EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal. Acad.
Sci., I, 1890, 452.-voN IHERING, Süsswasserfische d. Rio Grande do Sul, 1893,
21–EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894,633 (Rio Grande do Sul).-
LAHILLE, Rev. Mus. de la Plata, WI, 1895, 272 (Puerto Viejo).—PELLEGRIN,
Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., 1899, 158 (Apuré).-EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., IV, 1907, 123 (Bahia Negra); Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 402.
Callichthys asper QUOY and GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie et Physicienne, Zool., 1824,
232–CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 302 (Cayenne;
Rio Janeiro)—KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVII, 1855, 107 (Pará Rio;
Surinam; Bahia).-CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 38 (Bahia; name
only).-BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr., I, 1858, 53.−GüNTHER, Catalogue,
V, 1864, 226 (Bahia; Pará).—CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878,
681 (Nauta),—PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova (2), X, 1891, 636 (Chaco
Centrale).
Cataphractus depressus SWAINSON, Class. Fishes, Amph., and Rept., II, 1839, 304
(based on Bloch, pl. 377). * .
Callichthys caelatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 308
(Rio Janeiro).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
630 (trenches).—GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 227 (copied).
216 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
sº
Callichthys laeviceps CUVIER and VALENCIENNEs, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840,
309 (= male). -
Callichthys loricatus GRoNow, Cat. Fish., ed. Gray, 1854, 157.
Callichthys hemiphractus HENSEL, Archiv für Naturg., I, 1868, 374 (Costa da Serra;
= the young). -
4. Ten specimens, 69–142 mm. Small Creek at Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No. 1570
a—c; I. U. Cat. No. 11985.)
One specimen, 129 mm. Chipoo Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1571.)
One specimen, 106 mm. Nickaparoo Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1572.)
Seven specimens, 117–149 mm. Upper Essequibo. (C. M. Cat. No. 1573
a—b; I. U. Cat. No. 11986.) -
Fifteen specimens, 60–129 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 1574a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 11987.)
One specimen, 125 mm. Pacopoo Pass. (C. M. Cat. No. 2208.)
I have also examined the specimens recorded by Bleeker, and now in the
Leiden Museum, and those in Amsterdam.
* 28–29
Head 4; depth 4.66–5, equal to its width; D. I,6; A. 5.5; plates 26–28
Head depressed, tail compressed; eye 6.5–8 in interorbital; inner rictal barbel
reaching to near or beyond the tip of the humeral process; nuchal plates about
twice as wide as the plates immediately behind them; snout broad, rounded; no
teeth in the upper jaw, those in the lower jaw interrupted in the middle, confined
to the side of the jaw. About fourteen small azygous plates in front of the adipose;
fins all rounded. Uniform ashy or slaty, or more or less mottled or spotted; no
definite markings.
HoPLOSTERNUM Gill.
Callichthys CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 294 (sp.).
Hoplosternum GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 395 (laevigatum =
littorale). w
Type, Callichthys laevigatus Valenciennes.
Characters given in the key.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of HoPLOSTERNUM.
a. Caudal deeply emarginate; eight or nine azygous plates in front of the adipose, usually one between
each pair of plates; one, rarely two, pairs of plates behind the dorsal without the azygous plates;
three pairs of plates between occipital and dorsal. Uniform dark brown or black...littorale.
aa. Caudal rounded or but slightly emarginate; the azygous plates usually more numerous than the
pairs of plates they separate; several pairs of plates meeting behind the dorsal; two pairs of
plates between occipital and dorsal, the second pair notched to receive the dorsal fulcrum.
Sides spotted or mottled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thoracatum.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 217
87. Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock). (Plate XXIV, fig. 1.)
Callichthys littoralis HANCOCK, Zool. Journ., IV, 1828, 244 (Demerara).-GüNTHER,
Catalogue, V, 1864, 227 (Demerara; British Guiana; Trinidad).-LüTKEN,
Wid. Med. Naturhist. For. Kjöbenhavn, 1874, 215 (Trinidad).-VAILLANT, Bull.
Soc. Philom., (7), IV, 1880, 165 (Calderon).--STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische
Südamerika's,” iv., 1882, 6 (Rio Huallaga).—JoFDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., IX, 1886, 559 (name only).-BouleNGER, Ann. Mus. Genova (2),
XIX, 1898, 126 (Puerto 14 de Mayo).-VAILLANT, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist.
Nat., (4), II, 1900, 124 (Carsevenne).
Hoplosternum littorale EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 164 (Surinam; Gurupa; Pará; Santarem; Tabatinga; Arary; Silva, Lake
Saraca; Villa Bella; Porto do Moz; Lake Hyamary; Ueranduba); Occa-
sional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 456.-BERG, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, IV, 1895, 136.—EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1903, 504 (Arroyo Carumbey and Yajamar; Estancia la Armonia),—
EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, 123 (Bahia Negra); Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 402. -
Callichthys subulatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 311
(Cayenne; Buenos Ayres).
Callichthys laevigatus WALENCIENNES, in d'Orbigny, Woy. Am. Mer., V, ii, 1847,
pl. 5, fig. 2.—CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 314
(Buenos Ayres; Trinité).-KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVII, 1855, 109
(no locality).-PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova (2), X, 1891, 636 (Tucuman).
Hoplosternum laevigatum GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 396
(Trinidad).-BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 24 (Surinam).
Callichthys albidus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 316
- (Cayenne). *
Hoplosternum stewardi; GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 401 (Trinidad).
One specimen, 192 mm. Mahaica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1575)
Seventeen specimens, about 164–180 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1576a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11988.) -
Two specimens, about 188 mm. Botanic Garden. (C. M. Cat. No. 1585a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11993.)
25
Head 3.4–3.5; depth 3.25; D. I,8; A. II,5.5. Plates 23'
Snout somewhat pointed, depressed; dorsal profile a little more arched than
the ventral; eye about 5 in interorbital; inner rictal barbel reaching to tip of
218 º MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
pectoral; nuchal plates about one-fifth wider than the plates immediately following;
no teeth; about eight azygous plates between the dorsals, generally corresponding
to the lateral plates; uniform slaty blue or black.
Dorsal rounded, caudal deeply emarginate, the outer rays prolonged; other
fins lanceolate.
88. Hoplosternum thoracatum (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Plate XXIV, fig. 2.)
Callichthys thoracatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840,
309, pl. 443 (Mana; Martinique).-PETERs, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, 471
(San Fernando de Apuré).—KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVII, 1855, 108
(Surinam).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 228 (copied).—Jordan, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 559 (name only).
Callichthys (Hoplosternum) thoracatus STEINDACHNER, “Fisch-Fauna des Cauca,”
etc., 1880, 14 (Cauca). º
Hoplosternum thoracatum GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 396,-
BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 26 (Surinam).-EIGENMANN and EIG-
ENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 164 (Curupira; Tabatinga; Cudajas;
Gurupa; Teffé; Lake Hyamary; Villa Bella; Pará; Ueranduba; Porto do Moz;
Pernambuco, Obidos).-EIGENMANN and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXXI, 1907, 665 (Amazon).—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp.
* Patagonia, III, 1910, 402. - - ſº
Callichthys longifilis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1849,
317 (Cayenne).—SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 150, 151, 154,
drawings No. 22 (Curassarraka).—GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 228 (Suri-
nam; River Cupai). -
Hoplosternum longifilis GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 396 (Trini-
dad).-CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 681 (Nauta).-BLEEKER,
“Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 27 (Surinam).
Callichthys personatus RANZANI, Nov. Com. Acad. Scient. Insti. Bonon., W, 1842,
322, pl. 24. i º
Callichthys eacaratus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 630
(Guiana).”
Callichthys pictus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 630.
Callichthys sulcatus KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVII, 1855, 110 (Rio Branco
and Marabitanos).
7 Callichthys chiquitos CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 38, pl. 18, fig. 2
(Chiquitos). g *
* In the type of this species there are four azygous plates separating as many paired plates in
front of the second dorsal. - .
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 219
Thirteen specimens, 97–98 mm. Chipoo Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1577a-e
and 1583a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11989.) - - *
- One specimen, 105 mm. Packeoo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1578.)
Seventy-four specimens, 58–109 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No.
1579a and 1580a–0; I. U. Cat. No. 11990.) -
Five specimens, 61–120 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 1581a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 11991.)
Three specimens, 114–124 mm. Mud creek in Aruka. (C. M. Cat. No.
1582a; I. U. Cat. No. 11992.) r
One specimen, 158 mm. Botanic Garden, Georgetown. (C. M. Cat. No.
1584.)”
I have also seen the specimens in the Leiden Museum and the Museum at
Amsterdam.
Head 3.5–4 depth 8:16-866, D. 18: A L6-8; plates#
- 23–24
There is considerable variation in shape and color. Snout depressed, more
pointed than in thoracatum. Eye 5.5–6 in interorbital; nuchal plates as wide as, or
half as wide again, as the plates following them, which are notched to receive the ful-
crum of the dorsal; inner rictal barbels extending past origin of ventrals, sometimes
past their tip. Four to six (in Aruka River specimens) or seven to eight azygous
plates between the lateral plates in front of the adipose dorsal; four pairs of plates
meet behind the dorsal; depth in front of the adipose fin in some of the Chipoo speci-
mens equals the length of the head, but more than an orbital diameter less than the
head in Gluck Island specimens; dorsal rounded; caudal slightly emarginate when
closed, truncate when opened. Sides spotted or mottled; ventral surface white, with
more or less conspicuous black spots; dorsal and caudal spotted, the latter usually
with a light bar at the base, the Gluck Island specimens with a broad dark median
band, the tip of the caudal dusky. . -
Two specimens in the Amsterdam Museum have the coracoids meeting along
their entire length below. -
CORYDORAS Lacépède.
Corydoras LACáPāDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 145 (geoffroyi = punctatus).
Hoplisoma Swainson, Class. Fishes, Amph., and Rept., II, 1839, 304 (punctata).
Hoplosoma GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 402 (punctata).
Gasterodermus CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 681 (type 2).
Type, Corydoras geoffroy Lacépède.
Characters as given in the key.
*In this specimen the caudal is nearly uniform beyond the lighter bar at its base and there are but
five azygous plates which correspond to paired plates.
220 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
89. Corydoras punctatus (Bloch). (Plate XXIV, fig. 3.)
Cataphractus punctatus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, pl. 377, fig. 2.-BLOCH
and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 108.-LACáPåDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803,
125 (Surinam). - *
Hoplisoma punctata Swainson, Class. Fishes, Amph., and Rept., II, 1839, 304
(name only).
Callichthys punctatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 229 (Essequibo).
Corydoras punctatus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 166 (José Fernandez).-? PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), X, 1891,
635 (Rio de la Plata).—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 403.
Corydoras geoffroyi LACáPřDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, 147 (locality ?).
Corydoras ambiacus CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 280 (Ambyiacu River,
Ecuador).
Gasterodermus ambiacus CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 681 (Nauta).
Four specimens, 43–58 mm. Mud-flats of Demerara River. (C. M. Cat. No.
1560a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 11977.) r
Three specimens, 48–52 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 1561a; I. U. Cat.
No. 11978.) .
Sixteen specimens, 28–40 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1562a—e; I. U. Cat.
No. 11979.)
One specimen, 45 mm. Below Packeoo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1563a).
Two specimens, 29–36 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1564a; I. U.
Cat. No. 11980.) -
Twenty-nine specimens, 39–54 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1565a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11984.) g
Two specimens, 50 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 1566a; I. U. Cat. No.
11981.) º •
One specimen, 29 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1567a.)
Sixteen specimens, 29–45 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1568a–e; I. U.
Cat. No. 11982.) -
Sixteen specimens, 28–38 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M. Cat. No.
1569a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11983.) -
Head 3.25–3.33; depth 2.6–3; D. I,7–8; A. I,6 or I,7; plates . Or #
Profile strongly curved; eye 3.5–4 in the head; maxillary barbels reaching
lower angle of gill-opening or shorter. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of
Snout and tip of spine of adipose or upper caudal fulcra; dorsal spine Smooth in
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 221
front, roughened behind, nearly equal to, or slightly longer than, the pectoral spine.
Three or four azygous plates in front of the adipose; caudal forked, the lobes a
little longer than the head. -
Color variable; a more or less conspicuous black band across the head at the
eyes; dorsal black, or partially or faintly so, the color sometimes continued on the
sides, other fins hyaline. Sides profusely spotted, quite plain, or the plates mar-
gined with black.
Family VIII. LORICARIIDAE.
< Siluroides CUVIER, Règne Animal, ed. 1, II, 1817, 199.
= Goniodontes AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 1.
= Loricata KNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, WI, 1853, 75.
= Loricaroidei BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 77.
< Hypostomatina GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 11.
< Loricariidae GILL, Arrangement of the Families of Fishes, 1872, 19.
= Loricariidae EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Am. Nat., XXII, 1888, 649; Occa-
sional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 351.
> Loricariidae REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 1904, 191.
Sides and back and sometimes the lower surface covered with bony plates,
which are sometimes provided with teeth-like spines. Mouth wholly inferior,
provided with a broad disk-like lip. Maxillary bones thin, with a terminal barbel,
which is partly united with the oval disk; no mental or nasal barbels, Teeth, if
present, hooked and usually two-lobed at the tip; the active ones in a single series;
premaxillaries separate from each other, box-shaped, and filled with numerous relay .
teeth; dentaries separate from each other and constructed like the premaxillaries.
No teeth on the palate; no frontal or occipital fontanels. Dorsal fin present,
situated on the abdominal portion of the vertebral column, and not connected
with the occipital by processes. Adipose fin, if present, composed of a spine and a
thin membrane. Anal fin short. Gill-membranes joined to the isthmus, the gill-
openings restricted to the sides. Intestinal canal elongate, coiled upon itself.
KEY TO THE GUIANA GENERA of Loricariid Æ.
a. Tail short; caudal peduncle compressed, cylindrical, or moderately depressed; haemal spines all
simple; lower, and fourth upper pharyngeals not toothed; belly naked, or with minute granular
plates; intestinal canal very long. (Plecostominae.)
b. Premaxillaries and dentaries nearly equal in length.
c. Opercle and interopercle little and not independently movable; snout granular to its margin.
d. Adipose fin present.
e. Sides and back covered with plates; dorsal with seven rays. . . . . . . . . . . Plecostomus.
ee, Sides and back covered with plates; dorsal with thirteen rays..... Pterygoplichthys.
222 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
eee. Sides and back mostly naked, with a few minute plates near the tail... Lithogenes.
dd. No adipose fin; a low crest between the dorsal and caudal; margin of snout and head
granular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corymbophanes.
cc. Interopercle movable, usually with spines or bristles.
f. Snout granular to its margin, or with bristles; D. I,6 or 7.
g. Sides of the head without bristles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hemiancistrus.
gg. Sides of the head with bristles, short in the female, much longer in the male.
Pseudancistrus.
ff. Snout naked. -
h. No tentacles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xenocara.
hh. Snout with tentacles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ancistrus.
bb. Premaxillaries much shorter than the dentaries and with fewer teeth, not united. Much
depressed, of small size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lithoxus.
aa. Tail long, depressed, with a single series of plates on the sides; intestinal canal usually not much
longer than the body. Haemal spines of the vertebrae above the anal bifid; lower and fourth
upper pharyngeals toothed. (Loricariinae.) -
7. Teeth in the jaws in small or moderate number, not setiform; a more or less distinct orbital notch.
j. Snout rounded or pointed, not much produced. *
k. Lips with numerous cirri and marginal fringes; no distinct anal plate. . . . . . . . . Loricaria.
kk. Lips papillose; a distinct anal plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loricariichthys.
jj. Snout produced, with a long rostrum. -
l. Snout expanded at the tip, with recurved hooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hemiodontichthys.
(ll. Snout not expanded. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reganella.)*
ii. Teeth numerous, setiform; orbit circular, without a distinct notch.
m. Dorsal opposite the ventrals.
n. Snout rounded, not produced as a rostrum... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harttia.
(nn. Snout produced into a rostrum. Sides of the head in the male margined with bristles.
e Sturisoma.)
mm. Dorsal opposite the anal. Very slender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Farlowella.
Subfamily PLEcoSTOMINAE.
PLECOSTOMUs Gronow.
Plecostomus GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., I, 1754, 24; Zoophyl., 1763, 127 (sp.).-BLEEKER,
Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 77 (brasiliensis).
Hypostomus LacáPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, 144 (guacari).-CUVIER and
WALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 489 (plecostomus).
Type, Plecostomus brasiliensis Bleeker = Plecostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus).
Snout granular; no spines or bristles about head; an adipose fin; sides and
back completely covered with plates.
A genus of over twenty species, four of which have been recorded from Guiana.
*Extralimital genera and species, when included in the tables, are in parentheses.
*
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 223
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of PLEcoSTOMUs.
a. Occipital bordered by a single nuchal plate.
b. Length of mandibular ramus 2.4–4 in interorbital; color of upper and lower caudal lobes almost
alike, spotted in the adult, barred in the young. Lower surface of head and body almost
completely covered with granules in the adult; outer caudal rays greatly prolonged, some-
times three times as long as the shortest... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plecostomus.
bb. Length of mandibular ramus 2 in interorbital. Lower caudal lobe dark, plain; sometimes the
entire caudal plain, sometimes the upper lobe spotted; lower surface naked (except some-
times in the largest specimens a few granular plates between the pectorals); outer caudal
rays scarcely more than thrice the length of the middle one. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hemiurus.
(bbb. Lower surface and head completely covered with granular plates in specimens 205 mm. long;
mandibular ramus 2 in interorbital; twenty-seven or twenty-eight scutes. . . . . . . . . robini.)
aa. Occipital bordered by a median nuchal plate, and one or several small plates on each side.
c. Caudal peduncle normally formed, the scutes of the fourth series not strongly angulated.
- WatWata.
cc. Caudal peduncle broad and flat below, the scutes of the fourth series strongly angulated.
emarginatus.
90. Plecostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus).
Loricaria plecostomus LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 508 (America).-
GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, iii, 1788, 1363.—BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, pl.
374.—BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 124.—HYRTL, Denkschr.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVI, 1859, 18. -
Hypostomus plecostomus SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 139 (Rio
Branco).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 643
(Takutu and Rio Branco).-KNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, VII, 1853,
263 (Ypanema; Mattogrosso; Barra do Rio Negro; Surinam).
Plecostomus plecostomus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2),
I, 1888, 169; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 406 (Silva, Lake
Saraca; Pará; Hyavary; Coary; Rio Puty).—KINDLE, Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci., VIII, 1895, 253 (Marajo on Rio Tocantins).-LAHILLE, Rev. Mus. la
Plata, WI, 1895, 272 (Island Santiago).-EIGENMANN and BEAN, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1907, 665 (Amazon).-EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
IV, 1907, 122 (Corumbá; Asuncion; Rio Apa; Arroyo Trementina); Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 403.
Hypostomus guacari LACáPłDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 145 (America).
Loricaria flava SHAw, Gen. Zool., V, 1805, 38, pl. 101. -
Plecostomus flavus VAILLANT, Bull. Soc. Philom., (7), IV, 1880, 155 (Calderon).
Plecostomus bicirrhosus GRoNow, Cat. Fish, ed. Gray, 1854, 158.-GüNTHER,
Catalogue, V, 1864, 231, part.—KNER and STEINDACHNER, Abhandl. K. Bayer.
224 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Akad., II Kl., X, 1865, 60.-HENSEL, Archiv für Naturg., XXXVI, 1870, 75
(Rio Cadeo).-STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” ii, 1881, 109.
Hypostomus robinii GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 46 (Trinidad).
Plecostomus brasiliensis BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 7 (Surinam).
Plecostomus seminudus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I,
1888, 169 (Brazil); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 409.
Plecostomus boulengeri EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
* 1903, 502 (Paraguay).
One specimen, 370 mm. Georgetown. (C. M. Cat. No. 1541.)
One specimen, 148 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 1542.)
Three specimens, 164—210 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1543a; I. U. Cat.
No. 11962.)
Head 3; depth 5–5.75; D. I,7; A. I,4; scutes 26; eye 6; interorbital 2.66 in
the head; mandibular ramus 2.75 in the interorbital.
Occipital with a blunt keel, bordered by a single plate behind; plates forward
of the adipose largely keeled.
Dorsal spine equal to pectoral spine, about equal to the length of the head;
base of dorsal equal to its distance from the tip of the spine of the adipose.
Reddish-brown, with olive spots, smallest on the head, absent on the belly;
dorsal with a series of spots along the anterior part of the rays, sometimes confluent
into bars, alternating with reddish bars. Caudal with alternating bars of olive
and rusty.
91. Plecostomus hemiurus sp. nov. (Plate XXV, fig. 1.)
Plecostomus hemiurus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 407 (name only).
Type, 201 mm. Amatuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1544.)
Cotypes, four specimens, 158–180 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1545a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11963.) i - -
Seven specimens, 27–113 mm. Waratuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1546a–e; I. U.
Cat. No. 11964.)
Four specimens, 68–150 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1547a; I. U.
Cat. No. 11965.) -
Two specimens, 70–87 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1548; I. U. Cat.
No. 11966.) t
One specimen, 71 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1549.)
Two specimens, the larger 190 mm. Ireng? (C. M. Cat. No. 1550; I. U.
Cat. No. 11967.) g
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 225
One specimen, 132 mm. Botanic Garden. (C. M. Cat. No. 1586a.)
This species differs from Plecostomus plecostomus notably in color and in the
length of the mandibular ramus. -
Head 3; depth 5–5.5; D. I,7; A. I,4; scutes 25 or 26 + 1. Width of head
an orbital diameter less than its length, its depth about 2 in the length, 3.5 in the
snout; eye 6 in the head, interorbital 3; mandibular ramus 2 in the interorbital.
Supraorbital slightly raised, a blunt median ridge on occipital forward to above
eye; occipital bordered by a single plate; some of the plates distinctly, but feebly,
keeled; ventral surface naked (except in the Ireng specimens, in which there are a
few minute granular plates between the pectorals).
Dorsal spine variable, less than, or considerably longer than, the head, base of
FIG. 34. Plecostomus hemiurus Eigenmann. Type. C. M. Cat. No. 1544.
dorsal equal to its distance from the caudal. Caudal oblique, emarginate, the
lower rays usually less than twice the length of the middle rays; ventrals reaching
middle of anal; pectorals to second third of ventrals or beyond.
Dark brown, with dark olive spots, smallest on the head, absent on the belly;
dorsal spotted along the basal half or near its tip; caudal sometimes uniform dark
brown, its upper lobe sometimes colored like the dorsal, as well as the upper surface
of ventrals and pectorals.
92. Plecostomus watwata (Hancock). (Plate XXVI, fig. 1.)
Hypostomus watwata HANCOCK, Zool. Journ., IV, 1829, 245 (Georgetown).
Hypostomus plecostomus (not of Linnaeus) CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.
Poiss., XV, 1840, 489 (Maracaibo). -
Hypostomus verres CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 494
(Cayenne).

226 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Plecostomus verres REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 1904, 209.
Hypostomus commersonii (not of Cuvier and Valenciennes) MüllFR and TROSCHEL,
in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 631 (Takutu). -
? Hypostomus pantherinus KNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, VII, 1854, 267
(Rio Guaporé).
Plecostomus bicirrhosus GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 231, part.
One specimen, 273 mm. Mahaica. (I. U. Cat. No. 11961.)
Two specimens, 128–435 mm. Georgetown. (C. M. Cat. No. 1540.)
There are also five specimens in the Amsterdam Museum, probably from
Surinam. w º
Head 3.25–3.5; depth 4.66–6; D. I,7; A. I,4; scutes 28. Eye 6–8 in the head;
interorbital 2.25 in the head; mandibular ramus about 3 in the interotbital.
Occipital with a well-marked median ridge, bordered behind by a median and
several lateral plates; supraocular ridge continued on the upper part of the sides
as a keel; all plates, except those on the caudal peduncle, keeled.
Dorsal spine about equal to head or pectoral spine; base of dorsal equal to
its distance from the tip of the spine of the adipose.
Olive, everywhere with darker spots, smallest on the head and largest on the
belly; fins banded in the young, spotted in the old.
In the specimen at the Berlin Museum mentioned by Schomburgk as commer- .
sonii the occipital is bordered by a large median and one small lateral plate on each
side. *
93. Plecostomus emarginatus Cuvier and Valenciennes.
“Warra-warra”; “Morutta”; “Wacari.”
Hypostomus emarginatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840,
500 (Brazil).-KNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, VII, 1854, 260 (Barra do
Rio Negro). . g -
Plecostomus emarginatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 233.—EIGENMANN and
EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 167; Occasional Papers Cal.
Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 400 (Cudajas; Santarem; Manacapurū; Tonantins; Obidos;
Fonteboa; Tabatinga; Hyavary; São Paulo; Goyaz); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIV, 1891, 40.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 406.
Hypostomus squalinum ScHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 142, pl. 3 (Rio
Branco; Rio Negro; Rio Essequibo).
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 227
Hypostomus Squalitus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
142 (Essequibo; Rio Branco; Takutu). .
Hypostomus horridus KNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, VII, 1854, 259.
Plecostomus horridus Günth ER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 232.-PETERs, MB. Akad.
Wiss. Berlin, 1877, 471 (Calabozo). -
Plecostomus scopularius CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 55, 286, pl. 16,
figs. 1, 2 (Ambyiacu).
Plecostomus biseriatus CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 285, pl. 16 (Ama-
zon).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I,
1890, 409. - X-
? Plecostomus virescens CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 137 (Upper
Amazon); Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 681 (Peruvian Amazon);
XXXIII, 1894, 101,–EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal.
Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 408. -
Plecostomus villarsi LüTKEN, Overs. Kgl. Dan. Widensk.-Selsk. Forh., 1874, 211
(Caracas).-STEINDACHNER, “Fisch-fauna Magdalenen-Stromes,” 1878, 26,
pl. 7.—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I,
1890, 408. - -
Plecostomus tenuicauda STEINDACHNER, “Fisch-fauna Magdalenen-Stromes,” 1878,
24, pl. 6 (Magdalena); “Fisch-fauna des Cauca,” etc., 1880, 11 (Cauca).
Plecostomus anna STEINDACHNER, Flussfische Südamerika's,” ii, 1881, 12, pl. 3,
fig. 2. - *
While no specimens were secured, it is not at all improbable that this species
will be found in British Guiana. So far it has been recorded only by Schom-
burgk, who may have seen the common species of the Essequibo, Plecostomus
hemiurus. -
Head 3.33–4; depth 6–7; D. I,7; A. I.4. Scutes 28 to 30. Eye 5–11 in the
head; interorbital 2.33–2.66; mandibular ramus 3–4 in the interorbital. Width of
head 1.13–1.25 in its length, snout 1.75–1.85 times. Eight or nine plates between
the dorsals, fourteen to fifteen behind the anal; dorsal spine as long as the head, the
last ray half as long. Dark spots on the head, body, and fins, those on the dorsal
usually arranged in two series between each pair of rays. *
PTERYGOPLICHTHYs Gill.
Pterygoplichthys GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 408 (duodecimalis).
Liposarcus Günth ER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 238 (sp.).
Type, Hypostomus duodecimalis Cuvier and Valenciennes.
228 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
94. Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus (Hancock).
Hypostomus multiradiatus HANCOCK, Zool. Journ., IV, 1828, 226 (Demerara).
Liposarcus multiradiatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 238 (Demerara).
Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal.
Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 433; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 42.—EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 408.
The following description is by Günther and is based on the type in the
British Museum:
“D. 1/13. A. 5. P. 1/6. V. 1/5. L. lat. 29.
“Head not depressed, its length being two-sevenths of the total (without
caudal); a rather prominent ridge runs from the eye to below the nostril; occiput
with a rather elevated ridge, scutes of the nape bicarinate. Barbel longer than the
eye, which is rather small, its diameter being nearly one-fourth of the width of the
interorbital space. Interoperculum without any spines. Thorax and belly entirely
granulated. Dorsal fin much longer than high, the length of its base being equal
to its distance from the extremity of the snout; the length of its anterior rays
equals that of the head; there are six scutes between the two dorsal fins. (Caudal
fin injured.) Eleven scutes between anal and caudal. The pectoral spine does
not extend on to the middle of the ventral. Scutes of the body with a serrated
keel. Ferruginous grey.”
LITHOGENES Eigenmann.
Lithogenes EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 6.
With the characters of Plecostomus, but the dermal armature reduced to a
few ossicles on the back behind the adipose and along a median line from above the
origin of the anal to the caudal. - -
95. Lithogenes villosus Eigenmann. (Plate XXVI, figs. 2–4.)
Lithogenes villosus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 6.
Type unique, 44 mm. Aruataima Falls, Upper Potaro. (Carnegie Museum
Catalog of Fishes No. 1002.) -
Head 3.5; depth 7; D. 8; V. I,4; P. I,8; eye 6 in snout, 8 in head, 2.75 in
interorbital; width of head equaling snout and orbit; width behind the pectorals
about one-fifth greater than the height.
Oral disk large, margined by a series of incisions; lips smooth, with the faintest
rugosities; a bunch of about twenty-five blunt villi in immediate association with
the dentary; barbel equal to prenasal part of the snout, measuring from the base
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FfSHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 229
of the barbel; free part of barbel equaling eye; a narrow free membrane from the
barbel margining the lip outside of the incised inner margin from the barbel to a
point behind the angle of the mouth. .
Dentary with two teeth, each with two widely diverging cusps; premaxillary
with eight teeth, each with two nearly parallel cusps, of which the inner one is
much the longer.
Origin of the dorsal above the middle of the ventrals, the first ray not much
more than half as long as the second, not spinous, the highest ray a little less than
the snout; spine of the adipose two-fifths of the length of the snout, covered with a
few spinules, its tip nearly reaching end of base of adipose part of the fin; caudal
rather deeply emarginate, the lower lobe the longer; origin of anal half-way between
tip of dorsal and origin of adipose; outer ventral ray very thick and fleshy, covered
with spines, its base much wider than that of the rest of the fin, reaching a little
more than half-way to anal, its length equal to the snout; pectoral reaching to near
tip of ventrals, its spine not much larger than the rest of the rays, with a few prickles.
Naked except for a double series of plates along the ventral surface of the
caudal peduncle from near the tip of the anal, which curve up on either side of the
caudal to the base of the middle rays; about fourteen platelets along the middle of
the sides from above the origin of the anal to the base of the middle caudal rays,
widest above the tip of the anal, where they are a little wider than the eye; a double
series of plates on the back, beginning on either side of the spine of the adipose
to the caudal; outer caudal rays with prickles, a few spinelets on the caudal.
A dark band from the eye forward, increasing in width to above the base of
the maxillary; back and upper part of sides marbled; caudal dark, the outer rays
lighter. -
For comparison I have added a figure of the Neoplecostomus granosus (Plate
XXVI, fig. 5).
CoRYMBOPHANES Eigenmann.
Corymbophanes EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 5.
Type, Corymbophanes andersoni Eigenmann.
Allied to Rhinelepis. No adipose fin, this being replaced by a low median
ridge, extending from the tip of the dorsal to the caudal; no externally visible
occipital crest.
96. Corymbophanes andersoni Eigenmann. (Plate XXVII, figs. 1–3.)
Corymbophanes andersoni EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 5.
Type unique, 86 mm. Aruataima Falls, Upper Potaro. (Carnegie Museum
Catalog of Fishes No. 1001.)
230 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Head 3.66 in the length, measured to end of opercle and end of the lateral
plates; depth 6; D. I,7; A. I,4; V. I,5; P. I,6; lateral line 24; eye 5.5 in snout, 7.5
in head to end of opercle, 3 in interorbital.
Oral disk everywhere thickly papillose, the papillae largest along the margin of
the upper lip and smallest at the angle of the mouth; barbel about 2.5 in the snout,
its free portion less than orbit in length, its ventral surface papillose; maxillary
and dentary of about equal length, a little less than 1.5 in the interorbital, each
jaw with numerous minute teeth.
Ventral surface entirely naked; margin of snout in front of base of barbels
naked; predorsal scales not regular; posterior margin of skull concave on each side .
of the occipital crest, which is indicated by a point; no ridges or grooves about the
head; lateral plates straight, not keeled; a rather broad naked area along the dorsal.
Origin of dorsal in front of the vertical from the ventrals; ventrals a little in
advance of the middle; highest dorsal ray reaching to about the middle of the last
ray, 4.5 in the length; caudal emarginate, the lower lobe slightly the longer; origin
of anal under vertical from middle of last dorsal ray; ventrals reaching middle of
anal, pectorals past origin of ventrals.
Dark, with faint lighter spots; fin-rays dark, the membranes hyaline.
This species, obtained at my farthest point, is named for Mr. C. Wilgress
Anderson, Government Surveyor, an explorer in the Potaro and Roraima regions.
HEMIANCISTRUs Bleeker.
Hemiancistrus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 78 (medians).-EIGEN-
MANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 417.
Type, Ancistrus medians Kner. - *
Teeth small; snout granular to its margin, without bristles; interopercle with
spines; an adipose fin.
A genus of about a dozen species, ranging from the Pacific slope of Panama to
eastern Peru and Paraguay.
Three species seem to occur in British Guiana, although only one was actually
secured. They may be distinguished as follows:
KEY. To THE GUIANA SPECIES of HEMIANCISTRUs.
a. Interorbital 2.66 in the head; depth 8 in the length; head 2.6 times as long as deep; mandibular
ramus 2.33 in interorbital... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s e s e e º e s s 6 tº e t schomburgki.
aa. Interorbital 3.5 in the head; depth 4–4.5 in the length; head 1.66–1.75 times as long as deep; man-
dibular ramus 1.8 in the interorbital; lower surface naked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . megacephalus.
aaa. Interorbital 2 in the head; depth 4.75 in the length; mandibular ramus 2 in the interorbital;
occipital bluntly keeled; lower surface partly covered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . braueri.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 231
97. Hemiancistrus schomburgki Günther.
Chaetostomus Schomburgkii GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 245 (British Guiana).
Hemiancistrus schomburgkii EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2),
II, 1889, 43; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 420.-KINDLE, Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 254.
Ancistrus Schomburgkii REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 1904, 233 (Guiana).
—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 408.
No specimens were secured. -
“Depth of body 8 times in the total length, length of head 3 times. Head
nearly as broad as long and 2.É times as long as deep. Diameter of eye 4%–5%
times in the length of head, interorbital width 2% times, length of snout 13 times.
Length of mandibular ramus 24 times in the interorbital width. Snout broad,
rounded; Supraorbital edges not raised; supraoccipital flat, without median ridge;
temporal plates not carinate; interoperculum armed with 20–25 slender spines with
curved tips, the longest equal to twice the diameter of eye. Scutes spinulose, not
carinate, 25 in a longitudinal series, 6 between dorsal and adipose fin, 11–12 be-
tween anal and caudal. Supraoccipital bordered posteriorly by a median scute
and by one on each side. Lower surface of head and abdomen naked (in the young).
D. I,7, the first ray # the length of head; length of base of dorsal nearly equal to
its distance from the adipose fin. A. I.4. Pectoral spine not reaching the base
of ventral. Caudal peduncle 3 times as long as deep. Brownish, clouded with
darker; dark spots on the fins.
“Total length 75 mm.”—Regan.
98. Hemiancistrus megacephalus Günther.
Chaetostomus megacephalus GünthER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, 232 (Suri-
nam 7). - *
Hemiancistrus megacephalus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
(2), II, 1889, 44; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 420; Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 41.—KINDLE, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 253.−
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 408.
Ancistrus megacephalus REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 1904, 234
(Guiana). - - -
Chaetostomus macrops LüTKEN, Vid. Med. Naturhist. For. Kjöbenhavn, 1874, 209
(Surinam).-STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” ii, 1881, 24, pl. 5,
fig. 3. - * -
Nine specimens, 86–185 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1536a–b; I. U. Cat.
No. 11958.) e
232 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
One specimen, 107 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1537a.)
Five specimens, 25–94 mm. Waratuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1538a–b; I. U. Cat.
No. 11959.)
Head 2.8–3; depth 4.5–5.2; D. I,7; A. I,4; scutes twenty-four or twenty-five,
counting the one on the caudal; four pairs of scutes between the dorsals, nine to
eleven plates behind the anal. -
Eye 5–5.5; interorbital 3.5–3.75; mandibular ramus 1.4–1.6 in interorbital;
opercle with bristles, curved at their tips, entirely retractile under the opercle, the
longest in the adult male a little longer than the eye; margin of snout granular, the
granules becoming bristle-like in adult males. Lower surface naked; supraorbital
slightly raised in smaller specimens, head and body otherwise without keels; scutes
with numerous spiniferous lines; occipital pointed, bordered by a notched median
and two lateral plates.
Dorsal spine slightly less than head in length; base of dorsal at least equal to
its distance from the caudal; ventrals reaching middle of anal; pectoral spine to
near middle of ventral or beyond; caudal oblique, emarginate.
Dark; obscure whitish spots on upper surface; dorsal membrane nearly uni-
form, the rays alternately light and dark; caudal with vertical bands, increasing
in number with age; upper surface of pectoral and ventral with spots or bars.
99. Hemiancistrus braueri sp. nov. (Plate XXVIII, figs. 1–2.)
Hypostomus itacua (not of Cuvier and Valenciennes), MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in
Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 631 (Takutu).
Two specimens, 110–120 mm. Guiana (Schomburgk). Berlin Museum
No. 3174. The larger one is the type.
Head 2.8; depth at occiput 4.75; D. I,8; A. I,4; plates twenty-seven, count-
ing the one on the caudal; five plates between the dorsal fin and the adipose
fulcrum; fourteen plates behind the anal, counting all the fulcra; eye 5 in the
head, interorbital 3; mandibular ramus 2 in the interorbital.
Head rather deep; none of the scales carinate; supraorbitals elevate, a distinct
median keel on the occipital which is superficially divided into a number of fields;
temporal plates not carinate; interopercle armed with about forty slender spines
with curved tips, the spines completely revertible, the longest not quite one and
one-half times as long as the eye; lower surface of head naked; abdomen with
a small patch of plates between the last ventral rays, and a large patch from be-
tween the gill-openings to the middle of the pectoral, the rest of the abdomen
naked in the type, with minute prickles and a few plates along the middle in the
cotype. *
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 233
Dorsal spine an orbital diameter less than the length of the head; last dorsal
ray attached by an insignificant membrane only; pectoral spine reaching second
third of the ventral; ventral to the base of the last anal ray.
Fins uniformly dusky; sides and back obscurely blotched or banded.
The adipose is lacking in the cotype.
PSEUDANCISTRUs Bleeker.
Pseudancistrus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 78 (barbatus).-EIGEN-
MANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 434.
Type, Hypostomus barbatus Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Similar to Hemiancistrus, but the sides of the head with bristles, which are
much larger in the male; interopercle with bristles; an adipose dorsal.
A genus with four or five species, of which three are found in Guiana.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of PSEUDANCISTRUS.
a. Length of base of dorsal equal to its distance from the caudal.
b. Slate-color, with numerous white dots; depth 5.66–6; eye 5 in the head. . . . . . . . . . . barbatus.
bb. Uniform slate-color; depth 4.5–5; eye 6.5 in the head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nigrescens.
aa. Length of base of dorsal nearly equal to its distance from the adipose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . güntheri.
100. Pseudancistrus barbatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Plate XXVIII, fig. 3.)
Hypostomus barbatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 506
(La Mana).-SchoMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 147.—KNER,
Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, VII, 1853, 268, pl. 2, fig. 2 (locality ?). -
Plecostomus barbatus Günth ER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 237 (Surinam). -
Pseudancistrus barbatus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2),
II, 1889, 45; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 435; Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, 1842.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 409.
Amcistrus barbatus REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 1904, 240.
Hypostomus guttatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 508
(Surinam). * -
Plecostomus guttatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 237 (British Guiana).
Pseudancistrus guttatus BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 10, pl. 2, fig. 2,
pl. 3, fig. 3 (Surinam).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
(2), II, 1889, 45; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 435; Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 42.
Two specimens, 121–140 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1533; I. U. Cat.
No. 11968.)
234 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Six specimens, 60–116 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1534a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 11956.) - - -
Four specimens, 80–143 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1535a-b; I. U. Cat.
No. 11957.) 9
Head 3; depth 5.66–6 to end of middle caudal plate; D. I,7; A. I,5. Twenty-
five scutes, counting the one on the caudal; four pairs and an azygous plate be-
tween the dorsals; eleven plates behind the anal.
Width of head equal to its length or very little narrower; eye 5 in head, inter-
orbital not quite 4; mandibular ramus but little less than interorbital; opercle in
the male (C. M. Cat. No. 1533) with a bunch of graduate bristles, the longest 2.66
in the head, not completely retractile and not hooked; marginal bristle in the
same male three-fourths the length of eye. Bristles scarcely evident in female.
Head and plates without keels; belly entirely naked; dorsal spine equal to snout
and eye or half eye. Base of dorsal equal to its distance from the caudal, last ray
scarcely adnate. Caudal obliquely emarginate; ventrals reaching past origin of
anal; pectorals past origin (to second third) of ventrals.
All but the ventral surface brown or slaty, with clear white dots.
The alimentary canal in a specimen 100 mm. long is 855 mm. in length.
101. Pseudancistrus nigrescens sp. nov. (Plate XXV, fig. 2.)
Pseudancistrus nigrescens EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 409 (name only).
§
Fig. 35. Pseudancistrus nigrescens Eigenmann. Type. C. M. Cat. No. 1539. -
Type, 182 mm. Amatuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1539.)
Cotype, 149 mm. Amatuk. (I. U. Cat. No. 11960). e w

EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHEs of BRITISH GUIANA 235
Head about 3; depth 4.5–5; D. I,7; A. I,4; plates twenty-four; three or four
paired plates between the dorsal, eleven behind the anal; width of head almost
equal to its length; interorbital 3.5 in the head, eye 6.5; mandibular ramus 1.4
in the interorbital.
Head convex, without ridges or crest; plates of the body not carinate; oc-
cipital truncate where it meets the median plate behind it; interopercle with a few
bristles; Snout with a swollen margin, sparingly provided with bristles.
Dorsal spine a little longer than eye and snout; base of dorsal slightly less than
its distance from the caudal; caudal oblique, slightly emarginate; ventrals reach-
ing to middle of anal; pectorals about to second third of ventrals.
Nearly uniform dark slaty; dorsal with very faint light areas along the rays.
Distal part of caudal slightly lighter, otherwise uniform; pectorals and ventrals
in the smaller specimens like the caudal, very faintly blotched in the larger.
102. Pseudancistrus guentheri Regan.
Plecostomus guttatus (not of Cuvier and Valenciennes) GüNTHER, Catalogue, W,
1864, 237.
Ancistrus guentheri REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 1904, 241 (British
Guiana).
Pseudancistrus güntheri EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 409. §
No specimens were collected. It is not certain whether the above references.
pertain to the area covered by this paper or not. º -
Head 3.25; depth 6; D. I,7; A. I.4; depth of head 2 in its length, eye 8, inter-
orbital 3.33; mandibular ramus 1.25 in interorbital; snout with a broad naked
area at its tip; dorsal spine two-thirds the length of the head; pectoral spine not
quite reaching base of ventral. Color uniform. e
XENOCARA Regan.
Xenocara REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 1904, 251–EIGENMANN,
Science, n. S., XXI, 1905, 794.
Type, Amcistrus gymnorhynchus Kner.
Interopercle freely movable, usually with spines; snout with a naked margin
and without tentacles; mouth narrow, the mandible much less than the width
of the interorbital; teeth in the upper jaw about as numerous as those in the lower
236 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
103. Xenocara gymnorhynchus (Kner).
2 Hypostomus nudiceps MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III,
1848, 631 (Takutu).24
2 Chaetostomus nudiceps GünthER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 249 (copied).-EIGENMANN
and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II, 1889, 46; Occasional Papers
Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890,443; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 43.
? Ancistrus gymnorhynchus KNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, VII, 1854, 275
(Puerto Cabello).
Chaetostomus gymnorhynchus Günth ER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 249 (Puerto Cabello).
—LüTKEN, Vid. Med. Naturhist. For. Kjöbenhavn, 1874, 204.—EIGENMANN
and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II, 1889, 46; Occasional Papers
Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 444; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 43.−REGAN,
Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 1904, 254. . f
Xenocara gymnorhynchus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 410.
One specimen, 58 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1526.)
Head 3; depth at tip of occipital 6.5; interorbital 3.6 in the head; eye 5 in the
head; width of head an orbital diameter less than its length; mandibular ramus
2 in interorbital. D. I,7; A. I.4. No tentacles on the snout; the naked area
narrow, one-sixth the distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of eye along
the median line. Six plates between the dorsals, ten behind the anal, twenty-
five along the sides. -
Last dorsal ray not quite reaching the adipose, base of dorsal nearly equal
to its distance from tip of spine of the adipose fin; dorsal spine equal to snout and
orbit.
Caudal sinuate, distinctly oblique, but the lower lobe a little longer than the
upper, equal to the length of the head. *
Blackish, with yellowish white, faintly ocellated spots; pectoral and ventrals
with faint spots; dorsal and caudal narrowly margined with reddish.
* I have been able to examine the type of nudiceps in the Berlin Museum, 105 mm., No. 3180,
Guiana. Schomburgk.
Head 2+; depth at occipital process 6+; interorbital 2.4 in the head; eye 5.5 in the head; width of
the head an orbital diameter less than its length; mandibular ramus 3.4 in the interorbital; D.I,7; A.
I,4; no tentacles about the snout; naked area at least one-third the distance from tip of snout to pos-
terior margin of the eye along the median line; five plates between the last dorsal ray and the spine of
the adipose, nine behind the anal, twenty-two along the sides. Pectoral reaching to the second fourth
of the ventral; ventral beyond the base of the last anal ray. In other distinguishable characters it is like
the specimen from Gluck Island.
N
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 237
- ANCISTRUs Kner. -
Ancistrus KNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, VII, 1853, 272 (sp.).—BLEEKER,
Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 77 (cirrhosus).
Thysanocara REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVII, 1906, 95 (cirrhosus).
Type, Ancistrus cirrhosus Kner.
I have elsewhere (Science, n. S., XXI, 1905, 794) given my reasons for the
use of the name Ancistrus for this genus.
Premaxillaries and dentaries of nearly equal length; interopercle movable;
snout naked, with tentacles. About eleven species.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES OF ANCISTRUs.”
a. Fins, especially the dorsal, with conspicuous cross-bands over rays and membranes; body with large
whitish spots, the dark background reduced to vermiculations; ramus of the lower jaw 2.3–3
in the interorbital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...temmincki.
aa. Fins, especially the dorsal, with faint dark spots along the rays; mandibular ramus 2–3 in inter-
orbital; interorbital 2.4 in the head; depth about equal to interorbital; naked portion of snout
of the male reaching nearly half-way to posterior margin of the eye, with a Y-shaped series of
tentacles; obscure, medium-sized light spots, especially on the ventral surface. . . . . . . cirrhosus.
aaa. Fins, especially the dorsal, plain, or frequently with minute white dots, the dorsal and caudal often
margined with lighter. -
b. Mandibular ramus 2.75-3.75 in the interorbital; interorbital 2.25 in the head; dorsal and upper
angle of caudal narrowly margined with light, or not margined; naked part of snout in the
male with about four tentacles in a straight line; naked part extending one-fourth the distance
to posterior margin of eye along median line. Minute white dots on fins and body.
* hoplogenys.
bb. Mandibular ramus 2.0–2.4 in the interorbital; dorsal and caudal conspicuously margined with
white or yellow. Naked portion of snout, in adult male, reaching half-way to posterior
margin of eye, in the female one-third the distance to posterior margin of eye. Inter-
orbital 2.8–3 in head; depth 6.8 in the length. Tentacles in male in a Y-shaped figure.
Occipital finely granular, the granules scarcely arranged in radiating lines; base of dorsal
equal to the distance from base of last ray to tip of spine; caudal very oblique, the upper
lobe about 14 the length of the lower; minute white dots on fins and body, otherwise
plain black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lithurgicus.
104. Ancistrus temmincki (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Hypostomus temminckii CUVIER and VALENCIENNEs, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840,
514 (Cayenne).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
631 (Takutu).
Ancistrus temminckii BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 11, pl. 1, fig. 3, pl. 2,
fig. 2 (Surinam).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV,
* Regan gives Ancistrus dolichoptera Kner as found in Guiana. No definite locality is given.
If it should be found within the region covered by the present paper it can readily be distinguished by
its having D. I,8 or 9. - -
238 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
1891, 43.−EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,411.
Xenocara temminckii REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 1904, 254 (Guiana).
Two specimens, 74 and 56 mm. Packedo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1520a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11946.) -
Two specimens, 47 and 38 mm. Rupununi Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1521a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11947.) te
* Two specimens, 43 and 52 mm. Chipoo Creek, a branch of the Ireng near
Karakara. (C. M. Cat. No. 1522; I. U. Cat. No. 11948.)
Head 3 or a little less, depth at tip of occipital 5.5 in the length; width of head
about an orbital diameter less than its length; interorbital about 2.5 in the length
of the head; mandibular ramus 2.33–3 in the interorbital; D. 6; A. I,4; eye 5.5 in
the head (in the largest specimen). About ten interopercular spines; naked part of
the snout (in the largest specimen) extending one-fourth the distance to posterior
margin of eye along the median line; three pairs of plates between the occiput and
the dorsal, five plates between the dorsals, ten between the last anal ray and
the caudal, and twenty-three along the sides.
Head finely granular, granules of posterior part of occipital arranged in faint
radiating rows; plates of the sides with series of spines; last dorsal ray extending
to the spine of the adipose; length of base of dorsal equal to its distance from the
middle of the spine of the adipose dorsal; dorsal spine an orbital diameter or less
shorter than the head; lower caudal rays equal to length of head. Ventrals
rounded, reaching to middle of anal; pectoral to third fifth of ventrals.
General effect dark. Numerous light spots about as large as the pupil,
smaller below, the spots of the back sometimes confluent, in rows. Dorsal with
three to five wavy cross-bands; caudal spotted with dark, other fins with cross-
spots. Dorsal and caudal sometimes margined with light.
The color of the specimens in the Leiden Museum is uniformly dark. The same
is true of the specimen in Berlin collected by Schomburgk in Guiana. As the latter
is in rather bad condition I am not prepared to say whether it belongs to the
present species or the next.
105. Ancistrus cirrhosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Hupostomus cirrhosus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 511
(Rio Janeiro; Buenos Ayres).—VALENCIENNES, in d'Orbigny, Voy. Am. Mer.,
V, ii, 1847, pl. 7, fig. 3. * ©º kºſº a 9, 2 24
Ancistrus cirrhosus KNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, VII, 1854,272 (Rio Gua-
poré).—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II, 1889,
EIGENMANN: THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA . 239
48; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 446 (Cudajas; Obidos); Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 43.−EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp.
Patagonia, III, 1910, 411. -
Chaetostomus cirrhosus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 247 (Essequibo, British
Guiana).-HENSEL, Archiv für Naturg., I, 1870, 76 (stony mountain streams).
—VAILLANT, Bull. Soc. Philom., (7), IV, 1880, 155 (Calderon).-STEIN-
DACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv, 1882, 7 (Rio Huallaga)—PERUGIA,
Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), XVIII, 1897, 21 (Rio Beni).
Xenocara cirrhosa REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 1904, 256 (Rio Para-
guay; Amazon; Guiana; Trinidad).
Chaptostomus variolus CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 288 (Ambyiacu).-
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II, 1889, 64; Occa-
sional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 442.
Three specimens, 48 to about 100 mm. Ireng River near Holmia. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1523; I. U. Cat. No. 11949.)
Head 2.85–3; depth at tip of occipital 2.4 in the head; width of head an orbital
diameter less than its length; interorbital 2.4 in the head; mandibular ramus 2–3
in the interorbital; D. I,7; A. I,4; eye 5.5 in the head in the largest specimen;
about twelve interopercular spines, the longest 4.5 in the head.
Tentacles numerous, the naked area reaching half-way to the posterior margin
of the eye in the largest specimen, which is a male; six plates between the dorsals,
ten between the anal and caudal, and twenty-four along the sides.
Last dorsal ray scarcely reaching the spine of the adipose; base of dorsal a
little greater than its distance from the adipose; dorsal spine equal to snout and
eye; ventrals about reaching middle of anal; pectoral spine reaching third fifth
of ventrals. -
Black, with faint white spots; dorsal and caudal with dark spots along the
rays; pectorals and ventrals spotted or plain.
106. Ancistrus hoplogenys (Günther). - g
Chaetostomus hoplogenys GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 247 (River Capin, Pará).
Ancistrus hoplogenys EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II, .
1889, 48; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 448 (Tajapuru); Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 43.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp.
Patagonia, III, 1910, 411.
Xenocara hoplogenys REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 1904, 255 (Guiana;
Amazon; Rio Paraguay). - -
240 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Chaetostomus leucostictus Günth ER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 248 (Essequibo).-STEIN-
DACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv., 1882, 7 (Rio Huallaga).
Ancistrus leucostictus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890,
447 (Coary; Tabatinga; Jutahy); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 43.
Chaetostomus alga CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 287, pl. 15, fig. 3 (Am-
byiacu).
Chaetostomus malacops CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 287, pl. 5, fig. 2
(Ambyiacu).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II,
1889, 46; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 443; Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, 43.
Chatostomus tectirostris CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 288, pl. 15, fig. 2
(Ambyiacu).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II,
1889, 46; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 442; Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, 43.
One specimen, 63 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1517.)
Nine specimens, 50–108 mm. Packedo Falls, Essequibo. (C. M. Cat. No.
1518q-c; I. U. Cat. No. 11944.)
Eighteen specimens, 63–119 mm. Rupununi Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1519q—d;
I. U. Cat. No. 11945.) --
Head 2.8; depth at tip of occipital 5–5.2 in the length; width of head an
orbital diameter or less than an orbital diameter smaller than its length; interorbital
2.25 in the length of the head; mandibular ramus 2.75-3.75 in the interorbital;
D. I,7; A. I,4; eye 5–6 in the head. About nine interopercular spines, hooked at
the tip, the longest in the largest specimen 2.66 in the interorbital.
Tentacles rather small, the naked area in the largest male with four bifid
tentacles; naked area extending one-fourth the distance to the posterior margin
of the eye; seven plates between the dorsals, eleven between the anal fin and the
caudal plates, and twenty-five along the sides. Last dorsal ray reaching to, or
beyond, origin of spine of the adipose; base of the dorsal equal to the distance
from the base of the last ray to the tip of the spine of the adipose; dorsal spine
equal to snout and orbit; lower caudal ray much longer than the upper, equal
to the length of the head. Ventrals rounded, reaching the middle of the anal;
pectoral spine reaching the third fifth of the ventrals.
Black, with a few minute white spots everywhere; dorsal and caudal scarcely
or not margined with lighter. g
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 241
107. Ancistrus lithurgicus sp. nov.” (Plate XXV, fig. 3.)
Ancistrus lithurgicus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 411 (name only).
Type, 95 mm. Crab Falls. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1524.)
Cotypes, fifteen specimens, 31–88 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1525a—d;
I. U. Cat. No. 11950.)
Head 2.8; much depressed; depth at tip of occipital process 6.8 in the length;
width of head an orbital diameter less than its length; interorbital 2.8–3 in the
FIG. 36. Ancistrus liturgicus Eigenmann. Type. C. M. Cat. No. 1524.
head; mandibular ramus 2–2.4 in the interorbital; D. I,7; A. I,4; eye 6 in the -
head in the largest specimen. Ten to twelve spines on the opercle, the longest 1.6
in the interorbital. -
Tentacles profuse, the naked area of the Snout in the male reaching half-way
to the posterior margin of the eye; five or six plates between the dorsals, eleven
behind the anal, and twenty-three or twenty-four along the sides. -
Last dorsal ray reaching adipose; base of dorsal about equal to its distance
from the tip of the adipose; dorsal spine equal to snout and orbit; lower dorsal
ray an orbital diameter less than the head.
Black; a few minute white dots on back and fins, more numerous on belly,
sometimes quite obscure; all fins black, the dorsal and caudal margined with white
or yellow. -
Allied to A. hoplogenys, but much more depressed.
* Acanthicus, another genus of this subfamily, is represented in the Rio Branco basin of Guiana by
Acanthicus hystria: Spix. . -

242 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
LITHOxUS gen, nov.
Lithoaus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 412 (name
only). - wº
Very much depressed, broad; lower surface flat, naked; preopercle with a
bunch of spines, curved at the tip, the longest about equal to the orbit; snout more
or less flexible, but covered with granular plates to its margin; premaxillaries not
united, very short, with about two or three teeth on each side; mandibular ramus
much wider, with seven to ten teeth on each side; pectorals in the male prolonged
and densely covered with flexible spines along outer margin. Alimentary canal
a little more than twice the total length.
Allied to Pseudacanthicus, the species small,” much depressed.
108. Lithoxus lithoides sp. nov. (Plate XXIX, figs. 1–4.)
Lithorus lithoides EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
412 (name only). - -
Type, a male, 86 mm. Amatuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1527.) - -
Cotypes, eighty-six specimens, 25–85 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1528a–ff;
I. U. Cat. No. 11951.)
Seventy-two specimens, 25–61 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1529a–j;
I. U. Cat. No. 11952.)
Seven specimens, 30–57 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1530a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 11953.)
Thirteen specimens, 18–52 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1531a-c; I. U.
Cat. No. 11954.) -
Three specimens, 43 mm. Waratuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1532a; I. U. Cat. No.
11955.)
Head 3.2; depth 10; D. I,7; A. I,3 or I,4; V. I,5; P. I,6; width of head an
orbital diameter less than its length; interorbital 3.5–4 in the head; eye 3–3.5 in
snout, 6–6.5 in the head; mandibular ramus 2.5 in interorbital; five plates between
the dorsals, ten behind the anal, twenty-three along the sides.
Head without keels; occipital bordered by three plates behind; two or three
plates between the occipital and a small V-shaped plate in front of the dorsal;
plates of the body without keels. A circular oral disk, largely covered with warts.
Caudal peduncle flat below. A groove between the dorsals. Entire region in front
of the anal naked. Origin of dorsal about equidistant from the snout and the tip
* A female 63 mm. long contains eggs about 2 mm. in diameter.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 243
of the spine of the adipose; adipose fin long, the membrane extending to near the
caudal; caudal obliquely truncate, the lower lobe much the longer, equal to snout
and orbit or longer; anal minute; ventrals rounded, reaching middle of anal or a
little farther; pectorals reaching to second third of ventral spine in the female, to
near its tip in the male. - - -
Mottled, either sand-color or quite black. All the fins more or less barred.
Abundant, clinging to the rocks in the rapids. Secured with “Hiari,” which
caused them to come to the surface. -
Subfamily LORICARIINAE.
LORICARIA Linnaeus.
Loricaria LINNAEUs, Systema Natura’, ed. 10, I, 1758, 307.-BLEEKER, Nederl.
Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 80 (dura).
Pseudohemiodon BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 81 (platycephalus).
Type, Loricaria dura Linnaeus = Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus.
Readily distinguished from the other Loricariids by its tentacled lips.
109. Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus.
Loricaria dura (ea: Linnaeus, Mus. Adolphi Fred., 1754, 79, pl. 29, figs. 1 and 2)
BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 18 (Surinam).
Loricaria cataphracta LINNAEUs, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, I, 1758, 307; ed. 12, I,
1766, 508 (America).-BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1795, 76, pl. 75, figs. 3, 4.—
CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 459 (Surinam,
Cayenne).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 631
(Rupununi).-KNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, VI, 1853, 77 (Cujabá,
Guaporé).—GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 255 (Surinam).-PETERs, MB.
Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877,471 (Calabozo).-CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII,
1878, 681 (Marañon, Peru).—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., (2), II, 1889, 36 (Vigia; São Gonçallo; Cameta; Manaos; Pará; Rio Negro;
Coary; Villa Bella; Gurupa; Rio Preto; Tajapurá; Porto do Moz; Teffé,
Marañon; Ucayale; Obidos).-PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899,
158 (Apuré), 405 (Manaos).-EIGENMANN and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXXI, 1907, 665 (Amazon).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Pata-
gonia, III, 1910, 415.
Loricaria cirrhosa BLoch and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 125, pl. 34.
Loricaria setifera LACáPièDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 140 (South America).
Plecostomus flagellaris GRoNow, Cat. Fish, ed. Gray, 1854, 158. -
244 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Loricaria dura BLEEKER, “Silures de Suriname,” 1864, 18.
One specimen, 119 mm. Creek in Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No. 1503.)
One specimen, 112 mm. Mud-flats, Demerara. (I. U. Cat. No. 11938.)
One specimen, 85 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1516.)
Head 5, width of head 1.5 in its length; eye 6 in the head, equal to interorbital;
snout a little more than 2 in the head; width of first anal ray 2.6 in its distance from
the caudal; scutes 8 + 15, the keels remaining distinct to the caudal.
Occipital with two keels ending in rather strong spines behind; two nuchal
plates keeled, other plates in front of the dorsal keeled. Eye with a shallow notch.
Lower surface of head naked.
Three long graduated teeth on each side of the upper jaw, seven much smaller
ones on each side of the lower jaw. Lips with short warts about the mouth, other-
wise with numerous long tentacles; free portion of the barbels much longer than
the eye.
Anal plate in the largest specimen composed of four plates, ventral buckler
of about seventeen plates imperfectly joined. Three to eight plates between the
lateral plates, depending on the position.
Pectorals slightly emarginate, reaching past origin of ventrals; outer ventral
ray prolonged, reaching to or beyond origin of last anal ray. Anal obliquely rounded.
Upper caudal ray greatly prolonged, 180 mm. in length in a specimen 109 mm.
long to base of caudal. Upper surface and fins reddish brown, caudal filament
banded.
- LORICARIICHTHYs Bleeker.
Loricariichthys BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 80 (maculatus).
Parahemiodon BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 80.
Rineloricaria BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 81 (lima).
Type, Loricaria maculata Bloch.
Distinguished from Loricaria by its papillose lips.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of Lori CARIICHTHYs.
a. Upper lip interrupted in the middle. A single series of plates between the lateral series of the belly;
teeth very minute, twenty or more on each side of the lower jaw; ventral buckler formed of six
plates; pectorals truncate. (Loricariichthys.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . microdon.
aa. Upper lip well-developed. Two or more series of plates between the lateral plates of the belly; teeth
twelve or fewer on each side of the lower jaw; ventral buckler formed of seven to sixteen plates.
(Rineloricaria.)
b. No keels on head or on the plates in front of the dorsal; usually two series of plates between the
lateral series on the middle of the belly; sand-color, lower surface plain. . . . . . . . . . . griseus.
bb. Keels of the plates in front of the dorsal more or less evident; three or more series of plates between
the lateral plates of the belly; a dusky area or spot on either side of base of first anal ray.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 245
c. Head smooth; pores of the head black; plates of the middle of the belly frequently forming
transverse scutes with the lateral plates.
d. Pectorals, ventrals and anal spotted; an ocellus-like spot on the back in front of the
dorsal; pores of anterior part of body not black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . brunneus.
dd. Pectoral, ventrals and anal with a submarginal band. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . platyurus.
cc. Head strigilate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stewarti.
110. Loricariichthys microdon (Eigenmann). (Plate XXX, fig. 1; Plate
XXXII, fig. 1.)
Loricaria acuta (not of Cuvier and Valenciennes) MüIIER and TROSCHEL, in
Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 631 (sand-bars of the Rupununi).
Loricaria microdon EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 7; Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,414.
This species is closely allied to, if not identical with, L. acutus. Regan gives
the lower lip of acutus as entire.
I have examined the specimen mentioned by Müller and Troschel.
Type, 90 mm. Rupununi. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1507.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 76 and 112 mm. to tip of middle caudal ray. Rupu-
nuni. (I. U. Cat. No. 11942.) -
Head 4–4.6; width of head 1.5–1.66 in its length; eye 6, equal to interorbital;
snout 2-H in the head; width at first anal ray 5.33–6.33 in its distance from the
caudal; scutes 17 or 18 + 14, the keels remaining separate throughout; upper lip
not developed in the middle, entire on the sides in the largest specimen, fringed in the
type; lower lip notched in the middle, deeply concave on each side in the type;
the barbel extending considerably beyond the widest part of the lip, its free portion
equal to the eye. Margin of the lower lip notched. Lips smooth. Lower lip
in the largest specimen damaged, apparently reaching to the gill-opening, with a
marginal fringe of tentacles. -
Teeth excessively minute, twenty or more on each side of the lower jaw;
about eight conical teeth on each side of the upper jaw.
Plates in front of the fourth dorsal ray keeled, a pair of keels on the occipital;
eyes with large angular notches, which encroach on the interorbital in the largest
specimen. Anal plate pointed in front, bordered by two or three plates, the three
together united into a larger plate in the largest specimen; ventral buckler formed
of six plates, apparently only four in the largest; a single series of plates between the
lateral series, two or more series farther forward. Wentral armature reaching to the
gill-opening; lower surface of head naked. - e
Pectorals truncate, the spine not produced, scarcely reaching ventral; ventral
246 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
rounded or the rays graduate, reaching to or a little beyond the origin of the anal.
Dorsal spine equal to distance from snout to upper angle of gill-opening.
Five or six cross-bands, the first extending down and forward from the third
and fourth dorsal rays, the second being a large spot on the sides a little in front
of the tip of the dorsal; dorsal spotted, most conspicuously so at its tip; pectorals
dusky, or faintly spotted; ventrals a little lighter; anal hyaline; caudal faintly
spotted, the tip of the lower lobe black. Upper caudal ray scarcely produced.
111. Loricariichthys griseus (Eigenmann). (Plate XXX, fig. 2; Plate
XXXII, fig. 2.) -
Loricaria grisext EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, 1910, 8; Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 414.
Type, 131 mm. over all, 118 to tip of middle caudal rays. Konawaruk.
(Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1504.) f
Cotypes, eleven specimens, 36–108 mm. to base of middle caudal ray.
Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1505a–c; I. U. Cat. No. 11926.)
Cotypes, twenty-two specimens, 49–119 mm. to base of middle caudal ray.
Bartica sand-bank. (C. M. Cat. No. 1506a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11927.)
Allied to L. punctatus and L. maculatus.
Head 4.5–5; width of head 1.4–1.5 in its length; eye 5; interorbital 6.5–7;
snout 2 in the head; width at first anal ray 5–5.33 in its distance from the cau-
dal; scutes 18 or 19 + 11, the lateral keels remaining separate throughout.
Upper lip well-developed, thickly papillose in the types, and always margined
with well-developed tentacles, which are shortest, or absent, at the center. Lower
lip in the type very broad, extending to the middle of the opercle, everywhere
minutely warty, with a few larger warts on its anterior half, emarginate, otherwise
with the edge Smooth; lips ordinarily much narrower, not much wider than the
part with larger warts, deeply emarginate, and the edge with minute tentacles;
free portion of the barbel scarcely half the length of the eye.
Teeth minute, about six to eight on each side of the upper jaw and twelve on
each side of the Tower, those of the upper jaw much smaller than the largest of the
lower jaw. -
Head without ridges, an obscure groove on the occipital, sometimes continued
in the first or first two nuchal plates; orbital notch broad and shallow, rounded,
not encroaching on the interorbital; lower surface of the head naked; plates of
the body without keels or ridges; anal plate normally bordered by three plates,
but sometimes by four or five; two to four series of plates between the lateral plates
fiGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 247
of the belly; anterior border of the ventral armature on a line with the gill-open-
ings, truncate or emarginate through the development of minute plates on the
side in front. +
. Pectoral truncate when half expanded, emarginate when depressed, the spine
not prolonged, reaching second fourth of the ventrals. Wentrals usually rounded:
or truncate, scarcely reaching the anal; in a few of the Bartica specimens the in-
ner rays are prolonged, reaching to near the fourth anal ray; upper caudal ray in
a well-preserved specimen 2.5 times the length of the middle ray.
Sand-colored, with the back everywhere spotted; very obscure cross-bars;
dorsal, pectoral, and more obscurely the ventral colored like the back; upper
part of caudal with cross-bars, tip of lower caudal lobe blackish; anal hyaline.
112. Loricariichthys brunneus (Hancock). (Plate XXX, fig. 3; Plate
XXXI, fig. 4.) * .
Loricaria brunnea HANcock, Zool. Journ., IV, 1828, 247 (Demerara),—CUVIER
and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 479 (copied).-GüNTHER,
Catalogue, W, 1864, 260 (copied).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional
Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 370.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ.
Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 415.
Hancock's species of Loricaria from Demerara described as having a single
series of plates along the ventral surface is undoubtedly the common Loricaria of
that locality. There are several (about three) series of plates between the lateral
plates of the belly, but these are so united and attached to the lateral series that
they give the impression of a continuous plate extending entirely across the belly.
Twelve specimens, 68–136 mm. to end of shortest caudal ray. Lama Stop-
Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 1491a–d; I. U. Cat. No. 11928.)
Seven specimens, 60–124 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1492a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11929.) t
One specimen, 90 mm. Botanic Garden. (C. M. Cat. No. 1493a.)
Six specimens, 68–110 mm. Demerara River below Wismar. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1494a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11930.) - -
Two specimens, 76–105 mm. Christianburg Canal. (C. M. Cat. No. 1495a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11931.)
One specimen, 108 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1496a.)
Two specimens, 77–118 mm. Kumaka, Demerara. (C. M. Cat. No. 1497a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11932.) - -
Two specimens, 103–112 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1498a; I. U. Cat'
No. 11933.) ſº - -
248 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Twenty-four specimens, 73–151 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1499a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 11934.)
Eight specimens, 67–183 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1500a; I. U.
Cat. No. 11935.)
Four specimens, 77–135 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1501a; I. U.
Cat. No. 11936.)
Six specimens. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 1502a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11937.)
Head 5.33–5.5; width of head 1.4–1.66 in its length; eye 6–6.5 in the head,
interorbital 4.33, snout 2; width at first anal ray 4.5—5.33 in the distance of the
anal from the caudal; scutes 18 + 13 to 16 + 15, the keels entirely united on the
posterior scutes.
Lips papillose, their margins fringed, more in the young, less in the adult;
free part of barbel equal to eye. Head and scutes without keels. Seven to ten
teeth on each side of the upper jaw, seven to nine on each side of the lower.
Lower surface of head naked; a narrow orbital notch.
Anal plate bordered by three plates; eleven to sixteen plates in the ventral
buckler; three series of plates between the lateral series, which in the posterior
part of the belly are frequently so united as to form a transverse scute; middle
plate sometimes more distinct. Armature developed to between the anterior angle
of the gill-opening. -
Pectoral truncate, the outer ray sometimes slightly produced, reaching about
to origin of ventrals. Outer ventral ray sometimes produced, reaching to base of
first or beyond base of last anal ray. Dorsal spine a little longer than the head;
caudal lunate, the upper ray much, and the lower sometimes less, produced.
Pores of the head black; a dark spot in front of the dorsal, not quite equal to
the eye, margined by a lighter one, and this flanked by a dark streak on each side,
having the appearance of an obscure ocellus, becoming very obscure in the largest
specimen. Dorsal surface marbled, four or five dark bands behind the dorsal,
evident even in the largest specimens. Fins spotted, tip of caudal blackish, the
latter with cross-bars, a basal and submarginal bar in the largest, and several in the
smaller, in which the caudal is much darker, sometimes nearly black; a small dark
spot on either side of the base of the first anal ray.
113. Loricariichthys platyurus (Müller and Troschel). (Plate XXX, fig. 4;
Plate XXXI, fig. 3.) -
Loricaria platyura MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 631
(Rupununi).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
415.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 249
Loricaria submarginata EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 10; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 414.
One specimen, 142 mm. over all, 92 mm. to tip of middle caudal rays. Creek
below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No. 1510.) .
Closely allied to L. brunneus. An examination of the type of L. platyurus in
Berlin leaves no doubt about the identity of the species.
Head very little less than 5 in the length; width of head 1.5 in its length; eye
5.5, interorbital 4, snout 2 in the head; width of first anal ray 5 in its distance from
the caudal; scutes 12 + 15, the lateral ridges almost completely united on the last
Seven Scutes. …” .
Lips well-developed, with a marginal series of fringes, interrupted in the middle
in front, and with rather long warts. Lips not nearly reaching gill-opening. Seven
or eight teeth in each side of each jaw. Free portion of the barbel about equal to
the eye. • -
Head without ridges, plates in front of the dorsal but faintly keeled. Orbital
not shallow, narrowly rounded.
- Anal plate bordered by three plates in front, the ventral buckler formed of
seven to thirteen plates; about three series of plates between the lateral plates, these
with the lateral plates forming in the posterior part regular transverse scutes, the
scutes becoming more numerous and less regular in front. Armature truncate in
front, not extending quite to the anterior angle of the gill-opening.
Pectorals slightly emarginate, the inner angle rounded, extending to the origin
or second fourth of the ventrals; ventral rays graduated, the outer rayscarcely pro-
longed, reaching to the base of the last anal ray. -
Pores of the head and to below the dorsal jet-black; obscure cross-bands, that
below the base of the dorsal and that below its tip most prominent. No ocellus
in front of dorsal. Dorsal spotted, the submarginal spots most prominent. Pec-
toral, ventral, and anal each with a broad submarginal dark band; base of caudal
and the tips, exclusive of the upper ray, black. Upper caudal ray much prolonged,
forming 51 mm. of the total length.
114. Loricariichthys stewarti (Eigenmann). (Plate XXX, fig. 5.)
Loricaria stewarti EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 9; Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,414. Allied to L. teffeamus and L. konopickyi.
Type, 81 mm. over all, 64 mm. to tip of middle caudal ray. Chipoo Creek, a
tributary of the Ireng. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1508.)
Cotypes, eleven specimens, 52–68 mm. to tip of middle caudal rays. Chipoo
Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1509a–c; I. U. Cat. No. 11943.)
250 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Allied to L. brunneus, the head strigilate.
Head 5; width of head 1.5 in its length; eye 6, interorbital 4.5, snout 2.2 in
the head; width at first anal ray 5.33–5.66 in its distance from the caudal; scutes
17 -- 13 to 14 + 15, the lateral keels nearly merged behind.
Upper lip with a marginal fringe of tentacles; lower lip papillose, except near
the margin, with a marginal series of tentacles, which do not extend to the gill-
opening.
About six teeth in each side of the upper jaw and eight on each side of the
lower. i
Head and body strigilate; lateral keels weak, other scutes (except nuchal
Scutes) not carinate; occipital with a pair of slightly diverging keels, the two
following nuchal plates each with a pair of keels.
Orbital notch narrow and deep, eye nearly circular. Lower surface of the
head naked, except for a narrow entering triangle in front of the gill-opening.
Anal plate margined by three large plates, the anal buckler composed of eleven
plates; posteriorly three, anteriorly five, series of plates between the lateral series.
Ventral armature fully developed (even in the smallest individuals) to between the
anterior angle of the gill-openings. - -
• Dorsal spine about equal to the head. Pectorals truncate, reaching ventrals.
Ventrals rounded, or the outer ray slightly produced, reaching the anal. Upper
caudal ray forming considerably more than a third of the total length.
Dark, with the usual cross-bars; pores black, but not conspicuous. Dorsal
rays spotted, a large spot near the tip of the three first rays. Pectorals, ventrals,
and anal barred, the bars most evident on the first rays. Base and margin of caudal
black, the outer rays barred. -
HEMIODONTICHTHYs Bleeker.
Hemiodontichthys BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 81.
Type, Hemiodon acipenserinus Kner.
Intermediate in shape between Loricaria and Farlowella, the snout produced
and expanded at the tip, and having numerous small recurved spines.
115. Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus (Kner).
Hemiodon acipenserinus KNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, VI, 1853, 92, pl. 7,
fig. 2 (Rio Guaporé, Mattogrosso).
Loricaria acipenserina GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 260 (copied).—VAILLANT,
Bull. Soc. Philom., (7), IV, 1880, 159 (Calderon). -
Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 251
(2), II, 1889, 34 (Manacapurū; Hyavary); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci.,
I, 1890, 359.-REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 1904, 296.-EIGEN-
MANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, 120, pl. 35, fig. 1 (Corumbá); Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 415.
One specimen, 95 mm. to tip of middle caudal rays, 118 over all. Gluck
Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1514.) *
Head 3.25; width of head 2.2 in its length; eye 8 in head, 4.5 in snout; inter-
orbital 6.5 in head. Width of first anal ray 5 in its distance from the caudal;
Scutes 11 + 16, the keels remaining separate. Head, and all the plates in front
of the dorsal, with wavy longitudinal ridges. A deep inturned orbital notch.
Lips very broad, extending slightly beyond the anterior angle of the gill-
opening, faintly papillose, the margin variously nicked and fringed. Teeth in the
lower jaw very minute, none in the upper jaw. Anal plate bordered by three
larger plates, the four forming the ventral buckler. A median series of three plates
between the lateral series in front of the buckler.
Pectorals truncate, reaching ventrals; ventrals rounded, reaching anal; anal
rounded. Dorsal spine equals head without snout. Caudal oblique, very faintly
emarginate, the upper ray more than three times the length of the middle ray.
Upper surface reddish brown, sides of head and lips marbled, five bars across
the back behind the dorsal. Fins faintly barred.
HARTTIA Steindachner.
Harttia STEINDACHNER, “ Süsswasserfisched, südöstlichen Brasilien,” iii, 1876, 110.
(loricariiformis).
Loricariiform; teeth numerous, in about equal numbers in both jaws; snout
not produced into a rostrum.
116. Harttia platystoma (Günther). (Plate XXX, fig. 6; Plate XXXI, figs.
- 1–2.)
Loricaria platystoma GüNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, 236, figs. 4, 5
(Surinam).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II, 1889,
37; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 385; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIV, 1891, 39. r
Oxyloricaria platystoma REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 1904, 298.
Harttia platystoma EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
415.
Twelve specimens, 53–160 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1511a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 11939.) - ~
©
252 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Four specimens, 53–114 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1512a; I. U.
Cat. No. 11940.) *
Twenty specimens, 52–127 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1513a—e; I. U.
Cat. No. 11941.) g
Head 4.4–5; width of head 1.33 in its length; eye 6, interorbital 5, snout not
quite 2 in the head; width of the first anal ray 4.25–4.5 in its distance from the
caudal; scutes 19 + 10 to 17 4-12, the lateral keels very feeble in front of the
middle of the ventrals, entirely united on about the last two scutes.
Lips narrow, papillose, with a very narrow fringe, free portion of the barbel
about one-fourth the diameter of the eye.
Teeth very numerous in both upper and lower jaws.
Lower surface of the head naked, except for a triangular plate in front of the
gill-openings. Head and scutes without keels of any sort; orbit without a notch.
A pair of anal plates; ventral buckler formed of about forty plates; eight to ten
series of Small plates between the lateral plates, becoming minute and isolated on
breast and reaching to the gill-opening. The plates are only partially developed
in specimens 100 mm. long. s -
Dorsal spine about 1.4 times as long as head; pectorals falcate, reaching past
middle of ventrals in adult. Ventrals lanceolate, reaching past origin of anal,
which is also lanceolate. Caudal deeply lunate, the middle rays two-fifths the
length of the lowest and two-sevenths the length of the uppermost ray.
Back marbled; seven cross-bands, showing in the young only. Dorsal spotted,
the anterior ray tending to uniform blackness. Upper surfaces of pectoral and
yentral barred, most intensely in the outer rays; anal hyaline or faintly barred in
front. Lower caudal lobe and a lunate spot on the middle of the caudal black,
upper lobe barred. -
FARLOWELLA Eigenmann and Eigenmann.
Acestra (not of Dallas, 1852) KNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1853, 93.
Farlowella EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 355 (acus).
Type, Acestra acus Kner.
Loricariiform; body narrow, snout slender, prolonged into a long rostrum;
dorsal in part over ventrals.
117. Farlowella hargreavesi sp. nov. (Plate XXXII, fig. 3.)
Type, a single specimen, 65 mm. to base of caudal. Locality not given.
Head to end of temporal plate 3.75 in the length; its width not quite one-third
its length; eye 12 in the head to end of the temporal plate; anterior margin of the
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 253
eye equidistant from tip of snout and anus; snout in front of the naked area about
the mouth 3 in the distance to the anus; postorbital part of the head 3.5 in the
Snout. Distance from Supraoccipital to the dorsal 6 in the length; snout long,
slender, granular, expanded at the tip. &
Seven plates between the supraoccipital and the dorsal; lateral plates thirty-
three (14 + 19). -
Much faded, but outer margins of caudal evidently dark. -
Named for Mr. T. Sydney Hargreaves, author of “The Fishes of Guiana,”
who presented the specimen to the Museum of Georgetown. - - -
Order HETEROGNATHI.
Family CHARACIDAE.
= Characini MüLLER, Archiv für Naturg., IX, i, 1843, 323.
= Characinidae RICHARDSON, Encycl. Brit., ed. 8, XII, 1856, 245.
> Characidae GILL, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., VI, 1893, 131.
This large family includes fishes of nearly all shapes and sizes, and inhabiting
all sorts of fresh-waters in tropical South America. The species found in Guiana
are distinguished from the other fishes of that country by the presence of scales, a
short dorsal fin without spines, and a short adipose dorsal fin. The latter, however,
is absent in Hoplias, Erythrinus, Carnegiella, Poecilocharaz, and Nannostomus.
KEY TO THE GUIANA GENERA of CHARACIDAE.
a. Mouth protractile; no teeth; gills with forward-directed lamellae. An adipose fin; upper jaw rudimentary, *
lower jaw large, well-developed. (Bivibranchiinae.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bivibranchia.
aa. Mouth not protractile. $
b. Teeth none; an adipose fin; lower jaw firm, with a thin edge; intestine very long; gill-rakers none or
modified. (Curimatinae.)
c. Lateral line incomplete; caudal naked; tongue long, narrow; mouth very oblique, cyprinodontiform.
Curimatopsis.
cc. Ventral surface not spiniferous; lateral line complete; tongue broad, adnate; mouth terminal or
inferior. -
d. Caudal lobes densely scaled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curimatella.
dd. Caudal lobes naked.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curimatus.
(ccc. Post-ventral surface trenchant, spiniferous; predorsal area scaled... . . . . . . . . . . .Psectrogaster.)
bb. Teeth minute on the margins of fleshy lips, movable; gill-membranes joined to the isthmus. (Cf. bbb.)
e. Gills normal; mouth large, evertible to form a circular sucking disk; teeth numerous on both lips,
in single series on the sides, in two in the middle; a predorsal spine; scales rough; species
of large size. (Prochilodinae.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prochilodus.
ee. Fourth gill-arch dilated behind, its surface with corrugations which fit into similar ones on the con-
cave fifth arch; mouth small; no predorsal spine; species small. (Chilodinae.) e
f. Anal emarginate, the highest rays extending beyond the tip of the last; scales with serrate
margins; feeble teeth in both jaws, those of the upper jaw bifid. . . . . . . . . . Tylobronchus.
-e ‘’’ tº , ,
*

254 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
ff. Anal truncate, the highest ray not reaching the base of the last; scales entire; teeth in both
s jaws entire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … Chilodus.
bbb. Teeth on the lower jaw none, or else confined to the sides of the jaw; gill-arches normal; jaws firm.
(Cf. bbbb.) (Hemiodontinae.) - -
g. No fontanel; teeth of the upper jaw pectinate, directed backward, their margins in a straight
transverse line, teeth of the lower jaw confined to the sides..................... Parodon.
gg. Large fontanels; teeth in the upper jaw in a crescent, none in the lower jaw.
h. Scales below the lateral line of the same size as those above it... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hemiodus.<--
hh. Scales below the lateral line larger than those above it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anisitsia, 2 ×
bbbb. Teeth well-developed in both jaws, fixed.
i. Caudal forked (Cf. Hydrolicus). -
j. Teeth truncate, notched, or denticulate; or, if conical, the species small, and without an adipose
k. Teeth conical; no adipose finl; no fontariel; mouth short, oblique, cyprinodontiform; two
series of teeth in the lower jaw. (Pyrrhulinine.)
l. Premaxillary with two series of teeth... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pyrrhulina. < 77
... k.k. Not as under k.
m. Wentral edge without serrae. * *
... n. Preventral area not expanded; pectorals small.
o. Premaxillary and dentary each with a single series of teeth.
p. No frontal fontanel, posterior fontanel, if present, minute; adipose fin
& - present or not. (Nannostomatina.) *
q. Skull truncate; no occipital process; no fontanel; teeth usually
incisor-like, notched at tips; no lateral line.
r. No adipose fin; teeth broad at tip, with five equal points.
Nannostomus.
rr. Adipose fin well-developed. -
s. Pectorals normal; teeth with five equal or subequay ºs
points. . . . . . , ſº e º 'º º ſº e º 'º º ſº sº º 'º º ... ...Poecilobrycon, 2 S^3 .
ss. Pectorals fleshy flaps, edged with filaments; teeth three- /
to five-pointed, the middle point much the longer.…...” /
Archicheir. 2 57
qq. A triangular occipital process; a small circular occipital fontanel; -
adipose fin well-developed; lateral line complete; teeth
usually three-pronged... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Characidium. ; 5 (
- pp. A large frontal and (usually) a parietal fontanel. -
t. Gill-membranes united, usually joined to the isthmus; mouth
small, with little or no antero-posterior extent. (Ano-
stomatinae.) •
u. Teeth of the upper jaw serrate or multicuspid.
v. Snout elongate, subcircular in cross-section; mouth
minute, vertical; gill-membranes joined to the
isthmus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anostomus. 22%#
vv. Snout elliptical in cross-section, not produced; the mouth
terminal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schizodon.
wu. Teeth of the upper jaw serrate in young, truncate in adult;
mouth directed obliquely upward...Schizodontopsis.
EIGENMANN - THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA - 255
*
www. Teeth in both jaws obliquely truncate, directed obliquely
forward toward a median point... . . . . . . . . ..Leporinus.
tt. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus and from each other.
w. Dorsal with fifteen rays. (Crenuchinae.)
2. An adipose fin; mouth large, maxillary extending to .
below middle of eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crenuchus.
a.a. No adipose fin; mouth small, maxillary extending to
below anterior margin of eye. . . . . . . Poecilocharax.
ww. Dorsal short. (Aphyocharacinae.) C/ tºº. '',. - -
v. Lateral line complete; maxillary with a few teeth.
Odontostilbe.
gy. Lateral line incomplete.
2. Caudal naked; teeth pointed, with a notch on each
side. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aphyocharax. 3 a
22. Caudal scaled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aphyodite. 3/4/
00. Premaxillary with two or more series of notched teeth. (See A.)
A. Gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus. Dorsal entirely behind the ventrals, in part over the anal;
teeth pluricuspid incisors, a single tooth in the front row of each premaxillary; mouth small.
(Iguanodectinae.) g
B. Breast not compressed to an edge... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iguanodectes.
BB. Breast compressed to an edge... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Piabucus.
AA. Gill-membranes free from each other and from the isthmus; opercle not prolonged. -
. C. No predorsal spine. - e -
D. Preventral area with a median edge; pectorals small, placed low; anal basis nearly horizontal; . .
mouth large, with canines. (Agoniatinae.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agoniates. . .
‘DD. Preventral area rounded, sometimes very narrow. - ->
E. Lower jaw with a single series of teeth. (Tetragonopterinae.)
F. Gill-rakers setiform. -
G. Caudal scaled; anal with a basal sheath of scales. e
H. Lateral line much decurved in front... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tetragonopterus. _3/?
H.H. Lateral line not greatly decurved, scales entire. -
I. Lateral line complete; predorsal area with a median series of scales; five
teeth in the inner series of the premaxillary; second suborbital not
completely covering the cheek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...Moenkhausia. 32 o
II. Lateral line incomplete; caudal lobes equal. *
tº J. Maxillary with teeth along its entire margin............. Pristella. -3.2%
JJ. Maxillary with few or no teeth.............. . . . . .Hemigrammus. Sº I
GG. Caudal naked.
K. Preventral area with several series of normal scales.
L. Lateral line incomplete. Maxillary border a simple curve; origin of anal
behind origin of dorsal; scales cycloid. - * -
M. Pectoral normal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...Hyphessobrycon. <-
MM. Pectoral archaic, a fleshy lobe surrounded by a fringe of filaments. T}
Dermatocheir. 343, 2.
LL. Lateral line complete. º
N. Maxillary border meeting premaxillary border at a right angle, its
256 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
margin then describing a quarter circle and continuing in a di-
rection nearly parallel with that of the premaxillary.
Creatochanes. 3 # 4
N.N. Anterior maxillary-premaxillary border forming a simple curve.
O. Teeth of the sides of the lower jaw abruptly smaller.
P. Premaxillary teeth in three series; anal of not more than
fourteen rays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creagrutus.
PP. Premaxillary teeth in two series.
Q: Four teeth in the inner series of the upper jaw; second
suborbital coveringentire cheek...Bryconamericus. 3 th Y
QQ. Five teeth in the inner series of º
R. Scales cycloid. C wºn.
S. Predorsal line *…*g,” #TC)
SS. Predorsal line naked... . . . . . . . . Poecilurichthys. z
RR. Scales ctenoid... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ctenobrycon.
00. Teeth of the sides of the lower jaw graduated.....Deuterodon.
KK. Preventral area with two series of large overlapping scales
tº º º ſº º Phenacogaster.
(FF. Gill-rakers short, lanceolate g
E. E. Lower jaw with two series of teeth, the inner series consisting of a pair of conical teeth within
the outer series, and beginning at a greater or less distance from these a series of minute
teeth on the sides. (Bryconinae.)
T. Scales alike above and below.
U. No fontanels
tº s s e e º e º e º e º s = < e < e º e s tº e º a tº $ 2 + 2 + e º is ſº e º e º e º O & 8 s tº e s tº s º Holobrycon. * ~ *
UU. Two large fontanels.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brycon. 2 + c -
TT. Scales much larger above the lateral line... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chalceus. /* 2. y 2. \ (
CC. A predorsal spine, scale-like; caudal scaled. (Stethaprioninae.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fowlerina. , , , Jºe'
nn. Preventral area compressed, trenchant, more or less expanded; pectorals large. -- * * yº
V. Body elongate, lateral line continued to the tail. (Chalcininae.) . . Tº ſ ºfa
Chalcinus.- ? } (> zlºe L.
V V. Body short; the lateral line deflected to before the anal; sternum much &
expanded; skull with longitudinal crests. (Gasteropelecinae.)
W. No adipose fin; maxillary with a single, large, hooked tooth.
Carnegiella.
WW. Adipose fin present; maxillary with large, hooked teeth; prémaxillary
teeth in a single series
W
ſº º º ſº e g º ºs e º e º gº º e º e º gº e º e g Gasteropelecus.
mm. Belly and preventral area trenchant and serrate. --~ *
X. All teeth in the jaws in a single series. (Serrasalmina.) K f
Y. A series of teeth on each side of the palate. . . . . . . … Serrasalmo. z 22 ” J.” “A wººd
YY. Palate without teeth. * ” º
Z. Teeth with simple cutting edge... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pygocentrus. 2" : e
ZZ. Teeth Serrate... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pygopristes. 2 4v4%."
YX. Premaxillary teeth in two series. (Mylina.) -
a. Mandible with a single series of teeth.
8. Abdomen serrate before and behind the ventrals; premaxillary teeth
conical; lower jaw much projecting
* The place from which Scissor came is not known.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 257
88. Abdomen serrate behind the ventrals only.
Y. Anal bilobed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mylesinus.
a.o. Mandible with a pair of conical teeth, premaxillary teeth trenchant.
3. Adipose fin long.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metynnis.
63. Adipose fin short, the two series of teeth of the upper jaw separated
from each other... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myloplus. 2.
666. Adipose fin short; the two series of teeth of the upper jaw close together, )
teeth of the outer row forming a continuous series of incisors.
tº ſº. Myleus 4–
jj. Teeth conical; gill-membranes free from the isthmus. - = r *
e. Pectorals very large; belly compressed; body long and narrow. (Cynodontinae.)
t. Abdominal area much shorter than anal basis; caudal lunate; ventrals small; pec-
torals reaching anal; anal with about eighty rays; dorsal over anal; scales
cycloid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cynodon.
tº. Abdominal area much longer than anal basis; caudal rounded; pectorals overlapping
ventrals; origin of ventrals about equidistant from origin of anal and upper
angle of gill-opening; anal with about thirty-five rays; dorsal in front of anal;
scales ctenoid... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrolicus,
ee. Not as under e. • Z.
m. No teeth on palate; snout not prolonged. (Characinae.) #
6. Both jaws with antrorse, tooth-like structures.
t. Anal short, of fewer than thirty rays, deeply emarginate, its origin behind
the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Clavicle not notched to re-
* ceive the base of the pectoral............................. Exodon, -
u. Anal long, its origin in front of the vertical from the first dorsal ray, its
margin straight; clavicle with a shallow notch to receive the base of ."
the pectoral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roeboides.
'69. Jaws without antrorse, tooth-like processes.
K. Preopercle without a spine; anal margin straight or nearly so.
A. Scales forty to sixty in the lateral line; clavicle with a deep notch
to receive the base of the pectoral, the lower part of the clavicles
blade-like, sub-parallel ridges bounding the breast on either
side and ending in a spine in front and behind; premaxillary and
dentary with a canine at each end; two series of teeth between
the canines of the premaxillary, and a single series between
those of the mandible; anal very long, its origin in advance of
the vertical from the first dorsal ray.
a. Lateral line complete; pectoral overlapping the ventrals...Charax.
uu. Lateral line incomplete; pectoral archaic... . . . . . Asiphonichthys.
XX. Over ninety scales in the lateral line; clavicle with a notch; lower mar-
gins of the clavicles forming a much less prominent ridge than , ,
in Charaz, without spines; origin of anal behind the vertical
from the first dorsal; teeth as in Charaz, but an additional and
- much larger median canine on the dentary....... Cynopotamus.
kk. Interopercle drawn out into a prominent spine; anal margin deeply concave;
origin of anal behind the vertical from the origin of the dorsal.
258 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
v. Premaxillary with a canine at each end and a double row of teeth
between them; mandible with three or four canines in front;
the last one much the largest. Maxillary with a canine at its
upper end and pectinate teeth along its margin; clavicle notched,
the lower angle of the notch produced, scale-like; cheeks partly
naked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acanthocharax.
vv. Premaxillary teeth in a single series (rarely one or two teeth forming
a second series); no canihes at the ends of the series, but the
anterior teeth graduated, the third tooth largest, canine-like;
upper angle of maxillary without a canine, the teeth graduated
in both directions from about the fifth tooth. Anterior teeth
of the lower jaw canines, of which the first is large, the second
very small, the teeth from the second to the sixth graduated,
the sixth being about the size of the first; first teeth of the pre-
maxillary graduated, the third tooth being the largest; clavicle
not notched. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heterocharax.
mm. Teeth on palate; snout prolonged; body long, cylindrical or subcylindrical.
8. Snout moderate; some of the teeth canines; anal long. (Acestrorhamphinae.)
Maxillary with two canines, slipping under the preorbital for its entire
length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acestrorhynchus.
#. Snout very long, slender, with small, conical teeth; anal short. Lepisosteus-
like. (Hydrocyninae.) A single series of teeth in each jaw. Hydrocynus.
ii. Caudal rounded; mouth large, teeth conical, some of them canines. No fontanels; no adipose dorsal.
(Erythrininae.)
o. Walls of the air-bladder normal; maxillary with a canine anteriorly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hoplias.
oo. Walls of the anterior portion of the air-bladder cellular; maxillary without a canine.
tr. Pterygoids with teeth; dorsal rounded. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hoplerythrinus.
rt. Pterygoids without teeth; dorsal fin angular or pointed................. Erythrinus.
Subfamily BIVIBRANCHIINAE.
BIVIBRANCHIA gen, nov.
Mouth minute, with a row of movable multicuspid teeth in the fleshy upper
lip, none in the lower lip; upper jaw pointed, freely protractile; nares separated
by a flap only; gill-membranes narrowly joined to the isthmus at a point below the
posterior margin of the eye; gills highly modified; gill-rakers on the anterior face
of the anterior arch fleshy, dendritic, a shorter papilliform series on its posterior
face, interlocking with the anterior rakers of the second arch; similar interlocking
rakers between subsequent arches; broad lamellae extending inward as the gill-
filaments extend outward on each arch, the lamellae with papillated ridges corre-
sponding to the rakers, so that the ridges of succeeding lamellae interlock.
Scales firm, cycloid. Lateral line complete, scarcely decurved; fins naked;
anal very small; middle caudal rays with broad membranes; vertebrae 17+ 18
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHEs of BRITISH GUIANA 259
(not counting the coalesced vertebrae); adipose lid covering almost the entire eye;
fontanels both large, the frontal fontanel becoming linear in front.
A series of valvular organs on the roof of the mouth; the first a cushion about
as broad as long, with a transverse ridge in front and two blunt papillae near its
posterior edge, a blind pocket extending under it from behind; the second valve
consisting of a pair of soft flaps on the sides of the roof of the mouth, extending
obliquely downward and backward; the third a pair of triangular cushions, the
point extending forward and the base extending backward, free; the fourth a trans-
verse membrane with three pendant lobes in the middle; a pair of short papillated
flaps between the third and fourth valves. No tongue; a series of slender papillae
across the floor of the mouth in front of the gills, and opposite the anterior margin of
the triangular cushion; sides of the mouth in front of the gills with oblique series of
papillae. Two air-bladders, connected by a slender thread only, the anterior about
as large as the eye, the posterior very delicate, large, straight, and conical, reaching
to the anus, 2.5 in the length. Alimentary canal about equal to the length without
the caudal, with eleven coeca; a highly muscular gizzard-like stomach with longi-
tudinal ridges extending into the lumen. The alimentary canal contains much
sand, which suggests trituration in the muscular stomach.
118. Bivibranchia protractila sp. nov. (Plate XXXIII, figs. 1–5.)
Type, 115 mm. Bartica sand-bank. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1873.) .
Cotypes, eight specimens, 58–67 mm. Bartica sand-bank. (C. M. Cat. No.
1874a–c; I. U. Cat. No. 12158.)
Cotypes, eighteen specimens, 77–110 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1875a–c; I. U. Cat. No. 12159.) -
Cotypes, three specimens, 22–115 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1876;
I. U. Cat. No. 12243.) *
Head 3.6; depth 4.6–5; D. 11; A. 9; scales 7 or 8–55 to 60—3 or 4; V. 11;
P. 17; eye equals snout, 3.2 in the head, .8–1 in the interorbital. -
Very similar to Albula vulpes. Dorsal and ventral profiles equal and gently
arched; profile of head slightly arched, the head subtriangular in cross-section,
flat above, its sides sloping toward its ventral edge; predorsal area broad, without
a regular median series of scales; belly broad and rounded, without a regular
median series of scales. Occipital process 6 in the distance from its base to the
dorsal. Snout pointed, much more so in the very young, the mouth very narrow,
less than half the width of the interorbitals. Upper jaw greatly protractile, the
260 . MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
premaxillaries minute and free from each other, the maxillary a slender curved
bar, its posterior end curved upward, slipping under the preorbital, not reaching
to below the nares; the mandibles out of proportion, nearly 2.5 times longer, the
articulation under the anterior part of the orbit. About eight tricuspid teeth
inserted in the lip some distance from its anterior margin. No teeth in the lower
jaw. -
- Cheeks narrow, covered by the second suborbital, there being a naked area
only under its anterior angle.
Scales hard, in regular series on the sides, the uppermost series of the sides
meeting rather irregularly behind the occipital process; in the angle between these
series and the dorsal there are first a few median scales and then two series of
scales which end at the dorsal; fins all naked; axillary scale of the ventral more
than half as long as the fin; humeral process continued as an adnate adipose ridge.
Scales all highly iridescent, without lines. g
Origin of dorsal about an orbital diameter nearer the snout than to the caudal;
dorsal pointed, the first rays about 4.5 in the length, the penultimate less than
half as long as the longest; adipose fin small; caudal very deeply forked, the lobes
pointed, a little over one-fourth of the length; anal very small, emarginate, the
tip of the highest ray about reaching the tip of the last; origin of ventrals under the
posterior part of dorsal, reaching half-way to first or sometimes to last anal ray;
pectorals reaching nearly half-way to tip of ventrals.
Straw-colored, upper caudal lobe light orange, ranging to yellow below.
Highly iridescent, a dark streak along the shoulder just behind the opercle; bases
of scales of the upper part of the sides dark. -
This species is abundant about the sand-bars in the lower Essequibo.
Subfamily CURIMATINAE.
CURIMATOPSIs Steindachner.
Curimatopsis STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Beiträge,” v, 1876, 33.
Type, Curimatopsis macrolepis Steindachner. -
This genus has heretofore not been taken outside of the Amazon basin.
Teeth none; mouth Small, very oblique, cyprinodontiform; tongue long,
narrow, free; lateral line developed on a few scales only.
119. Curimatopsis macrolepis Steindachner.
Curimatus (Curimatopsis) macrolepis STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Beiträge, y
v, 1876, 33 (Tabatinga; Manacapurū; Mouth of the Rio Negro).
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 261
Curimatopsis macrolepis EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., IV,
1889, 414 (Tabatinga; Lake Hyamary; Cudajas); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV,
1891,45.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,420.
Forty-two specimens, the largest 53 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No.
2086a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 12273.)
One specimen, 43 mm. Cane Grove Corner. (C. M. Cat. No. 1287a.)
Eighty-eight specimens, the largest 57 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1288a–0; I. U. Cat. No. 12274.)
One specimen, 63 mm. Botanic Gardens, Georgetown. (C. M. Cat. No.
2093.)
Two specimens, about 37 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2096; I. U.
Cat. No. 12280.)
Three specimens, 40 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2099a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12283.) -
Sixteen specimens, the largest 40 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2102a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12285.)
Three specimens, 41–43 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2103a–b; I. U. Cat.
No. 12287.)
Similar to Curimatus spilurus, but readily distinguished by the shape of its
mouth, or the incomplete lateral line. Occurring as it does in many places with
spilurus, it requires a close scrutiny to pick out individuals of this species from
among the young of the latter. In the collection from Rockstone, for instance,
sixteen specimens of this species were mixed with 323 of spilurus. - -
Head 4.2; depth about 3; D. 11; A. 8 or 9; scales 29 or 30, of which 3–5 are
with pores; eye .75 in Snout, 2.8 in head, and 1.25 in interorbital.
Compressed, the preventral area rounded, with a median series of scales, the
postventral area more narrowly rounded; predorsal area rounded, with a median
Series of about eight scales; mouth small, the lower jaw entering the profile; maxil-
lary nearly vertical, its anterior margin convex; eye large, the cheek narrow, covered
by the suborbital; interopercle at the angle as wide as the cheek.
Scales with several slightly diverging striae, regularly imbricate, nowhere
notably smaller; fins naked.
Fins small, dorsal considerably nearer snout than to caudal; caudal about 4 in
the length; anal small, slightly emarginate, the anterior ray extending beyond the
tip of the last; ventrals reaching anus; pectorals not to ventrals.
A plumbeous or silvery band ending in a well-defined spot on the last scales;
upper part of eye sometimes red; anal yellow; upper part of caudal orange at its
base, fading out backward. - r .
262 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
CURIMATELLA Eigenmann and Eigenmann.
Curimatella EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., IV, 1889, 7.
Type, Curimatus lepidurus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN. -
Teeth none; lateral line complete; caudal lobe densely scaled; narrow margin
of the broad tongue free.
120. Curimatella alburna (Müller and Troschel).
Anodus alburnus MüLLER and TRoscHEL, Horæ Ichth., I and II, 1845, 26, pl. 4,
fig. 3 (Lake Amucu, Brit. Guiana); in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 633
(Lake Amucu). -
Curimatus alburnus KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 8 (Rio Guaporé,
Matto Grosso).-STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Beiträge,” v, 1876, 338
(Teffé); “Flussfische Südamerika's,” ii, 1881, 36 (Amazon).-EIGENMANN and
EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., IV, 1889, 10 (Surinam; Coary; Lake
Hyavary; Tonantins); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 46.-? BouleNGER,
Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XIV, 1896, 34 (Descalvados).—PELLEGRIN, Bull.
Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 157. (Apuré).—EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
IV, 1907, 1124 (Bahia Negra). -
Curimatella alburna EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
420. g re
Seven specimens, 90–115 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2105a–d; I. U.
Cat. No. 12289.) ſº
Eighteen specimens, 55–65 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 2106a–d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12290.) -
Head 3.4—3.66; depth 2.66–2.75; D. 11 or 12; A. 9 or 10; scales 5–35 to
38–5; eye 1 in Snout, 3.5 in head, 1.5–2 in interorbital.
Stout; ventral profile regularly arched, dorsal profile rather steep in front,
with an angle at the origin of dorsal; preventral area flat, with a median series
of scales and blunt lateral keels; postventral area with a median and two lateral
keels converging toward the anal; predorsal area bluntly keeled, with a median
series of scales. -
Snout broad, subtruncate mouth subterminal, the thin lower jaw included.
Scales crenate, with two or three diverging striae, nowhere notably increased
or decreased on the body; caudal lobes densely covered with small scales to
near their tip; lateral line straight. -
Anterior dorsal and anal rays in the adult prolonged, the former reaching the
adipose, the latter the caudal; caudal a little more than 3 in the length, ventrals
not reaching the anus, pectorals not to ventrals.
EfGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 263
*
& over 27, 14% _ -
Cºoken.
“Curimates” CUVIER, Mém. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., I, 1815, 109 (French name only,
unaccompanied by diagnosis or name of type).
“Les Curimates” CUVIER, Règne Animal, II, 1817, 165; ed. 2, II, 1829, 309.
Curimatus OKEN, Isis, 1817, 1183–VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XX, 1849,
4, etc. t e
Curimata CLOQUET, Dict. Hist. Nat., XII, 1818, 240.
Curimates GoLDFüss, Hand. Zool., II, 1820,-.
Charticinus MINDLING, Lehrb. Nat. Fische, 1832, 119.
Cyphocharaz FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 297 (spilurus).
Steindachnerina FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 288 (trachystethus).
Peltapleura FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 300 (cyprinoides).
Type, Salmo edentulus Bloch = Salmo cyprinoides Linnaeus. &
Belly rounded or flat, without spines; tongue short and thick, adnate; mouth
horizontal or slightly oblique; lateral line complete; caudal lobes naked; scales
large or medium. - -
...” A-- KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of CURIMATUs.
Ol. Scales small, 36 or fewer in the lateral line. (Cyphocharaz.)
b. Roof of mouth with few dermal ridges.
22- . - .
Silvery, without definite markings. . wº > *2222
c. A conspicuous black spot at the end of the lateral line.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... • * * * - - - - - - - spilurus.
cc. Caudal peduncle plain; lateral line 33–34; dorsal plain... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . microcephalus.
bb. Roof of mouth with numerous flaps, ridges, and papillae; caudal peduncle with a black median line,
fading out forward. -
d. Dorsal with a large black spot at the base of its middle rays... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . morawhannae.
dd. Dorsal without black spot... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . issororoënsis.
aa. Scales small, 50–62 in the lateral line; at least the scales of the breast with serrate margins. (Curimatus.)
e. Roof of mouth with numerous folds of skin; upper gill-arches with papillae and with valve-like folds
at their anterior ends; lower gill-arches with backward and forward directed raker-like filaments
on their anterior halves, forming a grill on the floor of the mouth, and with a few large papillae
on their posterior halves... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schomburgki.
ee. Roof of mouth with two feeble folds; no gill-rakers; dorsal falcate......................... ciliatus.
121. Curimatus spilurus Günther. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 1.)
“Curucu.”
Curimatus spilurus GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 288 (Essequibo).-STEINDACH-
NER, “Ichthyologische Beiträge,” v, 1876, 31 (Hyanuary; Iga; Teffé; Rio
Negro).-CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 684 (Peruvian Amazon).
* Anodus cyprinoides MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 633 (Essequibo,
Demarara; Rupununi).
264 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
—STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” i, 1879, 5 (Orinoco near Ciudad
Bolivar).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., IV, 1889, 419
(Iga; Teffé; Jutahy; Cudajas; José Fernandez; Lake Hyanuary; Alexo; Ueran-
duba; Jatuarana; Obidos); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 47.—PERUGIA,
Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), XVIII, 1897, 24 (Reyes).-VAILLANT, Bull. Mus.
d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 155 (Carnot).-BouleNGER, Bull. Mus. Zool. ed. Anat.
Comp. Torino, XV, 1900 (Urucuru).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ.
Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 421. º
2 Curimata (Cyphocharaſe) spilura FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 297,
fig. 4 (Peruvian Amazon).
Three specimens, 95–100 mm. Mud-flats, Demerara River. (C. M. Cat.
No. 2089a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 12275.) -
Twenty-two specimens, 70–130 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 20900—e; I. U.
Cat. No. 12276.) g
Two specimens, 112–117 mm. Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No. 2091a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12277.)
Nine specimens, 89–101 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1292a–e; I. U.
Cat. No. 12278.) - -
One specimen, 89 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1294.)
Eight specimens, 35–52 mm., and one 110 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1295a—d; I. U. Cat. No. 12279.) g
Nine specimens, 85–120 mm. Below Packeoo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1297a-
e; I. U. Cat. No. 12281.)
About two hundred twenty specimens, the largest 60 mm. Rupununi. (C. M.
Cat. No. 2098a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 12282.) .
Fifteen specimens, the largest 50 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2100a–
j; I. U. Cat. No. 12284.)
Three hundred twenty-three specimens, the largest 80 mm. Rockstone.
(C. M. Cat. No. 2101a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 12286.) - -
Seventy-eight specimens, the largest 106 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No.
2104a—j; I. U. Cat. No. 12288.)
Abundant. Easily distinguished by its bright caudal spot and by its size.
Head 4; depth about 3; D. 11 or 12; A. 9; scales 5.5–35–5; eye 1 in snout, 3
in head, 1.2 in interorbital. .
Elongate, not greatly compressed; preventral area flattish, with three obscure
keels; predorsal area bluntly keeled, with or without a regular series of median
(about nine) scales; snout depressed, the mouth inferior.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 265
Scales cycloid, crenate on preventral area, with two or three diverging striae;
lateral line straight, complete; fins naked.
Fins Small; highest dorsal ray about 4 in the length, its origin equidistant
from Snout and end of adipose; caudal a little longer than dorsal; anal emarginate,
the first ray reaching beyond the tip of the last ray; ventrals reaching vent or
shorter; pectorals to within three scales of ventrals.
Highly iridescent, with a variable black spot at end of caudal peduncle.
122. Curimatus microcephalus Eigenmann and Eigenmann. (Plate XXXIV,
fig. 2.)
Curimatus microcephalus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., IV,
1889, 15 (Surinam); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 47.-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 421. - -
Three specimens, 75–124 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 2106a-b; I. U. Cat. .
No. 12291.)
Eight specimens, 60–110 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M.
Cat. No. 2107a-d; I. U. Cat. No. 12292.) -
Two specimens, 40–92 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2107a—b.)
Eight specimens, the largest 55 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2108a–d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12293.)
Eleven specimens, the largest 105 mm. Kangaruma. (C. M. Cat. No.
2109a–f; I. U. Cat. No. 12294.) - e
Two specimens, 62 mm. Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No. 2110a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12275.)
Seven specimens, the largest 71 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 21.18a–d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12296.)
Two specimens, 46–56 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2111a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12297.)
Twenty-nine specimens, the largest 90 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No.
2112a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 12298.) -
Sixty-one specimens, the largest 100 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No.
2113a–i; I. U. Cat. No. 12299.)
Two hundred and fourteen specimens, the largest 125 mm. Tumatumari.
(C. M. Cat. No. 2114a–2 and 2115; I. U. Cat. No. 12300.) -
Head 4; depth 3; D. 11 or 12; A. 9 or 10; scales 5–33 or 34–5; eye 1+ in Snout,
3 in head, 1+ in interorbital.
Elongate; ventral area rounded, with a median series of scales; predorsal
266 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
area narrowly rounded, with a median series of about nine scales; snout rounded,
the mouth inferior. Roof of mouth with a few inconspicuous ridges. ſº
Scales all cycloid, with two diverging striae; lateral line straight; fins all naked.
The shape and size of the fins is as in C. spilurus.
Highly iridescent, the fins brick-red in life. No distinct markings.
123. Curimatus morawhannae sp. nov. (Plate XXIV, fig. 3.)
Type, 90 mm. Morawhanna. (Carnegie Mus. Catalog of Fishes No. 2122.)
Cotypes, fifty-one specimens, the largest 90 mm. Morawhanna. (C. M.
Cat. No. 2121a—i; I. U. Cat. No. 12303.)
Cotypes, three specimens, 48–55 mm. Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No.
2120a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 12302.) g g
Very similar to C. microcephalus. Thirty-five or thirty-six scales in the lateral
line; posterior half of lateral line with a dark streak, most intense toward its end;
a black spot on the base of the middle dorsal rays; roof of mouth with numerous
conspicuous flaps, lobes, and papillae.
124. Curimatus issororoënsis sp. nov. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 4.)
Type, 104 mm. Issororo Rubber Plantation. (Carnegie Museum Cat-
alog of Fishes No. 2119.)
Cotypes, two specimens. Issororo Rubber Plantation. (C. M. Cat. No.
2123; I. U. Cat. No. 12301.)
Very similar to C. morawhannae, but lacking the dorsal spot.
Head 4; depth 2:8; D. 11; A. 9; scales 5%–36–5.
125. Curimatus schomburgki Günther. (Plate XXXV, fig. 1)
“Cuticuru.”
Curimatus cyprinoides (? not of Linnaeus) CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.
Poiss., XXII, 1848, 7 (Essequibo).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk,
Reisen, III, 1848, 633 (Essequibo; Demerara; Rupununi).
Curimatus schomburgkii GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 291 (British Guiana; Dem-
erara).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., IV, 1889, 23
(Surinam); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 48.—FowlFR, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 303, fig. 8 (Surinam).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 422. -
So far as known, this species is found in British Guiana and Surinam. It is
very abundant in quiet waters, especially along the coast. About two hundred
specimens were preserved. g
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 267
TABLE OF SCALES IN THE LATERAL LINE of C. schoMBURGKI.
Locality. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 || 60 61 | 62 | 63
Lama Stop-Off. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 3 2 1 1
Maduni Creek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 1 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . .
Koreabo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 | 1 5 8 3 5 1 . . . . .
* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 1 2 2 2 I 1 1. . . . .
Issorora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 1 |. . . . .
Morawhanna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 2. l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Georgetown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wismar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3 3 |. . . . . 3 2 . . . . . . . . . .
Besides the type in the British Museum and the specimens mentioned by
Müller and Troschel, and by Cuvier and Valenciennes, I have examined:
Twenty specimens, 77–215 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2068a—e; I.
U. Cat. No. 12256.)
Twenty-three specimens, 95–260 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No.
2069a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12257.) * , . g
Seventy-five specimens, 77–225 mm. Koreabo Rubber Plantation. (C.
M. Cat. No. 2075a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 12258.) .
Twenty-four specimens, 85–145 mm. Koreabo Rubber Plantation. (C.
M. Cat. No. 2071a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 12259.)
Ten specimens, 120–158 mm. Issororo. (C. M. Cat. No. 2072a–e; I. U.
Cat. No. 12260.)
Twenty-three specimens, 57–90 mm. Morawhanna. (C. M. Cat. No.
2073a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12261.) - &
Six specimens, 45–68 mm. Creek in Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No.
2074; I. U. Cat. No. 12269.) *
One specimen, 139 mm. Mud-flats below Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2075.)
Eight specimens, 96–145 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 2076a-d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12262.) -
Three specimens, 187—255 mm. Botanic Garden. (C. M. Cat. No. 2085a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12271.) - . -
Four specimens, 54, 59, 187 and 255 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M.
Cat. Nos. 2077a and 2084a; I. U. Cat. Nos. 12270 and 12263.)
One specimen, 80 mm. Christianburg. (C. M. Cat. No. 2078a.)
Head 3–3.28; depth 2.25–2.6; D. 11 or 12; A, 10 or 11; scales 13 to 15–54”
to 63–8; eye 1 in snout, 3.25 in head, 1–1.6 in interorbital.
Compressed; dorsal profile high, depressed over the eyes; preventral area flat,
angulated on the sides, postventral area with a median keel; predorsal area nar-
rowly rounded, scaled; a triangular adipose area from near the edge of the opercle
* In one case 51. - - -
268 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
to below the nares; premaxillary broad, the mouth inferior, on a level with the
lower margin of the eye; suborbital narrow.
Origin of dorsal nearer snout than to caudal, the second and third rays pro-
longed, reaching in extreme cases to the caudal; caudal deeply forked, the lobes
longer than the head; pectoral reaching ventrals; anal short, emarginate, the tips
of the anterior rays reaching base or tip of the last ray; ventrals reaching anal or
a little shorter. - g
Scales regularly increasing in size from the back to the preventral area, where
they are largest, their margins always ciliated on the preventral area, becoming
ciliated on other areas with age; a large axillary scale; fins naked; lateral line nearly
straight, ending in a hastate scale at the base of the caudal.
Highly iridescent blue above, silvery below, becoming frosted with age; vertical
fins roseate, shading to yellowish at the base.
The specimens from Guiana in the Jardin des Plantes are faded and soft, but
are probably of this species.
126. Curimatus ciliatus Müller and Troschel.
Anodus ciliatus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., 1845, 25, pl. 4, fig. 4; in
Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 633 (Lake Amucu).
Curimatus ciliatus CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 58 (Amazon).-
KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 7 (Ypanema; Guaporé).—GüNTHER,
Catalogue, W, 1864, 292–? PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (20), X, 1891, 39
(Alto Paraná).
Psectrogaster ciliata EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., IV, 1889, 5;
1891, 46–? BERG, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, V, 278 (Coary); EIGEN-
MANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 46 (Descalvados,
Rio Paraguay).-FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 305 (Ambyiacu
and Solimoes).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 420. - - nº
Curimatus rutiloides CoPE (not of Kner), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 258
. (Ambyiacu).
Curimatus cyprinoides” CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 291 (Solimoes).
Curimatus essequibensis GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 291 (Essequibo).-EIGEN-
MANN and EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., IV, 1889, 23; Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, 48.
* The specimen in the British Museum marked cyprinoides has gill-rakers.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 269
TABLE OF SCALES IN THE LATERAL LINE OF C. CILLATUS.
50 || 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 | 61
|
Rockstone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 . . . . . tº g g g º tº £ º s 1 . . . . . 1 1
Crab Falls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Konawaruk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 |. . . . . 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warraputa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rupununi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 || 1 |.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I have examined the type of A. ciliatus in Berlin and that of C. essequibensis in
London, and:
Three specimens, 161–170 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2079a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12265.)
Fifteen specimens, 50–72 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2080a–e; I. U.
Cat. No. 12266.)
Five specimens, 68–83 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2081a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12267.) -
Two specimens, 80–83 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 2082; I. U. Cat.
No. 12268.) º ©
Sixteen specimens, 68–160 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 20830—e; I. U.
Cat. No. 12272.) Q
Head 3 (in the young)–3.4; depth 2.1–2.8 (in the young); D. 11 or 12; A.
10–12; scales 14 or 15–50 to 61-8 or 9; eyes a little longer than the snout, 3.3 in the
head, 1.75 in the bony interorbital, (1.25 in the young). nº *
Elliptical, the ventral profile regularly arched, the dorsal profile but little
depressed over the head; preventral area obscurely angulated on the sides, post-
ventral area trenchant, but with a median series of non-spinous scales; predorsal
line scaled, but without a median series of scales; a well-developed adipose lid;
mouth terminal, the premaxillary not visible from below; no gill-rakers; palate
with a feeble dermal ridge on each side; tongue adnate. -
Dorsal small, truncate, the anterior rays scarcely prolonged, but reaching
beyond the tip of the last, its origin nearly in the middle of the length; caudal
forked, the lobes a little more than one-fourth of the length; anal emarginate, its
base oblique; ventrals not reaching anus, pectorals not to ventrals.
Scales increasing in size from the dorsal to in front of the ventrals, all of them
strongly serrate; fins naked; axillary scale small. Lateral line straight.
Air-bladder filiform, reaching to the middle of the anal. -
In the description everything but the formulas is derived from the larger
specimens. The young fish is much slenderer; the fins are longer, the scales are
ciliated on the breast, and the dorsal rarely reaches to the adipose.
270 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Subfamily PROCHILODINAE.
PROCHILODUs Agassiz.
Prochilodus AGAssiz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 62.
Pacu SPIX, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, pls. 38, 39.
Chilomyzon FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 309, fig. 11 (steindachneri).
Type, Prochilodus argenteus Agassiz. -
Fishes of moderate or large size. Mouth broad, jaws very weak; teeth in-
Serted on lips, movable, in a single series on the sides, in two series in the middle.
A procumbent dorsal spine; scales rough ctenoid; mouth convertible into a large
circular sucking disk, not strictly protractile.
A genus of about twenty-five known species, from the La Plata to Peru, the
Rio Magdalena, and western Ecuador. One species occurs in the Essequibo,
and another, closely allied, across the divide, in the upper branches of the Ireng.
127. Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus Schomburgk.
Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 258, pl. 28
(Rios Branco, Negro and Essequibo).-SchoMBURGK, Reisen, III, 1848, 644
(Essequibo).-STEINDACHNER, “Fisch-fauna des Cauca,” etc., 1880, 16 (Cauca).
—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,48.—EIGEN-
MANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 424.
Prochilodus nigricans GüNTHER (not of Agassiz), Catalogue, W, 1864, 295 (Esse-
quibo).
One specimen, 303 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2064.)
Seven specimens, 230–330 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M. Cat. No.
2065a–d; I. U. Cat. No. 12254.) * -
Head 3.75-3.8; depth 2.45–2.6; D. 12 (counting the last filament); A. usually
10, sometimes 11, or even 12; scales 7 or 8–45 or 46–6 or 7; eye 1.33–1.5 in snout,
3.75—4 in head, 2.4 in interorbital. s
Heavy, compressed, deep, subrhomboidal; anterior profile steep, rounded to
the nape, concave over the eyes; predorsal area bluntly keeled, with a median
series of about fourteen scales; preventral region broad, angulated at the sides,
with a median series of slightly keeled scales; postventral region narrowly keeled.
Head very broad, convex between the eyes; mouth terminal, the lower jaw but very
slightly shorter than the upper.
Scales large, rough, denticulate at the margin, very regularly arranged; fins
naked; a large axillary scale; lateral line straight. -
Fins large; dorsal rounded, sometimes high, the middle ray in No. 2064 being
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 271
longer than the head; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and origin of
adipose; caudal broad, the rays leathery (usually damaged); anal emarginate, the
second and third rays extending past the tip of the last; origin of dorsal and ventrals
about equidistant from tip of snout, reaching over half-way to anal; pectorals
reaching ventrals, or a little shorter.
Plumbeous; light streaks extending along the middle of the rows of Scales;
posterior part of dorsal and middle of caudal barred; lower fins hyaline to dusky.
This species was abundant on the sand-bar near Rockstone and was also taken
in the cataract at Tumatumari. The flesh is soft and specimens are very hard
to preserve. - ' º
128. Prochilodus maripicru sp. nov. (Plate XXXV, fig. 2.)
Type, 282 mm. Maripicru Creek. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
2066.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 220–375 mm. Maripicru Creek, a branch of the
Ireng. (C. M. Cat. No. 1067; I. U. Cat. No. 12255.)
Head 3.75–4; depth 3; D. 12; A. 10; scales 7 or 8–45–6. Eye 1.75–2 in snout,
4.5–4.8 in head, 2.5–3 in interorbital.
Very near to P. rubrotaeniatus, P. argenteus, and P. lineatus, but the head
narrower, the mouth nearly a fourth narrower in specimens of equal size, the Snout
more elongate, projecting beyond the lower jaw; origin of dorsal nearer to adipose
than to snout. - • * &
Color much as in P. rubrotaeniatus, but the dark streaks between the rows of
Scales being conspicuous rather than the light band along the rows of scales.
Subfamily CHILoDINAE. * 2- .
Tyl, y 32 > <eº/ Lºſ zºº/4 )
YLOBRONCHUS” gren. In OV. *AT) “ ~
- g 2^\. *Cºlºa. Ó**)
Fourth gill-arch dilated behind, its surface corrugated. Anal short, ema
ginate; a single series of feeble teeth in each jaw, those of the upper jaw bifid,
three series on the pharyngeals; scales large, serrate; lateral line straight, complete.
Mouth small, inferior.
Anterior air-bladder considerably larger than the eye; the posterior long,
straight, tapering to the origin of the anal, 2.66 in the length. Alimentary canal.
much coiled below the anterior air-bladder, nearly twice the length of the entire
fish. Vertebræ 15 + 16, without counting those which are coalesced.
This genus differs from Caenotropus in having teeth in the lower as well as in
the upper jaw.
* tºos, a swelling; 8p&yxos, throat.
272 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
129. Tylobronchus maculosus sp. nov. (Plate XXXV, fig. 3.)
Type, 113 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (Carnegie Museum Catalog
of Fishes No. 1923.)
Cotype, one specimen, 28 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1917.)
Cotype, twenty-one specimens, 47–68 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No.
1918q-e; I. U. Cat. No. 12219.)
Cotype, one specimen, 104 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1919.)
Cotypes, fifty-one specimens, 65–107 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No.
1920a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12220.)
Cotypes, nineteen specimens, 97–143 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1922a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 12221.)
Cotypes, three specimens, 97–136 mm. Kangaruma. (C. M. Cat. No. 1921a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12222.)
This species resembles young Erimyzon sucetta. f
Head 3.66–3.75; depth 3.5; D. 12; A. 9 or 10; scales 4–26 or 27–3; eye 1 in
snout, 3 in head, 1 in interorbital. -
Heavy, but little compressed, the head very broad; preventral area broad,
rounded, with a median series of seven scales to between the anterior margins of
the pectoral; predorsal area broad, with a median series of four or five scales and
two paired scales near the occiput; occipital process short and broad, reaching
about one-sixth to the dorsal; interorbital flat, broad; fontanels tapering to above
the nares; a bridge over the posterior margin of the pupil, another over the anterior
margin of the eye.
Cheeks very narrow, covered by the suborbitals; mouth small, the lower jaw
with a crescentic margin, included, the mouth inferior; lips thick, maxillary slipping
under the preorbital for its entire length, but not concealed by it, reaching to below
nares; about nine minute, bifid teeth on each side of the upper jaw; a smaller
number of conical or truncate teeth on each side of the lower jaw. Lower pharyn-
geals with three series of bluntly conical teeth, the first series, removed from the
second, composed of six teeth; the six teeth of the second series much larger, the
inner one largest; four or five teeth in the last series; tongue adnate, without
free margin; mouth without supplemental ridges or valves.
Gill-rakers short, dendritic, 10 + 14.
Scales large, with dentate margin, very regularly imbricate; fins naked; a large
axillary scale; lateral line nearly straight.
Dorsal large, rounded, its origin about equidistant from nares and origin of
adipose, its height about 4 in the length; adipose well-developed; caudal deeply
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 273
forked, the lobes equal, 3.5 in the length; anal emarginate, the highest rays reaching
considerably beyond the tip of the last ray; origin of ventrals near middle of body,
not reaching anal by about four scales; pectorals reaching ventrals.
Straw-color, darker above; a conspicuous black band from tip of snout to end
of middle caudal rays; each scale above the lateral line with a dark spot at its
base, or along the middle of the back with a dusky tip; scales between the lateral
line and ventrals and anal with similar, but smaller, spots; a conspicuous black spot
on the tip of anterior dorsal rays; fins otherwise hyaline.
CHILODUs Müller and Troschel.
Chilodus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 26 (punctatus).
Caenotropus Günther, Catalogue, V, 1864, 297 (labyrinthicus and punctatus).
Type, Chilodus punctatus Müller and Troschel.
Fourth gill-arch dilated behind, its surface corrugated; anal elongate, Scarcely
emarginate; each jaw with a series of feeble, truncate, incisor-like teeth; scales
large, entire; lateral line straight, complete; mouth small, terminal.
Alimentary canal about 1.33 times the length of the entire fish. Vertebrae
12 + 17, not counting the coalesced vertebrae.
130. Chilodus punctatus Müller and Troschel. (Plate XXXV, fig. 4.)
Chilodus punctatus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 26, pl. 4, fig. 2
(Lake Amucu, Guiana); in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 634 (Swamps in
savannas).-KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 15.-EIGENMANN and
EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 79.-EIGENMANN, Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 424.
Citharinus chilodus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 103.
Caenotropus punctatus GünthER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 297.-VAILLANT, Bull. Mus.
d’Hist. Nat., V, 1899, 155 (Carnot). * &
Eight specimens, 37–60 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2205a–e; I. U. Cat.
No. 12360.)
One specimen, 56 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1913.)
One specimen, about 38 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1914.)
Forty-two specimens, 40–61 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1915a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12217.) &
Eleven specimens, 55-82 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1916a-c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12218.) •
Head 3.66; depth 3; D. 11; A. 12; scales 4–25 to 27–4; eye .75 in snout, 3
in head, 1 in interorbital. - - tº
274 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Compressed, back elevated, the profile descending rapidly to the sharp, de-
pressed snout; preventral area rounded, with about eight median scales to between
the origin of the pectorals; predorsal area narrowly rounded, with a median Series
of five to seven scales and one or two paired scales near the occiput. Occipital
process pointed, reaching about one-fourth the distance to the dorsal fin; inter-
orbital flattish, grooved; fontanel tapering to above the anterior margin of the
eye, with a bridge above the posterior margin of the pupil.
Cheeks narrow, covered by the interorbitals; mouth small, terminal, directed
obliquely upward; lips medium; maxillary slipping under the preorbital, but not
concealed by it, reaching to below the nares; each jaw with about twelve (six on
each side) minute, brown-tipped teeth; lower pharyngeal teeth in three series, of
which the anterior series is remote, composed of about six teeth; gill-rakers minute,
about fourteen on the lower arch. -
Scales large, entire, very regularly imbricate; fins naked, an axillary scale.
Lateral line straight.
Dorsal high, rounded, its height about 3 in the length, its origin about equi-
distant from Snout and adipose; adipose well-developed; caudal deeply forked,
its lobes equal, about 3.5 in the length; anal obliquely truncate, its highest rays
not reaching base of last ray; ventrals not reaching anal by one or two scales; their
origin near middle of the length; pectorals reaching ventrals.
Straw-colored, a dark band from chin to base of middle caudal rays; bases of
all the scales (except those of the breast) with a dark brown spot; anal dark; dorsal
spotted, the tips of the longest rays dark brown.
Subfamily HEMIoDONTINAE.
PARODON Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Parodon CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 50, pl. 637.
Type, Parodon suborbitalis Cuvier and Valenciennes. - -
Mouth inferior, cutting edge of the pluricuspid teeth of the upper jaw forming
a straight transverse line; teeth of the lower jaw absent or else confined to the
sides; no fontanel; gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus.
131. Parodon bifasciatus sp. nov. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 1.)
Type unique, 104 mm. Maripicru Creek. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of
Fishes No. 1925.) .
Head 5; depth 3.5; D. 11; A. 9; scales 4–38–3; eye 1.5 in the snout, 4.5 in the
head, 2 in the interorbital; teeth *.*.*. *
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 275
º
Heavy, tapering rapidly to the conical snout. Lower caudal lobe longer than
the upper. : -
Dark above, lighter below; a black band from snout to end of middle caudal
rays, a narrower one parallel with it from the occiput to the base of the upper caudal
rays; a blackish band across the upper part of the anterior dorsal rays.
HEMIODUs Müller.
Hemiodus MüLLER, Monatschr. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Juni, 1842, 324.
Hemiodopsis FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 318 (microlepis).
Type, Hemiodus crenidens Müller = Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch).
Teeth in the upper jaw only, pluricuspid, in a horseshoe-shaped series; mouth
inferior; gill-membranes free from each other and from the isthmus; fontanels
large; scales below the lateral line of the same size as those above it.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES OF HEMIODUS.
a. Sides with three black cross-bands; a black spot on the caudal peduncle, continued to the end of the lower
caudal lobe; upper caudal lobe with a weaker black band........ . . . . . . . . ‘. . . quadrimaculatus.
aa. A black spot on the middle of the sides, half-way between dorsal and adipose, and a black band extending
from it to the tip of the lower caudal lobe... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . semitaeniatus.
132. Hemiodus quadrimaculatus Pellegrin. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 2.)
“Wuranali” of the Wacusi Indians.
Hemiodus quadrimaculatus PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., XIV, 1908, 344
(Camopi R., Fr. Guiana).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Pata-
gonia, III, 1910, 423.
One specimen, 110 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 1926.)
Three specimens, 55–70 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1927; I. U. Cat.
No. 12187.) - -
Thirty-four specimens, the largest 81 mm. Tumatumari, in pools above the
cataract. (C. M. Cat. No. 1928a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 12188.)
Six specimens, 57—125 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1929a and 1930;
I. U. Cat. No. 12189.) .
A conspicuously marked species, evidently closely related to, if not identical
with, Hemiodus quadrimaculatus Pellegrin. g
- Head about 4; depth 4–44; D. 12; A. 10; scales 7 or 8–44 to 46–4 or 5.
Eye 1.3 in snout, 3.3 in head, 1 in interorbital.
Dorsal and ventral outlines equally arched, the snout pointed, projecting
considerably; preventral area broad, with a regular median series of scales.
Twenty to twenty-four teeth in the upper jaw.
*
276 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Www. wº *A/Q
Dorsal about equal to the length of the head without the opercle, its origin
equidistant from tip of snout and tip of adipose; caudal deeply forked; anal emar-
ginate; ventrals not reaching anus by about four scales; pectorals not reaching
ventrals by about five scales. e
A large axillary scale; fins naked; scales with several vermiculated horizontal
stria.
Three black cross-bands, the first half-way between dorsal and tip of occipital
process, the second from bases of last dorsal rays, and the third in front of the anal;
each caudal lobe with a black band, the lower one continuous with an elongate
spot on the caudal peduncle.
133. Hemiodus semitaeniatus Kner. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 3.)
Hemiodus semitaeniatus KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 18, pl. 4, fig. 7
(Rio Guaporé).—GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 299.-EIGENMANN and EIGEN-
MANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 49.—BoulENGER, Trans. Zool. Soc.
London, XIV, 1896, 34 (San Luis, Matto Grosso).—EIGENMANN, Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 423.
= Seven specimens, 75–86 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. Nos. 1931, 1932; I.
U. Cat. No. 12190.)
One specimen. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1945.)
Very closely allied to H. gracilis Günther.
Head 4.3–4.5; depth 4–4.25 (5.6 in the type of gracilis); D. 11; A. 9–11;
scales 7–44 or 45–4. Eye 1 in snout, 3.2 in head, 1–H in interorbital.
Slender; dorsal and ventral profiles equally curved; predorsal and preventral
area with regular median series of Scales. Snout projecting the width of the upper
lip; about twenty-four teeth in the upper jaw.
Height of dorsal nearly equal to the length of the head, its origin equidistant
from tip of snout and tip of adipose; anal short, very slightly emarginate, the
longest ray projecting but little beyond the tip of the last ray; caudal deeply forked;
ventrals not reaching anus by about four scales; pectorals not to ventrals by about
seven scales.
A large axillary scale; fins naked; each scale with several horizontal striae. *
Iridescent silvery; an oval black spot on the middle of the sides half-way be-
tween the dorsals, a conspicuous black band along the inner margin of the lower
caudal lobe, tapering forward to the lateral spot; anal and upper caudal lobe
peppered; peppered bands (evident only with a lens) across the sides in front of
the dorsal, across the region of the lateral spot, and across the caudal peduncle;
dorsal and tips of caudal lobes pink in life. .
dº
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 277
The types of H. gracilis from the River Cupai, 800 miles from the sea, are
much slenderer. H /* . .”
-> ... - ' ' ... • . 2. *** º . . . . .
:ANISITsIA Eigenmann.
Anisitsia EIGENMANN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Quarterly Issue, XLV, 1903, 144.
- Type, Anodus notatus Schomburgk.
Similar to Anodus, but the scales increasing in size and decreasing in number
from the lateral line downward. -
134. Anisitsia notata (Schomburgk). -
Anodus notatus SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1842, 218, pl. 15 (Rio
Negro). -
Hemiodus notatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848,
119, pl. 638.-CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 64 (Paraguay).-
KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 22 (Guaporé).—GüNTHER, Cat-
alogue, W, 1864, 298 (Essequibo; Surinam).--STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische
Südamerika's,” ii, 1881, 40 (Rio Trombetas; Rio Guaporé).-EIGENMANN
and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 49.
Anisitsia notata EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
423. -
Hemiodus unimaculatus (not of Bloch) MüllFR and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk,
Reisen, III, 1848, 633 (Essequibo); Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 9.
Hemiodus microcephalus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 298 (River Capin).-
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XIV, 1891, 49.
Ten specimens, 80–112 mm. Christianburg. (C. M. Cat. No. 1933a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12191.) G.
Three specimens, 64–80 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 1934a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12200.)
Sixteen specimens, 74–89 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1935a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12192.) -
Eighteen specimens, 71–111 mm. Bartica, rocks. (C. M. Cat. No. 1936a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12.193.) -
- Two specimens, about 190 and 195 mm. Bartica, rocks. (C. M. Cat. No.
1937a; I. U. Cat. No. 12.194.) -
Twenty-seven specimens, 58–95 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1939a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12.195.) -
Five specimens, 91–112 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1940a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12196.) *
278 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Fifteen specimens, 75–100 mm. Mud-flats below Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No.
1941a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 12197.) -
Nineteen specimens, 57–85 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 1924a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12198.) ſº
Two specimens, 69–72 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1943a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12199.) e
Thirteen specimens, 65–200 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1944a—c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12201.)
Head 4–4.25; depth 3.5–4.5; D. 11 or 12; A. 11; scales 11 to 13–55 to 64–5.
Eye 1 in snout, 3.25 in head, 1.1 in interorbital, with little difference in different
sizes.
Resembling the Cisco of American lakes. Somewhat compressed, the dorsal
and ventral profiles equally arched; the ventral surface broad, with a large median
series of scales before the ventrals; predorsal area keeled, with a median series of
Scales from the dorsal to near the occipital process. Occipital process reaching
one-seventh the distance to the dorsal; frontal fontanel reaching to above the nares.
Upper jaw, considerably projecting; twenty-eight to thirty teeth in the upper
jaw. Gill-rakers twenty-six to forty-eight, the longest about one-sixth the length of
the eye.
Dorsal pointed, about equal to the length of the head, its origin equidistant from
tip of snout and tip of adipose; caudal deeply forked; anal emarginate, the highest
ray not reaching the tip of the last; ventrals not reaching anus by about four
Scales; pectorals not to ventrals by about four scales.
Scales with many vermiculated horizontal striae; lateral line straight; fins .
naked, a large axillary scale; exposed edge of the scales of the middle series on the
breast four times as wide as the exposed edge of the scales below the dorsal, the
scales becoming larger on the second series of scales below the lateral line.
Highly iridescent, coppery below, steel-blue above; each caudal lobe with a
black band, the lower one more intense; a circular or oval lateral spot the center
of which is over the thirtieth to thirty-third scale; under the lens the caudal
peduncle, a downward band in front of dorsal, and the anal are sometimes peppered.
Subfamily PYRRHULININAE.
PYRRHULINA Cuvier and Valenciennes. -
Pyrrhulina CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846, 535,
pl. 589. .
Holotaxis CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XI, 1870, 563. .
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 279
Type, Pyrrhulina filamemtosa Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Small fishes. Premaxillary and dentary with two or more series of conical
teeth; mouth very oblique. r
135. Pyrrhulina filamentosa Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Pyrrhulina filamentosa CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846,
535 (Surinam).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 286 (Essequibo).-STEIN-
DACHNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXXII, 1875, –(Cayenne).-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 428.
This species is very abundant in all brooks. Judging from the size, it reaches
its highest development some distance from the coast.
Thirty-five specimens, 38–86 mm. Aruataima. (C. M. Cat. No. 1893a—e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12171.) - e
One hundred specimens, 36–106 mm. Holmia Creek. (C. M. Cat. No.
1894a–m; I. U. Cat. No. 12172.) - -
Fifty specimens, 29–85 mm. Savannah Landing. (C. M. Cat. No. 1895a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12173.)
Four specimens, 36–40 mm. Two hours below Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No.
1896a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 12205.) -
Seven specimens, 40–57 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 1897a-b; I. U. Cat.
No. 12174.) - a w
Two specimens, 38–53 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 1898a; I. U. Cat. No.
12175.) +
Two specimens, 38–54 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1899a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12176.) -
One specimen, 53 mm. to base of caudal. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1900a.)
Seventy-five specimens, 21–84 mm. Christianburg Canal and small pools.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1901a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 12177.) -
Two specimens, 41–55 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1902a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12178.)
Twenty-two specimens, 39–57 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1903a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12179.)
Fourteen specimens, 64–96 mm. Nickaparoo. (C. M. Cat. No. 1904a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12180.) - - -
Twenty-nine specimens, 40–115 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 1905a—e;
I. U. Cat. No. 1218.1.) e
Two specimens, 47 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat. No. 1906a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12182.) g
280 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Forty-one specimens, 33–62 mm. Cane Grove Corner. (C. M. Cat. No.
1907a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 12183.)
Five specimens, 37–46 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1908a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12206.) * - -
One hundred and twenty specimens, 27–75 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1924a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 12184.)
One specimen, about 70 mm. Barima River. (C. M. Cat. No. 1909a)
Thirteen specimens, 54–69 mm. Issorora Rubber Plantation. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1910a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 12185.) -
One specimen, 58 mm. Creek in Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No. 1911a.)
One hundred and twenty-six specimens, the largest 30 mm. Aruka River.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1912a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 12186.)
Head 4.5–4.66; depth 4.5–5; D. 10; A. 12; scales 22–29 in a longitudinal
series, 5.5 between dorsal and ventral. Eye 1 in snout, 3.5 in head, 1.5 in inter-
orbital.
Slender; head broad, flat, scaled to above preopercle; mouth oblique, pre-
maxillaries meeting at an angle; conical teeth along the margin of the maxillary,
increasing in size toward the upper angle; two widely separated series of teeth on
the premaxillary and the dentary; gill-rakers short and slender.
Scales with radiating striae; axillary scale small, rounded, the series of scales
along the anal bent upward to form a basal sheath; a few irregular scales at the
base of the caudal lobes. - -
Dorsal short and rounded, its height 4.5 to 5 in the length, or lanceolate, the
middle rays prolonged in some specimens, one-third of the entire length. Upper
caudal lobe much the longer, variable in size, when longest 2.5 in the length; anal
rounded, or the middle rays prolonged, 5 or 6 in the length; ventrals not to the
anus, or beyond the origin of the anal; pectorals not to the ventrals.
Fins in specimens from Holmia light geranium-red; caudal yellow; lateral band
of the head continued in red on the body. Sides olive-green, with rusty spots.
In the Gluck Island specimens the dorsal is red in front and below, adipose
brick-red, caudal greenish yellow, anal orange in front, greenish behind; ventrals
and pectorals yellowish, rows of rusty spots in front on lower part of sides. A
black band from the chin to the eyes or the opercle, or to a few scales beyond;
dorsal with a round black spot to nearly entirely black; anal and ventrals some-
times narrowly margined with black; frequently a dusky predorsal line.
The Kumaka specimens were olive-green with rusty spots, the anal and ventrals
margined with dark. - -
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 281
This species—if all the above specimens represent one species—differs greatly
in different localities. Specimens from the Guiana plateau, for instance, have a
dusky blotch above the pectoral, those in the lowlands do not. Some have the
dark band extended to the eye, others to the edge of the opercle, and still others
to a short distance behind the opercle. The fins also differ very greatly. A final
decision cannot be given as to the identity of the specimens on account of the
difference in size in examples coming from different places.
Subfamily NANNOSTOMATINAE.
NANNOSTOMUs Günther.
Nanmostomus Günth ER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, 146.
Type, Nannostomus beckfordi Günther. -
Skull truncate; no occipital process; no fontanel, no lateral line; no adipose
fin; jaws equal; teeth broad at top, with several points of equal length. Minute
fishes. ... • M. .* - . " A * >
136. Nannostomus beckfordi Günther. erº- *** ~ /**2/22
Nanmostomus beckfordii GüNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, 146 (Gottver- ſ
wagting Plantation, a short distance east of Georgetown).-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 427.
Head 3.6; depth 4.25; D. 8; A. 10; lateral line 22; transverse line 5 between
dorsal and ventral. g -
Body compressed. Eye one-third of the length of the head, and a little longer
than the snout. Origin of the dorsal and ventral fins in the middle of the length
(without caudal). A silvery band along the middle of the side, bordered above
by a reddish, and below by a blackish band. A black spot on the lower half of the
gill-cover. Caudal fin red.
Total length 30 mm.
This species is readily distinguished by the dark spot on the lower half of the
opercle. º2 \
137. Nannostomus marginatus Eigenmann. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 4.)
Nannostomus marginatus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 41.
Type, 26 mm. Maduni Creek. (Carnegie Museum. Catalog of Fishes No.
1171.) - & -
Cotypes, ten specimens, 21–25 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1172a-d;
I. U. Cat. No. 11696.)
Cotypes, five specimens, 19–24 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No.
1173a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11697.) - .
282 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Cotypes, two specimens, 22–23 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1174a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11698.) -->
Cotypes, two specimens, 24 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M. Cat. No.
1175a; I. U. Cat. No. 11699.)
Cotypes, five specimens, 25–31 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1176a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11700.) - &
Cotypes, two specimens, 27–31 mm. Christianburg canal? (C. M. Cat. No.
1177a; I. U. Cat. No. 11701.)
Cotypes, nineteen specimens, 21–22 mm. Cane Grove Corner. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1178a–f; I. U. Cat. No. 11702.) - -
Most nearly related to N. trifasciatus Steindachner.
Head 3.6; depth 3.4; D. 10; A. 11 or 12; five scales between dorsal and ventral,
nine or ten before the dorsal, twenty-one in a median lateral series. Eye 3 in the
head; snout 4 in the head; interorbital equal to the eye. -
Short and chubby, the snout especially short, the jaws equal. Origin of the
dorsal over the insertion of the ventrals; pectorals reaching a little more than half-
way to the ventrals; ventrals half-way to middle of anal. No adipose fin.
Back chocolate, the median line darkest; three black lateral stripes, a median
golden stripe and a golden stripe shading to silvery ventrad; belly white. A crim-
son spot on the middle of the dorsal and of the ventral fins; a crimson streak
bordering the upper margin of the middle black band from above middle of the
pectoral to middle of the dorsal; caudal suffused with orange; anal posteriorly
orange-red; iris red above.
The upper two black bands.converge on the caudal fin, the middle one extends
from the end of the snout and mandible to base of the lower caudal lobe, the lowest
extends from near the mouth along the suborbital, below the pectoral to the anal,
and is continued upon the anterior rays of the anal and sometimes margins the rest
of the fin. Anterior dorsal ray, or rays, dark., * A: Jºãº
2 // 2 J’N_{...," " :
138. Nannostomus minimus Eigenmann. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 5.)
§
.#
Nannostomus minimus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 41; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 427.
Type, 21 mm. Erukin. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1165.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 20 and 21 mm. Erukin. (I. U. Cat. No. 11691.)
Cotype, one specimen, 22 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1166a.)
Head 3.6; depth 4.66; D. 9; A. 10; seven scales in front of dorsal, five between
dorsal and ventrals, twenty-one in a lateral series. Eye greater than snout, 3 in
the head; interorbital equal to the eye. ©
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 283
Origin of dorsal over origin of ventrals; pectorals reaching half-way to middle
of ventrals; ventrals to anal; origin of anal on a vertical from middle of last dorsal
ray. No adipose fin. .
Back uniform gray, median darker line wanting; a light band from end of
snout to upper part of middle of caudal; a black band from end of mandible to
lower part of middle of caudal; darkest above pectorals and above middle of
ventrals; a few chromatophores along base and in front of the anal fin; fins mostly
hyaline, their chromatophores few > */ 2)--& hº 2 * 2.-4- Zſº
139. Nannostomus simplex Eigenmann. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 6.)
? Nanmostomus anomalum STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Beiträge,” v, 1876, 81
(Rio Negro; Amazon at Obidos). -
Nannostomus simplea: EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 42 ; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 427.
Type, 25 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1167.) -
Cotype, 29 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (I. U. Cat. No. 11692.)
Closely allied to N. auratus and N. minimus. -
Head 3.5; depth 4.5; D. 10; A. 10; five scales between dorsal and ventral, nine
before dorsal, twenty-four in a lateral series. Eye a little greater than snout, 3 in
the head, equal to the interorbital. e
Pectorals reaching half-way to second third of the ventrals, ventrals half-way
to tip of last anal ray; origin of anal under tip of last dorsal ray. No adipose fin.
Back dark gray with a median dark line; a light band from snout to base of
upper rays of middle of caudal; a black band through mandibles and snout to
base of lower caudal, and continued on the two middle rays; ventral surface plain,
except for a spot between the tips of the ventrals; chromatophores of the lateral
band scattered above the pectorals and above the front part of the anal.
Q 2/2. 2 2", , 2. 2^ T .
PoECILOBRYCON Eigenmann. T & Zºzº, , , 22% of
Paecilobrycon EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 43.
Type, Poecilobrycon harrisoni Eigenmann.
Skull truncate, without a crest; no fontanel; no lateral line; pectorals normal;
teeth broad-tipped, five-pointed.
KEY. To THE GUIANA SPECIEs of PoECILOBRYcon.
a. A single dark band from chin to near end of middle caudal ray, a light band above it; back chocolate.
harrisoni.
aa. A median dorsal and three lateral dark bands.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trifasciatus.
284 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
ada. Like harrisoni, the chocolate of the back bordered by a darker line, a dark streak from behind the base
of the lower pectoral rays to and along base of the anal... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . erythrurus.
aaaa. A dark band from snout to and including the lower caudal lobe; an oblique ocellated spot above the
middle of the caudal
140. Poecilobrycon harrisoni Eigenmann. (Plate XXXVII, fig. 1.)
Poecilobrycon harrisoni EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 43; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 427.
Type, 55 mm. Canal at Christianburg. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1160.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 45–51 mm. Canal at Christianburg. (I. U. Cat.
No. 11709.)
Head 4; depth 5.25; D. 9; A. 10; five scales between dorsal and ventral,
twenty-six or twenty-seven in a median series, eleven or twelve in front of the
dorsal; eye 3 in the head; upper jaw projecting. Snout very little greater than
eye; interorbital a little less than eye. r
Adipose well-developed, behind tip of anal; origin of dorsal slightly posterior
to that of the ventrals. Pectorals reaching half-way to ventrals; ventrals slightly
more than half-way to anal. .
Back chocolate; a broad straw-colored band from tip of snout to middle of
upper caudal lobe; a narrow black band from tip of mandible through eye along
lower part of peduncle to near tip of shortest caudal ray, and a few rays inferior to
it. Ventral surface silvery, dotted from midway of the ventrals to the anal, the
dots continued over the lateral band above the anal. A spot on either side of
snout, the iris dorsad, a line along base of anal, and a streak above and below
the caudal band, crimson. An oblique, dotted bar across the yellow lateral band
just above tip of pectoral. Last anal rays dark.
Similar to P. unifasciatus, in which the color from the dark lateral bands across
the back is uniform, i. e., lacking the straw-colored band above the dark band.
Named for Mr. J. B. Harrison, M.A., C.M.G., F.G.S., Government Geologist,
Georgetown, British Guiana, who assisted the expedition in various ways.
141. opediatiºnariºus (Steindachner). (Plate XXXVII, fig. 2.)
Nannostomus trifasciatus STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Beiträge,” v, 1876, 75,
pl. 9, fig. 2 (Lagunas of the Amazon near Barra do Rio Negro; Rio Negro;
Tabatinga).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV,
1891, 49.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 427.
Poecilobrycon auratus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909,44; Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 427.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 285
Seventeen specimens, 27–34 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. Nos. 11610.
(type of P. auratus) and 1162a-d; I. U. Cat. No. 11688.) gº -
Three specimens, 27 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M. Cat. No. 1163a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11689.) - -
Eight specimens, 25–33 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1664a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 11690.)
Head 3.75; depth nearly 5; D. 10; A. 11; five scales between dorsal and ven-
tral, twenty-three along a median series, ten in front of dorsal.
Eye 3 in head, a little less than snout, greater than interorbital; upper jaw
projecting.
Adipose fin over about middle of last anal ray; dorsal beginning behind the
vertical from the origin of the ventrals. Pectorals reaching half-way to middle of
ventrals, ventrals half-way to base of last anal ray.
Mid-dorsal line from head to adipose chocolate, on either side of which is a
Straw-colored stripe, confluent with a median line on the head to the tip of the snout.
A similar chocolate stripe on the sides, bounded below by another straw-colored
stripe, both concurrent with the back; ventrad of the last is a chocolate band, widest
above tips of pectorals, reaching the vanishing point above the eye and below the
tip of the dorsal; a golden band from upper part of eye to upper caudal lobe, con-
tinued forward of eye as a red streak; a dark brown lateral band from tip of jaws
to tip of lower caudal lobe; a horizontal streak below the eye. Some scales below
the lateral band with a brown spot; two oblique, black cross-bands, one up and
back from last half of pectorals, the other up from before anal. Lower caudal lobe
black; base of upper caudal lobe and of anal red; anal blackish. Fins otherwise
hyaline. 2: 22.9% ºt ..', ºxºzººd
142. Poecilobrycon erythrurus Eigenmann. (Plate XXXVII, fig. 3.)
Poecilobrycon erythrurus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., WI, 1909, 44; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 427.
Type, 33 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1168.) -
Cotypes, seven specimens, 33–37 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1168a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11693.)
. Cotypes, four specimens, 22–27 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1170a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11694.)
Cotype, one specimen, 22 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1187a.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 32–33 mm. Rupununi Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1188a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11695.) .
286 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Allied to P. trifasciatus.
Head 3.75; depth 4.66–4.75; D. 10; A. 9 or 10; five scales between dorsal and
ventral, ten before dorsal, twenty-six in a median line. Eye equal to snout and to
interorbital, 3.2 in the head; jaws equal.
Dorsal over the vertical from the ventrals; pectorals reaching half-way to
middle of ventrals; ventrals half-way to middle of anal; adipose fin a little anterior
to the tip of the last anal ray; origin of anal on a vertical from the tip of the last
dorsal ray.
Back light brown, margined by a more or less faint darker line; a light streak
from snout through top of iris to upper half of middle of caudal; a conspicuous
lateral black band from mandible to base of lower caudal lobe, continued on the rays
• just below the middle; a dark streak from behind the base of the lower pectoral
rays to and along base of the anal; middle anal rays dusky. Ventral surface silvery.
In life a blood-red streak borders the superior margin of the black lateral band
over the middle of the pectorals; a red spot on basal half of the dorsal, two red
spots on base of the caudal, one similar spot on the anal lobe; an orange spot on
-*. ..., ºf ~~~~ 2
each ventral fin. ... . .2% º:º: Izmº, Zeze.” £ 22%
143. Poecilobrycon ocellatus Eigenmann. (Platé XXXVII, fig. 4.)
Poecilobrycon ocellatus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 45; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 427.
Type, 412 mm. Wismar. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1179.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 39–41 mm. Wismar. (I. U. Cat. No. 11703.)
Cotypes, seventy-one specimens, 35–43 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1181a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 11704) r
Cotypes, nine specimens, 33–42 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No.
1181a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 11705). -
Cotypes, eight specimens, 31.5–37 mm. Rupununi Pan. (C. M. Cat. No.
118q-c; I. U. Cat. No. 11706.) *
Cotype, one specimen, 39 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1183a.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 39–42 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1184a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11707.)
& Cotypes, eighteen specimens, 31–43 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No.
11850—e; I. U. Cat. No. 11708.) &
Most nearly related to P. unifasciatus Steindachner. -
Head 4.2–4.4; depth 5.4–5.5; D. 10; A. 10 or 11; five scales between dorsal
and ventral, ten before dorsal, twenty-eight along a lateral series. Eye a little
shorter than snout, 3.3 in the head, equal to the interorbital. Upper jaw projecting.
º



EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 287
Dorsal inserted slightly behind the vertical from the insertion of the ventral;
pectorals reaching half-way to second third of ventrals; ventrals half-way to base
of last anal ray; adipose fin over middle of last anal ray.
Light brown above, bordered below by a black band from tip of snout and
mandible to the end of the lower caudal lobe; the band is widest on the caudal
peduncle, where it unites with its fellow of the other side; a bar connects the two
lateral bands in front of the anal. Lower parts silvery white. Dorsal hyaline;
lower caudal lobe black, obliquely crossed near the center by a red band, and mar-
gined with red above; usually a black ocellus-like spot or streak near the middle
of the caudal rays near the center of the fin; middle, and sometimes the posterior
, anal rays, dark. Opercle purple.
ARCHICHEIR Eigenmann.
Archicheir EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 46.
This genus is a Nanmostomus with peculiar pectorals. In Nannostomus the
pectorals are normal, as in related genera; in this genus they appear to have retained
the embryonic structure. They are broad, dermal flaps, with hair-like fringes.
Gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus. f /* Q
- – 72.2/22/*
144. Archicheir minutus Eigenmann. (Plate XXXVII, fig. 5.)
Archicheir minutus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 46; Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 428. - - -
Type unique, 26 mm. Canal at Christianburg. (Carnegie Museum Catalog
of Fishes No. 1186.) g
This species is readily recognizable by the color of the caudal and anal fins.
Head 3.5; depth 5.66; D. 9; A. 11; scales large. Eye 3.5 in the head, con-
siderably greater than the interorbital, but little shorter than the snout.
Origin of dorsal a little posterior to origin of ventrals. Adipose fin considerably
behind tip of the anal. -
Back chocolate. A light band from end of snout to base of superior caudal
lobe; a dark band from end of maxillary to the base of the inferior caudal lobe.
A black spot at base of the pectoral, and one before the first ventral ray. Dorsal
dusky; adipose black. Middle caudal rays black; an oblique bar from the edge
of base of each lobe to the end of the median black bar, the lowermost one much the
widest, the superior bar brown, shading into black at both ends. Anal hyaline,
a black bar across tips of its last rays. … -
It is very probable that the pectoral fin in this specimen is abnormal, and that
the genus is a synonym of Poecilobrycon. -
288 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
CHARACIDIUM Reinhardt.
Characidium REINHARDT, Overs. Dan. Widensk. Selsk. Forh., 1866, 56, pl. 2, figs.
1 and 2.
Chorimycterus CoPE, Am. Nat., XXVIII, 1894, 67 (tenuis).
Nannocharaac BouleNGER, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed. Anat. Comp. Torino, X, 1895, 2
(borellii).
Poecilosomatops FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 323, fig. 17 (etheostoma).
Type, Characidium fasciatum Reinhardt. - -
Premaxillary and dentary each with a single series of conical or three-pointed
teeth; no frontal fontanel, a small circular occipital fontanel; a triangular occipital
process; adipose fin present; lateral line complete. Small or minute fishes of the
Sand-bars and cataracts, living among the rocks or burrowing in the sand, much as
do the Etheostomatine fishes of North America. * f
KEY. To THE GUIANA SPECIES of CHARACIDIUM.
a. Tips of outer pectoral rays thickened; color well-developed. (Inhabitants of rocky places and creeks.)
b. A broad lateral band, not crossed by dark bars.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . laterale. 2. º
bb. Lateral band crossed by vertical bars. - /
c. Pectorals not reaching ventrals; about four lateral bands or streaks, crossed by about eight 4. Z
bars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vintoni. *
cc. Nearly uniform blue-black; dorsal, caudal and ventrals conspicuously barred with white and
Ö black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . blennioides.
ccc. Straw-color, with a narrow black band from tip of snout to base of middle caudal rays, and about
ten brown cross-bands... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fasciatum.
aa. Tips of outer pectoral rays not thickened; pellucid. (On sand-bars, burrowing.)
d. Middle of sides with twenty-seven to thirty chromatophores, one or more out of line; back with about
sixteen cross-bars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pellucidum.
dd. Sides with numerous crescents of brown; back with about thirteen cross-bars. . . . . . . . . . . . pteroides.
ddd. About ten dark brown cross-bars, most intense on back and along the lateral line, the centers of
the scales in the bars colorless... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . catenatum.
2- | A6 wº
145. Characidium laterale Eigenmann. (Plate XXXVII, figs. 6, 7.) * |
Characidium laterale EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 36; Repts. ºv. .** º 2
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 427. . . .
Type, 37 mm. Amatuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1141.)
Cotypes, three specimens, 29–35 mm. Amatuk. (I. U. Cat. No. 11673.)
A Zygonectes-like Characidium.
Head 3.75—4; depth 6; D. 11 or 12; A. 8; scales 4–36–2.
Eye equal to snout, 3.75 in head. Teeth three-pointed. Pectoral reaching
ventrals, its outer rays thickened; ventrals three-fourths to anal; fourth anal ray
} .
EIGENMANN I THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 289
reaching considerably beyond tip of last, but not to the caudal fulcra. Base of
dorsal reaching half-way to middle of adipose, about 7 in the length.
A broad band from tip of snout to base of middle caudal rays, bordered by a
light streak above; back brown, with darker cross-shades; a small spot just above
base of first ventral ray; a dark spot or streak on the chin, another anterior to the
anal; a dark spot on either side of base of anal, ventral surface otherwise plain.
A dark spot anterior to the dorsal and one in front of the adipose fin. Fins
without definite markings. º % * T , , z_". . . -3
2 ºn 21222*p/ºzº. 2. ~~~2.4%20c - 2 J -->e.
A- ...A.' " - - - …— --~ * * y
------
146. Characidium vintoni Eigenmann. (Plate XXXVIII, figs. 1, 2.) 22.2%
“Tunatruic.” 22
Characidium vintoni EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 36; Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 428.
Type, 76 mm. Shrimp Creek, where the path from Tukeit to the Kaieteur
crosses it. (Carnegie Museum Catalogue of Fishes No. 1142.)
Cotypes, fifty-two specimens, 53–82 mm. Shrimp Creek. (C. M. Cat. No.
1143a—j; I. U. Cat. No. 11674.)
Named for Mrs. C. Vinton, one of the few ladies who have visited the habitat
of this species.
Resembling Hadropterys.
Head 4–4.25; depth 5.4–6; D. 11; A. 8; scales 4–37–2%, nine median scales
anterior to dorsal; eye 1.66 in the snout, 4.6 in the head, about 1 in the interorbital ;
bony interorbital equal to half the diameter of eye; teeth obscurely three-pointed.
Snout long, pointed. Pectorals with the tips of the outer rays thickened, not
reaching ventrals; ventrals not to anal; highest anal ray equal to length of caudal
peduncle, not reaching the fulcra of the caudal; third dorsal ray reaching tip of last;
base of dorsal equal to one-half its distance from the adipose fin, about 8 in the
length; tip of third dorsal ray reaching much beyond tip of the last ray.
A conspicuous band from the tip of the snout to the middle of the caudal,
bordered above by an interrupted yellowish band about half its width; a dark band
along the middle of the back, another between it and the lateral band; a dark streak
parallel to the lateral band below it in front of the caudal peduncle. About eight
bands across the back to the lateral band, sometimes continued below the lateral
band directly, or with a shift backward or forward. Lower surface silvery; opercle,
angle of preopercle, and a band below the eye sometimes dark; axil and spot above
origin of ventrals and a streak along base of anal dark; lower surface of chin pale
or dark. All these markings sometimes obscured by increased pigmentation.

290 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Dorsal nearly uniform. Caudal lobes with an oblique black bar; area between this
bar and the basal spot of the middle rays pigmentless, faintly dusky posterior to the
black bars. Tips of outer rays of pectoral and ventral and the first rays of the anal
swollen, these fins hyaline, except for a few color-cells along the middle of the middle
rayS.
147. Characidium blennioides Eigenmann. (Plate XXXVIII, figs. 3, 4.)
Characidium blennioides EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1906, 27; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 428.
Type, 52 mm. Erukin. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1144.)
Cotypes, six specimens, 43–52 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 1145a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 11675.)
- Cotype, one specimen, 55 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 1146a.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 42–54 mm. Creek above Potaro Landing. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1147a; I. U. Cat. No. 11676.)
Cotypes, five specimens, 43–49 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1148a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11677.) -
Cotypes, twelve specimens, 33–47 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No.
1149a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11678.)
Cotypes, thirteen specimens, 31–60 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1150a-d;
I. U. Cat. No. 11679.)
Resembling Etheostoma coeruleum.
Head 3.75—4; depth 4.5–4.75; D. 11; A. 8; scales 4–32 to 34–2; seven median
scales anterior to the dorsal; eye 1.1 in snout, 3.75 in head; bony interorbital
half the diameter of eye. Teeth three-pointed, the middle point longest.
Pectorals with the tips of the outer rays thickened, reaching ventrals; ventrals
to anal; third anal ray reaching fulcra of the caudal, but scarcely beyond the tip
of the last ray. Base of dorsal about 1.2 in its distance from the adipose fin, 5.5
in the length; third dorsal ray reaching base of the last.
Adult nearly uniform bluish black, the ventral surface being but little lighter.
Margin of adipose and caudal, and outer edges of ventrals and pectorals, white.
Dorsal, caudal, anal, and ventrals conspicuously barred with white and black.
Pectorals, exclusive of the tips of the outer four rays, bluish black.
Younger specimens and lighter colored ones show about seven cross-bands and
more or less incomplete rows of light spots following the rows of scales. A dark
band forward from eye; a narrower one downward. In the youngest specimen
from Amatuk the pectoral, like the ventral and anal, has four dark bands.”
* A smaller specimen from this place, 23 mm. long, has a single band on the pectorals and the ventrals.
It is crushed and I am not certain of its identification.
EIGENMANN THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 291
148. Characidium fasciatum Reinhardt. (Plate XXXIX, figs. 1, 2.)
Characidium fasciatum REINHARDT, Overs. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh., 1866, 56,
pl. 2, figs. 1, 2 (Rio das Velhas).-LüTKEN, Dan. Widensk.-Selsk. Skr., (5),
XII, 1875, 194, figs. 1, 2; and p. xi (Rio das Welhas).-STEINDACHNER, “Süss-
wasserfische Südóstlichen Brasilien,” iii, 1876, 1 (Rio Parahyba; Rio Pia-
banha near Petropolis); “Flussfische Südamerika's,” i, 1879, 7 (Orinoco
near Ciudad Bolivar); “Ichthyologische Beiträge,” ix, 1882, 19 (Canelos,
Ecuador).-BouleNGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, 280 (Sarayacu).-
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 50.-EIGEN-
MANN and NoFRIs, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IV, 1900, 357 (Rio Tieté; Barba-
tana).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 427.
Characidium zebra EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 38; Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 428. -
Seven specimens, 47–55 mm. Maripicru. (C. M. Cat. Nos. 1151 and 1152a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11680.) (Types of C. zebra.)
Fourteen specimens, 32–44 mm. Maripicru? (C. M. Cat. No. 1159; I. U.
Cat. No. 11687.) (Types of C. zebra.) -
Head 4.25–4.5; depth 5–5.3; D. 11; A. 7 or 8; scales 4–35 or 36–3%; nine
scales before the dorsal. Eye equal to snout, 3.75—4 in the head; bony inter-
orbital 1.3–1.5 in the eye. Teeth three-pointed, the middle point longest.
Pectorals with the tips of the outer rays thickened, reaching ventrals; ventrals
not to anal; highest anal ray a little less than the length of the caudal peduncle,
reaching a little beyond tip of of the last ray, but not to caudal fulcra; base of
dorsal fin reaching over half-way to the adipose, 6 in the length, the third ray
extending about half-way to tip of last. w -
Straw-color; a narrow black band from tip of snout to base of middle caudal
rays, where it ends near a small black spot; about ten brown cross-bands, the fifth
encircling the entire body at tips of ventrals in the type; these bands sometimes
becoming double along the sides, giving the appearance of many narrow bands.
Back dusky, the centers of the scales light. Opercle and lower lip dark. Ventral
surface colorless. Dorsal with a spot behind and near the base of each ray, begin-
ning with the fourth; chromatophores along the branched part of the rays; other
fins hyaline, without distinct markings. -
149. Characidium pellucidum Eigenmann. (Plate XXXIX, figs. 3-5.)
Characidium pellucidum. EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, 1910, 39; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 428.
292 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Type, 39 mm. Gluck Island. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1156.)
Cotype, 37 mm. Gluck Island. (I. U. Cat. No. 11683.)
Resembling Ammocrypta pellucida.
Head 4.33; depth 7; D. 11; A. 8; scales 3–36–2, nine in front of dorsal. Eye
a little longer than snout, 3.75 in head; bony interorbital a little less than half
the length of head. Teeth with three large points.
Pectorals reaching ventrals, the outer rays not thickened; ventrals not to
anal; anal rounded, the third ray reaching a little beyond tip of last, but not nearly
to caudal; dorsal truncate, the third ray reaching a little beyond middle of last;
base of dorsal 6.75 in the length, equal to one-half its distance from tip of adipose.
Pellucid in life. Middle of sides with twenty-seven to thirty stellate chromato-
phores, one or more of which may have slipped up or down from the line of the
rest; a few smaller cells dorsad of the lateral series; back with about sixteen cross-
bars, which do not encroach on the sides. A dark band forward from eye to end
of snout. Upper part of cheek and opercle each with a chromatophore; top of
head with a few chromatophores; ventral parts clear, except for a patch of chromato-
phores between the pectorals, one between the ventrals, and a patch at origin of
anal; a dark median line between tip of ventral and another behind the anal
fin. A dark band about two-thirds up on the dorsal and one across base of the
anterior rays, both very faint; caudal with a few faint dark spots; fins otherwise
hyaline.
150. Characidium pteroides Eigenmann. (Plate XXXIX, figs. 6, 7.)
Characidium pteroides EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 40; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 428.
Type, 28 mm. Konawaruk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1157.) .
Cotypes, two specimens, 25–27 mm. Konawaruk. (I. U. Cat. No. 11684.)
Cotype, one specimen, 23 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1158.)
Cotype, one specimen, 24 mm. Wismar. (I. U. Cat. No. 11685.)
A characin which burrows in the sand, very similar to C. pellucidum.
Head 4; depth 6; D. 11; A. 7; scales 4–36–2. Eye considerably longer than
snout, a little over 3 in the head; teeth three-pointed. •
Pectorals about reaching ventrals, the tips of their outer rays not thickened;
ventrals not nearly to anal; anal rounded, not nearly reaching the caudal fulcra.
Third dorsal ray reaching about to second third of the last; base of dorsal 1.3 in
its distance from the adipose, 6 in the length.
IEIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 293
Hyaline. Sides with numerous crescents of brown; back with about thirteen
cross-bars made up of crescents; in places two opposing crescents form ocelli. A
dark band from eye to end of snout; a black bar through the opercle; a deep-
Seated spot on angle of preopercle; a streak, sometimes broken, backward from eye;
an interrupted black line along the ventral surface, concentrated between the
ventrals and in front of the anal. Faint markings on dorsal, caudal, and anal;
fins otherwise hyaline.
151. Characidium catenatum Eigenmann. (Plate XXXVIII, figs. 5, 6.)
Characidium catematum EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 40; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 428.
Type, 38 mm. Warraputa. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1153.)
Cotypes, twelve specimens, 32–35 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1154a–d; I. U. Cat No. 11681.) -
Cotypes, two specimens, 37–38 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1155a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11682.)
A sand-burrowing characin, resembling Ammocrypta pellucida. It stands
alone among the species from Guiana in having single-pointed, strictly conical
teeth, approaching in this respect Pyrrhulinus. *
Head 4–4.2; depth 6–6.2; D. 10 or 11; A. 8; scales 4–38–3, ten before the dorsal.
Eye a little longer than snout, 3.3 in head; bony interorbital about 2 in eye.
Teeth conical. . -
Pectorals reaching ventrals or not, the tips of the outer rays not thickened;
ventrals not to anal; anal rounded, the fifth ray highest, reaching slightly beyond
tip of last, not nearly to caudal; dorsal low, subtruncate, the third ray not quite
reaching tip of last; base of dorsal extending half-way to tip of adipose, 7.75 in the
length. * *
Pellucid in life. Sides of head and body more or less iridescent; a dark stripe
from eye to end of Snout; about ten dark brown cross-bars, most intense on back
and along the lateral line; the centers of the scales of the bars colorless, giving each
band a chain-like appearance; a few chromatophores on the margins of other dorsal
scales. A minute, round black spot at base of caudal, surrounded by a hyaline
area, which is bounded posteriorly by a faint color-halo; fins otherwise all hyaline.
A blackish median line from behind ventrals to the vent.
294 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Subfamily ANOSTOMATINAE.
ANOSTOMUs Gronow.
Anostomus GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., II, 1754, 13, pl. 7, fig. 2.-ScoPoi.1, Intr. Hist.
Nat., 1777.
Pithecocharaac FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 320.
Type, Salmo anostomus Linnaeus. * e
Small to medium-sized fishes, with the snout subcircular in cross-section; the
mouth minute, vertical; the lips thick, plicate; about eight teeth in each jaw, bifid
or multilobed incisors; the gill-membrane united with the isthmus.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of ANoSTOMUs.
a. Dark brown, with two conspicuous light bands: one from mouth along upper margin of eye to upper caudal
lobe, one along lower margin of eye to lower caudal lobe; a fainter band from the nape to behind the
dorsal on either side of the median line, a similar one from below pectoral to anal, and another along
the midventral line. Brilliant in life... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . anostomus. .
aa. Sides with spots.
b. A black spot below the dorsal, and another at the base of the middle caudal rays, sometimes another
on the fourth scale of the lateral line; each scale of the lower part of the sides with a median dark
brown streak. Backs of small, light-colored individuals with about fifteen wavy cross-bands,
which may be obscured. Origin of dorsal nearer snout than to base of caudal; preorbital and
postorbital portion of head about equal... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trimaculatus.
bb. Spots as under b, an additional one above anterior part of anal; cross-bands broader; scales of the
upper part of the sides with an iridescent spot. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout
and base of middle caudal rays. Snout longer than postorbital portion of head....... plicatus.
152. Anostomus anostomus (Linnaeus). (Plates XL and XLI, fig. 1.)
Amostomus GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., II, 1754, 13, pl. 7, fig. 2.
Salmo anostomus LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 312, No. 24; ed. 12, I, 1866,
514.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, iii, 1788, 1387, No. 29.
Leporinus anostomus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 38.
Anostomus anostomus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV,
1891, 50.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
425.
Anostomus salmoneus GRoNow, Cat. Fish, ed. Gray, 1854, 153.−GüNTHER, Cata-
logue, W, 1864, 303 (Essequibo).—? STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Süda-
merika's,” ii, 1881, 40 (Jutahy).-GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., XXII, 1890, 17.
Nine specimens, 55–94 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1852a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12140.)
Eight specimens, 64–95 mm. Tumatumari, above and below the fall. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1853a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 12141.)
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 295
Four specimens, 84–107 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1854a; I. U. Cat. No. 12142.) -
One specimen, 90 mm. Kangaruma. (C. M. Cat. No. 1855a.)
Eight specimens, 65–122 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 1856a–b; I. U. Cat.
No. 12143.)
Two specimens, 54–70 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1857a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12144.)
Head 4–4.4; depth 4.5–5; D. 12; A. 10; scales 4–39 or 40–3.5. Eye 4 in
head, 1.5 in snout, 1.4–1.75 in interorbital. -
Slender; dorsal and ventral outlines about equally curved, the width 1.75 in
the depth; snout subcircular in section, turned upward slightly; mouth vertical,
the margin of the upper lip sloping backward slightly. A frontal fontanel extending
to above middle of the eye, the parietal fontanel obliterated, but the bones not united
in a specimen 115 mm. long. Four teeth in each premaxillary, the outermost one
four-lobed, the rest three-lobed; four teeth in each dentary, the outermost one
three-lobed, the middle ones bifid. .
Dorsal rounded, its highest ray 5.5 in the length, its origin nearer tip of adipose
than to snout; caudal deeply forked, the lobes nearly equal, about 4 in the length;
anal emarginate, the tip of the first ray reaching beyond the tip of the last; ventrals
reaching about half-way to anal; pectorals not quite half-way to middle of ventrals.
Dark brown, with four light lateral bands, dull yellow in life, of which the two
median bands are much the most conspicuous, one reddish from the mouth to the
eye, which it margins dorsad, continuing to the upper caudal lobe, and one along
the lower margin of the eye to the lower caudal lobe; of the less conspicuous bands
one begins at the middle of the eye, running along the first row of scales from the
median dorsal series, the other begins below the pectoral and extends to the anal.
There is a midventral yellowish stripe. Dorsal and caudal intense translucent
crimson, fading out toward the tips of the fins; indefinite spots of the same color
on the anal and ventrals. -
The color differs much in brilliancy and intensity in different individuals.
153. Anostomus trimaculatus (Kner). (Plate XLI, fig. 2.)
Schizodon trimaculatus KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 25, pl. 6, fig. 12
(Matto Grosso).-CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 690 (Peruvian.
Amazon).
Anostomus trimaculatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 304.—GARMAN, Bull. Essex
Inst., XXII, 1890, 17 (Gurupa),—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S.
296 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 50.—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 406
(Manaos).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
425. e
Pithecocharaz trimaculatus FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 320 (Peru-
vian Amazon).
Two specimens, 116–124 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1858; I. U.
Cat. No. 12145.)
Three specimens, 67 to about 111 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1859;
I. U. Cat. No. 12146.)
One specimen, 72 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1860.)
Head 4–4.5; depth 3.7–4; D. 12; A. 10 or 11; scales 5–42 to 44–4.5; eye 3.6
in head, 1.25 in snout, 2 in interorbital; 3.2, 1.2, and 1.25, respectively, in a small
specimen. f
Comparatively heavy, the width equal to half the depth; profile sharply
depressed from the nape to the snout; snout comparatively short, subelliptical in
cross-section, the interorbital broad; opercle striate.
Four teeth on each side of each jaw, the outer tooth of the lower jaw four-
pointed, the next three-pointed, the inner bifid; those of the upper jaw all three-
pointed.
Dorsal rounded, its longest ray 5 in the head, its origin nearer tip of adipose
than to snout; caudal deeply forked, the upper lobe longest, 3.5 in the length;
anal truncate, the tips of all the rays reaching the same point when depressed;
ventrals reaching half-way or a little more than half-way to anal; pectorals about
half-way to middle of anal.
Light or dark brown. A large, subcircular, faintly ocellated spot on the
middle of the sides below the posterior half of the dorsal; a similar, but smaller,
spot at the base of the middle caudal rays; sometimes a small spot on the front
scales of the lateral line; opercle dark; each scale of the lower part of the sides
with a dark spot or streak, the spots forming series; light-colored specimens with
five dark wavy lines across the back in front of the dorsal, and about ten similar ones
under and behind the dorsal, becoming broader and diffuse toward the caudal.
Fins reddish in life.
154. Anostomus plicatus sp. nov. (Plate XLI, fig. 3.)
Type, 86 mm. Crab Falls. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1861.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 77–89 mm. Crab Falls. (I. U. Cat. No. 12148.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 102–104 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1862a; I.
U. Cat. No. 12149.) -
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 297
Cotypes, two specimens, 72–77 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1863a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12150.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 78–90 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1864a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12151.)
Very similar to A. trimaculatus, but the snout longer and slenderer, the
lips more prominent, and the color different.
Head 3.4–3.5; depth 3.3—4; D. 12; A. 10; scales 5–39 or 40–4. Eye 1.75 in
snout, 4 in head, 1.5 in interorbital; 1.5, 3.5, 1.1, respectively, in a specimen 77
mm. long.
Width about half the depth; dorsal profile convex to the nape, thence very
concave to the very prominent lips; snout subcircular in cross-section, much longer
than the post-orbital part of the head; opercle faintly striate in the largest.
Four teeth on each side of each jaw; the two lateral teeth of the lower jaw
tricuspid, the middle ones truncate; the two outer ones of the upper jaw tricuspid,
the middle ones bifid, the two points frequently unequal.
Dorsal rounded, its highest ray 5.75–6 in the length; its origin equidistant
from tip of snout and base of middle caudal rays; caudal deeply forked, its upper
lobe about 4 in the length; anal slightly emarginate, the longest ray reaching the
tip of the last; ventrals reaching about half-way to middle of anal, pectorals more
than half-way to ventrals. *
Light brown to nearly black; four spots along middle of sides, the first on
and below the fourth scale of the lateral line, the second from the fifteenth or
seventeenth scale, the third on the twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh, the last at
the end of the line. About twelve cross-bars, not evident on dark individuals, the
part of the bars below the lateral line shifted forward or backward. Iridescent
spots on the scales.
SCHIZODON Agassiz.
Schizodon AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 66, pl. 36.
Type, Curimatus fasciatus Spix.
Like Anostomus, but with the mouth terminal, the snout not produced, elliptical
in cross-section; lower teeth short and broad.
155. Schizodon fasciatus (Spix).
Curimatus fasciatus SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, pl. 36.
Schizodon fasciatus AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 66.-SCHOM-
BURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 252, pl. 26 (Rio Branco).-MüLLER and
TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 10, pl. 1, figs. 5–5a; in Schomburgk, Reisen,
298 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
III, 1848, 634 (Rupununi; Takutu; Rio Branco).-KNER, “Familie der
Characinen,” i, 1859, 23 (Rio Negro and Cujabá).—CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos.
Soc., XI, 1870, 566 (Pará); XVII, 1878, 689 (Peruvian Amazon; Pará; Amby-
iacu).-EIGENMANN and OGLE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII, 1907, 7
(Pará; Bolivar).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 425. -
Anostomus fasciatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 304 (British Guiana; Caracas).
—STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv., 1882, 12 (Huallaga).-
COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 258 (Ambyiacu).-GARMAN, Bull.
Essex Inst., XXII, 1890, 21 (Coary; Dutch Guiana; Hyamary; Iga; José
Fernandez; Jutahy; Lakes Alexo, Hyavary, Saraca, Manacapurū, Manaos;
Obidos; Rio Puty; São Paolo; Serpa; Tabatinga; Teffé; Tonantins; Villa
Bella),—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 50.
—? PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2 a), X, 1891, 40 (Candelaria.)—PELLEGRIN,
Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 406 (Manaos). 4.
One specimen, 141 mm. Rupununi Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1865a.)
Two specimens, 168–174 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1866a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12147.)
Head 4.66; depth 4; D. 12; A. 10 or 11; scales 4 or 4.5–43 or 44–4; eye 1.25
in snout, 3.5 in head, 2 in interorbital. .
Elongate, the width a little more than half the depth. Dorsal and ventral
profiles nearly equally arched; a just perceptible or no depression over the eyes;
head broad, the mouth very small, terminal, its width equal to the eye; a regular
median series of scales in front of the dorsal and along the midventral line.
Four multicuspid, black-tipped, graduated teeth on each jaw, those of the upper
jaw forming an open crescent.
Dorsal obliquely rounded, its longest ray 4.33 in the length, its origin equi-
distant from tip of snout and origin of adipose. Caudal deeply forked, the upper
lobe 4.5 in the length; anal squarely truncate when open, the tip of the first rays
reaching far beyond the tip of the last when closed; ventrals reaching half-way
to anal; pectorals about half-way to second third of ventrals. -
Dark above, white or yellow below. Opercle dark; a series of four dark cross-
bands and a small spot at the base of the middle caudal rays; lower caudal lobe
margined with dark. & . . . .”yº A (Miy." *,
ScHIZODoNTOPSIS Garman. . . . . . . .
Schizodontopsis GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., XXII, 1890, 16 (taeniatus).
An Anostomatine genus with the mouth small, very obliquely directed upward;
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 299
upper jaw with eight teeth in a crescent, the middle ones broad, bilobed, or squarely
truncate in the adult, the lateral ones rapidly smaller, obscurely trilobed; lower
jaw with similar teeth, more distinctly directed forward, much as in Leporinus;
gill-membrane joined to the isthmus; postventral area with an obscure median
keel; preventral area in the adult with a median and two lateral keels or angles,
the preventral surface to the base of the pectoral being covered with three series of
Scales. 4.
In the young the teeth of the upper jaw have several points, and the ventral
keels are not evident; the gill-membrane may also form a narrow free fold across
the isthmus in the young.
156. Schizodontopsis laticeps sp. nov. (Plate XLI, fig. 4.)
Type, 264 mm. Crab Falls. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1825.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 96–240 mm. Crab Falls. (I. U. Cat. No. 12116.)
A fourth small specimen of this species was taken by Mr. Ellis on Gluck Island.
Head 4.2; depth 3–3.16 (4 in young); D. 12 or 13; A. 11 or 12; scales 6–42–4
or 5; eye 1.25 in snout, 3.3—3.5 in head, 2 in interorbital in the adult.
Heavy, the width not quite half the depth; profile arched, comparatively steep,
with a slight depression over the eyes; belly with a blunt median keel; two similar
lateral keels in front of the ventrals; predorsal region rounded; head broad, some-
what depressed, its width at the anterior margin of the eye equal to its depth at
the same point; interorbital convex; width of mouth greater than the length of
the orbit; mouth oblique, the lower jaw projecting. g
The teeth of the upper jaw graduated, the middle ones broad-lobed incisors, ar-
ranged in a crescent; teeth of the lower jaw similar to those of the upper.
Dorsal subtruncate, rounded in the young, its highest ray about 4.5 in the
length; its origin a trifle nearer snout than to tip of adipose; caudal broad, leathery
in the adult, the upper lobe not greatly longer than the lower, about 4.5 in the
length (4 in the young); anal truncate, the first rays not reaching tip of last, not
reaching caudal; ventrals not reaching half-way to anal (just half-way in the
young); pectorals more than half-way to middle of ventrals.
Ashy gray; a broad obscure band from the dorsal, narrowing to the ventrals;
a narrower cross-shade above middle of pectorals and in front of anal; adipose,
anal and axil dark. Young with a black band from the chin to the eye and middle
of caudal. - -
LEPORINUS Spix.
Leporinus SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 65 (novemfasciatum).
Abramites FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 331 (hypselonotus).
300 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Type, Leporinus movemfasciatus Spix.
Head Small, conical, the mouth minute, with a few (four to six) teeth in each jaw,
directed obliquely forward toward the middle, obliquely truncate or lobed; gill-
openings joined to the isthmus.
The members of the genus are abundant about the rocks and cataracts, and
are difficult to catch in the usual ways.
º KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of LEPORINUs.
a. A median lateral band reaching from the gill-opening to the caudal, another curving from the eye downward
and back to the lower edge of the caudal... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8|TCUIS,
aa. An incomplete lateral band or series of median spots. -
b. Lateral band beginning under the dorsal and extending to the caudal; lower sides plain...nigrotaeniatus.
bb. Sides with a median series of spots.
c. First spot most conspicuous, under the dorsal; two spots behind it obscurely connected by a
stripe in the young; sometimes one or both of the latter absent; lateral line 38–40*..friderici.
cc. Spots as under c, but with other spots below, above and in front of them; lateral line 33–34.
d. Mouth inferior; three teeth in each side of each jaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . maculatus.
dd. Mouth terminal; four teeth in each side of each jaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . granti.
aaa. Sides with vertical bands.
e. Sides with seven bands, four broad ones and three narrower ones in the interspaces. . . . . . . . . alternus.
ee. Sides with ten bands in the adult, united in pairs in the young, conspicuous in the young, becoming
indefinite with age... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fasciatus.
157. Leporinus arcus sp. nov. (Plate XLII, fig. 3.)
“Tumany” of the Indians.
Type, 206 mm. Tukeit. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1832.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 397–400 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 2296; I: U.
Cat. No. 12122.)
Three specimens, 64–104 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1829a; I. U. Cat. No. 12119.) •
One specimen, 49 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1830a.)
One specimen, 50 mm. Locality ? (I. U. Cat. No. 12120.)
Two specimens, 59–102 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1831a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12121.)
Head 3.5–4; depth 3+ ; D. 12; A. 10 or 11; scales 4–36 or 37–4; eye 2.5
in snout, 5.5 in head, 3 in interorbital in the largest; 1 in snout, 3 in head, 1.25 in
interorbital in a specimen 64 mm. long.
Robust, the width a little more than half the length in the adult, Predorsal
and preventral areas broadly rounded. Snout conical; interorbital very convex
*In the young of friderici the “spots” appear as a band in process of breaking up into spots. Mrs.
C. H. Eigenmann.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 301
in the adult; mouth terminal in the young, slightly oblique, becoming subterminal
or inferior with age. Four teeth on each side of each jaw.
Origin of dorsal equidistant from snout and base of upper caudal lobe in the
young, farther forward in adult; margin of dorsal rounded, the highest ray about
5 in the length; upper caudal lobe but little longer than lower, 3.33–3.5 in the
length; anal emarginate, not reaching caudal; ventrals reaching half-way to origin
or end of base of anal; pectorals a little more than half-way to middle of ventrals.
A conspicuous, straight, dark chocolate band from upper part of gill-opening
to base of middle caudal rays, as deep as the eye or deeper; a narrower, similarly
colored band arched from the eye downward and back along the lower margin of
the caudal peduncle to the caudal; a similar one curving upward slightly from above
the gill-opening to the adipose, bordered above by a faintly lighter area; the middle
of the back and base of last anal rays dark. A dark spot at base of pectorals.
Tips of fins, bases of scales in the light areas of the sides, opercles, and cheeks
rosy or red in the adult. Light parts white to straw-color; gill-covers greenish
yellow; in the young the bases of all the fins are sometimes rusty.
158. Leporinus nigrotaeniatus (Schomburgk). (Plate XLII, figs. 1, 2.)
Chalceus nigrotaeniatus SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 213, pl. 13, fig.
2 (Rio Negro).
Leporinus nigrotaeniatus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 11, pl. 1,
fig. 7; in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 634 (Pomeroon).-CUVIER and
VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 32 (Pedrero on the Rio Negro).
—KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 34 (Barra do Rio Negro; Rio
Branco).—GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 309 (Essequibo).—STEINDACHNER,
“Ichthyologische Beiträge,” v, 1876, 62 (middle course of the Amazon).—
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 51.-EIGEN-
MANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 426.
Leporinus margaritaceus” GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 309 (Brit. Guiana).
Six specimens, 120–207 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1820a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12112.) e
One specimen, 145 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1821.)
* Type, 177 mm. to the base of the middle caudal rays. British Museum. British Guiana, Schom-
burgk. -
Head 4.66; depth 5.16; D. 12; A. 10; scales 5.5–40–5. Eye 1.5 in snout, 3.8 in head, 1.6 in interorbital.
Resembling nigrotoniatus in shape; dorsal 5 in the length, its origin equidistant from snout and adipose;
anal rounded, reaching the caudal. A silvery lateral band, each scale with a pearly base. No black spots or
other dark markings. | -
Another specimen in the Berlin Museum, in which the lateral band is almost faded out, leaves no doubt
but that margaritaceus is simply a faded specimen of nigrotaeniatus.
302 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Two specimens, 128–131 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1822; I. U.
Cat. No. 12113.) - -
Twenty-eight specimens, 66–203 mm. to end of middle caudal rays. Crab
Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1823a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12114.) -
Eleven specimens, 45–191 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1824a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12115.) © -
Head 4–4.75; depth 4.5–5; D. 12–13; A. 10 or 11. Scales 5 or 6–41 or 42–4;
eye 1.5–1.75 in snout, 3.6–4 in head, 1.2–1.66 in interorbital. *
Elongate, subterete, little compressed, head subconical; back little raised, the
profile with a scarcely perceptible depression over the eyes. Snout blunt, the
mouth inferior, four teeth on each side of each jaw.
Dorsal 5.3–6 in the length, its origin equidistant from tip of snout and end of
base of adipose, or a little farther back; margin of dorsal rounded; adipose fin
well-developed; caudal forked, the upper lobe longer, 4.3 in the length; anal
rounded or truncate, the longer rays always reaching beyond the tips of the shorter
rays, sometimes to the lower caudal fulcra; ventrals reaching a little more than
half-way to the vent; pectorals half-way to second third of ventrals.
Young with twelve dusky bars across the back; an intense spot behind the
middle of the opercle, three similar but successively fainter spots following it; a
median dark stripe from below the middle of the dorsal to the caudal, widest and
most intense in front. All the markings (with the exception of the lateral stripe)
fading with age. Center of adipose orange in life.
159. Leporinus friderici (Bloch). (Plate XLIII, fig. 4.)
Salmo friderici BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1795, 78, pl. 378 (Surinam).-BLOCH and
SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 403.
Leporinus friderici MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 11; in Schomburgk,
Reisen, III, 1848, 634 (Pomeroon).—CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.
Poiss., XXII, 1859, 25 (Essequibo; Surinam; San Francisco; La Plata),—
KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 34 (Rio Branco).-GüNTHER, Cata-
logue, V, 1864, 306 (Essequibo; River Cupai); Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868,
244 (Xeberos).-STEINDACHNER, “Süsswasserfische d. Südóstlichen Brasilien,”
ii, 1875, 13 (Bahia; S. Gonçallo; Rio Pará; Porto do Moz; Parahyba; Rio Branco;
Manacapuru; Jatuarana; Essequibo).-CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII,
1878, 690 (Peruvian Amazon).—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 51.—PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), XVIII, 1897,
25 (Alto Beni).-BoulBNGER, Boll. Mus. Torino, XIII, 1898, 4 (Rio Vinces);
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 303
XXV, 1900, − (Urucum).-PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 406
(Manaos).-FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 328 (Pebas; Peruvian
Amazon).-EIGENMANN and OGLE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII, 1907, 7
(Paraguay).—EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, 125 (Puerto Max);
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 426. -
? Curimatus frederici PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2 a), X, 1891, 41 (Candelaria).
—LAHILLE, Rev. Mus. la Plata, VI, 1895, 7 (Puerto Viejo; Punta Lara).
Curimatus acutidens VALENCIENNES, in d'Orbigny, Woy. Am. Mer., V, ii, 1847, 9,
pl. 8, fig. 1 (La Plata). - -
Leporinus leschenaulti CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848,
30, pl. 635 (Maná).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 307 (Andes of western
Ecuador; River Capin).-PETERs, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, 472
(Calabozo).—PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2 a), X, 1891, 41 (Villa Maria,
Rio Paraguay, Matto Grosso).-PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899,
157 (Apuré).
Leporinus megalepis GüNTHER (in part, i.e., specimens e, f, and m), Catalogue, V,
1864, 307 (Surinam). - •
Twenty-one specimens, 98-259 mm. Tumatumari, above, below, and in
the falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1840a—d; I. U. Cat. No. 12130.) -
Four specimens, 75 to about 290 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1841;
I. U. Cat. No. 12131.) -
Nine specimens, 122–272 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1842a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12132.) (figure.) -
Two specimens, 194–195 mm. Kangaruma. (C. M. Cat. No. 1843a; I.
U. Cat. No. 12133.)
Six specimens, 147–293 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1844a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12134.)
* Six specimens, 146—208 mm. Mud-flats below Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No.
1845a; I. U. Cat. No. 12135.)
Forty-four specimens, 77 to about 345 mm. Bartica, rocks. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1846a–k; I. U. Cat. No. 12136.)
Head 3.75–4; depth 3.25–3.5; D. 12 or 13; A. 10 or 11. Scales 5–38 to 40–4
or 5; eye 1.25–1.66 in snout, 3.8–4 in head, 2 in interorbital.
Compressed, deep, head somewhat wedge-shaped; profile steep; a scarcely
perceptible depression over the eyes; mouth subterminal, four teeth on each side
of each jaw. -
Origin of dorsal nearer adipose than to tip of snout; margin of dorsal rounded,
304 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
its highest ray about 4.5 in the length; caudal broad, leathery, the upper lobe longer,
4 in the length; anal obliquely truncate, the longest rays reaching caudal, ventrals
reaching more than half-way to vent, pectorals half-way to middle of ventrals.
Bases of all the scales of the side and back dark, the extent of the dark area
variable; a median dark band along the sides from below the posterior half of
the dorsal to the caudal in the young, the band becoming broken into two or three
spots with age; the spot under the dorsal most intense, the one on the base of the
middle caudal rays small, frequently absent; a spot midway between the two is
also absent at times. Young with a dark spot below the second and third scale
of the lateral line, and a series of three fainter ones with cross-shades following it.
In life the bases of the scales below the lateral line and in front of the lateral
spot are reddish, the bases of the rest yellowish; pectorals faintly yellow; opercle
and a streak to the nares golden. f
I have some evidence that I have obtained from Guiana two species of
Leporinus with spots on the sides. I must, however, leave the final determina-
tion of this point till the revision of the genus is undertaken. º
Provisionally I may record the following specimen as belonging to the second
species. 3-.
One specimen, 64 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2214, Plate XLIII,
fig. 4.)
Compared with a specimen 75 mm. long referred to friderici from the same place
we find the following:
75 mm.
Depth 3.33.
Anterior anal ray reaching beyond tip
of last.
D. 13; A. 10.
Head 3.66.
Scales 5–37–5.
A dark spot below the second and third
scales of the lateral line; three
fainter vertical spots below the
sixth, eighth, and tenth scales of
the lateral line respectively; an
oval spot including the thirteenth
to seventeenth scales of the lateral
line, a second one including the
64 mm.
Depth 3.
Anterior anal ray reaching tip of last.
D. 12; A. 10.
Head 3.5.
Scales 5–37–5.
A spot on the second scale of the lateral
line; a larger spot on the thirteenth
to sixteenth scales, a third on the
twenty-fifth to twenty-sixth, a
fourth on the last three scales;
no lateral band.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 305
twenty-fifth to twenty-eighth, a
third on the thirtieth to thirty-
second, and a dark spot on the
base of the caudal; a faint band
from the thirteenth scale to the
end of the lateral line.
The lateral band and unequal caudal lobes are still quite marked in a specimen
of friderici 152 mm. and another 250 mm. from Tumatumari, as well as in the
specimens recorded under that species from Kangaruma, Rockstone, and Crab
Falls.
In a specimen 215 mm. long from Tumatumari the caudal lobes are equal, and
there is but one spot from the thirteenth to the fifteenth scale of the lateral line.
In the specimens from about Wismar the lateral band is not seen, even in Small
specimens, but the caudal lobes are unequal.
160. Leporinus maculatus Müller and Troschel. (Plate XLIII, fig. 2.)
“Wacucu” of the Indians about the Kaieteur.
Leporinus maculatus MüLLER and TRoscHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 11 (Guiana);
in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 634 (Rupununi; Awaricuru).-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 427.
Leporinus megalepis Günther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), XII, 1863, 443
(Essequibo); Catalogue, W, 1864, 307, part (Essequibo; River Cupai; Bahia;
Rio Janeiro); Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, 244 (Xeberos).-CoPE, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 259 (Ambyiacu).-STEINDACHNER, “Fisch-fauna
d. Magdalenen-Stromes,” 1878, 38, note—EigenMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 51.—VAILLANT, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899,
155 (Carnot)—EIGENMANN and OGLE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII, 1907,
7 (Rio das Velhas).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 426. -
Leporinus marcgravit LüTKEN, Overs. Dan. Widensk. Selsk. Forh., 1874, 130 (Rio
das Velhas and tributaries); Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., (5), XII, 1875, 202,
pl. 4, fig. 9; and p. xii (Rio das Velhas). -
Ten specimens, 99–146 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 1833a–c; I. U. Cat.
No. 12123.) *
Twelve specimens, 58–73 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1834a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12124.) •
Seven specimens, 90–129 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1835a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 12125.)
306 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Three specimens, 90–125 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1836a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12126.) g
Three specimens, 73–110 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1837a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12127.) -
Four specimens, 89–106 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1838a–b; I. U. Cat.
No. 12128.)
I have examined the types of maculatus in the Berlin Museum. They are in
a bad state of preservation, but undoubtedly belong to this species or the next.
Inasmuch as they are from the Essequibo basin, they more probably belong to this
species. , ,
Head 4.5–4.6; depth 3—3.6; D. 12; A. 10; scales 5–32 or 34–3.5; eyes 1.3 in
Snout, 3.5 in head, 1.5 in interorbital.
Elongate, the width half as great as the depth; a distinct depression in the
profile over the eye; snout bluntly conical, projecting beyond the small mouth,
which is strictly inferior; three teeth on each side of each jaw.
Origin of dorsal about equidistant from snout and end of adipose; highest
dorsal ray a little more than 4 in the length; upper caudal lobe considerably longer
than the lower, about 3 in the length; anal emarginate, the highest ray scarcely, if
at all, reaching beyond the tip of the last, sometimes not reaching it; anal not reaching
caudal; ventrals reaching about half-way to middle of anal, pectorals half-way to
last third or fourth of the ventrals.
A large oval black spot on the middle of the sides below the posterior part of
the dorsal, a smaller less intense spot half-way between it and the caudal, and a
still smaller one at the base of the caudal; a dark streak upward and forward from
the eye, meeting its fellow on the snout; a dark band connecting the eyes; about
nine short dark bands across the back; a dark spot on the lower part of the opercle,
a smaller one between it and the orbit, in contact with the latter, another on the
upper part of the gill-opening; a row of three spots on the sides, in a line continuous
with the third dorsal bar in front of the dorsal; a similar row of larger spots con-
tinuous with the second bar in front of the dorsal; a spot below the middle of the
large median spot, another below the space between the two lateral spots; some-
times the lower ends of some of the dorsal bands are separated as spots above the
line of the median lateral spots; a spot at base of origin of anal; another above the
end of the anal; caudal peduncle with a median dark spot and other dark shades or
spots; posterior part of anal dark. The position and shape of the spots varies in
the different individuals. g
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 307
161. Leporinus granti sp. nov. (Plate XLIII, fig. 3.)
Type, 144 mm. Maripicru Creek. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1851.) -
Cotypes, eight specimens, 108–185 mm. Maripicru Creek. (C. M. Cat. No.
1839a; I. U. Cat. No. 12129.) $
These specimens differ from L. megalepis in the shape of the mouth and in the
shape of the spots. -
Mouth terminal; lateral spots more elongate, the row from near the upper
angle of the gill-opening tending to form a continuous band with the lowermost
spots of the sides; four teeth on the side of each jaw; lips much thicker than in L.
megalepis; otherwise as in that species. .
This species is named for Mr. William Grant, my most efficient Indian guide
on the Potaro, who later made additional collections, which among other new
species contained this.
162. Leporinus alternus sp. nov.
“Porchina” of the Wacusi Indians.
Type, 200 mm. Tukeit. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1827.)
Cotype, one specimen, 158 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1826.)
Cotype, one specimen, 132 mm. Tukeit. (I. U. Cat. No. 12117.)
Cotypes, twelve specimens, 52–137 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1828a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12118.) •
Head 4–4.2; depth 4; D. 12; A. 10 or 11; scales 5–38 or 39–4 or 5; eye 1.5– t
1.75 in snout, 3.5–3.75 in head, 1.75 in interorbital. *
Elongate, subterete, the width 1.5 in the depth; preventral area rounded;
head subconical, the mouth subterminal; four graduated, obliquely-pointed teeth
in each jaw.
Dorsal rounded, its highest ray about 5 in the length, its origin nearer to tip of
adipose than to snout; caudal deeply forked, the upper lobe 3.5 in the length; anal
obliquely truncate, the lobe reaching caudal in the type, sometimes shorter; ventrals
reaching half-way to anal or shorter, pectorals not half-way to middle of ventrals.
Seven cross-bands, the ones over pectorals, below dorsal, in front of anal, and
at base of caudal, broad and heavy, the others much narrower.
163. Leporinus fasciatus (Bloch).
Salmo fasciatus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, 1795, pl. 379.
Leporinus fasciatus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 34
(Surinam).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 634
308 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
(Pirara).-KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 35 (Irisanga).-GüNTHER,
Catalogue, W, 1864, 308 (Essequibo; River Cupai).-PETERs, MB. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin, 1877, 472 (Calabozo).-STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” i,
1879, 7 (Orinoco near Ciudad Bolivar).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 51.-FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906,
328 (Rio Parahyba),—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 427.
Leporinus movemfasciatus AGASSIZ, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 65,
pl. 37. s & r
Eighteen specimens, 74 to about 335 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No.
1847a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12137.) *
Three specimens, 74–140 mm. Rockstone Stelling. (C. M. Cat. No. 1848;
I. U. Cat. No. 12138.) f *
One specimen, 219 mm. Tumatumari, in the cataract. (C. M. Cat. No.
1849.)
Forty specimens, 68–315 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1850a—i; I. U. Cat.
No. 12139.)
One specimen, 52 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2209.)
Head 4.25; depth 3.75; D. 12; A. 10; scales 6 or 7–41–6; eye 2 in snout, 4.5
in head, 2.5 in interorbital in the largest specimen; 1.25 in snout, 3 in head, 1.25
in interorbital in the smallest. -
Elongate, the width a little more than half the height. Profile gently arched,
with a scarcely perceptible change in the curve over the eye. Preventral area
broad, rounded; snout conical, the mouth terminal; four teeth in each side of each
jaw.
Dorsal obliquely rounded, the highest ray 4.5-5 in the length; caudal broad,
the upper lobe 3.3–3.5 in the length. Anal very obliquely truncate or falcate, the
anterior lobe extending beyond the origin of the caudal; ventrals reaching half-
way to middle of anal in adult; pectorals half-way to middle of ventrals or beyond.
Young with the snout, a band through and over the eye, and another across
the opercle and nape, black; five black bands encircling the body, one in front of
the dorsal, one below and behind the dorsal, one in front and one behind the anal,
and one at the end of the caudal peduncle. The first two split into two bands
when a length of 75 mm. is reached, the next two begin to split at a length of 200
mm., the components moving apart; in the adult there are ten obscure bars about
equally spaced, beginning with the one across the opercle. Upper fins and posterior
part of anal dark blue.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 309
In life the lower surface of the head is mottled with orange, and the lower sides
and belly tinged with the same. Pectoral rays pink, yellow at the base; ventral
rays maroon, yellow at base; anal rays bright orange, the membrane olive at base;
caudal and adipose blackish blue, dorsal and upper sides similar, but a little lighter.
Subfamily CRENUCHINAE.
CRENUCHUs Günther.
Crenuchus GüNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), XII, 1863, 448.
Type, Crenuchus spilurus Günther.
Distinguished from all other American characins by its numerous, tricuspid
teeth, in a single series in each jaw, by the long dorsal fin, and by the presence
of an adipose fin. A broad depression between the eyes, but no frontal fontanel;
parietal fontanel large, ovate; gill-membrane free; lateral line incomplete.
164. Crenuchus spilurus Günther.
Crenuchus spilurus Günth ER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), XII, 1863, 448
(Essequibo); Catalogue, V, 1864, 365–STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische
Beiträge,” v, 1876, 83 (Tabatinga, Hyavary).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 59.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ.
Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 430.
Five specimens, 43–56 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat. No. 1867a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12152.) -
Three specimens, 40–45 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 1868a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12153.) -
Two specimens, 27–30 mm. Christianburg Canal. (C. M. Cat. No. 1869a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12154.)
One specimen, 43 mm. Mud-flats below Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1870a.)
Two specimens, 35–43 mm. Essequibo, below Packedo Falls. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1871a; I. U.Cat. No. 12155.)
Two specimens, 35–39 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1872a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12156.)
Two specimens, 40–43 mm. Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No. 1883a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12157.)
Two specimens, about 35 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2211.)
Head 3–3.25; depth 3.2–3.5; D, 18; A. 11; scales 6–29 to 32–3, five to seven
with pores; eye .75 in snout, 3.5 in head, a little more than interorbital.
Compressed, with the dorsal and ventral outlines about equally arched; mouth
310 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
large; maxillary-premaxillary line forming a continuous curve, equal to half the
length of the head (without subopercle); each side of each jaw with about twelve to
fifteen tricuspid teeth in a single series. No teeth on the maxillary; suborbitals
leaving about half the cheek naked.
Origin of dorsal equidistant from snout and tip of adipose or upper caudal
lobe, the rays nearly equal in height in the female, the eighth to the twelfth of the
male prolonged, reaching the caudal; anal rounded in the female, lanceolate in the
male, the middle rays reaching beyond basal fifth of the caudal; ventrals reaching
more than half-way to end of anal; pectorals half-way to middle of ventrals.
Sides uniformly dotted; a large spot a little below the middle at the end of the
caudal peduncle; last rays and sometimes base of the dorsal and last rays of the
anal hyaline, the rest of these fins uniformly dark with irregular bars or spots; corre-
sponding parts of dorsal and anal in male with conspicuous semi-hyaline oval
spots surrounded by much darker. - - -
POECILOCHARAX Eigenmann.
Pacilocharaz EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 34.
Type, the single species. *
165. Poecilocharax bovallii Eigenmann. (Plate XLIV, figs. 1, 2.)
“Guabia”; “Wabéak.”
Poecilocharaa, bovallii EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Museum, WI, 1909, 34.
Types, male, 43 mm.; female, 40 mm. Creek at Savannah Landing. (Car-
negie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1136a–b.) +
Cotypes, over two hundred and twenty specimens. Creek at Savannah Land-
ing. (C. M. Cat. No. 1137a-z; I. U. Cat. No. 11686.)
Cotypes, three specimens, 34–45 mm. Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No. 1138a; I. U.
Cat. No. 11671.) -
Cotype, one specimen, 38 mm. Two hours below Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No.
11390.) &
Cotypes, sixty-three specimens, 22–47 mm. Creek at Tukeit. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1040a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 11672.) e
Head 3–3.5; depth 3.2–3.3; D, 16; A. 11; scales 27–30, nine between dorsal and
ventral, six with pores; eye equal to the snout, 3.5–4 in the head; interorbital almost
equal to the eye.
Compressed, ventral profile gently and evenly arched. Dorsal outline rather
steep to near the dorsal fin. Preventral and predorsal areas narrowly rounded,
scaled.
* * ,
- Q
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 311
Occipital process short, the fontanel large, oval, separated from the small
frontal fontanel by a convex bridge on a level with the rest of the skull; suborbitals
narrow, leaving most of the cheek naked. Mouth Small, maxillary-premaxillary
border 2.8 in the head; maxillary not quite equal to the eye. Teeth all long,
tricuspid, in a single series, about eleven in the premaxillary, about five in the
maxillary. - -
Gill-rakers 7 -H 9, about equal to the pupil.
Origin of dorsal nearer to snout than to caudal, its rays of nearly uniform
height, none prolonged. Anal considerably shorter than the dorsal, its middle
rays highest, reaching in the male to middle of caudal; origin of anal under one
of the last four dorsal rays; origin of ventrals and dorsal equidistant from snout;
tips of ventrals reaching to the anal in the male, the ventrals slightly shorter in the
female. Pectorals not quite reaching ventrals.
Scales cycloid, regularly imbricate, no interpolated Scales. No scales on the
anal, those along the base forming a sheath. Caudal naked. A very minute
axillary scale.
Back dusky, margined by a darker stripe from above eye to upper caudal lobe.
A light band from upper part of eye, becoming widest under the middle to end of
dorsal in the male, widest on caudal peduncle, contracted on caudal fin in the
female. A dark band from eye to upper part of gill-opening, thence descending to
meet its fellow on the lower surface and edge of caudal peduncle, thence curved
up on the caudal to tips of its middle rays; this band more intense, jagged, and
more strongly decurved in the male than in the female. Sides of caudal peduncle
with a rusty spot on each scale (female); dorsal in both sexes nearly uniform,
darkest in the male. Upper margin of caudal geranium-red, most intense in the
male, below which is a continuation of the upper dark band of the sides, fading out
toward tip of upper lobe and with oval hyaline spots; a wedge-shaped area at
middle of caudal and all but the base of some of the rays of the lower lobe hyaline.
Tip of anal in male scarlet, below which is a broad dark band, base and last rays
hyaline. Last rays of anal (female) hyaline, otherwise dark with conspicuous
round or oval hyaline spots. Ventrals slightly dusky. Pectorals hyaline.
| Subfamily. APHYoCHARACINAE.
ODONTOSTILBE Cope.
Odontostilbe CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XI, 1870, 566.
Type, Odontostilbe fugitiva Cope. - -
Minute fishes, with multicuspid incisors in a single series in each jaw, and a
complete lateral line. -
va’ ” fe
312 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
166. Odontostilbe melandetus sp. nov. (Plate XLIV, fig. 3.)
Type, 27 mm. Locality ? (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1878.)
Cotypes, three specimens, about 27–35 mm. . Locality? (I. U. Cat. No.
12160.)
Readily distinguished by the black margin of the caudal peduncle.
Head 3.75; depth 3.6; D. 10; A. 21; scales 4–34 or 35–3. Eye 2.5–2.7 in the
head; interorbital but little narrower than the eye. -
Minute, compressed, head bluntish, the mouth terminal; a median series of
ten scales in front of the dorsal. Maxillary very slender, reaching to below the eye;
maxillary-premaxillary border as long as the eye; ten to fourteen teeth on the pre-
maxillary, four to seven on the maxillary.
Scales very regularly imbricate, with concentric, but without longitudinal,
striae; lateral line complete, scarcely decurved; anal naked; base of caudal with
a few scales.
Fins all well-developed, the anal deeply emarginate; pectorals not quite reach-
ing ventrals, ventrals not to anal.
No chromatophores on the sides; scales of the back with marginal series of
chromatophores; a series of black specks along the base of the anal, the caudal
peduncle margined with black.
APHYOCHARAx* Günther.
Aphyocharaz Günth ER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, 254.
Type, Aphyocharaz pusillus Günther.
Minute, slender fishes, with a single series of tricuspid teeth in the premaxillary,
and a few teeth in the maxillary. Lateral line incomplete; gill-membranes free
from the isthmus; a frontal and a parietal fontanel.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of APHYocharax.
a. Dorsal with a black spot, humeral spot very faint, no caudal spot. A. 25; scales 5–7+25–2...melanotus.
aa. Dorsal without a black spot; anal plain; about fourteen scales in front of the dorsal; lateral line 34-37;
A. 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . erythrurus.
167. Aphyocharax melanotus sp. nov.
Type unique, about 43 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (Carnegie Museum
Catalog of Fishes No. 1877.) e
This is the only Guiana species of the genus with a black dorsal spot.
Head 4; depth 3.8; D. 10; A. 25; scales 5–6 + 27–2; eye much longer than
snout, 2.75 in head; interorbital 3.75 in the head.
* dipún, a small fish; charaz, a genus of characins.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 313
Compressed, preventral and predorsal areas rounded, the latter with a median
series of ten scales. - p
Mouth large, the antero-posterior extent of the premaxillary very short, the
maxillary with a curved anterior margin, its length about equal to that of the eye;
about twelve teeth in each premaxillary; maxillary with about four similar teeth;
about twenty teeth on each side of the lower jaw.
Scales cycloid, regularly imbricate, six scales with pores; caudal naked.
Ventrals just reaching anal; pectorals not reaching the ventrals.
Very few color-cells on the sides; scales of the back margined with dusky;
upper part of the first few dorsal rays black.
Three small specimens (C. M. Cat. No. 1891; I. U. Cat. No. 12163) probably
belong to this species. º
168. Aphyocharax erythrurus sp. nov. (Plate XLIV, fig. 4.)
Type, 57 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of
Fishes No. 1879.)
Cotypes, thirty-seven specimens, 28–58 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1880a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 12161.) -
Cotype, one specimen, 29 mm. to base of caudal. Maripicru Creek. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1881a.) &
Cotype, one specimen, 35 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2494.)
Head about 4; depth 3.66–4; D. 10 or 11; A. 17; scales 5–34 to 37–3°; nine
to eleven scales with pores; eye in adult a little longer than Snout, 3.5 in the
head; interorbital 3 in the head.
Elongate, preventral area with a median series of about thirteen scales; pre-
dorsal area with a median series of fourteen scales, the series irregular anteriorly;
head somewhat blunt, the mouth terminal, oblique; maxillary-premaxillary border
forming a continuous curve, its length 2.5 in the length of the head; six teeth in
each premaxillary; about thirteen in each dentary, and about twelve to fourteen
along the greater part of the maxillary.
Scales regularly imbricate, each scale of half-grown specimens with a median
fifth free from striae, above and below this with numerous parallel horizontal lines;
anal and caudal naked. r
Dorsal behind the ventrals; caudal deeply forked; anal emarginate; ventrals
not reaching anal; pectorals not emarginate; pectorals not to ventrals,
Straw-colored; a diffuse humeral spot; caudal brick-red in life.
“And a few small ones on the caudal.
314 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
APHYODITE” gen. nov.
Type, the only species, A. grammica.
This is an Aphyocharaa, with a scaled caudal.
169. Aphyodite grammica sp. nov. (Plate XLIV, fig. 5)
Type, about 32 mm. Konawaruk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1882.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 30–32 mm. Konawaruk. (I. U. Cat. No. 12162.)
Head 4.5; depth 3.33; D. 11; A. 22; scales 4–7 -- 23–3. Eye twice as long
as the Snout, 2.5 in the head; interorbital a little less than the eye.
& Compressed, slender. Head short, compressed, the snout small, oblique; the
maxillary not reaching to below the eye; cheeks small, entirely covered by the
suborbital; maxillary margin convex, with three scarcely perceptible teeth; each
premaxillary with about ten teeth.
Scales regularly imbricate, caudal lobes scaled to near their tips.
Adipose fin well-developed; anal emarginate; ventrals not reaching anal,
pectorals not to ventrals. -
Scales of the back margined with dark; a black median line; black at base of
ventrals and base of anal.
Subfamily IGUANODECTINAE.
IGUANODECTES Cope.
Iguanodectes CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 260, pl. 8, fig. 1.
Type, Iguanodectes tenuis Cope.
Range: Guianas and Amazons.
Gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus; upper jaw with two series of
pluricuspid incisors, the outer series consisting of a single tooth in each side. Slen-
der; anal long; lateral line complete.
One species known.
170. Iguanodectes tenuis Cope.
Iguanodectes tenuis CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 260, pl. 8, fig. 1
(Ambyiacu).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, 1891,
54.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 430.
One specimen, 54 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1884.) -
Fifteen specimens, 35—92 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M. Cat. No.
1885a-d; I. U. Cat. No. 12164.)
* dºwn, a small fish; 6tre, born of.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 315
Four specimens, 68–75 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1886a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12165.) a
Ten specimens, 57-73 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1887a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12166.) .
Six specimens, 53–74 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1888a-b; I. U. Cat.
No. 12167.)
One specimen, 79 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1889.)
Seventeen specimens, 65–85 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 1890a—d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12168.) -
Head 4.3–5; depth 4.5; D. 10; A. 35 or 36; scales 8–65 or 66–5. Eye 1 in
snout, 3 in head, 1 in interorbital in the largest; .75, 2.5, and 1 respectively in the
smallest. - -
Slender, compressed, resembling Creatochanes; ventral arch slightly greater
than the dorsal; preventral area rounded, predorsal area similar, neither with a
distinct median series of scales. *
Occipital crest short, about 9 in the distance from its base to the dorsal;
fontanels broad, the parietal fontanel twice as long as the frontal, which extends
to above the middle of the eye; interorbital convex; jaws equal, the mouth ter-
minal, short, the maxillary meeting the premaxillary at an angle; cheeks narrow,
entirely covered by the suborbitals. Premaxillary with five pluricuspid teeth in
the inner series, a single much narrower tooth in front of the space between the
first and second tooth; maxillary with one or two teeth similar to those of the
inner teeth of the premaxillary; seven similar graduate teeth on each side of the
lower jaw.
Gill-rakers short, slender, 5 + 10. * *
Scales thin, adherent, regularly imbricate, with few radiating striae. Anal and
caudal naked; lateral line slightly decurved; axillary scale well-developed.
Origin of dorsal equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and middle or
anterior margin of eye, its height less than one-fifth of the length; adipose fin
Small; caudal forked, its lobes about 5 in the length; anal very long, emarginate in
front, its base about 3 in the length; ventrals scarcely reaching anal. Pectorals
broad, placed low, their bases nearly horizontal, their tips not quite reaching the
ventrals.
Iridescent, a rusty spot on upper part of caudal peduncle; upper caudal lobe
dark, darkest towards the base of the middle rays; a silvery lateral band; a black
dorsal line.
316 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
PIABUCUS Cuvier.
“Les Piabuques” CUVIER, Règne Animal, II, 1817, 166 (argentinus).
Piabucus OKEN, Isis, 1817, 1183.
Type, Salmo argentinus Linnaeus.
With the character of Iguanodectes, but with the preventral area sharply
trenchant.
Three species, of which one was taken in Guiana.
171. Piabucus dentatus Koelreuter.
“Piabuca” MARCGRAVE, Hist. Rer. Nat. Bras., IV, 1648, 170.
Trutta dentata KOELREUTER, Nov. Comm. Petropoli, VIII, 1761, 413, pl. 14, fig. 4.
Piabucus dentatus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
440. . t
Salmo argentinus LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1766, 511.-BLOCH, Ausl. Fische,
1785, pl. 382, fig. 1.—BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 403.
Characinus argentinus LACóPåDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1790, 272.
Piabuca argentina CUVIER, Règne Animal, II, 1817, 310 (fide Müller and Troschel).-
MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Hor. Ichth., I, 1845, 9, pl. 1, fig. 1; in Schomburgk,
Reisen, III, 1848, 633 (Lake Amucu and Savannah swamps).-CUyIER and
VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVII, 1848, 108.—GüNTHER, Catalogue, V,
1864, 344.—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
57.-STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Beiträge,” xv., 1891, 22 (Iquitos).
Eight specimens, 102–138 mm. Koreabo Rubber Plantation. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1891a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 12169.)
Two specimens, 149—155 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1892; I. U. Cat.
No. 12170) -
Head 5.66–6.3; depth 3.6–3.66; D. 10 or 11; A. 43–45; scales 11–84–7. Eye
1 in snout, 3.25 in head, 1.5 in interorbital.
Elongate, compressed; profile depressed over the nape and eyes; ventral profile
exaggerated in front of the ventrals; predorsal area narrowly rounded, preventral
area compressed to an edge, the region between the bases of the pectorals stiff, the
region just in front of the ventrals with a flexible ridge of scales.
Occipital crest narrow, reaching about one-seventh of the distance from its base
to the dorsal; parietal fontanel broad, more than twice as long as the frontal, which
is nearly equilaterally triangular; mouth Small, terminal, the jaws subequal, pre-
maxillary meeting the minute maxillary at an angle. Six or seven pluricuspid
teeth in the inner row of the premaxillary, the outer row composed of a single
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 317
tooth on each side of each jaw, similar to, but narrower than, those of the inner
Series; two similar teeth on the maxillary and seven similar ones on each side of the
lower jaw; cheeks narrow, entirely covered by the suborbitals.
Scales thin, cycloid, deeply imbricate, with few (or more frequently no) radial
striae; caudal and anal naked; lateral line complete, decurrent; dorsal short, its
length less than half its height, which is 6.75 in the length; lower caudal lobe the
longer, 4.5 in the length; origin of anal under origin of dorsal or a little farther
forward; ventrals small, not reaching anal, in contact along their inner margin
when closed; pectorals large, directed downward and backward when closed, the
tips projecting beyond the ventral profile, not reaching the ventrals; when opened
the margins of the pectorals are in one plane.
Iridescent, the middle caudal rays dusky, otherwise without marking.
Subfamily AGONIATINAE.
AGONIATES Müller and Troschel.
Agoniates MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Hor. Ichth., I, 1845, 33 (halecinus).
Type, Agoniates halecinus Müller and Troschel.
Breast trenchant, not expanded; maxillary and mandible with a single series,
premaxillary with two series of teeth, those of the inner series of the premaxillary
tricuspid; a large canine on the mandible on each side anteriorly, received in a
groove on the palate; a few minute tricuspid teeth between the anterior canine
teeth, a pair of conical teeth within the outer series in front; seven or eight conical
teeth on the side of the lower jaw behind the fangs, the third largest; cheeks
entirely covered.
A genus of one species.
172. Agoniates halecinus Müller and Troschel.
Agoniates halecinus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 33, pl. 7, fig. 2
(Guiana); in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 636 (Cuyuni).-CUVIER and
VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1848, 347.—GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864,
344.—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 57.-
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 440.
Head 4.66 in the length; depth somewhat less than the length of the head;
A. 30; lateral line 39, silvery.
This species, which greatly resembles Hydrolycus scomberoides, is known from
the type only, about 100 mm. long, in the Berlin Museum.
- 318 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Subfamily TETRAGONOPTERINAE.
As a full account of the Tetragonopterinae is about to be published in the
Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the account of these species given
in this work is, therefore, made brief.
TETRAGONOPTERUs Cuvier.
“Tetragonoptrus” ARTEDI, in Seba, Locupl. Rer. Nat. Thes. Acc. Descr., III,
1748, pl. 34, fig. 3. -
Tetragonopterus CUVIER, Regne Animal, II, 1817, 166 (argenteus).
Type, Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier.
C
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Fig. 37. Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier. No. 20718 Mus. Comp. Zool.
The depth at least half the length; humped at the occiput; concave over the
eyes; premaxillary teeth in two rows, those of the outer series small, of nearly
uniform size, the row more or less regular, those of the inner series larger, graduated,
multicuspid, the cusps of each tooth arranged in a curve, the middle cusp much the
longest; several large, graduated, pointed teeth in the front of the lower jaw, and
abruptly minute teeth on the sides; maxillary with or without teeth on its upper
anterior edge; preventral area flat, bounded by sharp angles; a median Series of
scales on the breast. o





EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 319
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES OF TETRAGONoPTERUs.
a. A. 36; scales in front of dorsal crowded, about fifteen in the median line; occipital process bordered by
seven scales on each side; caudal scaled on its basal part only; scales 8–33–4; head 3.33; depth 1.70;
eye 2.3 in head, .8 in interorbital; pectoral extending three scales beyond origin of ventrals; a black
bar across base of caudal; two oblique bars across anterior part of sides. . . . . . . . . . . . . argenteus.
aa. A. 31-33; scales in front of dorsal normal, eight or nine in the median line; occipital process bordered by
four scales; caudal more densely scaled; scales 7 or 8–33–3.5; head 3.66; depth 1.7–2; eye 2.33; inter-
orbital 2.5 in the head; pectoral extending to the ventrals or one scale beyond them; a black spot or
bar at the base of the caudal; two faint oblique bars across anterior part of the sides.....chalceus.
FIG. 38. Tetragonopterus chalceus Agassiz. No. 20718 Mus. Comp. Zool.
173. Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier.
Tetragonopterus argenteus CUVIER, Mem. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., IV, 1818, 455.-MüLLER
and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 634 (Amucu).-KNER,
“Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 38 (Cajaba; Guiana),—STEINDACHNER,
“Flussfische Südamerika's,” i, 1879, 7 (Orinoco near Ciudad Bolivar).-
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 438.
Tetragonopterus rufipes VALENCIENNEs, in d'Orbigny, Voy. Am. Mer., V, ii, 1847,
pl. 2, fig. 2. -
Tetragonopterus Sawa CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 65, pl. 33, fig.
1 (Rio Coxas). * -
Tetragonopterus chalceus (not of Agassiz) EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 523. - -

320 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
For the full bibliography of this species, found from the Orinoco to Buenos
Aires and from Pará to Iquitos, see the paper by the writer in the Memoirs of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology. -
One specimen, 67 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1489.)
174. Tetragonopterus chalceus Agassiz.
“Coregonus amboinensis” ARTEDI, Ichthyologia, 1738, Species 44. Q
Tetragonopterus chalceus AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 70, pl.
33, fig. 1.-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 140
(no specimens).—KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 38 (Rio Negro;
Surinam).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 320 (British Guiana; Essequibo).—
VAILLANT, Bull. Mus, d'Hist. Nat., V, 1899, 154 (Carsevenne).-PELLEGRIN,
Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 157 (Apuré).—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 438. g -
? Tetragonopterus artedii CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII,
1848, 128 (Surinam).
Tetragonopterus schomburgkii CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
XXII, 1848, 137 (Essequibo).
Tetragonopterus ortoni GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, 92.
Four specimens, 58–68 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1377a; I. U. Cat.
No. 11852.)
Six specimens, 68–71 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1378a–b; I. U. Cat.
No. 11853.)
Fifteen specimens, 47–76 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1379a—e; I.
U. Cat. No. 11854.)
Eighteen specimens, 50–91 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1380d—f;
I. U. Cat. No. 11855.)
Forty-eight specimens, 41–49 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1381a-j;
I. U. Cat. No. 11856.)
Characters as given in the key and figure. For a full account see the Memoirs
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
MoENKHAUSIA Eigenmann.
Moenkhausia EIGENMANN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Quarterly Issue, XLV, 1903, 145.
Type, Tetragonopterus acinguensis Steindachner.
Two series of notched teeth in the premaxillary; maxillary with a few teeth;
caudal scaled, its lobes equal, anal naked; lateral line complete,” little decurved;
scales entire.
* Except sometimes in M. cotinho.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 321
Only outlines of the characters of the species of this genus are given. A full
account of all of them will appear in the Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, 1911.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES OF MOENKHAUSIA.
a. Depth 2–2.7; A. 23–30; occipital process one-third to one-fifth of the distance of its base from the dorsal.
b. A broad black band across the base of the caudal, bordered by yellow in front; A. 25 or 26; scales 5–30
or 31-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oligolepis.
bb. Caudal plain or with a small basal spot. •
c. Depth less than 2 in the length; A. 34; scales 7.5–35–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . profunda.
cc. Depth 2 or more in the length.
d. Eye 2.3 or more in the head; no caudal spots.
e. Striae of scales diverging from the middle line of each scale in nearly opposite directions;
depth 2 in the adult; A. 26–28; scales 5–33–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grandisquamis.
ee. Striae of scales parallel or but slightly diverging. -
f. A conspicuous humeral spot nearly equidistant from opercle and the vertical from the
dorsal; iridescent silvery, the fins yellowish in life; A. 26–30; scales 7–33 or 34–5.
chrysargyrea.
ff. Humeral spot much nearer opercle than dorsal; scales of the sides with a dark margin.
A. 23 or 24; scales 5–30 to 34–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . browni.
dd. Eye 2–2.2 in the head.
g. No caudal spot, a vertical humeral spot; A. 28–30; scales 5–35 or 36–4. . . . . . megalops.
gg. A median caudal spot, no humeral spot; A. 26; scales 5–34–3 or 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . shideleri.
aa. Depth 2.75 or more in the length; three or four scales (rarely five in cotinho) between lateral line and ventrals.
* h. Caudal lobes with a median black cross-band, the base canary yellow in life, the tips white. A. 25–28;
scales 5 or 5.5–34 to 39–3 or 3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ". . . . . . . . . . . dichroura.
hh. Caudal lobes without cross-band.
i. Upper caudal lobe black with a red or yellow spot at its base; a faint humeral spot; A. 22–27;
scales 5-34-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lepidura.
ii. Caudal lobes alike.
j. A very conspicuous large black caudal spot, surrounded by rusty in life. A. 20 or 21; scales
5-32–3 to 5... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cotinho.
jj. Caudal plain.
k. Anal rays 23–24; vertical fins tinged with red; scales 5–34–3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . colletti.
kk. Anal rays 18–20; upper caudal lobe rose-colored or rusty; anal and dorsal with yellow;
scales 5–32 to 34–3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a v e s e s e s e s e e s e e e e s tº . . . . . . . . . . copei.
175. Moenkhausia oligolepis (Günther). (Plate XLVI, fig. 3.)
Tetragonopterus taeniatus (not of Jenyns) MüILER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk,
Reisen, III, 1848, 635 (trenches and swamps along the coast).
Tetragonopterus oligolepis Günth ER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 327 (British Guiana).-
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 53.−ULREY,
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 282-—VAILLANT, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat.,
V, 1899, 155 (Carnot).
322 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Moenkhausia oligolepis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 437. -
Tetragonopterus agassizii STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Beiträge,” v, 1876,
41, pl. 8, fig. 2 (Tabatinga; Cudajas; Hyavary).
? Astyanaa: atahualpianus FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 436, fig. 36
(Pebas). .
I have examined the specimen marked Tetragonopterus taeniatus in Berlin.
It is without doubt Moenkhausia oligolepis. I did not secure it along the coast,
where Schomburgk said it was found.
Thirty specimens, 35–96 mm. Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No. 1361a-j; I. U.
Cat. No. 11835.), # º
Eleven specimens, 39–118 mm. Aruataima Cataract. (C. M. Cat. No.
1362a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 11836.)
Eleven specimens, 33–53 mm. Potaro River two hours below Holmia. (C.
M. Cat. No. 1363a–c; I. U. Cat. No. 11837.) -
Seven specimens, 28–44 mm. Savannah Landing. (C. M. Cat. No. 1364a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11838.)
Three specimens, 37–61 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 1365a; I. U. Cat.
No. 11839.)
One specimen, 88 mm. Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No. 1367a.)
Eight specimens, 40–47 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1368a–b; I.
U. Cat. No. 11840.) - -
One specimen, 78 mm. Maripicru. (C. M. Cat. No. 1369.)
Abundant in the Potaro both above and below the Kaieteur Falls.
Head 3.6–4; depth 2.25 on an average; D. 11; A. usually 25 or 26; scales 5–30
to 31–4; eye 2.5–3 in the head; interorbital wider than eye. A broad black band
across the end of the caudal peduncle and base of caudal; distal part of all the
caudal rays light; pink in life; a faint vertically oval humeral spot.
176. Moenkhausia profunda sp. nov. (Plate XLVI, fig. 1.)
Type, 51 mm. Cloaca trenches, Issorora Rubber Plantation. (Carnegie
Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 2207.)
Cotype, 51 mm. Same locality. (I. U. Cat. No. 12363.) *
One of the most interesting catches of the expedition. The species differs
from Fowlerina orbicularis solely in the generic character, i. e., the absence of the
predorsal spine. It is in all probability a derivative of orbicularis as Fowlerina
was in all probability a derivative of the genus Moenkhausia. Of the known species
of Moenkhausia it approaches closest to chrysargyrea.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 323
Head 3.8: depth 1.75; D. 11; A. 34; scales 7.5–35–7; eye 4 in snout, 2.5
in head, 1 in interorbital. g
Deep and much compressed. For the description read that of Fowlerina
orbicularis. . *
Dorsal not reaching to adipose; anal but little emarginate, the highest ray
reaching the seventeenth ray.
177. Moenkhausia grandisquamis (Müller and Troschel). (Plate XLVII, fig. 2.)
Tetragonopterus grandisquamis MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 27,
pl. 8, fig. 2 (Surinam).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 328 (British Guiana).
—ULREy, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 281.
Moenkhausia grandisquamis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 437. -
Fifty-one specimens, 45–79 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1348a–ff; I. U.
Cat. No. 11857.)
Sixty-six specimens, 51–86 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1349a–j; I. U.
Cat. No. 11858.) -
Thirty-five specimens, 50–115 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1350a-j;
I. U. Cat. No. 11859.) -
Eight specimens, 64–110 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1351a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 11860.)
40ne specimen, 122 mm. Kangaruma. (C. M. Cat. No. 1352a.)
One specimen, 55 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1353a.)
This species is also abundant in the Amazon basin.
Head 3.5–4; depth usually 2 in the adult; D. 10 or 11; A. usually 26–28;
scales 5–35–4; eye 2.33–2.5 in head; interorbital equal to eye, or but a trifle larger.
A round humeral spot over the third to fifth scales of the lateral line, dis-
appearing with age; no caudal spot in adult; sometimes a dusky area at end of
caudal peduncle in young; a distinct silvery lateral band, the width of the free
margin of a row of scales; fins all plain, mostly hyaline; sides silvery, highly
iridescent.
178. Moenkhausia chrysargyrea Günther.
Tetragonopterus chrysargyreus GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 328 (Essequibo).—
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 53.−ULREY,
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 281. -
Maenkhausia chrysargyrea EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 437 (Tabatinga; Teffé; Jutahy; José Fernandez).
324 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Forty-three specimens, 51–61 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1370a-j;
I. U. Cat. No. 11841.)
Seven specimens, 51–91 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1371a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 11842.) g
Fifteen specimens, 53–69 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1372a–e; I. U.
Cat. No. 11843.)
One specimen, 58 mm. Warraputa Cataract. (C. M. Cat. No. 1366a.)
Twenty-six specimens, 52–101 mm. Packedo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1373a—e;
I. U. Cat. No. 11844.) -
Ten specimens, 60–87 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1374a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 11845.)
One specimen, 60 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1375.)
Two specimens, 58–60 mm. Rupununi Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1376; I. U.
Cat. No. 11846.) f
Head 3.5–4; depth 2.4 in young, 2 in old; D. 11; A. 27–30; scales 7–33 to
34–5. Eye 2.5–2.75 in head; interorbital equal to eye.
Iridescent silvery. A deep-lying, well-defined, horizontally oval, circular, or
rhomboidal, black spot over the space between the fifth to the eighth scale of the
lateral line; no caudal spot. -
179. Moenkhausia browni Eigenmann. (Plate XLVII, fig. 3.)
“Conia.”
Moenkhausia browni EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 13; Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 438.
Type, 66 mm. Aruataima Falls, Potaro River. (Carnegie Museum Catalog
of Fishes No. 1004.) -
Cotypes, twenty-five specimens, 46–82 mm. Holmia, Potaro River. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1005a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11711.)
Cotypes, twelve specimens, 28–68 mm. Two hours below Holmia. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1006a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 11712.)
Cotypes, sixty-nine specimens, 23–80 mm. Savannah Landing, above Kaie-
teur. (C. M. Cat. No. 1007a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 11713.) e *
Cotype, one specimen, 31 mm. Creek below Savannah Landing, above
Kaieteur. (C. M. Cat. No. 1008.)
Cotypes, nine specimens, 30–62 mm. Tukeit, below Kaieteur. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1009a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11714.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 48–50 mm. Amatuk, Lower Potaro. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1010; I. U. Cat. No. 11715.)
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 325
Cotype, one specimen, 65 mm. Tumatumari, Lower Potaro. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1011.)
Very similar to M. oligolepis, but without trace of caudal spot and with the anal
falcate.
Head 3.75–4; depth 2.3–2.6; D. 11; A. 23 or 24; scales 5–30 to 34–3; eye 2.4–
2.5; interorbital 2.8–3.
No caudal spot; a large, horizontally oval, humeral spot continued below to
the origin of the pectoral; a dark band from origin of dorsal obliquely downward
and forward to the lateral line; a dark median lateral line; white below, dark along
back; each scale of the side with a conspicuous dark crescent along its middle.
In life all fins but the adipose strongly tinged with red; middle of adipose
yellow. -
This species, abundant in the Potaro River above and below the Kaieteur,
is dedicated to the memory of C. Barrington Brown, the discoverer of this most
beautiful fall.
180. Moenkhausia megalops Eigenmann. -
Tetragonopterus grandisquamis (not of Müller and Troschel) ULREY, Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 281 (Itaituba).
Astyanaa: megalops EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII, 1907, 29 (Itai-
tuba, Brazil). de
Moenkhausia megalops EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 438. & -
One specimen, 57 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2488.)
Head 3.6–3.7; depth 2.5–2.66; D. 9–11; A. 28–30. Scales 5–35–4; eye 2–2.2
in head, twice as long as snout; interorbital 2.8–3 in head.
A vertical humeral spot above the space between the third and fifth scales
of the lateral line, faint; no caudal spot; a silvery lateral line; some metallic reflec-
tions.
181. Moenkhausia shideleri Eigenmann. (Plate XLVII, fig. 4.)
Maenkhausia shideleri EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 15; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 438.
Type, 65 mm. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1012.) Bartica.
Cotype, 73 mm. Bartica. (I. U. Cat. No. 11716.)
Cotype, 63 mm. Tumatumari.
This species has the largest eye of any in the genus.
Head 3.7–3.8; depth 2.5–2.7; D. 10; A. 26; scales 5–34–3 or 4; eye 2.1 in head;
interorbital 2.4 or 2.5 in head.
326 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
No humeral spot; caudal with a small, diffuse, dark spot at the base of the middle
rays. Scales of sides margined with dark, the marginal spots tending to form dark
lines along the sides; pigment more profuse toward the back; a series of dark spots
on the median series of scales of the back.
This species is named for Mr. S. E. Shideler, volunteer assistant on the Guiana
Expedition. -
182. Moenkhausia dichroura (Kner).
Tetragonopterus dichrourus KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 41, pl. 9,
fig. 21 (Rio Guaporé; Caigara; Paraguay).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864,
324.—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 53.—
ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 279.-PERUGIA, Ann. Mus.
Genova, (2a), X, 1891, 45 (Chaco Centrale).-BouleNGER, Trans. Zool. Soc.
London, XIV, 1896, 35 (San Luis and Descalvados).-EIGENMANN and KEN-
NEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 52 (Asuncion).
Maenkhausia dichrourus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 438.-EIGENMANN and WARD, Ann. Carn. Mus., IV, 1907, 138, Pl. XLI,
fig. 1 (Corumbá, Porto Max; Asuncion). - -
Two specimens, 59–62 mm. Warraputa Cataract. (C. M. Cat. No. 1345a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11861.)
Two specimens, 28–65 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1346a.)
Twelve specimens, 58–63 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1347a-d;
I. U. Cat. No. 11862.) -
Head about 4; depth usually 3; D. 11; A. 25–28; scales 5 or 5.5–34 to 39–3
or 3.5; eye 2.4—2.6; interorbital slightly less than eye.
The silvery lateral band is underlaid with a black band of the same size and
shape. Base of caudal lobes in life bright yellow; middle caudal rays and a bar
across the lobes black; tips of caudal lobes milk-white. t
183. Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner).
Tetragonopterus lepidurus KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 40, pl. 8,
fig. 20 (Rio Guaporé).—GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 328.—STEINDACHNER,
“Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv., 1882, 32 (Tabatinga; Cudajas; Obidos; Villa
Bella).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
53.—ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 278.-VAILLANT, Bull. Mus.
d'Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 155 (Carnot). - -
Moenkhausia lepidurus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 438.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 327
Two hundred and three specimens, 54–75 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No.
1335a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 11825.)
Twelve specimens, 48–71 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1336a-c; I. U.
Cat. No. 11826.) - g
Eight specimens, 42–56 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1337a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11827.) -
Fifty-one specimens, 44–80 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1338a–ff;
I. U. Cat. No. 11828.) . *
Twenty-two specimens, 45–58 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1339a—e;
I. U. Cat. No. 11829.)
Seven specimens, 45–82 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1340a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 11830.)
Three hundred and fifteen specimens, 42–95 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1341a–2; T. U. Cat. No. 11831.)
Twenty specimens, 45–94 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1342a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 11832.)
Four specimens, 51–61 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 1343a-b; I. U. Cat.
No. 11833.) *
Four specimens, 62–108 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1344a–b; I. U. Cat.
No. 11834.) s
Head 3.75–4.4; depth 3–3.5; D. 11; A. 22–27; scales 5–34–4; eye 2.5–3, about
equal to the interorbital. * -
Base of upper caudal lobe in life conspicuously yellow or orange or cherry;
base of lower caudal lobe, adipose fin, dorsal rays, and anal lobe less intensely yellow
or orange; upper caudal lobe beyond the basal spot black (of varying intensity);
a small, horizontally oval, or round, humeral spot over the second and third scales
of the lateral line. -
184. Moenkhausia cotinho Eigenmann.
Moenkhausia cotinho EIGENMANN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LII, 1908, 104; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 438.
Thirty-five specimens, 34–55 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1312a-j;
I. U. Cat. No. 11813.) •
Thirty-three specimens, 42–60 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1313a—j;
I. U. Cat. No. 11814.)
Twenty-two specimens, 52–62 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 1314a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11818.) * - *
One specimen, 64 mm. Kangaruma. (C. M. Cat. No. 1315a.)
328 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Six specimens,” 45–51 mm. Mud-flats below Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No.
1316a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11815.)
Twenty-seven specimens,” 44–66 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No.
1317a-e; I. U. Cat. No. 11812.) -
Seventeen specimens,” 43–59 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1318a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 11819.)
Seven specimens,” 41–57 mm. Christianburg. (C. M. Cat. No. 1319q—b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11816.) -
Two specimens,” 35 and 57 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1320a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11817.)
Head 3.7–3.8;, depth 3+; D. 11; A. 20 or 21; scales 5–32–3.5; eye 2.75–3;
interorbital slightly greater than eye. -
Brassy, fins dusky. A very large and very conspicuous, vertically oval, black
spot, bordered behind with rusty or milk-white, occupies all of the base of the
caudal. t
es 185. Moenkhausia colletti (Steindachner).
Tetragonopterus collettii STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv., 1882,
33, pl. 7, fig. 3 (Obidos; Hyavary).—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 53.—ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895,
281.
Moenkhausia collettii EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 438.
Nineteen specimens, 43–58 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1325a–e; I. U.
Cat. No. 11804.)
Five specimens, 34–39 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1326a–b; I. U. Cat.
No. 11807.)
One hundred and twenty-six specimens, 40–61 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1327a—z; I. U. Cat. No. 11810.) r
Twelve specimens, 37–59 mm. Gluck Island at Rockstone. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1328a–c; I. U. Cat. No. 11806.) -
Five specimens, 41–56 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1329a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 11808.)
* One of these has the lateral line interrupted.
* Out of twenty-four in condition to be examined two have the lateral line complete on both sides; two
have it complete on one side; fourteen have the lateral line incomplete, developed on from eleven to twenty-
three scales, and in the remaining six it is interrupted. -
* Lateral line developed on from twelve to twenty scales.
* Lateral line developed on from nine to eleven scales.
* Lateral line incomplete.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 329
Nineteen specimens, 33–46 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1330a—e;
I. U. Cat. No. 11803.) -
Forty-one specimens, 35–66 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1331a—j;
I. U. Cat. No. 11809.)
Over one hundred specimens, 24–68 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 1332a–2;
I. U. Cat. No. 11801.)
One specimen, 63 mm. Amatuk Cataract. (C. M. Cat. No. 1333a.)
Three specimens, 38–40 mm. Twoca Pan, Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No.
1334a.) -
Head 3.7–3.8; depth 2.6–3.3; D. 11; A. 23–24; scales 5–34–3.5; eye 2.5–2.75;
interorbital about 3 in the head.
No caudal spot; a very narrow silvery band overlying a dark line; a well-de-
fined humeral spot above the third, fourth, and fifth scales of the lateral line.
Vertical fins in life more or less tinged with red.
186. Moenkhausia copei (Steindachner).
Tetragonopterus copei STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv., 1882, 35,
pl. 6, fig. 6 (Santarem).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, 53. . .
Maenkhausia copei EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
438. tº - s
Twenty-six specimens, 30–56 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1321a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 11824.) g -
Eleven specimens, 33–56 mm. Gluck Island at Rockstone. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1322a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 11821.)
Fifty-three specimens, 27–55 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1323a–j;
I. U. Cat. No. 11820.) -
Forty-two specimens, 35–45 mm. Twoca Pan, Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No.
1324a—j; I. U. Cat. No. 11823.) -
Head 3.66–4; depth 3.33–3.66; D. 11; A. 18–20; scales 5–32 to 34–3.5; eye
2.5–2.75 in the head, interorbital 3 or a little more. -
No caudal spot; a very narrow silvery band overlying a narrow dark band,
which becomes wider in front, sometimes expanded into a humeral spot over the
fourth scale of the lateral line; caudal rose-colored or rusty in life. -
PRISTELLA Eigenmann.
Pristella Eigenmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LII, 1908, 99.
Type, Holopristes riddlei Meek.
330 g MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
This genus differs from Hemigrammus much as Hemibrycon differs from
Astyanaa.
Lateral line incomplete; caudal scaled for at least one-third of its length;
maxillary with teeth along nearly the entire anterior edge; gill-rakers long, setiform;
gill-membranes free from each other and from the isthmus.
REY To THE SPECIES of PRISTELLA.
a. Depth 2.3–2.75; A. 20–24; dorsal, anal, and very frequently ventral, each with a conspicuous black spot;
no caudal spot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . riddlei.
aa. Depth 3.5; A. 16–18; caudal with a spot on the base of its middle rays, other fins all plain. . . . . . . aubynei.
187. Pristella riddlei (Meek). (Plate XLV, fig. 3.).
Holopristes riddlei MEEK, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1907, 11 (Los Castillas,
Venezuela).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
437. - *.
Fifty-six specimens, 12–29 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1307a-j; I. U.’
Cat. No. 11798.)
Eight specimens, 37–47 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat. No.
1308a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11800.) .
# Two hundred and thirty-three specimens, 26–45 mm. Botanic Garden,
Georgetown. (C. M. Cat. No. 1309a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 11796.)
Five specimens, Christianburg Canal. (C. M. Cat. No. 1310a; I. U. Cat.
No. 11799.)
Three specimens, Kumaka, Demerara River. (C. M. Cat. No. 1311a; I. U.
Cat. No. 11797.)
Head 3.75–4; depth about 2.3–2.75; D. 11; A. 20–24; scales 5–32–3, six to eight
with pores; eye 2.64, Snout 4.12, interorbital about 2.5 in the head.
A humeral spot over the third and fourth scales of the lateral line; no caudal
spot; dorsal, anal, and ventrals each with a conspicuous, jet-black spot; dorsal spot
not extending upon the last ray, and leaving base and tips of rays hyaline; anal
spot covering the third and fourth fifth of the rays forming the anterior lobe; ven-
tral spot leaving the outer and inner rays and bases and tips of all the rays hyaline.
Very brilliant in life, translucent, the caudal bright red, upper parts tinged with
red, basal part of dorsal and anal lobe below the black spots bright yellow, the
distal parts milk-white.
188. Pristella aubynei Eigenmann. (Plate XLV, fig. 4)
Prºstella aubmei EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 24; Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 437. -
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 331
Type, 50 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1042.) y
Cotypes, two hundred and three specimens, 20–50 mm. Lama Stop-Off.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1043a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 11735.)
Cotypes, fifty specimens, 28–46 mm. Cane Grove Corner. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1044a—j; I. U. Cat. No. 11736.)
Cotypes, twenty-one specimens, 35–49 mm. Maduni Stop-Off. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1045a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11737.) -
This species is very abundant in the canal from Cane Grove Corner to Maduni
Creek Stop-Off. It is named for Mr. Saint Aubyne, whose guest I was at Lama
Stop-Off, and who did everything in his power to further the interests of my fishing
expedition. -
This species is placed in the genus with Pristella riddlei, because in the technical
characters they agree. There is every probability that they are not immediately
descended from the same ancestor. -
Head 3.75; depth 3.5; D. 10; A. 16–18; scales 6–31 to 33–3, rarely 4; seven to
nine pores in the lateral line; eye 2.33; interorbital 3.
Elongate, heavy forward; ventral profile curved more than the dorsal, which
is nearly straight to the dorsal fin, not depressed over the eye; preventral area broad,
rounded, postventral area keeled; predorsal area narrowly rounded.
In life the base of the upper caudal lobe is red, that of the lower yellow, and
there is some yellow on the under side of the caudal peduncle and in front of the
anal. A circular spot about as large as the eye on the base of the middle caudal
rays. A dark line in front of the dorsal, and a series of spots behind it. A well-
defined humeral spot on and over the second and third scales of the lateral line.
HEMIGRAMMUs Gill.44
Hemigrammus GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 60.
Type, Hemigrammus unilineatus Gill. --
Small or minute Tetragonopterid characins with two rows of notched teeth
in the upper jaw, a single row of similar teeth on the mandible, and a few teeth
on the upper part of the maxillary; lateral line incomplete; caudal scaled.
This genus is Moenkhausia with an incomplete lateral line.
KEY TO THE GULANA SPECIES OF HEMIGRAMMUs.
a. Dorsal with a well-defined black spot. Anal with an intense black bar from a little in front of the base of
first ray to the tips of the fourth and fifth rays. Humeral spot vertically elongate, often faint and
“The account of this genus is compiled from a manuscript by Mrs. Marion Durbin Ellis.
332 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Sometimes lacking. Second suborbital leaving a narrow naked area below. Six small, tricuspid,
and conical teeth in the maxillary. D. 11; A. 23 to 27; scales 5–32 to 34–3 to 4.5. . . . unilineatus.
aa. Dorsal without well-defined black markings (see also elegans). -
b. No humeral or caudal spot. Depth 3.33 to 3.75. A wide lateral streak from the middle of the caudal
to the head and another narrower streak from above the anterior anal rays to the mandible, with-
out black chromatophores; the sides and back everywhere else dusky. Anal lobe and distal
half of dorsal lobe dusky. Second suborbital about one-half as wide as the eye, without naked
margins. Maxillary with two to four, three- to five-pointed teeth. D. 11; A. 20 to 22; scales
5–31 to 34–3 to 3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . erythrozonus.
bb. No humeral spot, caudal spot not as wide as the caudal peduncle, continued forward on the latter,
faintly continuous with the lateral stripe, and continued backward only on the middle rays. No
silvery area on the caudal peduncle. Second suborbital in contact with the preopercle. Head
4. Maxillary with two to four conical or tricuspid teeth. D. 11; A. 22–24; scales 5–32 to 34–2
to 3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rodwayi.
bbb. Humeral and caudal spots both developed. Dorsal equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and
tip of snout, or nearer the caudal. g
c. Origin of the dorsal equidistant from front of eye and caudal. Origin of the anal on the vertical
from the last dorsal ray. Second suborbital leaving very narrow naked margins below and
behind. Humeral spot distinct, vertically elongate, surrounded by a bright area, often
with a second elongated spot behind the bright area. An iridescent spot on the upper half
of the caudal peduncle. Caudal spot often continued along the edge of each caudal lobe.
Maxillary with two or three conical or tricuspid teeth. Depth 2.5; D. 11; A. 22 to 26;
scales 5–30 to 33–3 to 3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ocellifer.
cc. Origin of dorsal slightly nearer middle caudal rays than to tip of snout. Origin of anal on the vertical
from the first to the third scale behind the dorsal. Caudal spot wider than long, not continued
backward on the caudal peduncle. Humeral spot small. Maxillary with two four- or
five-pointed teeth. Second suborbital leaving narrow naked margins below and behind.
D. 11; A. 15–17; scales 5–30–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iota.
bbbb. Humeral spot present; no caudal spot. (Humeral spot sometimes faint or lacking.)
d. Anal rays 19–26.
e. Compressed. Depth 3.75. Humeral spot faint or diffuse, roundish. Second suborbital
leaving narrow naked margins behind and below. Mouth moderately large. Maxillary
equal to eye. First seven anal rays dusky. D. 11; A. 19–22; scales 5–30 to 33–3.
Caudal not deeply scaled, three to five scales on each lobe... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . orthus.
ee. Subcylindrical; eye a little longer than broad, 2.25 in the head; snout comparatively long,
3.25 in the head. Maxillary nearly straight, with three to six tricuspid or conical teeth.
Humeral spot small and intense. D. 11; A. 17–20; scales 5–30 to 34–3. . . . . cylindricus.
dd. Anal rays 12 to 14. Depth 3.2 to 3.5. Humeral spot diffuse. A wide silvery lateral stripe. Each
dorsal scale marked with an intense dark spot. Second suborbital leaving considerable
naked margins behind and below. Maxillary with two or three six- to seven-pointed teeth.
D. 11; A. 12–14; scales 5–30 to 32-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . analis.
189. Hemigrammus unilineatus Gill. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 1.)
Poecilurichthys hemigrammus unilineatus GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI,
1858, 60 (Trinidad).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 317.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 333
Tetragonopterus unilineatus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIV, 1891, 54.—ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 285 (Pará, Brazil).
—GILBERT, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., II, 1900, 163 (Pernambuco).
Tetragonopterus hemigrammus unilineatus REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906,
384 (Trinidad).
Hemigrammus unilineatus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 436.
Five specimens, 28–38 mm. Pará, Brazil. (I. U. Cat. No. 5779.)
One specimen, 40 mm. Los Castillos. (I. U. Cat. No. 10801.)
One hundred and ten specimens, 35–48 mm. Creek in Mora Passage. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1440a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 11898.)
Twenty-two specimens, 31–41 mm. Creek in Barima River. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1441a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11899.) *.
Eighty-six specimens, 23–48 mm. Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No. 1442d-j;
I. U. Cat. No. 11900.) -
Seven specimens, 32–52 mm. Issorora mud creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1443a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11901.)
Sixteen specimens, 36–53 mm. Mud-flats in Demerara River, below Wismar.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1444a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11902.)
One specimen, 37 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat. No. 1445a.)
Four specimens, 41–47 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1446a; I. U. Cat.
No. 11903.) - -
Five specimens, 35–47 mm. Kumaka, Demerara. (C. M. Cat. No. 1447a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11904.)
Distinguished by having an oblique black line from the base of the first to
the tip of the fourth and fifth anal rays. Six conical and tricuspid teeth in the
maxillary. Second suborbital leaving a narrow naked margin below.
Head 3.75; depth 2.75–3; D. 11; A. 23–27; scales 5–32 to 34–3 to 4.5; eye
2.25 to 2.5 in the head; interorbital narrower than the eye, 3 in the head.
Dorsal black, except the tips of the anterior five or six rays. An oblique
black line on the anal from the base of the first to the tips of the fourth and fifth
rays. Humeral spot vertically elongate, often faint and sometimes lacking. No
caudal spot. Lateral stripe narrow. Scales of the back outlined with dusky.
190. Hemigrammus erythrozonus Durbin. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 2.)
Hemigrammus erythrozonus DURBIN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 56.—EIGEN-
MANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 436.
334 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Type, 32 mm. Erukin. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1448.)
Cotypes, thirty-two specimens, 21–33 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No.
1449a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11905.)
Head 3.75; depth 3.33 to 3.75; D. 11; A. 20–22; scales 5–31 to 34–3–3.5; eye
2.5 in head; snout two-thirds of eye. Interorbital less than eye, about 2.75 in
head.
No true humeral spot; pores and margins of the first three or four scales in
the lateral line heavily outlined with dusky; a group of large chromatophores just
behind the eye. Web of distal half of dorsal, almost all of the caudal, all of the
ventrals and pectorals, and the web between the first seven anal rays, dusky.
Often a faint dark-spot at the base of each caudal lobe, but no true caudal spot.
Scales of the back and upper one-third of the sides outlined with dusky. A broad
stripe extending from the head to the caudal and half-way to the end of the middle
caudal rays without chromatophores, cherry-red in life. Below this lateral stripe
a dusky stripe, two scales in width, extends the length of the body. The belly and
a streak on the sides from just above the bases of the anterior ten anal rays to the
mandible are without chromatophores. Base of the anal and under side of the caudal
peduncle black to dusky. Lips dusky. Dorsal lobe and upper part of the iris
cherry-red in life.
191. Hemigrammus rodwayi Durbin. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 3.)
Hemigrammus rodwayi DURBIN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 58.-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 436.
Type, 46 mm. Georgetown trenches. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1450.) w
Cotypes, one hundred and eighty-three specimens, 38–49 mm. Georgetown
trenches. (C. M. Cat. No. 1451a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 11906.)
Cotypes, one hundred and twelve specimens, 28–53 mm. Botanic Garden.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1452a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 11907.)
Cotypes, four specimens, 24–26 mm. Mud creek in Aruka. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1453a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11908.)
Cotypes, seven specimens, 34–40 mm. Creek in Barima River. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1454a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11909.) -
Head 4; depth 2.75–3; D. 11; A. 22–24; scales 5–32 to 34–2.5 to 3.5; eye 2–2.33
in head; snout two-thirds of the eye, interorbital very nearly equal to eye, 2.4 to
2.5 in head.
No shoulder spot. A silvery lateral stripe extends from the caudal to about
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 335
the vertical from the first dorsal rays, and is continued forward by a few large scat-
tered chromatophores. The black caudal spot usually extends nearly or entirely
to the end of the middle caudal rays. Scales of the back and sides above the lateral
stripe outlined with pigment, an olive stripe along the back. All fins somewhat
dusky. Males with a cherry-red spot on the base of each caudal lobe; anterior
margin of anal with a white bar, broadest towards the tip, the rest of anal and the
base of dorsal tinged with red. Females with yellow on caudal, anal, and dorsal
in place of the red of the males. The white bar on the anal is lacking in females.
192. Hemigrammus ocellifer Steindachner. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 4.)
Tetragonopterus ocellifer STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv., 1882,
32, pl. 7, fig. 5 (Villa Bella; Cudajas).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 54.—ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895,
286 (Amazon and Solimoes basin).
Holopristis ocellifer EIGENMANN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Quarterly Issue, XLV, 1903,
145. -
Hemigrammus ocellifer EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 436. w
Thirty-three specimens, 28–44 mm. Obidos (Col. Bentos, Thayer Expedition).
(Mus. Comp. Zool. Cat. No. 20842, part.)
One specimen, 38 mm. Curupira (Maj. Cotinho). (Mus. Comp. Zool. Cat.
No. 21017.) . * -
Sixteen specimens, 28–37 mm. Tabatinga (M. Bourget, Thayer Expedition).
(Mus. Comp. Zool. Cat. No. 20774.)
Five specimens, 31–36 mm. Cudajas (Thayer and Bourget). (Mus. Comp.
Zool. Cat. No. 20969.)
One hundred and nine specimens, 26–37 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1455a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 11910.)
Three specimens, small, Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1456a; I. U. Cat. No.
11911.) -
Four specimens, 28–29 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1157a-b; I. U. Cat.
No. 11912.)
Humeral spot bounded in front and behind by bright bars as wide as the spot,
and a second, less distinct, dark bar just behind it.
Head 3.25 to 3.5; depth 2.5 to 2.75; D. 10 or 11; A. 22 to 26; scales 5–30 to
33–3 to 3.5; eye 2.25 to 2.5 in head; snout little more than half of eye; interorbital
about equal to eye. - -
336 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Humeral spot distinct, vertically elongate, paralleled in front and behind by a
bright bar nearly as wide as the spot; a secondary, fainter, dark bar behind the
posterior bright bar. A black caudal spot not extending much, if at all, upon the
middle caudal rays; a bright ring around the entire caudal peduncle. The base
of the caudal lobes and upper part of the peduncle rusty red in life. Dorsal orange-
tinged in life; caudal and anal rays tipped with dusky, distal third of second anal
rays white. Anal, ventrals, and pectorals yellow in life. Scales of the back
outlined with pigment; a few large chromatophores scattered over the cheeks.
193. Hemigrammus iota Durbin. (Plate XLIX, fig. 1.)
Hemigrammus iota DURBIN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 60.—EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 436.
Type, 18 mm. Gluck Island. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1458.)
Cotypes, four specimens, 19–21 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1460a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11914.)
Cotypes, seven specimens, 18–21 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No.
1459a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11913.)
Head 3.6; depth 3.4; D. 11; A. 15–17; scales 5–30–3; eye 2.33–2.5; snout
three-fifths of the eye. Interorbital slightly less than the eye, 2.8 in the head.
Humeral spot conspicuous, black, vertically elongate, surrounded by a small
light area; a faint secondary spot. Caudal spot variable in intensity, not extending
upon the caudal rays, and not continuous with the narrow black lateral stripe, which
is overlaid with silvery. Each scale of the postdorsal region marked with a round
dark spot in addition to a few scattered chromatophores. Scales of the predorsal
region with less distinct round spots. Scales of the sides above the lateral stripe
outlined with dusky. Caudal in life with an orange spot on the base of each lobe.
194. Hemigrammus orthus Durbin. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 5.)
Hemigrammus orthus DURBIN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 61.-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 436.
Type, 28 mm. Tukeit. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1477.)
Cotypes, seventeen specimens, 22–30 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 1478a–f;
I. U. Cat. No. 1.1912.)
Cotypes, twenty-five specimens, 14–21 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1479a–f; I. U. Cat. No. 11922.) -
Cotype, one specimen, 27 mm. Essequibo below Packeoo. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1480.)
EIGENMANN . THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GTJIANA 337
Head 3.75; depth 3.75; D. 11; A. 19 to 22; scales 5–30 to 33–3; eye 2.5 in the
head; interorbital not quite equal to the eye, about 3 in the head. -
A diffuse, round, or somewhat vertically elongate, humeral spot. A dark
lateral stripe, heaviest behind the origin of the anal, but not reaching the base of
the caudal. A black line at the base of the posterior anal rays, not continuous
with that at the base of the first seven. Dorsal, caudal, first seven rays of the anal,
and first two or three rays of ventrals, dusky. Scales of the back dusky, each often
bearing a single black spot.
195. Hemigrammus cylindricus Durbin. (Plate XLIX, fig. 3.)
Hemigrammus cylindricus DURBIN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 62.—EIGEN-
MANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 436.
Type, 57 mm. Tumatumari. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1461.)
Cotypes, six specimens, 35–58 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1462a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11915.) - j -
Cotypes, eleven specimens, 46–54 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1163a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 11916.) & º -
Cotypes, twenty specimens. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1464a–e; I. U.
Cat. No. 11917.)
Cotype, one specimen, 45 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1465a.)
Head 3.3—3.66; depth 3.66–4.66; D. 11; A. 17 to 20; scales 5–30 to 34–3; eye
large, slightly longer than wide, 2.75 in the head; interorbital almost flat, almost
equal to the eye, 3 in the head. -
Humeral spot small, roundish or roughly triangular, often intense. A black
line at the base of the anal. A narrow black lateral stripe. No true caudal spot,
|but sometimes a dusky spot at the base of each lobe.
196. Hemigrammus analis Durbin. (Plate XLIX, fig. 6.)
Hemigrammus analis DURBIN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 64.—EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 436.
Type, 35 mm. Rockstone. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1466.)
Cotypes, twenty-one specimens, 24–29 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1468a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 11919.)
Cotypes, seventy-three specimens, 19–36 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No.
1467a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 11918.) gº
Cotypes, two specimens, 29–35 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1469a; I. U.
Cat. No. 11920.)
338 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Head 3.5–3.75; depth 3.25–3.50; D. 11; A. 12–14; scales 5–30 to 32–3; eye 2.33
in the head; snout two-thirds of the eye; interorbital less than the eye, about
2.75 in the head.
Humeral spot distinct but not heavy, not conspicuously elongate. Lateral
stripe (probably red in life) the width of one scale, not so intense as the humeral
spot, expanded on the caudal peduncle, but not extending upon the fin; scales
overlying the lateral stripe distinctly silvery. First five anal rays, the caudal,
and all of the dorsal, dusky. Each median dorsal scale with a roundish dark spot.
Scales of the upper half of the sides outlined with dusky. A few chromatophores
Scattered about the base of the anal and aggregated so as to form a small dark spot
or line on the ventral side of the caudal peduncle.
HYPHESSOBRYCON Durbin.
Hyphessobrycon DURBIN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LII, 1908, 100.
Type, Hyphessobrycom compressus Meek.
Having the characters of Hemigrammus, but the caudal naked.
The account of this genus is compiled from a manuscript by Mrs. Marion Durbin
Ellis.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of HYPHEssobrycon.
a. Dorsal with a well-defined black spot.
b. Humeral spot present; anal not marked with black, or with black only on the tips of the rays. Second
suborbital covering the entire cheek. Last few, and frequently the first few, anal rays with black
on or near their tips. Humeral spot very small. Depth 3.8; head at base of occipital process
three-fourths the greatest-depth. Maxillary with two or three tricuspid teeth; inner row of pre-
maxillary of five teeth. D. 11; A. 26; scales 5–32 to 34–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jºllidor.
bb. No humeral or caudal spot; the black dorsal spot margined with white above. Maxillary with four
to six tricuspid or conical teeth. D. 11; A. 26 or 27; scales 5–31 to 33–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . IOS8iCellS.
aa. Dorsal plain.
c. No humeral spot. - sº
d. A small black chevron at the base of each caudal lobe. A row of small black spots along the
base of the anal. Maxillary with six small teeth. Ten to twelve small conical or tricuspid
teeth in the second row of the premaxillary. D. 11; A. 19 or 20; scales 4–31–3...riddlei.
dd. Caudal sometimes plain, sometimes with a faint spot. Maxillary with two minute teeth. Pre-
maxillary with five three- to five-pointed teeth in the second row. D. 10 or 11; A. 17 to 24;
scales 5–29 to 34–3.5 to 4 º
ddd. Maxillary with two or three broad, five- to seven-pointed teeth; premaxillary with five five- to
seven-pointed teeth in the inner row. A black lateral stripe, somewhat diffused in the
humeral region; caudal spot continued on the middle rays, but not to their end. D. 11; A.
16 or 17; Scales 5–30 to 33–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minimus.
cc. Both humeral and caudal spots developed. (See also minimus.) Lower part of caudal peduncle
dark, the upper part of the peduncle light; second suborbital broad, in contact, or nearly in
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 339
contact, with the preopercular limb. Third anal ray not extending to the base of the last ray.
Maxillary with five to seven very narrow conical and tricuspid teeth. D. 11; A. 17 to 20; scales
6–33 to 34–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . €OS.
ccc. No caudal spot; humeral spot vertically elongate, not continued backwards; a black line along the middle
of the sides; mouth moderate, maxillary with three broad four- to seven-pointed teeth. D. 11;
A. 26–31; scales 6–33–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...stictus.
197. Hyphessobrycon minor Durbin. (Plate XLIX, fig. 5.)
Hyphessobrycon minor DURBIN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 65.—EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 436.
Type, 19 mm. Konawaruk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1189.) - *
Cotypes, two specimens, 21–25 mm. Konawaruk. (I. U. Cat. No. 11767.)
Head 3.5; depth 3.8; D. 11; A. 26 to 28; scales'5–32 to 34–3; eye 2.5 in the head;
interorbital less than the eye, about 3 in the head.
Humeral spot small, black, vertically elongate. No caudal spot. Lateral
stripe extremely narrow and line-like, interrupted, and very faint. Scales of the
back and upper half of the sides outlined with dusky. Dorsal with an intense
black bar on the outer half of the anterior six or seven rays. The tips of the second,
third, and fourth rays, and a streak directly below the black bar, white. Last half
of anal rays with blackish tips. Caudal, anal, ventrals, and pectorals a little dusky. "
198. Hyphessobrycon rosaceus Durbin. (Plate L, fig. 1.).
Hyphessobrycon rosaceus DURBIN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 67.-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 436.
Type, 35 mm. Gluck Island. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1190.) - . . *
Cotypes, twenty-five specimens, 19–38 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1191a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11768.) s - •
Cotype, one specimen, 34 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1192a.)
Head 3.33—3.66; depth 2.75; D. 11; A. 26 or 27; scales 5–31 to 33–3; eye 2.5
in the head; interorbital almost equal to the eye, 2.6 in the head.
Humeral and caudal spots lacking. Scales of the back outlined with dusky.
The entire sides (except over the body cavity) with scattered chromatophores,
which are a little thicker on the caudal peduncle and on the third and fourth scales
of the lateral line and the three scales above them. The chromatophores are
thinner over a small vertically elongate area immediately behind the humeral
area just described. The lateral stripe is very slender, extending entirely to the
340 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
caudal. Dorsal with a round, intensely black spot on the first seven rays, the tips
of the second and third rays white. The distal half of the longest anal ray and the
tip of the next ray are also white. All the fin-rays dusky. In life, with a general
rosy tinge, especially above the anal, and the base of caudal lobes and ventrals.
Anal lobe and base and tip of dorsal lobe bright orange.
199. Hyphessobrycon riddlei Meek.
Hemigrammus riddlei MEEK, MS., in EIGENMANN and OGLE, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XXXIII, 1907, 13 (Los Castillos).
Hyphessobrycom riddlei EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 436. *
One specimen, 23 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1248.)
Depth 3.8; D. 11; A. 20; scales 4–31–3; eye 3 in the head.
Frontal fontanel triangular, very small, narrower than the parietal, and half
the length of the latter without the occipital groove. Second suborbital in con-
tact with the preopercle. Mouth small; maxillary very little shorter than the
eye, about 3 in the head, with six conical teeth; premaxillary with twelve Small
teeth in the inner row and two in the outer.
Lateral line with pores on the anterior half of the scales.
Origin of the dorsal equidistant between the snout and the caudal. Origin
of the anal on the vertical from the first scale behind the dorsal; anal slightly falcate.
A small dark spot at the base of each caudal lobe, and a row of small black spots
along the base of the anal; no humeral spot; no fin markings.
200. Hyphessobrycon gracilis (Reinhardt). (Plate XLIX, fig. 4.)
Tetragonopterus gracilis REINHARDT, in Lütken, Overs. Dan. Widensk. Selsk.
For., 1874, 133 (Lagoa Santo).-LüTKEN, Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., (5), XII,
1875, 217, pl. 5, fig. 16 (Rio das Velhas).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 53.—ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895,
286.-BoulENGER, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed. Anat. Comp. Torino, X, 1895, 3 (Villa
Rica). - g
Hemigrammus gracilis EIGENMANN and OGLE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVIII,
1907, 15 (Lagoa Santa).
Hyphessobrycon gracilis EIGENMANN' Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 436. - .
Tetragonopterus schmardae ULREY (not of Steindachner), Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
VIII, 1895, 286 (Pará).
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 341
Nineteen hundred and seventy-seven specimens, 24–30 mm. Dr. Justa, Brazil
(Maj. Cotinho, Thayer Exp.). (Mus. Comp. Zool. No. 21008.)
Four specimens, 20–24 mm. Pará, Brazil. (I. U. Cat. No. 5176.)
One specimen, 27 mm. Lower Amazon. (I. U. Cat. No. 5177.)
One specimen, 44 mm. Iga (James). (Mus. Comp. Zool. No. 20812.)
Sixteen specimens, 19–24 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1247; I. U.
Cat. No. 11772.) •
Head 3–3.5; depth 3–3.5; D. 10, occasionally 11; A. 17–24; scales 5–29 to
34–3.5 or 4, six to thirteen pores in the lateral line; eye 2–2.5 in the head; inter-
orbital little less than the eye, 2.7–3 in the head.
All of the fins hyaline, except for the occasional dim spot at the base of the
caudal, which never reaches the end of the caudal rays. A distinct silvery lateral
stripe subtending a very inconspicuous, narrow, brown, or black stripe. The
scales, especially those of the lateral line and the series above and below it, are
iridescent.
201. Hyphessobrycon minimus Durbin. (Plate XLIX, fig. 2.)
Hyphessobrycon minimus DURBIN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 68.-EIGEN-
MANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 436.
Type, 18 mm. Cane Grove Corner. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1193.) -
Cotypes, 16–21 mm. Cane Grove Corner. (I. U. Cat. No. 11769.)
Head 3.33–3.66; depth 3.5–3.75; D. 11; A. 16 or 17; scales 5–30 to 33–3;
eye 2+ in head; snout less than eye; interorbital less than eye, about 3 in head.
Caudal spot intensely black, roundish, and scarcely, if at all, continued upon
the caudal rays. Humeral spot lacking, but the intense narrow black lateral
stripe widened somewhat in the humeral region. Scales of the back and sides, above
the lateral stripe, heavily outlined with dusky. Fins without distinct markings of
black or white. Sides over and below the lateral stripe marked with iridescent
steel-blue. Preopercle also with blue iridescence.
202. Hyphessobrycon eos Durbin. (Plate L, fig. 2.)
Hyphessobrycon eos DURBIN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 69.-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 437.
Type, 36 mm. Creek between Potaro Landing and Kangaruma. (Carnegie
Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1194.) -
Cotypes, twenty-four specimens, 35–42 mm. Creek between Potaro Landing
and Kangaruma. C. M. Cat. No. 11960—e; I. U. Cat. No. 11770.)
ºr X 2-
N - 2/277 -127 2-z/?’ ‘27
ſer A 2-vºz / 2
Z
342 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Cotypes, forty-three specimens, 19–34 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No.
11950—j; I. U. Cat. No. 11771.)
Head 3.25–3.33; depth 2.5–2.7; D. 11; A. 17–20; scales 6–33 or 34–4; eye 2.5
in the head; snout about 2 in the eye; interorbital almost equal to the eye, 2.75
in the head. Maxillary teeth mostly conical, largest teeth with never more than
three points. Maxillary equal to the eye.
Humeral spot very faint, vertically elongate, very near the head. Lateral
stripe narrow and very indistinct. Caudal spot intensely black, covering the ven-
tral two-thirds of the caudal peduncle, a little narrower in front than on the ver-
tical from the origin of the lower caudal lobe, not extending upon the caudal rays.
Top of head and dorsal scales very dark; scales of upper half of the sides heavily
outlined with dusky. All fin-webs dusky. Numerous chromatophores scattered
over the rest of the body, especially large and prominent on the cheeks." Anterior
half of anal, base of anal, sides just above the anal, and ventrals reddish; caudal -
red or orange to deep yellow, lower lobe often more colored than the upper one;
base of dorsal, pectorals, cheeks, and under part of head yellow.
203. Hyphessobrycon stictus Durbin. (Plate XLIX, fig. 7.)
Hyphessobrycon stictus DURBIN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 71.-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 437.
Type, 38 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1197.) - *
Cotypes, one hundred and eight specimens, 25–40 mm. Maduni Creek.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1435a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 11895.)
Cotypes, one hundred and sixteen specimens, 22–39 mm. Lama Stop-Off.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1436a–t; I. U. Cat. No. 11896.)
Cotype, one specimen. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1437.)
Cotypes, ten specimens. Christianburg Canal. (C. M. Cat. No. 1438a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 11897.)
Cotype, one specimen. Cane Grove Corner. (C. M. Cat. No. 1439.)
Head 3.5–3.8; depth 2.75–3.25; D. 11; A. 26–31; scales 6–33 to 35–4; eye 2.25
in head; snout 2 in eye; interorbital less than eye, about 2.5 in head.
Humeral spot round, very intense, surrounded by a light ring, very frequently
with a less intense dark bar extending obliquely downward and forward, and an-
other shorter one extending obliquely upward and forward. A faint secondary
humeral spot the width of two scales behind the first. Lateral stripe sharp and
* All specimens at hand were preserved in formalin and so have the black pigment emphasized.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 343
very narrow, not reaching the caudal; no caudal spot. Dorsal scales outlined with
dusky. Top of head very thickly covered with chromatophores. Fins all a little
dusky, Sides silvery, iridescent. Caudal peduncle to in front of adipose, the
adipose and caudal (except the lobes) very rich cherry-red. Caudal lobes, anal,
and dorsal canary-yellow.
- DERMATOCHEIR Durbin.
Dermatocheir DURBIN, Ann. Carnegie Museum, VI, 1909, 55.
- This genus differs from its nearest relative, Hyphessobrycon, in having an archaic
pectoral like Archicheir. The pectoral consists of a fleshy lobe, surrounded by a
fringe of filaments.
Type, Dermatocheir catablepta Durbin.
204. Dermatocheir catablepta Durbin.
Dermatocheir catablepta DURBIN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 55.-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 437.
Type unique, 18 mm. Tumatumari, above the falls. (Carnegie Museum
Catalog of Fishes No. 1198.) -
Head 3.5; depth 3.8; D. 11; A. 20; scales 5–33–3; eye 2.5 in the head; inter- •
orbital very slightly greater than the eye, 2.2 in the head.
Humeral spot vertically elongate, very faint. No caudal spot, but a few
chromatophores at the base of each caudal lobe. Lateral stripe very dim. Scales
of the back outlined with dusky. Fins without pigment.
CREATOCHANES Günther.
Creatochames GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 318, 329.
Type, Salmo melanurus Bloch. - *
Elongate, spindle-shaped fishes, but slightly compressed, reaching a length of
157 mm. The species are very similar and have the following characters in common:
premaxillary with a distinct antero-posterior extent meeting the anterior portion
of the maxillary at a nearly right angle; maxillary long, slipping under the first
suborbital, as well as under the preorbital, its anterior margin greatly arched above,
straight, or nearly so, below; mouth large, the lower jaw freely movable; tongue but
little free, fleshy. Snout and maxillary much more than half the head in length.
Lower jaw included, with five or six large equal teeth in front, each with a
long median and several minute lateral cusps, the lateral teeth somewhat recurved
and followed by a series of minute teeth. Premaxillary with five or six multicuspid
incisor teeth in the inner row; teeth of the outer row narrower; maxillary with two
multicuspid teeth.
344 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Gill-membranes free from the isthmus; gill-rakers about 5–10.
Lateral line complete, decurved; a very narrow sheath composed of one series
of minute scales along the bases of the first ten anal rays. Caudal lobes entirely
naked; preventral region broadly rounded; predorsal and preventral areas each
with a median series of scales; postventral area compressed; dorsal and ventrals
equidistant from tip of snout; origin of anal entirely behind dorsal; adipose fin
slightly in advance of end of anal; pectorals not or scarcely to ventrals; ventrals
not to anal, with a small axillary scale.
Alimentary canal about equal to the length (without the caudal), with eleven
large coeca; air-bladder large, the posterior portion more than twice as long as the
anterior, not quite reaching anal.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of CREATOCHANEs.
a. Maxillary extending to end of the second suborbital, its tip and posterior margin of pupil equidistant from
tip of snout; suture between first and second suborbital usually extending down and back; second
suborbital short, its anterior margin continued as one convex curve to the angle; normally seven,
rarely eight, rows of scales between the lateral line and the dorsal; striae of scales when present nearly
parallel. - -
b. Caudal lobes dark, the upper darkest, with water-marks; basal spot of upper caudal lobe, as well
as dorsal and anal rays, yellow; pectorals not reaching ventrals; second tooth of the pre-
maxillary in line with the rest or moved forward; lateral stripe (in formalin specimens) dimin-
ishing in front of the dorsal, not continued to the head; very highly iridescent. Head 3.8-4;
depth 3.75; D. 11; A. 26–29; scales 7–44 to 47–2.5 or 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . affinis.
bb. Caudal lobes plain, a broad black band on about eight rays of the caudal, counting from the second be-
low the middle upward, margined with red above and below; pectorals just reaching ventrals;
second tooth in line with the rest or slightly withdrawn. Head 4–4.25; depth 3.4–3.5; D. 11;
A. 27–29; scales 7–44 to 46 (usually 45)–3; eye 2.4–3; interorbital a little greater or a little less
than eye; maxillary with one or two teeth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . melanurus.
aa. Maxillary not extending to end of second suborbital, its tip and middle of eye equidistant from tip of
snout; suture between first and second suborbital vertical; lower jaw shorter; anterior margin of second
suborbital not forming a simple convex curve to the angle above the angle of the preopercle. Nor-
mally six, very rarely seven, scales between the lateral line and the dorsal; upper caudal spot, as
well as dorsal and anal rays, red; middle caudal rays and upper lobe beyond the red spot black, with
water-marks; second tooth of the front row of the premaxillary withdrawn; pectorals shorter than in
affinis, not reaching the ventrals; lateral stripe (in formalin specimens) continued to the head; less
highly iridescent in life than affinis. Head 4.66–4.75; depth 3.4—3.8; D. 11; A. usually 31 (28–31);
scales 6–45 or 46–3; articulation of lower jaw slightly in advance of the suture between the first and
second suborbital; maxillary teeth 0–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . caudomaculatus.
EIGENMANN THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 345
205. Creatochanes affinis Günther. (Plate L, fig. 3.)
“Corwi' or “Kowi'' of the Wacusi Indians.
Tetragonopterus affinis Günth ER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 327 (British Guiana).—
ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 278.--VAILLANT, Bull. Mus. d’Hist.
Nat., W, 1899, 154 (Carsevenne and Carnot).
Brycomops (Creatochames) melanurus (not of Bloch) MüllFR and TROSCHEL, in
Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 635 (Rupununi).-STEINDACHNER, “Chara-
cinen des Amazonenstromes,” SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXXXI, 1875, 14, fig.
7 (Obidos; Rio Tapajos). &
Creatochanes affinis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 435.
Nine specimens, 70–105 mm. Aruataima. (C. M. Cat. No. 1400a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 11874.)
Twenty-nine specimens, 38–109 mm. Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No. 1401a—e;
I. U. Cat. No. 11875.) º
Eighteen specimens, 34–83 mm. Two hours below Holmia. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1402a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 11876.) *
Eight specimens, 29–96 mm. Savannah Landing. (C. M. Cat. No. 1403a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11877.)
Twenty-seven specimens, 53–124 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 1404a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 11878.)
Six specimens, 32–62 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1405a-b; I. U. Cat.
No. 11879.) g
Five specimens, 46–102 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1406a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 18880.) <-
Forty-seven specimens, 54–101 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1407a
—b; I. U. Cat. No. 11881.)
Five specimens, 83–96 mm. Christianburg. (C. M. Cat. No. 1407a; I. U.
Cat. No. 11882.)
One specimen, 30 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1408.)
One specimen, 58 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1409.)
Two specimens, 80–90 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1410; I. U. Cat.
No. 11883.)
One specimen, 50 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1411.)
Thirty specimens, 45–88 mm. Maripicru, branch of the Ireng.” (C. M. Cat.
No. 1412a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 1.1884.)
* Caudal lobes and middle rays uniformly black, bases of both lobes cherry-red or orange. Nineteen
other specimens were received from a tributary of the Ireng, the name of which was not legible.
346 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
206. Creatochanes melanurus (Bloch). (Plate L, fig. 4.)
Salmo melanurus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, pl. 381, fig. 2 (Surinam).
Tetragonopterus melanurus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 14
(Surinam).-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 155.
—GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 329 (British Guiana; Essequibo); Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1868, 247 (Surinam).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 56.-ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 274.
Creatochames melanurus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 435. -
Bloch had three specimens which served him as types of melanurus, two of
which belonged to this species, and one to caudomaculatus. The one figured was
doubtless the one here called melanurus.
Fourteen specimens, 36–124 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1393d—f; I. U.
Cat. No. 11886.)
Eighty-one specimens, 43–138 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1394a-j; I.
U. Cat. No. 11887.)
Fifteen specimens, 70–95 mm. Christianburg. (C. M. Cat. No. 13950—e;
I. U. Cat. No. 11888.) -
Eighteen specimens, 26–100 mm. Christianburg Canal. (C. M. Cat. No.
1396a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11889.)
Fifteen specimens, 63–84 mm. Near Freiheit. (C. M. Cat. No. 1397a—e;
I. U. Cat. No. 11890.) - - -
Twenty-nine specimens, 33–129 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No.
1398a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11891.)
Ten specimens, 52–68 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1399a–c; I.
U. Cat. No. 11892.) . -
Readily distinguished by its eccentric black caudal band. It differs from
C. affinis in the characters mentioned in the key.
This species is abundant in the Demerara River and Mahaica Creek basin to
the coast. I did not find it in the parts of the Essequibo examined.
207. Creatochanes caudomaculatus Günther. (Plate L, fig. 5.)
Salmo melanurus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, 84, Pl. 381, fig. 2, part (Surinam).
Tetragonopterus caudomaculatus Günth ER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 330 (South Amer-
ica).-ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 278.
Creatochanes caudomaculatus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 435.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 347.
Ten specimens, 51–84 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1382a-c; I. U. Cat. No.
11867.) . .
Seven specimens, 68–94 mm. Mud-flats below Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No.
1383a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11868.) - -
Two specimens, 109–125 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1384a; I. U. Cat. No. 11869.)
Two hundred and sixty-nine specimens, 40–120 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1385a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 11866.)
Nine specimens, 38—60 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1386a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 11870.) e . .
Fifty-six specimens, 27–89 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1387a-j;
I. U. Cat. No. 11865.)
One specimen, 85 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1388.)
Twenty specimens, 22–50 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1389a–f;
I. U. Cat. No. 11864.)
Twenty-one specimens, 55–71 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 13900—f;
I. U. Cat. No. 11871.) -
Two specimens, 69–70 mm. Koriabo Rubber Plantation. (C. M. Cat. No.
1391; I. U. Cat. No. 11872.) -
Eleven specimens, 43–54 mm. Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No. 1392a-c;
I. U. Cat. No. 11873.) wº .
This species is most readily distinguished from the other species of the genus
by its short maxillary, the number of scales in the lateral line, and the red caudal
Spot. -
CREAGRUTUs Günther.
Creagrutus GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 339.
Type, Creagrutus mülleri Günther.
Minute fishes with the teeth of the lower jaw in a single series, those on the
premaxillary in three series; anal short, of not more than fourteen rays; lateral
line complete; caudal naked.
208. Creagrutus melanzonus Eigenmann. (Plate XLV, fig. 1.)
Creagrutus melanzonus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 30; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 435.
Type, 44 mm. Crab Falls. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1067.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 27 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1068; I. U.
Cat. No. 11753.)
348 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Cotypes, three specimens, 25 to about 38 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1069; I. U. Cat. No. 11754.)
Head 4; depth 4.33; D. 10; A. 11; scales 6–36–2.5; eye 2.6; interorbital 3.5.
Elongate, heaviest above middle of pectoral, the width about one-half the
depth; preventral area broadly rounded, postventral rounded; predorsal area broad,
with an obscure keel; a median series of about ten scales. -
Occipital process very short, about one-seventh of the distance of its base from
the dorsal; skull smooth, but slightly convex; frontal fontanel triangular, nearly
as long as the parietal; mouth rounded, projecting beyond the lower jaw; cheeks
long and low, the Second suborbital about twice as long as broad, its convex margin
leaving a considerable naked area, except at a point of contact with the lower limb
of the operculum.
Maxillary-premaxillary border forming a simple, concave curve; horizontal
extent of the premaxillary about equal to the length of the maxillary, which is
equal to half the length of the eye. Nine teeth in each premaxillary, those in the
maxillary similar and continuous with the last of the premaxillary teeth; outer
teeth of the premaxillary conical, inner tricuspid; about seven tricuspid teeth in
the dentary, of which the first three are large, the rest minute; tips of all the teeth,
except those of the maxillary and those of the sides of the lower jaw, brown. Lower
jaw short, less than length of eye.
Gill-rakers 4 + 10.
Scales very thin; anal sheath none; caudal lobes naked, except for a few large
scales on the lower lobe; axillary scale well-developed.
Origin of dorsal in advance of the middle; origin of ventrals scarcely in advance
of that of the dorsal; origin of anal behind the last ray of the dorsal; adipose slightly
behind base of last anal ray; ventrals not reaching anal; pectorals not nearly to
ventrals.
Straw-colored, with a bright silvery band; first suborbital, cheeks and opercle
behind eye, snout, and upper part of head dotted. A continuous curved band
crossing third and fourth scale of the lateral line; scales of the back margined with
one to several series of dots; silvery lateral band underlaid with a dotted stripe;
a small caudal spot.
BRYCONAMERICUS Eigenmann.
Bryconamericus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, 139 (exodon).
Type, Brycomamericus eacodon Eigenmann.
This genus is an Astyanaa: with the front rows of teeth of the premaxillary
usually in a wavy line, not parallel with the line of the second row, which is com-
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 349
posed of but four teeth. D. 9 or 10, rarely 11; second suborbital expanded, cov-
ering the entire space between the eye and the lower limb of the preopercle; no
naked area below the surface of the first and second suborbitals. Maxillary with
not more than five teeth on its upper anterior edge; caudal naked.
A single species has been taken in Guiana.
209. Bryconamericus hyphessus Eigenmann. (Plate XLV, fig. 2.)
Brycomamericus hyphesson EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 32; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 434. -
Type, 37.5 mm. Tumatumari, Lower Potaro. (Carnegie Museum Catalog
of Fishes No. 1070.) -
Cotypes, ten specimens, 34–36 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1071a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11755.)
Most closely related to stramineus.
Head 4.5; depth 4; D. 9; A. 16; scales 4–36–2; eye 2.66–2.75; interorbital
equal to eye.
Slender, but compressed, greatest depth over tip of pectorals; ventral and
dorsal outlines equally arched; preventral area rounded, with normal scales; post-
ventral area short, compressed; predorsal area rounded, with a regular series of
ten scales. * we
Occipital process very short, only about one-eighth of the distance between its
base and the dorsal, bordered by two scales on the sides; skull convex, smooth, a
groove above the eye just within the orbital rim; frontal fontanel very short, tri-
angular, not half as long as the parietal; snout blunt, the lower jaw included;
mouth small, the maxillary a little more than half the length of the eye; cheeks not
very wide, entirely covered by the second suborbital; maxillary with three or four
broad, five-pointed teeth; premaxillary with two series of five-pointed teeth, four
teeth in the inner row, four to six in the outer, the teeth of the outer row smaller
than those of the inner row, the inner series parallel with the outer, except that the
third tooth is withdrawn from the line of the rest; dentary with seven or eight
graduated, five-pointed incisors. -
Scales very regularly imbricate, without interpolated or omitted scales; about
three scales on the base of each caudal lobe; scales of the sides usually without,
those of the tail sometimes with a single ridge or line; anal sheath very narrow,
consisting of a single series of minute scales extending along the greater part of the
base of the fin; lateral line decurved. -
Origin of dorsal a little behind the middle of the body, over the middle of the
350 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
ventrals; highest dorsal ray 4.5 in the length; adipose fin behind the vertical from
the base of the last anal ray; caudal forked, the longest rays a little greater than the
depth; anal slightly emarginate; ventrals reaching anal, pectorals to ventrals, or
but a trifle shorter.
Hyaline; a conspicuous silvery lateral band; sides of head silvery; a vertical
humeral spot crossing the second scale of the lateral line; three parallel dark lines
along the middle of the back; scales of the back margined with several rows of
chromatophores; chromatophores along base of anal and scattering ones on the
sides, a band of chromatophores below the silvery band; a narrow dark band from
the tip of the first (short) dorsal ray to the tip of the penultimate, tips of the longer
rays and bases of all the rays hyaline; caudal everywhere punctate, except at the
tips of the rays and a triangular patch adjoining the middle rays above and below,
these parts hyaline; tips of highest anal rays milky; tips of the other rays dark,
the dark color continued across the longest rays at the same level; pectorals and
ventrals more or less dotted. º
210. Astyanax Baird and Girard.
Astyanaa: BAIRD and GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 26.
Type, Astyanaa: argentatus Baird and Girard.
Small Tetragonopterids with two series of teeth in the premaxillary, five or
more teeth in the inner series; a single series in the mandible, those on the sides
being abruptly smaller; a few teeth on the maxillary; lateral line complete, but little
decurved; caudal naked, predorsal line scaled; anal short or moderate, its origin
behind that of the dorsal; preventral area with normal scales; second suborbital
leaving a narrow naked area.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES OF ASTYANAx.
a. Caudal spot minute or none.
b. A. 25-27; scales 34 or 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . guianensis.
bb. A. 20–22; scales 33–35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... • * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - essequibensis.
aa. A large caudal spot.
c. A vertical humeral spot; a definite, oval caudal spot. A. 21–24; lateral line 33–35. . . . . . . mutator.
cc. A large, definite, horizontal, parabolic humeral spot; a diffuse caudal spot; A. 25–26; lateral line 34–35;
depth 23–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘. . . . mucronatus.
ccc. A large, horizontal humeral spot; depth 3... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....wappi.
211. Astyanax guianensis Eigenmann. (Plate LI, fig. 1.)
Astyanaa: guiamensis EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 16; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 434.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 351
Type, 54 mm. Warraputa. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1013.)
Cotypes, one hundred and seventy-six specimens. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1014a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 11717.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 45–52 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1015;
I. U. Cat. No. 11718.) *
Cotypes, two specimens, 50–55 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1016;
I. U. Cat. No. 11719.)
Cotypes, thirty-four specimens, 43–55 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No.
1017a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 11720.) me g .
Allied to A. multidens, but without a caudal spot.
Head 4; depth 2.6–3; D. 10 or 11; A. 25–27; scales 5–34 or 35 (rarely 36)–4;
eye 2.33; interorbital 3.
Compressed, subrhomboidal; ventral profile regularly arched; dorsal profile
with an angle at the origin of the dorsal, slightly depressed over the eye; preventral
area rounded, tending to flattish, with a median series of scales, sometimes irregular
in the middle; postventral area narrowly rounded; predorsal area rounded, with a
median series of nine scales.
Occipital process about 4 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered
by three scales on the sides; interorbital flat, with marginal grooves; frontal fontanel
shorter, triangular; second suborbital covering the entire cheek, with the exception
of a triangular area below the junction between the first and second suborbitals;
maxillary much shorter than the eye, 3 in the head; four or five teeth in the first
row of the premaxillary, if five, the third very slightly out of line with the others;
five graduated teeth in the second row, their denticles arranged in a slight crescent;
four to seven teeth in the maxillary; mandible with four large teeth, and abruptly
Smaller ones on the sides. *
Scales everywhere regularly imbricate, no omitted or interpolated scales;
each scale of the side with from two to eight diverging striae; anal sheath of very few
scales in a single series along the base of the anterior rays; a few scales on the base
of the caudal lobes.
Ventrals slightly nearer to the snout than to the dorsal; origin of the dorsal in
advance of the middle, its highest ray 3.25 in the length; anal deeply emarginate,
the second and eleventh rays reaching the base of the eighteenth; ventrals reach-
ing anal, pectorals slightly beyond ventrals.
Opercle dusky; a dark vertical band crossing the third to the sixth scales behind
the head; a dusky streak below origin of dorsal; sides behind this profusely dotted;
margins of scales of the sides of the abdomen with a few color-cells; very few cells
352 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
on the cheeks; base and tip of dorsal hyaline, the middle with chromatophores;
adipose dotted; caudal nearly uniformly dotted, a small area at base of each lobe
free from chromatophores; anal lobe and a streak through its middle free from pig-
ment; ventrals and pectorals practically free from pigment.
212. Astyanax essequibensis Eigenmann. (Plate LI, fig. 2.)
Astyanaz essequibensis EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 17; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 434.
Type, 53 mm. Tumatumari. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1018.) - & &
Cotypes, ninety-six specimens, 40–68 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No.
1019q—z; I. U. Cat. No. 11721.) .
Cotype, one specimen, 44 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1020.)
Cotypes, three specimens, 41–48 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 102.1a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11723.) -
Cotypes, seventy-five specimens, 39–57 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No.
1022a-2; I. U. Cat. No. 11723.)
Allied to A. paucidens, but having a well-developed humeral spot.
Head about 4; depth 3.33; D. 11; A. 20–22; scales 5–33 to 35–4; eye 2.3;
interorbital 3.
Elongate, the ventral profile regularly arched; dorsal profile with an angle at
the origin of the dorsal, not depressed over the eye; preventral area flat, postven-
tral narrowly rounded; predorsal area rounded, with a median series of eight or
nine scales. .
Occipital process about one-fifth of the space from its base to the dorsal, bordered
by three scales; interorbital nearly flat, with marginal grooves; frontal fontanel
narrow, longer than the parietal; second suborbital leaving a triangular naked area
below its junction with the first; maxillary 3 in the head; premaxillary with two to
four teeth in the front series, which is parallel with the second series; five teeth in
the second row, their denticles arranged in a distinct crescent; maxillary with three
teeth; mandible with four graduated teeth and abruptly smaller ones on the sides.
Scales as in A. guiamensis, but fewer scales on the base of the caudal lobe.
Dorsal and ventrals equidistant from tip of snout; highest dorsal ray about
3.75 in the length; origin of dorsal about equidistant from tip of snout and tip of
adipose; anal emarginate; ventrals not quite reaching anal; pectorals to ventrals.
Highly iridescent, a few chromatophores on cheek and opercles; an oblique
dark band crosses the second, third, and fourth scales of the lateral line, another
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 353
one parallel to it in front of the dorsal shades into the thickly punctate sides; a
punctate band extends from the base of the first dorsal ray to the tips of the seventh
and eighth; tip of adipose black; a minute spot at the base of the middle caudal
rays, their tips dusky, all of the membranes punctate; a punctate band from the
middle of the first anal rays along the tips of the rest of the rays, other parts of
the fin hyaline; pectorals and ventrals slightly punctate.
213. Astyanax mutator Eigenmann. (Plate LI, fig. 3.)
“Punkay.”
Astyanax mutator EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 18; Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 434.
Type, 53 mm. Savannah Landing, Upper Potaro. (Carnegie Museum Cat-
alog of Fishes No. 1023.)
Cotypes, one hundred and twenty specimens, 23–58 mm. Savannah Landing,
Upper Potaro. (C. M. Cat. No. 1024a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 11724.)
Head 4; depth 2.75–3; D. 11; A. 21–24, most frequently 22; scales 6–33 to
35–4.5; eye 2.75–3; interorbital equal to eye.
Compressed; dorsal and ventral profiles equally curved; snout narrow, pointed;
profile not depressed over the eye; preventral area rounded, without a distinct
median series of scales; postventral area narrowly rounded; predorsal area keeled,
with a median series of nine or ten scales.
Occipital process very narrow, about one-fifth as long as the distance of its
base from the dorsal, bordered on each side by three scales; interorbital convex;
frontal fontanel much shorter than the parietal; second suborbital narrow, leaving
a naked area, which is more than half as wide as the bone itself; maxillary equal to
snout in length, its front margin very convex; width of lower jaw about half the
orbit; premaxillary with two to four teeth in the front series, five five-pointed teeth in
the second series; maxillary with three teeth, of which one is minute; dentary with
five or six five-pointed teeth, graduate; abruptly a series of minute conical teeth
on the sides.
Gill-rakers 11 + 18. -
Scales regularly imbricate, no interpolated or omitted series; anal sheath of a
single series of scales along anterior part of anal; lateral line little decurved, some-
times broken or interrupted on the tail, each scale with several radiating striae.
Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of middle caudal rays;
highest dorsal ray nearly 4 in the length; origin of anal and ninth to eleventh dorsal
rays equidistant from snout; anal very slightly emarginate; ventrals considerably
354 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
in front of the vertical from the first dorsal ray, just reaching anal; pectorals just
to ventrals or a trifle shorter.
Dusky; a definitely circumscribed oval caudal spot, not continued forward or
backward on the middle caudal rays; a well-defined bar crossing the second and
third scales of the lateral line; sides of head and body everywhere profusely dotted;
dorsal, caudal, and anal dotted; base of caudal with the outlines of the rays and
their cross-breaks outlined in black, making this part of the fin darker.
214. Astyanax mucronatus Eigenmann. (Plate LI, fig. 4.)
Astyanaa: mucronatus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 19; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 433.
Type, 53 mm. Tumatumari, above the falls. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of
Fishes No. 1025.) -
Cotypes, three specimens, 51–54 mm. Tumatumari, above the falls. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1026; I. U. Cat. No. 11725.)
Cotypes, fourteen specimens, 46–73 mm. Sand-bank in Potaro at Tukeit.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1027a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 11726.)
Head 3–6; depth 2.3–2.6; D. 11; A. 25–26, rarely 27; scales 6–34 or 35–5
(rarely 4). Eye 2.7 in the head, 2 in the head without the opercle; interorbital 3–3.5
in the head. e
Compressed, subrhomboidal, with heavy head and slender caudal peduncle.
Dorsal profile slightly depressed over the eye, rising with a gentle curve to the
origin of the dorsal, abruptly descending to the end of the dorsal and then with a
more gentle slope to the caudal peduncle. Ventral profile more regularly arched.
Preventral region broadly rounded; postventral area more narrowly rounded;
predorsal area keeled, with a median series of eight scales. -
Occipital crest exceptionally narrow at the base; about one-fourth of the
distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered by three scales on the sides; skull
narrow, slightly convex, Smooth. Fontanels very narrow and long, the frontal
fontanel as long as the parietal. Second suborbital leaving but a very narrow naked
area. Maxillary but little longer than snout, 3.3 in the head. Premaxillary with
two or three teeth in the front series, five teeth in the second series, their denticles
in a straight line; two teeth on the maxillary; lower jaw with eight teeth arranged
in a crescent (four on each side), and smaller teeth on the sides.
Gill-rakers 5 + 10. -
Scales very regularly imbricate, without interpolated or omitted rows. Each
Scale with several slightly diverging striae; anal sheath of a single row of scales
along the base of the anterior rays; caudal naked.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHEs of BRITISH GUIANA 355
Origin of dorsal nearer to snout than to caudal, 3.4 in the length; anal emargi–
nate, its origin about equidistant from snout with the eighth dorsal ray; ventrals
reaching anal, their origin a little in advance of that of the dorsal. Pectorals
reaching beyond origin of ventrals.
A conspicuous parabolic humeral spot, the blunt end forward, and a faint
dark streak extending below it; a diffuse caudal spot occupying the entire width
of the end of the caudal peduncle.
Dorsal line dark; sides profusely covered with pigment cells, disappearing on
the belly; cheeks and opercles dotted; fins dotted; upper and lower margin of caudal
dark. Straw-colored in life; bases of dorsal, anal, and caudal lobes ochreous. -
215. Astyanax wappi (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Plate LII, fig. 1.)
Tetragonopterus wappi CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII,
1848, 153 (Guiana).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 326 (British Guiana).-
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 53.−ULREY,
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 278.
Astyanaz wappi EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
433. -
I have examined the type, No. 2336, Jardin des Plantes, 105 mm. in total
length. Head 3.33; depth 3; scales 6–36–5 (type), 7–38–6; eye 1.5 in the very
convex interorbital, 1 in snout, 4 in head; A. 27; maxillary with one tooth; predorsal
line scaled. Dorsal and anal profile about equally arched; second preorbital
striate; a large oval humeral spot, twice as long as high; a dark caudal spot ex-
tending forward on the sides; traces of longitudinal streaks between the rows of
scales. The figure is based on a specimen in the British Museum.
It is quite possible that both specimens said to have come from Guiana (the
one in Paris and the one in London) actually came from the Branco basin, and
should therefore be excluded from this account.
- PoECILURICHTHYs Gill. ~~ *24 -2& 3. /.22 / .
Paecilurichthys GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 414. º
Like Astyanaz, except that the predorsal line is naked.
Type, Poecilurichthys brevoortii Gill.
2 ºn A
a. Scales 42–50.
b. Lateral line 42–46; a round spot over the seventh to ninth scale of the lateral line; no caudal spot.
e polylepis.
bb. Lateral line 43–51; a narrow ovate spot over the first five scales of the lateral line; a large caudal spot.
abramoides.
356 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
aa. Scales 41, usually fewer. -
d. Anal margin straight; a black stripe on the caudal peduncle, continued on the middle rays.
bimaculatus.
dd. Anal emarginate, a black band across the base of the caudal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . potaroënsis.
216. Poecilurichthys polylepis (Günther). (Plate LII, figs. 2, 3.)
Tetragonopterus maculatus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 74, part;
in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 634, part.
Tetragonopterus polylepis GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 320 (British Guiana).
—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 52.--
ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 276. -
Poecilurichthys polylepis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 433. .
One specimen, 44 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1416a.)
Nineteen specimens, 35–53 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1418q-d;
I. U. Cat. No. 11789.)
Ten specimens, 38–52 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1417a-c; I. U.
Cat. No. 11790.)
Ten specimens, 49–85 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1415a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 11791.)
Sixty-nine specimens, 50–85 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1419a–j;
I. U. Cat. No. 11792.)
Readily distinguished by its circular spot over the seventh to ninth scales of
the lateral line, and by its small scales.
Head 3.5–4; depth 2 in the largest to 2.5 in the young; D. 11; A. 27–31*;
scales 10–42 to 46%–7 to 9 to ventrals; eye 3; interorbital 2.3.
Much compressed, very deep in the old, the ventral profile pendant; dorsal
profile regularly arched from the snout to the caudal peduncle; much slenderer
in the young, but maintaining the same ratio of curvature between back and belly.
Preventral region narrowly rounded, the pectorals considerably above the lower
edge of the breast; scales of belly irregularly imbricate; postventral area narrowly
compressed; entire back very narrow, not especially keeled. Predorsal area naked
to near the dorsal, where there are a few median scales or a few of the scales of one
side overlapping the back. º º
Occipital process one-fourth of the distance from its base to the dorsal, bor-
dered on the sides by five scales; skullsmooth, very convex; frontal fontanel shorter
47 Günther gives the analas24 in the type. In twenty specimens examined two have 27 rays, four have
28, eight have 29, four have 30 and two have 31.
* In sixteen six have 42, six have 43, two have 44, one has 45 and one 46.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 357
than the parietal, extending to above the anterior margin of the pupil; margin of
second suborbital very convex, leaving but a narrow naked margin; maxillary 2.66
in the head, the mouth large. Four to six teeth in the front row of the premaxillary,
the third withdrawn from the line of the rest; five teeth in the second series, their
denticles in a straight line; eight large teeth in the lower jaw (four on each side)
arranged in a crescent; small teeth on the side.
Scales of the sides and back regularly imbricated; a few interpolated scales over
the anal muscles; a row of about twelve scales forming a sheath along the base of
the anterior rays. Scales of belly and breast not very regularly arranged; lateral
line but little decurved; axillary scale well-developed.
Dorsal equidistant with the ventrals from the snout, its origin a little in ad-
vance of the middle, its highest ray 3.5 in the length; anal emarginate; ventrals
not reaching anal; pectorals slightly beyond origin of ventrals.
Highly iridescent; a round spot over the seventh to the ninth scale of the
lateral line, with a dark streak extending down from it and another curving upward
and forward, surrounded by a lighter area; sides and fins thickly punctate, especially
in a lateral band on a level with the humeral spot. Tip of first anal ray sometimes
milk-white. -
217. Poecilurichthys abramoides (Eigenmann). (Plate LII, fig. 4.)
Tetragonopterus abramis (not of Jenyns) Günther, Catalogue, W, 1864, 321 (British
Guiana; Essequibo).-STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” i, 1879, 8
(Orinoco near Ciudad Bolivar).
Astyanaa: abramoides EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 21; Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 432.
Type, 112 mm. Tumatumari. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1028.) º g -
Cotypes, eighty-six specimens, 48–112 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No.
1029a—j; I. U. Cat. No. 11727.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 99–126 mm. Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No.
1030; I. U. Cat. No. 11728.)
Cotypes, twenty-seven specimens, 60–126 mm. Kangaruma. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1031a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 11729.) - g
Cotypes, forty-eight specimens, 56–108 mm. Amatuk Cataract. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1032a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 11730.)
Cotype, one specimen, 54 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1033.)
* Cotype, one specimen, 46 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1034.)
358 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Cotypes, two specimens, 56–63 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1035; I. U.
Cat. No. 11731.) :
Cotypes, two specimens, 51–64 mm. Christianburg. (C. M. Cat. No. 1036;
I. U. Cat. No. 11732.)
Closely allied to P. anterior and P. abramis, but differing from both in the color
of the caudal peduncle and caudal.
Head 4; depth 2.4—2.5; D. 11; A. usually 28;” scales 9 or 10–43 to 51°–7 or 8;
eye 2.5–3; interorbital 2.5–2.6.
Elliptical; dorsal and ventral outlines similar, without prominent humps, the
profile slightly depressed over the eyes. Preventral area rounded, with Small,
rather irregularly placed scales; postventral area narrowly rounded; predorsal
area narrow, with a linear median naked area. g
- Occipital process equal to one-fourth of the distance from its base to the dorsal,
bordered by four scales on its sides; skull smooth in cross-section, very convex;
interorbital much broader than the eye in adult; frontal fontanel a little narrower
than the parietal; margin of second suborbital very convex, leaving a naked area,
which is widest below; maxillary equal to the eye; four or five teeth in the front
row of the premaxillary, the third withdrawn from the line of the rest; five gradu-
ated teeth in the second row, their denticles in shallow crescents: maxillary with
two or three minute teeth; dentary with four large teeth, abruptly followed by smaller
ones on the sides.
Gill-rakers 8 + 11. -
Scales of the sides regularly imbricated; a few interpolated scales over the anal
muscles; anal sheath of a single row of scales along the base of the anterior rays;
caudal naked; a well-developed axillary scale; lateral line but little decurved. Each
Scale of the sides with a few nearly parallel striae.
Dorsal but little farther from snout than the ventral, nearer to snout than to
caudal, its margin rounded, the highest ray about 3.75 in the length, the penulti-
mate a little less than half as long as the highest. Anal emarginate, the second and
tenth reaching the base of the eighteenth when depressed; first anal ray below or
behind the base of the last dorsal ray. Ventrals not reaching anal, pectorals to
ventrals. -
Highly iridescent, blue above, greenish to silvery below; a club-shaped hori-
zontal humeral spot, its pointed anterior end from the upper margin of the first
scale of the lateral line along the row of scales above the latter to above the
* In those examined, one with 26, ten with 28, five with 29, three with 30.
* In those examined, one with 43, four with 44, two with 45, four with 46, four with 47, one with 51.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 359
fifth scale of the line; a dark vertical bar crossing the opercle, followed by a light
bar, a second dark bar across the posterior part of the humeral spot, a second
light bar and then a third dark bar, shading into the profusely dotted sides.
Cheeks profusely dotted; a dark median line, most prominent in young speci-
mens preserved in formalin, this line not extending along the sides of the caudal
peduncle; a black spot at the base of the caudal, its margins shading into the dusky
caudal, but not definitely continued to the end of the middle rays. These markings
fade with age. In life all fins but the pectorals are tinged with orange or brick-red.
218. Poecilurichthys bimaculatus (Linnaeus).
“Charax” No. 54, GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., I, 1754, 19, pl. 1, fig. 5.
Albula maculata LINNAEUs, Mus. Adolphi Fred., 1754, 78, pl. 32, fig. 2.
Tetragonopterus maculatus MüLLER and TRoscHEL, Horæ Ichth., I, 1845, 14, part,
pl. 3, fig. 4; in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,634, part (Rupununi; Essequibo).
—GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 321 (Demerara; River Capin; Pernambuco).
—STEINDACHNER, “Süsswasserfische d. Südóstlichen Brasilien,” iii, 1876, 568,
pl. 1, fig. 2 (Rio Parahyba; Rio Doce; Rio Mucuri).-PETERs, MB. Akad.
Wiss. Berlin, 1877, 472 (Calabozo).-BoulBNGER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
XIX, 1887, 173 (Rio Grande do Sul).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 52.-ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895,
275–PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2a), X, 1891, 43 (Rio Paraguay; Asun-
cion; Villa Maria).-BoulBNGER, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed. Anat. Comp. Torino, X,
1895, 3 (Colonia Risso).-PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 157
(Apuré).—REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, 384 (Trinidad).
Salmo bimaculatus LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, 311, No. 20; ed. 12, 1766, 513
(South America).-BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, 1794, pl. 382, fig. 2.-BLOCH and
SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 413. g
Charaz bimaculatus GRoNow, Cat. Fish, ed. Gray, 1854, 154.
Astyanaa bimaculatus FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 432 (headwaters
of the Tocantins).-EIGENMANN and OGLE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII,
1907, 27, part (Pará; British Guiana).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ.
Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 432. wº
Tetragonopterus linnaei CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848,
142 (Cayenne). - *
Tetragonopterus gronovii CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848,
143 (Surinam).-KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 39.-KNER and
STEINDACHNER, Abhand. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., II Kl., X, 1864, 46 (Rio
Bayano). |
360 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Tetragonopterus orbignianus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII,
1849, 147 (Buenos Aires).
Poecilurichthys brevoortii GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 417 (Trinidad).
—GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 317. -
Tetragonopterus brevoortii LüTKEN, Vidensk. Med. Nat. For. Kjöbenhavn, 1874,
232.—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 53.−
ULREy, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 275. -
Tetragonopterus bartletti GüNTHER, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), XVIII, 1866,
30 (upper Amazon).-CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 260 (Am-
byiacu). - -
Astyanaa: bartlettii FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 343, fig. 31 (Am-
byiacu).
Tetragonopterus orientalis CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XI, 1870, 559 (Pará).—
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 279.-ULREY,
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 279.
Astyanaa: orientalis FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 434, fig. 35.
Astyanaa: microstoma HENSEL (not of Günther), Archiv für Naturg., 1870, 83.
Tetragonopterus lacustris (not of Lütken) BoulBNGER, Trans. Zool. Soc. London,
XIV, 1896, 35 (Descalvados and North Paraguay).-EIGENMANN and NORRIS,
Rev. Mus. Paulista, IV, 1900, 357 (Piracicaba).
Astyanaa: lacustris FowlER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 433 (Pará, Peruvian
Amazon). * -
Tetragonopterus maculatus lacustris EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894,
633 (Rio Grande do Sul).-ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 275.
—EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 521 (Asun-
cion; Estancia la Armonia; Arroyo Trementina).-EIGENMANN and WARD,
MS. (Corumbá; Bahia Negra; Porto Max; Sapucay). -
Tetragonopterus caudimaculatus CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XXXIII, 1894, 107
(headwaters of Tocantins).
2 Tetragonopterus jacuhiensis CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XXXIII, 1894, 88
(Rio Grande do Sul).-ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 280.-
FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 435 (Jacuhy). -
One specimen, 102 mm.” Maripicru, branch of the Ireng. (C. M. Cat. No.
1354a.)
Five specimens, 87–133 mm. Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No. 1355a-b; I. U. Cat.
No. 11847.) &
* This specimen has but twenty-seven anal rays, and scales 7–37–6.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 361
One hundred and two specimens, 37–142 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1356a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 11848.) -
One hundred and twenty-two specimens, 51–126 mm. Botanic Garden. (C.
M. Cat. No. 1357a—z; I. U. Cat. No. 11849.)
Seven specimens, 74–85 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 1358a–b; I.
U. Cat. No. 11850.) -
One specimen, 79 mm. . Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1359a.)
Two specimens, 83–84 mm. Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No. 1360a; I. U.
Cat. No. 11851.)
Head 3.5–4.3; depth 2–2.6; D. 11; A. 28–36, most frequently 32; scales 7–37
to 41–6; eye about 3 in the head; interorbital 2.3–2.4.
Elliptical; predorsal area narrowly rounded, with a few median scales near
the dorsal. Occipital process one-third to one-fourth in the distance between its
base and the dorsal; second suborbital leaving a narrow naked area.
Anal slightly emarginate in the young, straight in the adult.
A well-defined, horizontally ovate, black humeral spot over the third to the
sixth, or second to the fifth scale of the lateral line; a spot on the caudal peduncle,
fading out forward and continued behind to the tip of the middle caudal rays.
219. Poecilurichthys potaroënsis (Eigenmann). (Plate LII, fig. 5.)
Astyanaa: potaroënsis EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 22; Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 433. -
Type, 58 mm. Amatuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1037.)
Cotypes, twelve specimens, 51–64 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1038a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 11733.) - sº
Cotype, one specimen, about 59 mm. Kangaruma. (C. M. Cat. No. 1039.)
Cotype, one specimen, 45 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 1040.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 47–49 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 1041; I. U.
Cat. No. 11734.) -
Evidently allied to P. bimaculatus and P. orthodus. It is readily distinguished
from the former by the emarginate anal, the broad caudal band, and the absence
of any stripe on the caudal peduncle. In the coloration of the sides it approaches
P. abramoides, the humeral spot being less defined, the black lateral line being
absent. Its anal is distinctly shorter than that of orthodus.
Head 3.5; depth 2.6–3; D. 11; A. 27 or 28, rarely 29; scales 8 (rarely 9)—37 to
38%–6 or 7; eye 2.75; interorbital 3. - -
* In ten individuals five have 37, three have 38, one has 39, and one 41 scales.
362 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Elongate, subrhomboidal, profile rising rapidly in front, then curved more
gently to the dorsal; ventral profile regularly rounded. Preventral area convex,
without a distinct median series of scales; postventral area narrowly rounded;
predorsal area narrowly rounded, two scales in front of the dorsal, the median line
otherwise naked to the occipital process. - -
Occipital process very narrow, its width not quite half its length, which is
about one-fifth as long as the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered by three
scales on the sides. Interorbital smooth and convex; frontal fontanel a little
narrower and a little shorter than the parietal; second suborbital leaving a con-
siderable naked area, which is widest below; mouth large, maxillary a little longer
than the eye; normally four teeth in the outer series of the premaxillary, of which
the third is withdrawn from the line of the rest; five teeth in the second series; maxil-
lary with three small teeth; mandible with four large teeth in the dentary and
abruptly minute ones on the side.
Gill-rakers 6 + 14, those of the upper arch excessively minute, those of the
lower arch about one-third the length of the eye.
Scales of the sides regularly imbricate, no interpolated scales over the anal;
scales of the ventral surface less regularly imbricate; lateral line but little decurved;
anal sheath composed of a single series of scales along the base of the anterior rays.
Ventrals but little nearer the snout than to the dorsal, which is a little nearer
to the snout than to the caudal; highest dorsal ray about 4 in the length. Anal
emarginate, the second and fourteenth rays reaching the base of the twentieth ray.
Ventrals not reaching anal, pectorals just to ventrals.
Coloration much as in abramoides. A dark bar crossing opercle, a second bar
some distance behind this in a light area, the second bar widest above the lateral
line, where it forms an indistinct humeral spot; a third bar shading into the thickly
dotted sides; cheeks thickly punctate; a dark dorsal streak. A black band crossing
the base of the caudal and sometimes extending out along the outer rays. No
dark line along the sides in formalin specimens, but sometimes dark streaks up and
down from the median line between the muscle segments.
CTENOBRYCON Eigenmann.
Ctenobrycon EIGENMANN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLI, 1908, 94.
Type, Tetragonopterus haua wellianus Cope. - -
Distinguished from all other Tetragonopterids by its ctenoid scales.
Anal long, its margin nearly straight, its origin behind or below the origin of
the dorsal; mouth very small, the maxillary not reaching the eye; scales of the
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 363
breast ctenoid, those of the sides cycloid in young, becoming ctenoid in adult;
lateral line always complete, a long tube extending on the middle caudal membrane;
caudal naked; maxillary with none or two teeth; a series of tricuspid teeth in the
premaxillary and an inner series of five-pointed ones, the denticles of which are
arranged in a U-shaped curve; predorsal area scaled. -
Premaxillary teeth in parallel series, the third tooth of the first series not being
out of line with the rest. -
One species is found in the Guianas.
220. Ctenobrycon spilurus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Plate XLVII, fig. 1.)
Tetragonopterus spilurus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848,
156 (Surinam).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864,318–EIGENMANN and EIGEN-
MANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 52.—ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
VIII, 1895, 274. -
Ctenobrycon spilurus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 435.
º Several hundred specimens, the largest 77 mm., from the trenches of George-
town and the Botanic Garden. (C. M. Cat. No. 1425 and 1426.)
Head 4.25–4.5; depth 2.25–3; D. 11; A, usually 41–45°; scales 11 or 12–41 to
50–7 to 10; eye, 2.75–3. p
DEUTERODON Eigenmann.
Deuterodon EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, 140, pl. 41, fig. 3 (iguape).
Joinvillia STEINDACHNER, Wien Anz. Akad. Wiss., XIV, 1908, 30 (rosae).
Type Deuterodon iguape Eigenmann. -
Compressed, elliptical fishes of small size,” most nearly related to Astyanaa,
from which they differ in dentition. Teeth all multicuspid incisors, those in the
premaxillary in two series, those in the maxillary (2–7) and in the mandible in a
single series, the latter graduate; lateral line complete; caudal naked. Lives
largely in cataracts.
Key To THE GUIANA Species of DEUTERodon.
a. Each pore of the lateral line surrounded by black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . potaroënsis.
aa. A black median band or line, usually with pinnately diverging lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pinnatus.
221. Deuterodon potaroënsis Eigenmann. (Plate LIII, fig. 1.)
Deuterodon potaroënsis EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 27; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 431.
* Of those examined one has 36, one has 39, one has 40, three have 41, seven have 42, four have 43,
four have 44, three have 45, one has 46, and one has 47 anal rays.
* The greatest recorded length is about 13 cm, over all.
364 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Type, 43 mm. Amatuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1053).
Cotypes, five specimens, 39–50 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1054;
I. U. Cat. No. 11744.)
Cotypes, three specimens, 31–35 mm. Waratuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1055;
I. U. Cat. No. 11745.)
Two specimens, 35–43 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 2455a–b.)
This species was taken by using poison in a little side branch of the Waratuk
Cataract, and in the same way in a larger branch of the Amatuk Cataract.
Head 3.8-4; depth 3.2–3.5; D. 9 or 10; A. 24 or 25 (rarely 27); scales 6–37 to
40–4. Eye 2.5; interorbital equal to eye. *
Elongate, little compressed, heavy at shoulder; dorsal and ventral profiles
equally arched, without hump or depressions; preventral area narrowly rounded,
with a median series of scales; postventral area compressed to a narrow edge;
predorsal area keeled, with a median series of about thirteen scales.
Occipital process about one-fifth of the distance from its base to the dorsal,
bordered by three scales; head narrow, smooth above, slightly convex; frontal
fontanel much shorter than the parietal, narrow; second suborbital leaving a naked
area about one-third as wide as its own greatest width; maxillary longer than snout,
but not quite equal to eye; premaxillary with three three-pointed teeth in the front
row and five three- to five-pointed ones in the second; denticles of the second row
in a more or less open crescent; four or five maxillary teeth similar to those of the
inner row of the premaxillary. Mandible with seven graduated multicuspid
incisors, followed by one or two conical incisors.
Gill-rakers 6 + 12.
Origin of dorsal a little nearer snout than to caudal, its penultimate ray a little
more than half as long as the longest ray, which is about one-fourth of the length.
Margin of anal straight, the rays graduate from the anterior longer ones; ventrals
very short, not reaching anal, a little nearer to the snout than the dorsal; pectorals
reaching ventrals. *
Markings in formalin specimens: each pore of the lateral line surrounded by
black, the dots forming a conspicuous line; bases of two rows of scales below the
lateral line over the abdomen and three or four rows of scales above the lateral line
dark, the spots forming fainter longitudinal lines; margins of scales of the upper
parts of the sides and the entire dorsal line very dark; a faint comma-shaped vertical
humeral spot interrupted in the middle; a dark lateral band intensified in spots and
ending in a caudal spot, which extends from a little above the lateral line to the
lower margin of the caudal; ventral fins dusky.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 365
222. Deuterodon pinnatus Eigenmann. (Plate LIII, fig. 2.)
Deuterodon pinnatus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 26; Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 431.
Type, 62 mm. Amatuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1046.)
Cotypes, twenty-five specimens, 32–75 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No.
1047a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 11738.) -
Cotypes, two specimens, 36–40 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1048;
I. U. Cat. No. 11739.) -
Cotypes, nineteen specimens, 21–43 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No.
1049a–c; I. U. Cat. No. 11740.)
Distinguished from all other Tetragonopterids by the pinnate black markings
of the sides. - -
Head 4–4.3; depth 2.5–2.7; D. 10 or 11; A. 24–25, rarely 27; ‘scales 6–36 or
37–4 or 5.
Compressed, subrhomboidal; profile slightly depressed over the eye; preventral
area rounded; the scales large, a nearly regular median series; postventral area
narrowly rounded, the anus directly in front of the anal; predorsal area narrowly
rounded, with a median series of about nine scales. -
Occipital process triangular, not quite one-fourth of the distance from its base
to the dorsal, bordered by three scales; interorbital convex; fontanels narrow, the
anterior shorter than the parietal; second suborbital deep, leaving a wide naked
area; maxillary about 3.5 in the head; three or four teeth in the outer row of the
premaxillary; five graduated teeth in the inner series, expanded at top, the denticles
in a crescent, the middle one not notably larger or longer than the others; three
or four similar teeth in the maxillary; dentary with eight to ten graduated teeth,
similar to those of the premaxillary, but with longer median point; all the teeth
brown-tipped.
Gill-rakers short, 6 + 10.
Ventrals in advance of the vertical from the dorsal; origin of dorsal in the
middle or slightly in advance of the middle, its highest ray 3.75 in the length;
twelfth anal ray two-fifths to about half as high as the highest, the anal margin
concave or not; pectorals reaching slightly beyond origin of ventrals, ventrals
not quite to anal. - -
Cheeks and opercles punctate; a well-developed humeral spot in a vertical
humeral band; a second band in front of the dorsal, shading into the much punctate
sides; a black median line, from which black streaks branch along the septa of the
muscles at every other myotome; a conspicuous, large caudal spot, not continued
366 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
to the end of the middle rays. Dorsal, adipose, caudal, and anal punctate, the
latter sometimes most so along the base and tip.
There are also in the collection: -
Cotypes, forty-one specimens, 21–68 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No.
1050a—j; I. U. Cat. No. 11741.)
Cotypes, seven specimens, 20–69 mm. Waratuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1051a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11742.)
Cotypes, three specimens, 23–40 mm. Savannah Landing. (C. M. Cat. No.
1052; I. U. Cat. No. 11743.)
These differ from the typical specimens described in that the color along
the sides is in a dark band, instead of pinnately distributed, continued to the caudal
spot, which is continued to the end of the middle caudal rays. A. 23–25. Lateral
line 37, 37, 38, 38, 39, 40 in the six largest specimens from Amatuk. -
PHENACOGASTER Eigenmann.
Phenacogaster EIGENMANN, Am. Nat., XLI, 1907, 769.
Origin of anal under origin of dorsal; lateral line complete; scales in front of
the ventrals in two series, overlapping in the middle. ^2/4 3. ** - / ºr viº … :
Type, Phenacogaster pectinatus (Cope). g
Range: Amazons and Guiana.
KEY. To THE GUIANA SPECIES of PHENACOGASTER.
a. Lateral spot large, subcircular; a scale in the angle of each pair of the ventral series of scales, except the two
pairs between the pectorals; scales with numerous radial striae; A. 33–37; scales 6–33 to 36–4 or 5;
premaxillary with four to seven teeth in the outer series and five to seven three-lobed teeth and one to
three conical teeth. A caudal spot, not continued to the end of the middle rays. . . . . . . megalostictus.
aa. Lateral spot minute, inconspicuous; few if any scales in the angles of the pairs of scales along the ventral
- surface; base and margin of anal dotted, the middle hyaline; scales with concentric striae; radial striae
inconspicuous or absent. A. 37–40; scales 6–38 or 39–5; premaxillary with four tricuspid and five
conical teeth in the inner Series; no caudal spot... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . microstictus.
223. Phenacogaster megalostictus Eigenmann. (Plate LIII, fig. 3.)
Phenacogaster megalostictus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1909, 28; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 431.
Type, 65 mm. Tumatumari. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1056.)
Cotypes, fifty-nine specimens, 42–77 mm. Tumatumari, Lower Potaro River.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1057a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 11746.) -
Cotype, one specimen, 55 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 1058.)
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 367
Cotypes, five specimens, 46–64 mm. Sand-bank at Tukeit. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1059; I. U. Cat. No. 11747.) -
Cotypes, four specimens, 68–85 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1060; I. U.
Cat. No. 11748.)
Cotypes, sixteen specimens, 41–64 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No.
1061a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11749.) -
Cotypes, eighteen specimens, 36–64 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No.
1062a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 11750.)
Head 3.8-4; depth about 2.66; D. 11; A. 33–37, usually 35 or 36;º scales 6–33
to 36°–4 to 5; eye 2.33–2.66; interorbital 3.5–4. g
Elongate rhomboidal, heavy forward, the tail much compressed; profile com-
pressed over the eye, arched in front of the dorsal; preventral area flat, with two
Series of large scales overlapping along the middle, a small scale in the angle of each
pair of the overlapping scales, except the two pairs between the pectorals; midline
of postventral area naked; predorsal area bluntly keeled, with about ten median
scales.
Occipital process one-fourth or one-fifth of the distance from its base to the
dorsal, bordered by four scales on the sides; interorbital flat, the upper margin of
the eye on a level with the middle of interorbital; frontal fontanel as long as the
parietal, narrower than the latter, reaching to above the anterior margin of the
pupil; second suborbital corrugate, leaving a wide naked margin; premaxillary-
maxillary border without a distinct angle, moderately oblique; a maxillary of
nearly equal width throughout, not slipping under or over the first suborbital;
snout blunt, the lower jaw included.
Mandible with four to six narrow graduated teeth, with a large central and a
minute lateral cusp on each side; sides of mandible with about ten minute teeth;
premaxillary with four to seven teeth in a line parallel with the second row, which
consists of about five to seven three-lobed and one to three conical teeth; maxillary
with eleven to sixteen conical or three-lobed teeth along about half the length of the
maxillary.
Gill-rakers 4 + 9.
Scales everywhere regularly imbricate, without interpolate scales, each scale
with several radiating striae; lateral line slightly decurved; anal sheath of a single
series of graduate scales along the base of the first rays; caudal naked; axillary
scale Small.
* Of those examined three with 33, four with 34, six with 35, seven with 36 and two with 37.
* Of those examined two with 33, three with 34, eight with 35, ten with 36.
368 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Origin of the dorsal a little in advance of the middle, pointed, the rays very
rapidly decreasing from the highest, which is equal to about a third of the length.
Anal emarginate, its origin and the third dorsal ray about equidistant from the
snout; ventrals extending slightly beyond origin of anal; pectorals beyond base of
ventrals. -
Straw-colored, with a silvery lateral band, slightly iridescent. A large,
conspicuous, subcircular spot over the sixth to eighth scale of the lateral line,
occupying the width of two scales (this spot frequently with a lunate encroach-
ment in front); upper part of opercle and area below eye spotted, sometimes the -
rest of the cheek also spotted; a black median line more or less evident; a large
caudal spot exteriding to near the middle (sometimes farther) of the median caudal
rays; scales of the back always broadly margined with black, those of the flanks
less so; above the anal the markings of the margin of the scales mixed with the lines
of chromatophores following the muscle segments; tips of caudal nigrescent; anal
nearly uniformly dotted, or the base and tip dotted, the rest hyaline; first anal rays
milk-white.
224. Phenacogaster microstictus Eigenmann. (Plate LIII, fig. 4.)
Phenacogaster microstictus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 30; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 431.
Type, 48 mm. Tumatumari, Lower Potaro. (Carnegie Museum Catalog
of Fishes No. 1063.)
Cotypes, seven specimens, 28 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1064a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 11751.)
Cotype, one specimen, 29 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1065.)
Cotypes, four specimens, about 35 to about 46 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1066; I. U. Cat. No. 11752.)
Head 4; depth 2.8; D. 11; A. 37–40, generally 39; scales 6–38 or 39–5; eye 2.5;
interorbital 3.5. -
Only one or two small scales in the angles of the overlapping scales of the
ventral surface; interorbital slightly convex. Maxillary teeth about seventeen,
scattered along most of its length; premaxillary with four tricuspid and five conical
teeth in the inner series; two or three teeth similar to the larger ones, and possibly
sometimes a few conical teeth in the outer series; mandible with seven larger and
a number of minute teeth. e
Scales with concentric striae, but with very few, or inconspicuous, radial striae.
Straw-colored; a very faint and small humeral spot over the seventh scale
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 369
of the lateral line; a dark deep-lying line; two small deep-lying black spots at the
bases of the caudal lobes; no caudal spot; caudal, except the middle of the base of
the lobes, dusky; base and margin of anal dotted, the middle hyaline; sides of head
and body profusely dotted, the dots on the flanks and back margining the scales,
the margin consisting of a single row of chromatophores on the flank, of several
rows on the back; dots over the anal muscles following the intermuscular septa.
Cotypes all very much lighter.
In one of the Crab Fall specimens the humeral spot is conspicuous, owing
to the expansion of the chromatophores.
HOLOBRYCON Eigenmann.
Holobrycon EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 33.
Type, Brycon pesu Müller and Troschel.
Lower jaw with two series of teeth, those of the outer series lobed, those of
the inner series conical. Inner series consisting of a pair of conical teeth near the
symphysis and a series of much smaller teeth on the posterior part of the sides of
lower jaw; upper jaw with three or more series of teeth. No fontanels in half-
grown or adult specimens.
225. Holobrycon pesu (Müller and Troschel). (Plate LIV, fig. 1.)
“PeSu.”
Brycon pesu MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 30, pl. 7, fig. 1; in Schom-
burgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 635 (Lower Essequibo and Mazaruni).-GüNTHER,
Catalogue, W, 1864, 336.-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, 55.
Holobrycon pesu EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ., Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
431. -
I have examined the type in Berlin and: *
One specimen, 80 mm. Warraputa Cataract. (C. M. Cat. No. 1809.)
Two specimens, 102–116 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1810; I. U. Cat.
No. 12106.) e
One specimen, 84 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1811.)
Seven specimens, 78–100 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1812a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12103.)
Eighteen specimens, 29–109 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 1813a-d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12104.) -
One specimen, 61 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1814a.)
370 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Twenty-one specimens, 102–149 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No.
1815a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12105.) -
Head 4–4.2; depth 3.25–3.33; D. 11; A. 21–23; scales 8.5–41 to 44–3.5. Eye
3.4—3.75 (3 in the smallest).
Compressed, ventral profile more strongly arched than the dorsal; head
pointed; area between ventrals narrowly rounded.
Fontanels becoming closed when specimens reach a size of about 75 mm.
Second suborbital covering the entire cheek in the adult; maxillary with teeth along
its entire margin, slipping under, but not concealed by the preorbital; Snout pro-
jecting; premaxillary with eight to ten teeth in the outer row; four large teeth in
the outer row of , each side of the lower jaw, and smaller teeth on the sides.
Origin of dorsal about equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and anterior
margin of the eye; margin of dorsal rounded; adipose fin large; caudal forked, the
lobes not twice as long as the middle rays, the middle rays not prolonged.
Anal slightly emarginate; ventrals not reaching anal; pectorals barely reaching
ventrals. p
Iridescent blue with faint dark cross-lines; a dusky humeral spot; adipose and
margin of caudal dusky or black, the caudal sometimes watered. Dorsal, ventrals,
middle of anal lobe, and a band on each caudal lobe, rusty.
Subfamily BRYoonINAE.
BRYoon Müller and Troschel.
Brycon MüLLER and TRoscHEL, Horæ Ichth., I, 1845, 15 (falcatus).
Chalcinopsis KNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. München, 1863, 226 (striatulus).
Megalobrycon GüNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 423, fig. 1 (cephalus).
Bryconodon EIGENMANN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Quarterly Issue, XLV, 1904, 146
(orthotania). -
Triurobrycon EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 33 (lundii).
Type, Brycon falcatus Müller and Troschel.
With the characters of Holobrycon, but the skull with two large fontanels.
Two species of this genus have been recorded from British Guiana. They
may be distinguished as follows: -
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES OF BRycon. -
a. Middle caudal rays prolonged, forming a projecting point; base of anal and a large V-shaped caudal spot
black; dark lines along the rows of scales. . . . 3.23.44. S. &...?...................... falcatus.
aa. Middle caudal rays prolonged, the caudal emarginate; fins largely black; dark lines between the rows of
scales . . . . . . . . . . . . $2.6 … 4 *…~ ... . . . . . . . siebenthalae.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 371
226. Brycon falcatus Müller and Troschel. (Plate LIV, fig. 2.)
2 Chalceus labrosus SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 212 (Paduiri).
Brycon falcatus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 29, pl. 6, fig. 1;
in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 635 (all rivers).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W,
1864, 334 (Essequibo; Surinam).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 55.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Pata-
gonia, III, 1910, 431. -
Brycon schomburgkii MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 29, pl. 6, fig. 2
(Essequibo); in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 96 (Lower Essequibo).-
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 55.
One specimen, 114 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1816.)
Three specimens, 115–130 mm. Locality ? (C. M. Cat. No. 1817; I. U. Cat.
No. 12109.) -
Twelve specimens, 223–275 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 1818q-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12107.) º -
Head 3.5–4; depth 2.6–2.8; D. 11; A. 26 or 27; scales 9–52–53–4; eye 3.4–3.75
in head, 1.66–2 in interorbital, about equal to the length of the snout.
Elongate oval, the dorsal and ventral outlines about equally convex; pre-
ventral area broad, flattish; postventral area narrowly rounded; predorsal area
narrowly rounded, without a definite median series of scales; head broad, the convex
profile in front of the dorsal but little depressed over the eyes; second suborbital
in contact with the angle of the preopercle, a narrow naked margin between it and
the upper and lower limits of the preopercle. gº
Upper jaw but slightly projecting, only the outer row of the premaxillary
exposed; seven to ten teeth in the outer series in each premaxillary, six in the inner
row and four between the two series; three large teeth on each side of the mandible,
with graduated teeth on the sides.
Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and base of middle caudal rays;
dorsal obliquely truncate or slightly emarginate. Adipose fin well-developed.
Caudal emarginate when opened, the middle rays forming a small projecting lobe;
anal slightly emarginate in front; ventrals reaching beyond vent, but not to anal,
pectorals not quite to ventrals. s -
A humeral spot just behind the opercle above the lateral line. A conspicuous
V-shaped black band on the caudal; base of anal black; sides highly iridescent,
darker above; dark lines along the middle of the rows of scales above the lateral
line; dorsal, adipose, and upper caudal margin rosy; an orange band parallel with
the black band on caudal and anal in the smaller specimens in life. In the larger
the dorsal, adipose, caudal and anal are dirty orange.
372 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
I have examined the types of B. falcatus and B. Schomburgkii in Berlin. The
latter is undoubtedly the young of the former. It agrees with it in the markings
of both the fins and in the lateral bands, which follow the middle of the rows of
Scales.
227. Brycon siebenthalae sp. nov. (Plate LIV, fig. 3.)
One specimen, 204 mm. Mud Creek, Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No. 1819.)
Head 4; depth 3; D. 11; A. 26; scales 12–64–7. Eye 1 in snout, 3.75 in head,
2 in interorbital.
Compressed; head short, blunt, broad; ventral profile regularly and more
greatly arched than the dorsal; preventral area rounded, predorsal region bluntly
keeled.
Interorbital arched; second suborbital leaving a narrow naked margin; upper
jaw scarcely projecting; twelve teeth in the outer series of the upper jaw; four
large teeth in the outer row of the lower jaw.
Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of middle caudal rays,
the third ray longest, equal to head without opercle; caudal broad, emarginate, the
lobes rounded, 4.5 in the length; pectorals not reaching ventrals.
A faint humeral spot; series of dark lines between the rows of scales, most
conspicuous over the anal.
Pectorals and ventrals blue-black, the remaining fins dark.
I take pleasure in naming this species for Miss Maud Siebenthal, who has pre-
pared many of the illustrations for this volume.
CHALCEUS Cuvier.
Chalceus CUVIER, Mém. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., IV, 454.
Type, Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier.
With the dentition of Brycon, but an outer series of multicuspid and an inner
series of conical teeth in the lower jaw; three series of teeth in the premaxillary.
Scales of the back and down to the lateral line very large; lateral line much decurved,
the scales below it much smaller than those above it. Gill-membranes free; belly
rounded.
A single species is known.
228. Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier.
Chalceus macrolepidotus CUVIER, Mém. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., IV, 454, pl. 21, fig. 1.-
CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 240.—SCHOM-
BURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 216, pl. 14 (Essequibo).-GüNTHER,
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 373
Catalogue, V, 1864, 333 (Essequibo; River Cupai; British Guiana).-CoPE,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 262 (Ambyiacu).-EIGENMANN and EIGEN-
MANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 55.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 439.
Brycon macrolepidotus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 15; in Schom-
burgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 635 (Essequibo; Mazaruni).
Chalceus ararapeera CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848,
244 (Essequibo).
Five specimens, 93—214 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1961a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12202.) s
Five specimens, 95–110 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1962a-c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12203.) * tº
Twenty-six specimens, 93–244 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1963a– ;
I. U. Cat. No. 12204.)
Head 3.5–4; depth 3.6; D. 12; A. 11; scales 3.25–37 or 38–2, twenty to twenty-
two scales in the series just above the lateral line. Eye 1.3 in snout, 3.6 in head, 2
in interorbital; 1, 3, 1.3 respectively in the young.
Elongate, ventral profile with a greater arch than the dorsal; ventral surface
rounded, with a regular median series of scales; dorsal surface very broad, with a
median series of seven scales before the dorsal; profile from the dorsal to the snout
slightly curved, little descending; head broad, smooth, and flat above, the fontanels
linear, becoming obliterated with age; occipital process very short, scarcely evident
externally. * -
Cheeks with a narrow naked margin behind in the adult; the second suborbital
in contact with the lower limb of the preopercle, but leaving a naked margin in the
adult; premaxillaries meeting at an angle, with a considerable horizontal extent,
meeting the straight-margined premaxillaries at an angle. Mouth terminal, the
upper jaw projecting; the teeth much as in Brycon, lower jaw with two series of
teeth; those of the outer series graduated, multicuspid, with ribbed convex outer sur-
and concave inner surface, fourteen on each side; inner series consisting of minute
face conical teeth, much more numerous than those of the outer series, the median pair
much enlarged; each premaxillary with an outer series of about ten tricuspid
slightly graduated teeth; an inner series of about six multicuspid teeth, of which
the second is the largest, those following rapidly graduated; a middle series of
two teeth, one outward from the space between the first and second of the inner
series and one outward from the space between the second and third; maxillary
with a series of teeth for nearly its entire length, those near its angle tricuspid,
374 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Fowlerina Eigenmann, Am. Nat, XVI, 1882,772.
those farther out conical. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus and from each
other; gill-rakers about 7–H 11.
Scales of the back and sides large, with membranous border; each scale with
a few large, and a multitude of minute, reticulating lines; a well-developed axillary
scale; fins naked. - e
Origin of dorsal equidistant from eye and caudal, its height about 5.5 in the
length; caudal broadly lobed, the lobes about 4 in the length; adipose fin small;
anal short, emarginate, its lobe oblique, the longest ray usually extending beyond the
tip of the last. Ventrals reaching about half-way to middle of anal, pectorals three-
fourths to ventrals.
Iridescent, plumbeous above; caudal and adipose deep maroon; dorsal rays
similar, the membranes lighter; middle of ventral and pectorals maroon; lower
parts yellowish-white, a maroon streak from above anal to above pectorals.
* 3
\A
Subfamily STETHAPRIONINAE. \, |
tº t ..), : *
FOWLERINA Eigenmann. - C jºy . . "
Type, Tetragonopterus compressus Günther.
Predorsal spine scale-like, concave below, fitting into a notch in the back in
front of the dorsal fin. Caudal scaled; anal long, with one row of scales. Scales
34–36; preventral region with a median series of scales, none spinous.
229. Fowlerina orbicularis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Plate XLVI, fig. 2.)
Tetragonopterus orbicularis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII,
1848, 138 (Essequibo; Amazon).-CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855,
65, pl. 32, fig. 3 (Amazon).--KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” i, 1859, 38
(Villa Maria).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 320; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
(5), WI, 1880, 12 (La Plata),—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, 52.—ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 276.-
VAILLANT, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., V, 1899, 155 (Carnot).
Fowlerina orbicularis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 441. e
Tetragonopterus compressus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 319 (Essequibo; Suri-
nam, Marañon). - -
Brachychalcinus retrospina (in part) BoulBNGER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (6),
X, 1892, 12 (Santa Cruz). e -
Fowlerina paraguayensis EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, 153.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 375
Nineteen specimens, 41–81 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1946a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12207.) • e
- Three specimens, 44–50 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 1947a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12208.)
One specimen, 50 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1948.)
Two specimens, 58–87 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No.
1949; I. U. Cat. No. 12209.)
Seventy-two specimens, the largest 71 mm., most of them about 50 mm.
Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. Nos. 1950a—i, and 2454 (figured); I. U. Cat. No. 12210.)
Eighteen specimens, 96–115 mm. Kangaruma. (C. M. Cat. No. 1951a—e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12211.) - g
Twenty-four specimens, 40–83 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1952a-e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12212.) -
Ninety-eight specimens, the largest 75 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No.
1953a—i; I. U. Cat. No. 12213.)
One hundred and sixty-four specimens, the largest 70 mm. Wismar. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1954a–w; I. U. Cat. No. 12214.) -
Seven specimens, 45–52 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1955a–d; I. U.
Cat. No. 12215.) tº
Five specimens, 55–71 mm. Label lost, either Botanic Gardens or mud-flats
below Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1956a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 12216.)
Eight specimens, 45–62 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 2206a-d; I. U. Cat.
No. 12362.) *
Head about 4; depth nearly 2 in the young, 1.4 in some of the largest; D. 11
or 12; A. 30–34, most frequently 32; scales 8–34 to 36–6 to 8. Eye.7 in the snout,
2.4—2.6 in the head, 1+ in the interorbital. -
Extremely deep and compressed, preventral surface bluntly keeled; in part
covered by median scales, in part by scales bent over the ridge; predorsal area
keeled, with a median series of about eight scales; ventral arch more pronounced
than the dorsal; anal base straight; predorsal profile arched, with a distinct de-
pression over the eyes; occipital process, as in all deep species, very long and narrow,
reaching one-third of the way to the dorsal, bordered by five scales on each side;
predorsal spine in old individuals more or less leaf-shaped, with entire margins,
in the young hastate, with a retrorse barb on each side; fontanel narrow, the parietal
continued as a deep groove on the occipital process. t
Second suborbital leaving but a very narrow naked margin in the adult; jaws
equal, the premaxillary with a short horizontal extent, meeting the maxillary at an
376 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
angle; dentition as in Tetragonopterus, premaxillary with an inner series of about
five teeth, whose denticles are in a crescent, and an outer series of four or more
teeth, the second or third withdrawn from the line of the rest; dentary with four
large teeth, abruptly followed by minute teeth on the side; maxillary slender, with
as many as three teeth on its upper angle, these scarcely evident in small specimens.
Gill-rakers long, slender, 10 + 16.
Scales regularly imbricated, except over the anal musculature, each scale with a
few radiating striae; lateral line but slightly decurved; anal with a sheath of two
rows of scales, which are continuous with those of the sides; caudal lobes with
minute scales for more than half their length.
Dorsal pointed, the highest ray in the young reaching the adipose, shorter
in the adult; adipose large; caudal forked, anal emarginate, more so in young than
in adult; ventrals reaching to, or a little beyond, the origin of the anal, pectorals to
above the middle of the ventrals. - -
Highly iridescent, silvery; a silvery lateral band; two vertical humeral bars,
the second merging into the pigmentation of the sides; outer margin of ventrals
and anterior margin of anal frequently black; fins variously peppered.
The specimens from Erukin differ from the rest as follows: the dorsal and anal
are falcate, the longest dorsal rays reaching beyond the origin of the adipose, the
longest anal ray to the base of the twenty-fifth ray.
Subfamily CHALCININAE. º
CHALCINUs Cuvier and Valenciennes. |
Chalceus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 15 (angulatus), not of
Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Chalcinus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 258 (brachy-
pomus).
Triportheus CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 264, pl. 8, fig. 3, and pl. 14,
fig. 1 (flavus).
Coscinoacyron FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 450 (culter).
Type, Chalcinus brachypomus Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Compressed, large-scaled, herring-like fishes; lateral line decurved; preventral
edge compressed; pectoral large; mouth small, a pair of conical teeth in the lower
jaw behind a series of lobed teeth; upper jaw with two series of teeth; caudal
emarginate, the middle rays prolonged.
The species and varieties, about thirteen in number, differ from each other
but slightly. Within our limits one species is found about Morawhanna, another
in the Essequibo and Demerara. They may be distinguished as follows:
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 377
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of CHALCINUs.
a. Six scales between the dorsal and the lateral line; twenty to twenty-five rakers on the lower limb of the
first gill-arch; depth in the largest 3.3—3.4 in the length; caudal peduncle slender, its width equal to
half of its depth in the largest; lateral line 40–43; A. 27–30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . elongatus.
aa. Five scales between the dorsal and the lateral line; thirty to forty-two rakers on the lower limb; depth in
the largest 3 in the length; caudal peduncle compressed, its width equal to one-third of its depth in
the largest; pectoral much broader than in the preceding species; lateral line 35–37; A. 26 or 27;
origin of anal under last dorsal ray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rotundatus.
2 * x T.
230. Chalcinus elongatus Günther.
Chalcimus elongatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1848, 342.-STEINDACHNER, “Ich-
thyologische Beiträge,” v, 1876, 54 (Teffé; Peruvian Amazon); “Flussfische
Südamerika's,” i, 1879, 9 (Orinoco near Ciudad Bolivar).-GARMAN, Bull.
Essex Inst., XXII, 1890, 6 (Arary; Cameta; Gurupa; Iça; José Fernandez;
Jutahy; Lago Alexo; Lake Hyanuary; Lake José Assu; Manacapuru; Manaos;
Montalegre; Obidos; Pará; Porto do Moz; Rio Negro; Santarem; Silva, Lake
Saraca; Tabatinga; Teffé; Tonantins; Villa Bella).-EIGENMANN and EIGEN-
MANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 56.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 440.
One specimen, 213 mm. Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No. 1999a.)
Two specimens, 200 mm. Koreabo Rubber Plantation. (C. M. Cat. No.
2000; I. U. Cat. No. 12247.) x,
Seven specimens, 93–142 mm. Creek in Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No.
2057a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 12250.)
Ten specimens, 107–115 mm. Trenches in Morawhanna. (C. M. Cat. No.
2058a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 12248.)
231. Chalcinus rotundatus (Schomburgk). (Plate LW, fig. 1.)
Chalceus rotundatus SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1840, 209 (Padauiri).
Chalcinus brachypomus CUVIER and VALENCIENNEs, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII,
1848, 259 (Maná; Essequibo), -GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 339 (Esse-
quibo).-STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Beiträge, v, 1876, 49 (Demerara;
Santarem; Villa Bella).-PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 157
(Apuré).—FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 1449, fig. 43 (Dem-
erara River). -
Chalceus angulatus (not of Spix) MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen,
III, 1848, 635 (Essequibo and Rupununi). -
Chalcinus giintheri GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., XXII, 1890, 4 (San Francisco).-
378 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 56.-EIGEN-
MANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 440.
One specimen, 187 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2059.)
Three specimens, 51–111 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 2060; I. U. Cat.
No. 12249.)
Thirty specimens, 110–155 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1261a—e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12251.)
The caudal in some specimens is quite yellow, in others not. It is watered
with black. -
This species was quite abundant about Rockstone. It is difficult to obtain
except by the tedious process of angling with a minute hook. A small school came
about the rocks where some fish were being cleaned at Crab Falls. These were
secured.
Subfamily GASTEROPELECINAE.
{ o
CARNEGIELLA Eigenmann.
Carnegiella EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 13.
Type, Gasteropelecus strigatus Günther.
Carnegiella is distinguished from Gasteropelecus by the following general
characters: No adipose fin. Premaxillary with about nine tricuspid teeth in a
single series; maxillary with a single large, conical tooth at its upper anterior angle.
22.9%, a .
232. Carnegiella strigata (Günther). (Plate LV, figs. 2, 3.)
Gasteropelecus strigatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 343 (habitat 2).-STEIN- ,
DACHNER, “Ichthyologische Beiträge,” v, 1876, 56 (Manacapurá).—EIGENMANN
and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 57.
Carnegiella strigata EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
439. - - -
Gasteropelecus fasciatus GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., XXII, 1890, 10 (Saraca;
Tabatinga).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV,
1891, 57. -
Sixty-eight specimens, 20–42 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1296a–0;
I. U. Cat. No. 11784.) -
Forty-three specimens, 30–37 mm. Woodland brook on Gluck Island.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1297a—o; I. U. Cat. No. 11785.)
Fourteen specimens, 30–39 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1298a–e; I. U.
Cat. No. 11786.)
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 379
Seven specimens, 33–36 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1299a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 11787.) z -
Sixteen specimens, 35–44 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1300a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 11788.) -
Two specimens, 30 mm. Rupununi Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1301.)
- Fifteen specimens, 30–36 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2062a—h; I. U.
Cat. No. 12252.) -
Twenty-four specimens, 24–39 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M. Cat.
No. 2063a—l; I. U. Cat. No. 12253.) -
This species is found in Small woodland streams, contrasting thus with the
species of Gasteropelecus, which are pelagic (in the larger rivers) in their habits.
Head about 4; depth about 2; D. 10; A. 27–29; scales 30, twelve to fifteen
pores in the lateral line, the line broken after the sixth scale; eye 3 in the distance
from tip of chin to end of opercle. - - -
Easily recognized by its markings, for which see figure.
The types of G. strigatus in the British Museum are in a bad state of preser-
vation, but are undoubtedly identical with G. fasciatus of Garman.
GASTEROPELECUS Gronow.
Gasteropelecus GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., II, 1756, 7–GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864,
342.
Type, Clupea sternicia Linnaeus. - *
Short and deep; breast unduly expanded, trenchant, the pectorals very large;
lateral line extending down to near the origin of anal; an adipose fin; a single series
of premaxillary teeth; three large conical teeth along the margin of the maxillary.
233. Gasteropelecus sternicla (Linnaeus). (Plate LV, fig. 4.)
Gasteropelecus GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., II, 1756, 7, No. 255, pl. 7, fig. 5 (Surinam).
Clupea sternicla LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 319 (Surinam).-Koºl-
REUTER, Nov. Com. Acad. Sci. Petropoli, VIII, 1761, 405, pl. 14, figs. 1–3.
Gasteropelecus sternicla CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII,
1848, 169, pl. 640 (Surinam).-KNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVIII,
1860, 16.—GRoNow, Cat. Fish, ed. Gray, 1854, 171.—GüNTHER, Catalogue, V,
1864, 342 (Essequibo).-GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., XXII, 1890, 8 (Tabatinga;
Lago Alexo; Pará; Curupira; Cudajas).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 56.-FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906,
452 (Surinam).-EIGENMANN and OGLE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII,
380 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
1907, 30 (Pará; Guiana).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Pata-
gonia, III, 1910; 439.
Salmo gasteropelecus PALLAs, Spic. Zool., VIII, 1769, 80, pl. 3, fig. 4.—GMELIN,
Syst. Nat., I, iii, 1788, 1384.—BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, III, 1785, 66, pl.97, fig. 3.—
BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 418.
Twelve specimens, 50–64 mm. Mud-flats below Wismar. (I. U. Cat. No.
11666.)
Thirteen specimens, 48–65 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 11010—c; I. U.
Cat. No. 11667.) -
Twelve specimens, 42–52 mm. Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No. 1099a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 11668.) -
Twelve specimens, 41–51 mm. Trenches of Morawhanna. (C. M. Cat. No.
1098a–c; I. U. Cat. No. 11669.) g
One specimen, Issorora. (C. M. Cat. No. 1100.)
Fifteen specimens, 48–56 mm. Mud Creek in Aruka River. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1097a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 11670.) *
Head 4–4.25; depth 1.75–2; D. 11; A. 31–33; scales 35; nineteen pores in the
lateral line; eye 3 in the head, 1.5 in the interorbital.
Silvery, with a dark line along base of the anal; a dark band from upper part
of gill-openings to the caudal; sometimes narrower lines following the rows of scales
above this.
Subfamily SERRASALMINAE.
SERRASALMo Lacépède. 2. 24.0%
Serrasalmo LACáPåDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1804, 283.
Type, Salmo rhombeus Linnaeus.
Belly trenchant, serrate; premaxillary with a single series of teeth; a series of
triangular teeth on each side of the palate. -
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of SERRASALMo.
, a. Caudal margined with white or hyaline; D. 15 or 16; A. 32–37; ventral serrae 28–33; head 3+; depth 1.6–
1.7; cheeks with a naked area (in specimens 120 mm. long) equal to one-half of the second suborbital;
snout blunt, shorter than the eye. A large diffuse humeral spot... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gymnogenyS.
aa. Caudal margined with black, the base also black, the hyaline middle area decreasing with age; D. 16 or 17;
A. 31–35; serrae 30–36; head 3; depth nearly 2; cheeks entirely covered by the second sub-
orbital or a very narrow naked margin; snout acute, especially in the young, at least equal to the eye
in 176-mm. specimens; humeral spot obscure or none... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rhombeus.
2 ° *** & zuru, a ( , 1737
234. Serrasalmo gymnogenys Günther.
2 Salmo aureus (not of Spix) MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III,
1848, 637 (Essequibo; Rupununi). -
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 381
SerraSalmo gymnogenys GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 371 (River Capin; British
Guiana),—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
60.—ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1895, 298 (Marajo).-? PERUGIA,
Ann. Mus. Genova, (2d), X, 1891,650 (Resistencia, Chaco Centrale).-PELLE-
GRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 157 (Apuré).—EIGENMANN, Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 442.
Twenty-six specimens, 31–144 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. Nos. 1108a–c
and 1122a-d; I. U. Cat. No. 11646.)
One specimen, 57 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1111.)
One specimen, 47 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1112a.)
Two specimens, 37—125 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1130a; I. U. Cat.
No. 11647.) g -
Four specimens, 104–141 mm. Below Packeoo. (C. M. Cat. No. 1133a;
I. U. Cat. No. 11645a–b.)
Head 3.1–325; depth 1.6–1.7; D. 15 or 16; A. 32–37; ventral serrae 22–33, of
which one is bifid before the anus and one grooved with two antrorse and two
retrorse spines behind the anus; lateral line 77–80; eye 3.25 in the head, 1.3 in the
interorbital, .6 in the snout. -
Deep; snout obliquely truncate, the chin projecting; second suborbital leaving
from one-third to two-sevenths of the cheek naked; opercles and suborbitals pro-
fusely striate; gill-rakers minute, about 10 + 10; teeth oblique, usually with a
notch on one side, sometimes on both sides on those of the premaxillary; pre-
maxillary with seven teeth, of which the third is very much smaller than the rest;
lower jaw with seven slightly graduated teeth. .
Dorsal short, rounded, its base a little longer than its distance from the adipose;
adipose short; caudal lunate; anal with a slight lobe in front; ventrals reaching to
the anal groove or a little shorter; pectorals to, or a little past, the vertical from the
origin of the ventrals.
First few scales of the lateral line larger than the neighboring scales, becoming.
Smaller on the sides than those above or below the line, but of the same number as
there are transverse series; scales regularly imbricate.
A large diffuse humeral spot; sides variously spotted; caudal with a basal
V-shaped black band, increasing in width with age; opercles rosy in life, the color
most intense on the lower corner of the opercle, the red sometimes extending over
the lower part of the sides and breast; anal tinged with orange in front.
I have examined one of the specimens mentioned as aureus by Müller and
Troschel. It agrees with specimens taken by me in all but the color of the caudal,
382 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
which, in addition to the basal band, has a submarginal black band, a narrower
margin being hyaline.
235. Serrasalmo rhombeus (Linnaeus). (Plate LVI, fig. 1.)
Salmo rhombeus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat, ed. 12, I, 1766, 514 (Surinam).-GMELIN,
Syst. Nat., I, iii, 1788, 686, No. 28.—? BLoch, Ausl. Fische, 1795, pl. 383–
BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 404.—PALLAs, Spic. Zool., VIII,
1769, 57, pl. 5, fig. 3.
Serrasalmo rhombeus LACáPièDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1804, 284.—CUVIER, Mém.
Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1819, 367.-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.
Poiss., XXII, 1848, 272 (Araguay).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk,
Reisen, III, 1848, 637 (Rupununi; Takutu).-CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud,
Poiss., 1855, pl. 37, fig. 3.-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 369 (Essequibo;
Surinam; Demerara),—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIV, 1891, 60-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 442.
Three specimens, 70–232 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1131a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 11648.) w -
- Six specimens, 150–355 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. Nos. 1127 and 1132;
I. U. Cat. Nos. 11649 and 11653.)
Two specimens, 209-295 mm. Packeoo. (C. M. Cat. No. 2224a; I. U. Cat.
No. 11650.) - -
One specimen, 110 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1134.)
Seven specimens, 137–261 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1120d—b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11651.) -
Nine specimens, 39–57, and one 257 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. Nos. 1126a
and 1741a–c; I. U. Cat. No. 11652.)
Head 3; depth 1.8–2; D. 16 or 17 in the ratio of one to two; A. in two, 31; in
four, 32; in two, 33; in five, 34; and in four, 36; lateral line 87–91. Abdominal
serrae usually 30–33, rarely 28 or 36, of which there is one bifid before the anus and
one grooved behind the anus. Eye 4.5 in head, 2 in interorbital, 1–1.25 in snout.
Snout pointed, the lower jaw entering the profile; second suborbital covering
the entire cheek or leaving a narrow naked margin; opercles and suborbitals pro-
fusely striate; gill-rakers minute, about 10 + 10; teeth as in gymnogenys.
Dorsal obliquely rounded, its base as long as, or longer than, its distance from
the posterior end of the base of the adipose; caudal slightly lunate; anal margin
very slightly concave, no anal lobe; ventrals not reaching anal groove; pectorals
about to ventrals. .*
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 383
Scales a little less regular than in gymnogenys.
Sides more or less obscurely spotted; humeral spot obscure or none; vertical
fins nearly black; a lunate light spot, largest in the young, in the center of the
caudal.
236. Serrasalmo stagnatilis Schomburgk.
“Arri’’ (of the Macusi Indians).
Serrasalmo stagnatilis SchoMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 222. (D. 17;
I am not able to place this species. , *.
PYGOCENTRUs Müller and Troschel. -
Pygocentrus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 20.
Type, Serrasalmo piraya Cuvier.
Belly trenchant, serrate; premaxillary with a single series of teeth; no teeth
on the palate; teeth in the jaws trenchant; those of the upper jaw with a notch on
the lateral edge; anal partly scaled.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES OF PYGOCENTRUS.
a. Abdominal serrae 40; depth 1.7–2; D. 18; A. 33–35; lateral line 105; interorbital a little less than half the
length of the head; second suborbital in contact with the preopercle... . . . ‘e s s = • * * * * * * e s e s s • * niger.
aa. Abdominal serrae less than 35.
b. Depth about 2 in the length; head heavy, about 3 in the length. D. 17–18; A. 30–33; lateral line 95–
100; abdominal serrae 24–27; snout short, very blunt; interorbital nearly half the length of the
head; a very narrow naked area on the cheek; origin of dorsal nearly equidistant from base of
middle caudal rays and front of eye; anal slightly falcate; sides profusely spotted; a V-shaped
black bar on the base of the caudal; margin of caudal dark; adipose fin rayed in the adult.
piraya.
bb. Depth 1.6–1.75; head 3.12–3.5; D. 15 or 16; A. 32–34; lateral line 90; abdominal serrae 27–33; snout
short, blunt, 4.33 in the head; eye 3.5–4; interorbital 2.33; a narrow lens-shaped naked area on -
the cheek, not more than one-fourth as wide as the second interorbital; origin of dorsal about
equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and front of eye. Gill-rakers minute, about fifteen
on the lower limb; a large diffuse humeral blotch; sides with numerous small spots; caudal in
the adult with a narrow hyaline margin, the rest of the fin black; in the young hyaline, with a
faint basal W-shaped bar... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...scapularis.
Ubb. Depth 1.42; head 3.33; D. 15 or 16; A. 30–33; abdominal serrae 30 or 31; lateral line 73–76; snout
pointed, equal to the eye, 3.5 in the head; interorbital 2.5 in the head; a lens-shaped naked
area in the angle of the preopercle, nearly half as high as the second suborbital; origin of dorsal
but little nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout; about eight minute gill-rakers on the lower
arch; a prominent humeral spot; sides obscurely spotted; margin of caudal and a V-shaped
basal band black; scales along base of anal and the anal margin black; base of anal white;
dorsal and adipose blackish Q @ e º g g g º e G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bilineatus.
384 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
237. Pygocentrus niger (Schomburgk).
Serrasalmo miger SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 225, pl. 18 (in streams
between forty and one hundred and fifty miles from coast).—GüNTHER,
Catalogue, W, 1864, 369.
Pygocentrus niger MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 21, pl. 2, fig. 3.-
CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 286 (Corentyn).—
MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 636 (upper courses
of all streams).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV,
1891, 59.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 442.
No specimens of this species were secured. It is said to be very abundant
and the most voracious of the “Perais.” I have examined the specimen figured
by Müller and Troschel. It has forty abdominal serrae and its depth is equal to
half the length. f
238. Pygocentrus piraya (Cuvier).
“Piraya,” MARCGRAVE, Hist. Rer. Nat. Bras., 1648, 164. *
Serrasalmo piraya CUVIER, Mém. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1819, 368, pl. 28, fig. 4.—
GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 368 (Brazil; River Cupai; Demerara).-
CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XI, 1870, 566 (Pará).—STEINDACHNER, “Fluss-
fische Südamerika's,” ii, 1881, 13 (Teffé; Rio Puty).-PERUGIA, Ann. Mus.
Genova, (2a), X, 1891, 51 (Villa Maria; Matto Grosso; Rio Paraguay).
Pygocentrus piraya MöLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 20.-CUVIER
and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 291,-MüLLER and TRO-
SCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 636 (generally distributed in Brit.
Guiana).-KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” ii, 1859, 28.—? CASTELNAU,
Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 72, pl. 38, fig. 2 (Goyaz; Amazon).-EIGENMANN
and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 59.-ULREY, Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci., VII, 1895, 297 (Trocera on Tocantins).—FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1906, 468 (Pará).—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Pata-
gonia, III, 1910, 442. -
Serrasalmo (Pygocentrus) piraya LüTKEN, Dan. Widensk. Selsk. Skr., (5), XII, 2,
1875, 233 and xvii (Rio das Velhas).
Serrasalmo piranha AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 71, pl. 28.-
SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 221, pl. 16 (Rio Branco).
Serrasalmo nigricans” AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 72, pl. 30.-
MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 636 (generally
distributed in British Guiana).
* Lütken (Widensk. Med. Nat. For. Kjöbenhavn, 1874, 238) considers this a distinct species. The
specimen mentioned by Müller and Troschel, and now in the Berlin Museum, is P. piraya.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 385
Pygocentrus bidorsalis (ez Natterer, MS.) KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” ii,
1854, 28. g .
Thirteen specimens, 84–109 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1096a—d;
I. U. Cat. No. 11639) Collected by Wm. Grant. -
239. Pygocentrus scapularis (Günther).
SerraSalmo Scapularis GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 268 (British Guiana).-
PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 157 (Apuré).
Pygocentrus scapularis EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV,
1891, 69.—ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1895, 297 (Marajo).-? EIGEN-
MANN and OGLE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII, 1907, 35 (South Amer-
ica).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 442.
One specimen, 42 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1110.)
Twelve specimens, 29–44 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1104a—d;
I. U. Cat. No. 11644.)
Three specimens, 159–184 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1135a; I. U.
Cat. No. 11638.) exº~. !
2.
240. Pygocentrus bilineatus Eigenmann. (Plate LVI, fig. 2.)
Pygocentrus bilineatus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., WI, 1909, 47; Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 442.
Type, 102 mm. Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No. 1072.) *
Cotypes, 95–110 mm. Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No. 1073; I. U. Cat. No.
11756.) -
Cotypes, 43–56 mm. Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No. 1074; I. U. Cat. No.
11757.)
PYGOPRISTIS Müller and Troschel.
Pygopristis MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 21, pl. 9, figs. 2d and 2b.
Type, Pygopristis fumarius Müller and Troschel (= denticulatus Cuvier).
Belly trenchant, serrate; premaxillary with a single series of teeth; no teeth
on the palate; teeth in the jaws serrate or lobed; anal naked except at its base; a
procumbent dorsal spine. - *
241. Pygopristis denticulatus (Cuvier).
Serrasalmo denticulatus CUVIER, Mém. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1819, 371.-GüNTHER,
Catalogue, W, 1864, 367 (British Guiana). -
Pygopristis denticulatus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 21, 34, pl.
9, fig. 1 (Guiana); in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 637 (Essequibo; Takutu;
386 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Rupununi).-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 297
(Essequibo).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV,
1891, 59.-ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1895, 296 (Lower Amazon).-
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 441.
Pygopristis fumarius MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1848, 21, 35, pl. 9,
fig. 2; in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 637 (Rupununi; Essequibo).—KNER,
“Familie der Characinen,” ii, 1859, 27 (Rio Branco). “ . .
SerraSalmo punctatus SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 223, pl. 17.
Twenty-three specimens, 151—234 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1118q-d; I. U. Cat. No. 11637.) -
.. Head 3.5; depth 1.66; D. 18 or 19; A. 34–38; scales with pores 87–95; eye 4 in
head, 2 in interorbital; abdominal serrae 36 + 4, 33 + 3, 38 + 4, 31 + 4 in four
individuals respectively. - - f
Pumpkin-seed shaped; snout rounded, lower jaw heavy, truncate, its anterior
profile forming a continuous oblique line with the snout. Second suborbital leav-
ing four-tenths of the cheeksnaked; opercular bones and suborbitals but little striate;
mouth small; teeth nearly symmetrical, with a central lobe and two much smaller
lobes on each side; six teeth on each premaxillary, in a single series, the third tooth
much smaller than the rest. -
Gill-rakers 9 + 9, small. -
Dorsal broadly rounded, its base equal to its distance from the caudal; adipose
short; caudal lobes pointed; anal with its first two or three developed rays slightly
prolonged, the rest of the margin of the fin nearly straight; ventrals reaching anal
groove, pectorals not quite to ventrals.
Lateral line decurved; anterior scales of the lateral line largest; rows of scales
along the middle of the sides more numerous than the pores in the lateral line, the
pores corresponding to the rows of scales on the caudal peduncle and over the
posterior fourth of the anal; a wide naked area from the dorsal to the occipital.
Dorsal faintly spotted. Iridescent steel-blue above. Pectorals, ventrals,
and most of the anal brick-red; opercle orange; a narrow margin of the caudal
and anal colorless; caudal submarginally orange, ranging to lemon-yellow and olive.
Subfamily MYLINAE.
CATOPRION Müller and Troschel.
Catoprion MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 22.
Type, Serrasalmo mento Cuvier.
Belly serrate; premaxillary with two series of teeth; mandible with a single
series of teeth; dorsal falcate; lower jaw projecting, the chin entering the profile.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 387
242. Catoprion mento (Cuvier). (Plate LVI, fig. 3.)
Serrasalmo mento Cuvier, Mém. Mus, d'Hist. Nat, W, 1819, 369, pl. 28, fig. 3.
Catoprion mento MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 22, pl. 2, fig. 5–
CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 304.—MüLLER
and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 637 (Lake Amucu).-KNER,
“Familie der Characinen,” ii, 1859, 26 (Rio Guaporé; Rio Negro).-GüNTHER, .
Catalogue, W, 1864, 379.-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, 61.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 442. . -
Mylesinus macropterus ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 296 (Brazil).
One specimen, 148 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1739.)
Three specimens, 75–79 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1740a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 11640.) -
Head 3.66–4; depth 1.4–1.75; D. 16 or 17; A. 37–39; lateral line 89–94; ven-
tral serrae 33; eye 2.66 in the head, 1 in the interorbital, .75 in the snout.
Rhomboidal; Snout very short, sharply pointed, lower jaw much projecting,
entering profile; premaxillary with two large, antrorse, conical teeth in an outer
Series, and three much smaller teeth forming an inner series. - .
Gill-rakers long and slender, 9 + 14. Lateral line with a sag to below the
end of the dorsal; anal entirely naked. Dorsal and anal falcate, the dorsal reaching
beyond the middle of the upper caudal lobe, and the anal lobe to the last ray of the
dorsal in extreme cases; adipose more than half the length of the dorsal; caudal
forked. Silvery, anal lobe pink at base; caudal with a basal, V-shaped black spot.
MYLESINUs Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Mylesinus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1848, 234.
Type, Mylesinus Schomburgkii Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Abdomen rounded in front of the ventrals, serrate behind them; premaxillary
with six or seven teeth in each side in the front series, of which the first and (if
seven) the last are smallest; in the second series two teeth of similar form behind
the space between the second and third teeth of the first series and close to them;
mandible with seven to thirteen teeth on each side; base of anal scaled. Teeth
all flat, thin incisors. Premaxillary teeth three-lobed, the middle lobe much the
broader; teeth of the lower jaw flat, rounded, with a notch in front which receives
a lobe of the preceding tooth. Dorsal rays prolonged, filiform; jaws nearly equal;
anal bilobed; rays in both sexes (during breeding season 7) bifid, one fork turned
to the right, the other to the left.
388 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
243. Mylesinus schomburgki Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Mylesinus schomburgkii CUVIER and VALENCIENNEs, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848,
235, pl. 644 (based on a head and drawing by Schomburgk) -KNER, “Familie
der Characinen,” ii, 1859, 24, pl. 3, fig. 7 (Rio Vaupé).—GüNTHER, Catalogue,
V, 1864, 366.-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV,
1891, 59.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 442.
No specimens were secured by me. o
D. 21–22; A. 32–35; depth 2; head 4; scales 30–100–24; eight to ten ab-
dominal Serrae behind the ventrals; posterior half of the anal produced into a lobe;
each of the fifteen or sixteen posterior anal rays terminating in two branches, one
being bent towards the right, the other towards the left; base of anal scaled; jaws
equal; maxillary about reaching the eye. f
This species, based on a drawing by Schomburgk, may not have been taken
within the region covered by this paper. I examined a specimen in the Paris
Museum. - - *
ACNODON Eigenmann. -
Acnodon EIGENMANN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Quarterly Issue, XLV, 1904, 147 (oligo-
canthus).
Type, Myleus oligocanthus Müller and Troschel.
No spines in front of the ventrals; belly serrate behind; caudal forked; anal
falcate or bilobed, entirely naked. Gill-rakers 11 +11, those of the upper arch
very much shorter than those of the lower, the lower one-fourth the diameter of
the eye. Four middle teeth of the inner series of the premaxillary with a V-shaped
cutting edge; dorsal rays not filiform.
244. Acnodon oligocanthus (Müller and Troschel).
Myleus oligocanthus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 40, pl. 8, fig.
4 (Surinam). - *
Myletes oligocanthus GünthER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 378 (Demerara).-EIGENMANN
and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 61.-ULREy, Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 299 (Brazil).
Acnodon oligocanthus EIGENMANN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Quarterly Issue, XLV,
1904, 147; Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 443.
No specimens were secured. I have examined the type in the Berlin Museum
from Surinam. . -
D. 18–19; A. 36–39; depth 2+ ; head 4; eight or nine serrae between ventral
and vent; eye 2.5 in the head, interorbital 3.5; dorsal elevated anteriorly; adipose
small; scales about 34–85–27. Coloration uniform.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 389
METYNNIs Cope.
Metynnis CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 692 (luna).
Sealeina FowlER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 478 (lippincottianus).
Type, Metymnis luna Cope. -
Belly trenchant, serrate; premaxillary with two series of teeth; mandible with
a pair of teeth behind the front series; a procumbent predorsal spine; adipose fin
more than half the length of the dorsal; free margin of anal slightly convex or with
a lobe in front or sinuate; dorsal falcate.
KEY. To THE GUIANA SPECIES of METYNNIs.
a. Gill-rakers 14 + 18–20, about one-fourth the length of the eye; adipose twice as long as its distance from
the dorsal, or longer; caudal lunate; anal low, its margin sinuate, the rays at the beginning of the last
third about half as long as eye. A. 40–43; D. 19–20; abdominal serrae 27–33; depth 1.1–1.24. Sides
with obscure cross-bands, a humeral spot... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * - - - - - - - - - - - hypsauchen.
aa.. Gill-rakers 7–12 + 11–13, about one-sixth to one-fourth the length of the eye; adipose but little longer than
its distance from the dorsal. Caudal very slightly emarginate; anal high, rays of the beginning
of the last third equal to eye. A. 37–40; D. 17–21; serrae 31–35; depth 1.22–1.3; head 3.66; dorsal
in the larger spotted; dorsal, adipose, caudal, and anal margined with dusky. A dark oblique bar
extending from near end of pectoral up toward origin of dorsal, broken into two spots frequently,
sides obscurely spotted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . maculatus.
245. Metynnis hypsauchen (Müller and Troschel).
Myletes hypsauchen MüLLER and TROsCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 38, pl. 10, fig.
1 (Essequibo; Guiana).-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII,
1848, 219 (Amazon).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III,
1848, 637 (Tapacuma Lake).-KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” ii, 1859, 18
(Caigara; Marabitanos) -GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 376 (Essequibo
River).-STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” ii, 1881, 28 (Santarem;
Teffé; Rio Trombetas; Rio Guaporé); iv., 1882, 16 (Huallaga).-EIGENMANN
and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 61.—? BoulBNGER,
Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XIV, 1896, 37 (Descalvados); ? Boll. Mus. Zool.
ed Anat. Comp. Torino, XV, 1900,— (near Corumbá).—EIGENMANN and
OGLE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII, 1907, 35 (South America),—EIGEN-
MANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 443.
I have examined the types and: e ge g
Eleven specimens, 60–110 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1125a-d; I. U.
Cat. No. 11641.) e . *
Four specimens, 61–70 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1124a; I. U. Cat.
No. 11642). -
390 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
One specimen, 44 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 2460a.)
The characters of the species are given in the key.
246. Metynnis maculatus (Kner). (Plate LVII, fig. 1.)
Myletes maculatus KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” ii, 1859, 18, pl. 2, fig. 5 (Rio
Guaporé).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 377–STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische
Südamerika's,” ii, 1881, 28 (Maroni River, Guiana).-EIGENMANN and EIGEN-
MANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 61.—? PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova,
(2), XVIII, 1897, 26 (Reyes; Rio Beni).-VAILLANT, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat.,
V, 1899, 154 (Carsevenne). -
Methynnis maculatus BERG, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, W, 1897, 286 (San Pedro
on Rio Paraná).
Metynnis maculatus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 443. - «» -
Six specimens, 144—176 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 1119a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11661.) -
One specimen, 65 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2216.)
Six specimens, 76–83 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1123a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 11643.)
Iridescent steel-blue above; opercles very bright orange; lower parts white,
tinged with orange; anal orange in front, fading out behind; margin of caudal
bluish, with a submarginal orange band, rest of caudal olive; pectorals yellowish.
MYLoPLUs Gill.
Myletes (not of Cuvier) MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 22 (asterias).
—GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 372.
Myloplus GILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1895, 214, substitute for Myletes
of Müller and Troschel and of Günther (asterias by implication).
Type, Myletes asterias Müller and Troschel. -
Belly trenchant, serrate; premaxillary with two series of teeth, separated from
each other; mandible with a pair of conical teeth; a procumbent predorsal spine;
adipose fin short; gill-rakers short, lanceolate; dorsal rays 21–31; cheeks largely
naked. * - -
Anal frequently (always?) bilobed in the male, falcate in the female.
On account of such a comparatively small number of the species of this genus
having been secured no description beyond a brief key to the species is here at-
tempted.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 391
It is very probable that the anal in the males of all of the species, certainly in
Some of them, is bilobed, i. e., the anterior rays and those near the middle of the fin
are prolonged. The anal in the female is falcate in all of the species so far placed
on record.
KEY. To THE GUIANA SPECIES OF MYLoPLUs.
a. Sides with an oblique cross-band; serrae 33–35; D. 23–25, the anterior rays filiform in the male; the anal
bilobed, falcate in female... . . . . . . . . . • • • - - - - - - - - - ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . schomburgki.*
aa. Sides plain.
b. D. 26–31; depth 1.25–1.6 in the length, distance between origin of anal and origin of dorsal 1.3 in the
length without the head; adipose fin .5 or .6 of the length of the eye; base of last dorsal ray
about equidistant from end of lateral line and base of fourth to eighth ray. Anal falcate, 36–44;
serrae 37–49. Origin of dorsal nearer to snout than to end of lateral line... . . . . . . . . rubripinnis.
bb. D. 24 or 25; A. 35 or 36; depth 1.5 in the length; adipose fin 8 of the length of the eye or equal to it;
base of dorsal 3.5–3.8 in the length; base of last dorsal ray equidistant from the base of the first
* ray and the eleventh scale from the end of the lateral line; serrae 37–41. . . . . . . . . . rhomboidalis.
aaa. Sides with orange spots; D. 27–31; A. 35–40; depth 1.66 in the length; distance from origin of anal to
origin of dorsal 1.5 in the length, much less than length of head; origin of the dorsal nearer to end
of lateral line than to tip of snout. Serrae 36–38; anal falcate in the female, bilobed in the male.
asterias.
247. Myloplus rubripinnis (Müller and Troschel). (Plate LVII, fig. 2.)
Myletes rubripinnis MüLLER and TRoscHEL, Horæ Ichth., I, 1845, 28, pl. 9, fig. 3
(Essequibo); in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 637 (Essequibo).-GüNTHER,
Catalogue, W, 1864, 373 (Essequibo).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc.
J. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 60. g
Myleus rubripinnis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
443. -
- Five specimens, 72–97 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1121a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 11662.)
Six specimens, 124–365 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. Nos. 1128 and 1129;
I. U. Cat. No. 11657.) - *
Three specimens, 139–252 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2218; I. U.
Cat. No. 11656.) * *
* Mylophus schomburgki (Jardine).
Tetragonopterus schomburgkii JARDINE, in Schomburgk, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 243, pl. 22 (Rio Negro).
Myletes Schomburgkii (not of Müller and Troschel) Cuvier and VALENCIENNEs, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848,
212 (Surinam).-STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Beiträge,” v, 1876,86.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 443.
Myletes palometa CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 214 (Orinoco).-GüNTHER,
Catalogue, V, 1864, 372.
No specimens were secured and there is no authentic record of its having been taken in the Essequibo.
392 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
One specimen, 95 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 2223.)
One specimen, 157 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 2222a.)
One specimen, 325 mm. Tumatumari. (I. U. Cat. No. 11658.)
Head 3.75; depth 1.28–14; D. 26–28; A. 36–44; serrae 33–41 + 4–8; scales
88 with pores. Eye 2.75 in the head, 2 in the interorbital.
All the specimens so far recorded have the anal falcate. The larger of the
types in Berlin is but 120 mm. long.
248. Myloplus asterias (Müller and Troschel). (Plate LVII, fig. 3.)
Myletes asterias MüLLER and TRoscHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 36, pl. 10, fig. 2
(Essequibo and Mazaruni); in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 638 (Essequibo
and Mazaruni near cascades).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 373 (Esse-
quibo).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
60–BouleNGER, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XIV, 1896, 37 (Descalvados).
Myleus asterias EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 443.
Myletes ellipticus GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 375 (Essequibo).-EIGENMANN
and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 61. -
Myleus ellipticus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
443.
Two specimens, males, 212–190 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 2217a; I. U.
Cat. No. 11660a.)
Head 3.66; depth 1.5; D. 27; A. 35–39; serrae 44 + 8 double ones and 37 –H
11; eighty-seven to eighty-nine scales with pores, about ten more rows of Scales
than indicated by pores; eye 2.6–2.75 in the head, 1.5–2 in the interorbital, .7
in the snout.
For the general characters of this species, see the figure. I have examined the
type of ellipticus in the British Museum, and a specimen collected by Ehrhardt.
The type is soft and faded, but the second specimen is in a good state of preservation.
They are males. g
Two specimens of M. asterias in the British Museum, as well as two (including
the type) in the Berlin Museum, are females, and have the anal falcate.
249. Myloplus rhomboidalis (Cuvier). (Plate LVIII, figs. 1–4.)
Myletes rhomboidalis CUVIER, Mém. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., IV, 1818, 449, pl. 22, fig. 3.
—CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 210.-CASTEL-
NAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 67 (Amazon).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W,
1864, 373 (Essequibo; Guiana).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 393
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 60.-ULREY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1895, 299
(Brazil).
Myleus rhomboidalis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 443.
Tetragonopterus latus SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 241.
Myletes latus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 37; in Schomburgk,
Reisen, III, 1848, 638 (all rivers).
One specimen, 20 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2462a.)
Two specimens, 130—219 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 14900; I. U.
Cat. No. 11659.) e
One specimen, 19 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2463a.)
Seven specimens, the largest 47 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1103a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 11664.) & º
Eight specimens, the largest 40 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1105a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 11663.) -
One specimen, 59 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2221a.)
One specimen, about 104 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 2461.)
I have also examined the specimens in the British Museum, the largest of
which is 260 mm., and those in the Berlin Museum under the head of latus.
Most of the specimens secured were young from the cataracts at Warraputa,
Amatuk, and Crab Falls. -
Head 3.66; depth 1.5; D. 23–24; A. 35 and 36; serrae 37–41; eye 2.75 in the
head, 1.5 in the interorbital. Most readily distinguished by the short-rayed dorsal
and long adipose dorsal.
MYLEUS Müller and Troschel.
Myley's MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 24 (setiger = pacu).
Tometes CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 226 (trilobatus
= pacu).
Type, Mylews setiger Müller and Troschel = Myletes pacw Schomburgk.
Belly trenchant, serrate, the serrae becoming obscure with age; the two pre-
maxillary Series of teeth close together, the outer incisor-like; mandible with a
pair of conical teeth in front; anal falcate in the female, bilobed in the male;
dorsal rays prolonged into filaments in the male.
º Hºw-rºl
250. Myleus pacu §º gk), (Plate LIX, figs. 1–6.)
toº, livvvºv-44 r. ſº K. .
Myletes pacw ScHomburgk, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 236, ple. 20–21.-MüLLER
and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 644.
394 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Myleus setiger MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 39, pl. 11, fig. 1–1h
(Essequibo; Santarem); in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 638 (Essequibo
below the cascades).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Pagatonia,
III, 1910, 443. -
Myletes setiger KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” ii, 1859, pl. 2, fig. 6 (Matto
Grosso).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1891, 378 (British Guiana).-EIGENMANN
and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 61.
Myletes schomburgkii (not of Jardine) MüllFR and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I,
1845, 37.—MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 637
(Rupununi; Takutu; Zuraima; Savannah swamps).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, V,
1864, 372, part.—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV,
1891, 60.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,443.
Myletes divaricatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 215
(Essequibo).-KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” ii, 1859, 15.-GüNTHER,
Catalogue, V, 1864, 376. +
Myletes diodya-odon CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848,
222.-CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, pl. 34, fig. 1 (Amazon).
Tometes trilobatus CUV1BR and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 226
(Cayenne). -
Myletes trilobatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 377.-EIGENMANN and EIGEN-
MANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 61.
Myletes filosus (ea: Heckel, MS.) KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” ii, 1859, 19.
Schomburgk preserved no specimen of his “Pacu” to serve as the type for this
species. There is, however, no doubt about what fish he figured and described.
Müller and Troschel, whose specimens I have examined, described the male of
this species as Myleus setiger and referred the female to Schomburgk's Schomburgkii,
which is quite a different fish. tº
I have also examined the various types of Cuvier and Valenciennes. The type of
Myletes divaricatus is undoubtedly, and that of Tometes trilobatus is very probably,
also of this species. Both types are dried, divaricatus apparently a half skeleton
while trilobatus is a stuffed skin. They may or may not have their original
shape. The depth is 2 in the length without the snout in one, and 2 without the
snout and eye in the other. - * .
This is the most famous of the food-fishes of Guiana. It is abundant about
the falls, where it feeds on the weeds growing on the rocks.
Four specimens, one female, 515 mm., and three males, 490–563 mm. Falls of
the Mazaruni. Mr. Fowler. (C. M. Cat. Nos. 2491 and 2492.)
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 395
Fifteen specimens, 21–55 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. Nos. 1102a-d and
2220a–d; I. U. Cat. No. 11665.) -
Head 3.8; depth 1.7–2; D. 23–25; A. 36–38; scales 43 to about 95–110–34
(the latter counted in a series above the lateral line); eye about 4.7 in the head;
abdominal serrae 31 + 4.
Sides irregularly blotched with black in the adult.
The young specimens were taken with poison in one of the shutes of the
Wawraputa cataracts. It is probable therefore that the “Pacu” spawns above the
Cataracts.
Subfamily CYNoDoNTINAE.
CYNoDoN Spix.
Cynodon SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 76 (vulpinus and gibbus).
Type, Cynodon gibbus Spix. -
This species may be recognized among its relatives by its elongate anal. A
fantastic fish, the appearance of which suggests a “grafting” of two types, one type
being represented from the head to behind the shoulder-girdle, the other from behind
the shoulder–girdle to the tail.
This genus has not before been reported from Guiana.
251. Cynodon gibbus Spix.
Cynodon gibbus SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, pl. 27.-
CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 333 (Amazon).-
CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1885, 75 (Amazon).-KNER, “Familie der
Characinen,” ii, 1859, 46 (Rio Branco).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 359.
—CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878,688 (Peruvian Amazon).--STEIN-
DACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv, 1882, 15 (Rio Huallaga).-EIGEN-
MANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 59.-PERUGIA,
Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), XVIII, 1897, 26 (Rio Mamoré).—FowlFR, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 467.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp.
Patagonia, III, 1910, 444.
Five specimens, 115–230 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. Nos. 1249a and 1998a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12246.) - - -
Two specimens, 240–325 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1997a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12246.)
Head 4.75–5; depth 3.4; D. 12; A. 77; scales 145–163 in a series above the
lateral line. Eye 1 in snout, 3.8 in head, 1 in interorbital.
Compressed, breast trenchant; body deep at the pectorals, long, tapering to
396 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
the caudal; skull very short above, the profile depressed over the eyes; mouth very
oblique; maxillary slipping under the suborbital; maxillary-premaxillary border
three-fourths of the length of the head; gill-rakers short, tubercular, about eighteen
on the lower arch. -
Scales cycloid, very small along the back, becoming larger downward; basal
half of anal scaled; caudal naked; lateral line straight.
Pectorals very large, wing-like; ventrals about one-fourth as long as the pec-
torals; anal very long, its margin straight, its origin equidistant from the angle of
the mouth and the end of the anal; dorsal small, over the anterior part of the anal;
caudal lunate, its middle rays prolonged. Iridescent silvery; a large black humeral
Spot. *
HYDROLycus Müller and Troschel.
Hydrolycus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 18.
Type, Hydrocyon scomberoides Cuvier.
Distinguished by its rounded caudal and short anal. Dorsal in advance of
anal; anal and caudal scaled; scales with Serrate margins.
Of the three species of this genus one is said to occur in all the rivers of Guiana.
We did not secure specimens. .
252. Hydrolycus scomberoides (Cuvier).
Hydrocyon scomberoides CUVIER, Mém. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1819, 357, pl. 27,
fig. 2.
Hydrocymus scomberoides CUVIER, Règne Animal, II, 1817, 168.
Hydrolycus scomberoides MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1848, 19, pl. 5,
fig. 2; in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 636 (all streams).-EIGENMANN and
EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 59.-FowlFR, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 466.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp.
Patagonia, III, 1910, 444.
Cymodon scomberoides CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848,
324 (Essequibo).—KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” ii, 1848, 45 (Bananeira).
—CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 75, pl. 39, fig. 2 (Araguay; Lac
de Jules).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 358 (River Capin, British Guiana).
—PETERs, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, 472 (Calabozo).-STEINDACHNER,
“Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv., 1882, 15 (Iquitos, Amazonas).
? Hydroscion ? armatus SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 247, pl. 25bis.”
* There are two plates marked 25. Only the second belongs to this species. The description evidently
refers to this species.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 397
Head 4.5; depth 3.5–4; D. 12; A. 33–40.
Similar to Cynodon gibbus in general appearance. .
Although reported as occurring in all the rivers of Guiana no specimens of this
species were seen. A specimen 228 mm. long in the British Museum was presented
by Robert Schomburgk. Another over 500 mm. long is in the Berlin Museum.
It would seem from these specimens that the caudal is slightly emarginate.
Mr. Ellis has recently taken one on Gluck Island.
Subfamily CHARACINAE.
ExoDON Müller and Troschel.
Eacodon MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 31 (paradoxus).
Hystricodon GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 549 (paradoacus).
Type, Exodon paradoxus Müller and Troschel.
Entire dorsal in front of the vertical from the anal; anal moderate; lateral
line complete; teeth conical, in a double series in the mandible, those of the outer
series largest, irregular, divergent; a pair of large tooth-like prongs extending
forward on tip of snout. -
253. Exodon paradoxus Müller and Troschel. (Plate LX, fig. 1.)
Eacodon paradoxus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 31, pl. 4, fig. 1
(Essequibo); in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 635 (Upper Rupununi).-
KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” ii, 1859, 38 (Rio Branco) -EIGENMANN
and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 58–EIGENMANN, Repts,
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 446.
Epicyrtus paradoxus CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 60 (Caixas; Ara-
guay; Amazon). -
Epicyrtus eacodon CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 46.
Hystricodon paradoxus Günth FR, Catalogue, W, 1864, 349.
One specimen, 75 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2145.)
This species differs from all other characins in its large black spots on the
side in front of the dorsal and covering the caudal peduncle. .
Head 3.5; depth 2.75–3; D. 10 or 11; A. 19–22; scales 9–36–6. Eye 1 in
snout, 3.5 in head, 1.5 in interorbital.
Dorsal and ventral profiles equally arched, without humps or depressions;
ventral area rounded, without a distinct median series of scales; predorsal area
rounded, with a median series of about eleven scales. Occipital process extending
one-sixth of the way to the dorsal; fontanel reaching to above the middle of the eye;
398 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
second suborbital leaving a naked area between it and the maxillary, none between
it and the limbs of the preopercle. Snout pointed, mouth little oblique, a distinct
angle between the horizontal premaxillary and the maxillary; premaxillary-
maxillary border half as long as the head; maxillary with about eight conical
teeth along its entire anterior border, one of the teeth directed forward and out-
ward; premaxillary with a forward directed process at its tip, an outer series of
two and inner series of six subequal conical teeth, none of which are canines; lower
jaw with an inner series of subequal, irregularly graduate teeth, and an outer
series of four large conical teeth on each side, the second of which is directed for-
ward as well as upward. - 9
Gill-rakers 7 -- 9, all but the lowermost one of the upper arch minute, those
of the lower arch about one-fourth of the orbit. t
Scales regularly imbricate, smallest on the breast, each with several longi-
tudinal striae; fins naked; lateral line decurved in front.
Origin of dorsal a little nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout, its highest
ray 4.5 in the length; caudal lobes about 3 in the length; anal emarginate, its
origin nearer to caudal than to base of pectoral; ventrals reaching anal, pectorals
to ventrals.
Upper parts and caudal bright yellow, a bright silvery band between the
black spots, lower parts suffused with red; dorsal red in the middle, then yellow;
an orange streak from base of first anal ray to the tip of the third or fourth; middle
half of second and third ventral rays red. A large black spot covering more than
thirty scales, its center over the ninth scale of the lateral line; a large black spot
covering the entire sides of the caudal peduncle. º -
ROEBOIDEs Günther.
Raeboides GüNTHER, Catalogue, V, 1864, 345 (microlepis and guatemalensis)—
EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 57.
Rhaeboides BERG, Com. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 5, 1899, 94.
Cynocharaa, FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 457 (affinis).
Type, Epicyrtus microlepis Reinhardt. w
Teeth all small, conical or tricuspid, in a single series on the maxillary and
sides of the mandibles, in two imperfect series on the premaxillary and sometimes
the front of the mandible; middle teeth of premaxillary slightly enlarged; maxil-
lary with teeth along its entire margin or not; anterior teeth of the mandible and
one on each corner slightly enlarged; several larger tooth-like prongs projecting
forward from the upper jaw at the margin of the lip; maxillary frequently with
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHEs of BRITISH GUIANA 399
similar prongs; lower jaw with two or four prongs directed forward; cheeks almost
entirely covered by the suborbitals; gill-membrane free from the isthmus; gill-
rakers similar on the two limbs, strong, few, long; pharyngeals with short, stiff
rakers; Scales Small, cycloid; dorsal over origin of anal, which is very long, of forty-
two to fifty-seven rays; pectorals overlapping ventrals; breast flat; tongue free.
Lateral line complete; alimentary canal short.
254. Roeboides thurni sp. nov. (Plate LX, fig. 2.)
Type, 104 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of
Fishes No. 2149.)
Cotypes, four specimens, 45–115 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M. Cat.
No. 2150a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 12320.)
Cotypes, nine specimens, 63–87 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2151a—d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12321.)
Head 3.6–3.75; depth 2.75–3.2; D. 11; A. 47–51, most frequently 48 or 49;
scales 17 to 19–72 to 80–10 to 13; eye 1–1.3 in the snout, 3.3—4 in the head, 1 in
the interorbital. - -
Elongate; profile oblique, nearly straight to base of the occipital process,
then abruptly rising in an arch to the dorsal; preventral area rounded, without
a regular median series of scales; post-ventral area with a median keel; predorsal
area narrow, the median line in part naked; about thirty scales between the dorsal
and the occipital crest; occipital crest reaching four-tenths of the way to the dorsal;
fontanel reaching to above the anterior margin of the eye. - s
Opercles, suborbitals, and bones of the head wrinkled. Middle of opercle
drawn out into a flat spine. Snout pointed, premaxillary horizontal, meeting
the maxillary at an angle; premaxillary-maxillary border 2 in the head; maxillary
with about eight stout conical teeth with divergent points; premaxillary with
several conical thorns directed outward and forward, of which the anterior
is the largest, also two irregular series of small conical teeth; lower jaw with thorns
directed forward and outward and a single series of teeth, of which the sixth tooth
is the largest, the first next in size and the remainder (about twenty) Small, conical.
Gill-rakers 7 -- 10. *
Scales small, cycloid, without striae. Fins naked; lateral line straight.
Origin of dorsal in advance of the middle, the fin small, the highest ray 4 in
the length; caudal small, the lobes 4 in the length; anal very long, slightly emar-
ginate, its origin equidistant from the snout and its end, a little nearer to the snout
than to the dorsal; ventrals reaching anal; pectorals beyond the middle of the
ventrals.
400 n MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
An intense black spot, about as large as the pupil, on the second to fourth or
fifth row of scales above the lateral line, and from above the sixth to the ninth pore
of the latter; a diffuse dark area at the end of the caudal peduncle; a silvery
lateral band.
CHARAx Scopoli.
Charaz GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., I, 1754, 10 (containing the modern Characinus
gibbosus and Poecilurichthys bimaculatus).-ScoPoll, Intr. Hist. Nat., 1777, 455.
Characinus LACáPåDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1802, 269 (sp.).-SwAINSON, Class.
Fishes, Amph., and Rept., II, 1829, 289 (gibbosus).-GILL, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XVIII, 1895, 213 (gibbosus). -
Epicyrtus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 17 (gibbosus).
Anacyrtus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 345 (gibbosus and pauciradiatus).
Type, Salmo gibbosus Linnaeus. t
Premaxillary with a feeble canine at each end and a double row of teeth
between; lower jaw with two feeble canines and a series of conical teeth; anal very
long; lateral line complete; fins naked; breast flat, bordered by the blade-like
lower edges of the clavicles, which end in a spine in front and behind.
255. Charax gibbosus (Linnaeus). (Plate LX, fig. 3.)
“Charax 53,” GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., I, 1754, 19, pl. 1, fig. 4; Zoophyl., 1763, 124,
No. 380. -
Salmo gibbosus LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 311, No. 19; ed. 12, I, 1766,
513 (Surinam).-BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 419.
Epicyrtus gibbosus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 17, pl. 2, fig. 1;
in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 635 (Lower Essequibo). -
Cymopotamus gibbosus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848,
321, pl. 645 (Maná; Essequibo; Amazon).-CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud,
Poiss., 1855, 75 (Amazon; Ucayale).-GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., XXII, 1890,
11 (Coary; Cudajas; Iga; Javary; Jutahy; Lake Hyamary; Manacapurū;
Manaos; Obidos; Porto do Moz; Rio Negro; Silva, Lake Saraca; Surinam;
Tabatinga). -
Anacyrtus gibbosus GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 346 (Surinam; British Guiana).
—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 57.-
PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), X, viii, 1897, 26 (Rio Beni).
Charaac gibbosus FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 453 (Surinam).-
EIGENMANN and OGLE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII, 1907, 32 (Guiana;
Paraguay).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
444.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 401
Epicyrtus macrolepis KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” ii, 1859, 39, pl. 6, fig. 1
(Cujabá; Rio Paraguay; Irisanga).-STEINDACHNER, “Fisch-fauna Magda-
lenen-Stromes,” 1878, 46.-BoulBNGER, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XIV, 1896,
36 (Descalvados). -
Anacyrtus macrolepis BoulBNGER, Bull. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Torino,
XV, 1900, 948 (near Corumbá).
Characinus gibbosus EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903,
525 (Arroyo Trementina).
Very abundant in lowlands. |
Six hundred and thirty specimens, 35–135 mm. Botanic Garden. (C. M. Cat.
No. 2124a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 12304.) -
Seventy-two specimens, 38–134 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat.
No. 2125a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 12305.)
Twenty specimens, 52–85 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2126a—e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12306.)
Ten specimens, 50–88 mm. Creek in Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No. 2127-
a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12307.)
Six specimens, 60–103 mm. Issorora Rubber Plantation. (C. M. Cat. No.
2128a–c; I. U. Cat. No. 12308.)
Five specimens, 65–97 mm. Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No. 2129a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12309.) * -
Eleven specimens, 65–137 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2130a-f; I. U.
Cat. No. 12310.)
Twenty-nine specimens, 53–105 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M. Cat.
No. 2131a—e; I: U. Cat. No. 12311.) -
Fifty-two specimens, the largest 115 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2132-
a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12312.)
One specimen, 72 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2133.)
Two specimens, 59–68 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2134a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12113.) -
Head 3.75–4; depth 2.6–3.75; D. 11; A. 48–56;” scales 16–53 to 60°–9; eye
1 in snout, 3.66 in head, 1 in interorbital in the adult; .75, 3, and .75 respectively
in specimens 60 mm. long.
Compressed, elongate; breast flat, with a median series of scales; postventral
* Of eighteen specimens examined two have A. 48, one A. 49, one A. 50, five A. 51, three A. 52, one
A. 53, three A. 54, one A. 55, and one A. 56.
“Of twenty-one specimens examined two have A. 53, one A. 54, two A. 55, two A. 56, four A. 57, three
A. 58, three A. 59, and four A. 60. -
402 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
area compressed; dorsal profile from dorsal to base of occipital process forming an
arc of a circle whose center is near the origin of the anal; profile depressed over the
eye, rising slightly forward, the lowest point in the profile nearly half an orbital
diameter below the line joining the tip of the snout and the tip of the occipital
process; mouth very oblique; maxillary extending to the end of the first suborbital;
maxillary-premaxillary border two-thirds the length of the head; cheek very deep;
a large part below the second suborbital naked; preopercle with a distinct angle.
Gill-rakers 6 + 8, strong, the longest about two-thirds the length of the eye.
Origin of dorsal a little nearer to tip of snout than to caudal, its height about
3.5 in the length; caudal small, its lobes 4 in the length; origin of anal in advance
of the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, nearer to the tip of the snout than to
the base of the last anal ray, its margin very slightly concave; ventrals reaching
considerably beyond origin of anal; pectorals to about the middle of the ventrals.
Scales largest above the pectoral, becoming minute on the predorsal area;
lateral line nearly straight; fins naked; no longitudinal striae, scales with Smooth
edges. * -
A vertical, irregular humeral spot over the seventh or eighth scale of the
lateral line; a triangular caudal spot, frequently very obscure.
- 256. Charax rupununi sp. nov.
Type, 58 mm. Rupununi. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 2135.)
Cotypes, four specimens, 46–51 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2136a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12814.)
Head 3.8; depth 3; D. 11; A. 46–48; scales 10–42 to 44–7; eye .7 in snout,
3 in head, .7 in interorbital.
Very similar to C. gibbosus, but the scales much larger; subpectoral blade
of the clavicle prominent, its posterior spine extending to below the base of the
last pectoral ray, its anterior spine claw-like, rising above the edge of the blade,
directed upward, outward, and forward (simply forward in gibbosus), outer surface
of the blade concave. Predorsal line naked (?). -
A small black spot over the seventh scale of the lateral line; a deep-lying
black vertical line at the base of the caudal rays, a black spot contiguous with it
forward. Otherwise as in C. gibbosus.
ASIPHONICHTHYS Cope.
Type, Asiphonichthys stenopterus Cope.
This genus has all the characters of typical Charaz, except that the lateral line
is developed on a few anterior pores only.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 403
257. Asiphonichthys hemigrammus sp. nov. (Plate LX, fig. 4.)
Type unique, 27 mm. Gluck Island. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of
Fishes No. 2137.) - -
A second specimen was collected by Dr. Ellis on Gluck Island.
Head 3.5; depth 3; D. 10; A. 45; scales 10–48–7, five scales with pores; eye
.75 in snout, 3 in head, .75 in interorbital.
Compressed, snout pointed, profile depressed over the eyes; maxillary extend-
ing to end of first suborbital; nearly the entire lower half of the cheeks naked;
gill-rakers 5 + 8, those of the upper arch short, those of the lower large and long.
Scales without longitudinal striae, fins naked; scales reduced in size on the
back in front of the dorsal. - -
Anterior spine of the clavicle claw-like, directed upward and forward; the
posterior spine scale-like; pectoral without developed rays; origin of dorsal very
little nearer to tip of snout than to caudal, behind the vertical from the origin of
the anal; ventrals reaching to the base of the eighth anal ray.
A black spot above and behind the last pore of the lateral line; a spot on the
end of the caudal peduncle. -
In the two specimens mentioned above the pectoral is without developed rays.
In a third specimen, probably belonging to this species (38 mm.), the pectorals are
normally developed. / g -
CYNoPOTAMUs Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Cynopotamus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 317.
Cyrtocharaa, FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 454.
Type, Hydrocyon argenteus Valenciennes. -
Teeth of lower jaw in a single series, consisting of four canines in front (of
which the third is largest) and numerous small teeth on the sides; premaxillary
teeth in two series, a canine at each end; maxillary without canines. Lateral
line complete, scales very small. No opercular spine. Clavicle slightly notched,
the lower edge not blade-like, without spines.
I have examined the type of Cynopotamus argenteus (22 mm. long, Buenos
Aires) in the Jardin des Plantes. I was unable to find an inner series of teeth in
the lower jaw.
258. Cynopotamus essequibensis sp. nov.
Type, one specimen, 175 mm. Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No. 2146.)
Cotype, one specimen, 180 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2147.)
Cotypes, seven specimens, 53–170 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2148-
a—c; I. U. Cat. No. 12319.) : -
404 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Head 3.66–3.75; depth 3; D. 11; A. 42–47; scales 19–91 to 98–15; eye 1 in
the snout, 3.33 in the head, 1 in the interorbital.
Compressed, tail slender, predorsal region of the body heavy; predorsal profile
arched to the occipital process, depressed over the eyes; preventral area rounded,
with many small scales; postventral area broad but with a trenchant median keel;
predorsal area rounded, entirely scaled. Fontanel reaching to above anterior
margin of the pupil; mouth large, premaxillary-maxillary border without an angle,
1.33–1.4 in the length of the head; maxillary extending far beyond the first Sub-
orbital; second suborbital leaving a wide naked margin below. -
Maxillary with about sixty minute teeth, the uppermost ones largest, but no
canines; premaxillary with an outer series of about ten teeth, of which the first
and last are large canines, an inner series of two small canines opposite the fifth
and seventh teeth of the outer series; each ramus of the lower jaw with four canines
in front, of these the second is the smallest, the third much the largest, the first and
fourth of about the same size, and about thirty graduated conical teeth on the sides.
Gill-rakers 2 + 6, the middle one heavy, half as long as the eye.
Scales largest about the origin of the lateral line, decreasing most rapidly to in
front of the dorsal; about forty rows of scales in front of the dorsal; fins naked;
lateral line almost straight; surface of each scale with numerous denticles (as many
as one hundred on the largest scales of one of the larger specimens) arranged in more
or less regular series.
Dorsal pointed, its origin in front of the middle, its height 4 in the length;
caudal lobes short, 4.5 in the length; anal slightly emarginate in front, the origin
and the middle of the dorsal equidistant from the snout, a little nearer to base of
middle caudal rays than to tip of snout; ventrals reaching the anal in the young,
falling short of it in the adult; pectoral reaching beyond origin of ventrals.
A silvery lateral band; a dusky circular caudal spot at the end of the caudal
peduncle; a large conspicuous triangular humeral spot, its base just above the
fifth to the ninth scales of the lateral line, its apex on about the seventh row of
scales above the lateral line.
ACANTHOCHARAX” gen. nov.
Type, Acanthocharaac microlepis sp. nov. *
Lateral line complete; origin of anal under the dorsal; scales moderate,
cycloid; a strong spine on the angle of the preopercle, continuous with the margin
of the lower limb; a small canine at the upper end of the maxillary, its margin with
* †kavba, a thorn; xápaš, name of the typical genus.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 405
conical teeth to its tip; a strong canine at each end of the premaxillary, and two
series of conical teeth between them; four graduated canines on the lower jaw in
front, the last being much the largest, these followed on the sides by a series of
about thirty graduated conical teeth; predorsal area naked.
259. Acanthocharax microlepis sp. nov. (Plate LXI, fig. 1.)
Type, 105 mm. Tumatumari. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
2138.) -
Cotypes, forty-three specimens, 55–103 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat.
No. 2139a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 12315.) .
Cotypes, three specimens, 48–85 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2140–
a—b; I. U. Cat. No. 12316.)
Cotypes, twenty-two specimens, 51-82 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No.
2141a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 12317.)
Head 3.4—3.66; depth 2.7–2.8; D. 11; A. 30–34; scales 9–47 to 53–6; eye .75
in snout, 2.75 in head, .66 in interorbital. - *
Compressed, head and shoulders heavy, profile depressed over the eye, arched
from base of the occipital process to the dorsal; preventral area rounded; a deep
notch in the clavicle for the reception of the pectoral, the process below the pectoral
broad-tipped behind, no free spine in front; postventral area trenchant, a wide
naked area below the second suborbital; mouth oblique, the maxillary extending
beyond the first suborbital; distance from tip of snout to end of maxillary equal
to distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of the eye; gill-rakers 5 + 9,
the longest 4 of the eye.
Scales very regularly imbricate, except on the breast, without longitudinal
striae. A naked area beginning at the dorsal, widening forward and extending on
either side of the occipital process; fins naked; lateral line decurved, complete.
Origin of the dorsal nearer the snout than to the tail; origin of anal and middle
of dorsal nearly equidistant from the snout; anal distinctly emarginate; ventrals *
reaching anal, pectorals to near middle of ventrals. -
A humeral spot over the fourth to sixth scale of the lateral line; a large, diffuse
caudal spot.
HETEROCHARAX gen. nov.
Type, Heterocharaac macrolepis sp. nov. -
Lateral line complete; origin of anal under the dorsal; scales moderate,
cycloid; a spine on the lower angle of the preopercle; maxillary without a canine,
the teeth graduated in both directions from the fifth; premaxillary with a single
406 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
series of teeth; several of those near the anterior end are canines, of which the third
from the end is largest. Sides of lower jaw with minute teeth, a large conical tooth
at the outer corner of the jaw, followed forward by four teeth decreasing in size,
the median tooth again a large canine; predorsal area Scaled.
260. Heterocharax macrolepis sp. nov. (Plate LXI, fig. 2.)
Type, 46 mm. to base of caudal. Rockstone. (Carnegie Museum Catalog
of Fishes No. 2142.) - r
Cotypes, three specimens, 38–42 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2143a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12318.) wº
Cotype, one specimen, 37 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2144d.)
Head 3.6–3.9; depth 2.75–3; D. 10 or 11; A. 37 or 38 (or 42 in the Wismar
specimen); scales 6 or 7–37 to 40–5; eye .5 in snout, 2.3 in head, .5 in interorbital.
Slender, profile without notable hump or depression; occipital process extend-
ing less than one-fourth the distance to the dorsal; preventral area flat, post-
ventral area trenchant; maxillary not reaching to the end of the first suborbital;
cheeks entirely covered by the second suborbital; distance from tip of snout to
end of maxillary equal to distance from tip of snout to middle of eye. Gill-rakers
7 + 12. -
Scales regularly imbricate, not notably decreased toward the predorsal area;
a median series of about nine scales in front of the dorsal; about two pairs of scales
between the occipital process and the median series; scales with from two to seven
radiating striae. Fins naked. $º
Origin of dorsal equidistant from snout and caudal; highest dorsal ray 4 in
the length; origin of anal a little farther from snout than origin of the dorsal;
ventrals reaching anal; pectorals to the ventrals.
Silvery, without distinct spots. A dark streak along the sides and along base
of anal. -
Subfamily ACESTRORHYNCHINAE.
ACESTRORHYNCHUS Eigenmann.
Xiphorhynchus AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 76 (falcatus).
Xiphorhamphus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 17 (falcatus).
Acestrorhynchus EIGENMANN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Quarterly Issue, XLV, 1903, 146
(falcatus). -
The name Xiphorhynchus is preoccupied by Swainson's genus of birds, proposed
in 1827. Xiphorhamphus is preoccupied by Blyth's genus of birds in 1843.
Type, Salmo falcatus Bloch.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 407
Premaxillary horizontal, its teeth strictly conical, in a single series, the Second
(or first) tooth and the next to the last strong, sharp, canine; anterior upper part
of maxillary little oblique, with teeth similar to those of the premaxillary, the first
and fourth or fifth being canines; the posterior part of the maxillary abruptly much
oblique, with the exception of the teeth entirely concealed by the first suborbital
when the mouth is closed; back part of mandible with minute, recurved teeſh, .
preceded by three widely spaced canines, the middle one largest. zºad/26%
Pectorals not overlapping the far remote ventrals; scales cycloid; lateral line
24%.
complete; tongue long and free. &v. % y*2^wº, *~~*>
zºº. , -zºvé,26%
. KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of Acestronºscius. / %2&2.*g
a. A conspicuous vertical black humeral blotch; caudal spot small and circular, or larger and continued on *
the middle caudal rays. Lateral line 79–95; A. 25–29.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . falcatus. * * &
aa. Shoulder-girdle with a minute spot in front of the origin of the lateral line; anal long, with 28–33 rays. 2 - “ vº- / 7.
Lateral line 93–114. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * microlepis. * ****- zºº yºt,
aaa. No shoulder-spot, opercle margined with dark; A. 23–26. Lateral line 144-152. . . . . . . . . . . falcirostris. v. & 7 ***, ex
aaaa. A black band from the tip of the snout to the caudal; A. 27; scales 79, eight between lateral line and anal. *ex-
. nasutus. … f*
261. Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch). (Plate LXI, fig. 3.)
Salmo falcatus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, 120, pl. 385 (Surinam).
Xiphorhynchus falcatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848,
337, part (Surinam).-CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 75 (Amazon).
Xiphorhamphus falcatus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 17; in
Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 635 (Essequibo; Pomeroon).-GüNTHER,
Catalogue, W, 1864, 354.—VAILLANT, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 154
(Carsevenne). - -
Acestrorhynchus falcatus EIGENMANN and OGLE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII,
1907, 34 (Surinam).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 447.
'*-*
Xiphorhamphus ferox GüNTHER, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), XII, 1863, 443
(Essequibo); Catalogue, W, 1864, 355 (Essequibo).
One specimen, 182 mm. Barima. (C. M. Cat. No. 1960.)
One specimen, 270 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 1995.) w
Nine specimens, 96—120 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 1964a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12232.)
Two specimens, 102–111 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1965a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12242.) -
Eleven specimens, 85–114 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1966a-c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12233.) t -
408 . MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Three specimens, 96–119 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1967a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12234.) -
One specimen, 152 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 1968a.)
Two specimens, 110–122 mm. Christianburg. (C. M. Cat. No. 1969a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12235.)
One specimen, 85 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 2456.)
One specimen, 133 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1970a.)
One specimen, 136 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 197 1a.)
One specimen, 155 mm. to base of caudal. Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1972a.)
Two specimens, 118–121 mm. Below Packeoo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1973a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12236.) - i
One specimen, 132 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1974a.)
Head 3.5; depth 4.5–5; D. 11; A. 25 in two specimens, 26 in three, 27 in
nine, 28 in six, 29 in two. Scales usually 87–89, but ranging from 79–95.” Eye
4.8 in snout, 4–4.5 in head, 1.3–1.5 in interorbital.
This species, very similar to A. microlepis, can readily be distinguished from
the other species found in Guiana by the very large humeral blotch. The caudal
spot is small, well-defined, and circular, confined to the base of the caudal rays in
the specimens from Barima, Lama Stop-Off, and Maduni Creek, i. e., in those from
the tidal area. In specimens from the interior the humeral spot increases in size,
and the caudal spot also becomes larger and more diffuse, extending on the caudal
peduncle and frequently to the end of the middle caudal rays. *
The specimens from Lama Stop-Off had the middle of the dorsal orange, two
intense orange bands fading out backward on either side of the caudal spot, and a
yellow band out from the caudal spot and around it; adipose yellowish.
w 262. Acestrorhynchus microlepis (Schomburgk).
Hydrocyon microlepis SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 247 (Rio Negro;
Rio Branco; Essequibo).
Xiphorhamphus microlepis MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 18; in
Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 636 (Cameroon; Upper Essequibo; Rupununi;
Takutu).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 355 (Essequibo; British Guiana),—
STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv., 1882, 14 (Huallaga; Iquitos;
Amazons).—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
58.
* All the specimens but one from Amatuk with fewer than 87 rays. The scales as far so examined are
79 in one, 80 in one, 82 in one, 83 in two, 87 in six, 88 in five, 89 in four, 90 in two, 91 in one, 93 in one, and
95 in one.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 409
Acestrorhynchus microlepis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 447. .
I have examined a specimen in the Berlin Museum and:
Seventeen specimens, 86–222 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1975a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12223.) -
One specimen, 148 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No.
1976a.)
Four specimens, 99–146 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1977a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12336.)
Six specimens, 106–107 mm. Botanic Gardens. (C. M. Cat. No. 1988a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12224.) - º
Five specimens, 90–156 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1979a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12225.) g
Three specimens, 116–134 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat. No.
1980a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 12226.) -
Two specimens, 86–110 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1981a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12227.) -
One specimen, 47 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 1982a.)
Ten specimens, 104–162 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1983a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12228.) -
Seventeen specimens, 74–168 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M. Cat. No.
1984a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 12229.) - -
Three specimens, 207–270 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 1985a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12230.) *
One specimen, 200 mm. Issorora Rubber Plantation. (C. M. Cat. No.
1986a.) -
Five specimens, 85–242 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1887a-d; I. U.
Cat. No. 12231.) - -
Head 3.4—3.8; depth 5–6.5; D. 11; A. 28–33, most frequently 32 or 33;
scales 93–95 in specimens from the Georgetown trenches, 113–114 in those from
Crab Falls, and 101–105 in those from Lama Stop-Off; eye 1.8 in the snout, 4.5
in the head, 1.1 in the interorbital; 1.7, 4, .7, respectively in the young.
Readily distinguished by a small black spot on the shoulder-girdle in front of
the origin of the lateral line; a circular caudal spot. Dorsal, upper caudal lobe,
and adipose orange; lower caudal band yellow in the specimens from Maduni.
Dr. Ellis took one specimen in brackish water at Georgetown.
410 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
263. Acestrorhynchus falcirostris (Cuvier).
Hydrocyon falcirostris CUVIER, Mém. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1819, 361, pl. 27, fig. 3.
Xiphorhynchus falcirostris AGAssiz, ‘Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 76.
Xiphorhamphus falcirostris MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 18.-
KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” ii, 1859, 50 (Matto Grosso).-GüNTHER,
Catalogue, W, 1864, 354 (Demerara; River Cupai); Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1868, 247 (Xeberos; Pebas).-CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878,
688 (Peruvian Amazon).-STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv,
1882, 15 (Huallaga).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIV, 1891, 58. -
Acestrorhynchus falcirostris FowleR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 462–
EIGENMANN and OGLE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII, 1907, 35.—EIGEN-
MANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 447.
Hydrocyon armatus SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, pl. 25, not descr.
One specimen, 140 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1909a.)
Four specimens, 157–357 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 1996a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12337.) -
Two specimens, about 170 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1978a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12237.)
Two specimens, 335–342 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1990a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12238.)
One specimen, 205 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1991a.)
Twelve specimens, 150–340 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1992a-c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12239.)
Two specimens, 270–315 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 1993d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12240.)
Two specimens, 237–238 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1994a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12241.) - *
Head 3.33—3.6; depth 6–7; D. 11; A. 22–26; lateral line 144–152, sixteen
scales between lateral line and origin of anal. Eye 2–2.25 in the snout, 5–5.5
in the head, 1–1.5 in the interorbital. -
Fontanel not extending forward to middle of eye.
No shoulder-spot; a small, circular, well-defined, intense black caudal spot;
upper part of opercle blackish; pectoral and caudal yellowish in life, the middle
caudal rays red to orange.
EIGFNMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 411
264. Acestrorhynchus nasutus sp. nov. (Plate LXI, fig. 4.)
Type unique, 79 mm. Rockstone. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1959.)
Distinguished by its long soft-tipped snout, short frontal fontanel, lateral
bands, long head, etc.
Head 3.1; depth 6; D. 11; A. 27; scales 79, eight between lateral line and
anal; eye 2.33 in the snout, 3.7 in the head, .7 in the interorbital.
Frontal fontanel very short, not reaching forward to above middle of eye;
tip of snout soft.
A dark stripe from the tip of the snout to the end of the middle caudal rays;
no humeral spot; a distinct enlargement of the band into a caudal spot; a second
dark band from the end of the anal forward to above the space between the anal
and ventrals.
Subfamily HYDROCYNINAE.
f /
HYDROCYNUS’ Cuvier. - 22- *C2% ºf ..ºz.4?”
Hydrocymus CUVIER, Règne Animal, II, 1817, 167.
Xiphostoma SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 78, pl. 42.
Type, Hydrocymus lucius Cuvier.
Lepidosteus-like Characins, the snout prolonged into a beak; each jaw with
a series of minute conical teeth; dorsal in posterior half of the body; scales dentic-
ulate on the margin; lateral line complete.
One of the four species of the genus is locally abundant in Guiana.
265. Hydrocynus cuvieri (Agassiz).
Xiphostoma cuvieri AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 78, pl. 42.-
MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 20, pl. 3, fig. 3 (Brazil and Gui-
ana).-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 1848, 355 (Ama-
zon) -MüLLER and TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,636 (Upper
Essequibo, Takutu; Rupununi).-KNER, “Familie der Characinen,” ii, 1859,
pl. 8, fig. 17 (Marabitanos).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 357-EIGEN-
MANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 59.-PELLEGRIN,
Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 157 (Apuré).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 446. 4.
Xiphostoma ocellatum ScHoMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 245, pl. 18
w (Essequibo; Rios Negro and Branco). -
Xiphostoma oseryi CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 76, pl. 40, fig. 1
(Tocantins). -
412 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
I have examined the specimen figured by Müller and Troschel and:
Twenty-eight specimens, 120–200 mm., and one about 340 mm. Rockstone
Sand-bank. (C. M. Cat. Nos. 1115a and 1996a–g; I. U. Cat. No. 12244.)
One specimen, 500 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2464.)
Head 2.8–3.42; depth 6.5–7.5; D. 10; A. 10 or 11; W. 9; P. 30; scales 12–100
to 108–8; eye 4.3–5 in snout, 8–8.5 in head, 1.5–1.75 in interorbital.
Elongate, snout and lower jaw greatly prolonged into a slender pointed beak;
upper jaw ending in a fleshy or cartilaginous tip more than half as long as the eye.
Profile from dorsal to tip of snout nearly straight and horizontal; parietals with a
zigzag suture; no fontanel; snout considerably more than half the length of the
head; teeth minute, very numerous, in a single series in each jaw. Maxillary
meeting the premaxillary at a distinct angle, ankylosed with it; cheeks with a very
narrow naked border below the suborbitals in the young, entirely covered in the
old; gill-rakers about twelve on the lower arch, very small, the anterior ones reduced
to imbedded tubercles.
Dorsal nearer to ventrals than to anal, narrowly rounded or obliquely truncate;
caudal forked, the lobes not more than twice the length of the middle rays, some-
times shorter; anal emarginate in the adult, the anterior rays reaching tip of last
ray, the last three or four rays prolonged, the third from the last sometimes reaching
the caudal; ventrals Small, truncate or emarginate, reaching about half-way to
anal; pectorals very broad, the inner rays minute, the outer 22–2.5 in the distance
to the ventrals. -
Lateral line nearly straight, not continued on the basal scales of the caudal;
Scales regularly imbricate, with numerous irregular striae and denticulate margins
in the adult. Fins naked.
A lateral band in the young, narrow and distinct from the eye to the opercle,
broader and less regular on the sides; back irregularly spotted; outer margins of
upper and lower caudal lobe, and anterior margin of anal light, the rest of the fins
blackish; dorsal, ventrals, and pectorals hyaline; a small black ocellus at the base
of the middle caudal rays. These markings, with the exception of the caudal
ocellus, are less distinct in the adult.
Subfamily ERYTHRININAE.
HoPLIAS Gill.
Macrodon MULLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1842, 6.
Hoplias GILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, 1903, 1015.
Type, Esoa: malabaricus Bloch.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 413
The name Macrodon is preoccupied.
Caudal rounded; no occipital process; no fontanel; no adipose; mouth large;
cheeks entirely covered by the suborbitals; teeth all conical; maxillary with a
canine and numerous small teeth; premaxillary with a large canine near the sym-
physis, a smaller one toward the sides, and numerous conical teeth; palatines with
patches of teeth, the outer series enlarged; a detached patch of teeth in front of
the palatines; mouth large, maxillary extending beyond the orbit; walls of the
air-bladder normal. Supratemporal plate single. c
266. Hoplias macrophthalmus (Pellegrin). (Plate LXII, fig. 1.)
- “Aimara.”
Erythrinus macrodon (not of Agassiz) SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841,
41 (all rivers).
Macrodon malabaricus macrophthalmus PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., XIII,
1907, 26 (Cayenne).
Macrodontrahira (not of Spix) MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III,
1848, 632 (all streams, especially near cascades).
Hoplias malabaricus microphthalmus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp.
Patagonia, III, 1910, 448.
Six specimens, 85–410 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2173a–c; I. U. Cat.
No. 12338a–c.) -
One specimen, 191 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No.
2174a.) -
Two specimens, 401–460 mm. Maripicru Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 2175a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12339.)
A head, 114 mm. long. Tumatumari. (I. U. Cat. No. 12340.)
A head, 152 mm. long. Creek above Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2176.)
Three specimens, 94, 95, and 260 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. Nos. 2177a and
2230a; I. U. Cat. No. 12341.)
Three specimens, 85–87 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 2178a-b; I. U. Cat.
No. 12342.) .
There is also a specimen in the Berlin Museum collected by Kappler in Surinam.
The specimen represented by the head from Rockstone was about 500 mm.
long. I was told that specimens twice as large are taken in the creeks (which are
really good-sized rivers) emptying into the Essequibo River above Rockstone.
Schomburgk says they reach a size of four feet. No specimens were taken nearer
the coast than Rockstone and Wismar. It is one of the most highly esteemed of
the fishes.
414 * MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Eye 6.5 in the head in a specimen about 500 mm., 5 in specimens 300–400 mm.,
4 in specimens 50–250 mm.; 2 in the interorbital in the largest, 1.4 in specimens
300–400 mm.; .6 in specimens 50–150 mm. -
Head 3–3.25 in the length measured to the end of the last scale on the caudal;
depth 4–4.3; D. 15, rarely 16; A. 10; scales 43–45; thirteen, rarely fourteen,
Scales from lateral line to lateral line across the back in front of the dorsal.
Elongate, subcylindrical, the head pointed; mouth large, the lips meeting so
as to obscure their sinuate margin; maxillary-premaxillary border about half the
length of the head, the maxillary slipping under the prolonged first suborbital;
cheeks entirely covered by the first suborbital, which is continued back to the
vertical limb of the preopercle, and the second and third suborbitals above it;
origin of dorsal 1.5 orbital diameters nearer to the snout than to the base of the
middle caudal rays, its margin broadly rounded, the highest rays a little over half
the length of the head, its base one-half its distance from the end of the lateral line;
caudal equal to the length of the head less the opercle; anal pointed, scarcely
reaching the caudal; ventrals rounded, inserted a little in advance of the middle
of the dorsal, shorter than the caudal, equal to the pectorals.
Scales cycloid, regularly imbricate, nowhere specially increased or decreased
in size; fins naked; lateral line straight, axillary scale very small. Tubes of the
lateral line well-developed, multiple in the larger specimens.
Lower jaw mottled; a dark bar from the eye to the angle of the preopercle,
another running straight back, expanding on the opercle; frequently a spot in the
membrane behind the tip of the subopercle. Four horizontally V-shaped cross-
bars, the widest down from the front part and from in front of the dorsal; the
second and third from spots on the back behind the dorsal and the last from the
base of the upper caudal rays; dorsal with five rows of spots or with five broad
dark bands; caudal similar; anal and upper surface of ventrals and pectorals each
with four or five bars and some spots.
267. Hoplias malabaricus Bloch. (Plate LXII, fig. 2.)
“Tareira’’ MARCGRAVE, Hist. Rer. Nat. Bras., IV, 1648, 157.
Esoa malabaricus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, 149, pl. 392.
Synodus malabaricus BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 397.
Macrodon malabaricus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2),
II, 1889, 102 (Pará; Gurupa; Willa Bella; Avary; Montalegre; Arary; Porto
do Moz; Obidos; Lago Alexo; Tonantins; Manaos; Tapajos; Santarem; .
Cudajas; Hyanuary; Manacapurū; Rio Negro; Silva, Lake Saraca; Teffé;
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 415
Hyavary; Rio Negro, near Lago Alexo; Itabapuana; Tabatinga; Jutahy;
Lago Maximo; Iga; Tajapurū; Manes; Jatuarana; Lago Iuparana; Serpa;
Campos; Barra de Pirahy; Rio Parahyba; Paraguay; Ueranduba; Surinam;
Rio das Velhas; Rio San Francisco; Bon Jardin, Rio San Francisco; Rio
Doce; Bahia; Santa Cruz; Santa Clara; Rio Mucury; São Matheos; Rio
San Antonio; Rio Janeiro; Goyaz; San Gonçallo; Jequitinhonha; Rio Puty;
Buenos Ayres; Rio Grande; Porto Alegre; Rio Arassuahy, Minas Geraes;
Muriahé; Guiana; Rio Ipojuco, Province Pernambuco).-EIGENMANN, Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894, 633 (Rio Grande do Sul).-LAHILLE, Rev. Mus.
la Plata, WI, 1895, 7 (Arroyo del Gato; Arroyo de Dona Flora; Dock Central).
—VAILLANT, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., III, 1897, 221 (Chagres); V, 1899, 154
(Carsevenne; Carnot).—EIGENMANN and NORRIs, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IV,
1900, 355 (Rio Tieté).-PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 157
(Apuré).
Hoplias malabaricus EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903
508 (Rio Branco; Arroyo Trementina; Arroyo Chogolalina; Estancia La
Armonia, Arroyo Carrumbez).-EvKRMANN and KENDALL, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XXXI, 1906, 78.-FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 293
(Ambyiacu, Peruvian Amazon; Rio Grande do Sul; Bahia; Rio das Velhas;
Surinam).-EIGENMANN and OGLE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII, 1907, 36
(Brazil; Trinidad; Truando; Lagoa Santa).-EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
IV, 1907, 124 (Corumbá; Bahia Negra); Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1907,
452 (Buenos Aires); Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 448.
Synodus tareira BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 398, pl. 79.
Macrodon tareira CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846, 508
(Bahia; San Francisco; Amazon; Maracaibo).
Synodus palustris BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 398.
Erythrinus trahira SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, pl. 18.-CASTELNAU,
Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1856, 56 (Bahia). - *
Macrodon trahira GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 281 (Demerara; Essequibo; Rio
Capin, Para; Rio Cupai; Bahia).-LüTKEN, Dan. Widensk. Selsk. Skr., (5),
XII, 1875, 184 (Rio das Velhas) -GüNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868,
239 (Huallaga)—STEINDACHNER, “Süsswasserfisched. Südóstlichen Brasilien,”
1874, 26 (Orinoco; Essequibo; Amazon; Rio Plata; Rio San Francisco; Rio
Una).-CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 694 (Peruvian Amazon).-
STEINDACHNER, “Fisch-fauna Magdalenen-Stromes,” 1878, 31 (Rio Magda-
lena); “Fisch-fauna des Cauca,” etc., 1880, 14 (Cauca); “Flussfische Süda-
416 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
merika's,” iv., 1882, 11 (Huallaga).-PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2a), X,
1891, 39 (Rio de la Plata; Chaco; Paraná; Rio Paraguay).-BoulBNGER, Boll.
Mus. Torino, X, 1895, 2 (Colonia Risso).-PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2),
XVIII, 1897, 24 (Reyes).-BoulBNGER, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp.
Torino, XII, 1897, − (San Lorenzo); XV, 1900, − (Urucuru).—REGAN, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1906, 382 (Trinidad).
Erythrinus macrodon AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 43, pl. 18,
(Almada, Prov. Bahia; Rio San Francisco). -
Erythrinus microcephalus AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 44 (Rio
San Francisco). -
Erythrinus brasiliensis Spix, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 45, pl. 20
(Pernaguacu).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
633 (all streams).-CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss. (Carandahy; Rio das
Mortes, Minas Geraes). - -
Macrodon guavina VALENCIENNES, in Humboldt, Rec. Obs. Zool., II, 1833, 179,
pl. 48, fig. 1.-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846, 527
(Lake Tacarigua). -
Macrodom auritus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846, 519
(Montevideo).--STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Notizen,” ix, 1869, 12
(Montevideo).
Macrodon teres CuvieR and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846, 521
(Maracaibo).
Macrodon patana CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846, 522
(Cayenne).
Macrodon feroa, Gill, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 51 (Trinidad).
Five specimens, 124–183 mm. Barima River. (C. M. Cat. No. 21790–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12343.) * -
Two specimens, 80–108 mm. Issorora. (C. M. Cat. No. 21800; I. U. Cat.
No. 12344.) -
One specimen, 103 mm. Koreabo. (C. M. Cat. No. 218.1.)
One specimen, 178 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2182.)
One specimen, 175 mm. Below Packeoo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2183a.)
One specimen, 160 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 21840.)
Two specimens, 83–87 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2185; I. U. Cat.
No. 12345.) g p
Thirteen specimens, 87–225 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2186a-c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12346.) -
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 417
Three specimens 237–330 mm. Chipoo Creek, a branch of the Ireng. (C. M.
Cat. No. 2187a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 12347.) -
Two specimens, 100 mm. Aruataima. (C. M. Cat. No. 2188; I. U. Cat.
No. 12348.)
Nine specimens, 108-440 mm. Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No. 2189a–d; I. U.
Cat. No. 12349a–d.) - -
Four specimens, 101–180 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 2190a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12352.)
Sixteen specimens, 90–425 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2191a-c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12353.) …
Six specimens, 65–217 mm. Botanic Garden. (C. M. Cat. No. 2192d—c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12354.) i -
Eighteen specimens, 119–400 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat. No.
21930—d; I. U. Cat. No. 12355.) -
Three specimens, 102–165 mm. Nickaparu. (C. M. Cat. No. 2204a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12356.) -
Five specimens, 80–155 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 21956-c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12357.) - e
One specimen, 280 mm. . Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 22030.)
One specimen, 135 mm. Below Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2196.)
Two specimens, 251–265 mm. Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No. 2197a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12358.) - -
Eighteen specimens, 110–295 mm. Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No. 2198a–d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12359.)
Four specimens, 57–120 mm. Savannah Landing. (C. M. Cat. No. 2199
a—b; I. U. Cat. No. 12350.) - s
One specimen, 176 mm. Waratuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2200.)
Twelve specimens, 42–254 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2201a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12351.) *
One specimen, 113 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No.
2202.)
Head 3–3.4; depth 4.3; D. 14, rarely 15 or 13; A. 10–11; lateral line 38
or 39 in lower Potaro specimens, usually 41 or 42 elsewhere.”
Eye 7 in the head in specimens 200 mm. and larger, 5–6 in specimens 100–
200 mm.,” 4.3–5 in specimens 50–100 mm., 2.4 in the interorbital in specimens
“Of those examined five have 40, fourteen have 41, seventeen have 42, six have 43, and two have 44.
* 4.5 in the specimens from Crab Falls. - -
418 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
300–400 mm. long, 1.6–2 in specimens 200–300 mm., 1.5 in specimens 100–200
mm., 1–1.3 in specimens between 50 and 100 mm.
Very similar to H. macrophthalmus, but with a smaller eye and different color-
pattern.
A median band in the young, broken up into vertical bars in older individuals,
and more or less uniform in the adult; fins all spotted or barred or both.
In the larger specimens from Amatuk the color is almost plain black, while the
caudal and anal are crossed by narrow white lines; otherwise they are black.
In the Crab Falls specimen the caudal, anal, ventrals, and pectorals are black,
the tips lighter but without bands, the body black. In the Waratuk specimen
the fins are as in the Amatuk specimens, but the body is lighter and shows short
longitudinal spots with a lighter reticulation. *
This species is much more widely distributed than P. macrophthalmus. It is
found along the coast as well as above the Kaieteur Falls.
HoPLERYTHRINUS Gill.
Hoplerythrinus GILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1895, 208.
Ophiocephalops FowlFR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 293.
Type, Erythrinus unitainiatus Bloch.
This genus differs from Erythrinus in having teeth on the pterygoids as well
as on the palatines. -
268. Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix).
“Wara” (of the Indians about Holmia); “Houri” (in the lowlands).
“Maturaque’ MARCGRAVE, Hist. Rer. Nat. Bras., IV, 1648, 169 (instanding water).
? Synodontis palustris BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 398 (Brazil).
Erythrinus unitaeniatus SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 42, pl. 19 (San
Francisco).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I, 1845, 5, pl. 3, fig. 1
(Brazil; Guiana).-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846,
486 (Maná; Cayenne; Bahia).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk,
Reisen, III, 1848, 632 (Canuku mountain streams).-GüNTHER, Catalogue,
W, 1864, 283 (Demerara; Surinam; Essequibo; River Capin, Pará; Rio Cupai;
Bahia); Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, 239 (Trinidad).—STEINDACHNER,
“Süsswasserfisched. Südóstlichen Brasilien,” 1874, 28 (Rio Parahyba; Victoria;
Bahia; Santarem; Villa Bella; Porto do Moz; Obidos; Cudajas; Curupira;
Tabatinga; Avary; Manes; Lago José Assu); “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv,
1882, 11 (Rio Amazonas; Iquitos).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 105 (São Matheos; Rio Doce; Bahia; Pará; Cudajas;
<eº
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 419
Obidos; Villa Bella; Serpa; Santarem; Silva, Lake Saraca; Hyanuary; Manes;
Porto do Moz; Curupira; Tabatinga; Lake José Assu; Goyaz).-VAILLANT,
Notes from Leyden Mus., XX, 1898, 14 (Berbice); Bull. Mus, d'Hist. Nat., V,
1899, 154 (Carsevenne; Carnot).-REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906,
382 (Trinidad).-EIGENMANN and OGLE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII,
1907, 36 (Trinidad).-EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, 124 (Bahia
Negra). 4 . &
Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus GILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1895, 208.-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 448.
Erythrinus salvus AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 41 (Rio San
Francisco).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 632
(forest streams and ponds).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., (2), II, 1888, 107. -
Erythrinus vittatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846, 499,
pl. 585 (Cayenne, Surinam; Brazil). -
Erythrinus gronovii CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846, 500
(Cayenne).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 284.—PETERs, MB. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin, 1877, 472 (Calobozo).
One specimen, 195 mm. Nickaparu Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 2163.)
One specimen, 180 mm. Below Packeoo. (C. M. Cat. No. 2164)
Ten specimens, 140–190 mm. Creeks about Aruataima. (C. M. Cat. No.
2168a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 12331.) -
Two specimens, 150–275 mm. Savannah Landing. (C. M. Cat. No. 2169a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12332.) g
Eight specimens, 88–140 mm. Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No. 2170a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12333.) - - * wº
One specimen, 147 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2165.)
One specimen, 300 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2166.)
Fourteen specimens, 205–290 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
2171a–c; I. U. Cat. No. 12334.)
One specimen, 135 mm. Pacopoo Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 2167.)
Six specimens, 85–122 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 2172d—c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12335.) -
Head 3.3—3.5; depth 4.25; D. 10; A. 11; scales 3–32 to 36–3. Eye 1.5 in
the snout, 6 in the head, 2.75 in the interorbital. -
Very similar in most respects to Erythrinus erythrinus. Dorsal rounded in
both sexes; ventrals broad, rounded, not reaching the anus; top of head without
420 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
spots; a subcircular opercular spot; three dark lines radiating from the eye;
usually a broad conspicuous black band on the middle of the sides, the areas above
and below it marbled. Caudal usually uniform, the lateral band sometimes con-
tinued on it, and the rays above and below it spotted; posterior part of anal and
especially the dorsal profusely spotted.
In some of the specimens from Twoca Pan the lateral band is obscure, and the
sides have vertical markings approaching those of Erythrinus. In living specimens
at Holmia the edges of the pectorals, ventrals, and anal were carmine red, and a
streak from the pectoral to the anal orange. - -
The specimens from Georgetown, taken the middle of August, were breeding.
The black band is very obscure or absent in these; the bases of the fins are dark.
The anal fin in the breeding males is swollen; the pocket formed by the base
of the last anal ray and the sheath of the fin is prominent; a row of scales from the
base of this pocket to the second scale above the origin of the anal have the margin
deeply incised and covered with a roll of thick skin, which is thence continued
down to the anus. -
ERYTHRINUS Gronow.
Erythrinus GRoNow, Zoophyl., 1763, 114 (based on Cyprinus cylindricus Linnaeus
= C. cephalus Linnaeus, part, - Salmoneus).-MüLLER, Arch. f. Anat., Phys.,
und Wiss. Med., 1842, 308 (sp.).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., I,
1845, 5 (sp.).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 283 (unitaniatus, gronovii).
Hetererythrinus Günther, Catalogue, W, 1864, 283 (salmoneus).
Type, Cyprinus cylindricus Linnaeus = Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch and
Schneider).
No occipital crest, no fontanel, no adipose fin; caudal rounded; anterior nares
tubular, marginal; gill-membranes free, the openings wide; walls of the anterior
portion of the posterior air-bladder cellular. Palatine teeth all villiform, in a
single patch on the sides of the palate. Maxillary with pectinate teeth only, no
canines. Dentary with short conical teeth; two canines near the symphysis, the
outer of which is the larger; no lateral canines. All the teeth blunt. Dentary
process joined for its whole length to the dentiferous ridge. Premaxillary without
a pit. Snout decurved, rounded. Supratemporal plate double. Pterygoids with-
out teeth. ge
269. Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch and Schneider).
“Waioma” (of the Indians at Holmia).
Cyprinus cylindricus LINNAEUs, Mus. Adolphi Fred., 1754, 77, pl. 30.
Cyprinus cephalus LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 322; ed. 12, I, 1766, 527,
part.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 421
Erythrinus GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., II, 1754, 6, No. 154, pl. 7, fig. 6; Zoophyl, 1763,
114. - * * *
Synodus erythrinus BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 397.
Erythrinus erythrinus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II,
1889, 107 (Surinam; British Guiana; Gurupa; Tajapurti; Porto do Moz;
Santarem; Cudajas; Lago Alexo; Manacapurū; Teffé; Tabatinga; Rio de
Janeiro; Ueranduba),—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 448. -
Erythrinus salmoneus GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., 1754, 170 (Surinam).-GüNTHER,
Catalogue, W, 1864, 284 (Surinam; Rio Cupai) -STEINDACHNER, “Süsswasser-
fische d. Südóstlichen Brasilien,” iii, 1876, 39 (Gurupa; Santarem; Tabatinga;
Cudajas; Ueranduba; Tajapurū; Lago Alexo; Manacapurū).—COPE, Proc.
Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 694 (Peruvian Amazon).
Erythrinus brevicauda GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 285 (habitat 2).-COPE, Proc.
Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 698 (Peruvian Amazon).
Erythrinus longipinnis GüNTHER, Catalogue, W, 1864, 108 (Essequibo).-EIGEN-
MANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II, 1888, 108.
There is considerable difference in the size of the fins in the sexes. In the
female the dorsal is narrowly rounded behind, the tip reaching the vertical from
the middle of the base of the anal; in the male the second and third ray from the
end may be prolonged, reaching the vertical from the tip of the last ray (not the
longest) of the anal. Similarly the ventrals in the female fall far short of the
anus, while in one specimen they reach the base of the fourth anal ray. It seems
very probable, therefore, that Günther's E. longipinnis is based on a male with
the extreme length of fins. w
Six specimens, 90–150 mm. Yacktonick Fall. (C. M. Cat. No. 2157a-d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12326.) -
Nine specimens, 68–170 mm. Aruataima. (C. M. Cat. No. 2160a–f; I. U.
Cat. No. 12329.)
Thirty-seven specimens, 45–170 mm. Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No. 2161a-f;
I. U. Cat. No. 12330a-f.) ->
Three specimens, 82–144 mm. Savannah Landing. (C. M. Cat. No. 2153a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12323.) tº •
Ten specimens, 35–150 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 2152a—d; I. U. Cat.
No. 12322a–b.) - CŞ g
Two specimens, 88–97 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat.
Mo. 2158; I. U. Cat. No. 12327.) -
422 MEMOIRS OF THE . CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Sixteen specimens, 77–165 mm. Nickaparu Creek. (C. M. Cat. No.
2154a–d; I. U. Cat. No. 12324.) -
Fourteen specimens, 70–148 mm. Below Packeoo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No.
2155a–c; I. U. Cat. No. 12325.) º
One specimen, 125 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2156.)
Four specimens, 74–120 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 2159a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12328.)
Head 3.66–3.75; depth 4–4.5; D. 10–12; A. 9–12; scales 3–33 or 34–3; eye
1.5 in snout, 6 in head, 2.66 in interorbital. -
Amia-shaped, subterete; caudal peduncle compressed; head blunt, depressed;
mouth oblique, the lips meeting in an irregular line, the mouth scarcely perceptible
when closed. No dorsal or ventral keels. Scales cycloid, with a few longi-
tudinal striae and many minute corrugations; fins naked. -
Dorsal considerably behind the middle, more or less angulated at the tip
of the antepenultimate ray, sometimes prolonged; caudal short-rounded; anal
short angulated; origin of ventrals a little in front or a little behind the vertical
from the origin of the dorsal; ventrals trowel-shaped, of variable length; pector-
als rounded, reaching about half-way to the ventrals. -
Dark brown above, top of head with small round dark spots; frequently a
dark spot at the base of the upper caudal rays, and another one on the sides below
the dorsal; a dark humeral spot in the young; sides marbled and clouded with
vertical markings on the tail; sides of head in light-colored individuals with alter-
nate light and dark bars radiating from the eye, in dark-colored individuals with
a lunate bright spot covering opercle; posterior part or sometimes the entire cau-
dal, especially its middle, and sometimes the posterior part of the anal with light
and dark bands; pectorals and ventrals uniform light or dark.
In life the ventrals, anal, and lower part of caudal are reddish, the margin
as well as sides olive; lower parts yellow.
Order GLANENCHELI.
Family X. GYMNOTIDAE.”
Eels and Electric Eels.
Gymnotidae BonAPARTE, Cat. Metod. dei Pesci Europei, 1846, -.
Sternopygidae CoPE, Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., XX, 1871, 333.
Electrophoridae GILL, Arrangement of the Families of Fishes, 1872, 18.
* This account of the Gymnotidae was prepared by Dr. Max Mapes Ellis, then a Fellow in Zoology in
Indiana University.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 423
Gymnotidae CoPE, Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., XX, 1871, 333.
Eel-like fishes without a dorsal fin and a very long anal fin.
KEY TO THE GUIANA GENERA of GYMNOTIDAE.
a. No frontal fontanel; no dorsal filament; no true caudal fin; lower jaw projecting; head depressed; teeth
conical, in sockets. - -
b. Anal basis extending around the end of the tail, forming a false caudal; electric organs well-developed;
body not scaled. (Electrophorinae.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - Electrophorus.
bb. Anal basis not extending around the end of the slender cylindrical tail; electric organs wanting; body
- scaled. (Gymnotinae.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gymnotus.
aa. Ilarge frontal and parietal fontanels; lower jaw not projecting; head not depressed; teeth if present villi-
form, in patches, and without deep sockets.
c. No caudal fin; tail beyond the anal fin, slender, pointed; no dorsal filament.
d. Sides of the entire body scaled. (Sternopyginae.)
e. Snout short, not tubular.
f. Orbital margin free; teeth in both jaws; air-bladder long and conical Sternopygus.
ff. Orbital margin not free.
g. Teeth in both jaws; much compressed; air-bladder short and subspherical.
Eigenmannia.
gg. No teeth; body subcylindrical.
h. A cylindrical filament in a groove on each side of the mental region; head chubby.
Steatogenys.
& º ſº tº g º ſº tº dº ſº tº º is ſº ſº tº ſe E → * *
hh. No filaments as above; head rather pointed
ee. Snout tubular; without free orbital margin; very much compressed and elongate.
Rhamphichthys.
orhamphichthys.
dd. Anterior portion of the sides without scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...Gymn
cc. With caudal fin; tail short; without free orbital margin; a dorsal filament; teeth in patches on one or
both jaws. (Sternarchinae.)
i. Caudal at the end of a peduncle; anal not reaching caudal.
j. Snout much produced; teeth in both jaws. *
k. Snout decurved... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sternarchorhynchus.
(kk. Snout straight... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sternarchorhamphus.)
jj. Snout heavy and blunt, not produced.
l. Teeth in one or both jaws. -
m. Teeth in both jaws. - -
n. Back scaled completely, or at least for some distance in front of the dorsal
filament.
o. Gape long, angle of the mouth little if any in front of the eye; snout long.
Sternarchus.
(00. Gape short, angle of the mouth below the anterior or posterior nostrils;
snout short. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sternarchella.)
mn. Back naked to beyond the dorsal filament; scales along the lateral line large.
r Porotergus.
mm. Upper jaw without teeth, those of the lower jaw in a single series; snout very short.
Sternarchogiton.
424 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
ll. Teeth wanting; lower jaw with a distinct V-shaped median groove for the reception of the
pointed decurved upper jaw; head rather chubby... . . . . . . . . . . Adontosternarchus.
it. Caudal and anal confluent; snout straight... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orthosternarchus.
Subfamily ELECTROPHORINAE.
ELECTROPHORUS Gill.
Gymnotus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 427.
Electrophorus GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 151.
Type, Gymnotus electricus Linnaeus.
No frontal fontanel; anal basis extending around the end of the tail, forming
a false caudal; electric organs well-developed on each side of the lower part of
the tail; teeth conical, in one row in each jaw; body very elongate and without
Scales. - g
The single species of this genus is the remarkable “Electric Eel” of South
America.
270. Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus).
Gymnotus electricus LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 427.-MüLLER and
TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 639 (all fresh-waters of British
Guiana),—STEINDACHNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 1868, 14 (Surinam).
—GüNTHER, Catalogue, VIII, 1870, 10 (Guiana).
Electrophorus electricus GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 151.-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 450.
Three specimens, 650–825 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1302;
I. U. Cat. No. 12634.)
Three specimens, 190–580 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (I. U. Cat.
No. 12633; C. M. Cat. No. 1754a.)
One specimen. Pacopoo Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1755.)
Head 8–9.2; depth 14.5–16 in the length to the end of the anal; anal rays 357,
362, 324 in three specimens; snout about 3.5 in the head, interorbital a little less;
eye 5–5.2 in the snout, and 15 or 16 in the head.
Body cylindrical, elongate, and naked; head depressed; width of the head about
equal to, and depth of the head in the occipital region a little less, than the greatest
depth of the body; anus a little more than the length of the snout behind the
vertical from the eye, in front of the pectorals; ventral and dorsal profiles almost
straight. -
Snout heavy and broad; mouth large; gape moderately long but not quite
reaching to below the eye; lower jaw protruding; teeth Small conical, a single row
in each jaw; eyes small, without free orbital margin.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA e 425
Origin of the anal about the length of the head behind the pectorals; anal fin
of uniform width, and continuing around the end of the tail so as to form a false
caudal; pectorals Small, fan-shaped, 2.8 to 3.5 in the head.
Ground-color a uniform dark blue, lighter ventrally; fins much darker and
fringed (especially the pectorals) with white. :
Subfamily Gymnotina.
GYMNOTUS Linnaeus.
Gymnotus LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 246 (carapo).
Carapus CUVIER, Règne Animal, II, 1817, 237.
Giton KAUP, in Duméril, Analyt. Ichth., 1856, 201.
Type, Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus.
No frontal fontanel; anal basis not extending around the end of the tail, which is
cylindrical and terminal; body scaled; teeth conical, in one row in each jaw. No
electric organs. *
But a single species of this genus is known, which, however, is the most widely
dispersed Gymnotid, ranging from Central America over most of South America
east of the Andes. - . . . r
271. Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus.
“Carapo” MARCGRAVE, Hist. Rer. Nat. Bras., 1648, 170. . . . . .
Gymnotus carapo LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 246.-EIGENMANN, Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 450. - . .
Gymnotus fasciatus PALLAs, Spic. Zool., VII, 1769, 35.-SchoMBURGK, Fishes Brit.
Guiana, II, 1842, 174, pl. 19. - -
Carapus fasciatus CUVIER, Règne Animal, II, 1817, 237–STEINDACHNER, “Die
Gymnotidae,” 1868, 13 (Surinam).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, VIII, 1870, 9
(Surinam and British Guiana). t
Giton fasciatus KAUP, in Duméril, Analyt. Ichth., 1856, 201—EIGENMANN and
WARD, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., VII, 1905, 177. -
Gymnotus albus PALLAs, Spic. Zool., VII, 1769, 36 (Surinam).
Carapus albus KAUP, Cat. Apod. Fish, 1856, 140 (French Guiana).
Gymnotus brachiurus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, II, 1786, 61, pl. 157, fig. 1.
Gymnotus putaol LACáPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 1800, 176.
Carapus brachyurus CUVIER, Règne Animal, II, 1817, 237.
Carapus inaequilabiatus VALENCIENNES, in d'Orbigny, Woy. Am. Mer., V, ii, 1847,
pl. 14. .. * g
Thirty-four specimens, 80–435 mm. Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No. 1776a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12622.)
426 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Thirty-two specimens, 80–340 mm. Nickaparu Creek. (C. M. Cat. No.
1777a-e; I. U. Cat. No. 12623.)
Eighteen specimens, 65–310 mm. Creek below Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No.
1778a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 12624.)
Fifteen specimens, 80–380 mm. Aruataima. (C. M. Cat. No. 1779a—e; I. U.
Cat. No. 12625.)
Twelve specimens, 51–90 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 1780a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12626.) -
Six specimens, 59–105 mm. Below Packeoo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1781a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12627.)
Four specimens, 125–198 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1782a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12628.) $
Ten specimens, 50–176 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 1782a-d; I. U. Cat.
No. 12629.) -
Five specimens, 132–205 mm. Mud-flats, Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No.
1784a; I. U. Cat. No. 12630.) -- * - -
Five specimens, 80–115 mm. Creek flowing into the Barima River. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1785; I. U. Cat. No. 12631.) - -
Seven specimens, 125–162 mm. Above Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 1786a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12632.) * -
One specimen, 190 mm. Packeoo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1787a.)
One specimen, 320 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat. No. 1788a.)
One specimen, 230 mm. Botanic Garden. (C. M. Cat. No. 1789a.)
One specimen, 240 mm. Chipoo Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 17900.)
One specimen, 260 mm. Maripicru Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1791a.)
Head 7.25 (old individuals) –9 (young specimens); depth 8.5–13 in the
length to the end of the anal; A. 200–260." - -
Snout 2.5–2.75; interorbital 2.25–2.5 in the head; eye 4 (young)–5.5 in the
snout, 4.25–5 in the interorbital, 10–12 in the head. *
Body cylindrical; head depressed; width of the head 1.25–1.6, depth of the
head at base of occipital process 1.5—1.8 in the greatest depth; anus on the vertical
from a point the length of the snout behind the eye; dorsal profile almost straight;
ventral profile slightly convex.
* Barima, 208, * 217, 218, 224, - - 256.
Kumaka, 212, 224, 228, 240, w 254.
Aruataima, 200, 215, 216, 230, 260.
Nickaparu, 211, - 217, - 225, 240, 260.
Holmia, 207, 220, 225, 235, 245.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 427
Snout very slightly pointed in young specimens, blunt in adults; mouth rather
large; gape straight, reaching about two-thirds of the distance to the eye; upper
jaw included; lower jaw projecting; a single row of teeth in each jaw; eyes rather
small; caudal peduncle one-half the length of the snout or less; pectorals 2.25–3
in the head; origin of the anal behind the pectorals on the vertical from a point
about 1.5 times the snout behind the head. e -
Ground-color varying from a light slate-gray in young specimens to a light
orange in adults; a series of transverse white stripes crossing the body in young
individuals, which stripes widen and become yellow with age, so that the adults
are yellow, banded with black; dorsal parts washed with a dark chocolate-brown
containing numerous black spots; fins translucent, mottled with black or brown.
Subfamily STERNOPYGINAE.
STERNOPYGUs Müller and Troschel.
Gymnotus CUVIER, Règne Animal, II, 1817, 235.-GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1864, 152. -
Sternopygus MüLLER and TRoscHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 13.
Type, Gymnotus macrurus Bloch and Schneider.
Distinguished from all other Gymnotids by the free orbital margin; no caudal
fin; teeth in patches on both jaws; snout short and stout.
272. Sternopygus macrurus (Bloch and Schneider).
Gymnotus macrurus Cuvier, Règne Animal, II, 1817, 237.
Carapus arenatus EYDoux and SouLEYET, Voy. Bonite, Zool., I, 1836, 210, pl. 8,
fig. 2.
Sternopygus macrurus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 13.—
STEINDACHNER, “Die Gymnotidae,” 1868, 11 (Surinam).-EIGENMANN, Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 450.
Sternopygus marcgravii REINHARDT, Widensk. Med. Nat. For. Kjöbenhavn, 1852,
Carapus sanguinolentus CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 85, pl. 32, fig. 1.
Sternopygus carapus Günth FR, Catalogue, VIII, 1870, 7.-STEINDACHNER,
“Flussfische Südamerika's,” ii, 1881, 44 (Surinam).
Gymnotus carapus (not of Linnaeus) EIGENMANN and WARD, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.,
VII, 1905, 175. e or
. One hundred and four specimens, 155–500mm. Botanic Garden. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1764a—i; I. U. Cat. No. 12591.) -
428 . - , MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Eighteen specimens, 200–400 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat. No.
1765a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 12592.) - º
Ten specimens, 150–450 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1766a-d; I. U. Cat. No. 12593.) t . . g
Nine specimens, 65–390 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1767a-d; I. U.
Cat. No. 12594.) - : . -
Ten specimens, 118–212 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1768a—d; I. U. Cat.
No. 12595.) g - - . . .
Eight specimens, 111–212 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1769a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12596.) § - -
Six specimens, 90–100 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 1770a–b; I. U. Cat.
No. 12597.) \ f
Three specimens, 115–378 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1771a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12598.) * . . . * -
Six specimens, 128–350 mm. Mud Creek, Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No.
1772a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 12599.) i
Two specimens, 180–195 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1773a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12600.) .
- One specimen, 430 mm. Issorora Rubber Station trenches. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1774a.) r - y , i.
One specimen, 215 mm. Waratuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1775a.)
Head 6.8–7.25, depth 7–7.3 in the length to the end of anal; anal rays 245–296.”
Snout 2.75–3, interorbital about 3 in the head; eye 3.75—4 in the snout, about
4 in the interorbital, and 10–13 in the head. •
Compressed; width of the head 2–2.25, depth of the head in the occipital
region about 1.5 in the greatest depth; anus about twice the eye behind the vertical
from the eye; dorsal profile weakly convex; ventral slightly more convex than
dorsal. w
Snout heavy, rather pointed, but truncate at the tip; mouth moderate, gape
medium, reaching about half-way to the eyes; jaws equal, lower included on the
sides. . - , -
Caudal peduncle 4.5-5 in the total length; pectorals about 2.4 in the head;
origin of the anal in front of the pectorals, about twice the snout behind the eye.
* Botanic Garden, 265, 270, 270, 27, 278.
Georgetown trenches, 249, 254, 263, 264, 271,290.
Potaro Landing, 245, 250, 265, 272, 296.
Issorora Rubber Station, 273. • * , , -
EIGENMANNY. THE FRESH WATER FISEIES OF BRITISH GUIANA 429
Ground-color stone-gray to buff; body closely pigmented with minute purple
spots, which are more abundant dorsally; a yellowish white lateral. streak of
variable intensity and width—being almost wanting in some specimens—beginning
a little ventrad of the lateral line, at a point about half the total length from the
head, and continuing well out on the caudal appendage; a bluish black spot about
twice the size of the eye at the origin of the lateral line; head rather dark above;
fins hyaline. - .
. Specimens were found in the catch from Potaro Landing in particular, as well
as at Aruka and Amatuk, which were very much darker than the average, being a
dark blue. Since the ground-color was darker the lateral stripe appeared more
strikingly white in these specimens.
EIGENMANNIA Jordan and Evermann.
Sternopygus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 13. , -
Cryptops EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894, 626 (preoccupied).
Eigenmannia JoFDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, I, 1896, 341.
Type, Sternopygus humboldtii Steindachner. • ‘
No free orbital margin; teeth in patches on both jaws; snout not produced;
no caudal fin, tail beyond the anal, slender, cylindrical, and pointed. i
The two species known from British Guiana may be distinguished by the
following key: - - • ,
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIEs of EIGENMANNIA.
a. Eye large, its diameter longer than the maxillary; caudal appendage long, equal to almost half the total
length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . macrops.
aa. Eye medium, its diameter equal to the maxillary; caudal appendage 3.25–4.75 in total length...virescens.
273. Eigenmannia macrops (Boulenger).
Sternopygus macrops BoulBNGER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), XX, 1897, 305
(British Guiana). -- - . . . .
Eigenmannia macrops EIGENMANN and WARD, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., VII, 1905,
172. -- - ' ' . . . .
Eigenmannia microps EigenMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910,449. tº ,
Thirty-two specimens, 165–200 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 1804a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12601.) .
Twelve specimens, 165–180 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 1805a-d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12602.) - - • * , - -
430 - - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Twelve specimens, 125—150 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 1806a-d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12603.) tº - -
Head 8.25–9, depth 6.6–7.5 in the length to the end of the anal; anal rays
170–194;” snout 3.2–3.4, interorbital about 3.3 in the head; eye equal to or a little
greater than either the snout or the interorbital and 3 or a little less in the head.
Body and head compressed; width of the head 2.25–2.5, depth of the head in
the occipital region 1.6–1.8 in the greatest depth; anus on or slightly in front of
the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye; dorsal profile almost straight;
ventral profile of the head sloping caudad, at an angle of forty-five degrees; the
body tapering; snout short and pointed; mouth very narrow; gape quite short;
upper jaw overlapping lower; teeth present in both jaws; eyes large, greater than
maxillary. g
Caudal peduncle narrow, ribbon-like, equal to about half the total length
without the head; pectorals about twice the eye; origin of the anal slightly behind
the base of the pectorals, on a vertical from a point about the length of the snout
behind the head. -
Ground-color varying from a pale yellowish brown to almost yellow; origin
of the anal rays, the scales of the lateral line, and most of the dorsal scales more or
less outlined with black; a narrow median dorsal streak of dark brown or black;
top of head bluish black; fins hyaline. - ºn
Reported only from British Guiana.
274. Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes).
Sternarchus virescens WALENCIENNES, in d'Orbigny, Woy. Am. Mer.; V, ii, 1847, 11,
pl. 13, fig. 2. - ,
Stermopygus virescens MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
640 (Lake Amucu forest streams).-KAUP, Cat. Apod. Fish, 1856, 137.-
GüNTHER, Catalogue, VIII, 1870, 7 (Surinam). $ .
Cryptops virescens EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894, 626.
Eigenmannia wirescens EIGENMANN and Norris, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IV, 1901, 549.
—EIGENMANN and WARD, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., VII, 1905, 173–EIGEN-
MANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,449.
Sternopygus tumifrons MüLLER and TRoscHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 14.
Sternopygus lineatus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
640 (small forest brooks); Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 14 (Lake Amucu in British
* Rockstone, tº 176, 178, 179, 181, 194.
Tumatumari, 170, 174, 182, 183, 184.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 431
Guiana).-STEINDACHNER, “Die Gymnotidae,” 1868, 13 (Essequibo River,
British Guiana). - - -
Twenty-nine specimens, 155–290 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1742a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12604.)
One specimen, 130 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 1743a.) . &
One hundred and fifty-five specimens, 105–300 mm. Botanic Garden. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1744a–i; I. U. Cat. No. 12605.) -
Twenty-six specimens, 105–300 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1745a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 12606.) * -
Twenty-four specimens, 110–180 mm. Démerara. (C. M. Cat. No. 1746a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12607.) * *
One specimen, 80 mm. Rupununi Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1747.a.)
Four specimens, 120–150 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1748a; I U.
Cat. No. 12608.) -
Five specimens, 80–135 mm. Chipoo Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1749a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12609.)
- One specimen, 190 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1750a)
Three specimens, 80–160 mm. Maripieru. (C. M. Cat. No. 1751a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12610.) - . .
Two specimens, 130–190 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1752a; I. U. Cat. No. 12611.) - -
One specimen, 100 mm. Kangaruma. (C. M. Cat. No. 1753a.)
One specimen, 92 mm. Savannah Landing. (C. M. Cat. No. —.)
Head 7–10.5, depth 5.2–7 in the length to the end of the anal; anal rays 185,
188, 189, 190, 190, 191, 194, 196, 197,208, 210, 218, 220, 224. -
Snout 3–3.25, interorbital 2.1–3.25 in the head; eye about 2 in the snout, 1.5–3
in the interorbital, nearly 6 in the head. $
Head and fore part of the body rather chubby, caudal region compressed;
width of the head 2.25–2.4, depth of the head in the occipital region about 2 in the
greatest depth; anus on vertical from anterior margin of the eye; dorsal profile
rather convex, ventral profile distinctly convex from tip of snout to middle of
anal, beyond this rather straight.
Snout heavy, short and blunt; mouth moderate; gape medium; jaws about
equal, lower included on the sides; teeth present in both jaws; eyes small.
Caudal peduncle 3.25–4.5in the totallength; origin of the anal about one-third
of the pectoral behind the vertical from origin of the pectoral.
Ground color pale buff; dorsal parts and top of head gray; scales more or less
432 MEMOIRs of THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
faintly outlined with black; belly lighter; the lateral line and three stripes parallel
with it dark (any or all of these stripes, which are ventrad to the lateral line, vary
considerably in width and intensity, and may even be almost wanting); a black
bar at the origin of each anal ray; fins hyaline; caudal peduncle bluish gray above
and pale yellow below. .
STEATOGENYS Boulenger.
Steatogenys BoulBNGER, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XIV, 1898, 428 (elegans).
Type, Rhamphichthys elegans Steindachner. - -
Distinguished from all other Gymnotids by a small cylindrical filament in a
groove on each side of the mental region. Otherwise the same as Hypopomus. A
genus of a single species.
275. Steatogenys elegans Steindachner.
Rhamphichthys (Brachyrhamphichthys) elegans STEINDACHNER, “Fisch-fauna des
Cauca,” etc., 1880, 37. º s
Steatogenys elegans BoulBNGER, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XIV, 1898, 428.-
EIGENMANN and WARD, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., VII, 1905, 171—EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,449. , ' ' ' .
Three specimens, 75–192 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 1756a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12614.) - - -
One specimen (broken; length estimated at 150 mm.). Wismar. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1757a.) - w . . . . . .
Head 8.25–8.5, depth 5.25–5.5 in the length to the end of the anal; anal rays
160, 164, 175, in the Kumaka specimens; snout 3.3—3.7, interorbital 3 or a little
more in the head; eye 1.5–1.75 in the snout, 1.7–2 in the interorbital and about 5
in the head. } -
Compressed back of the head, which is round and chubby; width of the head
about 2.5, depth of the head in the occipital region 1.6–2 in the greatest depth; anus
on or a little behind the vertical from the eye; dorsal profile convex; ventral profile
abruptly convex to origin of the anal, beyond this very slightly convex,
Snout heavy, blunt; mouth moderate; gape short, not reaching to below the
eyes; jaws equal; eyes small; an adipose filament about twice the length of the
snout, lying in a groove on each side of the mental region. . . . . . . .
Caudal peduncle not over 2.8 in the total length; pectorals 1–1.2 in the head;
origin of the anal below that of the pectorals or a little caudad. . . . . .
Ground-color dark golden brown, a series of twelve to twenty irregular bands
of dark reddish brown, starting from the median dorsal line and crossing both the
body and the anal fin (these bands more or less confluent in the region of the lateral
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 433
line); small golden brown spots on the median dorsal line at the junction of the dark
bands from the sides; top and sides of the head almost black, with numerous pale
yellow streaks crossing them; cheeks lighter; pectorals mottled with black; anal
with numerous brown spots in the yellow interspaces between the brown bands.
- HYPOPOMUs Gill. -
Hypopomus GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 152 (mülleri). . . .
Brachyrhamphichthys GüNTHER, Catalogue, VIII, 1870, 6. . . . . . . . .
Type, Rhamphichthys mülleri Kaup.
No caudal fin; snout short and not tubular; eyes without free orbital margin;
teeth wanting; body rather cylindrical, head somewhat pointed.
Two species were taken in British Guiana.
KEY. To THE GUIANA SPECIEs of Hypopomus.
a. Snout blunt; length of head less than greatest depth of body; caudal appendage 4.5-5 in the total length.
brevirostris.
aa. Snout somewhat pointed; length of head greater than greatest depth of body; caudal appendage 3–3.5 in
the total length . . . . . . . . . . . . '• * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g e º 'º gº tº g tº gº e g g g º º ºs e º e º e & artedi.
276. Hypopomus brevirostris (Steindachner).
Rhamphichthys brevirostris STEINDACHNER, “Die Gymnotidae,” 1868, 6, pl. 2, fig. 2.
Brachyrhamphichthys brevirostris EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, 62. - tº q -
Hypopomus brevirostris EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1903, 530–EIGENMANN and WARD, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., VII, 1905, 170–
EIGRNMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,449.
Four specimens, 57–165 mm. Mud Creek, Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No.
1792a; I. U. Cat. No. 12615.) . . -
Four specimens, 62–165 mm. Chipoo Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1793a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12616)
Two specimens, 95–105 mm. Pacopoo Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 1794a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12617.) -
Four specimens, 118–160 mm. Nickaparu Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 1795a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12618.) -
One specimen (broken), 80mm. Savannah Landing. (C.M. Cat. No. 1796a.)
One specimen, 95 mm. Creek below Savannah Landing. (I. U. Cat. No.
12635)
* One specimen, 117 mm. Twoca Pan, Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 1797a.)
One specimen, 70 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 1798a.) *
434 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Head 8.25–9.25, greatest depth 7–9 in the length to the end of the anal; anal
rays 220–260; snout 3.3—3.7; interorbital about 3 in the head; eye 2.5 in the inter-
orbital, 2.5–3 in the snout, and about 6 in the head.
Body rather cylindrical, though slightly compressed caudad; head chubby but
somewhat conical; width of head 2–2.5, depth of head in occipital region about
1.75 in greatest depth; anus twice the diameter of the eye behind the vertical from
the eye; dorsal profile of the head distinctly slanting, that of the body weakly
convex; ventral profile regularly convex. * - - *
Snout short and truncate; mouth small; gape very short; eyes moderately
small; jaws equal. r -
Caudal peduncle 4.5-5 in the total length; pectorals 1.5–2 in the head; origin
of the anal about the length of the snout behind the origin of the pectorals.
Ground-color buff, overlaid with chocolate-brown; dorsal parts dark, ventral
lighter; numerous bands of dark brown crossing the body but not the anal; lateral
line buff; head dark; fins bluish white to hyaline; rays more or less black.
. . . .277. Hypopomus artedi (Kaup).
— SEBA, Locupl. Rer. Nat. Thes. Acc. Descr., III, 1748, pl. 32, fig. 2.
Rhamphichthys artedi KAUP, Cat. Apod. Fish, 1856, 128.
Hypopomus arted. EIGENMANN and WARD, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., VII, 1905,
- 170–EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 449.
Brachyrhamphichthys artedi EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIV, 1891, 62. -
Rhamphichthys milleri KAUP, Cat. Apod. Fish, 1856, 129 (French Guiana).
Hypopomus mulleri GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 152.
Brachyrhamphichthys milleri EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, 62. - - -
Two specimens, 155–165 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 1799a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12619.) -
Four specimens, 170–174 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1800a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12620.) - e
Two specimens, 80–160 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 1801a; I.
U. Cat. No. 12621.) at e . e -
One specimen, 175 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 1802a.)
One specimen, 130 mm. Christianburg. (C. M. Cat. No. 1803a.)
Head 7.5–8.25, greatest depth 10–11 in the length to the end of the anal;
snout 2.9–3.5, interorbital 5–6 in the head; eye about 2.5 in the snout, 1.8 in the
interorbital and 5.8–6.8 in the head. e
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 435
Body compressed and elongate, slightly subcylindrical towards the head;
head conical and a little produced; width of the head 1.75–2, depth of the head in
the occipital region 1.3–1.5 in the greatest depth; dorsal profile of the head slightly
sloping, but of the body almost straight; ventral profile of the head and body
Somewhat convex. * -
Snout conical, a little truncate at the tip; mouth medium; gape Small and
short; upper jaw barely projecting; eyes small; cheeks round and full. -
Caudal peduncle 3–3.5 in the total length; pectorals 1.75–2 in the head;
origin of the anal about on the vertical from the tip of the pectorals. -
Ground-color light buff to straw-yellow; dorsal parts and the caudal peduncle
crossed by several bands of rather bright brown, which fade out near the middle
of each side; ventral parts almost without markings, or with numerous blotches
of pale brown; top of the head dark brown; sides of the head and mental region
speckled with brown; fins hyaline, rays more or less brown.
RHAMPHICHTHys Müller and Troschel.
Rhamphichthys MüLLER and TROSCHEL, Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 15 (rostratus).
Type, Gymnotus rostratus Linnaeus. -
No caudal fin; snout long and tubular, teeth wanting, body much compressed,
anus in front of the vertical from the eye.
A single species was taken in British Guiana.
278. Rhamphichthys rostratus (Linnaeus).
— SEBA, Locupl. Rer. Nat. Thes. Acc. Descr., II, 1748, pl. 69, fig. 3; III, 1748,
99, pl. 32, fig. 5. sº
Gymnotus GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., 1754, No. 73.
Gymnotus rostratus LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 428.
Carapus rostratus CUVIER, Règne Animal, II, 1817, 237. - w
Rhamphichthys rostratus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III,
1848, 640 (Demerara); Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 15 (Guiana),—GüNTHER, Cata-
logue, VIII, 1870, 5 (Surinam; British Guiana).-EIGENMANN and WARD,
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., VII, 1905, 168.—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ.
Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 449. - .
Gymnotus longirostratus LACáPłDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 1800, 178.
Rhamphichthys schomburgkii KAUP, Cat. Apod, Fish, 1856, 135, fig. 10.
Rhamphichthys Schneideri KAUP, Cat. Apod. Fish, 1856, 136, fig. 11 (Cayenne).
Three specimens, 580–900 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1761a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12612.) s i • . . . tº • ' ºn
436 º - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Head 6–8, greatest depth 11.3–12 in the length to the end of the anal; A.
410, 444, 469; snout 1.5–1.8, interorbital 8.5–9.5 in the head; eye 12–16 in the
snout, 2.25–3 in the interorbital, 18–22 in the head. s
Compressed and very elongate; width of head 2.3–2.5, depth of head in the
occipital region 1.5–2 in the greatest depth; anus on or in front of the vertical
from the eye; dorsal profile sloping to the occiput, then almost straight; ventral
profile quite straight, except for a slight concavity in the mental region.
Snout long, tubular, and tapering; mouth Small and slightly below the over-
hanging upper jaw; gape short and decurved, about one and one-half times the eye;
lower jaw included, upper forming the extreme tip of the snout, slightly expanded
and blunt at the end; teeth wanting; cheeks full and round; opercle rather
prominent; eyes Small. . . . . .
Caudal peduncle 3.5–4 in the total length; pectorals 2.75 in the head; origin of
the anal about three times the eye behind the vertical from the eye. ,
Ground-color chocolate-brown to yellowish brown; ventral parts lighter;
numerous blotches of dark brown and black dorsally; many irregular bands of
dark brown spots and blotches crossing the body and anal; anal heavily marked
with black and brown spots oyer a background of creamy white; head dark, mottled
with large black and small bluish white spots; mental regions almost white; pec-
torals spotted with black, brown, and white; caudal peduncle dark chocolate-
brown banded with black. - -
GYMNORHAMPHICHTHYS Ellis, gen. nov.
Anterior portion of sides without scales, but other characters much the same
as in Rhamphichthys.
279. Gymnorhamphichthys hypostomus Ellis, sp. nov.”
Type, 215 mm. San Joaquin, Bolivia. (C. M. Cat. No. 3182.)
Cotype, one specimen, 180 mm. Rio Marmoré. (C. M. Cat. No. 31830.)
Two specimens, 140–145 mm. . Konawaruk. (I. U. Cat. No. 12641.)
Two specimens, 75–115 mm. Bastos. (C. M. Cat. No. 3184a–b)
One specimen, 80 mm. Maciel, Rio Guaporé. (C. M. Cat. No. 3185a.)
One specimen, 125 mm. Puerto Bertoni, Alto Paraná. (I. U. Cat. No.
12642.) - - -
_> Three specimens, 95–100 mm. Tumatumari. . (I. U. Cat. No. 12613.)
Distinguished from all other Gymnotids, save the Electric Eel, by the absence
of scales from the anterior portion of the body.
* * *
\
...A ... 2
* This species was described from specimens from various parts of South America.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER." FISHES OF • BRITISH GUIANA 437
Head 4.8-7.1, depth 12.4—13.6 in the length to the end of the anal; snout 1.6–
2, interorbital 8–14 in the head; eye 7–14 in the snout.
Body compressed, slender and quite elongate; width of the head 2–2.5, depth
of the head in the occipital region 1.2–1.4 in the greatest depth of the body; anus
on or a little behind the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye; dorsal and
ventral profiles almost straight; snout produced, straight and tubular, its length
varying in a direct ratio with that of the body; mouth small and somewhat under
the upper jaw; gape short, 5–8 in the snout; jaws almost equal, but the lower so
included by the hood-like upper that the open mouth is under the upper jaw;
teeth wanting. -
Caudal peduncle 3.5–4.5 in the total length; pectorals. 1.8–2.8 in the head;
origin of the anal on or slightly behind the vertical from the origin of the
pectorals. * *
Ground-color buff; snout and top of the head more or less completely covered
with black, especially the distal half of the snout; a number of irregular black
blotches down the middle of the back, and a second row of larger black spots, more
or less confluent with the dorsal ones, in the region of the lateral line and above;
caudal appendage completely encircled by two or three broad black rings; fins
hyaline. All of the black markings vary with the size of the fish. The smallest
specimen at hand is almost devoid of black markings, only the dorsal ones being
represented by a few scattered dots, while the amount of black steadily increases
to the largest, which bears all of the spots described. The snout is also subject
to variation, growing longer in the larger fish, hence the rather large range of the
measurements in which the length of the head or snout figure. -
Subfamily STERNARCHINAE.
STERNARCHORHYNCHUs Castelnau.
Sternarchorhynchus CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 91, 95.
Rhamphosternarchus GüNTHER, Catalogue, VIII, 1870, 4.
Type, Sternarchorhynchus mulleri Castelnau. w -
Caudal fin present; teeth in patches in both jaws; snout long, tubular and
somewhat decurved; eyes without free orbital margin. .
280. Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus (Müller and Troschel).
Sternarchus oxyrhynchus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III,
1848, 640 (Lower Essequibo); Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 16, pl. 2, figs. 1 and 2.
438 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
(Essequibo).”—KAUP, Cat. Apod. Fish, 1856, 127.-GüNTHER, Catalogue,
VIII, 1870, 4 (British Guiana).
Sternarchorhynchus oacyrhynchus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, 62.—EIGENMANN and WARD, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., VII,
1905, 167.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
446. --
Sternarchorhynchus mulleri CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 95.
One specimen, 185 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1807a.)
Four specimens, 165—240 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1808a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12590.)
Head 4.8–5.1, depth 9.6–9.8 in the length to the end of the anal; A. 168–180.”
Snout 1.6–1.8, interorbital 13 or 14 in the head; eye equal to the interorbital, 8.5–9
in the snout, 13–14 in the head.
Body and head compressed; width of head 2.75–3, depth of head in occipital
region 1.25–1.4 in the greatest depth of the body; anus on or a little in front of the
vertical from the eye; dorsal and ventral profiles, without the head, almost straight.
Snout long, tubular, decurved, of Small diameter and tapering; mouth small,
terminal; gape 1.5–2 in the eye; lower jaw included on the sides, though slightly
projecting in front; teeth minute, conical, in two irregular median patches in upper
jaw and two irregular series in lower jaw; eyes quite small; mucous pores abundant
on head. - -
Caudal small, fan-shaped, terminal, two and one-half times the eye; pectorals
about 2.75 in the head; origin of the anal about three times the eye behind the
vertical from the eye.
Ground-color a uniform bistre brown to dark brown; head and dorsal parts
darker; lateral line hyaline; fins hyaline, rays faintly outlined with dark brown.
Specimens from the Amazon, in size between these and Müller and Troschel's
type, show intermediate measurements, and A. 192, 194, 197.
Sternancius Bloch and Schneider.
Sternarchus BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 497, pl. 94 (albifrons).
Type, Gymnotus albifrons Linnaeus.
7, I have examined the type in the Berlin Museum, 470 mm. No. 4086, Guiana, Schomburgk. Head
6.9 in the length to the end of the anal; depth 11 in the length to the anal; A. 216; interorbital 18 in the head;
width of head nearly 4 in the greatest depth; depth of head 1.9 in the greatest depth; anus in front of the vertical
from the anterior margin of the eye; gape at least as long as the eye; teeth of both jaws large, recurved, in a
single series on the sides, in an irregular double series toward the front.
* Amatuk, 168, 168, 170, 174. Warraputa, 180.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 439
Caudal fin present; teeth in patches on both jaws; mouth large; snout not
tubular; eyes without free orbital margin.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIEs of STERNARCHUs. g
a. Snout long, pointed, eye about in middle of the head; color uniform dark seal-brown with lighter spots at
base of caudal and on forehead....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . leptorhynchus.
aa. Snout blunt, almost, if not, 3 in the head; color black with a large white band entirely crossing body near the
end of the anal and at base of caudal; forehead white... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . albifrons.
281. Sternarchus leptorhynchus sp. nov.
Type, 260 mm. Amatuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1763a.) -
Cotype, 160 mm. (length estimated; specimen broken). Amatuk. (I. U.
Cat. No. 12588.)
Cotypes, 98 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 1764a.)
Head 4.9-5.2, greatest depth about 6.75 in the length to the end of the anal;
A. 158–160; snout 2.2–2.3, interorbital 6.5–7.5 in the head; eye about 9 in the
snout, 20–22 in the head, and 3–4 in the interorbital; thirteen to fifteen rows of
scales above the lateral line. -
Compressed and elongate; width of the head 3 or a little more, depth of the
head in occipital region 1.3–1.5 in the greatest depth of the body; anus about four
orbital diameters behind the vertical from the eye; dorsal profile of the head and
anterior sixth of the body abruptly sloping to snout, dorsal profile of the remainder
almost straight; ventral profile very weakly convex or almost straight.
Snout heavy, rather long, and slightly rounded; mouth large, gape reaching
to just below the eyes; jaws equal, the lower included; teeth minute, conical, and
few, in two irregular, somewhat incomplete rows along each side of the lower jaw,
and in two irregular patches in the upper jaw.
Caudal 3.8–4, pectoral 2–2.25 in the head; origin of pectoral immediately
behind gill-opening; origin of the anal about the length of the snout behind the
vertical from the eye.
Color a uniform dark seal-brown; a dirty white spot at the origin of the caudal;
a more or less interrupted pale yellow streak running along the median dorsal line
from the tip of the snout to the middle of the back or farther (this streak a distinct
band in the smallest specimens); lips creamy white; fins hyaline, rays outlined with
dark brown. -
282. Sternarchus albifrons (Linnaeus).
Gymnotus albifrons LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766,428.
440 ; , , MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Sternarchus albifrons BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 497, pl. 94.—
EIGENMANN and WARD, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., VII, 1905, 162.-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 448.
Apteronotus passan LACáPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 1800, 209, pl. 6, fig. 3.
Sternarchus lacepedit CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 93, pl. 45, fig. 3
(Surinam). : • *
Sternarchus maximiliani CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 93, pl. 45, fig. 4
(Urubamba). - -
Six specimens, 105–285 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1760a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 12589.) - -
Head 5.8–6.2; depth 5–5.5 in the length to the end of the anal; A. 155, 158,
164, 168, 170, respectively; snout 2.7–2.9, interorbital 3.25–3.5 in the head; eye
3.25–3.5 in the snout, 2.8–3 in the interorbital, 8.5–9 in the head; eleven to thirteen
rows of scales above the lateral line. *
Compressed and slightly elongate; width of the head 2.5–2.8, depth of head
in occipital region 1.25–1.5 in the greatest depth; anus on or a little behind the
vertical from the posterior margin of the eye; dorsal profile rather straight back of
the head, which slopes abruptly to the snout. 4 *
Snout heavy, truncate, and rather short; mouth large, gape reaching to just
below the eyes; jaws strong, lower included on the sides; teeth minute and conical,
in two irregular rows in the lower jaw, and two circular patches (one on each side
of the median line) in the upper jaw. ... " - - -
Caudal about 5, pectorals 1.2–1.4 in the head; origin of the anal in
front of the pectorals, about four times the eye behind the vertical from the
eye. - t * - -
Ground-color rusty black; a dirty white band about one and one-half times the
eye in width, extending in the median dorsal line from the tip of the snout to the
occiput; two creamy white vertical bands or rings completely encircling the
fish, the first beginning at about the one hundred and thirtieth anal ray and con-
tinuing to the end of the anal, the second (a smaller one) occurring at the origin of
the caudal; anal opening and sometimes the extreme tip of the caudal white; eye
in alcoholic specimens a bright china-blue; fins dead black. - - -
POROTERGUS genus nov.
Type, Porotergus gymnotus sp. nov. Distinguished by the absence of scales
along the back to beyond the origin of the dorsal filament; scales along the lateral
line large; teeth in both jaws; other characters much as in Sternarchus.
EIGENMANN THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 441
283. Porotergus gymnotus sp. nov.
Type, 70 mm. Amatuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1759.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 68–85 mm. Amatuk. (I. U. Cat. No. 12636.)
Cotype, one specimen, 62 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1758a.)
Head 6–6.5, greatest depth 6.2–6.7 in the length to the end of the anal. A. 130–
147; snout 2.2–2.5, interorbital about the same in the head; eye 5–6 in the snout
and 12–14 in the head; five to eight rows of scales above the lateral line; a mid-
dorsal stripe, naked and abundantly supplied with mucous pores.
Compressed and slender; depth of the head in occipital region 1.25–1.5 in
the greatest depth; anus not quite the length of the snout behind the vertical from
the eye; dorsal profile behind the head almost straight, the head sharply sloping;
ventral profile slightly convex, save in the mental region, where it is rather concave.
Snout heavy and somewhat truncate; mouth moderately large; gape straight,
not quite or just barely reaching below the eye; jaws stout, lower included on the
sides; teeth few, small, conical, in two irregular interrupted rows, the inner one
of the lower jaw represented by but three or four teeth; two small patches of not
over six teeth each in the upper jaw. *
Caudal 2.8 in the head, pectorals 1.3; origin of the anal a little in front of the
gill-opening. --
Ground-color dark golden brown, darker dorsally; scales outlined with dark
brown; upper parts of the head and back, as well as a spot at the origin of the
lateral line, almost black; cheeks brown with numerous minute yellowish dots;
lips, the openings of the mucous canals in the mid-dorsal region, the anus, and a
small spot at origin of caudal, yellowish; fins hyaline.
284. Porotergus gimbeli sp. nov.”
Type, 205 mm. Pará, January 22, 1910 (Haseman). (Carnegie Museum
Catalog of Fishes No. 3197.)
s Cotypes, two specimens, 170–140 mm. Pará, January 22, 1910 (Haseman).
(C. M. Cat. No. 3198a.)
Cotype, one specimen. Hubabu Creek, British Guiana, October 1, 1910
(Ellis). -
Head 8.5–10.25; greatest depth of the body 8.25–9 in the length to the base of
the caudal; A., type, 175, cotypes, 178, 167, 180.
Snout 3–3.6, interorbital 4–5 in the head; eye 3–3.5 in the snout, 2–2.8 in
the interorbital, and 11–14 in the head; lateral line prominent, extending out on
* Named for Mr. J. Gimbel, whose generosity made the Gimbel Expedition possible.
442 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
the caudal. Snout rather short and blunt; mouth moderately large; jaws equal
when closed, the lower included; teeth small, conical, and few in each jaw; eyes
Small.
Body and head compressed, the former rather elongate; width of the latter
2.5–3.1, its depth in the occipital region 1.3–1.6 in the greatest depth of the body;
anus on the vertical from the eye; scales moderately large and prominent; a mid-
dorsal band extending to the end of the dorsal filament, with numerous mucous
pores and without scales; dorsal profile very weakly convex or almost straight;
ventral profile somewhat convex. -
Caudal fin 1.8–2.5, pectorals 1.2–1.5 in the head; origin of the anal the diameter
of the eye or a little more in front of the vertical from the gill-opening; scales
extending well out on the caudal. f
Ground-color rather light yellowish brown; dorsal portions, especially the
naked dorsal band, overlaid with dark brown; most of the scales somewhat out-
lined with brown; ventral parts lighter; a series of oblique blackish brown stripes,
alternating with the anal rays, extending dorsad from the edge of the anal base
about half-way to the lateral line; mouths of the mucous pores and the under parts
of the head a clear, pale yellow or buff; anal hyaline; pectorals hyaline to dusky,
the first two or three rays usually distinctly brown; caudal base whitish, the scaled
portion of the caudal almost black, the outer margin hyaline.
A specimen, No. 2972, from Santarem, 190 mm., with head 7.5, snout 3, and
A. 175, probably belongs here.
Order SYMBRANCHII.74
Family XI. SYMBRANCHIDAE.
- SYMBRANCHUs Bloch.
Synbranchus Bloch, Ausl. Fische, IX, 1795, 87 (narmoratus).
Unibranchapertura LACáPłDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 658 (marmoratus).
Ophisternon McCLELLAND, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., W, 1845, 197 (bengalensis).
Tetrabranchus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., II, 1851, 69 (microphthalmus).
Type, Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch.
Eel-shaped, naked; abdomen much longer than the tail; gill-membranes united,
leaving a single Small median opening on the ventral surface; eye small, about 2
in the snout.
* It is very probable that the ordinary eel, Anguilla chrysypa, occasionally occurs in the fresh waters
of Guiana, and Müller and Troschel remark that Lycodontis ocellatus (Agassiz) is sometimes taken in the plan-
tation drains and reaches a length of three to four feet. The specimen in the Berlin Museum is 380 mm. long.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 443
285. Symbranchus marmoratus Bloch.
Synbranchus marmoratus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, IX, 1795, 87, pl. 418.-MüLLER and
TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 640 (drains of plantations)—
GüNTHER, Catalogue, VIII, 1870, 15.-STEINDACHNER, “Fisch-fauna des
Cauca,” etc., 1880, 38 (Cauca) -CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XXXIII, 1893,
102 (Rio Grande do Sul).-EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894, 625
(Pará), 632 (Rio Grande do Sul).-Boule:NGER, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat.
Comp. Torino, X, 1895, – (Asuncion); XII, 1897, − (Mission San Fran-
cisco).-LAHILLE, Rev. Mus. la Plata, WI, 1895, 270 (in all the rivulets).—
Jordan and EvKRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, 1898, 342–Bou-
LENGER, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Torino, XV, 1900, − (Caranda-
sińho)—EIGENMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXII, 1903, 222 (Pinar del Rio,
Cuba).-MEEK, “Fresh-water Fishes of Mexico,” 1904, 89.-MILLER, Bull. Am.
Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIII, 1907, 99 (Los Amates, Guatemala).-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 450. -
Synbranchus immaculatus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, IX, 1795, pl. 419, fig. 1.
Synbranchus transversalis BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 524 (Guinea).
(After Gronow.) g ... •
Unibranchapertura grisea, marmorata, immaculata, and lineata LACáPåDE, Hist.
Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 658 (Surinam). -
Synbranchus fuliginosus RANZANI, Nov. Com. Acad. Sci. Inst. Bonon., IV, 1840,
75, pl. 11, fig. 1 (Brazil). -
Muraena lumbricus GRoNow, Cat. Fish, ed. Gray, 1854, 18 (Sea of Guinea).
Symbranchus vittatus CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 84, pl. 44, fig. 3
(Rio de Janeiro). mº
One specimen, 670 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2437.)
One specimen, 405 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (I. U. Cat. No. 12565.)
Dark brown above, speckled below.
Order ISOSPONDYLI.
KEY. To THE FAMILIEs of Isospondylſ.
a. A gular plate between the branches of the lower jaw.................................. Elopidae, XII.
aa. No gular plate.
b. No lateral line; species small, largely marine. º
c. Mouth moderate, terminal, the maxillary of three pieces... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clupeidae, XIII.
2c. Mouth subinferior, very large; maxillary long... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Engraulidae, XIV.
bb. Lateral line well-developed; fresh-water species, some of them of large size.
d. Anal long; head compressed; mouth large; belly compressed to an edge......Osteoglossidae, XV.
dd. Anal short; head depressed; belly rounded. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arapaimidae, XVI.
444 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Family XII. ELOPIDAE.
Tarpons.
TARPON Jordan and Evermann.
Tarpon JoFDAN and EvKRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, 1896, 409.
Type, Megalops atlanticus Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Oblong, having large silvery scales; anal longer than the dorsal; last dorsal
ray produced.
286. Tarpon atlanticus (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Megalops atlanticus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846, 398
(Guadeloupe; San Domingo; Martinique; Porto Rico).-MüLLER and TROS-
CHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 639 (coast). sº
Tarpon atlanticus Jordan and EveRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, 1896, 409.
—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 453.
Megalops elongatus GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 224 (Long Island.)
Megalops thrissoides GüNTHER, Catalogue, VII, 1868, 472.
This fish, which has gone under the name Megalops thrissoides in most liter-
ature, is found in the lower courses of the rivers. *
- One specimen, 340 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No. 2427.)
Head 4.33; depth 4; D. 12; A. 20; lateral line 44. Compressed; mouth very
large, the maxillary extending beyond the eye. Back bluish, elsewhere bright
silvery.
Family XIII. CLUPEIDAE.
Herrings.
KEY. To THE GUIANA GENERA of CLUPEIDAE.
a. Wentrals present. Belly compressed to an edge, with strong serrae its entire length.
b. Anal short, with fifteen rays; origin of dorsal and anal about equidistant from the tip of the snout;
scales adherent, their posterior margin strongly convex; last dorsal ray not produced; vertebrae
thirty-nine. No adipose eyelid; maxillary with a sharp spur on its upper margin..Rhinosardinia.
bb. Anal long, with thirty-nine rays; dorsal inserted posterior to the ventrals; lower jaw with four or five
strong, conical, recurved teeth on each side in front; premaxillary with about fourteen graduate,
conical teeth. Maxillary with minute but strong teeth along its entire margin; vomer without
teeth; tongue with a broad patch of granular teeth. Origin of anal fin considerably behind base
of last dorsal ray. Scales thin, adherent. Ventral armature strong; adipose lid very strongly
developed, leaving a narrow vertical slit. Caudal forked... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ilisha.
aa. No ventrals. Anal very long, with seventy or more rays; dorsal small, over the anal; teeth well-developed
in both jaws, about fourteen in the upper and ten in the lower. Maxillary with teeth along its entire
edge. Origin of anal fin near beginning of the second third of the length; scales caducous; abdominal
armature weak; thoracic region expanded, strongly armed. Pectorals large. . . . . . . . . Odontognathus.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 445
RHINOSARDINIA gen. nov.
Type, Rhinosardinia serrata sp. nov.
This genus is Sardinella with the dorsal and ventral equidistant from the tip
of the snout, and the maxillary having a strong thorn directed upward and back-
ward from its posterior surface near its upper end. -
287. Rhinosardinia serrata sp. nov. (Plate LXII, figs. 3, 4.)
Type, 85 mm. Morawhanna. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
2443.) -
Cotypes, two hundred and eighty specimens, 60–85 mm. Morawhanna.
(C. M. Cat. No. 2444a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 12558.) -
Cotypes, fifteen specimens, 62–77 mm. Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No.
2445a-h; I. U. Cat. No. 12559.) -
Head 4.5–4.6; depth 3—3.6; D. 13; A. 15; scales 37–40 in a median series,
8–10 between ventrals and the back; ventral serrae 26–28; eye 2.6 in the head.
Compressed; ventral edge greatly arched, dorsal outline less so; serrae very
te’)
Fig. 39. Maxillary bone of Rhinosardinia serrata Eigenmann.
strong; mouth small, oblique, the chin almost entering the profile; maxillary-
premaxillary border 2.2–2.3 in the head; gill-rakers 1.5 in the eye, 11 + 32.
Dorsal nearer snout than to base of caudal by one-fifth to one-third the length
of the head; origin of dorsal and ventrals about equidistant from the tip of the
snout; caudal deeply forked, the lobes 3.2–3.3 in the length.
Scales firmly adherent, largest just above and in front of the ventrals; on each
scale usually a pair of subparallel longitudinal striae, strongest on the posterior
part of the sides and on the tail, the striae more numerous, sometimes reticulate,
just in front of the caudal; caudal lobes scaled at their base.
Highly iridescent; no stripes or spots; back dotted; caudal profusely dotted;
chin and snout dusky; dots above base of anal.
ILISHA Gray.
Platygaster Swainson, Class. Fishes, Amph., and Rept., II, 1839, 294 (africanus),
name preoccupied.
446 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Ilisha (Gray) RICHARDSON, “Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan,” in
Proc. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1845 (1846), 306 (abnormis) (no description).-
BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., 1866, 300 (abnormis).
Pellona CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XX, 1847, 300 (orbignyana
= flavipinnis).
Characters as given in the key.
288. Ilisha flavipinnis (Valenciennes).
Pristigaster flavipinnis WALENCIENNES, in d'Orbigny, Woy. Am. Mer., V, ii, 1847,
pl. 10, fig. 2 (Buenos Aires). •º
Pellona orbignyana CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XX, 1847, 306
(mouth of Amazon). (D. 19; A. 36–38.)
Pellona flavipinnis GüNTHER, Catalogue, VII, 1868, 454.
Ilisha flavipinnis Jordan and EveRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, 1896, 436.
—EIGENMANN, Proc, Wash. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1907, 453 (Buenos Aires); Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 452.
Three specimens, 260–270 mm. to the end of the middle caudal rays. George-
town market. (C. M. Cat. Nos. 1485 and 2442; I. U. Cat. No. 12557.)
Head 4; depth 3; D, 19; A. 38–40; scales 60–62; eye.75 in the snout, 3.5 in
the head; abdominal serrae 32–34.
Compressed; ventral profile greatly arched; dorsal outline nearly straight from
snout to caudal; maxillary-premaxillary border 2 in the head; mouth oblique, the
chin entering the profile. º *
Dorsal nearer to snout than to caudal by a space equal to the snout and eye,
slightly emarginate, the tips of the first two-fifths of the rays extending beyond the
tip of the last ray; at least the lower caudal lobe prolonged into a filament, the
lobe with the filament 2.75 in the length, without the filament 3.75. Wentrals in
advance of the dorsal, 2.3–3 in the head; distance of anal from snout greater
than the distance of the base of the last dorsal ray from the snout by an orbital
diameter. -
Silvery; the caudal dusky.
ODONTOGNATHUs Lacépède.
Odontognathus LACáPBDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 1799, 221.
Gnathobolus BLOCH and ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 556.
Type, Odontognathus mucronatus Lacépède.
With the characters as given in the key.
EIGENMANN - THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 447
289. Odontognathus mucronatus Lacépède.
Odontognathus mucronatus LACáPřDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 1799, 221, pl. 7, fig. 2
(Cayenne).-Jordan and EveRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, 1896, 438.
Gnathobolus mucronatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNEs, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXI, 1848,
91.
Pristigaster mucronatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, VII, 1868, 462.
Several specimens of this species were taken by Dr. Ellis in a trench in George-
town. . *-
Head 5.5; depth 4.5; D. 11; A. 71–79; scales 8+12; eye longer than snout,
3.5 in the head.
In general appearance like Hydrolicus, Very greatly compressed, the thorax
somewhat expanded; the pectorals large, longer than the head. Maxillary mu-
cronate. Dorsal entirely in the last third of the length.
Family XIV. ENGRAULIDAE.
Anchovies.
STOLEPHORUS Lacépède.
Stolephorus LACáPłDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 381.
Type, Atherina japonica Linnaeus.
Teeth Small, no canines; origin of dorsal in advance of that of the anal; gill-
membranes nearly separate, free from the isthmus; no pectoral filaments.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of STOLEPHORUs.
a. Anal about 15; preopercular margin not especially oblique; maxillary short, not reaching the angle of the
preopercle; gill-rakers not equal to the pupil; pectorals not reaching the ventrals; origin of the dorsal
a little nearer to the snout than to the caudal; origin of anal and base of last dorsal ray equidistant
from the snout. Subfusiform, but little compressed; depth 5.3 in the length; maxillary extending
beyond the eye. A lateral band; scales below it free from pigment or with black chromatophores;
scales above it faintly outlined in black; mid-dorsal area with a double row of chromatophores; outer
rays and caudal margin black.... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . guianensis.
aa. Anal about 25; D. 13; snout produced, pointed. Preopercular and opercular margin very oblique, maxillary
reaching the angle of the preopercle; back narrowly spotted; base of anal with a series of dots; sides
with faint dots... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . surinamensis.
aaa. Anal about 37; maxillary reaching the gill-opening; subopercle with a flat triangular process... spinifer.
290. Stolephorus guianensis sp. nov. (Plate LXII, fig. 5.)
Type, 38 mm. Bartica rocks. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
2448a.)
Cotype, 40 mm. Morawhanna. (I. U. Cat. No. 12562.)
448 º MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Cotype, 51 mm. Mud-flats, Demerara River. (C. M. Cat. No. 2449a.)
Head 4.4; depth 5.25; D. 13; A. 18; scales 37–40, seven in a vertical series;
eye .5 in the snout, 3 in the head. - -
Subfusiform; opercle and preopercle but little oblique; maxillary extending
but little behind the eye; both jaws with minute teeth; about twenty rakers in
the lower arch, the longest about 1.5 in the eye. * •
Origin of dorsal a little nearer to snout than to the caudal, or equidistant from
them; ventral nearly an orbital diameter farther forward than the dorsal; origin
of anal under the last dorsal ray; pectorals not reaching the ventrals. -
Scales deciduous, with delicate, wide-meshed reticulations on the sides, and
much more evident finer-meshed reticulations on the caudal peduncle. s -
A narrow lateral band, widest above the posterior part of the anal; a black
mid-ventral line from the anus to the caudal; a double row of chromatophores on
the back; snout and chin dark; margin of caudal and its outer rays black. No
chromatophores on the sides below the lateral band.
Twelve specimens, 31–33 mm. Morawhanna. (C. M. Cat. No. 2450a-f;
I. U. Cat. No. 12563.) -
These specimens may represent this species. They are more compressed; no
lateral band, entire side of tail with chromatophores, chin and snout pale; color
otherwise much as in the preceding, except that the color of the back scarcely
extends forward beyond the dorsal.
291. Stolephorus surinamensis Bleeker.
? Engraulis clupeoides Swainson, Class. Fishes, Amph., and Rept., II, 1839, 388
(Pernambuco).
Stolephorus clupeoides Jordan and EvKRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, 1896,
447.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 451.
Stolephorus surinamensis BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., 1866, 178 (Surinam).
Engraulis surinamensis GüNTHER, Catalogue, VII, 1868, 393 (River Capin).-
STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Beitrage,” viii, 1875, 55. -
Two small specimens, 27–37 mm. Bartica rocks. (C. M. Cat. No. 2447;
I. U. Cat. No. 12561.) - * .
Head 3–3.25; depth 4; D. 16; A. 26; scales about 34; eye 3.5 in the head.
Compressed; ventral profile more strongly arched than the dorsal; snout
pointed, much projecting; minute teeth along both jaws; gill-rakers as long as the
eye, about thirty-five on the lower arch (as compared with about one hundred in
productus); margin of the opercle and preopercle very oblique, the maxillary reaching
the angle of the preopercle. • * s
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA - 449
Origin of dorsal equidistant from snout and caudal; origin of anal under last
dorsal ray; pectoral reaching a little past the origin of the ventrals.
Scales deciduous, those of the sides with faint vertical lines, those of the caudal
peduncle reticulate. -
Silvery, without a band; sides with faint dots, back dotted, and a row of dots
along the base of the anal. - - -
292. Stolephorus spinifer (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Engraulis thrissoides MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
639 (Cuyuni). - - w -
Engraulis spinifer CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXI, 1848, 39
(Cayenne).—GüNTHER, Catalogue, VII, 1868, 394 (British Guiana).
Stolephorus spinifer JoRDAN and EveRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, 1896,
448.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 451.
Two specimens, 78 and about 205 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat.
No. 2446; I. U. Cat. No. 12560.) -
Head 4; depth 4; D. 15; A. 36; scales about 40; eye.8 in the snout, 4.5 in
the head. • - §
Compressed; posterior margin of opercle and preopercle very oblique; sub-
opercle with a triangular projection; maxillary reaching to the gill-opening. Snout
projecting; gill-rakers 1.5 in the eye, sixteen on the lower arch, fourteen on the
upper.
Origin of dorsal nearer to snout than to base of caudal; ventrals a little in
advance of the dorsal; pectorals reaching past origin of the ventrals; origin of anal
a little in advance of the base of the last dorsal ray. Scales frosted, with fine
reticulations. Silvery, back dotted, caudal bordered with dark. Brilliant orange
in life. w - -
I have also examined the specimen mentioned by Müller and Troschel and
preserved in the Berlin Museum.
Family XV. OSTEOGLOSSIDAE.
OSTEOGLOSSUM Wandelli.
Osteoglossum (ez Vandelli) AGAssiz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 45.
Ischnosoma SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 46.
Elongate, abdomen compressed to an edge; a pair of barbels’ on the lower
jaw. . . • ... • . - - t * *
450 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
293. Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Vandelli.
“Arowana.”
Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (ex Wandelli) AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras.,
1829, 45 (Amazon).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III,
1848, 338 (Rupununi; Takutu; Rio Branco; Amucu).-GüNTHER, Catalogue,
VII, 1868, 378 (Pará; British Guiana).-STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Süda-
merika's,” iv., 1882, 16 (Huallaga).-EIGENMANN and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XXXI, 1907, 666 (Amazon).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ.
Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 453.
Ischnosoma bicirrhosum SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, pl. 25 and A.
Osteoglossum vandellii CUVIER, Règne Animal, -, 18—, –.—CUVIER and
WALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846, 294, pl. 571.
Osteoglossum arowana SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841, 205, pl. 12.
Seven specimens, 232—312 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2416a–d; I. U.
Cat. No. 12551.) -
Specimens were seen at Crab Falls.
Head 5+; depth 5.5; D. 45–48; A. 53–57; scales 3–35–2.5; eye 1 in the snout,
4 in the head, 1 in the interorbital. -
Elongate, compressed; back rounded, region behind the pectoral trenchant;
mouth very large, oblique; maxillary-premaxillary border 1.33 in the head; opercle
with a broad membraneous edge; thirteen rakers on the lower arch. Teeth all
small.
Scales vertical, cycloid, decreasing in size toward the anal. Origin of dorsal
nearer to the caudal than to the eyes, the anterior rays feeble; origin of the anal
nearer to the snout than to its last ray; caudal small, rounded; ventrals reaching
past origin of the anal; pectorals large, nearly reaching the anal.
Fins pink; sides ashy, each scale with a darker bar bordered with pink.
Family XVI. ARAPAIMIDAE.
* - ARAPAIMA Müller.
Sudis CUVIER, Règne Animal, II, 1817, 180.
Arapaima MüLLER, Abhand. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1846, 191.
Vastres CUVIER and WALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846, 433.
Type, Sudis gigas Cuvier. -
“Body elongate, compressed, head depressed, abdomen rounded. Mouth
wide, lower jaw prominent; no barbels; jaws with an outer series of conical, small
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 451
teeth; broad bands of rasp-like teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, sphenoid,
tongue, and hyoid; pectorals of moderate length; ventrals scaly; gill-membranes
separate.” (Günther.) -
294. Arapaima gigas (Cuvier).
Sudis gigas CUVIER, Règne Animal, II, 1817, 180.-AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec.
Pisc. Bras., 1829, 31, pl. B-SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, I, 1841,
198, pl. 11 (Rupununi; Rio Branco; Rio Negro; Amazon).
Arapaima gigas MüLLER, Abhand. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1846, 191.-MüLLER and
TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 638 (British Guiana).-GüNTHER,
Catalogue, VII, 1868, 379 (British Guiana; Bahia),—EIGENMANN, Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 453.
Sudis pirarucu SPIx, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, pl. 16.
Vastres cuvieri CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846, 441, pls.
579, 580.
Vastres mapae CUVIER and WALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846, 449, pls.
580, 581. - -
Vastres agassizii CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 1846, 461.
This species has been taken near the mouth of the Potaro River and from there
up into the Rupununi. It is said to reach fifteen feet in length and four hundred
and ten pounds in weight. Head nearly 4; D. 34–37; A. 30–32; scales 6.5–56–6.
B. 16.
Order MICROCYPRINI.
Family XVII. POECILIIDAE.
“Four-eyes”; “Cockabilly,” etc.
Head scaly above; mouth terminal or superior; premaxillary protractile;
sides of the mouth formed by the premaxillary; teeth small, various; dorsal fin
single, placed far back; caudal symmetrically or obliquely rounded, rarely forked.
KEY. To THE GUIANA GENERA of PoECILIIDAE.
a. Males similar to the females except in color; oviparous; dorsal smaller than anal, its origin behind that of
anal; eyes normal; teeth conical, in several series; body subcylindrical. (Funduline)..... Rivulus.
aa. Anal of the male modified; viviparous. -
b. Eyes elevated, the upper part adjusted to see in the air, the lower in the water; dorsal behind the anal
in both sexes. (Anablepinae.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' s e o e s e e s is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anableps.
bb. Eyes normal.
c. Caudal peduncle without a knife-like ridge below; anal fin of the male normal, on the lower
surface of the abdomen. (Paciliinae.)
d. Intromittent organ not spine-bearing, composed of simply modified anal rays; males at least
as large as the females... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poecilia.
452
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
dd. Intromittent organ with many retrorse spines in front and behind; males highly ornamented
and much smaller than the females.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acanthophacelus.
cc. Caudal peduncle with a knife-like ridge below; intromittent organ very long, placed under the
pectoral, the ventrals of the male under the gill-opening; teeth conical, in a few series. Slender,
hyaline. (Tomeurinae.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tomeurus.
Subfamily FUNDULINAE.
RIVULUs Poey.
Rivulus PoEY, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de Cuba, II, 1858, 307, 383.
Type, Rivulus cylindraceus Poey.
Dorsal smaller than anal and farther back; females more brilliantly marked
than the males and frequently with a caudal ocellus.
R. waimacui showed remarkable powers of climbing the high steps in the creek
bed. One would spring out of the water and remain attached by its tail to the
side of the rock, whence it would leap to a still higher point.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of RIVULUs.
a. Sides without longitudinal markings, except a dark band from tip of lower jaw, continued as a darker
shade of the general color of the side; head 4; depth 4.75; D. 9 or 10; A. 12; scales 35, counting to the
last one on the caudal; twenty to twenty-three scales in front of the dorsal; eye 3.5, greater than snout,
1.6 in the interorbital; occipital scales as large as the two bordering it on its sides; caudal broad, sub-
truncate or rounded, with angular corners above and below; sides dusky, centers of the scales of the
back darker; middle of caudal with about five cross-bars; ventrals margined with dark; dorsal and anal
dark; origin of anal equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and upper angle of gill-opening.
breviceps.
aa. Sides with longitudinal markings.
b. Anal 14–17.
c. Head 4–4.5; depth 5; D. 9 or 10; A. 15–17; scales 43 plus 4 on the base of the caudal rays; eye 3.5
in the head, equal to snout, 1.6 in the interorbital; occipital scale very narrow; caudal broadly
rounded; origin of anal equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and upper angle of gill-
openings; about thirty scales in front of the dorsal; female with a black spot on the upper
part of the caudal peduncle; anterior parts of the male with numerous longitudinal lines;
middle series of scales on caudal peduncle and second series above and below this with series
of conspicuous spots; similar spots irregularly placed on other scales of the caudal peduncle
and forward in the male; dorsal and caudal, and in less degree, the anal profusely spotted in
the female, less so in the male; ventrals and anal margined... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . holmiae.
cc. Head 4.66–5; depth 5.5–6; D. 8; A. 14–16; scales 46–52 plus several on the base of the caudal rays;
about thirty-three scales in front of dorsal; eye 3.75 in the head, 2 in the interorbital; sides
in male with alternating light and dark stripes, the middle line of the sides light, bordered
with rather wider dark bands, which have lighter spots or streaks in the center, above and
below these alternating light and dark stripes; sides in female with a median dark stripe, a
second one some distance below it and another above it, all much heavier on the caudal
peduncle, where the lower of the three becomes especially heavy; ventrals and anal margined;
caudal spotted near base in the female.......................................waimacui.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 453
bb. Anal 11–13; head 4.5; depth 5.5.
d. Scales 42 or 43; D. 6 or 7; A. 11–12; caudal broadly rounded; origin of anal equidistant from base
of middle caudal rays and upper angle of gill-openings; base of the anal equal to the head
or head less snout; about thirty scales before the dorsal; female with a faint black spot on
upper part of caudal peduncle; sides of the females with a dark spot on the center of each
scale; sides of the males with a dark spot on the center of each scale and dark stripes between
the rows of scales, especially noticeable on the flank, the dark spots becoming obscure at
times with the increase in intensity of the stripes; ventrals pale; caudal cross-spotted; spots
of the upper part of the sides olive-green, those of the lower rusty... . . . . . . . . . . Stagnatus.
da. Scales 42 plus several on the base of the caudal peduncle; nine Scales between dorsal and anal;
D. 7; A. 13; caudal pointed lanceolate, with cross-bands between the rays; origin of the anal
equidistant from the base of the middle caudal rays and the second scale behind the upper
margin of the axil of the pectoral; base of anal equal to head less opercle; over thirty scales
before the dorsal... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lanceolatus.
ddd. About forty scales along the middle of thesides, eight between dorsal and anal, twenty-three before
- dorsal; D. 7; A. 11. Origin of anal equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and pre-
opercle; base of anal equal to head less opercle; anal, ventrals, and lower margin of caudal
edged with black; a conspicuous black band forward from the eye and around the chin
light lines along the rows of scales.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . frenatus.
295. Rivulus breviceps Eigenmann. (Plate LXIII, fig. 1)
Rivulus breviceps EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., XI, 1909, 49; Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 455.
Type, 50 mm. Shrimp Creek. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1075.) - - i
Cotypes, four specimens, 50, 35, 32, and 18 mm. respectively, at least the two
larger being males. Shrimp Creek, where the path from Tukeit to the head of
the Kaieteur crosses it. (C. M. Cat. No. 1515; I. U. Cat. No. 11758.)
Distinguished by its short head, few scales, and absence of longitudinal mark-
ings. This species was taken with R. waimacui.
296. Rivulus holmiæ Eigenmann. (Plate LXIII, figs. 2, 3.)
Rivulus holmiæ EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 50; Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 455.
Type, a female, 77 mm. Holmia. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
1076.) g - y
Cotypes, four females, 38–77 mm., and thirteen males, 48–70 mm. Creeks
about Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No. 1077; I. U. Cat. No. 11759) •
Rather abundant under the rocks of a small rivulet behind the Company's
House at Holmia. My attention was first called to it by two Indian girls, who, while
bathing, caught several specimens for me.
454 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Belly in life yellow, spots in the smaller specimens rusty, sides bluish; dorsal
and anal red, margined with olive. Spots in the female dark brown, sides olive.
It is interesting to note that the females have the distinguishing caudal spot,
and are otherwise more brilliantly marked than the males.
297. Rivulus waimacui Eigenmann. (Plate LXIII, figs. 4, 5.)
“Waimacui.”
Rivulus waimacui EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 50; Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 455. - e
Type, a female, 79 mm. Shrimp Creek. Carnegie Museum Catalog of
Fishes No. 1078.) g
Cotypes, five males, 57–88 mm.; seven females, 41–88 mm. Shrimp Creek.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1079; I. U. Cat. No. 11760.) -
Cotype, one specimen, 25 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1080.)
Cotype, one specimen, 41 mm. Waratuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 1081).
Rather abundant in Shrimp Creek (“Orimetuk” of the Indians, near the
Kaieteur). At the time of my visit the water was confined to cracks in the long
rocky steps forming the bed of this creek. *
- Female.—Upper surface olive. Sides cobalt-blue, shading to sky-blue below,
alternating with stripes of bright red; dorsal and caudal margined with light
greenish blue, somewhat rusty on lower edge; darker part of dorsal and caudal
purple; anal very pale blue with rusty spots at base, then rusty, margined with
dark purple, as are also the ventrals. Entire ventral surface salmon to orange;
pectorals geranium-red to orange; ventrals, except at margin, like belly. Chin
and lips purplish. - . .
Male.—Caudal purplish red; anal yellowish with purple spots; belly white;
back and sides olive-purplish with stripes of dark purple.
298. Rivulus stagnatus Eigenmann. (Plate LXIII, figs. 6, 7.)
Rivulus stagnatus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 50; Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 455.
Type, a female, 44 mm. Christianburg. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of
Fishes No. 1082.) - * -
Cotypes, thirteen males, the largest 41 mm.; six females, the largest 46 mm.
Christianburg. (C. M. Cat. No. 1083a—d; I. U. Cat. No. 11761.)
Abundant in little pools just below the saw-mill at Christianburg. Several
specimens, probably belonging to this species, were sent me from Kumaka, on the
Demerara above Wismar.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 455
Caudal spots always along the rays, rarely confluent into zigzag cross-bars;
anal plain or spotted, dorsal spotted.
299. Rivulus lanceolatus Eigenmann. (Plate LXIV, fig. 1.)
Rivulus lanceolatus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 51; Repts. Prince-
ton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 455.
Type unique, 42.5 mm. Rockstone. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1084.) e
300. Rivulus frenatus Eigenmann. (Plate LXIV, fig. 2.)
Rivulus frenatus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 51; Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 455. tº
Type unique, 28 mm. Gluck Island. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes
No. 1085.) 4.
| Subfamily ANABLEPINAE.
ANABLEPs Gronow.
Anableps GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., II, 1763, 7–ScoPoli, Intr. Hist. Nat., 1877,450.-
BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, 7.
The Four-Eyes, the largest of the Paeciliidae. Eyes in elevated sockets, the
pupil divided by a horizontal cross-partition. Gives birth to living young several
inches long. The sexes are dextral and sinistral, a right-sided male mating with a
left-sided female. Anal of the male with a scaly tube. -
Abundant on the surface of canals in brackish water, and capable of rapid
locomotion by skipping along the surface.
Two species are brought to the Georgetown market. Only females were ob-
tained by me, most of them with young. *
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of ANABLEPs.
a. Space between the upper edges of the orbital ridges much greater than the eye; sides with conspicuous
violet stripes. Scales 50–55, tr. 11; caudal rounded, but very little oblique; snout truncate...anableps.
aa. Space between the upper edges of orbital ridges equal to the diameter of the eye; sides with obscure stripes;
scales 81–90, tr. 17–18; caudal very obliquely rounded; snout pointed... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . microlepis.
301. Anableps anableps (Linnaeus).
Cobitis anableps LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 303.
Anableps anableps GARMAN, “Cyprinodonts,” in Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX,
1895, 77.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,457.
Anableps tetrophthalmus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 1794, 7, pl. 361.-MüLLER and
TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 632 (mouths of streams).-
EIGENMANN and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1907, 667 (Amazon).
<º
456 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Anableps gronovii WALBAUM, Art. Gen. Pisc., 1792, 160.
Anableps surinamensis LACáPBDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 25.
Anableps lineatus GRoNow, Cat. Fish, ed. Gray, 1854, 192.
For a full bibliography see Garman's paper, above quoted.
Five adult specimens, 205–265 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
2225a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 1241.1.) -
Distinguished by the characters given in the key.
302. Anableps microlepis Müller and Troschel.
Anableps microlepis MüLLER and TRoscHEL, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, 36;
in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 632.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ.
Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 457. - -
Anableps coarctatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 1846,266.
Anableps elongatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, 267,
pl. 541.
Fifty-one adult specimens, 197–315 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat.
No. 2226a—i; I. U. Cat. No. 12412a–e.) * -
Subfamily Poe:CILIINAE.
PoCCILIA Bloch and Schneider.
Poecilia BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 452. .
Limia PoEY, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de Cuba, I, 1855, 383,390.
Lebistes FILLIPPI, Archivio per la Zoológia, l’Anatomia e la Fisiologia, I, 1862, 69.
Type, Poecilia vivipara Bloch and Schneider. - -
An outer series and an inner band of teeth in each jaw; sexes of about the same
size; anal in the male modified, but not spine-bearing.
303. Poecilia vivipara Bloch and Schneider. (Plate LXIV, figs. 3, 4.)
Poecilia vivipara BLOCH and ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 41, 452, pl. 86, fig. 2.-
MüLLER and TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 632 (Georgetown
and other canals).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 460.-GARMAN, “Cyprinodonts,” in Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX,
1895, 53. - - -
For a full bibliography and synonymy see Garman's paper, above referred to.
It is recorded from Martinique to Rio de Janeiro.
Sixty-two specimens, 20–56 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat. Nos.
1427a—b and 1428a–ff; I. U. Cat. No. 12075.)
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 457
Head 3.75–4; depth 3; D. 7 or 8; A. 8; scales 25–27, about fourteen scales
in front of dorsal; eye 3 in head, 2 in interorbital; origin of dorsal equidistant from
base of middle caudal rays and thirteenth scale in front of the dorsal; origin of
anal in the female about under origin of dorsal; ventrals in the female very
short, half the length of the head; the outer rays of the ventral in the male pro-
longed, equal to head without snout, their tips reaching the tips of the posterior
anal rays; first anal ray a little longer than head without the snout.
Sides with reticulations and silvery and dark cross-bands; frequently a black
spot on the sides in front of the vertical from the dorsal; upper and lower margins
of caudal black in the male. *
ACANTHOPHACELUS Eigenmann.
Acanthophacelus EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, 426, fig. 1.
Type, Poecilia reticulata Peters. -
Each jaw with two series of teeth; intromittent organ short, with numerous
recurved hooks on the anterior and posterior margins. Males much smaller than
the females and brilliantly colored. Viviparous, females 20 mm. long being mature.
KEY to THE GUIANA SPECIEs of ACANTHoPHACELUs. g
a. Male with a bright silvery lateral band, bordered above and below by black; females with wavy brown
lines between the rows of scales on the flanks... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... melanzonus.
aa. Male with two to four spots of varying size and variously placed along the sides, very variable; female with
reticulated sides, unspotted. . . . . . . s s e s e s e s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * reticulatus.
aaa. Male with a black caudal spot, usually prolonged along the dorsal and ventral margins; both male and
female with a dark band on the upper part of the sides; about six scales behind the head...bifurcus.
304. Acanthophacelus melanzonus Eigenmann. (Plate LXIV, figs. 5, 6.)
Acanthophacelus melanzonus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 51; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 548.
Type, a male, 27 mm. Georgetown trenches. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of
Fishes No. 1086.) -
- Cotypes, several females, the longest 39 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1087a-e; I. U. Cat. No. 11762.) *
Head 4+ ; depth 3.66–4; D. 6; A. 9; scales 27 to base of caudal; eye 3 in
head, 3 in interorbital; depth of caudal peduncle 6.5 in the length; fourteen to six-
teen scales in front of the dorsal; distance of origin of dorsal from caudal equal to
eleven scales in front of the dorsal; end of anal and origin of dorsal equidistant
from base of middle caudal rays; ventrals in the female barely reaching anal;
pectorals beyond origin of ventrals.
458 r MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Female with wavy longitudinal dark stripes on the flanks between the rows
of Scales, merging into brown-edged scales on the sides above the anal, sometimes a
row of spots between the stripes, one on the margin of each scale; lower surfaces
colorless; back dark brown; scales above the pectoral, between the two lower stripes,
silvery white. .
Male with a silvery band from the eye to the caudal, where it is bent upward,
bordered above and below on the sides by black stripes, also bent up and confluent,
but faint on the caudal; belly colorless; scales of the back margined with dark,
those along the lower side of the caudal peduncle with fainter margins.
Fins unspotted in both sexes.
305. Acanthophacelus reticulatus (Peters). (Plate LXV, figs. 1–3.)
Pacilia reticulata PETERs, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1859,412 (Caracas) –GARMAN,
“Cyprinodonts,” in Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 1895, 62 (copied).-
STEINDACHNER and voN BAYERN, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXXII, 1902,
145 (Cartagena). w -
Girardinus reticulatus Günth ER, Catalogue, WI, 1866, 352 (Caracas; Brazil).-
EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 65.
Acanthophacelus reticulatus EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, 426,
fig. 1; Ann. Carnegie Mus., WI, 1909, 51 (Georgetown trenches).-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 458.
Girardinus guppii GüNTHER, Catalogue, VI, 1866, 353 (Trinidad; Venezuela),—
REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, 390, pl. 22, figs. 1, 1a (Trinidad).
Poecilia branneri EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894, 629 (Pará).
One hundred fifty-eight specimens, 15–50 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M.
Cat. Nos. 1429a–d, males; 1430a–2, females; I. U. Cat. No. 12072.)
Several thousand specimens, largest male 25 mm.; largest female 48 mm.
Barbados. (C. M. Cat. No. 1432; I. U. Cat. No. 12073–74.) -
Two specimens. Creek in Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No. 1431.) . *
Head 3.75; depth 3.75–4; D. 7; A. 10; eye 3 in the head, 2 in the inter-
orbital; scales 27 or 28. - . 4. sº
Female very similar to that of Poecilia vivipara, but without a lateral spot and
without silvery and dark cross-shades; sides reticulate. -
Males very variable, those from Georgetown with one or two black spots.
The males from Barbados show the greatest variability in color. Some are
uniform, while in others the chromatophores are concentrated into longitudinal or
transverse bands, and in others the bands or several bands are concentrated into
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 459
black spots, surrounded by pigmentless areas or with comet-like tails of pigment
cells. . . . . . ſ gº g -
There is no doubt that the specimens from Barbados and Georgetown are
very similar. It is, of course, possible that they are specifically distinct. The
females are alike, and with the males so extremely variable it is not possible to
point out constant differences. -
306. Acanthophacelus bifurcus Eigenmann. (Plate LXV, figs, 4–6.)
Acanthophacelus bifurcus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 52; Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 458. -
Type, a male, 22 mm. Christianburg. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of
Fishes No. 1088.) {
Cotypes, twenty-four females, the largest 29 mm. Small pond at Christian-
burg. (C. M. Cat. No. 1089a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 11763.) 4 -
Cotypes, thirteen males, the largest 24 mm. Small pond at Christianburg.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1090a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 11764.) * -
Cotypes, twenty-nine females, the largest 25 mm. Small creek at Wismar.
(C. M. Cat. No. 1091a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 11765.) 4-
Cotypes, eight males, the largest 24 mm. Small creek at Wismar. (C. M.
Cat. No. 1092a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 11766.) -
Some of the females only 20 mm. long are with young.
Head 3.33–3.75; depth at origin of anal 4.5; depth of caudal peduncle 5.5;
D. 7; A. 8; scales 26 or 27 to base of caudal; eye 2.5 in the head, 1.33 in the inter-
orbital; fourteen scales in front of the dorsal. - -
. ... Slender, much more so than Poecilia vivipara; origin of dorsal about equi-
distant from base of middle caudal rays and occiput; end of anal below the vertieal
from origin of the dorsal; ventrals in the female reaching slightly beyond origin of
anal; pectorals to the ventrals. -
Females with a dark vertical spot on the upper part of the sides about six
scales behind the head, margined with lighter; dark borders of the scales of the
sides forming, a regular reticulation; a black median line behind the anal; base
and tip of dorsal blackest, all the other fins hyaline.
Male with the general color of the female, the dorsal nearly black; caudal
with a variously shaped, dark olive-green, vertical band at its base, usually con-
tinued into a long prong along the entire upper margin of the fin, very frequently
continued into a shorter prong along the ventral edge of the fin, the basal bar
sometimes diffused over the entire caudal peduncle; anal with some black.
460 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
In life, sides of male yellowish, caudal peduncle pokeberry-red to dark olive-
green; upper caudal prong bordered by pokeberry-red below, or rusty; one male
with a black streak and a milk-white margin to the anal. r
Subfamily ToMEURINAE.
TOMEURUS Eigenmann.
Tomeurus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., WI, 1909, 53.
Teeth conical, in about three series; dorsal placed far back over the last fourth
of the body; anal in the female in advance of the middle of the body, in the
male moved forward to below the origin of the pectorals; ventrals not evident
in the female, minute, under the upper angle of the gill-opening, in the male;
pectorals large; alimentary canal much shorter than the body; caudal peduncle
with a ventral knife-like ridge extending almost its entire length, resembling
an adipose fin, but composed of about sixteen paired scales; intromittent
organ of the male very long, composed of the first three anal rays, the first divided
into two lateral prongs near the tip, each of which has a backward projecting pro-
cess near its middle and a slender spine-bearing appendage near its base; a similar
but larger spine-bearing appendage between the bases of the prongs.
307. Tomeurus gracilis Eigenmann. (Plate LXV, figs. 7, 8.)
Tomeurus gracilis EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, 53; Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 461.
Type, 31 mm. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 1093.)
Cotypes, three males, 29–30 mm. Mud creek in Aruka River.
Cotypes, three females, about 20, 24, and 28 mm. Mud creek in Aruka
River. (C. M. Cat. No. 1094; I. U. Cat. No. 12076.) -
Cotype, one female, 18 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 1095.)
This species represents the type of a new subfamily of Poeciliids.
Head 5.5; depth 6.5; D. 6; A. 6; scales 39 from occiput to tail, seven between
the middorsal scale and the ventral ridge; twenty-six scales in front of the dorsal;
eye longer than snout, 3.75 in head, a little less than the interorbital.
Very long and slender; mouth rather large, vertical, its width equal to the
diameter of the eye; origin of dorsal near beginning of the third fourth of the length,
its height equal to length of head less opercle; caudal rather pointed, 3.5 in the
length; origin of anal a little in advance of the middle, small; intromittent organ
of the male one-third of the length, its origin a little in advance of the vertical
from the base of the pectoral, extending to the ventral ridge; pectorals equal to
their distance from the snout.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 461
Hyaline; a black line from the upper edge of the base of the pectoral to the
middle of the caudal; a broader black line along base of the ventral ridge, a few
specks below the lateral black line, the scales of the sides above it with a marginal
row of chromatophores; scales of back frequently with one or more additional
chromatophores, of which a median one is most prominent; upper part of head
and area in front of pectorals dotted, the ventral ridge hyaline.
Order SYNENToGNATHI.
Family XVIII. BELONIDAE.7s
PoTAMORRHAPHis Günther.
Potamorrhaphis Günth ER, Catalogue, WI, 1866, 256.
Type, Belone taeniata Günther.
Long, needle-shaped fishes with produced snout. Dorsal rays subequal in
length, the anterior ones not forming a lobe.
308. Potamorrhaphis guianensis (Schomburgk).
Belone guianensis SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1843, 131, pl. 1 (Guiana;
Paduiri). - g
Potamorrhaphis guianensis EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910,463. - *
Belone scolopacina CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, 428
(Rio de la Mana, Cayenne).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, WI, 1866, 256 (copied).
Belone taeniata GüNTHER, Catalogue, WI, 1866, 256 (Rio Capin, Brazil).
Potamorrhaphis taeniata STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Beiträge,” iii, 1875, 68
(Amazon River at Teffé; Villa Bella; Porto do Moz; Santarem; Gurupa;
Hyavary River; Lake Manacapurū, etc.).-EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
IV, 1907, 143 (Tuyuyu, Paraguay).
* Tylosurus almeida Quoy and Gaimard.
Tylosurus guianensis MULLER and TRoscHEL (not Belone guianensis Schomburgk), in Schomburgk, Reisen,
III, 1848, 620 (coast of Guiana). - -
Belone truncata guianensis GUNTHER, Catalogue, WI, 1866, 245.
Belone almeida Quoy and GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie et Physicienne, Zool., 1824, 226 (Brazil).
Tylosurus almeida EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 462.
Belone timueu Cuvira and VALENCIENNEs. Hist. Nat. Poiss, XVIII, 1846, 426 (Rio de Janeiro); not Esox
timucu Walbaum. :
Belone truncata var. guianensis, GUNTHER, Catalogue, VI, 1866, 245. w
The specimens collected by Schomburgk and referred to by Müller and Troschel are actually this species,
not the Belone guianensis of Schomburgk. • , -
Eye 3 in the postorbital portion of the head; D. I.12 or 13; A. I.14 or 15; depth at the pectoral 5.5 in
the head.
462 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Belone (Potamorrhaphis) taeniata PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), XVIII, 1897, 11
(Rio Madidi).
Six specimens, 100–768 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2428a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12555.) . . .
Five specimens, 115–218 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 24290—b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12556.) ...” .
Three specimens, 140–168 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2430a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12557.) - -
Three specimens, 90–212 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2431a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12558) • - *
Four specimens, 105–220 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2433a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12560.) - . &
One specimen, 128 mm. Mud-flats below Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2434a–b)
Five specimens, 170–203 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2435a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12561.) -
Six specimens, 120–180 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2436a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12562.) . . . . . . .
Two specimens (damaged). Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No.
2432a–b; I.U. Cat. No. 12559.) - tº. *
Head 3, depth 6 in the head; D. about 32; A. 27; eye about 7–10 in the snout,
10.5–13.5 in the head, 1.2 in the interorbital. .
Lower jaw slightly longer than the upper, ending in a fleshy point; tail com-
pressed; caudal lanceolate; dorsal without a lobe; anal with a lobe, the longest
ray about 2.5 the orbit; ventrals not reaching the vent; pectorals about equal to
the postorbital part of the eye. Lateral line running low, below the pectoral.
Color very variable in intensity; tail with a median dark brown line, a second
less well-defined line below it forward, continued on the sides as a jagged band which
extends to the eyes; a reddish line along the sides above this band.
Order LOPHOBRANCHII.
Family IX. SYNGNATHIDAE.
Pipe-fishes. *
- DORYRHAMPHUs Kaup.
Doryrhamphus KAUp, Cat. Lophobranchiate Fish, 1856, 54 (excisor).
Choroidichthys KAUP, Cat. Lophobranchiate Fish, 1856, 54 (valenciennesi).
Dorichthys KAUP, Cat. Lophobranchiate Fish, 1856, 56 (bilineatus).
Microphis KAUP, Cat. Lophobranchiate Fish, 1856, 63 (cuneatus).
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 463
Belonichthys PETERs, Mossambique Flussfische, 1868, 109 (zambizensis).
Pipe-fishes with the pectoral fin well-developed, the broad pouch a deep
groove on the ventral surface between the lateral abdominal keels; ridges distinct;
caudal moderate. ... •
309. Doryrhamphus lineatus (Valenciennes).
Doryichthys lineatus (ez Valenciennes, MS.) KAUP, Cat. Lophobranchiate Fish, 1856,
59 (Bahia; Mexico; Guadeloupe).--PoEY, “ Synopsis Piscium Cubensium,” in
Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1867, 180 (Cuba).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, VIII,
1870, 183 (Antilles; Caribbean Sea; Old Calabar; Gaboon).-REGAN, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1906, i, 391 (Trinidad).
Doryrhamphus lineatus JoRDAN and EvKRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, 1896,
773. - t
One specimen, 133 mm. Creek in Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No. 2426.)
A second specimen was taken by Dr. Ellis in the harbor at Georgetown. -
Head 5+; plates 19 + 24; D. 42; dorsal over 3 + 5 rings;" postorbital part
of the head 2.5 in the anteorbital. Went equidistant from caudal and anterior
third of opercle. * ... • * -
Lateral line continuous with the ventral angle of the tail; opercle with 8,
median longitudinal ridge and a few radiating ridges on the lower half.
Lower surface of the snout with a pair of dark spots nearer to the snout than
to the eye; a dark streak through the eye, becoming wider and diffuse on the sides;
back and lower parts much lighter; tail dark chocolate; caudal black, the outer
margin white. - - w * * *
• * • * Order PERCESOCES.
Family XX. MUGILIDAE.
Mullets.”
Oblong, scaled fishes with two widely separated dorsal fins, the first composed
of four spines, the second short; anal short, with two or three graduate spines.
MUGIL Linnaeus.”
Mugil LINNAPUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, 316.
Type, Mugil cephalus Linnaeus.
* In two specimens from Cuba 3 + 6 and 3 + 7. - º -
* Mullets were abundant in the Georgetown market, but it being at the time foreign to plans in hand no
efforts were made to get a complete series. : *
"It is more than probable that some species of the genus Agonostomus Bennett will be found in Guiana.
Agonostomus monticola is found on the Island of Trinidad.
464 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM .
Stomach muscular, gizzard-like; teeth ciliiform; lower jaw angular in front;
anal spines 3; orbit with a well-developed adipose eyelid, covering part of the iris.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of MUGIL.
a. Soft dorsal and anal fins almost naked; anal rays III,8, rarely III,7 or III,9; caudal deeply forked; sides
with dark stripes. -
b. Scales 32–36; depth about 4.5 in the length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . brasiliensis.
(bb. Scales 38–42; depth about 4 in the length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ cephalus.)”
aa. Soft dorsal and anal fins scaled; anal rays III,9; caudal less deeply forked; sides without dark stripes.
c. Scales 42–45; teeth small... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . incilis.
cc. Scales 36–39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e s • a • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *curema.
310. Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz.
Mugil brasiliensis AGASSIz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 234, pl. 72.-
Jordan and EveRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, 1896, 811.
Mugil liza Cuvier and VALENCIENNEs, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XI, 1836, 83 (Brazil;
Porto Rico; Maracaibo; Surinam; Martinique).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL,
in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 623 (mouths of rivers). -
Mugil lebranchus PoEY, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de Cuba, II, 1861, 260,
pl. 18, fig. 3 (Cuba).
No specimens were secured.
311. Mugil incilis Hancock.
Mugil incilis HANCOCK, Quart. Journ. Sci., 1830, 127 (Guiana).-Jordan and
EvKRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, 1896, 812.
Mugil güntheri STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Notizen,” i, 1864, 12 (British
Guiana).
No specimens were obtained.
312. Mugil curema Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Mugil curema CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XI, 1836, 87 (Brazil;
Martinique; Cuba).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III,
1848, 623 (mouths of rivers of Guiana).-Jordan and EvKRMANN, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus. No. 47, 1896, 813.−EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp.
Patagonia, III, 1910, 463. - -
Mugil petrosus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XI, 1836, 89 (Brazil;
Surinam; Gulf of Mexico; Cuba). - g
* No specimens of this species have been recorded from British Guiana. It has been found in St. Vincent
and various other points in the islands and along the coast. -
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 465
Mugil brasiliensis (not of Agassiz) Günth ER, Catalogue, III, 1861, 431.-Jordan
and GILBERT, Synopsis Fishes North America, 1883, 403. -
- Several specimens, the largest 238 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat.
No. 1472a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 12399.)
Order PERCOMORPHI.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES of PERcomoRPHI.
a. Lateral line continued on the tail.
b. Anal spines 2; caudal pointed............................................... Sciaenidae, XXI.
bb. Anal spines 3; caudal forked............................................. Centropomidae, XXII.
aa. Lateral line if present not continued on the tail.
c. Dorsal spines strong, the spinous dorsal continuous with the soft dorsal.
d. Nostrils single; lower pharyngeals united. Lateral line interrupted near the end of the spinous
dorsal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cichlidae, XXIII.
dd. Nostrils double; lower pharyngeals separate. No lateral line... . . . . . . . . Polycentridae, XXIV.
cc. Dorsal spines weak, the spinous dorsal not continuous with the soft dorsal............. Gobiidae, XXV.
Family XXI. SCIAENIDAE.
KEY TO THE GENERA of SCIENIDAE.”
a. Teeth not villiform; lower jaw prominent; edge of the preopercle entire; second anal spine weak, adnate to
the first ray, the first spine minute or obsolete. (Otolithinae.) r
b. Canines not lance-shaped, tapering from the base; anal rays 7 to 13................... Cynoscion.
bb. Canines lance-shaped, widened near the tip, then abruptly pointed, those in the premaxillary largest;
about two canines on front of the lower jaw on each side; teeth in outer series of upper jaw some-
what enlarged and lance-shaped............................................... Macrodon.
aa. Second anal spine usually well-developed and joined to the first ray by a distinct membrane. (Scianina.)
c. Lower jaw without barbels.
d. Preopercle without teeth or serrations, its membranaceous margin entire, crenulate or ciliate.
e. Skull excessively cavernous, soft and spongy to the touch; interorbital space very broad;
mouth large and oblique; teeth subequal, all villiform, in narrow bands; lower jaw
projecting. Pseudobranchiae developed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... • e e s e e s a e Nebris.
ee. Skull firm, not excessively cavernous; interorbital space not very broad; preorbital not turgid.
Teeth not villiform, but more or less unequal, those of the upper jaw biserial, the inner
series somewhat enlarged. Scales of the lateral line considerably enlarged, almost
entirely concealed by smaller ones. Pseudobranchiae small, often obsolete on one side.
- g Plagioscion.
dd. Preopercle armed with sharp teeth or serre. Head very broad; interorbital space flattish and
very cavernous. Soft dorsal and anal fins densely scaled. Second anal spine stout.
- Stelliferus.
cc. Lower jaw with barbels. Lower jaw included, its teeth villiform, in bands.
f. “Pseudobranchiae well-developed, pectoral fin not elongate.”
g. Barbels three, slender, and at the symphysis of the lower jaw; mouth small and inferior; pre-
orbital turgid and cavernous, somewhat translucent; caudal fin rhombic. Preopercle
*This account of the Sciaenidae was prepared by Mrs. Marion Durbin Ellis.
466 . . . . MEMOTRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
gg. Barbels slender and lateral, along the rami of the jaw. Preorbitals not translucent. Pre-
opercular margin bony and armed with strong teeth... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Micropogon.
ff. Pseudobranchise obsolete; pectoral fin greatly elongate; chin with two short barbels; soft dorsal
with thirty-seven to forty rays... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lonchurus.
Subfamily OToLITHINAE.
CYNoscroN Gill. -
Cestreus GRoNow, Cat. Fish., ed. Gray, 1854, 49 (cárolinensis = nebulosus), pre-
occupied. -
Cynoscion GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, 18 (regalis). -
Apseudobranchus GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 18 (toe-roe = acoupa).
Atractorcion GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 18 (a guidens). •
Type, Johnius regalis Bloch and Schneider. 4
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of CYNoscIon. .
a. Scales not very small, the number of transverse series not over ten more than the number of scales with
pores in the lateral line. Two of the middle teeth of the upper jaw canine, but not much enlarged.
Soft dorsal and anal closely scaled over the basal half to two-thirds only. Caudal fin rhombic. The
middle rays considerably produced. Snout short and bluntish, 4.5 in the head. Pectoral 1.5 in the
head.................................. … • * * * * * acoupa.
aa. Scales very small, the number of pores in the lateral line much less than the number of transverse series.
- Teeth in upper jaw in a broad band; upper canines quite small. Middle rays of the caudal fin pro-
duced. -
b. Soft dorsal and anal almost naked; front of head depressed; eye small. Pectorals reaching beyond the
ventrals.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wirescens
bb. Soft dorsal and anal well covered with scales; mouth very oblique; front of head decidedly compressed;
eye moderate. Pectorals reaching two-thirds of the way to the end of ventrals...steindachneri.
313. Cynoscion acoupa (Lacépède). - &
Cheilodipterus acoupa LACáPåde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., III, 1802, 546 (Cayenne). *
Lutjanus cayennensis LACáPRDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1802, 196, 245 (Cayenne).
Otolithus rhomboidalis CUVIER, Règne Animal, ed. 2, II, 1829, 173 (Cayenne);
based on “Lutjan de Cayenne,” Lacépède.
Otolithus toe-roe CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1830,72, pl. 103
(same type as “Lutjan de Cayenne,” Lacépède) (Surinam; Brazil; Lake
Maracaibo).-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, 1833, 478-
MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 621.
Otolithus cayennensis GüNTHER, Catalogue, II, 1860, 309 (West Indies).
Apseudobranchus toe-roe GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 18 (name only).
Cynoscion acoupa Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 588 (name only); Bull.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 467
U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, 1898, 1403 (Cachiura).-Jordan and EvºRMANN,
Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1895, 1896, 394 (name only).-EveRMANN and
MARSH, Bull. U. S. Fish. Com. XX, 1902, 215 (name only).-HARGREAVES,
Fishes of Brit. Guiana, Appendix, 1904, 1. . - n
Cestreus acoupa Jordan and EIGENMANN, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1886, 1889,
363 (Cachiura, Brazil). . . . . . . .
Seventeen specimens, 75–290 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
2481a—g; I. U. Cat. No. 12574.) -
Head 3.4—3.8; depth 3.8–4; D. X-I, 19–21; A. I or II,8 or 9; scales 55–65
with pores, sixty transverse series above the lateral line; eye 5–5.8 in the head;
interorbitals somewhat convex, 4.7 in the head. -
Compressed and elongate. Mouth moderate, not very oblique; maxillary very
broad, reaching to a vertical from a little beyond the eye, 2.3 in the head. Lower
jaw a little protruding. Gill-rakers 4 + 10, the longest 1.5 in the eye, The head
covered with cycloid scales; scales of body and vertical fins all ctenoid. Dorsals
rather tall; longest dorsal spine 2.1 in the head. Pectorals not reaching the end of
ventrals. Color light below, above darker and with very faint longitudinal stripes
along the rows of scales; axil pale; spinous dorsal, tips of soft dorsal rays, most of
&
the caudal, and a spot on the lining of the preopercle, dusky. . . . . . .
314. Cynoscion virescens (Cuvier and Valenciennes)., .
Otolithus virescens CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1830, 72
(Surinam). & " . - r . . . .
Cynoscion virescens Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 588 (name only).-
Jordan and EvKRMANN, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1895, 1896, 395 (name
only); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, II, 1898, 1415 (Victoria, Brazil)—EveR-
MANN and MARSH, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XX, 1902, 215 (name only).
Cestreus virescens JoRDAN and EIGENMANN, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1886, 1889,
371 (Victoria, Brazil). - - w . . . . . - .
Otolithus microps STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLI, 1879, 57, pl.
8, fig. 2 (Porto Alegre, Brazil). -
Five specimens, 80–105 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No. 2483a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12576.) g *
Head 3–3.8; depth 4–5.2. D. XI,28; A. I,8. Scales 80 with pores, 125–130,
vertical series. Eye 7–8.5 in the head; interorbital very flat, 4–4.5 in the head.
. . . A thickish, spindle-shaped fish, with the body slightly compressed and the
head depressed in front; snout rather pointed, 4 in the head. Mouth oblique to
468 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
nearly horizontal, lower jaw protruding, maxillary reaching the posterior margin
of the eye. Two sharp spines protruding from beneath the entire membranous
margin of the preopercle, largest in the smallest specimens. Canines two, promi-
nent in the small specimens. Gill-rakers 4 + 7. Scales all small and cycloid.
Lateral line becoming straight in front of the anus. Highest dorsal spine 2 in the
head. Last rays of the soft dorsal highest, 2.5 in the head. Caudal equal to the
head in the smallest specimen, relatively shorter in larger ones. Pectorals reaching
a third of their length beyond the ventrals.
Color light, a little dusky above. Spinous dorsal, caudal, and lining of the
opercle dusky. Some silvery color on the head, especially just behind the pre-
opercle. -
315. Cynoscion steindachneri (Jordan).
Cestreus steindachneri Jordan, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1886, 1889, 372 (Curuca,
Brazil). g
Three specimens, 325–350 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No. 2482;
I. U. Cat. No. 12575.)
Head 3.8–4; depth 4; D. IX or X-1, 20; A. II,8–10; scales 57–64 with pores,
70 or 99 vertical series above the lateral line; eye 5.5–6 in the head; mouth
moderate, oblique, maxillary usually just reaching the posterior margin of the eye,
maxillary very broad, 2.2–2.4 in the head. Chin prominent, canines in the upper
jaw scarcely larger than the surrounding teeth; teeth all small. Gill-rakers 4 + 9.
Scales all strongly ctenoid (cycloid on the head of the largest specimen, which is
exotic in other respects as well). Soft dorsal and anal heavily scaled. Dorsals
scarcely connected by membrane. Highest dorsal spine 1.9 in the head. Caudal
rhombic, 1.3 in the head. Ventral extending one-third of its length beyond the
end of the pectorals (pectorals extending almost to the end of the ventrals in the
exotic specimen). -
Color light slaty gray above, with very faint darker longitudinal stripes along
the rows of scales. Axil and lining of the preopercle dark. Dorsals and caudal
more or less dusky.
The largest specimen, 350 mm., Georgetown market, is quite exotic. The
mouth is less oblique; the number of scales is sixty-four with pores in the
lateral line and seventy vertical series above it in the exotic one, and fifty-seven
pores and ninety-nine series in the two other individuals. The scales of the
head are cycloid instead of ctenoid, and the soft dorsal and anal are less densely
scaled. Lastly, the pectoral of the exotic specimen nearly reaches the end of the
ventral, and is relatively much shorter in the smaller ones.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 469
MACRODON Schinz.
Macrodon ScHINz, Das Thierreich, II, 1822, 482, revived by Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XXVI, 1903, 1015 (ancylodon). º
Ancylodon (ea. Oken) CUVIER, Isis, 1817, 1182 (jawclidens = ancylodon), not
Ancylodon Illiger, 1811, a genus of mammals.
Sagenichthys BERG, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 1895, 52 (ancylodon).
The distinguishing characters of this genus are given in the key. It is repre-
sented in British Guiana by the single species:
316. Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch and Schneider).
Lonchurus ancylodon BLOCH and ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 102 (Surinam).
Ancylodon ancylodon CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1830, 81
(Cayenne).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, II, 1860, 311 (Surinam; West Indies).-
JoFDAN and EIGENMANN, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1886, 1889, 373 (Rio
Grande do Sul).-VAILLANT, Notes Leyden Mus., XX, 1898, 17 (Guyane).
Sagenichthys ancylodon BERG, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, IV, 1895, 52 (Mar del
Plata Montevideo, Maldonado).-Jordan and EvKRMANN, Rept. U. S. Fish
Com. for 1895, 1896, 395.-voN IHERING, “Os peixes da Costa do Mar no
Estado do Rio Grande do Sul,” 1896, 13 (São Paulo).-Jordan and EVERMANN,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, II, 1898, 1416 (Rio Grande do Sul).-HAR-
GREAves, Fishes of Brit. Guiana, Appendix, 1904, 1. -
Macrodon ancylodon ScHINz, Das Thierreich, II, 1822, 482.-EvKRMANN and
KENDALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1903, 1015 (Argentina).-GILL,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, 1903, 1015. º .
Ancylodon jaculidens CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1830, 81
(Cayenne).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 621.
—GüNTHER, Catalogue, II, 1860, 311 (Surinam; West Indies).—Jordan and
GILBERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., II, 1882, 111 (Panama).—PELLEGRIN,
Revue Coloniale, 1908, 590 (Guiane francaise). º
Ancylodon atricauda GüNTHER, Rept. Challenger Exp., Zoology, I, vi, 1880, 12
(mouth of Rio de la Plata).
Seven specimens, 195–270 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
24840—d; I. U. Cat. No. 12577.) - -
Two specimens, young (?), 67 and 86 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat.
No. 2485a; I. U. Cat. No. 12578.) *
Head 3–3.25; depth. 4; D. IX—I,27–29; A. II,9 or 10; scales “75 with pores
85 series”; eye 5.5–6.5 in the head; interorbital flattish, a little wider than the
eye, 5 in the head. -
470 ... . . . MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Moderately compressed; dorsal profile nearly straight to slightly convex;
membranous margin of the preopercle fimbriate. Mouth oblique; snout rather
pointed, 4.5 in the head; maxillary of moderate width, reaching a little beyond the
eye, 2.3 in the head. The two very large canines of the upper jaw, the two smaller
ones on either side of the lower jaw in front, and the five or six small teeth near
the front of the upper jaw, all lance-shaped, i. e., widened towards the tip and then
abruptly pointed. The other teeth, a row down the edge of the maxillary, and
an inner row of the lower jaw, all flat and very sharp. Gill-rakers 3 + 8, rather
slender, the longest not less than 1.5 in the eye, each with a row of a dozen or more
stout-conical spines down the posterior mesial aspect. Scales all small and cycloid;
the soft dorsal and anal very densely and completely covered with scales; pectorals
and ventrals somewhat scaled.
Lateral line becoming straight a considerable distance in front of the vent.
Spinous dorsal very weak, the longest spine 2.8 in the head. Anal spines very small;
anal high, 2.3 in the head. Pectorals much larger than the ventrals, reaching a
third of their own length beyond the latter, 1.3 in the head. . .
Color:light, much darker above; lower part of the head and a region along the
lateral line silvery. Spinous dorsal, tips of soft dorsal and caudal rays dusky.
A dusky spot on the under side of the pectoral, on the axil, and on the lining of
the preopercle. . . .
The two small specimens (probably the young of Macrodon ancylodon) differ
from the larger ones in several respects. The head is relatively much deeper, the
lower jaw being more prominent, its lower end forming a sharp angle with the
ventral profile. The four or five large lanceolate canines of the lower jaw are
larger than the two canines of the upper jaw, and project up over the upper jaw
onto the snout. Eye 4.5 in the head. - &
Subfamily SCLENINAE.
NEBRIs Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Nebris Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1830, 149 (microps).
Type, Nebris microps Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Skull excessively cavernous and soft; interorbitals very broad; lower jaw pro-
jecting; teeth all villiform, in broad bands; eye very small; margin of the pre-
opercle very broad, membranous and fringed. Slits and pores on the upper jaw
not conspicuous. Pseudobranchiae developed. Soft dorsal, caudal, and anal well
scaled. Dorsal and anal spines weak. (Vertebrae 10 + 14.)
Here represented by Nebris microps. .
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 471
317. Nebris microps Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Nebris microps CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1830, 149, pl. 112
(Surinam) -GüNTHER, Catalogue, II, 1860, 316 (copied).-STEINDACHNER,
“Ichthyologische Beiträge,” iv., 1875, 10 (Bay of Panama).-Jordan and GIL-
* -- *. F. : * * * * * *
EveRMANN, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1895, 1896, 395 (name only).-VAIL-
LANT, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., III, 1897, 124.—JoBDAN and EvKRMANN, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, II, 1898, 1417,-VAILLANT, Notes Leyden Mus.,
XX, 1898, 17–20 (Guyane); Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., (4), II, 1900,
135 (Surinam).-HARGREAVES, Fishes of Brit. Guiana, Appendix, 1904, 2.
Seven specimens, 200–314 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
$.
'...'
2469a–d; I. U. Cat. No. 12567.) g - § - g
Head 3–3.5; depth 4; D. VIII–I,32 to 34; A. II,11; scales 50 with pores,
100 above the lateral line to the base of the caudal; eye 9.5–10 in the head; inter-
orbital region very broad, convex, 3–3.2 in the head. . . . . -
Compressed, elongate; head very thick. Mouth very large and oblique.
Lower jaw prominent; teeth villiform, in several series above, in two or more
series below. Gill rakers 7 -- 15. Scales generally cycloid, but somewhat ctenoid
over the body cavity in the larger specimens. Scales along the lateral line run-
ning to the end of the caudal rays not enlarged. Soft dorsal, anal, and caudal
much thickened with small scales. Spinous dorsal very weak; anal spines almost
indistinguishable. , - -
Color light, silvery on the head. Five broad, dusky bands across the back
and sides, above the lateral line, quite distinct in the large specimens, only indi-
cated in the smaller ones. Spinous dorsal, tips of Soft dorsal rays, more or less of
the caudal, tips of the anal rays, tips of the ventrals and inner side and tips of the
pectorals, all dusky. Axil dusky in adults. - - - t
PLAGIOSCION Gill. -
Plagioscion GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 82 (description of genus only).
Diplolepis STEINDACHNER, “Sciaenoiden Brasiliens,” etc., in SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
XLI, 1863, 2 (squamosissimus) (name preoccupied in Hymenoptera).
Plagioscion Jordan and EIGENMANN, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1886, 1889, 380
(squamosissimus). . - - s
Type, Sciaena squamosissima Heckel. g - -
A genus of fresh-water fishes in the rivers of South America, separated from
472 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
all other Sciaenidae by the squamation of the lateral line. (See key to genera.) Here
represented by Plagioscion auratus and P. squamosissimus.
KEY. To THE GULANA SPECIES of PLAGIoscion.
a. Second anal spine very large, 2 or 3 in the head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . auratus.
aa. Second anal spine short, but little longer than the eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . squamosissimus.
318. Plagioscion auratus (Castelnau).
Johnius auratus CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 12, pl. 4, fig. 2 (Rio.
Ucayali). . º
Sciaena aurata GüNTHER, Catalogue, II, 1860, 287 (copied).
Plagioscion auratus Jordan and EIGENMANN, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1886,
1889, 383.−EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 67 (rivers of
Brazil; name only).-GoFLDI, Bol. Mus. Pará., II, 1898, 464 (Magoary).-
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 468. t
. One specimen, 175 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No. 2470a.)
Head 3.3; depth 3.4; D. X—I,34; A. II,7; scales 50 with pores, 60 oblique
series above the lateral line; eye 6 in the head; interorbital wider than the eye,
4 in the head. - -
Compressed; dorsal profile very convex, ventral nearly straight. Head very
convex above, not spongy; snout bluntish, 4 in the head; maxillary 2.25 in the
head; mouth large, lower jaw included; teeth of the upper jaw subequal, but larger
than those of the lower jaw. None of the teeth of the lower enlarged. Gill-rakers
6 + 12. Scales ctenoid; basal one-third of the soft dorsal scaled. Caudal rhombic;
pectoral not as long as the ventral; ventral with a filamentous tip reaching to just
beyond the anus. Second anal spine very strong, 2 in the head.
Silvery, a little brownish above; most of the spinous dorsal, tips of the soft
dorsal, and most of the caudal dusky; axil and a small patch on the inside of the
opercle dusky. -
319. Plagioscion squamosissimus Heckel.
Plagioscion squamosissimus HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840,438.-REINHARDT,
Widensk. Med. Naturhist. For. Kjöbenhavn, 1854, 108.-Jordan and EIGEN-
MANN, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1886, 1889, 381 (Obidos; Coary).-Jordan
and EvKRMANN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, II, 1898, 1418 (Obidos).—EIGEN-
MANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 468.
Pachyurus squamosissimus GüNTHER, Catalogue, II, 1860, 526 (copied).
Sciaena squamosissima STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” i, 1879, 3
(Amazon; Orinoco; Rio Negro). - t
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 473
Diplolepis squamosissimus STEINDACHNER, “Sciaenoiden Brasiliens,” etc., in SB.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLI, 1863, 2.
Sciaena rubella SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1843, 133 (rivers of Guiana).
Johnius crouvina CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 11, pl. 5, fig. 1 (Rio
Crixas; Rio Araguay). -
Sciaena crowvina GüNTHER, Catalogue, II, 1860, 287 (copied).
Johnius amazonicus CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 12, pl. 4. fig. 1
(Amazon). -
Sciaena amazonica GüNTHER, Catalogue, II, 1860, 284 (Rio Capin, Pará). . .
? Corvina monacantha CoPE, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., XIII, 1866, 402 (near Para-
maribo, Dutch Guiana). * x
* Sciaena monacantha JoRDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 587 (name only).
One specimen, 570 mm. Falls of the Mazaruni. (C. M. Cat. No. 2493a.)
Head 3.1; depth 3.2; D. X-I,29–36; A. II,5–7; scales with pores about 50,
with about one hundred oblique series above the lateral line; eye 5.5 in the head;
interorbital a little larger than the eye, 4.5 in the head. - º -
Head at the base of the occipital process 1.2 in the greatest depth. Snout
moderately short, 4.5–5 in the head. Mouth large, upper end of the maxillary
on the level of the lower margin of the eye. Maxillary 2.3 in the head, reaching
to just beyond the eye. Teeth of the upper jaw about equal to those of the inner
series of the lower jaw. Gill-rakers rather long, 10 + 12. Pseudobranchiae small
or lacking on one side. Scales ctenoid. Soft dorsal and caudal all but covered
with scales; caudal convex. Pectorals longer than the ventrals, 1.6 in the head.
Ventrals without elongate filamentous tips in this large specimen. Second anal
spine inconsiderable, very little longer than the eye, 4.5–5.5 in the head. Anal
small. g
Silvery, darker above; a large dark spot in the axil, prolonged obliquely down-
ward and backward to beneath the ventrals. Dorsals, caudal, and proximal half
of the pectorals dark. - *
STELLIFER Cuvier.
“Les Stelliferes” CUVIER, Règne Animal, ed. 1, 1817, 283.
Stellifer (ez Cuvier) OKEN, Isis, 1817, 1182 (stellifer). *
Stelliferus STARK, “Elements Nat. Hist., I, 459, 1828” (stellifer) (fide Gill).
Hamoprion Holbrook, Ichth. South Carolina, ed. 1, 1856, 188 (lanceolata).
e Type, Bodianus stellifer Bloch. - -
The genus is characterized, as indicated in the key to the genera, by a remarkably
spongy and cavernous structure of the bones of the head; the septa are very thin.
474 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Interorbital space very broad and flat. Preopercle with spinés or serrae on
the free margin. Anal and soft dorsal well scaled. The single species, S. rastrifer
Jordan, was taken in fresh water at Mahaica. -
320. Stellifer rastrifer Jordan and Eigenmann.
Stelliferus rastrifer JoFDAN and EIGENMANN, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1886, 1889,
393.−JoRDAN and EvKRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, II, 1898, 1441
(name only). .
Seven specimens, 45–133 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No. 2472a–
d; I. U. Cat. No. 12569.) -
One specimen, 72 mm. Mahaica. (C. M. Cat. No. 2473a.)
Head 3–3.3; depth 3–3.2; D.XI–I,21 or 22; A. II,8 or 9; scales 49–50 (pores),
four in vertical series above and seven in vertical series below the lateral line; eye
nearly round, 4–4.25 in the head; interorbital nearly flat, 1.5 times the eye, 3 in
the head. º - -
Compressed; snout short and blunt, 4.3 in the head; preopercle strongly
rounded, with but two spines, the upper directed backwards, the lower more or
less downwards. Mouth large, a little oblique; the lower jaw included; maxillary
reaching the posterior margin of the eye. Second anal spine enlarged, 1.9–22 in
the head. Gill-rakers 14 + 25, very long and slender. -
Color light; membrane of the spinous dorsal and tips of the anal rays blackish
on the inner side, a dark spot just beneath the upper edge of the dorsal fin. Caudal
and soft dorsal somewhat dusky. Scales and upper part of the sides outlined
with dusky. Large chromatophores scattered over the top of the head, snout, and
middle of the sides. Inside of opercle with a large blackish spot.
PACHYPOPs Gill.81
Pachypops GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 87.
Type, Micropogon trifilis Müller and Troschel.
A fresh-water genus, very close to Pachyurus, from which it is distinguished by
the barbels on the chin. Represented in this region by two species, which may be
separated as follows. * -
* The type of the species of Pachypops trifilis Müller and Troschel (1848) from Guiana has been kindly
examined for us by Dr. P. Poppenheim, Königl. Zoologischen Museum,-Berlin. From his descriptions and the -
original descriptions of Müller and Troschel we believe their P. trifilis to be synonymous with P. furcrous
Lacépède (1802), which means that Steindachner's P. trifilis was probably new and not the P. trifilis of Müller
and Troschel. - - * * . • e •
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 475
KEY. To THE GUIANA SPECIES of PACHYPops.
a. Soft dorsal rays 25–27; second anal spine enlarged, 1.2–1.5 in the longest anal rays. Sides and back without
large dark spots....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . furcraeus.
aa. Soft dorsal rays 30–32; the one anal spine scarcely heavier than the dorsal spines, 3.1 in the head. Sides
and back with dark spots... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grunniens.
2” \ , zºzow. * - -
- - * 321. Pachypops furcraeus (Lacépède). J’ *C/2444, 3 */ºry” fº
Perca fºrwa LACáPåDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1802, 398, 424 (Surinam). y 2.”.”**2.
Corvina furcra’a CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1830, 111 (same
tº-
Pachypops furcrabus STEINDAéHNER, “Sciaenoiden Brasiliens,” etc., in SB. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, XLI, 1863, 7, pl. 1 (Rio Negro).-Jordan and EIGENMANN, Rept. U. S.
Fish Com. for 1886, 1889, 413 (Rio Negro).-EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, 67 (Amazons; name only); Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp.
Patagonia, III, 1910, 468–BERG, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, IV, 1895, 53
(Montevideo).-Jordan and EvKRMANN, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1895,
1896, 399 (name only); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, II, 1898, 1459 (same
specimens as Jordan and Eigenmann).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ.
Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 468. . q
Pachyurus furcrapus STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Beiträge,” viii, 1879, 12
(Surinam; Rio Trombetas; Amazon, near Cameta). -
Corvina biloba CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1830, 112 (habitat
not known). -
Pachypops biloba STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Notizen,” i, 1864, 7 (Surinam).
One specimen, 193 mm. Creek in Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No. 2474)
Three specimens, 56, 76, and 132 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2475a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12570.) -
Nine hundred eighteen specimens, 31–121 mm. Bartica sand-bank. (C. M.
Cat. No. 2476a–2; I. U. Cat. No. 12571.) e
Head 2.9—3.4; depth 3.5–3.8; D. X—I,25–27; A. II,6; about fifty-eight pores
in the lateral line, fifty-two oblique series above the lateral line, eleven scales in an
almost vertical series between the front of the soft dorsal and the lateral line;
width of eye 1.25 in its length, length of eye 2.9—3.1 in the head. Interorbital 1.5
in the eye. - - , - -
Compressed; elongate; dorsal profile convex; interorbital flattish; snout blunt,
scarcely equal to the eye. Bones of the head very cavernous and translucent;
preorbital turgid, overhanging the very small inferior mouth. Maxillary entirely
concealed when the mouth is closed, just reaching the anterior margin of the pupil.
476 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Preopercle somewhat cavernous, its posterior border serrate, with about fourteen
small spines. Teeth minute and villiform. Gill-rakers 9 + 13 to 15, short and
slender, with two rows of very small spines on each.
Scales ctenoid, except on the snout and front of cheeks. Top of head without
a regular series of median scales. Caudal scaled only at the base in small speci-
mens, almost entirely covered with scales in the largest specimen (193 mm.).
Soft dorsal scaled over the proximal one-half, the scales ctenoid and in single series
between the rays; anal scaled over the basal one-third of the anterior half. Lateral
line becoming straight over the last anal rays. g
Longest dorsal spine 1.5 in the head; soft dorsal high, 2.8 in the head. Caudal
rhombic, 1.3 in the head in adults, middle rays and rays just below the middle
elongate in the young. Second anal spine very large and strong, 1.9 in the head;
longest anal ray 1.7 in the head. Pectorals and ventrals about equal, 1.5 in the
head; first ventral ray with a short filamentous projection. y
Ground-color brownish, dark above, especially in large specimens. A round
dusky spot on the opercle just in front of the anterior end of the lateral line, less
distinct in large specimens. Axil dusky. Numerous chromatophores scattered
over the body, opercle, and cheeks. Membrane of the spinous dorsal nearly
black in large specimens; tips of the soft dorsal rays blackish; a dark stripe along
the outer half of the soft dorsal, interrupted by the colorless rays. Caudal dusky
where scaled; anal and ventrals sometimes dusky. A small brownish bar near the
edge of each scale rarely gives the appearance of undulating or oblique stripes.
Base of scales above the lateral line silvery in young specimens, light steel-blue in
adults. Scales below the lateral line with a yellow or copper tinge just above the
front of the anal. Young specimens with the caudal, a narrow area along the
back, and the upper half of the iris, sunset-red in life.
322. Pachypops grunniens (Schomburgk).
Corvina grunniens SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1843, 136 (Essequibo).
Pachypops grunniens Jordan and EIGENMANN, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1886,
1889, 414 (name only). - . & g
One specimen, 163 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2478.)
Three specimens, 52–68 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2477a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12572.) - - ſº -
Head 3–3.2; depth 3.9–4.25; D. X—I,30–32; A. I,7; scales 57 with pores, 63
oblique series above the lateral line; eye large, its width 1.25 in its length, its
length.3—3.2 in the head; interorbital 1.5 in the eye. -
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 477
Compressed and elongate; dorsal profile lower than in P. furcrapus; interorbital
flattish, equal to or a little broader than the length of the eye. Suborbitals, pre-
orbitals, and preopercle cavernous and translucent; preorbitals turgid, overhanging
the very small, inferior mouth; maxillary concealed when the mouth is closed,
barely reaching the anterior margin of the eye. Posterior border of the preopercle
finely serrate; snout rather pointed, distinctly longer than the eye. Teeth all
minute and villiform. Gill-rakers 21 + 8 or 9, short, slender, and simple. -
Scales ctenoid, except on the suborbitals, snout, and mental region, where
they are cycloid; middorsal series of the head complete, the scales somewhat
enlarged. Caudal almost completely covered with scales in adult, thinly scaled
over the basal half in young specimens. Soft dorsal with scales on the basal one-
fourth to two-thirds. Anterior third of the anal with scales on the basal portion.
Lateral line little arched, becoming straight half-way between the last dorsal and
last anal rays. -
Highest dorsal spine 1.5–2 in the head; soft dorsal high, 2.5–3 in the head.
Caudal rhombic, 1.3 in the head in adults, more pointed in Small specimens. Anal
with but one spine, which is scarcely heavier than the dorsal spines, 3.1 in the head.
Pectorals slightly longer than the ventrals, 1.5 in the head. Ventrals without
filaments. - a º
Ground-color greenish yellow, only a little darker above. Small specimens
with five to eight large, diffuse, dusky spots along the back and sides, the first
just in front of the spinous dorsal, a similar second series of five or six spots along
the lateral line, and a single spot on the opercle. Traces of the uppermost
series of these spots are retained in the adult. A number of small, flake-like,
dark brown spots in the region just below the spinous dorsal are present only in
the large specimen; while only the smaller specimens have the numerous large chro-
matophores on the snout and lower two-fifths of the sides. Distal half of the
spinous dorsal and the tips of all of the soft dorsal and caudal rays black; a very
small black bar on the base of each dorsal spine and a similar bar just above the
base on each ray of the soft dorsal; in addition to these fin-markings the large
specimen has a narrow black stripe, broken by the colorless rays through the middle
of the anterior two-thirds of the soft dorsal, and a series of black spots just in front
of the third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines at one-fourth of the distance from their
bases. All scales with a pale silvery iridescence. *
This species resembles P. adspersus in its fin-rays and the spotted condition of
the dorsal, but differs from it especially in the size of the anal spine and arrange-
ment of the spots on the sides.
478 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM . .
It is a Pachypops with a spotted dorsal, and coming as it does from the Esse-
quibo is probably, as suggested by Jordan and Eigenmann (1889), the Corvina
grunniens of Schomburgk. However, the meager description given by Schomburgk
makes positive identification very difficult.
MICROPOGON Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Micropogon CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1830, 213 (lineatus =
furnieri). - * , - * ,
Type, Micropogon lineatus Cuvier and Valenciennes = Umbrina furnieri
Desmarest. - g
Micropogon is a well-marked genus of closely related species with a row ol
minute barbels on each ramus of the lower jaw near the symphysis; the margin of
the preopercle is strongly serrate. Teeth in villiform bands, the outer row of the
upper jaw enlarged. Caudal fin doubly truncate in the adult. Represented in this
collection by the single, widely distributed species,
- 323. Micropogon furnieri (Desmarest). .
Umbrina furnieri DESMAREST, Premiere Decade Ichth., 1823, 22, pl. 2, fig. 3
. (Cuba). - . -
Micropogon furnieri JoRDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1884, 37 (Havana),—
BEAN and DRESEL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1884, 157 (Jamaica).-Jordan,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 44 (Havana).—Jordan and EIGENMANN,
Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1886, 1889,418 (Cuba and Rio Janeiro).-Jordan
and EvKRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, II, 1898, 1462 (Havana).-
BERG, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, IV, 1895, 55 (Montevideo).-LAHILLE,
Rev. Mus. la Plata, WI, 1895, 8 (Puerto Vieja; Puerto La Plata).-Jordan and
EvKRMANN, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1895, 1896, 399 (name only).-vON
IHERING, “Os Peixes da Costa do Mar no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul,”
1896, 12 (Lagoa dos Patos).-DELFIN, Revista Chilena Hist. Nat., 1901, 69.
—EvKRMANN and MARSH, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XX, 1902, 220 (San Juan and
Arecibo). . . . - n
Micropogon lineatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1830, 218,
pl. 119 (Brazil; Porto Rico; Havana).-MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schom-
burgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 621. - # - . 4
Micropogon argenteus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1830, 218
(Surinam). - -
Micropogon undulatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, II, 1860, 271 (in part, not Perca
wndulata L.) (Surinam; Bahia; Guatemala; Cuba; Jamaica).-PoEY, Repert.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 479
Fis.-Nat, Cuba, II, 1868, 325 (Cuba).-GüNTHER, Trans. Zool. Soc. London,
VI, 1868, 387 (Atlantic coast of Central America).—PoEY, “Enumeratio
Piscium Cubensium,” in An. Soc. Esp., IV, 1875, 121 (Cuba).—GüNTHER,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), WI, 1880, 9 (Rio Plata).-PoEY, “Fauna
Puerto Riquena,” in An. Soc. Esp., X, 1881, 325 (Porto Rico).-PERUGIA,
Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), X, 1891, 313. * , -
One specimen, 335 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No. 2480a.)
Twelve specimens, 49–106 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
2471a—d; I. U. Cat. No. 12568a—d.) - . . . .
Head 3.2; depth 3.3; D. X—I,26 to 30; A. II,7 or 8; scales 54 with pores;
eye 6 in the head in the adult, about 4.5 in the young; interorbital 4 in the head.
Compressed; dorsal profile convex, ventral profile nearly straight; snout some-
what bluntish, 3.1 in the head. Posterior nares on the same horizontal as the lower
edge of the iris. Teeth in broad villiform bands, the outer row of the upper jaw
only very little enlarged, even in the large specimen. Gill-rakers about 8 + 12.
Scales of the breast, and at least the sides of the head, cycloid, those of the side
and back and top of the head in the young ctenoid. Finsnaked, except the base of
the caudal. Dorsal high, longest spine 2 in the head; second anal spine moderate,
4.3–5 in the head in the adult, 2.8 in the young. Caudal double truncate in the
adult, elongate in the young. Pectorals long, reaching beyond the ventrals, 1.3 in
the head; ventrals filamentous, 1.5 in the head. * & . . . . . .
Color silvery all oyer, the dark spots above the lateral line forming con-
tinuous streaks along the rows of scales which are nearly as wide as the interspaces;
the short vertical bars crossing the lateral line are clear but very faint in the
large specimens and faint but not so clear in the young. The axil and a small patch
on the lining of the opercle are pale dusky. Small specimens have the distal half
of the dorsals and caudal somewhat dusky, as well as a small dark spot at the base
of each dorsal ray and spine.
LONCHURUs Bloch.
Lonchurus BLOCH, Ichthyologia, 1793, pl. 360 (barbatus = lanceolatus).
Lonchiurus JoFDAN and EveRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, II, 1895,
1481. - } - • ' .
A genus of but one species, without close relatives.
* - 324. Lonchurus lanceolatus Bloch. -
Lonchurus lanceolata Bloch, Nov. Act. Sci. Copenhagen, III, 1788, 383 (India).
Lonchurus lanceolatus GüNTHER, Catalogue, II, 1860, 317 (copied).-JORDAN and
EIGENMANN, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1886, 1889, 434 (copied). -
480 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Lonchurus barbatus BLOCH, Ichthyologia, 1793, pl. 360 (?).-BLOCH and SCHNEIDER,
Syst. Ichth., 1801, 102 (Surinam).-CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.
Poiss., W, 1830, 193 (described from Bloch's type).
Lonchurus depressus BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 102 (Surinam).-
CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1830, 195 (copied).-
GüNTHER, Catalogue, II, 1860, 317 (West Indies). -
Lonchiurus lanceolatus JoFDAN and EvKRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, II,
1895, 1481 (copied from Cuvier and Valenciennes). • * -
Longchurus lanceolatus HARGREAVES, Fishes of Brit. Guiana, Appendix, 1904, 2.
Two specimens, 107–168 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No. 2478;
I. U. Cat. No. 12573.) - ſe g
Head 3.6–3.8; depth 4.5–4.8; D. X or XI-I,37–40; A. II,7 or 8; scales 60–70
with pores, about fifty-five oblique series above the lateral line. Eye small, 8 in
the head; interorbital broad, very slightly convex, 2.5 times the eye, 3.5 in the
head. Body compressed, elongate; head depressed; dorsal profile elevated to
origin of dorsal; snout twice the length of the eye, rounded, with a conspicuous
median pore; mouth moderately large, inferior, nearly horizontal; lower jaw included;
maxillary only partially concealed, extending the length of the eye behind the eye.
Preopercle somewhat cavernous, with entire bony margin; preorbitals cavernous
and turgid; suborbitals cavernous. Chin with two slender barbels a little longer
than the eye. Teeth in narrow villiform bands, a little larger above than below,
lacking at the symphysis of the premaxillaries. Pseudobranchiae obsolete.
Gill-rakers 5 + 13, with two irregular rows of minute spines directed back-
wards. . - -
Scales mostly ctenoid; head, except mental region, well covered with scales;
most of the scales of the breast and below the pectorals, as far back as the middle
of the ventrals, cycloid. First two series below the dorsals, the short dorsal sheath,
and the scales which cover the basal one-third of the soft dorsal, cycloid; the
scales at the base of the anal and caudal and those which cover the basal half of
the caudal are likewise cycloid. Anal naked. Lateral line suddenly decurved,
becoming straight over the anal. * > -
Dorsal and anal spines weak; last dorsal rays longest, 2.5 in the head. Caudal
long and pointed, 3.2 in the length (2.1 in the small specimens). Pectoral very
Qº long, 1.5 times the head without the upper ray, which is very elongate, 1.75 in the
length in the large specimen, 2.25 in the small one. Ventrals rather small, 2 in the
head without the first ray, which is very elongate (being described by Bloch as
reaching the anal), 1.5 in the head in the larger of the present specimens.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 481
Ground-color light brown, only a little darker above; everywhere, except on
the lower part of the head and at the base of the pectoral, thickly peppered with
dark chromatophores. Pectoral intensely black; caudal and spinous dorsal also
black; anal, soft dorsal, and mid-ventral rays very dusky. Two innermost and
the elongate outer rays of the ventral creamy. Lining of the opercle blackish.
Scales above the lateral line outlined with dusky. -
Family XXII. CENTROPOMIDAE.
- CENTROPOMUs Lacépède. -
Centropomus LACAEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1802, 248 (sp.).-CUVIER and
VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 1828, 102 (wndecimalis). .
Orylabraa BLEEKER, Arch. Nečrl. Sci. Nat., XI, 1876, 264 (undecimalis).
Macrocephalus (ex Browne) BLEEKER, Arch. Nečrl. Sci. Nat., XI, 1876, 336 (un-
decimalis). • - -
Type, Sciaena undecimalis Bloch. * -
Elongate fishes, with a pointed snout and projecting lower jaw.
Scales ctenoid, lateral line conspicuous, continued on the middle caudal rays;
caudal forked; head depressed, lower jaw projecting; the second anal spine large.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES OF CENTRoPoiſus.
a. Preorbital smooth or with fine teeth; second anal spine scarcely longer than the third, not reaching beyond
the tip of the first soft ray, not nearly reaching caudal. Maxillary extending beyond the middle of the
- eye. Lateral line black; lower caudal lobe dusky; sides silvery or dusky. About sixty-five pores in the
lateral line... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . undecimalis.
aa. Preorbitals with retrorse spines; second anal spine much longer than the third, extending far beyond the
tip of the first soft ray, reaching the caudal. Maxillary not extending beyond the middle of the eye.
Lateral line not black; sides silvery. About fifty pores in the lateral line................. ensiferus.
325. Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch).
Sciaena undecimalis BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, WI, 1792, 60, pl. 303.
Platycephalus undecimalis BLOCH and ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., I, 1801, 59.
Centropomus undecimalis, part, CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II,
1828, 102, pl. 14 (Rio de Janeiro; Lima; St. Domingo; Martinique) .—GüN-
THER, Catalogue, I, 1859, 79 (Bahia; Pernambuco; Surinam; Demerara;
Santo Domingo; Jamaica). - .
Centropomus undecimalis GUICHENEAU, in la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Poiss., 1853, 9.-
WAILLANT and BocourT, Miss. Sci. au Mex. et dans l’Am. Cent., Poiss., 1874,
17, pl. 2, fig. 1–STEINDACHNER, “Fisch-Fauna Magdalenen-Stromes,” 1878, 5.
—JoRDAN and GILBERT, Synopsis Fishes North America, 1882, 528–EvKR-
482 - MEMOIRs of THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM .
MANN and KENDALL, Bull. U. S. Fish Com. XII, 1894, pl. 37-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 466. .
Centropomus undecim-radiatus, LACóPłDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1802, 268.
Perca loubina LACáPłDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1802, 418.
Sphyraena aureoviridis LACáPièDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., W, 1803, 327, pl. 9, fig. 2. -
Centropomus appendiculatus PoEY, Mem. sobre la Hist. Nat. Cuba, II, 1858, 119;
Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, II, 1868, 280.
Centropomus appendiculatus, part, GüNTHER, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, VI, 1868,
406. * : * - - -
Eleven specimens, 55–345 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No,
2423a—d; I. U. Cat. No. 12553.) : -
326. Centropomus ensiferus Poey.
Centropomus undecimalis, part, GüNTHER, Catalogue, I, 1859, 79.
Centropomus ensiferus PoEY, Mem. sobre la Hist. Nat. Cuba, II, 1858, 122, pl. 12,
fig. 1–GüNTHER, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, VI, 1868, 408–VAILLANT and
Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex. et dans l'Am. Cent, Poiss., 1874, 33.-STEIN-
DACHNER, “Fisch-Fauna Magdalenen-Stromes,” 1878, 21.-Jordan, Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 39.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Pata-
gonia, III, 1910, 466. - - -
Centropomus armatus GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 163.−GüNTHER,
Trans. Zool. Soc. London, VI, 1868, 408–VAILLANT and Bocourt, Miss. Sci.
au Mex. et dans l'Am. Cent., Poiss., 1874, 34, pl. 1 ter, fig. 2. -
Centropomus affinis STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Notizen,” i, 1864, 1, pl. 1,
fig. 1.-VAILLANT and Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex. et dans l’Am. Cent., Poiss.,
1874, 31, pl. 1, fig. 1. -
Centropomus brevis GüNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, 145.-VAILLANT and
Bocourt, Miss. Sci, au Mex. et dans l'Am. Cent, Poiss., 1874, 36.
Centropomus scaber Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat, Zoologie, (5), IX, 1868, 90.
Centropomus robalito Jordan and GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IV, 1882,462.
Eleven specimens, 158–85 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No.
2424a–f; I. U. Cat. No. 12552.) • ' ' s • . -
Family XXIII. CICHLIDAE.
Key to THE GUIANA GENERA of Cichlids.
a First dorsal and anal rays not especially prolonged.
b. Gill-rakers numerous, more than fifty on the lower arch, setiform; mouth moderate; anal spines three,
& alternating.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chaetobranchus.
bb. Gill-rakers not setiform. - g
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 483
c. Preopercle entire. - * • * ' -
d. Gill-rakers minute; scales of the lateral line of the same size as those above or below it.
e. Upper gill-arch without a downward projecting lobe. . - -
f. Mouth large, freely protractile; end of maxillary exposed.......... ... ...Acaropsis. 2/ºwz/7′4-
ff. Mouth small, not greatly protractile; end of maxillary concealed.
g. Lateral line running close to the dorsal; head densely scaled... . . . . . Nannacara.
gg. Lateral line well separated from the dorsal. - . . . . . -
h. Anal spines three; soft fins naked, or with scales at the bases only.
. . . . . . . - 4 1 AEquidens. A $5
hh. Anal spines more than three. e
i ventrals inserted behind the origin of the dorsal...... cichlasoma. 47%
ii. Ventrals inserted in front of the origin of the dorsal......Mesonauta. * * *
ee. Upper gill-arch with a downward projecting lobe.
j. Lateral line well separated from the dorsal for most of its length.
k. Gill-rakers at the base of the lobe; mouth small, not greatly protractile; caudal
& emarginate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . Acarichthys.
kk. Gill-rakers running at the edge of the lobe of the first gill-arch; mouth small;
premaxillary not greatly protractile. ... * -
l. Preorbital little if any wider than the eye; eye a little nearer to gill-opening
- than to snout; lateral line not continued on the caudal...Biotodoma.
ll. Preorbital twice as wide as the eye in the adult. Eye three times as far
from the snout as from the gill-opening; lateral line forked at the caudal
peduncle. Lower lip with a frenum... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geophagus.
jj. Lateral line running within a scale, or a scale and a half, from the dorsal. . tº
- - - . Heterogramma. 2 -
dd. Gill-rakers large, stiff; perciform, mouth large; scales of the lateral line larger than the rest.
Cichla.
cc. Preopercle finely serrate. g
m. Jaws equal; mouth small; scales 26–29, those of the lateral line of the same size as those above
or below it........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crenicara. 57/
mm. Lower jaw projecting; scales of the lateral line larger than those above or below it.
n. None of the teeth depressible; scales 55–70............................Batrachops...a º
nn. Inner teeth depressible; scales 38–130................ … ............Crenicichla, “
aa. First dorsal and anal rays prolonged; body much compressed, deep; gill-rakers moderate... Pterophyllum.
. . . . . . . ' CHAETOBRANCHUs Heckel. ,
Chalobranchus HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 401 (ſlavescens, brunneus).-
: GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 309 (ſlavescens). *—. . .
Type, Chalobranchus flavescens Heckel. e . . . "
This genus is readily distinguished from all other Guiana Cichlids by the
numerous, long, setiform gill-rakers.
327. Chaetobranchus flavescens (Heckel).
Chaetobranchus flavescens HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 402 (Guaporé; Rio
Negro)—MüLLER and TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 625
484 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
(Amucu).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 310 (Rio Negro; Guaporé).--
STEINDACHNER, “Chromiden Amazonenstromes,” 1875, 68 (Cudajas; San-
tarem; Villa Bella; Coary; Teffé; Gurupa; Rio Xingu; Hyutay; Rio Negro;
Guaporé; Hyavary; Lake Hyanuary).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 70 (name only).-PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist.
Nat., VIII, 1902, 182 (Marajo; Santarem; Manaos; Teffé; Toñantins) ; “Cich-
lidés,” 164, in Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 1903, 200 (Santarem; Tonantins;
Manaos).-voN IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VII, 1907, 295.-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 469.
Chaetobranchus brunneus HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 405 (Rio Negro).-
GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 310 (Rio Negro).
Chaetobranchus robustus GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 310 (British Guiana).
Chromys ucayalensis CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 15, pl. 6, fig. 2.
(adult female). g
Geophagus badiipinnis CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, 251, pl. 11, fig.
1, juv. (Ambyiacu). - •
Two specimens, 102–224 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2298a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12464.)
One specimen, 120 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2299.)
One specimen, 238 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2300.)
Two specimens, 212–217 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 2301; I. U.
Cat. No. 12465.)
Six specimens, 102–104 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 2302a-c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12466.) - - - -
Very similar to Acaropsis; distinguished by its gill-rakers. Head 2.66; depth
2.12–2.33; D. XIII, 13 or 14; A. III, 11 or 12; lateral line 16–18 + 10 or 11, scales
25–26 along a median series; eye 3.25–4 in the head, 1–1.5 in the interorbital;
width of preorbital two-thirds to four-fifths of the diameter of the eye.
Compressed and elongate; snout pointed; mouth large, the maxillary exposed
behind, not reaching to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye; maxillary-
premaxillary border 2.5 in the head; lips broad on the sides, the lower without a
frenum; caudal peduncle two-thirds as long as high. Gill-rakers 60–70 in the
lower arch, about eight-tenths as long as the eye. te
Four to six rows of scales on the cheeks; scales of the sides regular, none notably
decreased in size, feebly denticulate; one and one-half scales between the end of
the lateral line and the dorsal; dorsal and anal entirely naked, caudal scaled to
near its tip. -
EIGENMANNY THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 485
Dorsal spines low, becoming higher toward the last, which is a little less than
half the length of the head; caudal rounded, soft dorsal and anal sometimes pro-
longed to the end of the caudal; pectoral as long as or longer than the head, reach-
ing the Soft part of the anal; ventrals sometimes reaching the rayed part of the
anal. ->
A dark streak from the symphysis to the lower border of the preopercle,
another one from the edge of the preorbital parallel with the one below it, both
faint or absent in the young; a black spot on the middle of the sides, sometimes
an obscure stripe from the upper angle of the gill-opening to the end of the soft
dorsal; sometimes each scale of the sides with a light base and dark central spot;
vertical fins with oblique or transverse hyaline bars. º,
ACAROPSIS, Steindachner. */42…a **** /?d
Acaropsis *…*º- 1875, 80. *~2:4Ž5.2 / <C),
Type, Acara massa Heckel. - e -
With the characters of Æquidens, but the mouth large, the premaxillaries
very protractile; end of maxillary exposed, not slipping under the premaxillary.
328. Acaropsis massa (Heckel).
Acara massa HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 353 (Rio Guaporé).—MüLLER
and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 624 (Lake Tapacuma),—
GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 281 (River Cupai).-VAILLANT, Nouv. Arch.
Mus. d’Hist. Nat., (4), II, 1900, 125 (Carsevenne). s :
Acara (Acaropsis) massa STEINDACHNER, “Chromiden Amazonenstromes,” 1875,
81, pl. 2 (Gurupa; Montalegre; Tonantins; Willa Bella; Santarem; Teffé;
Coary; Serpa; Obidos; Curupira; Ueranduba; Tapajos; Rio Negro; Xingu;
Hyutay; Madeira; Guaporé; Lakes Alexo, Maximo, José Assu, Saraca;
Manacapurū).—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, 1902, 182 (San-
tarem; Manaos; Teffé; Tonantins). - -
Acaropsis massa EIGENMANN and BRAY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894, 613.−
PELLEGRIN, “Cichlidés,” 144, in Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 1903, 180
(Orinoco; French Guiana; Manaos; Tonantins).-REGAN, Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., (7), XV, 1905, 345 (Rio Cupai; Demerara; Teffé; Tonantins).-
voN IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VII, 1907, 307–EIGENMANN, Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,470.
Acara cognatus HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 356 (Barra do Rio
Negro). - • *
486 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE, MUSEUM
Acara unicolor HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 357 (Barra do Rio Negro).
Acaropsis rostratus SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1843, 163, pl. 15 (Rio
Negro). -
One specimen, 68 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 2283.)
One specimen, 80 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2297.)
One specimen, 79 mm. Cane Grove Corner. (C. M. Cat. No. 2284.)
One specimen, 72 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2285.)
Six specimens, 39–63 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2286a-c; I. U. Cat.
No. 12459.) *. - -
Thirteen specimens, 46–188 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 2287a-d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12458.) *
Six specimens, 65–94 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2288a–c; I. U. Cat.
No. 12457.) r
Thirty-eight specimens, 60–202 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No.
2289a—h; I. U. Cat. No. 12456a—e.) - w
Head 2.4—2.75; depth 1.9–2.2; D. XII-XIV,9–11; A. III,7–9; scales 22–24
along the middle line, half a scale between the lateral line and the soft dorsal.
Lateral line 14–16 + 6–10; eye 3–3.5 in head, .8–1.2 in interorbital.
Snout pointed; mouth oblique, lower jaw projecting, maxillary reaching to
below the eye; premaxillary-maxillary border 2 in the head; an outer row of conical
teeth, a compact band of villiform teeth within it; preorbital 3 to 4 in the diameter
of the eye. Eleven short gill-rakers on the lower arch.
Two or three rows of scales on the cheek; dorsal and anal entirely naked, no
dorsal sheath. - - -
- Pectorals extending to above the middle of the anal; caudal rounded; dorsal
spines graduated, soft dorsal and anal prolonged to near the end of the caudal;
ventral filament rarely reaching caudal peduncle, one-half to three-fifths as long
as deep. -
Scales of lower part of sides with silvery spots; a dark band down and back
from the eye to the angle of the preopercle, becoming divided with age into two
spots, of which the lower is ocellated; a dark band from the eye to the end of the
soft dorsal, intensified into a spot in the middle, but only the spot evident in
the old; a small spot above the origin of the lateral line, another at the base of
the upper caudal rays; vertical fins with light or dark spots; in the old the soft
dorsal and anal become dark, there being conspicuous hyaline spots on the last
few membranes; caudal rays dusky, the membranes alternately black and hyaline.
Old individuals sometimes irregularly blotched with black. *
4881 . . MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
NANNACARA Regan.
Nannacara REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XV, 1905, 344.
Type, Nannacara anomala Regan.
This genus differs from Æquidens in having the lateral line running close to
the dorsal fin. The species are minute.
329. Nannacara anomala Regan. (Plate LXV, fig. 9.)
Acara punctulata GüNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), XII, 1863, 441, part
(Guiana). - *
Nannacara anomala REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XV, 1905, 344 (Esse-
quibo).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 470.
Two specimens, 30–32 mm. Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No. 2303d; I. U.
Cat. No. 12467.) -
Fifteen specimens, 21–35 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2305a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12468.) * * * - -
Four specimens, 30–37 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 2323; I. U.
Cat. No. 12480.)
Head about 3; depth 2.66; D. XV or XVI,7 or 8; A. III,7 or 8; scales 21–25
in a median series, 15 or 16 + 6 or 7, the upper lateral line frequently interrupted;
eye 3 in the head, .8 in the interorbital.
Elongate, rounded in front; mouth terminal, maxillary extending to below
the eye, which is entirely in the front half of the head; maxillary-premaxillary
border 3.5 in the head; preopercle, subopercle, interopercle, and opercle, as well as
the cheek, with large scales; preorbital about one-third of the eye in width; teeth
in several series, the outer ones enlarged. - g
Scales large, feebly ctenoid, two series on the cheek; upper lateral line separated
from the anterior part of the dorsal by one scale or rarely by one and one-half
scales, by half a scale farther back; dorsal, anal, and all but a small band at the
base of the caudal, naked. * . . . . - gº
A dark stripe down and back from the eye; a dark median band from the eye
to the caudal; sides clouded; tips of dorsal spines light.
330. Nannacara bimaculata sp. nov. (Plate LXVI, fig. 1.)
Type unique, 50 mm. Erukin. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
2304.) . . . . . . . . - g
Similar to N. anomala, but readily distinguishable by its lateral and caudal
Spots. * -
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 487 §
Head 2.75; depth 2.33; D. XVI,7; A. III,7; scales 23 along a median series;
lateral line 15 or 16 + 16 to 18; upper lateral line scarcely interrupted; eye 3.33
in the head, 1 in the interorbital; snout but little shorter than the eye.
Maxillary extending to below anterior margin of the eye; one-fourth of the
eye in the posterior half of the head; about five gill-rakers. Teeth in two or three
series, those of the outer row much the larger. Second scale of the lateral line
separated by five scales from the dorsal, the fifth to the tenth by one and one-half
scales, the last scale of the upper lateral line by half a scale.
A dark band from below the middle of the eye to the angle of the preopercle.
Sides with about six cross-shades, the middle one with a distinct spot below the
lateral line. A small round black spot above the last scale of the lateral line.
ſ
AEQUIDENs.” Eigenmann and Bray.
Acara, part, HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 338.
AEquidens EIGENMANN and BRAY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894, 616.
Type, Acara tetramerus Heckel. - - * * * *
Gills with minute rakers and no lobe; mouth small, not greatly protractile.
Anal with three spines; lateral line well separated from the dorsal; soft fins naked,
or with scales at their bases only; preopercle entire; scales of the lateral line of
the same size as those above and below it. . . . .
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of AEquid ENs.
a. Oval or subrhomboidal, the ventral profile equally arched with the dorsal; lateral line not forked on the
caudal; caudal peduncle shorter than deep; caudal rounded.
b. Dorsal and anal densely scaled at the base; preopercle scaled. Caudal peduncle one-fourth to one-
third as long as deep; an ocellated spot above the posterior part of the lateral line....maronii.
bb. Dorsal and anal naked, except sometimes a scale at the base of the membranes. Preopercle naked.
c. A dark band from the eye to the base of the hinder dorsal rays; a black spot below the middle of
the upper lateral line and another at the base of the upper caudal rays; soft dorsal and anal
in the adult sometimes with a single scale on the membranes; caudal peduncle two-thirds
or three-fourths as long as deep... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vittatus.
cc. A black band from the eye to the spot at the base of the upper caudal rays. * *
d. A dark band from the eye down to the preopercle..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...potaroënsis.
dd. A dark spot below and behind the eye... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tetramerus.
aa. Dorsal profile much more greatly arched than the ventral; lateral line forked on the caudal; caudal peduncle
as long as deep; dorsal and anal naked; caudal emarginate; eye entirely in the posterior half of the head
in the adult; preorbital very deep. A black bar from the nape through the eye to the angle of the pre-
opercle; a dark band from the eighth dorsal spine to in front of the anus..................... geayi.
* The reasons for using Æquidens are given at length in Reports Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 470. w • -
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 489
331. AEquidens maronii Steindachner.
Acara maronii STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” ii, 1881, 41, pl. 2, fig. 4
(Maroni River, Guiana).-PELLEGRIN, “Cichlidés,” 143, in Mém. Soc. Zool.
France, XVI, 1903, 179 (Maroni; Ouanary).-REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., (7), XV, 1905, 344 (Surinam; Demerara). - .
Æquidens maronii EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
472. - --
Five specimens, 53–84 mm. Mud-flats below Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No.
2382a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 12522.) - w
One specimen, 60 mm. Barima River. (C. M. Cat. No. 2384a.)
Twelve specimens, the smallest 91 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 2385a-d;
I. U. Cat. No. 2523.) . . .
Head 3; depth 1.66–1.75; D. XV,10; A. III,9–11; lateral line 15 + 7; scales
22–24; eye 3.25 in the head, .7 in the preorbital, 1.3 in the eye in the larger; eye
in the center of the head, measuring to the upper angle of the gill-opening. .
Short and deep, oval, the dorsal profile not much more arched than the ventral;
the caudal peduncle very short, one-fourth to one-third as long as deep; maxillary
not quite reaching the eye; premaxillary-maxillary border 4 in the head. Lower
lip with a frenum. Cheeks with three series of scales; preopercle with a single
series of scales; three scales between the lateral line and the dorsal; basal parts
of dorsal and anal densely scaled; lateral line not forked on the caudal. '
Dorsal spines subequal from the third, the last one-half or less than one-half
the length of the head; caudal rounded; pectoral about as long as the head.
A black band from in front of the dorsal through the eye and through the
angle of the preopercle; a large ocellated spot between the lateral line and the
posterior dorsal spines. Sides with dark streaks between the rows of scales. Fins
unspotted. ... ' - º * - * .
332. AEquidens vittatus (Heckel).
Acara vittata Heckei, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 346 (Cujabá).—STEINDACHNER,
“Chromiden Amazonenstromes,” 1875, 12, pl. 3, fig. 1 (Cujabá; Paraguay).-
BouleNGER, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Torino, XV, 1900, - (Caranda-
sińho).-VAILLANT, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., (4), II, 1900, 125 (Carnot;
Lunito).-PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, 1902, 182, part (Tonan-
tins); “Cichlidés,” 137, in Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 1903, 173 (Guiana;
Colombia; Tonantins).-REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XV, 1905,
333.—voN IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VII, 1907, 310 (Rio Cabriales,
Valencia, Venezuela). * *
490 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
AEquidens vittata EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
472.
- Four specimens, 58—120 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2386a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12524.) -
Nine specimens, 70–160 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 2387a—e; I. U. Cat.
No. 12525.) -
Fifty-one specimens, 33–88 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 23886-e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12526.)
Ten specimens, 30–78 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 2389a–e; I. U.
Cat. No. 12527.)
Head 2.75–2.8; depth 2.2–2.33; D. XIII or XIV, 10 or 11; A. III, 7 or 8; lateral
line 16 + 10 + $3; scales 24–26; eye 3.4 in the head, 1 in the preorbital, 1.66 in
the interorbital in the largest; eye midway between upper angle of the gill-opening
and the anterior nares in the largest, in the middle of the head in the Smaller
specimen. * -
Elongate; dorsal and ventral profiles nearly equally arched; maxillary not
reaching the eye in the oldest; maxillary-premaxillary border 3 in the head. Lower
lip with a frenum. Five gill-rakers on the lower arch. Cheeks with four series
of scales; preopercle naked; one to one and one-half scales between the lateral line
and the dorsal; basal parts of the dorsal and anal naked, except in the old, when
there may be a scale on each membrane; lateral line usually not forked on the
caudal. * ,
Dorsal spines subequal from the fourth, the last spine half the length of the
head; caudal rounded, the outer rays sometimes projecting; dorsal and anal some-
times prolonged to the end of the caudal. Pectoral about as long as the head.
Sides with about six faint cross-bars; a band from the eye to the base of the
last dorsal ray, intensified into a spot over the Second cross-band; a spot at the
base of the upper caudal ray; a dark streak forward and another downward from
the eye. : .
333. AEquidens potaroënsis sp. nov. (Plate LXVI, fig. 2.)
Type, 140 mm. Amatuk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 2407.)
Cotype, 140 mm. Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No. 23900.)
Cotypes, two specimens, 123–133 mm. Ireng River near Holmia. (C. M.
Cat. No. 2391a; I. U. Cat. No. 12528.)
Cotype, one specimen, 122 mm. Kangaruma. (C. M. Cat. No. 2392a.)
Cotypes, thirty-three specimens, .38-132 mm. Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No.
2393a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12529.)
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 491
Cotypes, sixteen specimens, 80–170 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2394a—d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12530.) *
Cotypes, twenty-five specimens, 34–115 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No.
23950—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12531.) - *
Cotypes, twenty-seven specimens, 20–130 mm. Savannah Landing. (C. M.
Cat. No. 23960—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12532.) .
Cotypes, three specimens, 51–118 mm. Creek between Kangaruma and
Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No. 2397a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 12535.)
Cotype, one specimen, 85 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2398a.)
Cotype, one specimen, 44 mm. Two hours below Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No.
2399a.) - :
Cotypes, five specimens, 25–65 mm. Aruataima. (C. M. Cat. No. 2400a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12533.) -
Cotypes, three specimens, 45–67 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 2408a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12534.)
Cotype, one specimen, 60 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2401a.)
Cotype, one specimen, 28 mm. Waratuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2402a.)
Evidently very closely related to Æ. tetramerus, from which it can easily be
distinguished by the dark band from the eye through the angle of the preopercle.
Head 3; depth 2.28; D. XIV,10; A. III,8; lateral line 16 + 8 to 11 + 5°i;
scales 24 to 26 along a median series; eye 3.66 in the head, 1 in the preorbital, 1.66
in the interorbital, in the largest; eye a little behind the middle in the largest.
Lateral line rarely forked on the caudak; last dorsal spine less than half the
length of the head.
Sides with six cross-bands; a dark band from the eye to the spot at the base of
the upper caudal rays, intensified where it crosses the vertical bands, the spot below
the middle of the lateral line largest; a spot at the base of the upper caudal lobe;
a dark band from the eye to a little in front of the angle of the preopercle; last
parts of dorsal and upper half of caudal with hyaline spots.
334. AEquidens tetramerus (Heckel).
Acara tetramerus HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 341 (Rio Branco).-MüLLER
and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 624 (Lakes Tapacuma,
Capoye, and Amucu).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 277 (Guiana; Rio
Branco).-CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872,255 (Ambyiacu).-STEIN-
DACHNER, “Chromiden Amazonenstromes,” 1875, 5 (Tabatinga; Teffé; Obi-
dos; Villa Bella; Cudajas; Santarem; Gurupa; Pará; Rio Hyutay; Tajapurá;
492 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Rio Negro; Rio Branco; Porto do Moz; Rio Puty; Rio Guaporé, near Matto-
grosso; Lakes José Assu, Hyanuary, Alexo, Saraca, and Maximo); “Fluss-
fische Südamerika's,” iv, 1882, 2 (Rio Huallaga; Rio Amazonas; Iquitos).-
BoulBNGER, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Torino, XV, 1900, − (Caranda-
sińho).-PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, 1902, 182 (Marajo; San-
tarem; Manaos; Teffé; Tabatinga); “Cichlidés,” 135, in Mém. Soc. Zool.
France, XVI, 1903, 171 (British Guiana; Carsevenne, Ucayale; Tabatinga;
Cudajas; Tocantins; Pará; Rio de Janeiro; Bahia).-REGAN, Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., (7), XV, 1905, 332 (Essequibo; Cudajas).-voN IHERING, Rev. Mus.
Paulista, VII, 1907, 309 (Rio Jurua). -
Astronotus tetramerus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV,
1891, 68 (name only).
Astronotus (AEquidens) tetramerus EIGENMANN and BRAY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
VII, 1894, 617. - - . . .
AEquidens tetramerus EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903,
534 (Rio Branco; Matto Grosso; Campo Grande; Estancia la Armonia;
Arroyo Trementina; Arroyo Carumbey; Tolducuc; Salamanca).-EIGEN-
MANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, 144 (Asuncion; Corumbá; Bahia Negra;
Puerto Max; Villa Rica).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Pata-
-gonia, III, 1910, 471. - .
Acara viridis HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 344 (Marabitanos, on the Rio
Negro). - - rº. r - - a -
Acara pallidus HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 347 (Rio Negro).
Acara dimerus HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 351 (Cujabá).
Pomotis bono ScHoMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1843, 171 (all rivers).
Chromys punctata CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 13, pl. 8, fig. 1.
Chromys uniocellata CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 15, pl. 6, fig. 1
(Ucayale, Peru).
Acara uniocellata GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 281 (copied).
One specimen, 198 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2403a.)
Four specimens, 70–103 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2404a–b; I.
U. Cat. No. 12338.) - -
Three specimens, 168–180 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2405a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12536.) * *
Four specimens, 65–78 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2406a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12537.) - • . R -
Head 2.75–3; depth 2–2.33; D. XIII-XV 9–11; A. III,8–10; lateral line 17+
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 493
10; scales 25–27 along a middle line; eye 4 in the head, 1 in the preorbital, 2 in the
interorbital in the largest. Eye a little behind the middle of the head in the largest.
Oval, the dorsal and ventral profiles equally arched; caudal peduncle three-
fourths as long as deep; maxillary not reaching the eye, maxillary-premaxillary
border 3 in the head. Lower lip with a frenum; five or six gill-rakers on the lower
arch. Cheeks with three or four series of scales; preopercle naked; one and one-
half to two and one-half scales between the lateral line and the dorsal; basal parts
of the dorsal and anal naked; lateral line not forked on the caudal. -
Dorsal spines subequal from the fourth, the last spine one-half or less than
one-half the length of the head; caudal rounded; dorsal and anal sometimes pro-
longed; pectoral as long as or longer than the head. - .
A dark spot below and behind the eye; a dark band from the eye to the ocel-
lated spot at the base of the upper caudal rays; sides with about six cross-bands,
the one under the twelfth dorsal spine intensified into a spot below the lateral line;
vertical fins spotted or barred. The general color-markings of the body become
obscure with age, those of the fins more intense. -
te 335. AEquidens geayi (Pellegrin).
Acara geayi PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, 1902, 417; “Cichlidés,”
142, in Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 1903, 178, pl. 4, fig. 3 (River Camopi,
French Guiana).-REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XV, 1905, 339
(Essequibo; Cayenne). - -
AEquidens geayi EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,472.
One specimen, 108 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2373a.) -
One specimen, 63 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2374a.) -
Eight specimens, 72–120 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2375a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12518.) - • -
One specimen, 106 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 23760.)
Two specimens, 51–103 mm. Creek below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No.
2377a; I. U. Cat. No. 12519.) - .
One specimen, 98 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2378a.)
Three specimens, 60–130 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2379a–b; I.
U. Cat. No. 12520.) | - *
One specimen, 75 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2380d.)
One specimen, 97 mm. Packedo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 23810.) .
Eight specimens, 71–113 mm. Maripicru. (C. M. Cat. No. 2382a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12521.)
494 * * * MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Head 3–3.25; depth 2–2.33; D. XV,10 or 11; A.III,8; lateral line 17–19 +
9–12 + #; scales 27; eye 3.5 in the head, 1.5 in the preorbital, k.33 in the inter-
orbital in the larger; 3, .8, .8, respectively in the small; eye in posterior half of the
head, measured to the upper angle of the gill-opening.
Dorsal profile steep, becoming more so with age, ventral profile scarcely arched;
maxillary not reaching to below the eye, maxillary-premaxillary border 3.25 in the
head in the larger. Lower lip with a frenum. Depth of caudal peduncle equal to
its length.
Cheeks with four or five series of scales; preopercle naked; one to one and one-
half scales between the end of the lateral line and the dorsal; seven gill-rakers on
the lower arch; dorsal and caudal naked; lateral line forked on the caudal. Dorsal
spines subequal from the fourth or fifth, the last one-half to three-fifths the length
of the head; dorsal and anal prolonged, sometimes reaching the end of the caudal.
Caudal emarginate, the outer rays sometimes a little prolonged; pectoral as long
as the head or a little shorter. * *
A curved bar from the nape through the eye and through the angle of the pre-
opercle; another bar curved backward from below the middle of the spinous dorsal
towards a point in front of the anus. Ends of soft dorsal and anal and middle of
caudal with hyaline spots. -
CICHLASOMA Swainson.
Cichlasoma Swanson, Class. Fishes, Amph., and Rept., 1839, 230 (bimaculatum).
Acara, part, HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 338. .
Heros HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 362 (restricted by Jordan and Ever-
mann to severum).
Hoplarchus KAUP, Archiv für Naturg., XXVI, 1860, 128 (pentacanthus).
Theraps GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 284 (irregularis). 4
Archocentrus GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 186 (centrarchus).
Astatheros PELLEGRIN, “Cichlidés,” 167, in Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 1903,
203 (heterodontus). - •
Erythrichthus MEEK, Field Mus. Zool. Series, VII, 1907, 121. ſº
Parapetenia REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVI, 1905, 324 (adspersa),
Type, Sciaena bimaculata Linnaeus. - - -
Gills normal, gill-rakers short; lateral line well separated from the dorsals;
preopercle entire; mouth small, premaxillary not greatly protractile; anal with
more than three spines. - r
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 495
336. Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus).
“Acara.” Piso, Hist. Natural Medic., 1658, 67.
“Labrus,” No. 87, GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., 1754, 36 (Surinam).
“Sparus,” No. 227, GRoNow, Zoophyl., 1763, 64, pl. 5, fig. 4.
Sciaena bimaculata LINNAEUs, Mus. Adolphi Fred., I, 1754, 66.
Labrus bimaculatus LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 285; ed. 12, I, 1766, 477
(Mediterranean). - -
Perca bimaculata BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, WI, 1799, 82, pl. 310 (Brazil).
Cichla bimaculata BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 338.
Heros bimaculatus CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, 254 (Ambyiacu).
Acara bimaculata GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 276 (Guiana; Guaporé; Trinidad;
Demerara).-PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 158 (Apuré).
Acara (Heros) bimaculata STEINDACHNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXXI, 1875, 82
- (Pará; Gurupa; Santarem; Obidos; Cudajas; Willa Bella; Tabatinga; Serpa;
Curupira; Rio Hyutay; Porto do Moz; Ceara; Rio Guaporé; Cujabá; Pebas;
2 Bahia; ? Rio de Janeiro). -
Astronotus (Cichlasoma) bimaculatus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 68.—EIGENMANN and BRAY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
VII, 1894, 618 (Brazil). -
Heros (Cichlasoma) bimaculata PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, 1902, 182
(Marajo; Santarem; Manaos; Teffé). - *
Cichlasoma bimaculatum PELLEGRIN, “Cichlidés,” 168, in Mém. Soc. Zool. France,
XVI, 1903, 204 (Brit. Guiana; Surinam; Cayenne; Ouanary; Tonantins).-
REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVI, 1905, 68 (Demerara; Trinidad;
Bahia; Tabatinga).-voN IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VII, 1907, 331.-
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 473. -
Labrus punctatus (part) LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 285 (Surinam).
Labrus punctatus BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, WI, 1799, 20, pl. 295 (Surinam).-BLOCH
and ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 251. º
Acara punctata HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 361 (Surinam).
Chromis taenia BENNETT, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, I, 1830, 112 (Trinidad).-STORER,
Mem. Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences, II, 1846, 520. -
Cychlasoma taenia GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 383 (Trinidad).
Acara margarita HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 338 (Guaporé).-MüLLER
and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 624 (Amucu and swamps).
Acara marginata HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 350 (Cujabá).
Acara gronovii HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 361 (Surinam), based on
“Labrus,” No. 87 of Gronow. - - •,
496 s: - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Centrarchus cyanopterus SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1843, 165
(Essequibo). - -
Eight specimens, 84–148 mm. Pacopoo Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 22900–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12460a—e.) - - - .
One specimen, 145 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2409.)
Eleven specimens, 84–200 mm. Botanic Garden. (C. M. Cat. No. 2291a–c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12461.) s
Five specimens, 80–103 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 2292a-c; I.
U. Cat. No. 12462.) - -
Sixty-five specimens, 22–148 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat. No.
2293a-j; I. U. Cat. No. 12463.) - -
Two specimens, 67–76 mm. Chipoo Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 2354a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12501.) t m
Head 2.8–3; depth 2; D. usually XV,11, rarely XVI,10; A. IV,8 or 9. Scales
24 to 25 in a median series. Eye 4 in the head, 2 in the interorbital (2.5 + 1 in
young), in advance of the middle of the head. -
. . . Oval, heavy forward, the interorbital broad, the snout blunt; mouth small,
maxillary not extending to below origin of eye; premaxillary-maxillary border
about 3.5 in the head; outer teeth large, conical, increasing in size forward; inner
teeth much smaller, in narrow bands; preorbital .6–.8 in the eye; about seven
gill-rakers on the lower arch, all of them small, the anterior minute; caudal peduncle
about two-fifths as long as deep.
... . . Three or four rows of scales on the cheek; scales regular, those of the lateral
line similar to those above and below it; bases of the membranes of the dorsal
and anal with three or four scales, one and one-half scales between end of lateral
line and dorsal. -
Pectorals about reaching to above origin of the anal; dorsal spines increasing
rapidly to the fifth spine, then more gradually to the last, which is nearly half the
length of the head; caudal rounded. Soft dorsal and anal sometimes prolonged
to the end of the caudal; first ventral ray prolonged into a filament reaching beyond
origin of anal. -
Becoming dark with age; a large spot on the base of the upper caudal rays,
vermiculations below it; a black spot near the middle, a dark line extending for-
ward from it to the gill-opening or to the eye; about eight obscure cross-bands;
each scale of the lower part of the sides of the anterior half of the body with a
silvery spot, those of the posterior half with a dark spot; a dark spot below posterior
part of eye, End of soft dorsal, caudal, and end of anal with hyaline spots or bands.
Sometimes irregularly blotched with black. -
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 497
337. Cichlasoma severum (Heckel).
Heros severus HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 362 (Rio Negro, near Mara-
bitanos). - - &
Astronotus (Cichlasoma) severus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, 68.—EIGENMANN and BRAY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII,
1894, 619 (Brazil). -
Cichlasoma severum REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVI, 1905, 322 (Rio
Cupai; Guiana; Teffé).—voN IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VII, 1907, 330–
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 475.
Heros coryphaeus HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 364 (Rio Guaporé).
Heros modestus HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 366 (Rio Guaporé).
Heros spurius HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840,368 (Rio Guaporé).-GüNTHER,
Catalogue, IV, 1862, 293 (Guiana; Brazil). • * * *
Acara (Heros) spuria STEINDACHNER, “Süsswasserfische d. Südóstlichen Brasilien,”
i, in SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1874, 507, pl. 4; ii, LXXI, 1875,83; “Chro-
miden Amazonenstromes,” 1875, 23 (Tabatinga; Tonantins; Coary; Teffé;
Obidos; Cudajas; Santarem; Gurupa; Xingu, near Porto do Moz; Rio
Tapajos; Madeira; Guaporé; Rio Negro; Rio Iga or Putumayo; Rio Hyutay;
Ambyiacu; Lakes Alexo, Hyanuary, José Assu, Saraca (near Silva), and
Maximo). 2 - . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heros spurius PELLEGRIN, “Cichlidès,” 200, in Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 1903,
236 (Ucayale; Teffé; Manaos; Tonantins; Tabatinga). . . . . . . . .
Heros fasciatus HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 372 (Rio Negro).-GüNTHER, .
Catalogue, IV, 1862, 294. . - - - - * *
Centrarchus notatus SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1842, 160.
Chromys appendiculata CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 15, pl. 7, fig. 3.
Chromys fasciata CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 17, pl. 9, fig. 2 (juv.).
Uaru centrarchoides CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, 253, pl. 11, fig. 2
(juv.) (Ambyiacu). * . . . . . .
One specimen, 62 mm. Lower Potaro. (I. U. Cat. No. 12463.) . . . .
One specimen, 108 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 2294.) . . . .
Head 3; depth 1.7–1.8; ‘D. XVI, 13 or 14; A. VII,14; scales 30 in a median
series, 19 + 12 + 4*; eye 3.3 in the head, 1 in the preorbital, 1.4 in the inter-
orbital; 3, .6, and 1 respectively, in the smaller specimens. . . . . . . .
Compressed, pumpkin-seed shaped; caudal peduncle not half as long as deep;
mouth small, maxillary not nearly reaching eye; premaxillary-maxillary border 4
in the head; outer series of teeth conical, increasing in size forward, few smaller
inner teeth; lower lip without a frenum; about nine rakers on the lower arch.
gº.
498 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
About five rows of scales on the cheek; scales above the lateral line much
Smaller than those below it, about seven scales between the end of the lateral line
and the dorsal; bases of soft dorsal and anal scaled.
Pectoral about as long as the head, reaching to above the anterior anal spines,
ventral filaments reaching beyond origin of anal. -
A series of seven bands on the sides, the one from end of dorsal to end of anal
(the sixth) heaviest and continued on bases of dorsal and anal. A dark band down
from the eye; soft dorsal, end of anal, and caudal in the larger specimens spotted
with black. s
MESONAUTA Günther.
Mesonauta GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 300.
Type, Heros insignis Heckel = Heros festivus Heckel. • ,
Compressed, increasing in width to the posterior half of the dorsal; scales of
the lateral line of the same size as those above or below it; lower lip with a frenum;
origin of dorsal behind that of the ventral. -
- 338. Mesonauta festivus (Heckel).
Heros festivus HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 376 (Guaporé).
Acara (Heros) festiva STEINDACHNER, “Chromiden Amazonenstromes,” in SB.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXXXI, 1875, 93 (Tabatinga; Tonantins; Teffé; Obidos;
Villa Bella; Serpa; Gurupa; Tajapurū; Jatuarana; Maues; Guaporé;
Tapajoz; Iga; Hyutay; Xingu at Porto do Moz; Araguay; Lakes Hyanuary,
Alexo, Manacapurá, Saraca, José Assu; Lago Maximo). .
Mesonauta festivus EIGENMANN and BRAY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894, 619.-
EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 535 (Arroyo
Trementina).-EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, 145 (Cor-
umbá). -> -
Cichlasoma festivum. REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVI, 1905, 69 (Dem-
erara; Rio Negro; Descalvados; Carandasińho; Tocantins).-vON IHERING,
Rev. Mus. Paulista, VII, 1907, 332,-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ.
Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,473. - .
Heros insignis HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 379 (Marabitanos, on the Rio
Negro). - .
Mesonauta insignis GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 300 (Tropical America).-
Boulenger, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Torino, XV, 1900,-(Caran-
dasińho)—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, 1902, 182 (Manaos;
Teffé; Tonantins; Tabatinga). &n m , *
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 499
Cichlasoma insigne PELLEGRIN, “Cichlidés,” 185, in Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI,
1903, 221 (Orinoco; Teffé; Manaos). . . . . . . . .
Chromys acara CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 17, pl. 9, fig. 1.
One specimen, 52 mm. Cane Grove Corner. (C. M. Cat. No. 2358a.)
Twelve specimens, 55–135 mm. Botanic Garden. (C. M. Cat. No. 2359a–f;
I. U. Cat. No. 12505.)
Twenty-four specimens, 39–68 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 2360a-c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12506.) - - - - -
Thirty-seven specimens, 27–147 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No.
2361a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12507.) - - -
Three specimens, 30–35 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2489a–c.)
Twelve specimens, 14–137 mm. Christianburg Canal. (C. M. Cat. No.
2362a-f; I. U. Cat. No. 12508.) -
Three specimens, 31–50 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2363a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12509.) - * .
Ten specimens, 26–83 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 2364a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12510.) - & - -
One specimen, 62 mm. Packedo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2365a.) .
- Seven specimens, 19–82 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2369a–d; I. U.
Cat. No. 12511.) * *
One specimen, 65 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2368a.) *
Six specimens, 50–95 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 2366a–c; I. U. Cat.
No. 12512.) . . . . - -
Eight specimens, 47-102 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2367a-d; I. U.
Cat. No. 12513.) q - .
Head 2.6–3; depth 2–2.75; D. XIV-XVI,10–12; A. VIII or IX,10 or 12;
lateral line 17 + 10 or 11 #; scales 27–29 along the middle line. Eye 3 in the
head, .8 in the preorbital, 1.7 in the interorbital in the largest.
Increasing in depth to the anal; deep behind, the length of the caudal peduncle
about 3 in its depth; pointed in front, the head abruptly contracted in front of the
breast; head broad above; snout rounded, anterior part of head bluntly conical;
mouth terminal, maxillary reaching about half-way to the eye; maxillary-pre-
maxillary border 3.75 in the head; five or six gill-rakers on the lower arch; lower
lip with a frenum. • * -
Cheeks with three or four series of scales; end of lateral line about four scales
removed from the dorsal; bases of soft dorsal, anal, and caudal scaled.
Pectorals much shorter than the head; ventrals with long streamers, sometimes
500 . . . MEMOIRs of THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
reaching the end of the caudal; caudal broad, rounded; dorsal and anal lobes
extending beyond the caudal. : - -
A conspicuous band from the snout to the end of the first dorsal rays; a
prominent ocellus at the base of the upper caudal rays; vertical fins spotted; traces
of cross-bands, which are prominent in the very young. -
ACARICHTHYS gen. nov.
Type, Acara heckelii Müller and Troschel. '•
Allied to Retroculus, but the dorsal lobe of the first gill-arch very feebly de-
veloped, the rakers about two, along its base. Mouth small, the premaxillary not
greatly protractile. Caudal emarginate, scaled at its base only; eye in posterior
half of the head. . -
This genus bridges the gap between Æquidens on the one side and Geophagus
on the other. It approaches AEquidens geayi very closely in shape. t
339. Acarichthys heckeli (Müller and Troschel).
Acara heckelii MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 624
- (swamps and savannas).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 279.
Geophagus thayeri STEINDACHNER, “Chromiden Amazonenstromes,” in SB. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, LXXXI, 1875,48, pl. 3, fig. 2 (Teffé; Villa Bella; Obidos; Cuda-
jas; Tonantins; Jatuarana; Ueranduba; Serpa; Rio Tapajos; Rio Trombetas;
Rio Negro; Xingu; Lakes Hyanuary, José Assu, Saraca, Alexo, and Maximo).
—PELLEGRIN, “Cichlidés,” in Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 1903, 189 (Obidos;
Manaos; Tonantins). . . . -
Geophagus (Mesops) thayeri PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, 1902, 182
(Santarem; Manaos; Teffé; Tonantins; Tabatinga). -
Acara subocularis CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 696 (Peruvian
Amazon). a.
Although the description of heckelii is very brief it is quite evident that it is
Geophagus-like; the lateral spot should make it either surinamensis or thayeri,
while the fin formula given by Müller and Troschel leaves no doubt that they had
the present species. * *
Three specimens, 95–155 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2370a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12514.) -
* Two specimens, 95–100 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M. Cat. No. 2371a; .
I. U. Cat. No. 12515.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Four specimens, 75–115 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2373a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12516.) w
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 501
Head 3+ ; depth 2.25–3; D. XII-XIV, 11 or 12; A. III,7 or 8; lateral line
18–19 + 13–16; scales 29–30 in a median series; eye 3.5 in the head, 1.3 in the
preorbital, 1 in the interorbital in the largest; eye in posterior half of the head in
the young. . . . .
Dorsal profile steep, the back arched; ventral profile but slightly arched;
maxillary-premaxillary border 3.5 in the head; maxillary reaching a little beyond
the posterior nares, which are half-way between the tip of the snout and the eye.
Lower lip with a frenum; depth of caudal peduncle 1.25 in its length. Gill-rakers
11, the upper two at the base of the lobe.
Cheeks with about six series of scales; preopercle naked; one scale between
the lateral line and the dorsal. Base of caudal scaled, fins otherwise naked.
Dorsal spines subequal from the third, the last a little more than half the length
of the head; dorsal sometimes prolonged beyond the caudal; caudal emarginate,
its outer rays prolonged; pectoral longer than the head. . . . . . .
A narrow dark bar from the nape through the eye to the angle of the preopercle;
a black spot near the middle of the sides; a black spot on the anterior dorsal spines;
dorsal, caudal, and anal with hyaline spots. . . . . . •
* BIOTODOMA Eigenmann and Kennedy. - -
Mesops GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 311 (cupido), preoccupied. . .
Biotodoma EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 533.
- * -
Type, Geophagus cupido Heckel. . . . . . . . :
Upper gill-arch with a downward. projecting lobe, carrying the gill-rakers at
its margin; upper lateral line well separated from the dorsal; lateral line not forked
on the caudal; preorbital about equal to the eye in the adult. |
* , 340. Biotodoma cupido (Heckel).
Geophagus cupido HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 399 (Rio Negro; Rio
Guaporé).-CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878,697 (Peruvian Amazon).
—PELLEGRIN, “Cichlidés,” 153, in Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 1903, 189
(Obidos; Manaos; Tonantins).-REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVII,
1906, 54 (Essequibo; Tonantins).-voN IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VII,
1907, 317. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mesops cupido GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 311 (Rio Negro; Guaporé).
Geophagus (Mesops) cupido STEINDACHNER, “Chromiden Amazonenstromes,” 1875,
47 (Amazon, near Teffé; Coary; Cudajas; Lake Hyanuary ; Rio Negro; Gua-
poré, Iga; Hyutay; Sambaia; Jatuarana),—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN,
Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus., XIV, 1891, 70 (name only).-PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus.
502 1 tº MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
d'Hist. Nat., VII, 1902, 182 (Marajo; Santarem; Manaos; Teffé; Tonantins;
Tabatinga).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
479. * - -
Acara subocularis CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, 696 (Peruvian Ama-
zon).
Thirteen specimens, 42–72 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2346a-c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12497.) - ; - *
Six specimens, 64–130 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2347a-c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12498.) - - -
One specimen, 87 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 2348a.)
One specimen, 61 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2349a.)
One specimen, 105 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2350a.)
Thirteen specimens, 55–100 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2351a-c;
I. U. Cat. No. 12499.) . g - f
Seven specimens, 55–103 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2352a-d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12500.) - .. - - - -
Head 3.33; depth 2.2–24; D. XV,10 or 11; A. III,8 or 9, rarely 10; lateral
line 17–19 + 15 or 16; scales 29–31 along a median series; eye 2.66–3 in the head, 1
in the interorbital; preorbital less than the diameter of the eye, except in the old.
Deep forward, profile rapidly descending to the tip of the snout, less rapidly
to the caudal peduncle, which is 1.4 times as long as deep; mouth small, maxillary
not extending to below the eye; maxillary-premaxillary border 4 in the head.
Seven small rakers on the lower gill-arch; distance of eye from the gill-opening less
than 2 in its distance from the snout. - - -
Scales of breast very small, two and one-half scales between the end of the
lateral line and the dorsal; dorsal and anal naked; caudal lobes scaled for more
than half their length, but without lateral line organs. - . .
Dorsal spines subequal from the sixth, the last equal to half the length of the
head; caudal emarginate, especially in the young; pectoral longer than the head,
extending to above the anal spines; ventral filaments extending beyond the origin
of the anal. - « -
An ocellated black spot on the lateral line below the end of the spinous dorsal;
a curved black stripe from the nape through the eye beyond the angle of the pre-
opercle, most intense below the eye; sides with broad, obscure cross-bars; fins plain.
. . . GEOPHAGUs Heckel.
Geophagus HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 383 (altifrons).
Type, Geophagus altifrons Heckel = Sparus surinamensis Bloch.
FIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 503
Upper gill-arch with a downward projecting lobe, carrying the gill-rakers at
its margin; upper lateral line well separated from the dorsal. Lateral line forked
at the caudal; preorbital in adult about twice as wide as the eye. -
t KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES OF GEoPHAGUs. -
a. Dorsal and anal scaled at the base in the adult. Caudal densely scaled to near its tip; a large black spot
on the middle of the sides.................................................... surinamensis.
aa. Dorsal and anal naked in the adult; usually a small black spot at the base of the upper caudal rays.
- * + tº wº
341. Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch). (Plate LXVI, fig. 3.)
Sparus surinamensis BLOCH, Ausl. Fische, 1791, pl. 277, fig. 2 (Surinam).
Geophagus surinamensis MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III,
1848, 625 (Lakes Tapacuma, Capoye, and Amucu; swamps of the Savannas).
—GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 315 (River Capin; Guiana),—STEINDACH- .
NER, “Chromiden Amazonenstromes,” in SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXXXI,
1875, 63 (Pará; Gurupa; Willa Bella; Obidos; Tabatinga; Montalegre;
Teffé; Coary; Fonteboa; Santarem; Tonantins; Alexo; José Assu; Hyan-
uary; Maximo; Rio Negro; Iga; Xingu; Trombetas; Madeira; Guaporé;
Tocantins, near Cameta; Hyutay; Tapajos).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 71 (name).-PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist.
Nat., VIII, 1902, 182 (Marajo; Pará; Santarem; Manaos; Tonantins;
Tabatinga); “Cichlidés,” in Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 1903, 198 (Surinam;
Brit. Guiana; Cayenne; Cameta; Manaos; Marajo; Tonantins; Ucayale).
—REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVII, 1906, 55 (Surinam; Guiana;
Rio Capin; Obidos; Cameta; Manaos; Teffé).-voN IHERING, Rev. Mus.
Paulista, VII, 1907, 317 (Teffé), EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp.
Patagonia, III, 1910, 478. . - ſº -
Three specimens, 47, 172, and 180 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2324a–
b; I. U. Cat. No. 12491.) - . . .
Two specimens, 170–180 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No.2325a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12492.) -
Five specimens, 52–94 mm. Mud-flats below Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No.
2326a–b.) - - . .
Five specimens, 70–112 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2327a-c; I. U. Cat.
No. 12493.) - : .
Two specimens, 34–37 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2328a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12494.) - -
Five specimens, 110–120 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 2329a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12495.) - *
504 • MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Six specimens, 210–245 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M. Cat. No. 2330a–
b; I. U. Cat. No. 12496.)
Two specimens, 27–33 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2459; I.U. Cat.
No. 12564.) . - -
Head 3–34; depth 2.25–2.5; D. XVII (rarely XVIII), 11 or 12; A. III,7 or 8;
lateral line 22 or 23 + 17 or 18 + ##; about thirty-five scales in a median line;
eye 2.25 in the snout, 4 in the head, 1.3 in the interorbital in the old, 1.75, 3, 1+,
respectively, in a specimen 112 mm. long. -
Rather elevated forward, the profile steep, the depth of the caudal peduncle
1.5 in its length; maxillary not reaching to the eye; maxillary-premaxillary border
3.3 in the head; distance of eye from the gill-opening 3 in its distance from the
snout. Gill-rakers about 10. . * - - - tº l - -
Scales of the breast very small; base of the dorsal and anal scaled in the old,
the anal naked in a specimen 180 mm. long, both dorsal and anal naked in the
smaller young; caudal scaled to near its tip; one or two scales between the lateral
line and the dorsal; caudal leathery in the old. Dorsal spines subequal from the
fifth or sixth, or graduated to the last, which may be more than half the head in
height. Caudal emarginate; ventral filament sometimes reaching to the end of
the base of anal. - - -
A large spot below the lateral line near the middle of the length; throat bluish
black. Living specimens from Rockstone had the breast pink, lower fins dark red
with light blue stripes; sides with blue lines and deep orange spots, becoming yellow
below; caudal and dorsal dark red. •, .
* One of the specimens taken on the sand-bank at Rockstone carried young in its
mouth. - * -
342. Geophagus jurupari Heckel. (Plate LXVII, figs. 1–3.)
Geophagus jurupari HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 392 (Barra do Rio
Negro).-CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, 251 (Ambyiacu).-STEIN-
DACHNER, “Chromiden Amazonenstromes,” in SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXXXI,
1875, 60 (Tabatinga; Tonantins; Fonteboa; Serpa; Teffé; Gurupa; Pará;
Rio Trombetas; Rio Negro, at Manaos; Rio Xingu, at Porto do Moz; Rio
Hyutay; Hyavary; Ambyiacu); “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv, 1882, 2–
PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus, d'Hist. Nat., W, 1899, 405 (Manaos); VIII, 1902, 182
(Marajo; Santarem; Manaos; Teffé; Tonantins; Tabatinga); “Cichlidés,”
in Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 1903, 189 (Teffé; Manaos).-REGAN, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVII, 1906, 56 (Guiana; Lago do Maximo; Coary;
Teffé).—voN IHERING, Rev. Mus, Paulista, VII, 1907, 319.-EIGENMANN
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 479. . . . . . .
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 505
Satanoperca jurupari GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 313 (copied).
Geophagus (Satanoperca) jurupari STEINDACHNER, “Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv,
2 (Huallaga; Iquitos).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIV, 1891, 71 (name only).
Geophagus pappaterra MüLLER and TROSCHEL (not of Heckel), in Schomburgk,
Reisen, III, 1848, 625 (Amucu). * *
Geophagus leucostictus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
625 (Lake Amucu; swamps of the Savannas). - * -
Satanoperca leucosticta GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 314 (copied).
Satanoperca macrolepis GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 314 (Demerara; British
Guiana). - - -
I have examined the type of G. leucostictus and the specimen of G. pappaterra
mentioned by Müller and Troschel, also: - -
Eight specimens, 78–200 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2331a-d; I. U.
Cat. No. 12481.) &
One specimen, 140 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 2332)
One specimen, 180 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2333.)
One specimen, 102 mm. Botanic Garden. (C. M. Cat. No. 2334.)
One specimen, 111 mm. Packedo Fall. (C. M. Cat. No. 2335.)
Eighteen specimens, 38–240 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 2336a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12482.) g
Fifteen specimens, 40–202 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2337a-e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12483.) -
Forty-four specimens, 46–185 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2338a–e; I. U.
Cat. No. 12484.) -
Four specimens, 60–117 mm. Mud-flats below Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No.
23390—b; I. U. Cat. No. 12485.) ~. -
Four specimens, 97–201 mm. Malali. (C. M. Cat. No. 2340a–b; I. U. Cat.
No. 12486.) - -
Three specimens, 60–85 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2341a–b ; I. U.
Cat. No. 12487.) 4
One specimen, 90 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 2342a.)
Two specimens, 45–50 mm. Cane Grove Corner. (C. M. Cat. No. 2343a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12488.) - -
- Six specimens, 55–84 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2344a–c; I. U. Cat.
No. 12489.) - - &
Seven specimens, 18–65 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2345a-d; I. U.
Cat. No. 12490.) -
l
Q
506 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Head 2.66–2.75; depth 2.25–2.6; D. XV,10 or 11; A. III,7; lateral line 17+
13 + # to 19 + 14 + #4; scales 29–31 in a series along the middle of the sides;
eye 2.5 in the snout, 4.3 in the head, 1.4 in the interorbital in the largest; 2.3, 4, .8
respectively in a specimen 165 mm. long; eye 1.75 in the preorbital in the largest
specimen, 1.4 in the smaller. - * -
Elongate, not especially deep in front, the caudal peduncle about as deep as
long; distance from eye to gill-opening 3 in its distance from the snout in the 165
mm. specimen; about fourteen to sixteen gill-rakers on the lower arch; mouth
horizontal, low, maxillary not reaching to below the eye, maxillary-premaxillary
border not quite 3 in the length of the head; lower lip with a frenum.
Scales of the breast small, but much larger than in cupido; one to two scales
between the end of the lateral line and the dorsal; dorsal and anal entirely naked;
caudal lobes scaled for about half their length. -
Dorsal spines subequal from the fourth or fifth, the last equal to half the length
of the head; dorsal and anal filaments frequently extending beyond the caudal,
the ventral filaments sometimes beyond the base of the anal; caudal truncate or
very feebly lunate; pectorals a little shorter than the head.
- Five obscure cross-shades in the young; two dark, parallel streaks from the eye
to the upper lip; a small, round, black spot at the base of the upper caudal ray;
sides of head with blue spots, which increase in size with age; scales of the sides
of the young with a bright blue dot, becoming diffuse with age; soft dorsal, caudal,
and latter part of anal with hyaline spots; dorsal sometimes with a black
border and a submarginal hyaline band. - t s
One of the specimens taken at Lama Stop-Off was carrying young in her mouth.
- - • p HETEROGRAMMA Regan.
Heterogramma REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVII, 1906, 60.
Type, Mesops taeniatus Günther. - -
First branchial arch with a lobe on the upper portion, with feeble rakers at
the margin of the lobe; upper lateral line running close to the dorsal.
D. XV-XVI,5–7. - - .
343. Heterogramma ortmanni sp. nov. (Plate LXVIII, fig. 1.) -
Type, 64 mm. Erukin. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 2306.)
Cotype, one specimen, 30 mm. Packedo Fall. (C. M. Cat. No. 2308.)
Cotype, one specimen, 76 mm. Kangaruma. (C. M. Cat. No. 2309.) *
Cotypes, three specimens, 31–62 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No.
2310a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 12469.) . . . -
O
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHEs of BRITISH GUIANA 507
Cotypes, eleven specimens, 22–37 mm. Konawaruk: (C. M. Cat. No.
2311a-f; I. U. Cat. No. 12470.) . .
Cotype, one specimen, 32 mm. Savannah Landing. (G. M. Cat, No. 2353.)
Cotypes, forty-five specimens, 22–66 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 2307a-z;
I. U. Cat. No. 12471.) - . . .
One specimen, 31 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2458.) :
Head 2.66–3; depth 2.8–3.25; D. XV (rarely XVII), 7; A. III,6, rarely 7; scales
22–24 in a median series, lateral line 12–14 + 6 or 7 ; eye 1.2 in the snout, 3.33 in
the head, 8 in the interorbital in the largest; 1, 3.25, .75 in the smallest. * *
Elongate; snout pointed, mouth terminal; dorsal and ventral profile of the
head equally diverging from the median axis; maxillary not reaching to below
the eye; maxillary-premaxillary border equal to the snout, 3 in the head; teeth
in narrow bands, those of the outer series but little larger than the rest; width
of preorbital four-tenths of the diameter of the eye. Four rakers on the lobe of
the gills, about seven on the lower arch; caudal peduncle little deeper than long.
. Scales of the head inconspicuous, about three series on the cheek, none on
the preopercle and interopercle; scales of the lateral line of the same size as those
above and below it; the fifth scale of the lateral line one and one-half scales from the
dorsal, the seventh one scale, the last half a scale from the dorsal. Dorsal and
anal entirely naked, a few scales at the base of the caudal. :
Pectoral shorter than the head; last dorsal spine a little more than half, and
middle spines about half, the length of the head; caudal rounded; dorsal and anal
prolonged into filaments, the former reaching past middle of caudal; ventral
filaments reaching soft part of anal. . .
Sides with about six cross-bands; a dark band from snout to middle of caudal,
two to four narrow lines parallel with it on the lower part of the sides; one or two
of the lines below the lower margin of the pectoral; a dark band from below the
eyes. down and back to the union of subopercle and interopercle; a black spot
across base of caudal; another back from eye across the nape; first two dorsal
spines bluish black; remainder of the spinous dorsal uniform dusky; last dorsal
and anal rays cross-barred; caudal in adult with seven dark cross-bands, disap-
pearing toward the margin, the bands less numerous in smaller specimens; a black
spot above the base of the upper pectoral ray; ventral spine and a spot at its base
bluish black. • , . - . . .
. This species differs from H. corumbae, which it approaches in color, in the
much more pointed snout and the position of the dark lines below the dark lateral
band; in corumbae these are all above the lower margin of the pectoral. . .
4 * - %
508 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
344. Heterogramma steindachneri Regan. (Plate LXVIII, fig. 2.)
Heterogramma steindachneri REGAN, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), I, 1908, 371
(Georgetown) –EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
1910, 478. - . - -
One specimen, 65 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 2312.) -
Two specimens, 51 mm. Chipoo Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 2313; I. U. Cat.
No. 12472.) - * -
Two specimens, 55–70 mm. Mud-flats, Demerara River. (C. M. Cat.
ga
No. 2814; I U. Cat No. 12473) -
Four specimens, 35–52 mm. Below Packedo Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2315a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12474.) - -
- Twenty-five specimens, 25–50 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2316a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12475.) . - *
Fourteen specimens, 24–40 mm. Rockstone. (Cſ M. Cat. No. 2317a-h;
I. U. Cat. No. 12476.) - tº ,
Two specimens, 45–65 mm. Christianburg. (C. M. Cat. No. 2318; I. U.
Cat. No. 12477.) . - - -
Eleven specimens, 35–50 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 2319; I.
U. Cat. No. 12478.) * gº -
One specimen, 28 mm. Cane Grove Corner. (C. M. Cat. No. 2320.)
*. Forty-one specimens, 22-57 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2
2321a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12479.) -
One specimen, 28 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 2457.)
One specimen, 30 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2322)
I am not absolutely certain about the identification of this species. It is widely
distributed, reaching from tidal influence to the headwaters of the Rupununi
and the Ireng River of the Amazon basin. It frequently differs from the typical
steindachneri of Regan and from all other species of the genus in having the middle
caudal rays truncate, and the outer rays prolonged. g - -
Head 2.8–3; depth 2.4—2.6; D. XV,7 or 8; A. III,6; lateral line 13 or 14 + 5
or 6; scales 21–23 in a median line; eye 1 in the snout, 3.5 in the head, 1 in the
~ interorbital. . . -
- Rather deep, the dorsal profile steeper than the ventral, the mouth terminal.
Maxillary reaching to below the anterior margin of the eye, maxillary-premaxillary
line about 3 in the length of the head; width of preorbital little more than one-
third of the diameter of the eye. . ... "
One-half to one and one-half scales above the lateral line for most of its
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 509
length. Last dorsal spine equal to half the length of the head or a little longer.
Caudal rounded, or truncate in the middle, the outer rays prolonged.
A large spot at the base of the caudal, another smaller one on the middle of
the sides; a black band from the eye to the upper lip, another to the edge of the
preopercular-subopercular suture, a third from the eye backward across the nape,
and a fourth from the eye to the caudal peduncle; sides with cross-bands; first
two or three dorsal membranes dusky, last dorsal and anal and middle caudal
rays cross-barred. -
- • * CICHLA Bloeh and Schneider. -
• . • “Luckanani,” “Lucanari” and “ Suh-fish.”
Cichla Bloch and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 340.
Type, Cichla ocellaris BLOCH and ScHNEIDER. - -
Perciform; lateral line continuous in the young, usually interrupted in the
adult, forked at the base of the caudal. Soft dorsal, caudal, and anal scaled; gill-
arch normal, the rakers long and heavy; spinous and soft dorsal of nearly equal
extent, separated by a notch; anal spines three; each jaw with a band of broad
villiform teeth. - -
It seems quite certain that there are three species of this genus in South
America. Steindachner (“Flussfische Südamerika's,” iv, pl. 1) figures ocellaris and
temensis a little over 100 mm. long. Both of these species are certainly different
from my specimens 116–137 mm. long, which are near enough Steindachner's
specimens in size to form a conclusive judgment. My specimens between 116–137
mm. are certainly identical with the school of young I obtained one night at the
Rockstone Stelling; my next larger ones differ distinctly in color, and approach
the ocellaris of Bloch and Schneider. -
It seems to me that the flavo-maculata, trifasciata, nigro-maculata, and argus
of Schomburgk are based on series of different-sized individuals in the order named
—the first being about 150 mm. long. I am in doubt about the identification of
Müller and Troschel's Acharnes speciosus. It is about 125 mm. long, and is cer-
tainly different in color from my specimens of that size. It resembles very closely
Steindachner's figure of ocellaris mentioned above.
I must leave in abeyance the question whether or not there are two species,-*.
of Cichla in British Guiana and also the name by which they ought to be called. • -
845. cichla ocellaris Bloch and Schneider. (Plate LXIX, figs. 1-4)
? Cichla ocellaris Bloch and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 340, pl. 66–Mt.LLER
and Taoschel, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,625 (all rivers)—Günthºn,
- * - &
510 . - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Catalogue, IV, 1862, 304 (Demerara),—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat.,
VIII, 1902, 182 (Pará; Manaos; Teffé; Tonantins); “Cichlidés,” in Mém.
Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 1903, 148 (Orinoco; Brit. Guiana; Cayenne; Maroni;
Rio Yapura; Amazonas).-voN IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VII, 1907, 292.
—EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 469.
Cychla flavo-maculata SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1843, 145, pl. 6 (Rio
Negro and Padauiri). . - g
Cychla nigro-maculata-SchoMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1843, 151, pl. 9 (Rio
Negro, Padauiri). - -
Acharnes speciosus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 622;
Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 27, pl. 5, fig. 3 (mouth of Essequibo).-GüNTHER, s
Catalogue, III, 1861, 369. * *
For a full list of references to the nominal species of ocellaris see Pellegrin.
The best food fish in Guiana.
One specimen, about 600 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2276.)
One specimen (a head). Rockstone. (I. U. Cat. No. 12449.) -
One specimen, 249 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2275.) * = ' ... "
Two specimens, 225–237 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2277; I. U.
Cat. No. 22430.)
Two specimens, 170–192 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 2278; I. U.
Cat. No. 22461.) e
Two specimens, 121–137 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2279; I. U.
Cat. No.22462.)
Seven specimens, 215–300 mm. Lama stop-off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2280a-b ;
I. U. Cat. No. 22.453.)
One hundred eighty-two specimens, 40–55 mm. Rockstone Stelling. (C. M.
Cat. No. 2281a–2; I, U. Cat. No. 12454) g
" . One specimen, 116 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 2282)
Head 3; depth 3–3.5; D. XV,17; A. III, 11 or 12; scales about 85 in a series
below the lateral line; eye 3.5–5.5 in the head, .8–1.25 in the interorbital.
Compressed, perciform; head deep, the lower jaw projecting, maxillary extend-
ing to below anterior margin of the eye. Teeth in narrow bands; gill-rakers 5 + 16,
. strong, the largest 2 in the eye; dorsal mostly naked, a row of scales on the anterior
rays; caudal scaled except a narrow margin; anterior part of anal scaled. About
thirteen scales between the end of the upper lateral line and the dorsal. Dorsal
t
deeply notched; caudal truncate, faintly notched in the young. . . . .
The color changes notably with age. In the smallest a dark streak from snout
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 511
tween the eye and the end of the opercle. .
to end of opercle, three large conspicuous black spots along the sides, one just
behind the head, one below the soft dorsal, and one on the caudal peduncle and
base of middle caudal rays. A dark shade between the spinous dorsal and the
first spot. It is probable that the three-spotted stage is preceded by a stage with
a black lateral band.
In the specimens 140 mm. long the sides have a few light spots, which in part
ocellate the black spots, the hinder half of the last spot is conspicuously margined;
three narrow cross-bars have developed, one through the first lateral spot, one
between the first and second spots, and one through the anterior half of the second
spot ; the dorsals and the upper half of the caudal are clouded or spotted.
In specimens 175 mm. long the longitudinal band on the head and the lateral
spots have vanished, the three cross-bars have become wider and more prominent,
the soft dorsal and upper half of the caudal are spotted, and the end of the last
lateral spot has changed into an ocellated spot above the center of the base of the
caudal. - - -
In larger ones the transverse bands concentrate into irregular black spots,
which may or may not be ocellated with yellow; a constellation of black spots be-
In life the lower fins, and abruptly the lower half of the caudal, are red. . .
It would appear from the specimens and figures that the young of the different
species of this genus differ from each other more than the adults differ from each
other, also that the Guiana species passes from the spotted stage into a banded
stage and from the latter into another spotted stage. . . .
The specimen of Acharnes speciosus in the Berlin Museum is certainly a Cichla.
It is faded. The vertical dark bands still show, but the larger lateral spots, which
should still be evident in specimens of ocellaris of this size (105 mm. to the base of
the caudal), are not evident. -
- CRENICARA Steindachner.
Crenicara STEINDACHNER, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXXI, 1875, 99.
Type, Crenicara elegans Steindachner. - :
Body ovate; scales of the lateral line of the same size as those above or below
it; mouth small; jaws equal; margin of preopercle serrate. - &
- 346. Crenicara punctulata (Günther). .
Acara punctulata (part) GüNTHER, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), XII, 1863, 441
(Essequibo). • . * -
Crenicara punctulata PELLEGRIN, “Cichlidés,” in Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI,
512 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
1903, 169.—REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, i, 152.-voN IHERING, Rev.
Mus. Paulista, VII, 1907, 296.-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp.
Patagonia, III, 1910, 477. -
One specimen, 68 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2295.)
Head 3.5; depth 2.5; D. XVI,9; A. III,8; scales 28 in a median series; lateral
line 19 + 12; eye 2.8 in the head, .8 in the interorbital, .6 in the preorbital.
Compressed, blunt forward, drawn out behind, the caudal peduncle about as
long as high; mouth terminal, small, the maxillary not reaching the eye, entirely
concealed when the mouth is closed; the premaxillary-maxillary border 3.5 in the
head; teeth in very narrow bands, the outer series enlarged; posterior edge of
preopercle finely denticulate; about three rakers on the lower gill-arch.
Three or four rows of scales on the cheek; scales regular, a single scale between
the end of the lateral line and the dorsal; dorsal and anal entirely free from scales;
dorsal spines increasing rapidly to the fourth or fifth, subequal from there to the
last, the middle spinesalittle the longest; pectoral longer than the head, both pectoral
and ventrals about reaching the anal. - - -
A spot behind the opercle continued as a band to the middle of the caudal,
but more intense and with downward extensions at intervals, back with cross-
shades; each scale of the side with a silvery spot; dorsals and middle caudal rays
cross-barred; opercles dark; a black stripe from the lateral line across the pre-
orbital. - - *
BATRACHOPS Heckel.
Batrachops HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 432.
Boggiania PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), XVIII, 1897, 148.
Type, Batrachops reticulatus Heckel.
Very similar to Crenicichla, from which it differs in its nondepressible inner
teeth. - - º -
347. Batrachops punctulatus Regan.
Crenicichla reticulata (not of Heckel) PELLEGRIN, “Cichlidés,” 342, in Mém. Soc.
Zool. France, XVI, 1903, 378 (Essequibo). - - .
Batrachops punctulatus REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, i, 156, pl. 14, fig. 1.
—von IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VII, 1907, 299. -
Two specimens, 68–128 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2255a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12431.) g -
Head 3.25; depth 5; D. XXII,13; A. III,8; lateral line 25 + 11 to 15; scales
in a series below the lateral line 65–76; four scales between the dorsal and the end
of the lateral line; eye 4 in the head, 1.2 in the interorbital, 1.5 in the space between
the eyes. g e .
EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 513
Nares near the lip, half-way between tip of snout and eye; maxillary extending
beyond the origin of the eye; gill-rakers very short, nodular, about eight on the
lower arch; scales ctenoid on sides and caudal peduncle, cycloid on head, ventral
surface, and above anterior third of upper lateral line, the cycloid scales much
smaller than those of the sides.
An ocellated spot at base of upper half of the caudal; sides with cross-shades;
an obscure dark band from eye to an obscure spot above the pectoral; each of the
ctenoid scales with a dark base; soft dorsal faintly spotted; the vertical fins other-
wise plain dusky in the larger specimen, the entire dorsal spotted in the smaller.
- CRENICICHLA Heckel.
Crenicichla HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 416.
Type, Crenicichla Ž -
Elongate; margin of preopercle denticulate, lower jaw projecting; inner teeth
of the inner series depressible; scales of the lateral line larger than those above or
below it.
a. Scales rough. • *
b. Scales 50–62 in a series below the lateral line; an ocellus or plain spot at the base of the upper caudal
lobe in all but the very young. -
c. Maxillary extending to below the eye; a humeral spot in all but the very young, which greatly
resemble ce. -
d. Humeral spot entirely below the lateral line, frequently ocellated; sides frequently with silvery
e or blue spots; a band from the eye to the humeral spot. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . saxatilis.
dd. Center of humeral spot on the lateral line, except in the very young; a band from the chin or
eye to the tip of the middle caudal rays, running below the humeral spot........ alta.
cc. Maxillary not extending to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye; no humeral spot.
- - - wallacei.
bb. Scales 106–113 in a series below the lateral line; a black spot at the base of the middle caudal rays;
young with lines of black dots............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lugubris.
aa. Scales smooth, imbedded; no caudal ocellus; scales 97–108 in a series below the lateral line... . . . . johanna.
KEY TO THE GUIANA SPECIES of CRENICICHL.A.
348. Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus).
“Sciena” LINNAEUs, Mus. Adolphi Fred., 1754, 65, pl. 31, fig.1. -
“Sparus,” No. 185, GRoNow, Mus. Ichth., II, 1756, 29, pl. 6, fig. 3 (Surinam).
Sparus saxatilis LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 278; ed. 12, I, 1766, 468
(Surinam). - -
Perca saxatilis BLoch, Ausl. Fische, VI, 1792, 79, pl. 309 (Surinam).
Crenicichla saacatilis HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 432 (name only).-
MüLLER and TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 626 (all rivers),-
GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 308 (Demerara; Dutch Guiana”).-Bou-
* I am not sure whether the other localities belong to this species. • .
514 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
LENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, 275 (Canelos); Boll. Mus. Zool. ed
Anat. Comp. Torino, X, 1895, – (Paraguay); Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (6),
XX, 1897, 295 (Soure); Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Torino, XII, 1897, −
(San Lorenzo, Argentina).-PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), X, 622 (Chaco
Centrale; Candelaria).-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIV, 1891, 70.—EIGENMANN and BRAY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894, 620
(Amazon).-BERG, Com. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, I, 1899, 170.-VAILLANT,
Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., (4), II, 1900, 125 (Carsevenne; Carnot; Lunier).
—BoulBNGER, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Torino, XIV, 1899, - (Rio
Zamora); XV, 1900,—(Carandasińho).-PELLEGRIN, “Cichlidés,” 337, in Mém.
Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 1903, 373 (Cayenne, French Guiana).-REGAN, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1905, i, 159 (British Guiana; Demerara; Essequibo; Suri-
nam; Berbice; Trinidad).-voN IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VII, 1907, 302
(Pogo Grande; Rio Juquiá; Iguapé; Ypanema; Piquete; Rio Doce).- :
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 477.
Cychla labrina (? Agassiz, et al.) ScHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1843, 139,
pl. 3 (lower and upper parts of rivers). - - •
Scarus pavonius GRoNow, Cat. Fish, ed. Gray, 1854, 63 (Surinam).
Crenicichla frenata GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 386 (Trinidad).
Crenicichla saacatilis albopunctata PELLEGRIN, “Cichlidés,” 338, in Mém. Soc. Zool.
France, XVI, 1903, 374 (French and British Guiana). e
Crenicichla vaillanti PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., IX, 1903, 124; “Cich-
lidés,” 304, in Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 1903,340 (Mana; British Guiana).
I secured two forms of Crenicichla resembling saxatilis. One is found along
the coast and inland to Rockstone, the other from Rockstone on upward. I never
secured both forms together except on Gluck Island at Rockstone, at the boundary
between the two areas. The coastal form is undoubtedly the saxatilis of Bloch
(of which I examined the originals in Berlin) and also of authors generally. .
The upper one may be one of the nominal Amazonian species. It will require
a larger series of Amazonian specimens than there are on hand at present to deter-
mine whether the Amazonian forms are all saacatilis, or whether one of them is the
species found in the upland of Guiana. I therefore give only that part of the
synonymy and bibliography which undoubtedly refers to Sazatilis, and pro-
visionally describe the upland species as new. - *
Twenty-one specimens, 50–120 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2244a–
e; I. U. Cat. No. 12421.) .
Seven specimens, 133—230 mm. Georgetown. (C. M. Cat. No. 224.5a–c; I. U.
Cat. No. 12422.) sº º – . . . . . . -
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHEs or BRITISH GUIANA 515
Three specimens, 112–235 mm. Botanic Garden. (C. M. Cat. No. 2246a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12423.) - s •
Two specimens, 103–195 mm. Barima. (C. M. Cat. No. 2247a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12424.) * • ‘ s
Ten specimens, 63–118 mm. Issorora. (C. M. Cat. No. 2248a–b; I. U. Cat.
No. 12425.) ". - a g . . . . .
Pour specimens, 78–135 mm. Koreabo. (C. M. Cat. No. 2249a–b; I. U. Cat.
No. 12426.) - . . . - :
Six specimens, 68–168 mm. Aruka. (C. M. Cat. No. 2250a–c; I. U. Cat. No.
12433.) . . . . . . .
Two specimens, 122–125 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2267a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12430.) - g e e-
Twenty-six specimens, 45–135 mm. Lowlands of Guiana.
Three specimens, 57–152 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2251a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12427.) * a
Two specimens, 75–90 mm. Christianburg. (C. M. Cat. No. 2252a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12428.) 4 . . . . . . -
Three specimens collected by Ehrhardt in the Essequibo, and now in the Berlin
Museum, are evidently also of this species. . . . . . . . .
Head 3–3.25; depth 4–5.5; D. usually XVIII,14;” A. III,9 or 10. Scales in a
series below the lateral line most frequently 55–61, rarely 52 and 62; eye 1 in the
snout, 4 in the head, .7 in the interorbital in the young; 1.5 in the snout, 4.75 in the
head, 1.5 in the interorbital in the adult. . . . . . . ... . .
Nares considerably nearer the eye than to the tip of the snout; maxillary
extending beyond origin of the eye; scales cycloid on head, belly, and above the
lateral line in front, elsewhere ctenoid; dorsal sometimes produced to the end of
the rounded caudal. - - . . . .
• Humeral spot entirely below the lateral line; a band from the eye to the
humeral spot and frequently forward to the chin; a caudal spot at the base of the
rays above the middle; sides frequently with white or light blue spots, which form
an incomplete ring around the caudal and humeral spots; dorsal and anal spotted
with white (especially towards the end); a black spot below the eye; caudal some-
times faintly barred, sometimes narrowly margined with white, often with a dark
submarginal band, within which on the upper lobe there may be a series of white
spots or a white band; back with about eight to ten obscure cross-bands; young
with a faint, dark lateral band. -
g- .0 of thirty-eight specimens, four have 17, twenty-five have 18, nine have 19, and one has 20 spines; seven
have 13, twenty-three have 14, and nine have 15 rays. - . . .
516 MEMOIRs of THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
The specimens from Wismar and Christianburg differ from all those taken
near the coast. The dorsal is margined with black, the black extending along the
dorsal filament parallel to the margin; a narrow band or series of light spots, fol-
lowed by a series of darker spots blending into a band, which becomes very wide
on the last few rays, then another narrow light band, which, margining the darker,
is curved down on the last dorsal rays; basal four-tenths of the dorsal darker;
caudal with a blackupper margin, a light line within it, and a black spot above the
end of the lateral line, the rest nearly uniform dark; anal with a black margin and
a submarginal light band, widest posteriorly, the base dusky. Twelve to fifteen dark
cross-shades. - -
. . . D. XX,14 in the largest; scales 62 along a series below the lateral line.
349. Crenicichla alta sp. nov. (Plate LXVIII, fig. 3)
-Type; 169 mm. Gluck Island. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
2274a.) -
. . . Gotypes, fourteen specimens, 61–168 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No.
2254a–e; I. U. Cat. No. 12455) -
Cotypes, eight specimens, 66–205 mm. Aruataima. (C. M. Cat. No. 2257a-
d; I. U. Cat. No. 12434) - * . -
Cotypes, two specimens, 125-147 mm.
No. 2259a; I. U. Cat. No. 12443.)
*
Savannah Landing. (C. M. Cat.
Cotypes, four specimens, 52–138 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 2260a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12435.) - - -
Cotypes, eight specimens, 42–188 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2261a-d;
I. U. Cat. No. 12436.) -
Cotypes, two specimens, 145–150 mm. Erukin. (C. M. Cat. No. 2262a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12437.) - - t
Cotypes, nine specimens, 62-182 mm. Holmia. (C. M. Cat. No. 2258a–e;
I. U. Cat. No. 12442.) -
Cotypes, two specimens, 137–162 mm. Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No.
2263a; I. U. Cat. No. 12438.)
Cotypes, ten specimens, the smallest 78 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No.
2253a–c; I. U. Cat. No. 12429.)
Cotype, one specimen, 125 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 2264a.)
Cotypes, four specimens, 53–128 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2265a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12440.) . - * *
Cotypes, nine specimens, 67–158 mm. Nickaparu Creek. (C. M. Cat. No.
2266a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 12441.) t . . . . . . :
*

EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 517
Cotypes, five specimens, 42–61 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 24.11a–c.)
Head 3.2–3.33; depth 3.75–5; D. usually XIX,14;* A. III,9 or 10. Scales in
a series below the lateral line 62-69;” eye 4–5 in the head, 1-1.66 in the snout,
.75–1.25 in the interorbital. . . g
Nares nearer the eye than to the tip of the snout, maxillary extending beyond
the origin of the eye in all sizes. A dark spot below the eye; a dark band from chin
or eye to the opercle, and in the young (and even the old) from the Potaro and
Rupununi, to the caudal; an ocellus on the base of the caudal above the end of the
lateral line; the humeral spot above the lateral band in all but the smallest (from
Amatuk), in which its center is on the lateral band. A submarginal light streak
on the dorsal; bases of last dorsal and anal rays with oblique light bars or spots;
caudal faintly barred. -
In the smallest (from Amatuk) the lateral band is conspicuous from below the
chin to the end of the middle caudal rays, the humeral spot is just creeping up from
the lateral band, the caudal spot is ocellated above, but still continuous with the
lateral band below, the upper caudal lobe is obliquely crossed by two light bars
and an intermediate dark bar. There are a few spots on the head in front of the
lateral line, and a faint band from the snout to between the eyes, where it divides,
one passing back along either side of the dorsal, as in C. lugubris.
Sometimes with dark cross-shades on the back or narrow alternating cross-
lines on the sides, especially in the Rockstone specimens; dorsal and caudal some-
times as in specimens of C. saxatilis from Wismar.
In specimens from Trinidad of so-called saxatilis the humeral spot is sometimes.
continuous with the lateral band and sometimes distinct but always on the lateral
line. º - s *
350. Crenicichla wallacei Regan. -
Crenicichla wallacei REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, i, 163, pl. 14, fig. 2
(Essequibo) –von IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VII, 1907, 303.
Crenicichla wallacii Eigenmann, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
477. g • - -
A small species, hitherto known from a single specimen in the British Museum,
It was without specific locality. - -
It is readily distinguished by the presence of e even in * the very young, of a
distinct caudal spot, and by the short maxillary.
s of thirty-one specimens nine have 18 and twenty-two have 19 spines; seven have 13, twenty-two have
14, and two have 15 rays. .. - - r . . . .
s. Three with 62, two with 63, one with 64, three with 65, one with 66, five with 67, and one with 69, .
518. • MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Eight specimens, 25–50 mm. Gluck Island. (C. M. Cat. No. 2269a—d; I.
U. Cat. No. 12447.) - -
Eleven specimens, 40–60 mm. Konawaruk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2256a–f; I,
U. Cat. No. 12432.) -
Thirty-one specimens, 30–58 mm. Rockstone sand-bank. (C. M. Cat. No.
2270a—e; I. U. Cat. No. 12446.) - • *
Two specimens, 53–60 mm. Rupununi. (C. M. Cat. No. 2271a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12445.) - g i .
One specimen, 91 mm. Twoca Pan. (C. M. Cat. No. 2272.) ... •
Three specimens, 59–85 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2273a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12444.) - I :
One specimen, 77 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2410.) • ‘
Head -3.5–3.66; depth 5.5–6; D. XX,10, more rarely XXI,9 and XXI,11;
A. III,7–9. Scales in a series below the lateral line 64–70; eye 3.5–4 in the head,
.7–.9 in the interorbital. - # • , -
Scales on nape, head, and belly cycloid, elsewhere ctenoid; two full scales
between the end of the upper lateral line and the dorsal. Soft dorsal and anal
(in the largest) produced. - - - g
Nares a little nearer eye than to tip of upper lip; maxillary falling distinctly
short of reaching the eye. - * -
A dark brown band from the chin through the eye to the end of the caudal, fading
on the sides and caudal with age. No humeral spot, but a small ocellus at the
base of the caudal, a little above its middle, more distinct in the young than in the
old; back in the young with seven or eight cross-bars; middle of caudal and end of
soft dorsal (in the adult) with spots or cross-shades. -
351. Crenicichla lugubris Heckel.
Crenicichla lugubris HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 422 (Rio Negro).-
MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,626 (Essequibo and
neighboring swamps).-REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, i, 165 (Rio
Capin; Essequibo).-vON IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VII, 1907, 306.-
EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 478.
Crenicichla johanna lugubris GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 307. t
Crenicichla brasiliensis lugubris PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, 1902,
- 182 (Manaos; Tonantins); “Cichlidés,” 347, in Mém. Soc. Zool. France,
XVI, 1903, 383, fig. 3.
Crenicichla funebris HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 424.
Crenicichla johanna funebris GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 307.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 519
Cychla rutilans SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1843, 142, pl. 5 (Rio Branco).
? Crenicichla vittata MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
626 (Essequibo and Lakes Tapacuma and Capoye). tº
? Crenicichla johanna vittata (not of Heckel) GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 306.
* Crenicichla brasiliensis vittata PELLEGRIN, “Cichlidés,” 345, in Mém. Soc. Zool.
France, XVI, 1903, 381. - -
? Crenicihla johanna strigata GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 306.
One specimen, 140 mm. Amatuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2231.)
One specimen, 86 mm. Warraputa. (C. M. Cat. No. 2232)
One specimen, 100 mm. Crab Falls. (I. U. Cat. No. 12414.)
Two specimens, 197–227 mm. Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No. 2233a; I. U. Cat.
No. 12415) - . . * -
One specimen, about 160 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 2268.)
One specimen, 300 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2234.)
Two specimens, 230–255 mm. Tukeit. (C. M. Cat. No. 2235; I. U. Cat.
No. 12416.) - -- .* -
Two specimens, 50–51 mm. Waratuk. (C. M. Cat. No. 2236; I. U. Cat.
No. 12439.) - - -
Head 3–32; depth 4.5-5.33; D. usually XXIII,16, or rarely XX,15; A. III,10
or 11; scales in a series below the lateral line about 100–109. Eye 5.5 in the head,
1.4 in the interorbital, 5 and 8 respectively, in the young; anterior nares half-way
between tip of snout and eye. - -
Maxillary extending to below the anterior margin of the eye. Scales all ctenoid.
A black spot at the base of the middle caudal rays. Adult: uniform dark above,
somewhat lighter below; fins uniform. Young (86–140 mm.); second dorsal,
caudal, and anal reddish, pectoral yellowish; spots on lower half of cheeks and chin;
a narrow line across the chin and snout to eye and from the eye to end of opercle,
continued on the side as a broader but less intense band of black, which may be
bordered above and below by light; a second dark line from the eye along the upper
section of the lateral line, a third from the tip of the snout to between the eyes,
then dividing and extending to the end of the head, from where it is continued as
a series of small streaks or spots along either side of the dorsal; spots between the
second and third stripes on the head; caudal with a black spot at the base of the
middle rays, surrounded by an arrow-shaped dark area, this bordered by a light
band above and below, beyond this dark again; base of dorsal dusky, a Submarginal
black band; anal with a dusky margin. - « » -
The smallest specimens have no spots about the head, the lateral band. is
520 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
black and extends to the tip of the caudal, and there are traces of cross-bands on
the back. -
352. Crenicichla johanna Heckel.
Crenicichla johanna HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 417 (Rio Guaporé).-
. REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, i, 168 (Rio Capin; Rio Cupai; L.
Hyanuary).-voN IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VII, 1907, 307.-EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 478.
Crenicichla johanna johanna GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 306 (Rio Cupai).
Crenicichla brasiliensis johanna PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, 1902, 182
(Marajo; Pará; Teffé; Tonantins); “Cichlidés,” 347, in Mém. Soc. Zool. France,
XVI, 1903, 383, fig. 42, 6 (Orinoco; Amazon; Marajo).
Cychla fasciata SCHOMBURGK, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1843, 141, pl. 4.
One specimen, 132 mm. Below Packeoo. (C. M. Cat. No. 2237.)
Eight specimens, 113–215 mm. Below Potaro Landing. (C. M. Cat. No.
2238a–b; I. U. Cat. No. 12417.) - •
One specimen, 252 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2239a.)
Three specimens, 104–280 mm. Wismar. (C. M. Cat. No. 2240a-b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12418) w -
Three specimens, 215–272 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2241a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12419.) s = -
One specimen, 283 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2242d.)
Three specimens, 229–234 mm. Maduni Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2243a–b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12420.) * *
Head 34; depth 4–5; D. XXI or XXII,16 or 17; A. III,11; scales 109–113
in a series below the lateral line; eye 5-5.5 in the head, 1.5–1.7 in the interorbital;
anterior nares very close to the lip, much nearer tip of snout than to eye.
Maxillary extending a little beyond the anterior margin of the eye. Scales
cycloid, imbedded, those of the opercles and top of the head smaller in Lama and
Maduni specimens than in those from other localities.
Adult uniform dark above, a little lighter below, rarely a submarginal red
(white) stripe on the dorsal and upper part of caudal. - º
Young with small black dots on the head and upper half of body, arranged
into longitudinal lines on the sides; back with numerous cross-shades; no caudal
spot. Caudal in the young sometimes narrowly margined with light, then with a
broad black crescent, then another light crescent, the base and middle of the fin
dark. -
PTEROPHYLLUM Heckel.
Pterophyllum HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 334.
EIGENMANN : THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 521
Platazoides CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 21, pl. 11, fig. 3.
Type, Plataz scalaris Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Greatly compressed and deep; dorsal and anal spines graduated, the last
forming parts of elevated lobes; gill-arch without a lobe, rakers stiff, of moderate
length. . . r
353. Pterophyllum scalare (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Plataz scalaris CuvieR and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, i831, 237
(Brazil). - - * *
Pterophyllum scalaris HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 1840, 335 (Barra do Rio
Negro).-GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862,316 (River Cupai).-STEINDACHNER,
“Chromiden Amazonenstromes,” in SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXXI, 1875, 7 6.
(Santarem; Montalegre; Villa Bella; Obidos; Coary; Ueranduba; Tonan-
tins; Tabatinga; Hyutay; Xingu; Lago Manacapurū; Lago Maximo; Barra
do Rio Negro).-EIGENMANN and BRAY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894, 624.
—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, 1902, 183 (Marajo; Teffé; Tonan-
tins; Tabatinga); “Cichlidés,” 215, in Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 1903, 251
(Peru; Teffé; Amazon).-REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVI, 1905,
441–voN IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VII, 1907, 335.-EIGENMANN, Repts.
Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 479. - -
Platazoides dumerilii CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss., 1855, 21, pl. 11, fig. 3
(Pará). * r -
Four specimens, 44–77 mm. to the end of the middle caudal rays. Rupununi.
(C. M. Cat. No. 2355a-b; I. U. Cat. No. 12502.) r
Six specimens, 52–64 mm. to end of middle caudal rays. Rockstone. (C. M.
Cat. No. 2356a-c; I. U. Cat. No. 12503.) - -
Seven specimens, 65–69 mm. to end of middle caudal rays. Crab Falls.
(C. M. Cat. No. 2357a-d; I. U. Cat. No. 12504.) -
Head 3; depth 1.25; D. XI-XII,24 or 25; A. VI,26; lateral line 18 or 19, +
13 #; scales 36–40 in a median series; eye 2.8 in the head, 1 in interorbital, .4 in
preorbital. ', º
Compressed; profile depressed, the snout pointed; maxillary reaching to below
the eye; maxillary-premaxillary border 3.5 in the head. -
Cheeks with about four series of scales; a series of scales on the lower limb of
the preopercle and another on the interopercle; scales ctenoid, about eight scales
between the lateral line and the dorsal; dorsal and anal with a triangular patch of
scales, the apex of the triangle on the last spines or first ray. A few scales at the
base of the caudal. - -
522 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Dorsal and anal spines graduated from the first to the last; dorsal and anal
rays graduated from the last to the first, the lobes at these points diverging, reaching -
beyond the caudal; ventral filaments extending beyond the anal lobe; pectoral
not quite as long as the head; caudal emarginate, the outer rays prolonged.
Silvery below, dusky above; a dark bar down from the eye, the bars of opposite
sides united in front of the ventrals; a dark bar from under the fifth dorsal spine
tó in front of the anal; a dark bar connecting the dorsal and anal lobes; a dark bar
at the base of the caudal, fainter bands between each pair of the foregoing; caudal
with four cross-bands; dorsal lobe dark, the posterior part of the fin hyaline, its
base and two bars dark; anal lobe dark, three bars on the posterior part of the fin.
Ventral filaments white.
FAMILY XXIV. POLYCENTRIDAE.
. PolycFNTRUs Müller and Troschel. g
Polycentrus MüLLER and TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 622.
Type, Polycentrus schomburgkii Müller and Troschel. -
Compressed, scaled; no lateral line; ventrals thoracic; teeth feeble; pseudo-
branchiae hidden; mandible without barbels; dorsal and anal spines numerous.
354. Polycentrus schomburgki Müller and Troschel. - -
Polycentrus schomburgkii MüLLER and TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,
622; Horae Ichth., III, 1849, 25, pl. 5, fig. 2 (Essequibo).-GüNTHER, Cata-
logue, I, 1859, 396; III, 1861, 370 (Essequibo).—REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1906, i, 391, pl. 25, fig. 2 (Trinidad).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton
Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 466. -
Polycentrus tricolor GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1858, 373 (Trinidad).
One specimen, 32 mm. Aruka River. (C. M. Cat. No. 2451.) -
Two specimens, 27–30 mm. Cane Grove Corner. (C. M. Cat. No. 2422a-b;
I. U. Cat. No. 12539.) -
One specimen, 35 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat. No. 2452.)
Thirty-nine specimens, 22–43 mm. Botanic Garden. (C. M. Cat. No.
2417a-f; I. U. Cat. No. 12540.) © -
Nine specimens, 30–50 mm. Maduni Creek. (C. M. Cat. No. 24.18a–e; I. U.
Cat. No. 12541.) - - - t
Five specimens, 25–47 mm. Canal at Christianburg. (C. M. Cat. No.
2419q—c; I. U. Cat. No. 12542.) *
Seven specimens, 47–55 mm. Kumaka. (C. M. Cat. No. 2420a-d; I. U. Cat.
No. 12543.) • .. :
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 523
Thirty-six specimens, 19–55 mm. Lama Stop-Off. (C. M. Cat. No. 2421a-f;
I. U. Cat. No. 12544.)
Head 2.6; depth 2.3; D. XVI-XVII,8–9; A. XIII,6–7; scales 25–27; eye 3.5
in the head, .8 in interorbital. - - w
Oval, the snout pointed, the premaxillary greatly protractile, the maxillary
reaching beyond the middle of the eye ;: angle and lower margin of preopercle
Serrate, the posterior margin smooth; ten short rakers on the lower gill-arch.
Scales ctenoid; entire side of head to the maxillary, and top of head to between
the anterior margins of the eye scaled; no lateral line; anal spines depressible
into a scaly groove; a few scales at base of anal and caudal. Spines of dorsal and
anal low, the articulate rays abruptly higher.
Variegated and variously colored, the soft dorsal, anal, and caudal hyaline.
Family XXV. GOBIIDE"
KEY TO THE GUIANA GENERA of GoBIIDAE.
a. Wentrals separate from each other; vomer without teeth.
b. Preopercle without spine; head naked.
c. Scales large, less than fifty in a median series. . . . . . … . . . . . . . . . . Dormitator.
cc. Scales small, more than one hundred in a median series.......... .................... Guavina.
bb. Preopercle with a downward and forward directed spine at its angle; scales moderate....... Eleotris.
aa. Ventrals united, free from the abdomen. - - w- s &
d. Teeth emarginate, in a single series in each jaw....... …. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evorthodus.
dd. Teeth simple, body scaly; maxillary normal; dorsal spines six; interorbital area not elevated; inner edge
of shoulder-girdle without fleshy cirri or papillae................... . . . . . . . . . . . . Gobius.88
DoRMITATOR Gill. s
Prochilus CuviFR, Règne Animal, ed. 1, II, 1817, 294, preoccupied.
Dormitator GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 240.
Type, Dormitator gundlachi Poey = Dormitator maculatus (Bloch).
Ventrals not united; vomer without teeth; no spine on preopercle; scales large;
lower pharyngeals with an outer series of broad, flexible, lamelliform appendages.
355. Dormitator gymnocephalus sp. nov. **** blºw-
Type, 18 mm. Konawaruk. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No. 2438.)
Head 3.4; depth 6; D. VI,6; A. 9; scales 26 in a median series; eye about .7
in the snout, 3 in the head; interorbital very narrow, somewhat grooved. Skull
smooth above. - w - -
Mouth large, maxillary reaching to below the pupil; no teeth on the vomer;
* Gobius bacolaus Meurs and Taoschel, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 628 (coast of Guiana).
* Gobius oceanicus Pallas is recorded from the coast as G. bacalaus. & -
524 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
*
jaws with conical, depressible teeth; gill-membranes free to below the posterior
part of the eye. -
Top of skull covered with chromatophores, a few chromatophores along the
sides. e
This species differs from the typical Dormitator in having the head naked.
The single specimen (of small size) does not enable me to do more than call attention
to this species.
. . . . ELEOTRIs Bloch and Schneider. -
Eleotris GRONow, Zoophyl., 1763, 83.—BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801,
65 (pisonis). - - -
Culius BLEEKER, Arch. Néer. Sci. Nat., IX, 1874, 303 (fuscus).
Type, Gobius pisonis Gmelin. tº -
Ventrals separate; vomer without teeth; isthmus broad; lower pharyngeals
normal; depth 4–5.5 in the length; preopercle with a partly concealed spine.
356. Eleotris amblyopsis Cope.
Culius amblyopsis CoPE, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., XIV, 1871, 473 (Surinam).-
JoRDAN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 483.−EIGENMANN
and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 1888, 55 (Surinam).-Jordan
and EveRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, III, 1898, 2199.—EIGENMANN,
Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 480.
Two specimens, 42–58 mm. Mora Passage. (C. M. Cat. No. 2439; I. U.
Cat. No. 12556.) - . . .
One specimen, 51 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat. No. 2440.)
Head 3.25; depth 4.3; D. VI,10; A. 9; scales 40–43 in a median series; eye
1.5 in the snout, 6 in the head, 1.3 in the interorbital. -
Chocolate-brown. Vertical fins barred; caudal darkest.
GUAVINA Bleeker.
Guavina BLEEKER, Arch. Néer. Sci. Nat., IX, 1874, 302.
Type, Eleotris guavina Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Ventrals separate; vomer without teeth; lower pharyngeals normal; scales
small; preopercle without a spine. - -
s 357. Guavina guavina (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Eleotris guavina CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XX, 1837, 223
(Martinique).-MULLER and TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,623
(mouths of rivers). - - -
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 525
Guavina guavina JoRDAN and EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 483.−
Jordan and EvKRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, III, 1896, 2198.-EIGEN-
MANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 480. *
No specimens were obtained. It was taken by Schomburgk, one of whose
specimens is in the Berlin Museum. g -
Head 3.5; depth 4.5–5.25; D. VI, or VII-1,10; A. 1,9 or 10; maxillary
2.5–3.5 in the head. Maxillary reaching opposite middle of eye; scales 100–110
in a longitudinal series. .
* - EvoBTHODUs Gill.
Evorthodus GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 195.
Type, Evorthodus breviceps Gill. -
Ventrals united, free from the abdomen; teeth emarginate, in a single series;
head very blunt ; interorbital very Ila,ITOW. ...pºe”. (? 'ra-y)
858. Eworthodus breviceps Gill: ”
Evorthodus breviceps GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 195 (Trinidad).-
GüNTHER, Catalogue, III, 1861, 85 (Trinidad; Surinam).-Jordan and EIGEN-
MANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 486.-Jordan and EveRMANN, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, III, 1898, 2208.-REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
- 1906, i, 393 (Trinidad).-EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia,
III, 1910, 481. * - *. -
Two specimens, 30–33 mm. Aruka River. (C.M. Cat. No. 2441; I.U. Cat.
No. 12555.) - - -
Head 4; depth 4.33; D. W,11; A. 12; scales 30; eye 3+ in the head, .25 in
the interorbital. - . * - * *
Head very blunt, the mouth low, horizontal; gill-membranes broadly united
to the isthmus, which is greater than the orbit. Scales of breast and before dorsal
and on belly small, those of the sides large, eleven scales between the anus and the
spinous dorsal. r * . &
Sides mottled; tail with three cross-shades; a black spot at the base of each
caudal lobe; first dorsal with a black band. ... • -
Order HETEROSOMATA. -
Family XXVI. SOLEIDAE. *
- Key to THE GUIANA GENERA of Solenz.
0. Gill-openings large, confluent below; ventrals of the two sides of nearly equal size; caudal free from the dorsal
and anal; scales ctenoid, those of the head enlarged, the scales on the blind side of the head fringed.
526 MEMOIRs of THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
aa. Gill-openings small, narrow slits on the sides of the head; snout produced into a pendant reaching the origin .
of the ventrals; scales well-developed. t
b. Both ventrals well-developed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Achiropsis. z—
bb. Left ventral reduced to one or two minute rays near the anus; eyes rudimentary, the space between /
them about five times the diameter...................................... Apionichthys.<
bbb. Left ventral absent; eyes well-developed, the space between them about equal to the diameter.
Soleonasus.
- ACHIRUS Lacépède.
Achirus LACáPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1803, 659 (fasciatus, etc.).-CUVIER,
Régne Animal, ed. 2, II, 1829, 343 (restricted to fasciatus, etc.).
Trinectes RAFINESQUE, Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge, I, 1832, —
. (scabra). w -
Grammichthys KAUP, Archiv für Naturg., XXIV, 1858, 94 (lineatus and fasciatus;
Achirus restricted to Pardachirus barbatus, etc.). &
Monochirus KAUP, Archiv für Naturg., XXIV, 1858, 94 (maculipinnis), not of
- Rafinesque, 1814, a genus of Soleinae. ºr
? Aseraggodes KAUP, Archiv für Naturg., XXIV, 1858, 103 (guttulata).
Baiostoma BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 413 (brachiale).
Bañostoma Jordan and GILBERT, Synopsis Fishes N. Am., 1883, 965 (emended
orthography).
Jaws equal; ventrals nearly equally developed, not continuous with the anal,
their origin remote from the chin; scales ctenoid, a margin about the blind side
of the head with profuse fringes; lateral line straight. -
359. Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus). -
“Passer lineis tranversis notatus” SLOANE, Jamaica, II, 1725, 277, pl. 246, fig. 2
(Jamaica). r i tº
“Pleuronectes fuscus subrotundus glaber” BRowNE, Jamaica, 1756, 445 (Jamaica).
Pleuronectes lineatus LINNAEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 268 (Jamaica), based on
r Browne and Sloane; not of ed. 12, which is Achirus fasciatus.
Monochir lineatus Quoy and GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie et Physicienne, Zool., 1824, 238.
Achirus lineatus VALENCIENNES, in d'Orbigny, Voy. Am. Mer., V, ii, 1847, pl. 16,
fig. 2–Jordan and Goss, Ann. Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1886, 1889, 312–
JoRDAN and EveRMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, III, 1898, 2697 (Coary;
Teffé; Tapajos; Porto Alegre; Pernambuco; Cannavierias; Manacapurá;
Porto do Moz; Rio Grande do Sul; Rio Janeiro; San Matheo; Rosario;
Itabapuana; Obidos; Xingu; Gurupa; Jutahy; Curaçao; Pará; Bahia; San-
tarem; Iga; Fonteboa; San Paolo; Rio Trombetas; Sambaia; Maues;
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 527
Javary; Tabatinga).-EIGENMANN, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1907, 456
(Buenos Aires); Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 483.
Monochir maculipinnis AGAssiz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 1829, 88, pl. 49
(Brazil).-PoEY, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, II, 1868, 409. -
Solea maculipinnis GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 473–KNER, Reise Novara,
Fische, III, 1866, 289. . -
Achirus maculipinnis JoRDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 602. &
Four specimens, 62–90 mm. Rockstone. (C. M. Cat. No. 24.13a–b; I. U.
Cat. No. 12545.) -
Two specimens, 158–163 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2414a; I. U.
Cat. No. 12546.)
Twenty-seven specimens, 35–230 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat.
No. 24.15a-g; I. U. Cat. No. 12547.) $ -
One specimen, 28 mm. Georgetown trenches. (C. M. Cat. No. 2453.)
Head 3.5–4; depth 1.5–1.9; D. 53–56; A. 40; lateral line 70; eye 7 in the
head; depth of caudal peduncle 1.2 in the head.
Pectorals of the right side much longer than the eye, but none on the left side;
body gray, with six to eight black vertical lines; fins colored like the body, the
caudal sometimes all or partly white. Fins spotted in the young.
* . * APIONICHTHYs Kaup.
Apionichthys KAUP, Archiv für Naturg., XXIV, 1858, 114 (dumerili).
Soleotalpa GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 489 (unicolor). -
Right ventral beginning at the chin, confluent with but readily distinguishable
from the anal; right lower lip fringed; eyes minute. * -
360. Apionichthys unicolor Günther. (Plate LXX, fig. 1)
Apionichthys dumerili KAUP, Archiv für Naturg., XXIV, 1858, 104 (no locality).-
BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., II, 1865, 305.-STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyo-
logische Beiträge,” viii, 1878, 48. *
Soleotalpa wnicolor GüNTHER, Catalogue, IV, 1862, 489 (West Indies). "
Apionichthys unicolor JoFDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus., IX, 1886, 603.
Apionichthys nebulosus PETERs, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1869, 709 (Surinam).
? Apionichthys bleekeri HoRST, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., IV, 1878, 30 (locality un-
known). . - - |
Two specimens, 71–85 mm. Georgetown market. (C. M. Cat. No. 24.12a;
I. U. Cat. No. 12548.) - &
528 - - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Head 4.3; depth 2:8; D. 68–73; A. 52–54; ventrals 5–1.
Ovate-lanceolate; depth of caudal peduncle more than 2 in the head to the chin;
dorsal and anal more or less confluent with the lanceolate caudal, which is a little
longer than the head. Scales ctenoid, increasing in size toward the anterior part
of the dorsal and anal, and snout; lateral line straight; about eighty-six series of
Scales; a row of scales along each ray of the dorsal and anal; blind side of the
anterior part of the head and snout with fringes, a large tuft on the snout just in
front of the mouth.
Light gray, with rounded or vertical blotches of dark; each scale narrowly
margined with black, those of the sides with a faint median longitudinal line.
r - SOLEONASUS” gen. nov.
Type, Soleonasus finis sp. nov. - - -
Similar to Apionichthys, but the left ventral entirely wanting, and the eye
large, about equal to the interorbital. . t
361. Soleonasus finis sp. nov. (Plate LXX, figs. 2, 3.)
Type, 80 mm. Tumatumari. (Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes No.
2487.) * -
Cotype, 92 mm. Tumatumari. (I. U. Cat. No. 12549.)
Head 4; depth 2.5; D. 64; A. 48; ventrals 5, 0; eye greater than the inter-
orbital, 6 in the head (from the chin to the gill-opening.)
Elongate-oval; depth of caudal peduncle about equal to the length of the head
from the gill-opening to the chin. Dorsal and anal well separated from the caudal,
which is short, 4 in the length. -
Scales small, ctenoid; lateral line straight; anal rays and posterior dorsal rays
scaled, the entire dorsal scaled anteriorly; scales not increased in size towards the
fins or snout; scales of the blind side of the snout thin, deciduous, fringed. About
eighty series of scales. -
Sand-color, with about seven faint vertical lines.
Order PLECTOGNATHI.
Family XXVII. TETRAODONTIDAE.
Puffers.
- CoLomESUs Gill. - -
“Les Batrachopes” BIBRON, Rev. Zool., (2), VII, 1855, 279 (psittacus).
Batrachops HollaBD, Ann. Sci. Nat., (4), VIII,1857, 321 (psittacus), preoccupied.
* Solea, a sole; nasus, nose.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 529
Colomesus GILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1884, 422 (psittacus).
Type, Tetrodon psittacus Bloch and Schneider.
Frontals narrow, excluded from the orbit; postfrontals joined with the frontals; -
snout obtuse; dorsal and anal short, rounded.
362. Colomesus psittacus (Bloch and Schneider).
“Ostracion tetraodon” SEBA, Locupl. Rer. Nat. Thes. Acc. Descr., III, 1748,--
- (pre-Linnaean). - - .
Tetrodon psittacus BLocH and ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 505 (Malabar).-
GüNTHER, Catalogue, VIII, 1870, 286.
Chelichthys psittacus MüLLER and TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848,641
(mouth of Waini and Barima),—STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Mittheil-
ungen,” ii, 1861, 141, pl. 4, fig. 2.
Colonesus psittacus EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910,
Chelichthys asellus MüLLER and TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk, Reisen, III, 1848, 641
(Guiana). - - -
Twenty-four specimens, 38–89 mm. Sand-bank at Bartica. (C. M. Cat. No.
24250-f; I. U. Cat. No. 12554) - -
Head 3; depth 3.66; D. 10; A. 10; eye 1 in the snout, 4 in the head, 2.5 in the
interdrbital. . .
º cross-bars on the head, the middle one between the eyes; a triangular
spot ºn the back at the base of the dorsal, a large saddle-shaped spot on the back
in front of this, and an irregular spot on the caudal peduncle dorsad, more or less
connéted with an oval black spot on the caudal peduncle ventrad; a black spot
around the base of the anal ; another around the base of the pectoral; distal half of
caudil black; the spots variable and sometimes fusing with age.
|

CHAPTER IX.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
In the following pages an attempt has been made to bring together the titles
of all papers dealing with the fishes of South America. They are arranged alpha-
betically according to the names of the authors, and chronologically under each
author's name. -
In the body of the work papers are usually quoted by the place of publication.
In a number of cases, where a given paper forms a separate work, or where it is well
known and easily accessible in the “separate” form, especially when the serial in
which it occurs is rare and difficult of access, the work is cited by its title (enclosed
in quotation marks) and by the page of the separate. The author, title, and date of
publication being given there should be no difficulty in locating such papers in
the following bibliography.”
. . AGAssiz, Louis. Selecta genera et species Piscium quos in itinere per Brasíliam annis 1817–20. . !collegit
et pingendos curavit J. B. de Spix. Digessit, descripsit, et observationibus anatomicis illustrivit Dr.
L. Agassiz, praefatus est et edidit itineris socius, C. F. Ph. de Martius. Munich, 1829.
Agassiz, Łowie, and Mas. Louis. A Journey in Brazil. Boston, 1868.
ALEssanDRI, GIULIo DE. Ricerche sui Pesci Fossili di Paraná (Repubblica Argentina).-Atti º6.
Scienze Torino, XXXI, 1895–6, 715–730, 1 pl. -
AMEGHINo, FLORENTINo. Notas sobre cuestiones de Geología y Paleontología Argentinas-Boletin{nstituto
Geografico Argentino, XVII, 1896, 87–119.
—. Notes on the Geology and Palaeontology of Argentina-Geological Magazine, n. S., Decad 4, IV,
1897, 4–20. (Translation of the above.) - -
ARTEDI, PETRUs. Ichthyologia sive Opera Omnia de Piscibus; scilicet: Bibliotheca Ichthyologica, rºwn. º
* Note by the Editor—The Bibliography submitted by Dr. Eigenmann, based upon that publ hed by
him in Volume III of the Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–189 (1910),
was found upon examination in some respects to call for revision and Mr. W. E. C. Todd was herefore
instructed by the Editor to go over the work and verify all the references, which he did, availing of .
the facilities in our own library and in that of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Te Bibli-
ography here given is not to be accepted as absolutely complete, asit is known that some papersuponte South
American Freshwater Fishes have been omitted by the author, but is believed to accurately give the fles and
location of the papers which are cited, and which are those of the greatest importance to the student
- The Editor desires to express his sense of obligation to Mr. W. E. C. Todd for his painstakingrevision.
of this part of the manuscript. . - . . . .

EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 531
Ichthyologica, Genera Piscium, Synonymia Nominum, Descriptiones Specierum. Edidit Carolus Linnaeus.
Lugduni Batavorum, 1738. .
AYERS, HowARD. Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Dipnoër.—Jenaische Zeitschrift für Natur-
wissenschaft, XVIII, 1885, 479–527, pls. 16–18. - sº
—. On the Genera of the Dipnoi Dipneumones.—American Naturalist, XXVII, 1893, 919–932.
BAYERN, PRINZESSIN THERESE voN. Worläufige Mittheilung über einige neue Fischarten aus den Seen von
Mexico.—Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XXXI, 1894, 147–149.
—. Neue Fischarten gesammelt von Ihrer Kgl. Hoheit der Prinzessin Therese von Bayern nach einer
Reise nach Südamerika 1898.-Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XXXVII,
1900, 206–208. - y - -
BAIRD, SPENCER F., and GIRARD, CHARLEs. Description of new species of Fishes collected in Texas, New
Mexico, and Sonora by Mr. John H. Clark, on the U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey, and in Texas by
Capt. Stewart Van Vliet, U.S. A.—Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1854, 24–29.
BAJON, DR. Mémoire sur un poisson à commotion électrique, connu A Cayenne sous le nom d’Anguille tremb-
lante.—Journal de Physique, III, 1774, 47–58. -
—. Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de Cayenne et de la Guiane Françoise, dans lesquels on fait connoitre
la nature du climat . . . des observations sur l'histoire naturelle du pays, & sur la culture des terres.
Vol. II, 1778, 287–326. e
BEAN, BARTON A. Notes on a collection of Fishes from Mexico, with Description of a New Species of Platy-
paecilus.-Proceedings U. S. National Museum, XXI, 1898, 539–542. o
—. On Ctenolucius Gill, a Neglected Genus of Characin Fishes, with Notes on the Typical Species.—
Proceedings U.S. National Museum, XXXIII, 1908, 701–763. Q -
BEAN, TARLETON H. Una nueva especie de Lamprea.—La Naturaleza, (2), II, 1892, 171–172, pl. 8.
—. Notes on Fishes collected in Mexico by Prof. Alfredo Dugès, with Descriptions of New Species—
Proceedings U. S. National Museum, XV, 1892, 283–287, pl. 44. w s
—. Notes on Mexican Fishes obtained by Dr. Carl Lumholtz—Bulletin American Museum Natural History
3e…4 X, 1898, 165–8. . - - s
%. BENNETT, E. T. Observations on a Collection of Fishes, formed during the voyage of H.M.S.Chanticleer,
with Characters of two New Species.—Proceedings Zoëlogical Society London, I, 1830, 112. -
BERG, CARLos, Geotria macrostoma (Burm.) Berg, y Thalassophryne montevidensis Berg, dos Peces par-
ticulares.—Anales Museo de la Plata, Seccion Zoëlógica, I, 1893, 1–7. * *
—. Sobre Peces de Agua Dulce nuevos 6 pococonocidos de la Republica Argentina.-Anales Museo Nacional
de Buenos Aires, IV, 1895, 121-165. Lºw. 1- -
— Comunicaciones Ictiológica. i-Comunicaciones del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, I, 1898, 9–13.
—. Comunicaciones Ictiológicas. ii.-Comunicaciones del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, I, 1899, 91–97.
—. Comunicaciones Ictiológicas. iii.-Comunicaciones del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, I, 1899, 164-174. */
— Comunicaciones Ictiológicas. iv.–Comunicaciones del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, I, 1901, 293–311.
— Beitrag zu Dr. G. Hagmann's “Acanthicus ‘hystrix Spix aus dem unteren Amazonas.”—Zoëlogischer
Anzeiger, XXIV, 1901, 586. & -- •
ischoff, THEobor Ludwig WILHELM von. Description anatomique du Lepidosiren paradoza.-Annales
Sciences Naturelles, Zoëlogie, (2), XIV, 1840, 116–159. - -
BLEEKER, PIETER. Ichthyologiae Archipelagi Indici Prodromus. Vol. I, Siluri. Batavia, 1858.
—. Descriptions de quelques Espèces Nouvelles de Silures de Suriname.—Verslagen en Mededeelingen.
Koninklijke Akademie Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, XIV, 1862, 371-389. -
—. Sur quelques Genres Nouveaux du Groupe des Doras.-Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde,
Amsterdam, I, 1863, 10–18. -
ſº / º º Up' Zº
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ſ r / A $
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ſ L. A. ſº º - d . w e- º * AL'Aº Aº Aº Aº º Aºr º TT º zº, 2. A A
-' s c. *** - “… 2 4 3 *~~~~~~
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532
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
© ** ovº-wv-4- , (3) ×/Y, 1%-2, 3%–330 "…
—. Systema Silurorum Revisum.—Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde, Amsterdam, I, 1863, 77-122.
—. Description des Espèces de Silures de Suriname conservées aux Musées de Teide et d’Amsterdam.–
Natuurkundige Verhandelingen Hollandsche Maatschappij der Welenschappen, (2), XX, 1864, 1–104.
—. Description d'une espèce inédite de Stolephorus de Surinam.—Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde,
Amsterdam, III, 1866, 178–180. .
BLoch, MARCUs ELIESER. Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische. 9 Parts and Atlas. Berlin, 1785–95.
— M. E. Blochii . . . Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus ºx illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus incho- C
atum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit, J. G. Schneider. 2 vols. Berlin, 1801. -
BLosses, CHRISTIAN B. Reports on the Expedition to British Guiana of the Indiana University and the
Carnegie Museum, 1908. Report No. 3. The Marine Fishes.—Annals Carnegie Museum, WI, 1909,
Bocourt, M. Note sur les Poissons du genre Tétragonoptère provenant du Mexique et du Guatemala.- // ſ -
*
Annales Sciences Naturelles, (5), Zoëlogie, IX, 1868, 62. -
Bonnarººre, Joseph P. (1'Abbé). Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des Trois Régnes de la Nature.
Ichthyologie. Paris, 1788. . . - - - -
BonAPARTE, CHARLEs LUCIEN. Catalogo metodico dei Pesci Europei. Naples, 1846.
BouleNGER, G. A. Descriptions of new South-American Characinoid Fishes.—Annals and Magazine Natural
History, (5.) XIX, 1887, 172–174. : •
—ſ. An Account of the Fishes collected by Mr. C. Buckley in Eastern Ecuador–Proceedings Zoological t
Society London, 1887, 274–283, pl. 20–24. . • .
aſº <!/ — Description of a new Snake and two new Fishes obtained by Dr. H. von Ihering in Brazil—Annals
and Magazine Natural History, (6), IV, 1889, 265–267. • - .
—. Descriptions of two new Cyprinodontoid Fishes.—Annals and Magazine Natural History, (6), VI, .
1890, 169–170. ... • g
—. Descriptions of two new Species of the Siluroid Genus Arges.—Proceedings Zoëlogical Society London,
1890,450–452, pl. 41. * * -
—. An Account of the Siluroid Fishes obtained by Dr. H. von Ihering and Herr Sebastian Wolff in the
Province Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.-Proceedings Zoological Society London, 1891,231-235, ple. 25-ft. 2/
—. On some new or little-known Fishes obtained by Dr. J. W. Evans and Mr. Spencer Moore during their "
recent Expedition to the Province of Matto Grosso, Brazil—Annals and Magazine Natural History, (6),
X, 1892, 9–12, pls. 1–2. - - . * g
—. Les Perches des eaux douces du Chili-Actes Société scientifique Chili, IV, 1894, Mém., 9-17.
—. Descriptions of Two new South-American Characinoid Fishes.—Annals and Magazine Natural History, *
(6), XV, 1895, 449. * - -
—. Description of a new Characinoid Fish of the Genus Parodon.—Annals and Magazihe Natural His •
- (6), XVI, 1895, 480. - - -
—. Viaggio del dottor Alfredo Borelli nella Repubblica Argentina e nel Paraquay. XII, Poissons.— .
Bollettino Musei Zoºlogia ed Anatomia comparata Università Torino, X, 1895, No. 196, 1–3. -
—. On a Collection of Fishes formed by Dr. C. Ternetz in Matto Grosso and Paraguay–Proceedings •
, Zoëlogical Society London, 1895, 523-529. - - s
—. Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Second Edition. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes.
Vol. I, London, 1895, pp. xix, 394, 15 ple. - - e
..—. Report on a Collection of fishes from the Rivers of Central and Northern Mexico.—Bulletin U. S. .
& Fish Commission, XIV, 1895, 55–66, pl. 2. - - . .
—. On a Collection of Fishes from the Rio Paraguay.—Transactions Zoological Society London, XIV, |
1896, 25–39, pla. 3–8. * - r . *








EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 533
—. Description of a new Siluroid Fish from the Organ Mountains, Brazil—Annals and Magazine Natural
History, (6), XVIII, 1896, 154. - -
—. On a Collection of Fishes from the Island of Marajo, Brazil.—Annals and Magazine Natural History,
(6), XX, 1897,294–299. - *
—. Description of a new Gymnotine Fish of the Genus Sternopygus.-Annals and Magazine Natural History,
(6), XX, 1897, 305. -
—. Viaggio del Dott. Alfredo Borelli nel Chaco boliviano enella Repubblica Argentina. III. Poissons.— ”
Bollettino Musei Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata Università Torino, XII, 1897; No. 279, 4 pp.
—. Description of Two new Siluroid Fishes from Brazil.—Annals and Magazine Natural History, (7), II,
1898, 477–478. a – " ‘. . . . -
—. Exhibition of and remarks upon specimens of Vandellia cirrhosa, C. & W-Proceedings Zoological
Society London, 1897, 1898, 901, 920–921. - --- -
—. Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festanell’Ecuadore regioni vicine. Poissons de l'Equateur (Première Partie).-
Bollettino Musei Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata Università Torino, XIII, 1898, No. 329, 13 pp.
—. A List of Reptiles, Batrachians, and Fishes collected by Cav. Guido Boggiani in the Northern Chaco.—
Annali Museo civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, (2), XIX, 1898, 125–127.
—. On a collection of Fishes from the Rio Jurua, Brazil.—Transactions Zoëlogical Society London, XIV,
1898, 421–428. & -
—. . Description of a new Genus of Gobioid Fishes from the Andes of Ecuador—Annals and Magazine
Natural History, (7), IV, 1899, 125–126. w º - -
—. Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa nell' Ecuador e regione vicine. Poissons de l'Équateur. Deuxième
Partie.—Bollettino Musei Zoëlogia ed Anatomia comparata Università Torino, XIV, 1899, No. 335, 8 pp.
—. Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa nel Dariene regioni vicine. Poissons de l’Amérique/entrale.—Bollettino
Musei Zoºlogia ed Anatomia comparata Università Torino, XIV, 1899, No. 346, 4 pp.
—. Viaggio del Dr. A. Borelli nel Matto Grosso enel Paraguay. Liste des Poissons recueillis a Urueum et
à Carandasińho, près de Corumba-Bollettino Musei Zoºlogia ed Anatomia comparata Università Torino,
XV, 1900, No. 370, 4 pp. ... & . *
- —. Descriptions of two new Atherinoid Fishes from Mexico.—Annals and Magazine Natural History, (7),
V, 1900, 54–55. . . -- .
—. Description of three new species of Siluroid Fishes from Southern Brazil.—Annals and Magazine
Natural History, (7), V, 1900, 165–166. . *
—. On the Genera of Osteoglossidae.—Annals and Magazine Natural History, (7), VIII, 1901, 514–515.
<! —. Descriptions of Two new Fishes of the Genus Loricaria from Northwestern Ecuador—Annals and
Magazine Natural History, (7), IX, 1902, 69-71. A
-2 —. Descriptions.of new Fishes and Reptiles discovered by Dr. F. Silvestri in South America—Annals and
Magazine Natural History, (7), IX, 1902,284–288.
— List of the Fishes, Batrachians, and Reptiles collected by the late Mr. P. o. Simons in the Provinces of
Mendoza and Cordova, Argentina—Annals and Magazine Natural History, (7), IX, 1902, 336-339.
—. . Description of a new Cyprinodontid Fish from Eastern Peru-Annals and Magazine Natural History,
(7), X, 1902, 153–154. m .
—. Description of a new Fish of the genus Arges from Venezuela—Annals and Magazine Natural History,
(7), XI, 1903, 601–602. - • -
2
— A Synopsis of the Suborders and Families of Teleostean Fishes.—Annals and Magazine Natural History,
(7), XIII, 1904, 160–190. “ . . .
-—. Descriptions of Three new Characinid Fishes from Southwestern Colombia.--Annals and Magazine
Natural History, (8), VII, 1911, 212-213. - . -
%
534 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
BRADLEY, THOMAs. Letter from Thomas Bradley, Esq., respecting the habits of the Electric Eel as observed
at the Royal Gallery of Practical Science, West Strand.—(Charlesworth's) Magazine Natural History, n. s.,
II, 1838, 668–670. -
BRIDGE, T.W., and HADDoN, A. C. Contributions to the Anatomy of Fishes. I. The air bladder and Weberian
Ossicles in the Siluridae.—Proceedings Royal Society of London, XLVI, 1889, 1890, 309–328. "a
BRUEHL, CARL BERNHARD. Osteologisches aus dem Pariser Pflanzengarten. Wien, 1856. Pp. 76, 11 pls.
BRYANT, WILLIAM. Account of an Electric Eel or the Torpedo of Surinam.—Transactions American Philo-
sophical Society, II, 1786, 166–169. . -
BURMEISTER, HERMAN. Petromyzon macrostomus, descripción de una nueva especie de pez—Anales,
Museo Publico Buenos Aires, I:Actas dela Sociedad Paleontológica de Buenos Aires, 1868, pp. xxxv-xxxvii.
CANESTRINI, GIovaNNI. Note Ittiologiche.—Archiviola Zoologia, l'Anatomia, ela Fisiologia, III, 1864, 100—112.
CASTELNau, FRANCIS DE. Animaux nouveaux ou rares recueillispendant l'expédition dans les parties centrales
de l’Amérique du Sud. . . . II. Poissons. Paris, 1855. Pp. xii, 112, 50 ple.
CHIAJE, STEFANO DELLE. Notizia su due Gimnoti elettrici dall’America recati vivi in Napoli.-Nuovi Annali
Scienze Naturali, Bologna, VIII, 1847, 268-273.
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EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 535
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515–530. - . -- .* - . . . . . . . *
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449–458, pls. 21–23. - • -
—. The Poeciliid Fishes of Rio Grande do Sul and the La Plata Basin—Proceedings U.S. National Museum,
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536 - MEMOIRs of THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
—. Reports on the Expedition to British Guiana of the Indiana University and the Carnegie Museum,
1908. Report No. I. Some New Genera and Species of Fishes from British Guiana.-Annals Carnegie
Museum, WI, 1909, 4–54. - - -
—. The Fresh Water Fishes of Patagonia and an Examination of the Archiplata-Archhelenis Theory.—
Reports of the Princeton University Expedition to Patagonia, 1896—1899, III, 1909,225–374, ple. 30–37.
—. Adaptation.—Fifty Years of Darwinism, New York, 1909, 182–208, ple, 3–4.
—. Cave Vertebrates of America, a Study in Degenerative Evolution.—Carnegie Institution of Washington,
Publication No. 104, 1909. Pp. i-ix; 1–241, pls. A, 1–29. -
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ton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896—1899, III, 1910, 375-511. - -
—. The Origin of the Fish-fauna of the Fresh Waters of South America.-Advance Print from Proceedings.
Seventh International Zoëlogical Congress, Boston Meeting, August 19–24, 1907, 1911. . -
—. The Cuban Blind Fishes.—Advance Print from Proceedings Seventh International Zoological Congress,
Boston Meeting, August 19–24, 1907, 1911. - - -
—. Description of Two New Tetragonopterid Fishes in the British Museum.—Annals and Magazine Natural
History, (8), VII, 1911, 215–217. - e . .
—. Description of a New Species of Pygidium.—Annals Carnegie Museum, VII, 1911, 214, pl. 32,
—. The Localities at which Mr. Haseman made Collections.—Annals Carnegie Museum, VII, 1911,299–314.
— New Characins in the Collection of the Carnegie Museum.—Annals Carnegie Museum, VIII, 1912,
164-181, ple, 4–9. -
'EIGENMANN, CARL H., and BRAN, BARTON A. An Account of Amazon River Fishes Collected by J. B. Steere;
with a Note on Pimelodus clarias—Proceedings U.S. National Museum, XXXI, 1907, 659–668.
EIGENMANN, CARL H., and BRAY, WILLIAM L. A Revision of the American Cichlidae.—Annals New York
Academy Sciences, VII, 1894, 69%-624. e
EIGENMANN, CARL H., and EIGENMANN, Rosa SMITH, A List of the American Species of Gobiidae and Callio-
nymide, with Notes on the Specimens Contained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge,
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— Preliminary Notes on South American Nematognathi-Proceedings California Academy Sciences, (2),
I, 1888, 119–172. . - *
— American Nematognathi-American Naturalist, XXII, 1888, 647. - .
— Preliminary Notes on South American Nematognathi, ii-Proceedings California Academy Sciences,
(2), II, 1889, 28–56. - - . . . . . - - -
— A Revision of the Erythrinine—Proceedings California Academy Sciences, (2), II, 1889, 100–116, 1 pl.
— A Revision of the Edentulous Genera of the Curimatinae (with a Bibliography of South American
Fresh-water Fishes).--Annals New York Academy Sciences, IV, 1889,409–440. . . . . -
—. Descriptions of New Nematognathoid Fishes from Brasil—West American Scientist, VI, 1889, No. 42,
—. The Evolution of the Catfishes—Zoe, I, 1890, 10–15.
— A Revision of the South American Nematognathi or Catfishes—Occasional Papers California Academy
Sciences, I, 1890, 1-508. . . . -
—. A catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of South America—Proceedings U. S. National Museum, XIV,
1891, 1–18. - º i i
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EIGENMANN: THE FRESHwater Fishes or BRITISH GUIANA 537
EIGENMANN, CARLH, and Nogais, A.A. Sobre alguns Peixes de S. Paulo, Brazil—Revista do Museu Paulista,
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EIGENMANN, CARL H., and OGLE, FLETCHER. An Annotated List of Characin Fishes in the United States
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EIGENMANN, CARL H., and WARD, David PERKINs. The Gymnotidae.—Proceedings Washington Academy
Sciences, VII, 1905, 159–188, pls. 7–11. - -
Ellis, Mas. MARIon Lºs DURBIN. On the Species of Hasemania, Hyphessobrycon, and Hemigrammus
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Eveawann, BARTON WARREN, and CLARK, H. WAutoN. New fishes from Santo Domingo.—Proceedings U.S.
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1909, 95–103. t . . z - -
—. Further Notes on Fishes from the Canal Zone.—Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXIII,
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Evramann, BARTON WARREN, and KENDALI, WILLIAM Convnasm. An Interesting Species of Fish from the
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—. Notes on a Collection of Fishes from Argentina, South America, with Descriptions of Three New
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of Philadelphia, 1903, 727–742, ple, 41–44. . . . . . . . . .
– New and Little Known Mugilidae and Sphyraenide—Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, 1903,743–752, ple. 45–46. . . . . . . . . . . . .
—. Further Knowledge of Some Heterognathous Fishes—Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, 1906,293–351;431–483. - *
538 • MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
—. Some Fishes from Venezuela—Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1911, 419–437.
–. New Fresh-water Fishes from Western Ecuador–Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
1911,493–520. -
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Reptiles.—Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoëlogy, III, 1875, 273–278.
—. On the Pelvis and External Sexual Organs of Selachians, with especial reference to the New Genera
Potamotrygon and Disceus-Proceedings Boston Society Natural History, XIX, 1877, 197—214.
—. On the Species of the Genus Chalcinus in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass.,
U. S. A.—Bulletin Essex. Institute, XXII, 1890, 1–7. - -
—. On Species of Gasteropelecus.-Bulletin Essex. Institute, XXII, 1890, 8–10.
—. On Species of Cynopotamus—Bulletin Essex. Institute, XXII, 1890, 11–14.
—. On the Species of the Genus Anostomus-Bulletin Essex. Institute, XXII, 1890, 15–23.
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New York, VII, 1859, 45–48. - -
—. Description of a new South American type of Siluroids, allied to Callophysis—Proceedings Academy
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—. Description of a new Species of the Genus Anableps, Gronovius.-Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, 1861, 3–6. * - - -
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delphia, 1861, 79–89. - -
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VIII, 1861, 46–55. - - J
—. Descriptive Enumeration of a collection of Fishes from the Western Coast of Central America, Presented
to the Smithsonian Institution, by Capt. John M. Dow.—Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, 1863, 162–174.
—. [Ichthyological Notes.]..—Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1864, 151–154.
—. On some New Species of Fishes obtained by Prof. Orton, from the Marañon or Upper Amazon, and
Napo Rivers.-Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1870, 92–96. -
... —. Arrangement of the Families of Fishes, or Classes Pisces Marsipobranchii and Leptocardii. Prepared
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—. Notes on Fishes from the Isthmus of Panama, collected by Dr. J. F. Bransford, U.S. N.—Proceedings
Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1876, 335-339. * - *
—. Elopomorphus jordani.-Field and Forest, III, 1878, 174.
—. On a remarkable new Generic Type of Characins.—Annals and Magazine Natural History, (5), II,
1878, 112. - - - -
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 539
—. Note on the Petromyzontids-Proceedings U. S. National Museum, W, 1882, 521-525. •
—. Synopsis of the Plectognath Fishes.—Proceedings U. S. National Museum, VII, 1884, 411–427.
–. Notes on the Aspredinidae.—Proceedings U. S. National Museum, XIII, 1891, 347–352.
—. Note on the genus Felichthys of Swainson.—Proceedings U. S. National Museum, XIII, 1891, 353–354.
—. Lepidosirenids and Bdellostomids.-American Naturalist, XXVIII, 1894, 581–584.
—. A South American Lamprey.—Science, XXIII, 1894, 30.
—. Notes on Characinoid Fishes with Ctenoid Scales, with a Description of a new Psectrogaster.—Pro-
ceedings U. S. National Museum, XVIII, 1895, 199—203. -
—. The differential Characters of Characinoid and Erythrinoid Fishes—Proceedings U. S. National
Museum, XVIII, 1895, 205–209. * *
—. Note on the Fishes of the Genus Characinus—Proceedings U. S. National Museum, XVIII, 1895,
213–215. * e - -
—. The Nomenclature of the Fishes of the Characinoid Genus Tetragonopterus–Proceedings U.S. National
Museum, XVIII, 1895, 225–227. - • ; &
—. On some Fish Genera of the First Edition of Cuvier's Règne Animal and Oken's Names.—Pr ings
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—. Note on the Fish Genera named Macrodon—Proceedings U.S. National Museum, XXVI, 1903, 1015–
1016.
GILL, THEODoRE N., and BRANSFORD, J. F. Synopsis of the Fishes of Lake Nicaragua–Proceedings Academy
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GIRARD, CHARLEs FREDERIC. Abstract of a Report to Lieut. Jas. M. Gilliss, U.S. N., upon the Fishes Collected
during the U. S. N. Astronomical Expedition to Chili...—Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Phila-
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—. The U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the years 1849-'50–51–
'52, II, Fishes, 1855,230–253, pls. 29–31. -
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- Boundary Survey, II, 1859, part 2, pp. 85, 41 pla. | -
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—. On the Lepidosiren of the Amazons; being Notes on five Specimens obtained between 1895–1897, and
Remarks upon an Example living in the Para Museum.—Transactions Zoëlogical Society of London, XIV,
1898, 413–420, pls. 27–28. [Abstract of the above.]—Proceedings Zoëlogical Society of London, 1897, 921.
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857, 3 figs. - - &
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five new Species—Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1884, 153–172, ple. 11–12. ,-
GRAY, JoHN Edward. Description of a New Form of Lamprey from Australia with a Synopsis of the Family.—
Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1851,235–241, ple.4–5. - - -
GRAY, John Edward, [and Gerrard, Edward.] List of the Specimens of Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Chondropterygii. London, 1851. Pp. 160, 2 pla. * - - -
GRIFFITH, Edward, and SMITH, CHARLEs HAMILTON. The Animal Kingdom, arranged in conformity with its
organization, by the Baron Cuvier. Vol. X, Class Pisces. London, 1834. Pp. 680. -
540 MEMOIRs of THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
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8 + 70, 4 pls. - -
— Musei Ichthyologici Tomus Secundus . . . Lugduni Batavorum, 1756. Pp. 6 +88, 7 pls.
—. Zoëphylacium Gronovianum, . . . Lugduni Batavorum, 1763, Pisces, pp. 27–136. -
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London, 1854. - -
GöNTHER, ALBERT C. L. G. List of Cold-blooded Vertebrata collected by Mr. Fraser in the Andes of Western
Ecuador.—Proceedings Zoëlogical Society of London, 1859, 89–93. -
—. Second List of Cold-blooded Vertebrata collected by Mr. Fraser in the Andes of Western Ecuador.—
Proceedings Zoëlogical Society of London, 1859, 402–420, pl. 2. -
—. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum. Volume I.
London, 1859. Pp. xxxi, 524. - is -
—. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum. Volume II.
London, 1860. Pp. xxi, 548. * - -
—. Third List of Cold-blooded Vertebrata collected by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador—Proceedings Zoëlogical
Society of London, 1860, 233–234, pl. 10. . .
—. On new Reptiles and Fishes from Mexico.—Proceedings Zoëlogical Society of London, 1860, 316–319.
—. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum. Volume III.
London, 1861. Pp. xxv, 586, x. - -
—. Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Volume IV. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygii
Pharyngognathi and Acanthini. . . . London, 1861. Pp. xxxi, 534.
—. On new Species of Fishes from Essequibo.—Annals and Magazine Natural History, (3), XII, 1863,
—. Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Volume W. Catalogue of the Physostomi. . . .
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—. On some New Species of Central-American Fishes.—Proceedings Zoëlogical Society of London, 1864, 4.
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X/L) London, 1866. Pp. xv, 368. x. £, ºr:#24 (Munetwo-
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ºrrºr London, 1868. Pp. xx, 512. , - . • - - t
# - —. Description of Freshwater Fishes from Surinam and Brazil-Proceedings Zoological Society of London,
- 1868,229–247, pls: 20–22. -
—. An Account of the Fishes of the States of Central America, based on collections made by Capt. J. M.
Dow, F. Godman, Esq., and O. Salvin, Esq.-Transactions Zoological Society of London, VI, 1868, 377–
494, ple. 63–87. - , º
- —. Descriptions of some Species of Fishes from the Peruvian Amazons—Proceedings Zoological Society of
W London, 1869, 423–429, 6 figs. . - #
—. Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Volume VIII. Catalogue of the Physostomi,
Lophobranchii, Plectognathi, Dipnoi, Ganoidei, Chondropterygii, Cyclostomata, Leptocardii. London,
1870. Pp. xxv, 549. - . . -- -
—. On a new Genus of Characinoid Fishes from Demerara-Proceedings Zoological Society of London,
1872, 146. - - -
f
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHEs of BRITISH GUIANA 541
—. Descriptions of new Species of Fishes in the British Museum.—Annals and Magazine Natural History,
(4), XIV, 1874, 368–371; 453–55. . - * * - - -
—. Account of the Zoological Collection made during the visit of H. M. S. ‘Petrel' to the Galapagos
Islands. III. Fishes—Proceedings Zoºlogical Society of London, 1877, 67–69.
—. A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fish-fauna of the Rio tle la Plata–Annals and Magazine
Natural History, (5), WI, 1880, 7–13, pl. 2. s f - tº.
—. Report on the Shore Fishes. . . . Voyage H. M. S. Challenger . . . Zoëlogy, I, vi, 1880, 1–82; 32 ple.
—. An Introduction to the Study of Fishes. Edinburgh, 1880. Pp. 720. -
—. On a new Species of Cynolebias from the Argentine Republic.—Annals and Magazine Natural History,
(5), XI, 1883, 140–141. . J -
GUICHENOT, ALPHONSE. Fishes of Cuba.-Ramon de la Saga. Historia fisica . . . y natural de la Isla de
Cuba, IV, 1843. - . . ... ' - |
—. Notice sur un houveau Poisson du genre des Trichomycteres—Revue et Magasin de Zöologie, (2), XII,
1860, 525–527. - -
GUIsan, Fa. Ludwig. Mémoire sur le Gymnotus electricus—Bulletin Sciences Societé Philomathique de Paris,
I, 1797, 32–33. r . * - -
—. De Gymnoto electrico. . . . Tübingen, 1819. Pp. 35. - -
HAGMANN, GoTTFRIED. Acanthicus hystriz Spix, aus dem unteren Amazonas—Zoologischer Anzeiger, XXIV, e
1901, 173–175.
- - - 4. - s
Hancock, John. Notes on some species of Fishes and Reptiles, from Demyrara, presented to the Zoëlogical
Society by John Hancock, Esq.-Zoological Journal, IV, 1828, 240–247.
Hasman, John D. A Brief Report upon the Expedition of the Carnegie Museum to Central South America—
Annals Carnegie Museum, VII, 1911, 287–299. . . . . . . -
—. Descriptions of Some New Species of Fishes and Miscellaneous Notes on others Obtained on the Ex-
pedition to Central South America.--Annals Carnegie Museum, VII, 1911, 315–328, pls. 46–52. .
—. An Annotated Catalog of the Cichlid Fishes Collected by the Expedition of the Carnegie Museum to
Central South America, 1907–1910—Annals Carnegie Museum, VII, 1911, 829–373, ple, 53–72.
—. Some New Species of Fishes from the Rio Iguassú.-Annals Carnegie Museum, VII, 1911, 374–387,
pla. 73–83. - * -- * . * *
HECKEL, JACOB. Johann Natterers Flussfische Brasilien's nachden Beobachtungen und Mittheilungen des
Entdeckers beschrieben von Jacob Heckel—Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte, II, 1840,
327–470. . . . - :
— Bemerkunguber Lepidosirenparadoza-Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie, und Wissenschaftliche Medicin,
XII, 1845, 534-535. . - 4
—. Eine neue Gattung von Poecilien mitrochenartigem Anklammerungs-Organe—Sitzungsberichle Raiser-
lichen Akademie Wissenschaften, Wien, I, 1848, 289—303, pls. 8–9. -
HENLE, FRIEDRich Gustav Jacob. Sur les Narcine, nouveau genre de raies électriques suivi d'un Synopsis
des raies électriques en géneral.--Annales Sciences Naturelles, Zoëlogie, (2), II, 1834, 311-315.
HENSEL, REINHoLD. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Wirbelthiere Südbrasiliens. Fische.—Archiv für Natur-
geschichte, 1868, i, 356-375. -*. 4. -
— Beiträge zur Kenntniss der witbelthiere Sudbrasiliens. Fische-Archiv für Naturveschickle, i, 1870,
50–91.
HoLLAND, WILLIAM Jacob. The Carnegie Museum Expedition to Central South America, 1907-1910– -
Annals Carnegie Museum, VII, 1911,283—286. - .
Holmbºng, EdUARDo LADISLao. Sobre algunos Peces nuevos 6 poco conocidos de la República Argentina-
Revista Argentina Historia Natural, I, 1891, 180-193. .
•
- *#e, v.2.6 va. ** ºn 2.2× 2
2. ' - . •. r . •



542 .. MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
HUMBOLDT, ALEXANDER voN, and BonPLAND, A. J. A. Versuche Über die electrischen Fische—Annalen der
Physik (Gilbert), XXII, 1806, 1–13. -
–. Recueil d'Observations de Zoëlogie et d’Anatomie Comparée. Volume I, Paris, 1811.
HUMBOLDT, ALEXANDER voN, and WALENCIENNEs, ACHILLE. Recherches sur les Poissons Fluviatiles de
l'Amérique Equinoxiale.—Recueil-d'Observations de Zoëlogie et d’Anatomie Comparée, II, 1833, 145–216.
HUNTER, John. An account of the Gymnotus electricus.-Philosophical Transactions Royal Society of London,
LXV, 1775, 395–407, ple. 1–4. - - *=
HYRTL, CARL JoSEPH. Lepidosiren paradoxa: Monographie.—Abhandlungen Königlich-Böhmischer Gesell-
schaft der Wissenschaften, III, 1843–4, 605–668.
– Anatomische Untersuchung des claroles (Gonocephalus) Hewlini Kner. Mit einer Abbildung und
einer osteologischen Tabelle der Siluroiden.—Denkschriften Kaiserlichen Akademie Wissenschaften, Wien,
XVI, 1859, i, 1–18. -
IHERING, HERMANN voN. Zur Kenntniss der Gattung Girardinus.-Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoëlogie,
XXXVIII, 1883,468–490, pl. 26. g #
—. Ueber Brutpflege und Entwicklung des Bagre (Arius commersonii Lac)-Biologisches Centralblatt,
VIII, 1888, 268–71. t .
— Die Süsswasserfische von Rio Grande do Sul.—Koseritz' Deutscher Volkskalender für Brasilien, 1893,
1–36. - - ſ'
—. Küstenfische von Rio Grande do Sul.—Koseritz' Deutscher Volkskalender für Brasilien, 1893, 89–119. *
—. Os peixes da Costa do Mar no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul,—Annuario do Estado de Rio Grande do Sul
- para o anno 1897 publicado de Graciano A. de Azambuja, 1896, 98-123. - r -
—. Ospeixes da Costa do Marno Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.—Revista do Museu Paulista, II, 1897, 25–63.
—. Contributions to the Herpetology of São Paulo, Brazil.—I. Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, 1898, 101–109. *
—. Os peixes d'agua doce do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul-Annuario do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
para o anno 1898, 161-190. - - l
— Observagóes sobre os peixes fosseis de Taubaté-Revista do Museu Paulista, III, 1899, 71–75.
—. Archhelenis und Archinotis. Leipzig bei W. Engelmann, 1907. Pp. 1–350, 1 map.
IHERING, Rudolf voN. Description of Four new Loricariid Fishes of the Genus Plecostomus from Brazil.-
Annals and Magazine Natural History (7), XV, 1905, 558–561. - - R -
—. Diversas especies novas de Peixes Nematognathas do Brazil.—Notys Preliminares (Museu Paulista) I,
1907, i, 14–39. . .
—. Algºs especies novas de peixes d'agua doce.—Revista do Museu Paulista, VIII, 1911, 380-404.
JENYNs, LEONARD. The Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, Part IV, Fish. London, 1842. Pp. 172,
29 ple. - - . -
Jordan, DAVID STARR. Note on AElurichthys eydouzii and Porichthys porosissimus.-Proceedings U.S. National
Museum, VII, 1884, 40–41. - -
—. A list of the fishes known from the Pacific Coast of Tropical America, from the Tropic of Cancer to
Panama–Proceedings U. S. National Museum, VIII, 1885, 361-394. t
—. A preliminary list of the fishes of the West Indies—Proceedings U. S. National Museum, IX, 1886,
—. Note on Achirus lorentzi-Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1887, 389–391.
— List of fishes collected by Alphonse Farrer about Mazatlan, with descriptions of two new species—
Heros beani and Pecilia bulleri-Proceedings U. S. National Museum, XI, 1888, 329–334.
—. List of fishes now in the U. S. National Museum, Collected in Nicaragua by Dr. Louis F. H. Birt.- -
Proceedings U. S. National Museum, XI, 1889,411–412. - -
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER, FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 543
—. The Geographical Distribution of Fishes.—Science, n. S., XIV, 1901,936.
... — A Guide to the Study of Fishes. 2 vols. New York, 1905. -
—. Description of a Collection of Fossil Fishes from the Bituminous Shales at Riacho Doce, State of Alagºas,
Brazil.—Annals Carnegie Museum, VII, 1910, 23–34, pls. 5–13.
JoRDAN, DAVID STARR, and EIGENMANN, CARL H. A review of the Gobiidae of North America—Proceedings
U. S. National Museum, IX, 1886, 477–518. • -
—. A review of the Scienidae of America and Europe.—Annual Report U. S. Fish Commission 1886, 1889,
343–451, pla. 1–4. - * & -
JoBDAN, DAVID STARR, and EveRMANN, BARTON WARREN. A check list of the Fishes and Fish-like Verte-
brates of North and Middle America-Report U. S. Fish Commission for 1895, 1896,207–684.
—. The Fishes of North and Middle America. Part I. Bulletin U. S. National Museum, No. 47, 1896.
Pp. lx, 1240. - - *
—. The Fishes of North and Middle America. Part II. Bulletin U. S. National Museum, No. 47, 1898.
Pp. xxx, 1241–2183. • r-
—. The Fishes of North and Middle America. Part III. Bulletin U.S. National Museum, No. 47, 1898.
Pp. xxiv, 2183a–3136. - . . . - - 2
—. The Fishes of North and Middle America. Part IV. Bulletin U.S. National Museum, No. 47, 1900.
Pp. ci, 3137–3313, pls. 1–392. * -
Jordan, David Stans, and Gilbert, C. H. A Review of the Siluroid Fishes found on the Pacific Coast of
- Tropical America, with descriptions of three new species—Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, II, 1883,34–54.
— List of Fishes now in the Museum of Yale College, collected by Prof. Frank H. Bradley, at Panama,
with Descriptions of three New Species.—Proceedings U. S. National Museum, W, 1883, 620–632.
—. Synopsis of the Fishes of North America.-Bulletin U.S. National Museum, No. 16, 1882. Pp. lvi,
1018. r is
JoRDAN, DAVID STARR, and Goss, David Kop. A Review of Flounders and Soles (Pleuronectidae) of America
and Europe.—Annual Report U. S. Fish Commission, XIV, 1886, 225–342, pls. 1–9. . -
KAUP, J. J. Uebersicht der Gymnotidae.—Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 1856, i, 78–87, 1 pl. -
— Catalogue of Apodal Fish, in the collection of the British Museum. London, 1856.
—. Hoplarchus, neues Genus der Familie Lebridae.—Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 1860, i, 128–133.
Kean, J. GRAHAM. [Remarks upon his recent expedition to Paraguay in quest of Lepidosiren.Hºroceedings
Zoological Society of London, 1997, 921–923. * , :
—. Notes on the dry-season habits of Lepidosiren, communicated to him in a letter by Mr. R. J. Hunt.—
Proceedings Zoëlogical Society of London, 1898, 41–44. 3 figs. . . .
— Exhibition of specimens of Lepidosiren and other Fishes collected in the Gran Chaco of Paraguay.—
Proceedings Zoëlogical Society of London, 1898, 492. . - º
^ —. The External Features in the Development of Lepidosiren paradoza, Fitz. (Abstract).-Proceedings
Royal Society of London, LXV, 1899, 160–161. . . . - -
—. The External Features in the Development of Lepidosiren paradoxa, Fitz—Zoºlogischer Anzeiger,
XXII, 1899, 292–294. - - -
—. On the Male Genito-Urinary Organs of the Lepidosiren and Protopterus—Proceedings Zoological Society
of London, 1901, ii, 484-498, pls. 27–28. | . . . . . . .
—. The Development of Lepidosiren paradoza. Part III, Development of the Skin and its Derivatives.—
Quarterly Journal Microscopical Science, (2), XLVI, 1902, 417–459, pls. 25—9. - .
—. The Early Development of Muscles and Motor Nerves in Lepidosiren.—Report British Association for
the Advancement of Science, 1902, 655–657. - -
KINDLE, E. M. The South American Cat-fishes Belonging to Cornell University.—Annals New York Academy
of Sciences, VIII, 1895, 249–256. l - - *
544 MEMOIRs of THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
KNER, Rudolf. Die Panzerwelse des K. K. Hof-Naturalien-Cabinetes zu Wien.—Denkschriften Kaiserlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, VI, i, 1854,65–98, 8 ple. - -
— Die Hypostomiden, Zweite Hauptgruppe der Familie der Panzerfische—Denkschriften Kaiserlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, VII; i, 1854, 251–286, 5 ple. * .
—. Ichthyologische Beiträge.—Sileungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XVII,
1855, 92–162, 6 plg. - 2
—. Ichthyologische Beiträge. II. Abtheilung—Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Wien, XXVI, 1857, 373–448, 9 pla.
— Kritische Bemerkungen über Castelnau's Siluroiden—Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 1858, i, 344-350.
— Zur Familie der Characinen. III. Folge der Ichthyologischen Beiträge.—Denkschriften Kaiserlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XVII, i, 1859,137–182, 9 pla. o - * .
— Zur Familie der Characinen. III. Folge der Ichthyologischen Beiträge. II. Abtheilung—Denk-
schriften Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XVIII, i, 1859, 9–62, 8 ple.
-—. Specielles Verzeichniss der wāhrend der Reise der kaiserlichen Fregatte “Novara” gesammelten Fische.
—Siteungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XLIX, i, 1864,481–486.
KNER, Rudolph, and SrendacãNEB, FRANz. Neue Gattungen und Arten von Fischenaus Central Amerika—
Abhandlungen Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, II Kl., X, i, 1864, 1-59, 6 ple. -
Knox, Rohrer. Observations on the General Anatomy of the Gymnotus Electricus, the Electric Eel of
America; and on the Philosophical Anatomy of the Electric Organs—Edinburgh Journal Science, I, 1824,
Komiarurma, J. Taroph. Piscium Rariorum e Museo Petropolitano excerptorum Descriptiones—Novi
Commentarii Academia, Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanº. VIII, 1761,404–430.
Lacárkor, Branand GERMAn Erinne De La Vrlin. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, 5 vols. Paris,
1798–1803. 4.
LAHILLE, FRRNANDo. Listadelos Pescados recogidosen los alrededoresdela Plata (Provinciade Buenos Aires)
duranteel afio 1894—Revisia del Museo de la Plata, WI, 1895, 265–278.
LANKESTER, E. RAY. The Limbs of Lepidosiren paradoxa-Nature, XLIX, 1894, 555. . . .
Lesson, Rank Panºvnan. Voyage autour du Monde ... La Coquille, Paris, 1830. Poissons, II, i,66-238.
LIGHTENSTEIN, K. M. H., Die Werke von Marcgrave und Piso uber die Naturgeschichte Brasiliens, erläutert
aus den Original-Abbildungen. IV, Fische—Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Berlin, 1826, 1829,49–65. - . i
—. Ueber einige neue Arten von Fischen aus der Gattung Silurus—Wiedemann's Zoologisches Magazin, I,
iii, 1819, 57–63. . . . .
LINNamus, Casolus. Amgenitates Academicæ, ... Wols.I-X. Erlange, 1749–1790.
— Museum Regis Adolphi Friderici. Stockholm, 175%. Pp. i-xxx, 1–96. -
—. Systema Nature, ed 10. Holmie, 1758. Pisces, I, pp. 239–338.
— Systema Nature, ed. 12. Holmie, 1766–8. Pisces, I, i, pp. 419–532.
Lörken, CHRISTIAN Famosaur. Ichthyographiske Bidrag. I. Nogle nye eller minds full tendigº kindle -
Forening i Københam, 1873, 1873-4,202-220, pl. 4. . .
— Ichthyographiske Bidrag. II. Nye eller mindre vel kiendte Malleformer fra forskjellige Verdensdele.
III, Nogenye eller mindre fuldstendigtkiendte mellem-eller sydamerikanske Karpelax (Characiner)—
. Widenskabelige Meddeleiser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenham, 1874, 1784–5, 190–240.
— Characine novie Brasilise centralis. . ...—Oversigt Kongelige Danske Widenskab ernes Selska “For-
handlinger, 1874, 1874–5, 127–143. * * * * *
Pandsermaller, iser fra det nordlige Sydamerika—Widenskabelige Meddeleiser fra den naturhistoriske
— Valhaeºlodena Fiske. E. Bitragilbraiens Ichthyologi—Kowie Danske Vänskalernessiºns
Skrifter, (5), XIII, 1875, 123-254, i-xxi, 5 ple. - -->
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHEs oF BRITISH GUIANA 545
MARCGRAVIUs, GEoRGIUs. Historiae rerum naturalium Brasiliae. Liber Quartus, qui agit de Piscibus Brasiliae.
Lugduni Batavorum, 1648. Pp. 142-181. -
McIspoo ºº on some Fishes of Western Cuba-Proceedings Academy Natural Science of Philadelphia, a 4 e 6
1906, 484-488. - e º º «3
MEEE, SETH EUGENE. A Contribution to the Ichthyology of Mexico.-Field Columbian Museum, Zodlogical
Series, III, 1902, 63-128, pls. 14-31. a
–. Distribution of the Fresh-Water Fishes of Mexico.-American Naturalist, XXXVII, 1903, 771-784.
–. The Fresh-Water Fishes of Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.-Field Columbian Museum,
Zoological Series, IV, 1904, 1-252, 17 pls. -
– Two New Species of Fishes from Brazil-P ings Biological Society of Washington, XVIII, 1905,
–. A Collection of Fishes from the Isthmus ofTehuantepec.-Proceedings Biological Society of Washington,
XVIII, 1905, 243-246. º
–. Synopsis of the Fishes of the Great Lakes of Nicaragua.-Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series,
VII, 1907, 97-132. s n
–. Notes on Fresh-Water Fishes from Mexico and Central America.-Field Columbian Museum, Zoological
Series, VII, 1907, 1908, 133-157. i
–. The Zoology of Lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan, Guatemala, with Special Reference to Ichthyology.-
Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series, VII, 1908, 159-206. »
–. New Species of Fishes from Tropical America –Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series, VII,
1909, 207-211. - v a
MEYEN, FRANz JULTUs FERDINAND. Reiseim Peru. 1835. [Not seen.] r
MILLER, NEwToN. The Fishes of the Motagua River, Guatemala.-Bulletin American Museum Natural
History, XXIII, 1907, 95-123, 6 figs. - - a s «a
MIRANDA, – DE. Esperimenti istituti sul Gimnoto elettrico. Napoli. [Not seen.1 .
MIRANDA, – DE, et PACI, G. M. Expériences sur le Gymnote électrique.-Archives de l'Electrique, V, 1845,
–. Expériences sur le Gymnote électrique-Walker's Electrical Magazine, II, 1846,279-286.
MULLER, JoHANNEs. Beobachtungen über die Schwimmblase der Fische, mit Bezug auf einigeneue Fisch-
Gattungen-Archivfür Anatomie, Physiologie, und Wissenschaftliche Medicin, 1842, 307-329.
Mt LLER, 3oHANNES, and HENLE, J. Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Berlin, 1841. Pp.
i-xxii, 1-200.
Mt LLER, JoBANNES, and TRosCHEL, FRANZ HERMANN. Synopsis generum et specierum familiae Characi-
norum.-Archiv fir Naturgeschichte, 1844, i, 81-99. º n a
–. Hora ichthyologica. Beschreibung und abbildung neuer Fische. Erstes und Zweites Heft. Familie
der Characinen. Berlin, 1845. Pp. 24, 11 pls.
–. Reisen in British-Guiana in den Jahren 1840-1844. Im Auftrag Sr. Mäjestat des Königs von Preussen
Ausgeführt von Richard Schomburgk. . . . Versuch einer Fauna und Flora von Britisch-Guiana. . . .
Fische, Vol. III, 1848, 618-644.
– Hora ichthyologica. Beschreibung und tbbildung neuer Fische. Drittes Heft Berlin, 1849. A
Pp. 28, 5 pls. a
NATTERER, JoHANN. Lepidosiren paradoxa eine neue Gattung aus der Familie der fischihnlichen Reptilien –
r Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte, II, 1829, 167-170, pl. 10.
OLrras, J. F. M. voN. Die Gattung Torpedo in ihren naturhistorischen und antiquarischen Beziehungen
erläutert. Berlin, 1831. - ,
OwEN, RICHARD. Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Vertebrate Animals. Part I
Fishes, London, 1846, Pp. 308. » »
546 MEMOIRs oF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
PACINI, FILIPPo. Sulla Struttura intima dell' Organo Elettrico del Gimnoto e di altri Pesci elettrici, sulle
condizione elettromotrici di questi organi e loro comparazione a diverse pile elettrice. Firenze, 1852.
PALLAs, PETRUs SIMON. Spicilegia Zoologica, quibus novae imprimis et obscura animalium species iconibus,
descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur. 2 vols. Berlin, 1767-80. s
PARRA, DoN ANTONIo. Descripción de diferentes Piezas de Historia Natural, las mas del ramo maritimo,
representadas en sententa y cinco laminas. Havana, 1787. Pp. 195.
PELLEGRIN, JACQUEs. Note sur les Poissons recueillis par M. F. Geay dans l'Apuré et ses affluents.-
Bulletin Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, V, 1899, 156-159.
–. Poissons envoyés par M. Jacquot d'Anthonay, vice-consul de France à Manaos (Brésil).-Bulletin
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle Paris, V, 1899, 405-406.
–. Les Poissons à gibbosité frontale.-Bulletin Société Philomathique de Paris, (9), III, 1901, 81-91.
–. Cichlidés du Brésil rapportés par M. Jobert.-Bulletin Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, VIII, 1902,
181-184. - -
–. Cichlidé nouveau de la Guyane française.-Bulletin Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, VIII, 1902,
417–419. º - -
–. Description de Cichlidés nouveaux de la collection du Muséum.–Bulletin Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle,
Paris, IX, 1903, 120-125. i
–. Contribution a l'etude anatomique, biologique, et taxonomique des Poissons dela famille des Cichlidés-
º Mémoires Société zoologique de France, XVI, 1904, 41-402, pls 4-7.
– Les poissons des Lacs des Hauts Plateaux de l'Amérique du Sud-Mission Scientifique G. de Créqui
Montfort et E. Sénéchal de la Grange (extract), 1907, pp. 25, pls. 14-5.
A. cadutº –. Characinidés américains nouveaux de la collection du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle-Bulletin Museum
d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, XIV, 1908, 342-347.
Les Poissons d'eau douce de la Guyane française.-Revue Coloniale, 1908, 577-591. -
–. Characinidés du Brésil rapportés par M. Jobert.–Bulletin Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, XV,
1909, 147-152.
–. Les Poissons du genre Vandellia C. V.-Bulletin Société Philomathique de Paris, (10), I, 1909, 197-204.
PERUGIA, ALBERTo. Appunti sopra alcuni pesci Sud-Americani conservati nel Museo Civico di Storia Natural
di Genova.-Annali Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, (2), X, 1891, 605-657.
–. Di alcuni pesci raccolti in Bolivia dal Prof. Luigi Balzan.-Annali Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di
Genova, (2), XVIII, 1897, 16-27. - - -
–. Di alcuni pesci raccolti nell'alto Paraguay dal Cav. Guido Boggiana.-Annali Museo Civico di Storia
Naturale di Genova, (2), XVIII, 1897, 147-150.
PETERs, WILHELM. Uber eine neue Nagergattung, Chiropodomys penicillatus, so wie uber einigeneue oder
weniger bekannte Amphibien und Fische-Monatsberichte; Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Berlin, 1868, 448-460..
– Uber die von Hrn. Dr. C.Sachsin Venezuela gesammelten Fische-Monatsberichte; Königliche Akademie
der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1877, 469-473.
PHILIPPI, RUDoLPH AMANDUs. Ueber einige chilenische Vögel und Fische.-Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 1857,
i, 262-272. - -
– Kurze Nachricht uber ein paar Chilenische Fische-Archivfur Naturgeschichte, 1863, i, 207-212.
–. Ueber die chilenische Anguilla.-Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 1865, i, 107-109. -
–. On the Chilian “Anguilla.”–Annals and Magazine Natural History, (3), XVI, 1865, 221-222.
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EIGENMANN : THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 547
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n. g., n. sp.-Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1897, 137–141.
—. Studien über Cyclostomen, i. Systematische Revision der Petromyzontender sidlichen Halbkugel—
Zoëlogische Jahrbücher, Supplement W, 1902, 651–673, pl. 19. -
—. Ueber Cyclostomen der sidlichen Halbkugel-Verhandlungen V. Internationalen Zoëlogischen Con-
gresses, 1902, 551–552. - gº .
PochE, FRANz. Úber das Vorkommen zweier amerikanischer. Welsgattungen in Afrika—Zoologischer An-
zeiger, XXIV, 1901, 569–571. r * * *
PoEY, FELIPE. Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba. 2 vols. Habana, 1851–58.
Porta, CANNA. M. L. Tetragonopterus longipinnis, n. sp.–Notes from the Leyden Museum, XXIII, 1901 9
— Zur systematischen Stellung von Tetragonopterus longipinnis Popta—Zoëlogischer Anzeiger, XXXII,
1908, 763—764. - 4. *
PUTNAM, F. W. Note on the Pimelodus cyclopum of Humboldt.—American Naturalist, W, 1871, 694.
QUELCH, JoHN Joseph. Fish and Fishing in British Guiana.-Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, XIII, 1894,
237–240. - -
—. The Electric Eel.-Nature, LV, 1897, 508.
QUOY, J. R. C., and GAIMARD, P. Voyage autour du Monde, . . . exécuté sur les corvettes de S. M.
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—. Voyage de découvertes de l'Astrolabe, exécuté par 6rdre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–29, sous le
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1834. -
RANZANI, AB. CAMILLo. De novis speciebus Piscium. Dissertatio Prima.-Novi Commentarii Academiae
Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis, IV, 1840, 66–83, pls. 8–13. wn
–. De nonnullis novis speciebus Piscium, Opusculum tertium.—Nuovi Annali Scienze Naturali, Bologna, V,
1841, 60–66. - - - w * ºr
—. Sopra delle nuove specie di pesci. (IV.)—Nuovi Annali Scienze Naturali, Bologna, WI, 1841, 367–370;
REGAN, C. TATE. Description of a new Fish of the genus Chatostomus from Venezuela—Annals and Magazine -
Natural History, (7), XI, 1903, 599. -
—. Descriptions of new South-American Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum.—Annals and
Magazine Natural History, (7), XII, 1903, 621-630. -
—. On a Collection of Fishes made by Dr. Goeldi at Rio Janeiro–Proceedings Zoological Society of London,
1903, ii, 59–68, ple. 7–8. a' g - r r
—. A Monograph of the Fishes of the Family Loricariidae.—Transactions Zoëlogical Society of London, XVII,
1904, 191—324, pls, 9–21. - **
—. Description of new or little-known Fishes from Mexico and British Honduras-Annals and Magazine
Natural History, (7), XIII, 1904, 255–259. * -
-4 —. Descriptiošof Holocentrum osculum, Poey, and of a new Fish of the Genus Centropomus-Annals and
Magazine Natural History, (7), XIII, 1904, 259-261. . - dº.
—. Description of a new Loricariid Fish of the genus Xenocara from Venezuela.-Novitates Zoëlogicae, XII,
—. Description de six poissons nouveaux faisant partie de la collection du Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de
Genève.—Revue Suisse de Zoëlogie, XIII, 1905, 389–393, pls. 5-6, sº
07.0-~~. .
548 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
—. . A Revision of the Fishes of the South-American Cichlid Genera Acara, Nannacara, Acaropsis, and ſºn./
Astronotus.--Annals and Magazine Natural History, (7), XV, 1905, 329–347. jas—aasaº ceaſe -
—. The Systematic Arrangement of the Fishes of the Genus Arges.—Annals and Magazine Natural History, orve,
(7), XV, 1905, 529–534. . - . - - - g
ºnwa. —. Description of #####. Cope.—Annals and Magazine Natural History, (7), XV, 1905, 557-558.
—. A Revision of tº outh-American Cichlid Genera Crenacara, Batrachops, and Crenicichla.-Proceedings
Zoëlogical Society of London, 1905, i, 152–168, ple. 14–15. -
—. Exhibition of, and Remarks upon, a series of sketches of Fishes of the Rio Negro.—Proceedings Zoë-
logical Society of London, 1905, i, 189–190. *
—. A Collection of Fishes made by Dr. H. Gadow in Southern Mexico.—Annals and Magazine Natural
History, (7), XVI, 1905, 361-363. - * &
— A Revision of the Fishes of the American Cichlid fienus Cichlosoma and of the Allied Genera—Annals , .
and Magazine Natural History, (7), XVI, 1905, 60–77; 225–243; 316–340; 433–445. o-6. - 6:4-7.
—. A Revision of the South-American Cichlid Genera Retroculus, Heterogramma, and Bioſºcus.-Annals and
Magazine Natural History, (7), XVII, 1906, 49–66. , ^ -
—. Notes on some Loricariid Fishes, with Descriptions of Two new Species.—Annals and Magazine Natural
History, (7), XVII, 1906, 94–98. - f -
—. A Revision of the Fishes of the Family Galaxiidae.—Proceedings Zoëlogical Society of London, 1905,
ii, 1906, 363–384, pla. 10–13. -
—. On the Freyater Fishes of the Island of Trinidad, based on the collection, notes, and sketches made
by Mr. I.echmere Guppey, Junr.—Proceedings Zoëlogical Society of London, 1906, i, 378-393, ple, 21–25.
ov". | —. Description of new Cyprinodont Fish of the Genus Jenynsia from Argentina—Annals and Magazine
Natural History, (7), XVIII, 1906, 154.
—. Diagnosis of new Central-American Freshwater Fishes of the Families Cyprinodontidae and Mugilidae.—
Annals and Magazine Natural History, (7), XIX, 1907, 64–66. º -
•r-nºvº •
-2y —. Descriptiojoſ Six new Freshwater Fishes Mexico and Central America.--Annals and Magazine
Natural History, (7), XIX, 1907, 258—260. - -
- */ —. DescriptionSof Two new Characinid Fishes from Argentina.-Annals and Magazine Natural History,
(7), XIX, 1907, 261–262. - -
—. Description of Two new Characinid Fishes from South America—Annals and Magazine Natural
History, (7), XX, 1907, 402–403. ſ?
—. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Pisces, 1906–8. Pp. xxxii, 203. ' weł /* 2, /*/-/- 2 6
—. Description of a new Cichlid Fish of the Genus Heterogramma from femfara—Annals and Magazine
Natural History, (8), I, 1908, 370–371. -
—. Description of a new Fish of the Genus Galaxias from Chile.—Annals and Magazine Natural History,
(8), I, 1908, 372. " * - º
24/ –. Description of new Loricariid Fishes from South America.-Proceedings Zoëlogical Society of London,
1907, 190s, 795-800, ple. 47%. . t -
—. Description of a new Fish of the Genus Cichlosoma from Tampico, with Notes on some other Fishes
from Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.—Annals and Magazine Natural History, (8), II, 1908, 222–223.
—. Description of a new Loricariid Fish of the Genus Plecostomus from Argentina.-Annals and Magazine
Natural History, (8), II, 1908, 358. º
— A Collection of Freshwater Fishes made by Mr. C. F. Underwood in Costa Rica-Annals and Magazine
Natural History, (8), II, 1908, 455–464. * .
—. The Classification of Teleostean Fishes.—Annals and Magazine Natural History, (8), III, 1909, 75–86.
—. Descriptions of Three new Freshwater Fishes from South America, presented to the British Museum
by Herr J. Paul Arnold,—Annals and Magazine Natural History, (8), III, 1909,234–235.
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 549
—. Description of a new Cichlid Fish of the Genus Heterogramma from the La Plata.-Annals and Magazine
Natural History, (8), III, 1909, 270. g - -
—. . Notes on the Classification of the Teleostean Fishes.—(Advance print from) Proceedings Seventh Inter-
national Zoological Congress, Boston Meeting, August 19–24, 1907, 1910, pp. 16.
— A Synopsis of the Marsipobranchs of the Order Hyperoartii-Annals and Magazine Natural History,
(8), VII, 1911, 193–204. - ~
—. The Osteology and Classification of the Teleostean Fishes of the Order Microcyprini.-Annals and
Magazine Natural History, (8), VII, 1911, 320–327. ſº -
—. The Classification of the Teleostean Fishes of the Order Ostariophysi-1. Cyprinoidea, Annals and
Magazine Natural History, (8), VIII, 1911, 13–32, pl. 2. r -
—. On some Fishes of the Family Paciliidae.—Annals and Magazine Natural History, (8), VIII, 1911, 373–
374. - , ~ * -
—. The Classification of the Teleostean Fishes of the Order Ostariophysi-2. Siluroidea.—Annals and
Magazine Natural History, (8), VIII, 1911, 588-577. -
—. A new Poeciliid Fish from the Amazon, with Notes on the Genera Pelalosoma and Tomeurus.--Annals
and Magazine Natural History, (8), VIII, 1911, 659-660.
Renhandr, J. T. Nye sydamerikanske Ferskvandsfiske—Widenskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske
Forening i Kjöbenhavn, 1849, Nos. 3–5, 39–57. - -
—. Om Svömmeblaeren hos Familien Gymnotini.-Widenskabelige Meddeleiser fra den naturhistoriske
Forening i Kjøbenham, 1852, Nos. 8–10, 135–49. •
—. Notits om Slaegten Pachyurus Agass. og de dertil hörende Arter.—Widenskabelige Meddelelser fra den
naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenham, 1854, Nos. 4–7, 108–112. -
—. Stegophilus insidiosus, en ny Malefisk fra Brasilien og dens Levemaade—Widenskabelige Meddeleiser
fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjöbenham, 1858, Nos. 5–7, 79–97, pl. 2.
—. Om trende, forementlig ubeskrevne Fisk af Characinernes eller Karpelaxenes Familie.—Oversigt over
det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes 8elskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider, 1866, 49–68,
Ribeiro, Alipio Dr MIRANDA. Oito Especies de Peixes do Rio Pomba-Bolelim de Sociedade Nacional de
Agricultura, 1902. (Extract, pp. 8.) . : * - - º
—. Genus Megalobrycon, Gnth, seu enumeratio systematica huius generis Characinidarum specierum.—
Archivos Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, XIII, 1906, 147–154.
— Vertebrados do Itatíaya. . . . Resultados de excursóes do Sr. Carlos Moreira, . . . (Peixes).-
Archivos Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, XIII, 1906, 163–170. - -
—. Fauna Brasiliense, Peixes—Archivos Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, XIV, 1907, 35–129.
—. Uma novidade Ichthyologica—Kosmos (Rio de Janeiro), IV, No. 1, 1907, [21].
—. Peixes da Ribeira-Kosmos (Rio de Janeiro), V, 1908, - (Extract, pp. 5.)
RICHARDson, John. Ichthyology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Erebus and Terror . . . London, 1844–8. '
Pp. 139, 60 pla.
Sangional, D. Nuoveformedi Pescifossilidel Parana—Ri . . Italiana Paleontologica, VII, 1901,62-68, pl. 1.
SAUVAGE, M. H. E. Description des Gobioides nouveaux ou peu connus de la collection du Muséum d’Histoire
naturelle.—Bulletin Société Philomathique de Paris, (7), IV, 1880, 40–58. , *
SCHLESINGER, GüNTHER. Die Gymnonoten—Zoologische Jahrbüchér, XXIX, 1910, 613–640, pls. 20–22.
Schoubungk, Rosent Hrawann. Fishes of British Guiana, I-Jardine's Naturalist's Library, XXXIX,
1841, 81-263. - - s - , * - . . . .
—. Fishes of British Guiana, II—Jardine's Naturalist's Library, XL, 1843, 131–214. -
SchöNBEIN, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRich S. Beobachtungen über die electrischen Wirkungen des Zitteraales. Basel,
1841.
3-3 –
550 MEMOIRs of THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
- scimenen, Cantos, and RIBEmo, Alipio Dr. MIRANDA. A colleccio depeixes do Museu Nacional do Rio de
Janeiro.—Archivos Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, XII, 1903, 67–109. e
SCHULTZE, MAx. Zur Kenntniss der electrischen Organe der Fische. Erste Abtheilung: Melapterurus,
Gymnotus.--Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Halle, IV, 1858. -
— Zur Kenntniss der electrischen Organe der Fische. Zweite Abtheilung: Torpedo.—Abhandlungen der
Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Halle, W, 1859. . w -
SEBA, ALBERT. Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio, ſetc.). Vol. III, pp. 212.
Amsterdam, 1758. , . . *
SHAw, GEORGE. General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History, Vols. IV, V. London, 1803.
SMITH, J. P. G. Note on Callichthys and Anableps-Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1850, 53–57. -
Surtr, F. A. Poissons de l'Expédition scientifique à la Terre de Feu. I. Notothenia-Bihang till Kongliga
Svenska Wetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, XXIII, Afd. IV, No. 3, 1897, pp. 37, 3 ple.
—. Poissons de l'Expédition scientifique à la Terre de Feu. II. Trachinidae et Lycodidae.—Bihang till
a" g
* *
— Ichthyologische Notizen—Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XLIX,
& 2"
. . . *
0.1.
m&
v. , \
•
. . . Wissenschaften, Wien, LVIII; i, 1868,249–264,2ple. *
Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, XXIV, Afd. IV, No. 5, 1898, pp. 80, 6 pla.
—. Poissons d'eau douce de la Patagonie recueillis par E. Nordenskiöld 1898–1899–Bihang till Kongliga
Svenska Velenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, XXVI, Afd. IV, No. 13, 1901, pp. 31, 4 pls.
Spix, Johann BAPTIST DE. (See Agassiz, Louis.) Selecta genera et species Piscium quos in itinere per Brasil-
iam annis 1817–20 . . . peracto . . . collegit . . . J. B. de Spix, &c. Munich, 1829. *
STARKs, Edwin CHAPIN. On a Collection of Fishes made by P. O. Simons in Ecuador and Peru.-Proceedings
U. S. National Museum, XXX, 1906, 761–800, ple. 65–66.
SrendacRNER, FRANz. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Sciºnoiden Brasiliens und del Cyprinodonten Mejicos—
Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XLVIII, i, 1863, 162–185, 4 pls.
i, 1864, 200–241, 2 ple. -
—. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Chromiden Mejico's und Central-Amerika's-Denkschriften Kaiserlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XXIII, ii, 1864, 57-74, 5 pls. -
—. Ichthyologische. Notizen (III).-Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien,
LIII, i, 1866, 208–213, 2 ple. - - - g
—. Ichthyologische Notizen (VI)-Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien,
LVI, i, 1867, 307-376, 3 ple. , -
—. Ichthyologische Notizen (VII).-Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der {Wissenschaften, Wien,
LVII, i, 1868, 965–1008, 5 pls. - l -
—. Die Gymnotide des Hof-Naturaliencabinetes zu Wien-Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der
—. Ichthyologische Notizen (IX).-Siteungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien,
LX, i, 1870,290–318, 8 ple. . § - ,
—. Die Süsswasserfische des suděstlichen Brasilien—Sileungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissen-
schaften, Wien, LXX, i, 1874, 499–538, 6 ple. & - tº *.
—. Beiträge zur Kentniss der Chromiden des Amazonenstromes—Siteungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie
der Wienschafen, Wien, LXXI, i, iss, 61-137, 8 ps. t 9
— Ubereinigeneuebrasilianischesiluroiden ausder Gruppe der Doradinen—Sisungsbericue Kaiserlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, LXXI, i, 1875, 138–151, 4 ple.
— Die Siswasterfische des sºdestlichen Brasilien (II)—sieungsteriºus Kaiserlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Wien, LXXI, i, 1875, 211–245, 6 ple. *... .
—. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Chaſkinen des Amazonenstromes.—Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie
der Wissenschaften, Wien, LXXII, i, 1875, 6–24, 2 pla. Q.
º
º
EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHEs of BRITISH GUIANA 551
—. Ichthyologische Beiträge (IV.).-Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien,
LXXII, i, 1875, 551–616, 13 pls. g .
—. Ichthyologische Beiträge (V).-Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien,
LXXIV, i, 1876, 49–240, 15 pls. - -
— Die Süsswasserfische des sildostlichen Brasilien (III)-Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Wien, LXXIV, i, 1876, 559–694, 13 plg. -
— Zur Fisch-Fauna des Magdalenen-Stromes—Denkschriften Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Wien, XXXIX, i, 1878, 19–78, 15 pls. (#4. /- 42 afaraº...ºeva /yzz -
— Ichthyologische Beiträge (VI)-Sizungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien,
LXXVII, i, 1878, 379–392, 3 pla. * : .
— Uber einige neue und seltene Fisch-Arten aus den Zoºlogischen Museen zu Wien, Stuttgart, und War-
schau-Denkschriften Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XLI, i, 1894, 1–52, 9 pls.
l/2 — Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Flíssfische Südamerika's.-Denkschriften Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissen-
schaften, Wien, XLI, i, 1879, 151–172, 4 pls.
—. Ichthyologische Beiträge (VIII)-Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien,
LXXX, i, 1880, 119–91, 3 ple.
— Zur Fisch-Fauna des Cauca und der Flüsse bei Guayaquil–Denkschriften Kaiserlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Wien, XLII, i, 1880, 55–104, 9 pls.
... Wissenschaften, Wien, XLIII, i, 1881, 103–146, 7 pls. - .
— Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fijssfische Südamerika's III—Denkschriften Kaiserlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Wien, XLIV, i, 188%, 1–18, 5 pls. -
— Ichthyologische Beiträge (X).-Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien,
LXXXIII, i, 1881, 179–219, 8 pla. g - -
L//| —. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Flyssfische Südamerika's II-Denkschriften Kaiserlichen Akademie dº. 7/
u/
— Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Flusſsche Sudameika's (IV)—Denkschriften Kaiserwhen Akademie der
Wissenschafen, Wien, XLVI, i, 1883, 1–44, 7 ple.
— Ichthyologische Beiträge (XII)—Anseiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Jahr- .
gang XIX, 1882, 142-3. a
— Ichthyologische Beiträge (XII)—sileungsbericue Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien,
LXXXVI, i, 1884, 61-82, 5 pls.
sº —. Ichthyologische Beiträge (XIV)—Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien,
* 7 XCVI, i, 188!, 56–68,4 ple. - . .
—. rºbº finige-Beue atterse analºiseke-veh-dem-eahāriseherr: Yſ a ſººn-Sº ãamériº *~ *
* - ven-Madagaseasºntos-dem-Titelº"Ichthyologische Beiträge” (XV)— nzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akidenie
a-wºwien:ºxviii, isol, nº.
—. Ichthyologische Beiträge (XV).-Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, C, i,
1891, 343–374, 3 pls. . . . . *
—. Worläufige Mittheilung über einige neue Fischarten aus der ichthyologischen Sammlung des Natur-
historischen Museums in Wien.—Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XXXII,
1895, 180–183. , - -
—. Fauna Chilensis. Die Fische der Sammlung Plate-Zoologische Jahrbücher, Supplement, IV, 1898,
281–338... . . . - .
— Herpetologische und ichthyologische Ergebnise einer Reise nach Sudamerika—Denkschriften Kaiser-
lichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, LXXII, 1902, 89–148, 5 pla. s &
—. Uber einige neue Reptilien- und Fischarten des Hof-Museums in Wien.—Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen . •
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, CXII, i, 1903, 15–22, 1 pl.




a & S.*.*.*,” %rºn-4→ a wo (or 9.
- § º & ) Sywººd * * - o -
\ %rutºvº. , ºw XV// 4.0 - § O
552 - **Moºns of Thá'6&#61; Miseum
ſº —. Fauna Chilensis. Die Fische der Sammlung Plate.—Zoologische Jahrbücher, Supplement, VI, 1906,
// • 201–244. -
A —. Bericht tiber zwei neue Corydoras-Arten aus dem Parnahyba und Parahimfusse im Staate Piauhy.—
* Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XLIII, 1906, 478-480.
r—. Uber eine neue Psilichthys-Art, Ps. cameroni aus dem Flusse Cubataş im Staate S. Catharina, Bra-
silienºnzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, KER, 1907, 82-85.
1 — Uber einige Fischarten aus dem Flusse Cubatač im Staate Santa Catharina bei Theresopolis (Brasil-
1ſ ien).-Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, CXVI, i, 1907, 475–492, pls. 1–2.
1 —. the neue Arten von Süsswasserfischen a. d. Stromgebiete Parnahyba and be eine Abart von Lori-
/o caria lina Kner. a. d. Juruk-Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XLIV, 1907, −.
it ºat-seen:- - - -
/*—. Uber eine neue Arges-Art aus den hohen Anden von Cayendelet. Arges theresiae, n. sp.-Anzeiger
is . Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, xrry, 1907,228-229.
// o Uber eine in dem Rio Xingu (Brasilien) workommende Mugii-Art. Mugil ringuensis—Anzeiger
/ſ Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, KHPY, 1907,489–491. •
/* —. Uber eine im Rio Jaraguá bei Joinville im Staate S. Catharina (Brasilien) vorkommende noch unbe-
º
ſt schriebene Pseudochalceus-Art, Ps. affinis, sowie über eine neue Characinengattung und -Art, Joinvillea
ry rose, von gleichem Fundorte.—Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, ##W, 1908,
/? 28–31. . . - • 'S' >
20–. tjber drei neue Characinen und drei Siluroiden aus dem Stromgebietºdes Amazonas innerhalb Brasili-
: } At eng-Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, ºl908, 61–69.
#2–. Uber dreineue Arten von Süsswasserſfischen aus dem Amazonasgebiet.—Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie *
VIL as der Wissenschafen, º 1908,-, -ºoººº-
24— ther eine noch unbekannte Art der Gattung Bergiella Eig. aus dem La Plata, . . . etc.—Anzeiger
... As Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mº, 1908,110-113. -
a p4—. Uber eine wahrend der brasilianischen Expedition endeckte Brachyplaystoma-Art aus dem Rio Parna-
+ hyba und über eine dicht gefleckte und gestrichelte Warietät von Giton fasciatus aus den Gewässern von
A} Wºº Santos (Staat; Saô Paulo)—Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Xºw, 1908,
tº 2%. 126–130. *
* */ . J4—. Uber eine neue Hemiodus-Art aus dem Stromgebiete des Amazonas, Hemiodus fowleri-Anzeiger
Aſ Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XLV, 1908, -. -
32-—. tſber zwei neue Siluroiden und zwei Curimatus-Arten, sowie über eine Varietät von Ancisirus vittatus
- ss aus dem Amazonasgebiete innerhalb Brasiliens.—Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften,
X/ 37. Wien, ºº, 1908, 163–168. - - *
3?– Uber zwei neue Fischarten aus dem Stromgebiete des Rio San Francisco.—Anzeiger Kaiserlichen
gº Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, ºv, 1908, 191–194. ; :
37—. Uber eine neue Melynnis-Art (Fam. Characids) aus einer Lagune am Rio Medonho.—Anzeiger Kaiser-
º 3% lichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XLV, 1908, 326–327.
-ºf-6./ 3–. Uber sechs neue Serrasalmo- und Myletes-Arten aus Südamerika-Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie der
gº * 6 Wissenschaften, Wien, XLV, 1908, 359–367.
- *z & #—. Uber eine neue Tetragonopterus-Art. aus dem Amazonasgebiet (Rio Purus): Tetragonopterus hubert
** n sp-Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XLVI, 1909, 172–173.
4…
×//
×x/
*/9–
*
1////
º
X tº//
3.
#3—. tſber eine neue Brachyplatystoma-Art, aus der Umgebung ven Pará, welchewihrend der brasilienischen -
(2.c/ º Expedition der Kaiserlichen Akademie auf dem'Fischmark von Pará in einem Exemplaterworben wurde,
% wº sowie uber eine noch unbeschriebene Loricaria-Art aus dem Jaraguá.-Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie
*hjºlder Wissenschaften, Wien, ºr 1909, pp. Tös-197.





EIGENMANN: THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF BRITISH GUIANA 553
—. Uber eine Ageneiosus (Pseudogeneiosus)-Art im Rio Parnahyba und Rio Puty bei Therezina, während 2&
der Brasilianischen Expedition in drei Exemplaren von 18–34.8 cm.Jange gefangen. Ageneiosus §seudag, %% ( )/
- theresinae.—Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XX, 1909, ãº, *
–/&AE,/ —. Über Cºenotropus punclatus M. Tr. nach Exemplaren aus Surinam.—Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie &
- der Wissenschaften, Wien, XXIV, 1909, -. -
. — Uber Brachyplatystoma (Tºhionema) platynema Blgr. aus der Umgebung von Paré–Anzeiger Kaiser- * a.
lichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, XXVI, 1909, -. - - -
—. Uber einige Ageneiosus- und Farlowella-Arten, etc.—Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums,
Wien, XXIV, 1910–11, 399–408, pls. 8–10. . . - -
— Die Fische des Itapocº und seiner Zuflüsse im Staate Sa. Catharina (Brasilien)—Annalen des K. K.
Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, Wien, XXIV, 1910–11, 419–433, pl. 5. -
—. Über eine neue Loricaria-Art aus dem Flussgebiete des Jaraguá und der Ribeira im Staate S. Paulo und
- Sa. Catharina, libekeine mit Ancisirus aculeatus (Perugia) = Ancistrus gigas (Blgr.) Reg. sehr nahe
verwandte Ancistruśart aus dem Rio S. Francisco bei Barra, Über eine neue Corydoras-Art aus dem
*/ Jaraguá, und über die áušeren Geschlechtsunterschiede von Corydoras kronei Ribeira-Anzeiger Kaiser- */
lichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, †DWTF, 1910, 56–62. g
—. Uber vier neue Siluroiden und Characinen aus dem Amazonasgebiete und von Ceará aus der Sammlung -
des Museums Göldi in Pará.-Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, ºff, 1911, × M
324–331. - -
—. Uber eine neue brasilianische Myleus-Art und gibt eine neuerliche Beschreibung von Retroculus lapidifer
- Casteln. nach Exemplaren beiderlei Geschlechter.—Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften,
XV// Wien, AEH, 1911, 342–347. - * >
/ – Uber einige neue und seltene siidamerikanische Süsswasserfische—Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften, wº 1911, 369–376. Yv//
STEINDACHNER, FRANz, and von BAYERN, PRINZEssn. THERESE. Ueber einige Fischarten Mexiko's und die
Seen, in welchen sie vorkommen—Anzeiger Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, XXXII,
1895, 165–166. - -
—. Ueber einige Fischarten Mexico's und die Seen, in welchen sie vorkommen.—Denkschriften Kaiserlichen .
* * Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, LXII, 1895, 517-530, 3 pls.
Swanson, WILLIAM. On the Natural History and Classification of Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles.—The
Cabinet Cyclopædia, conducted by the Rev. Dionysius Lardner, 1838–39. 2 vols.
TRAILL, Thomas STEwART. Description of a Silurus, known in Demerara by the name Gilbacke, more properly
Geelbulk [S. Parkerin. sp.).-Memoirs Wernerian Natural History Society, VI, 1832, 377–380.
THOMINoT, ALEx. Sur un Saccodon d'espèce nouvelle venant de l'Équateur.—Bulletin Société Philomathique
de Paris, (7), WI, 1882, 248—251. - - -
— Sur quelques Poissons nouveaux appartenant à la collection du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle.—Bulletin
Société Philomathique de Paris, (7), X, 1886, 161–168. -
TSCHUDI, J. J. von. Untersuchungen über die Fauna Peruana. Ichthyologie. St. Gallen, 1845. Pp. 35,
6 pla. - - - .
ULREY, ALBERT B. Preliminary Descriptions of Some New South American Characinidae.—American Natur-
alist, XXVIII, 1894, 610-612. - •
—. South American Characinidae Collected by Charles Frederick Hartt.—Annals New York Academy
Sciences, VIII, 1895, 258-300. • -
VAILLANT, LÉON. Sur les Raies recueillies dans l'Amazone par M. le Dr. Jobert.—Bulletin Société Philo-
mathique de Paris, (7), IV, 1880, 251–252. -
—. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn. Vol. VI, Zoëlogie. Poissons. 1891, pp. 35, 4 pls.
— La répartition des Siluroides dans l'éspace et dans le temps-Revue Scientifique, (4), VII, 1897,685–689.
554 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
*
—. Contribution à l'étude ichthyologique du Chagres—Bulletin Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, III, 1897,
220–223. • , - - -
—. Rémarques sur les appendices de Bloch chez les Siluroides du genre Aspredo.—Comptes Rendus Academie
des Sciences, Paris, CXXVI, 1898, 544–545. -
—. Contribution à l'étude de la faune ichthyologique de la Guyane.—Notes from the Leyden Museum, XX,
1898, 1–20, 1 fig. • . . - -
—. Note préliminaire sur les collections ichthyologiques recueillies par M. Geay en 1897 et 1898 dans la
Guyane française et le Contesté franco-brésilien.—Bull Mus. d’His Nat., Paris, W, 1899, 154–156.
—. Contribution a l'étude de la faune ichthyologique de la Guyane française et du Contesté franco bré-
silien.—Archives Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, (4), II, 1900, 123–136, pl. 7.
VAILLANT, LEON, et PELLEGRIN, JACQUES. Cichlidés nouveaux de l’Amérique centrale.—Bulletin Muséum
d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, VIII, 1902, 84–88.
—. Note sur quelque Tétragonoptères de l’Amérique centrale appartenant à la Collection du Muséum.—
Bulletin Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, IX, 1903, 323–326.
VALENCIENNEs, ACHILLE. (See Humboldt & Valenciennes, and Cuvier & Valenciennes)
—. . In D’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Meridionale, V, ii, Poissons, 1847, pp. 1–11, 16 pla.
WALENTIN, G. Beiträge zur Anatomie des Zitteraales (Gymnotus electricus).-Neue Denkschriften Allgemeine
Schweizerischen Gesellschaft, WI, 1842. Pp. 74. -
WAN DER Hoeven, J. Lepidosiren paradoxa, een nieuw geslacht van Reptilia–Tidjdschrift voor Natuurlijke
Geschiedenis en Physiologie, IV, 1837–8, 407–408. - g
WAN DER Lott, FRANs. Kort Bericht van den Conger-aal, ofte Drilvisch.-Werhandelingen witgegeeven door
Hollandsche Maatschappeye der Weetenschappen te Haarlem, VI, 1762 (Berichten aan de Maatschappeye
gegeeven), 87–95. •. - * •
WEYENBERGH, H. Algunos Nuevos Pescados del Museo Nacional y Algunas Noticias Ictiologicas—Actas de
la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas (Buenos Aires).-III, i, 1877, 1–23. 4 pla."
Wiegmann, F. A. Bericht uber die Fortschritte der Zoologie im Jahre 1834. (Redescription of Meyen's
Pygidium fuscum.]—Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 1835, ii, 268. . . . -
WILLIAMSON, HUGH. Experiments and Observations on the Gymnotus electricus, or Electrical Eel-Philo-
sophical Transactions Royal Society of London, LXV, 1775, 95–101. .
WILLoughby, FRANCIS. De Historia Piscium. Oxonii, 1686. Pp. 343 +30 (Appendix).
Woodwańd, A. SMITH, Notes on some Vertebrate Fossils from the Province of Bahia, Brazil, Collected by
Joseph Mawson, Esq., F. G. S.—Annals and Magazine Natural History, (6), II, 1888, 133–136.
—. Note on Bucklandium diluvii, König, a Siluroid Fish from the London Clay of Sheppey.—Proceedings
Zoëlogical Society of London, 1889, 208–210, pl. 22. *
—. Observations on Señor Ameghino's “Notes on the Geology and Palaeontology of Argentina.”—Geological
Magazine, n.s., Decade 4, IV, 1897, 20–23. -
—. An Account of a Visit to South America, made in order to examine the Fossil Vertebrates of that
Country—Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1897, 311-313. - -
—. Consideraçoes sobre algunos peixas Terciarios dos schistos de Taubaté, Estado de S. Paulo, Brazil.-
Revistă do Museu Paulista, III, 1900, 63–70, ple. 2–4. -
—. On some Fish-remains from the Paraná Formation, Argentine Republic.—Annals and Magazine Natural
History, (7), WI, 1900, 1–7, pl. 1. . - -
WoolMAN, ALBERT, J. New Fishes from Chihuahua, Mexico.—American Naturalist, XXVI, 1892, 259-261.
‘Waight, R. Ramsey. On the Skull and Auditory Organ of the Siluroid Hypophthalmus–Proceedings and
Transactions Royal Society of Canada, III, iv, 1885, 1886, 107–118, ple, 8–10.
WYMAN, JEFFRIEs. Observations on the Development of Anableps Gronovii (Cup. & Wal.).-Boston Journal
Natural History, VI, 1854, 432–433, pl. 17. -
wº r ſº 532/
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE I.
1. A spredo sicuephorus CUVIER and VALENCIENNEs. 11969 I. U. 2, 2d. Bunocephalus gronovii Bleeker. 102 mm. (Brit. Mus.)

|
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE II.
^2 . . .
1. Bunocephalus chamaizelus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 36 mm. No. 1556. 2. Bunocephalus amaurus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 69 mm. No. 1556.

+gg. I o N · Uuuu 9g (ºodſ. JL) · NN VINNGIÐIQI symudo.ſ.fi, snuffy
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~~~~—~~~~~~~ （Tºwsº-~~~~--~~~~-----
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE IV.
1–3. Agmus scabriceps EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN. (Type.) 42 mm. (Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge.)

►
•••••-------
----~~~~~♥~
. -- ---- » ~~~~ ~~~~–

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
R and VALENCIENNEs).
-
-
PLATE W.
Sciadeich-
305 mm. to dorsal. No. 1265. 2.
No. 1263. 3. Sciadeichthys parkeri
to dorsal.
UVIE
1. Sciadeichthys ſlavescens (C
thys proops (CUVIER and VALENCIENNES).
190 mm.
130 mm. to dorsal. No. 1278.
(TRAILL).

t

PLATE WI.
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
2. Palatal view
1.
Sciadeichthys proops (CUVIER and VALENCIENNES).
Dorsal view (the so-called monk).
3. Lateral view.
(the so-called crucifix).

- ~~~~ = =（^*=- → –– → … --.---* →→→→→– →→→→→→==~）=-- ~- - ----- ---- ---...« ------------•=--~=~==--~--~~~~*=~~~=================~~~========== ===**==+==~~~=====~：=~~~==~~=============•——•=*=======~~~=--~~~~ -------~--~--~~~~. —~~~ -- … —~~ -- --------~----+----···---· — ———— — — — — ————. ----~~~ ~~~~ . . . .---- … →→→ … ...— • • – — ¡ ¿ - ~~~~ ~ ~
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V.
PLATE WII.
1. Selenaspis herzberg (BLOCH). 107 mm. to dorsal.
-
- -
-
-- - -
-
- - -
--- --
- -
-----
-
º
- º- - -
-- ºw-
- ---
º - -º-º:
- º º
- --- -
- º --~~ - _
-
-
-- -
º -
- - - -
- -
- -
- - -
- -
- - -
CIENNEs). 543 mm. total length.
No. 1266. 2. Selenaspis passany (CUVIER and VALEN-
(Berlin Museum, Coll. Schomburgk.)







MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PIATE VIII.
1. Notarius grandicassis (CUVIER and VALENCIENNEs). 161 mm. to dorsal. No. 1258. 2. Votarius
parmocassis (CUVIER and VALENCIENNEs). 147 mm. to dorsal. No. 1252. 3. Notarius stricticassis (CUVIER
and VALENCIENNEs). 139 mm. to dorsal. No. 1261.

ś,
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V.
PLATE IX.
--
-
~º
1. Sciadeichthys emphysetus (MüLLER and TROSCHEL).
(AGAssiz). 66 mm. to dorsal.
134 mm. to dorsal.
No. 1284.
91 mm. to dorsal.
3. He canematichthys rugispinis (CUVIER and VALENCIENNES).
2.
Arius spiri

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MEMORS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
PLATE
XI.
º
§
-- º
"…
-
º
-
1. Pseudopimelodus albomarginatus EIGENMANN.
(Type.)
98 mm.
No. 1680.
2. Brachyglamis melas EIGENMANN.
(Type.) 60 mm.
No. 1672.

——————————————————————•————————————•—–––––––––––––––————————————————————————————————————————~~~~––––––----------------

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V. PLATE XII.
1. Brachyglanis phalacra EIGENMANN. (Type.) 25 mm. to dorsal. No. 1671. 2. Microglanis pacilus EIGEN-
MANN. (Type.) 37 mm. No. 1676.

* <--★ → → L-º-º---~--~
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V.PLATE XIII.
ſae
§
!%
1. Brachyglanis phalacra EIGEN MANN. (Type.) 81 mm. No. 1671. 2. Leptoglanis essequibensis EIGEN MANN. (Type.) 156 mm. No. 1652.




PLATE XIV
No. 1655.
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
º
º:
:，:
110 mm.
(Type.)
Chasmocramus longior EIGENMANN.
2
(Type.) 58 mm. No. 1664.
EIGENMANN.
ënsis
1. Myoglamis polaro

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V.
PLATE
XV.
- -
º
-
º
º:
º
&
-
- 1. Chasmocramus brevior EIGENMANN.
(Type.) 56 mm.
No. 1662. 2. Pimelodella megalops
EIGENMANN.
(Type.)
100 mm.
No. 1692.

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MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V. PLATE XVII
º
|
1. Leptodoras linnelli EIGENMANN. (Type.) 52 mm. to dorsal. No. 1626. 2. Trachycorysles obscurus (GüN-
THER). (Type.) In British Museum. 3. Brachyplatystoma waillanti (CUVIER and VALENCIENNES). 80 mm.
between eyes. No. 1288, 4. Doras granulosus VALENCIENNEs. Total length, 395 mm. Berlin Museum. Coll.
Schomburgk.

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MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
PLATE XX.
No.
65 mm. No. 1727. 2. Pseudauchemipterus nodosus (BLOCH).
1. Centromochlus aulopygius KNER.
212 mm.
(Type.) 64 mm. No. 1708.
1725. 3. Tympanopleura piperata EIGENMANN.

* ~~~. •••• • • • • •——• • •
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE XXI.
1. Auchenipterus demerara, EIGENMANN. (Type.) 115 mm. No. 1714. 2. A geneiosus guianensis EIGENMANN. (Type.) 175 mm. No. 1712.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE XXII.
-
|c vath of barbel
1. A geneiosus marmoratus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 175 mm. No. 1710. 2. Helogenes marmoratus GüNTHER. 73 mm. No. 1703.





PLATE XXIII.
No. 1728.
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
(Type.) 22 mm.
icetopsis minutus EIGENMANN.
2. Hem
No. 1726.
(Type.) 55 mm.
lentus EIGENMANN.
is maci
1. Hemicetops


MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V. PLATE XXIV.
1. Hoplosternum littorale (HANCOCK). 192 mm. No. 1575. 2. Hoplosternum thoracatum (CUVIER and
VALENCIENNEs). 110 mm. No. 1579. 3. Corydoras punctatus (BLOCH). 51 mm. No. 1561.


！
--
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
PLATE XXV,
º
º
-
º
…º.
2. Pseudancistrus nigrescens EIGENMANN.
No. 1544.
(Type.) 201 mm.
3. Ancistrus lith urgicus EIGENMANN.
1. Plecostomus hemiurus EIGENMANN.
95 mm. No. 1524.
(Type.)
No. 1539.
182 mm.
(Type.)


MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V. PLATE XXVI.
-
1. Plecostomus watwata (HANCOCK). 435 mm. No. 1540. 2-4. Lithogenes willosus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 44
mm. No. 1002, 5. Veoplecostomus granosus (CUVIER and VALENCIENNEs). In British Museum.









MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V. PLATE XXVII.
-
º
º
---
-
--
1–3. Corymbophanes anderson. EIGENMANN. (Type.) S6 mm. No. 1001.
-






- - -≡- - -|------ -× （- =）-（…） . 7-- - - ~~~~- -···---···---···---·····-）* -----

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE XXVIII.
1–2. Hemiancistrus brauer. EIGENMANN. (Type.) 120 mm. In Berlin Museum. (Coll. Schomburgk.)
3. Pseudancistrus barbatus (CUVIER and VALENCIENNEs). 140 mm. No. 1533.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V. PLATE XXIX.
º
ºs
* -- Nº. º
Sº
- -
"-
- \\\ º ~
&
º
1 2. Lithorus lithoides EIGENMANN, Cº. (Type.) S6 mm. No. 1527. 3. Lithorus lithoides
EIGENMANN, Q. Ventral surface. 57 mm. No. 1528. 4. Lithocus lithoides EIGENMANN, Cº. Ven-
tral surface. (Type.) 86 mm. No. 1527. (Figure enlarged more than figs, 1 and 2.)

* - - - - ~~~~ ******~~~~ -… --. .--._
-~~~~ ~~> ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~）; z-, º-
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. W. PLATE XXX.
alsº ===T
ºãº -
- -- --~~~~~~
tº --- -
º --- --~~
ºl. ---
-- ºr - -
- - - - -
1. Loricariichthys microdon EIGENMANN. (Type.) 90 mm. No. 1507. 2. Loricariichthys griseus EIGENMANN.
(Type.) 131 mm. No. 1504. 3. Loricariichthys brunneus (HANCOCK). 110 mm. No. 1499. 4. Loricariichthys
platyurus (MüLLER and TROsCHEL). 142 mm. No. 1510. 5. Loricariichthys stewarti EIGENMANN. (Type.)
81 mm. No. 1508. 6. Harttia platystoma (GüNTHER). 160 mm. No. 1511.
º - -


—~ ~~~~
----- --~~~~–––---------------º--. .--
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V. PLATE XXXI.
1. Harttia platystoma (GüNTHER). Entire length, 160 mm. I. U. No. 11,939. 2. Hart-
tia platystoma (GüNTHER). Entire length, 92 mm. No. 1511. 3. Loricariichthys platy-
urus (MüLLER and TROSCHEL). 142 mm. No. 1510. 4. Loricariichthys brunneus (HAN-
COCK). 53 mm. to anus. I. U. No. 11,934.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V. PLATE XXXII.
1. Loricariichthys microdon EIGENMANN. (Type.) 44 mm. to anus. No. 1507. 2. Loricariichthys
griseus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 731 mm. entire length. No. 1504. 3, Farlowella hargreavesi EIGENMANN.
(Type.) 170 mm. entire length. (Georgetown Museum.)
- - - -
ºn 2 - “. * *

======+==~~=====================----------…---.-.-.-） ----- –
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V. PLATE XXXIII.
1. Bīrībranchia protractila EIGENMANN. (Type.) 115 mm. No. 1873. 2d-2e. Gills of left side, begin-
ning with the first at 2a. 3. Roof of mouth and gill-chambers, showing valves. 4. Floor of mouth and
gill-chamber. 5. Sagittal section, showing valves of the roof of the mouth.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V.
PLATE XXXIV.
º º
º
º
1. Curimatus spilurus GüNTHER. 110 mm.
No. 2095.
2. Curimatus microcephalus EIGENMANN and
EIGENMANN. 103 mm. No. 2115. 3. Curimatus morowhamma EIGENMANN.
2122. 4. Curimatus issororoënsis EIGENMANN.
(Type.)
104 mm. No. 2119.
(Type.) 90 mm.
No.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V. PLATE XXXV.
º
º º -
º ºº
º º -
- *
º: º
º -
º
º
º
º
º - -
º
º º: º
º º
º ******** º
º
Fº
5-
… -
* * *** ****** º
-
sº sº-sº
3
º
s ºº º º º
-
-
º
*** * * * * * * * * * ****
º-s, ºr ºs-
1. Curimatus schomburgki GüNTHER. 146 mm. No. 2071a. 2. Prochilodus maripicru EIGEN-
MANN. (Type.) 282 mm. No. 2066. 3. Tylobronchus maculosus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 113
mm. No. 1923. 4. Chilodus punctatus MüLLER and TROSCHEL. 77 mm. No. 1916.










MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V. PLATE XXXVI.
º º
º
1. Parodon bifasciatus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 104 mm. No. 1925. 2. Hemiodus quadrimaculatus PELLE-
GRIN. 125 mm. No. 1930. 3. Hemiodus semitaniatus KNER. 79 mm. No. 1932. 4. Namnostomus margin-
atus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 26 mm. No. 1171. 5. Vannostomus minimus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 21 mm.
No. 1165. 6. Nannostomus simpler EIGENMANN. (Type.) 25 mm. No. 1167.









-
2.
wº--•
-
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL, V. PLATE XXXV|.
- ~~~ -… _ - -
- * * - -
-7 - "
- - - - - -
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1. Poecilobrycon harrisoni EIGENMANN. (Type.) 55 mm. No. 1160. 2. Porcilobrycon trifasciatus (STEIN-
DACHNER). 32 mm. No. 1161. 3. Poecilobrycon erythrurus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 33 mm. No. 1168. 4. Poeci-
lobrycon ocellatus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 41 mm. No. 1179. 5. Archicheir minutus EIGENMANN. (Type.)
26 mm. No. 1186. 6. Characidium laterale EIGENMANN. (Type.) 37 mm. No. 1141. 7. Characidium later-
ale EIGENMANN. (Cotype.) Dorsal view. 35 mm. I. U. No. 11,673.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. W. PLATE XXXVIII.
º
º
1. Characidium wintoni EIGENMANN. (Type.) 76 mm. No. 1142. 2. Characidium wintoni EIGENMANN.
Dorsal view. 3. Characidium blennioides EIGENMANN. (Type.) 52 mm. No. 1144. 4. Characidium blenni-
oides EIGENMANN. Dorsal view. 5. Characidium catematum EIGENMANN. (Type.) 38 mm. No. 1153. 6.
Characidium catematum EIGENMANN. Dorsal view.


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MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE XXXIX.
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1. Characidium fasciatum REINHARDT. 52.5 mm. No. 1151. 2. Characidium fasciatum REINHARDT. Dor-
sal view. 3. Characidium pellucidum EIGENMANN. (Type.) 39 mm. No. 1156. 4. Characidium pellucidum
EIGENMANN. Dorsal view. 5. Characidium pellucidum EIGENMANN. (Cotype.) 37 mm. 1. U. No. 11,683.
6. Characidium pteroides EIGENMANN. (Type.) 28 mm. No. 1157. 7. Characidium pleroides EIGENMANN.
(Cotype.) 27 mm. I. U. No. 11,684.





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MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
PLATE XLI.
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1. Amostomus anostomus (LINNAEUs).
3. A nostomus plicatus EIGENMANN,
No. 1858.
EIGENMANN.
(Type.) 264 mm.
No. 1825.
(Type.) 86 mm.
No. 1861,
120 mm. No. 1856a. 2. A nostomus trimaculatus (KNER.) 123 mm.
4. Schizodontopsis laticeps

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MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V. PLATE XLIII.
| |
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1. Leporinus alternus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 200 mm. No. 1827. 2. Leporinus maculatus MüLLER and
TROsCHEL. 73 mm. I. U. No. 12,127. 3. Leporinus grant. EIGENMANN. (Type.) 144 mm. No. 1851.
4. Leporinus friderici (BLOCH). 64 mm. No. 2214.







MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE XLIV.
1. Paecilocharaa bowalli, EIGENMANN. (Type, cº.) 43 mm. No. 1136a. 2. Paccilocharaa bowallii
EIGENMANN. (Type, Q.) 40 mm. No. 1136b. 3. Odontostilbe melandetus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 27
mm. No. 1878. 4. A phyocharar erythrurus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 57 mm. No. 1879. 5. A phyodite
grammica EIGENMANN. (Type.) 32 mm. No. 1882.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. W.
PLATE XLV.
1. Creagrutus melanzonus EIGENMANN.
(Type.) 44 mm. No. 1067. 2. Brycoma mericus hyphessus EIGEN-
MANN. (Type.) 37.5 mm. No. 1070. 3. Prislella riddlei (MEEK). 44.5 mm. No. 1309. 4. Pristella au-
byne. EIGENMANN. (Type.) 50 mm. No. 1042.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. W.
1. Maenkhausia profunda EIGENMANN.
and VALENCIENNES).
PLATE XLVI.
2. Fowlerina orbicularis (CUVIER
No. 2207.
5.1 mm.
Mankhausia oligolepis (GüNTHER).
(Type.)
3.
Mus.
Mem.
58 mm
2454.
().
omp. Zool., from an unpublished plate.
-
-
65 mm.
C



MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V. PLATE XLVII.
ººm
| º º º
º º . - - -
º - - º - º
1. Ctenobrycon spilurus (CUVIER and VALENCIENNES). 71 mm. No. 1425. 2. Maenkhausia grandi-
squamis (MüLLER and TROSCHEL). 100 mm. No. 1350. 3. Moenkhausia browni EIGENMANN. (Type.)
66 mm. No. 1004. 4. Mankhausia shideleri EIGENMANN. (Type.) 65 mm. No. 1012.


MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V. PLATE XLVIII.
Yº…
ºs-e-
1. Hemigramm us unilinealºus G.ILL. 40 mm. No. 1446. 2. Hemigramm us erythrozonus DURBIN.
(Type.) 32 mm. No. 1448. 3. Hemigrammus rodway. DURBIN. (Type.) 46 mm. No. 1450.
4. Hemigrammus ocellifer (STEINDACH NER). 40 mm. No. 1455. 5. Hemigramm us orthus DURBIN.
(Type.) 27 mm. No. 1477.




MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V. PLATE XLIX,
1. Hemigrammus iota DURBIN. (Type.) 18 mm. No. 1458. 2. Hyphessobrycon minimus DURBIN.
(Type.) 18 mm. No. 1193. 3. Hemigrammus cylindricus DURBIN. (Type.) 57 mm. No. 1461.
4. Hyphessobrycon gracilis (REINHARDT). 24 mm. No. 1247. 5. Hyphessobrycon minor DURBIN.
(Type.) 19 mm. No. 1189. 6. Hemigrammus analis DURBIN. (Type.) 35 mm. No. 1466. 7. Hiſphes-
sobrycon stictus DURBIN. (Type.) 38 mm. No. 1197.

PLATE L.
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
, , * * *
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2. Hyphessobrycon eos DURBIN.
No. 1407. 4. Creatochames
100 mm. No.
1. Hyphessobrycon rosaceus DURBIN. (Type.) 36 mm. No. 1190.
(Type.) 36 mm. No. 1194. 3. Creatochames affinis GüNTHER. 96 mm.
melanurus (BLOCH). 5. Creatochames caudomaculatus GüNTHER.
1385.
96 mm. No. 1393.




MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. W. PLATE LI.
1. Astyanaa: guianensis EIGENMANN. (Type.) 54 mm. No. 1013. 2. Astyanar essequibensis EIGEN-
MANN. (Type.) 53 mm. No. 1018. 3. A styanar mutator EIGENMANN. (Type.) 53 mm. No. 1023.
4. Astyanar mucronatus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 53 mm. No. 1025.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. - PLATE LII.
º -
** . . . º --
º
- ºv. ſ - - -
w º L. º: --- -
1. Astyanaa waypi (CUVIER and VALENCIENNES). From specimens in British Museum. 2. Pacilurichthys
polylepis (GüNTHER). 50 mm. No. 14190. 3. Pacilurichthys polylepis (GüNTHER). 84 mm. No. 1419).
4. Paecilurichthys abramoides EIGENMANN. (Type.) 112 mm. No. 1028. 5. Pacilurichthys polaroëns's
EIGENMANN. (Type.) 58 mm. No. 1037.




MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL, V. PLATE | | | | |
1. Deuterodon potaroënsis EIGENMANN. (Type.) 43 mm. No. 1053. 2. Deuterodon pin-
natus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 62 mm. No. 1046. 3. Phenacogaster megalostictus EIGEN-
MANN. (Type.) 65 mm. No. 1050. 4. Phenacogaster microstictus EIGENMANN. (Type)
48 mm. No. 1063.

PLATE LIV.
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
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2. Brycon falcatus MüLLER and
I. U. No. 12,105.
3. Brycon siebenthala EIGENMANN.
150 mm.
1. Holobrycon pesu (MüLLER and TROSCHEL).
No. 1819.
(Type.)
No.
204 mm.
1818.
225 mm.
TROSCHEL.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
PLATE LV.
1. Chalcimus rotundatus (SCHOM BURGK). 1S6 mm.
41 mm. No. 1296.
(LINN.EUs). 65 mm.
3. Carnegiella strigata (GüNTHER).
No. 1101.
No. 2059a.
41 mm.
2. Carnegiella strigata (GüNTHER).
No. 1296. 4. Gasteropelecus sternicla

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE LVI.
-
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º
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1. Serrasalmo rhombeus (LINNAEUs). 56 mm. No. 1741. 2. Pygocentrus bilineatus Eigº NMANN. (Co-
type.) 56 mm. I. U. No. 11,757. 3. Catoprion mento (CUVIER). 79 mm. No. 1740.











MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE LVII.
--- -
º
| -- - -
º
º
-
1. Melynnis maculatus (KNER). 65 mm. No. 2216. 2. Myloplus rubripinnis (MüLLER and
TROSCHEL). 165 mm. No. 1129. 3. Myloplus asterias (MüLLER and TROSCHEL), Cº.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
.
ſaeae
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|-
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……………
|-
.
|-
PLATE LVIII.
3. 40 mm. No. 2219e.
No. 2219b.
2. 31.5 mm.
4. 219 mm. No. 1490.
No. 2219q.
1. 22 mm.
Myloplus rhomboidalis (CUVIER).

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE LIX.
Myleus pacu (SCHOMBURGR). 1. Young, 22 mm., No. 2220a, 2. Young, 27 mm., No. 2220b. 3. Young, 55 mm.,
No. 2220c. 4. Young, 55 mm., No. 22206. 5. Tail of adult o' entire length, 535 mm., No. 2492. 6. Adult
Q , 515 mm., No. 2491. -

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MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. W.
PLATE LX.
2
º º º
iſ º - -
º º º
1. Eacodon parado.cus Miº LLER and TROsCHEL.
(Type.) 104 mm. No. 2149. 3. Charaa gibbosus (LINN.EUs).
grammus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 27 mm. No. 2137.
75 mm.
No. 2145. 2. Raeboides thurni EIGENMANN.
87 mm. No. 2130. 4. A siphonichthys hemi-








MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V. PLATE LXI.
º º º
º - º ºº
- - - -
º
º
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s
1. A canthocharaa microlepis EIGENMANN. (Type.) 105 mm. No. 2138. 2. Heterocharac macrolepis EIGEN-
MANN. (Type.) 46 mm. No. 2142. 3. A cestrorhynchus falcatus (BLOCH). 179 mm. No. 1960. 4. A cestro-
rhynchus nasutus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 79 mm. No. 1959,





MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
PLATE LXII.
º
|
1. Hoplias macrophthalmus (PELLEGRIN).
I. U. No. 10,252.
191 mm. No. 2174.
EIGENMANN.
3. Rhinosardinia serrata EIGENMANN.
2. Hoplias malabaricus (BLOCH).
85 mm, No. 2443.
(Type.) 85 mm. No. 2443.
195 mm.
5. Stoleferus guianensis EIGENMANN.
4. Rhinosardinia serrata
(Type.) 38 mm. No. 2448a.

|
|



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MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V.
- tº º - - - -
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1. Rivulus breviceps EIG ENMANN. (Type.) 50 mm. No. 1075. 2. |Pirulus holm it. CIGENMANN, Cº.
(Co-
type.) 63 mm.
waſ macuſ EIGENMANN, Cº. (Cotype.)
79 mm. No. 1078. 6. Rivulus stagnatus EIGENMANN, c'.
natus EIGENMANN, P. (Type.) 44 mm. No. 1082.
No. 1077. 3. I’īrulus holmiæ EIGENMANN, Q. (Type.) 77 mm. No. 1076. 4. Rivulus
SS mm. No. 1079. 5. Rivulus waimacuſ EIGENMANN, Q. (Type.)
(Cotype.) 42 mm. No. 1083. 7. Rivulus stag-










MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE LXIV.
* º - º º º ---
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1. Ripulus lanceolatus EIGENMANN. (Type.) 42.5 mm. No. 1082. 2. Rivulus frematus EIGENMANN. (Type.)
28 mm. No. 1085. 3. Paecilia vivipara BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Cº. 49 mm. No. 1427a. 4. Paecilia vivipara
BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Q. 53 mm. No. 1427b. 5. A canthophacelus melanzonus EIGENMANN, Cº. (Type.)
27 mm. No. 1086. 6. A canthophacelus melanzonus EIGENMANN, P. (Cotype.) 39 mm. No. 1087.






















MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V. PLATE LXV.
_º
º -
º º
-
>
-
1. A canthophacelus reticulatus (PETERs), o'. 26 mm. No. 1429a. 2. Do., Q. 32 mm. No. 1429b.
3. Do. 39 mm. No. 1429c. 4. A canthophacelus bifurcus EIGENMANN, Cº. (Cotype.) 22 mm. No. 1090a.
5. Do. (Cotype), dº. 21 mm. No. 1090b. 6. Do. (Cotype), @. 26 mm. No. 1089. 7. Tomeurus gracilis
EIGENMANN, Cº. (Type.) 31 mm. No. 1093. S. Do. (Cotype), @. 28 mm. No. 1094. 9. Vannachara
anomala REGAN. 23 mm. No. 2303.



MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V. PLATE LXVI.
1. Nannachara bimaculata EIGENMANN. (Type.) 57 mm. No. 2304. 2. Equidens polaroënsis EIGENMANN.
(Type.) 140 mm. No. 2407. 3. Geophagus surinamensis (BLOCH). 175 mm. No. 2324.

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MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V. PLATE LXVIII.
º.
1. Heterogramma ortmanni EIGENMANN. (Type.) 64 mm. No. 2306. 2. Heterogramma steindachneri
REGAN. 67 mm. No. 2318.
3. Crenicichla alta EIGENMANN. (Type.) 170 mm. No. 2274.




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O Chamaigenes filamentosus (9 Platystacus cotylephorus
O Aspredinichthys tibicen © Bunocephalus amaurus
(D Aspredo aspredo ( ) Agmus lyriformis
$3 Aspredo sicuephorus O Bunocephalus chamaizelus
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MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V. PLATE LXXII.
O Microglanis poecilus & Brachyglanis frenata
G) Pseudopimelodus villosus Q Brachyglanis melas
(D Pseudopimelodus albomarginatus O Brachyglanis phalacra
(ID Leptoglanis (ssequibensis
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MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
PLATE LXXIII.
O Myoglanis potaroënsis
G) Chasmocranus longior
(D Chasmocranus brevior
(S) Rhamdia quelen
O Rhamdia sebae
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$ )
º ſº
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wº M
--
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C. W. …" A
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Lu I >
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w
r • r
#: ..” -
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#: &z=z^
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*
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"… _{* Á f ^7, à." URUNGIKU N1 -- *"º
- } 'A ***, ** º -
60 # 7~ $59 58
(D
DISTRIBUTION OF THE PIMELODINAE (continued).

































































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V. PLATE LXXIV.
–
O Pimelodella cristata GD Pimelodella macturki
G) Pimelodella megalops & Pimelodus clarias
Q Pimelodus ornatus
f
—
AFTER A MAP COMPILED BY
C. WILGRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy.
=~$–
KoRua ec
R
- tº a R-MA - cEqGRAPrºcºl MI LES
o
\\\"…
Sºut." Illſº
%t
%
*/
%
#
§§
NWS
Nº
N. \ nº
§§".
-
es"
-
º
º u
º S.
* Nº-
ºut."
"* … …
º, "...º. º f
uu -
- - ºn
º ~
º Stop SFr. -
- -
r wn
V
w
*&
CC޺ckstone
turn tº
”ANº
- aut----
-- ºr-ir-uº.
t
º-wah RAPuja
CAARACT
... " r
* TV
“..., - → ... • * sº
- - ºw - … wº
ar. A - \ - --" Ç. . ------ jº º -
** **** Alsº º, §§ . . .” --- , alſº §
- -> T-I-TV- ------ --~~ - º
2. - z. Jº s” ...: +
Tao, º KURUNGRU tº -TV
-- | - “a, *. *"uºs V.
- w - -lºw"
- A 1. - - º ul---
- * -º-º-º: w ºv, N. *
.. * ".. -w' … " º \s
- º -
GU). : - avº - |-
O
(3)
DISTRIBUTION OF THE PIMELODINAE (continued).



























































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
PLATE LXXV.
(D Doras cataphractus
(3) Oxydoras niger
© Leptodoras linnelli
AFTER A MAP COMPILED BY
C. WILGRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy.
A- =S-
, , &
8.
O Doras costatus
G) Doras hancockii
-: º
lº.
§§
sº -
- º - “.
sº
20 w
;
-
-
°o
º, .., x_i ) *, ****
&
.* º
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-- - 2
"... v .
," rat'ana \\ • *,
.
º
!,
********
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*niºn".
war RAPUIA
CATA RACT
x -ºx Tºº -—
- - - - s
ºf ſº i ºzo. KURUNaku
- : º, ** tº -------
º, * **, ºr, ".
6) º - -
nºw
ºut-
+.
*
*-
--->
| Alſº
* All *...
DISTRIBUTION OF
THE DORADINAE.


































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE LXXVI.
O Hemidoras microstomus (D Hemidoras micropoeus
G) Hemidoras carinatus (3) Hemidoras notospilus
O Hemidoras leporhinus
|R3|RIT'ſ SH (GU(ANA.
C. WILGRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy.
}
º
--~~~~ ******
J-
- l tº a ºf a
-v -
\ ^
- \" -
§s ºut."
sº
sº
NW ºn
sº
w
NX7m, º
º
w
u
~ Nº.
º ºn tº
* …”
...tº twº º
ºut'
* ...
2 *
** **
Žºns
\\
|
4. … "
awa-i-ul-
ſº a-- º
"º:
*…
Sº
;
ſº
º
-
On Awafun pool-
- sº-wannapura
4 º' (; ) cataract
ſº I º N.
• **
- .* ſº
º" -
“w - - º' … Tº -
Mr Ratºat," \\ \ ^, *: - º --~~ º § ~~
* lº —r- -- ºwl", 5
-º-, NIIZ-T
-º-º-º: - !-- -- º
--- wº s" ºw Sºf
… /. i zo... a Kurungſku tº ºv
-- ^7 º *nºws U.
--- -
- Inw
ZA ***** ºf" ºn RTº
*.* -
~
-
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v'
*
(6)
58
Distribution of THE DORADINAE (continued).















































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. W.
PLATE LXXVII.
,
-
w
“S
O Centromochlus aulopygius
G) Trachycorystes glaber
O Auchenipterus brevior
A. —sº-
&
*
y º
- ~. Nº.
. . .”.nº
*...*
~ *
º '-
...”. *
tº -
ºut -
2."
º
º
****
ENGLISH STATUTE MILES
20
Nº
'?–5– -
- I
, crºssaerical MI LES
ſº
-
(D Pseudauchenipterus nodosus
Q Auchenipterus demerarae
C. WILGRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy.
KLAMA*Stop
º - ºr
- º STOP SYºr
r
;
Sº
|
i
- -
w
Lºí
-
<=º
CRAB falls
!. Konawafun pool-
º
:
º,
Bº-wah RAPUTA
Ül CAIARACT
º N.
# º, N
- -
wn RAMana -- auauht"; º * - 5
SX wº--- ~ -
zºº - sº Y
...' # KURUNGIKU tº *
/ * ºnw"""'Uvº ºul wº
A ***, ...'. Kºx º' ºn a -
- *… . . - - -
60 7. -** av":39 ~ - 58
DISTRIBUTION OF THE AUCHENIPTERINAE,















































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V.
PLATE LXXVIII.
M
Mº
\lawuwu
tººlſ,
O Callichthys callichthys
G) Hoplosternum littorale
(D Hoplosternum thoracatum
(3) Corydoras punctatus
AFTER A NMAP COMPLED BY
C. will GRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy.
=& -
&
cEqGRapricºL
º lo
29-
MILES
:*. ºn tº
º -
mº
*
* º
** º
|.
Jºse N - *. r:
- -
== NRTI ..} )
W
l º
-Q Q- !)
Nº.
&2:2 ~ X-
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~~
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+ *zz
s
w" a sº
*nº
- La Maº
º
R
º
-wº
STOP or
-
Macwºrwi STOP SYºr
;
Sº
|
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S
Lº–4
w
º
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nºr
*º-
erº
ForaB FALus
º
l
sº
U
*S*-warrapura
CATARACT
on Awarkuh POOL
*
--Inw
º 1----
a
§§
\!
** \\
-- rºw
º,
* Alſº *. -
º- - 58
nº
(Dº
O
DISTRIBUTION OF THE CALLICHTHYIDAE,







































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE LXXIX.
O Plecostomus plecostomus (D Plecostomus watwata
C) Plecostomus hemiurus (3) Lithogenes villosus
O Corymbophanes andersoni
AFTER A MAP CONMPILED BY
SN C. WILGRESS ANDERSON,
Government •ry.
eš.
Cö
Q º &– 20
Nºll.
sº º
*** * ºn
- sº. º
Nº - -
*...*.*.*, *, *. sº º%l -
sº s". * * * * ** rººm;
º,” -- --
º
.
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”. Nº-
* ºn tº
* º
tº ſuº
2 *... " º
*.*.
;
º
NEw AMSTERD
Mal-AL - -
- aut-Cri *_v^
-- run-inuº
Sº
warmn",
# -
£3. J”
> * .**i •r
*3 *...*ſ->
x < br>
2° º RAB FALLs
Nºvº-
\, o - 1. Konawanun pool.
Hº-WARRAPUTA
CATA RacT
****, ... ww.
4. .*.*** ravº
-,7/wº-
DISTRIBUTION OF THE PLECOSTOMINAE.
















































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
PLATE LXXX.
O Hemiancistrus megacephalus
G) Pseudancistrus barbatus
--~~~~ -
AFTER A MAP COMPILED BY
C. WILGRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy.
—sº-
C EQGRAPHICAL MILES
5 o lo
ull,
"Hull,
*/
wº%,
%
*/
%
w
wy
§
SW
sº *apan
w ----- w
tº -
w -
cº" -
sº
*
º
e
evº',
tºº,
Kºź
r
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V
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tº ſº, sº
%iº
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sº º
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Cº.
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wº
º w º 20 -
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-- ...” |U}/
”, º - - -
X*. \- T \,:
*-- *"W" - ---
**. *: :
X, * ... º, -
S. º.º. A/
N. * R. º
Hjºº RARTſº •º
W
>
/LAMA"
º toº
(D Pseudancistrus nigrescens
Q Xenocara gymnorhynchus
ſº
º
º
º Jº
L
*
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ºf S,
º -
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ſº:
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w
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"gº"...º.º.
wntºwn".
* zº §§ - -
r
: t -
#: * . sº
* - Axº~
- £: G Rae FALLs
RT ve-
- !. Konawanux pool-
º -
D-
§ ºf{RAPUIA
*** s #O ATARACT
* ...’,
...sº
- ſº
º
#
sº" T- º
s - NT
3. KURUNGIKU F1: U
% º \\
* **** …I. Kº gº" "wº -
2". ~ 58
DISTRIBUTION OF THE PLECOSTOMINAE (continued).







































































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
PLATE LXXXI
O Ancistrus temminkii
G) Ancistrus hoplogenys
Korama ao
/
ea aº Aº a
-
sº
º “.
N. W. º
º - &
º
ºn "
ºr-
Q
sº Q Y. * I
...sº (
- -- º |
*...*
wº wº N -
M Mu, all." º
§wº "... -> Nº
> º °, Nº.
º
(D Ancistrus lithurgicus
(8) Lithoxus lithoides
AFTER A MAP COMPLED BY
C. will GRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy-
$2
&S
* coat, tr.
RN
N
;
:
-
-
-
y
---
--
-
\-
3.
-
*\
\
2
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.
s
\ ^*cksrone.
º &
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§;
t
Rººſ
K» ->dº
M º
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g K- *.
§ •"
> * ---- ºt
º: .*.*ſ-
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x - º
2- ſ AB FALLs
R
}*
-
i.
O
§
N
A
w
a
fº
U
n
p
o
o
-
wn RAN'ana N
war RAPUIA
-
-
60' :
- ; : … ºn
2. *i- 5 º'e -- " , ".
Sºº -ºx.< * *::F JT-T ---
sº º "...ºg s" ...
^y.… " Tao, B. KURUNGrºu tº *
- tº “a, 2 *"muºns
- - triº
º - - +.
~ *
/…”
4 * *zºº
º
\
•. -
- *** * ~ * §
Distribution of THE PLEcostom INA (continued).


















































PLATE LXXXII.
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. W.
==
O Loricaria cataphracta & Loricariichthys brunneus
G) Lorisariichthys microdon O Loricariichthys platyurus
(D Loricariichthys griscus (l) Hemiodontichthys acipenscrinus
O Harttia platystoma
8||
% -
**
s
wº
.* - Lºº.
º
C 42
CO (.
31.
ºl
ºš
* D
Sº \ :*
…'
2/
-
..º. ºf
:
i
Prº2
º, ºuts
CNAwafun pool.
ARRA PuTA
cata RacT
AFTER A MAP COMPLED BY
C. will GRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy.
=~$-
Cö
- -
22
cEqGRAPrical MILES
º, lo 30
ENGLISH STATUTE Mults
*
- w
-
yº
cºn
-- - ºr,
*Advº stop ºf r
*
;
:
w
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3.
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;
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$º:
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º
sº
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-
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... :
*.
…- : WI -
- - § s."
º "..) 5
> sº
3. KURUNGI.KU N1" U
/ * -- º \uº wº
- - § “”, º: "Sº sº.
(6) ſ 4. -- §§ *
l - - º -
--
DISTRIBUTION OF THE
LORICARIIN.E.












































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE LXXXIII.
O Bivibranchia protractila Q Curimatus morawhannae
C) Curimatopsis macrolepis O Curimatus issororoënsis
QD Curimatus spilurus (D Curimatus schomburgkii
Q& Curimatus microcephalus ë Curimatus ciliatus
_8
AFTER A MAP COMPILED BY
C. WILGRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy-
- A- =~$–
º -Q_*: Q º 20 20
... " s FHF
\ - ...” ^ SN
§s. tºll, Illſº f N §
-> -
§§ */ QN N § ENGLISH STATUTE MILES
- Z. - N
% 2 N
% i. \ s
s |
w --
M
N.
N
3-o-º:
"apººr
|
|
ſº º
\
\
Sºs Q-S º
N. S. u
Y - Š-s *AS
- • 4/
- º $ 3
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º **** / --. N. &=s
* * …, º, ), º a “ S
- * will º %
º, * ,-- *: ºr. **
o : º,
º - - ove corºntR
-
| - : • S-
\- ama”-YsroP
º ;
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- r: - - wn
~ - - > - sº -
~ : c -
- TI -Z º Nés
- - \ : v=
\ - * º, º
SV Stº \ $) || 3. §: |
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*... S 3 * : New Amsteryº,
^ - x º
& ! / X:
Q
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* ...Sººº." :
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*a-mºwn."
"ºnly !"º".
º
Sº
--- *
.*** * //
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#13 KURUNGIKU P1:
**
~,
wº-1 º'ºu,”
* -
- : - -
r * * *
60' } sº ºw.
*/
* - - 58
DISTRIBUTION OF Bivibranchia AND Curimatus.



















































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. W.
PLATE LXXXIV.
O Hemiodus semitaeniatus
G) Hemiodus quadrimaculatus
O Chilodus punctatus
AFTER A NMAP COMPILED BY
C. will GRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy.
-ºš-
Cö
- O º 20
cº"
º
º º
/ >%
%. º
- J -
- , -º
:*.*.*.*.*
ºf "º ºut" - %.
*.* * *
*.*. * * *
*
#
%,
*AN º
-A
(D Anisitsia notata
(3) Tylobronchus maculosus
Dº STOP Cº
le or.
MADW, NI STOP
QaraºTONE
;
&
yW
s
d
N
º
Y-
l
*~~ V C
( ) º ºmakº
…” Z u J
§§
#_{\ .5°
Ş. g
! º:
§ º ºff. D al-ALI
\ lsº Cº.
K» Pºw"
s \
*
ww.
ſF.
i
i
w
S.
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º
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r
&nnºun.*
º: ºvº sº". * allº,
ãº;9. -
O
DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEMIODIN.E AND PROCHILODINAE.






































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE LXXXV.
O Nannostomus marginatus Q Poecilobrycon harrisoni
G) Nannostomus minimus & Poecilobrycon trifasciatus
(D Nannostomus simplex O Poecilobrycon erythrurus
QD Poecilobrycon ocellatus
AFTER A MAP CONMPILED BY
C. will GRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy.
~~
- A.
raornia ao 5 5
10 tº o º 20 20
º
|- AAAM a
º M. cEqGRapricº- MILES
o º, o o Go
N BILLHIEEE
ENGLISH STATUTE MILES
- - 3
by twº stop ºf r -
r: *
Nºv-2 -
- :
º- }.
3.x: - - Aſ)
o : | A
: NEw AMSTERDAZA
I ;
- º
x
\
"
* -
w 'an º
V
c. \ºocksroNE
Vº ſ
> --- *xº
Bºx
& \º .*** ſº
º }º
...} º'" ... º.º.
S.
E-
(j)
->
AB FALUs
i
S
wanun pool-
\, o
% &º º” war RAPUTA
jº" º ºf " & CATA RacT
* ~~ Alfrewſ," " - !
zº \ ..fºtº s
s
s
sw" “un-
*Stao, B. Kurungiku tº
%, 3.
- ^*, * - -
'A * *7trº/ſy ºw
- º ^. --" -
||||60 s/ ) * - *** av"
DISTRIBUTION OF THE NANNOSTOMATINAE,























































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
PLATE LXXXVI.
uſul,
i
S-
sº
wn Sº
\
º ---
Nº ºn-
N--
º
O Characidium laterale
G) Characidium vintoni
(D Characidium blennioides
(l) Characidium catenatum
AFTER A NMAP COMPLED BY
C. WILGRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºr
-ºš-
&
–– ?
29
GEOGRAPHICAL MILES
º o 10 20
ENGLISH STATUTE NILES
*
* §.
* ºn tº
-*. --
*"...º nº º
”. º
- Auº.
- ſ.Aut".
XLº w *
ºutwº
wº" " )
i
(3) Characidium fasciatum
O Characidium pellucidum
O Characidium pteroides
BºſTſSłł (GUIANA.
U
º
\ º .”
< ºul -
\ * º- *... º”.
K». \ E29w" -r "34"ºur":
A. wu",
\
g 3. *
; : ..” - 2-
ſº * #: - • Y-
*: ~~~
- - + §: º, ºuts
- In F
- ºº:: DD
NGARUM"...º: On Awafun Pool-
v - * - /
- \
ſ º N- c
ºl. CATARAcT º
4. Nº N-
# - -
2-
* -
- M. > \
Mr Ramana § ~~ 5
- * -
º
º
60' }
-- law"! …
--> * *-ve
sº,
º
58
DISTRIBUTION OF Characidium OF
THE NANNOSTOMATINA.




























































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE LXXXVII.
O Anostomus anostomus QD Anostomus plicatus
G) Anostomus trimaculatus (8) Schizodon fasciatus
Q Schizodontopsis laticeps
C. will GRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy.
- - == - -
N -
N Sº C EQG Raphic AL MILES
- - º, o o É
>NY
ENGLISH STATUTE MILES
§§
*SW
§§§
\ºlº
- sº
* -, mu,\\
º :*.*.*.*
-- i -
*
źsion."
NROCKSTONE
º
Sº
-
;
C
|.
-
r
-
war RAPUTA
- * … 5
* -o Use ºf 'º", * CATA RacT
2” - -
sºf Yº.
ex: 2
- + - **
'42 **.
- - * w
- * * ,
wn Kanwana \\\ ----
-- 2. -I-. - - -
-**** *—º-º-Hº- 5
***s ** Nºt s tun-
--- -- --- - - - -
…" ſo. 4, KURUNGIKU tº
- ^*, *
w.a "3. ---
4 *t, ”,
º
O
DISTRIBUTION OF THE ANOSTOMATIN.E.


























MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. W.
PLATE LXXXVIII.
wº -
sºº"
>
§
ſº invº
---
4/2 wº
º --
O Leporinus arcus
G) Leporinus nigrotaeniatus
CD Leporinus friderici
(I)
}Rſ
SW
§§
\
-
Nº
-
-
.*
7”
º,
(X) Leporinus maculatus
O Leporinus granti
O Leporinus alternus
Leporinus fasciatus
AFTF. R A MAP CONMPILED BY
C. will GRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy-
§.
-SSºº-
&
->
* cEqGRA “cº-
22–
M.I LES
*
*}
P
1. **
:/:
sº
ſº
5/-
rſs
i
*.
- --
.*.*, *
•. º
- j
--- - º º
o “, -- -
- a-v- l_ " -
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i
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t º On Awafun pool-
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CATARACT
i
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# **, * º \ll \!!!!
º 4 *. zºº/ſº … * * sº *ullºu, -
- --- - --> -
s * 39 58
Distri BUTION OF Leporinus.

















































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL,
W. PLATE LXXXIX.
&
º
*
sy
--~~~
|-
ea as at a
M
N
Moenkhausia oligolepis Moenkhausia lepidura
Moenkhausia chrysargy rea Moenkhausia shideleri
Moenkhausia grandisquamis Moenkhausia megalops
Moenkhausia browni Moenkhausia cotinho
Moenkhausia dichroura
:
i
Moenkhausia colletti
S Moenkhausia copei
AFTER A MAP COMPILED BY
C. will GRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy-
=~$–
&
8
20 -
cEqGRapricºl MILES
º, lo L
-
A.A."
w
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$ºr N § &Rove coarsen
N
*\ S.Nº
º “...)
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l - - - -
Kao wi SroP s r - *
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& * :
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2. : lºw-7,
3 «. "../
< NEw AMSTERDAjº.
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^7, *2. ºw"'Jº \\ in ºu.
-- - -
* ***zrºy *i..., rv NTº Me". **,
% - S. ** -
58
§
DISTRIBUTION OF Mankhausia.































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE XC.
O Tetragonopterus argenteus QD Pristella riddlei
G) Tetragonopterus chalceus (3) Pristella aubynei
#|T|SH (GUIANA
*Nº º ) Iſl S.J. Mºſº.' Nºse
AFTER A NMAP COMPLED BY
C. WILGRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy-
=~$–
&
..ceºgrapricº- MILES
o *— 30
ea.” Ma
ENGLISH STATUTE MILES
ū
º
- ****
ºf . §:
- * *...*&^
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: *.*.*. 5.wº
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-
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w
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2. ºf{q_
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sº -
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& J. - -
w *.*.
> *...*.
& *…,
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s § {
w
w _2~
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g: @H.T.
º:3׺
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“ox N. - w
** Q.
& : Pº-wah RAPUIA ~
*''' ** /> CATARACT
• - **- º -
…” & * ...'s ~" N-
º, º * *
º: 2 º ſº L
--- + \ ****, ºu
A '42 *
"...” .* iſ - w
Mr Ramana \\ s º … -- *... wº
- * ~~ T. --- - - * * -un, - ºu.'" HT A. -
sº 2. --- sº -II- - - *
--- B. kurungiku R1: ºl.
- - - J \
- ( º -
ºf ‘º mº"'UVº
} *****, ...T. rº sº"...º. -
60' j^ * ~ **ś9. º 58
DISTRIBUTION OF THE TETRAGONOPTERINAE.





































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W. PLATE XCI.
- —
O Hemigrammus unilineatus Q Hemigrammus iota
G) Hemigrammus erythrozonus Q Hemigrammus orthus
(D Hemigrammus rodwayi Q) Hemigrammus cylindricus
Q Hemigrammus ocellifer @ Hemigrammus analis
_8.
DVD. I./ "ſº 7"J \fºr Yi AV YYA
BRITſSH (GUIANA
*Nº. 4-5, º, ºº' -->4-1. Nº Sº 4. * Nº o
AFTER A MAP COMPILED BY
C. will GRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy.
=S-
sº C E OG Rap HICAL MI LES
HHo lo *= 39
N º ENGLISH STATUTE MILES
Nº.
Nº.
- º
sº wºrsº
|º $ ſº
º º - -
27. - SS º
S.$/
--> S.S
s ºf
s - – -
sºs g
Sº Ş.
S-
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(ſ
wº- ºwl wº
º ºwº - i.
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sº
nº
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;
:
Sº
* † ºf
(IN-º
CRAE FALUs
i
w
º
-
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- ---
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**, •. ---
º
&-wannapura
& - --
* º, Yººtº § {} caſARAct
A3/kAIETEva -
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w - ſº
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*"… ." -
– ºf 5.
sº
B. kurungiku tº -
*. ****
4 *.*. ***. -
- **** ºw § +-vº N
avº"
DISTRIBUTION OF Hemigrammus.
















































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
PLATE XCII.
N.
aul Mill.
Sºº
O Hyphessobrycon minor
G) Hyphessobrycon rosaceus
(D Hyphessobrycon riddlei
& Hyphessobrycon minimus
{
-a,
-
o
AFTER A MAP COMPILED BY
C. WILGRESS ANDERSON,
Government sury.
$2
-Sºº-
C&S
-
Q Hyphessobrycon gracilis
© Hyphessobrycon eos
(D Hyphessobrycon stictus
QS Dermatocheir catablepta
_8.
º
ANo.
º
& nº
#.3%
- º ~ ºl
Cº-
§ --
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# - o”
# & J."
-> --
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* -
x < Kº-
Nº. CRAB FALLS
ºve-
ºrrº-
|
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Maoû N, 3rop SFr.
ºr M
-R 2 WN
- º N to
~ *- Nis
2-Q $. \º
3 # iº
; New Amstery *%
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6
i
S.
i
lº)&onawanun pool-
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U
&-wahkAPuta
CATA RacT
*
* *...*.***
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S NTY wº
- 2. s"uº
* * *-yº” ºf. Kº sº"A"aulº,
O' º “% … .shtºn" s ' ' … -
6 & * tº rv - 58
DISTRIBUTION OF THE TETRAGONOPTERINAE (continued).





































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL.
PLATE XCIII.
© Creatochanes affinis
*/
- * -
*...*...*.*.*.*:: - Sº -
”, ºf : - -- $: *... -
- *º. *z, *...". :*:::::: %.
- - --- : ---. - -
vº ºw'", º, . --- jºrrº", "777ſ; 2.2
3. * w *...*.*. - frºm º:
(D Creatochanes caudomaculatus
AFTER A NMAP COMPILED BY
C. WILGRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy.
=::=
G) Creatochanes melanurus
8
%.
z
:
~
~
SN
SW
sº
sº wº
Sºlº
§
cº"
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s ſº N
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s" - Tº º s:
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***zrºw. …T. ºxº Mº" "Alºu, -
--- % .*.*...aºdh" - º
6() º : , r-v - 58
DISTRIBUTION OF Creatochames,














































































• • • • •* • • •-，-，-, , ） – «…- …· —~~~ ~~~~*=æ→*--*- --
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
PLATE XCIV.
O Ctenobrycon spilurus
G) Poecilurichthys polylepis
(D Poecilurichthys abramoides
Kornia eo
ea.” At a
---,
& Poecilurichthys potaroënsis
O Astyanax mucronatus
O Poecilurichthys bimaculatus
(!!) Astyanax mutator
& Astyanax essequibensis
Ø Astyanax guianensis
AFTER A MAP Corvº Plu ED BY
C. wi LGRESS ANDERSON,
Government sº
C ECG, H.A.P.H.I.C.A.L. M I LES
-, u - *— 29– - 30
- - == =3
º -
- TE MILES
o
ENGLISH STATU
N
• N
- W N
\ N
8.
*
-
-
> -
-
sº
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tºwº - r
sº -- apart
sº
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wº
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s
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LAMA*\tstop dº
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2-&
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Konawan UN pool-
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Mau al-
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2-
|
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WARRAPUTA
CATARACT
N.
B. KURUNGIKU tº
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*
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a-
sº". *... º
s
58
6
().
DISTRIBUTION OF THE TETRAGONopTERINAE (continued). .








































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V. PLATE XCV.
O Deuterodon pinnatus (D Phenacogaster microstictus
G) Deuterodon potaroënsis & Phenacogaster megalostictus
AFTER A NMAP COMPLED BY
C. WILGRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy.
A. =~$–
Cö 30
'9—tº Q - -
racAra eo
Z
º f".
( ea ºr a
ºil, -
ENGLISH STATUTE MILES
º
l,
|
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4/22 ºy X.
º ~~
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* **nº
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CATARACT
wº
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B. KURUNGIKU tº ºW
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*"...º-º: * * …,
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72°.
A **t, **,
gº" " ---
DISTRIBUTION OF THE TETRAGONOPTERIN.E (continued).







































































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V.
PLATE XCVI.
O Chalceus macrolepidotus & Carnegiella strigata
G) Chalcinus elongatus Q Moenkhausia profunda
(D Chalcinus rotundatus Q Fowlerina orbicularis
(!! G... teropelecus sternicla
8.
b)\D. Iſ(QN J \ſºſ Yſ A\ \RN M
R[TſSH (GUIANA
<-> \º 4-5) Lºº lººk, Nº! Sº lºſ LS -> --> <>
AFTER A NMAP CONMPILED BY
C. will GRESS ANDERSON,
Government “yºr
- '8–º &
~ HTTHE
C EQGRAPHICAL MILES
10 º U o *= ºo
N. ºul.” . --- -
sº "… ”) S. English stature Miles
º -
*/ - Nº
º * N \ -
". 7. Nº. ~. sº
º > \\
* \
sº --
N. -
- 3-o-º:
"arººr
* , , - \
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sº S-
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\º § &
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2N–12 &\Rockstone |
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3. : º,
& º
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Sº wº 3. - tº ºº:: \
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~ º rurtiſ ºf sº º
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s’’ 3 * N
^o, s º º Nº
Mr rataan" --- º 2 - s—1– l 5
s" -T
*o, B. KURUNGIKU Mº -
**, * -- *"Tºº Mºu". *u.
- ź. A *”, ... * is.” & s' - - *. --~"
60 § * *** ***159 - 58
DISTRIBUTION OF WARIOUS
(3)
GENERA of CHARACID.E.

















































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. V. PLATE XCVI
O Exodon paradoxus O Asiphonichthys hemigrammus
C) Roeboides thurni O Cynopotamus essequibensis
(D Charax gibbosus (ſ) Acanthocharax microlepis
(3 Charax rupununi @ Acanthocharax macrolepis
8
- f VI º * - V. -
Y | || | º A ---
* -º) $2 dºll, \!! Sº! Weſ. Sº, NºS o
AFTER A MAP COMPLED BY
C. will GRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy.
º o º *—º
º, C EqGRAPrºcºl Mºus
Wººlwul
SVAvalº" ENGLISH STATUTE MILES
§
- “.
-
º, sº º
~ *AS
S-
§& |
*…*&
Kºº.ºw
;
NEw AMSTE
y
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W
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c. \AOCKSTONE
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G. - "***...***
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5- …? r
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- Q º
Stº
Nºvº-
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- -
o, º, -ºxº
& “, ... .s r WARRAPUTA
- *...*& w-
* ‘Yº Živºt ºf º CATA RacT
- - Alfre wra " + -
... f*-- -
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“. .
-
—r 4– 5.
**** MVT-
>
3. KURUNG|KU MY *-
* º aws
/ - tº
4 *”, - - º - * º ^
* - avº 53
-
O&
DISTRIBUTION OF THE CHARACINAE.
























































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL
PLATE XCVIII.
G) Acestrorhync
~~
*illº
*/
º
º
t
º/Z.
sº
--wº
ºw
wn
N.W. "
-
º
|**
§ºr
-
O Acestrorhynchus falcatus
(Đ Acestrorhynchus falcirostris
hus microlepis & Acestrorhynchus nasutus
(D Hydrocynus cuvieri
\
£:
-
*-*.
ºf 2\| W fºr Y ºr A\ -
(TſSiſ GU(ANA
–5, 4–5, 4-º'-º'-l. Nº S.M. Lººſ -> * > > 2.
FTER A MAP Compile D BY
C. WILGRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºr
v-
"ara Stºr
u
–
*Reve corr-tra
§
...)
|º
NEw AMSTERDA
N
xx
s
*-
ſ )^
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*Yevºstone” -º 2-
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***"...…”
"º.
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# - sº
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§: .."
E: tº sº
#: º
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tº Sºsºvº
o +, ... nº §NGARUM"...; Dawano, pool-
- - - al
°, º, -º lº. (* C -
& * Nº. ººº-ºº: ". ºf waſ RAPUTA
N-º-º- ": ... ºn , ATARACT
* . ºf “º | catabac
...” º $ºf reva - - -
suſ 2 º: - - FA -- -
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- - - - - -
'. * ... . v. º … * - #
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Kawana º º * ...; *: * --- -
- º > − 3 tº —r & …” º - ºn-- § 5
2 ºz. ", ºft sº º
…” - *o, 2 KURUNGIKU tº -
--- c *. *"'Uva.
t a.a º - - -
º, 4 ºt ”, ww.k.º.” S
60' - ºv"|3}}
(D
HE C
DISTRIBUTION OF T
HARACIDE (continued).







































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, WOL. W.
PLATE XCIX.
O Hoplias macrophthalmus
G) Hoplias malabaricus
}{
%
iz
SS
N
w
...Nº
sº
º
ºxº
"".
-
AFTER A NMAP COMPILED BY
C. W. LGRESS ANDERSON,
*—?
GEOGRAPHICAL
º, U 10
(D Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus
(3) Erythrinus erythrinus
Government sºy.
$2
-Sº-
Cö 20 20
MILES
*
º
*.
- -
* ..."
- Nº. Zaat".
...} *34;
M
Sº
..º. ºf
i
(ſº Prº
sºcRAB FALUs
*-
- §. Konawanun pool-
[.
º-wahkAPUTA
;
i
s
º
NEw AMSTERDAft;
- W
-
...?'…".
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wº-".
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Q- ... 's ºw -
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--
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gºº". º
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im - º
sº T Wilſº - NT
^7 % KURUNG|KU Nº.1". - \!
% sºurºans v.
A "* ºw. [. \\\\". Alºul
- rave N s * … *. -
º 58
*g
DISTRIBUTION OF THE ERYTHRININAE.














































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. V PLATE C.
O Pterophyllum scalare (D Acaropsis nassa
G) Chaetobranchus flavescens O Nannacara anomala
C Nannacara bimaculata
AFTER A NMAP COMPLED BY
C. will GRESS ANDERSON,
Government sºy-
=~$–
-
\ºul."
- - º
/ sº,
*- -
* ,
** **,
2-
-
'º. º.º. N
*"u. ... º.º. NW
*"ºulº N.W."
** * - \ º
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AMA*\tsTop $ºs
S
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C 4
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& A -
61. : ſº.
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w n
r 3. r *
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#: 35RAE FAlts (
* >-war RARUTA
º
s º "……"
`…" # KURUNGIKU tº
^*, *,
o º A *nzº % ... ww. - ** * -
60 J/ ) 4. ****ave º 8
DISTRIBUTION OF THE CICHLID.E.























































MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. W. PLATE CI.
O AEquidens maronii O AEquidens tetramerus
G) AEquidens geayi O Cichlasoma bimaculatum
QD AEquidens vittatus (U) Cichlasoma severum
& AEquidens potaroºnsis @ Mesonauta festivum
_8
D)\|D) NIT.ſ (QN | \fº Yl A\ NYAV
BRITſSH (GUIANA
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AFTER A MAP COMPLED BY
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DISTRIBUTION OF THE CICHLIDAE (continued).

































































INDEX
abnormis, Ilisha, 446
Abraham, E. A. W., 3
abramis, Poecilurichthys, 69, 358
Abramites hypselonotus, 299
abramoides, Astyanax, 111, 357, 362; Poecilurich-
thys, 54, 69,80, 89,91, 97,114,355, 357, 361,362
Acanthicus hystrix, 17, 24, 66,241 = "
Acanthocharax, 110, 113, 258; microlepis, 70, 81,97,
114,404, 405
acanthocheirā, Pseudopinelodus, 151, 152
Acanthodoras cataphractus, 184, 188 --
Acanthophacelus, 452: bifurcus, 38, 71, 82, 115;
melanzonus, 32, 71, 82, 92, 115, 457; reticulatus,
71, 82, 92,457, 458 -
Acara, see Acaropsis. . . . . -
Acaropsis, 483, 485; bimaculata, 495; chromys, 499;
cognatus, 485; dimerus, 492; geayi, 493; gronovii,
495; heckelii, 23, 500; festiva, 498; spuria, 497;
margarita, 22, 495; marginata, 495; maronii, 489;
massa, 22,485; pallidus, 492; punctulata, 29, 488,
511; punctata, 495; subocularis, 500, 502; tetra-
merus, 23, 487, 491; unicolor, 486; viridis, 492;
vittata, 489 .
Acarichthys, 113, 483; heckeli, 83, 89,500; heckelii,
23, 72 - - -- -
Acentronichthys, 131, 160; leptos, 131; surinam-
ensis, 64 - - -
Acestra acus, 252
Acestrorhamphinae, 258, see Err. et Corr.
Acestrorhynchinae, 97, 99, 406
Acestrorhynchus, Key to the Guiana species of, 407
Acestrorhynchus falcatus, 26, 29, 70, 81, 89, 91, 97,
406, 407; falcirostris, 20, 70, 81, 407,410; micro-
lepis, 20, 26, 70, 81, 88, 97, 407-409; nasutus, 43,
70, 81, 114, 407,411 -
Acharnes speciosus, 22, 510, 511
Achiridae, 99
Achiropsis, 526 - -
Achirus, 525; fasciatus, 526; lineatus, 73, 84, 98;
maculipinnis, 527
acipenserina, Loricaria, 250
acipenserinus, Hemiodon, 250; Hemiodontichthys,
43,67,78,88,250; Leptodoras, 191; Oxydoras, 191
Acnodon, 257; oligocanthus, 70, 81,388
acoupa, Apseudobranchus, 466; Cestreus, 467;
Cheilodipterus, 466; Cynoscion, 71, 83,466
acus, Acestra, 252; Farlowella, 252
. Aimara, 413
acuta, Loricaria, 24, 245
acutidens, Curimatus, 303
Adontosternarchus, 424
adspersa, Parapetenia, 494
adspersus, Pachypops, 477
Ælurichthys bagre, 133; eydouxii, 134; gronovii,
133; marinus, 134 . .
Æquidens, Key to the Guiana species of, 487
AEquidens, 107, 483, 500; geayi, 72, 83, 89, 91, 98,
105,487,493, 500; guianensis, 72; maronii, 72, 83,
92, 487,489; potaroënsis, 54, 72, 83, 91, 93, 98,
100, 101, 105, 106, 115, 487,490; tetramerus, 21,
23, 72, 83, 89, 487, 491, 492; vittatus, 106, 487,
489, 490 - •
aequidens, Atractorcion, 466
affine, Platystoma, 180 r t
affinis, Amblydoras, 184; Centropomus, 482; Crea-
tochanes, 69, 80, 90,91, 97, 100, 101, 105, 107,
344, 345; Cynocharax, 398; Doras, 65; Leporinus,
68; Roeboides, 70; Tetragonopterus, 345
africanus, Platygaster, 445
Agamyxis pectinifrons, 184 -
Agassiz, Louis, vii -
agassizii, Pimelodus, 168; Tetragonopterus, 322;
Wastrés, 451
Ageneiosinae, 99, 132, 205 -
Ageneiosus, Key to the Guiana species of, 204
Ageneiosus, 132; armatus, 66, 204; axillaris, 66;
brevifilis, 18, 28, 35, 66, 77, 91, 92, 204, 205;
dentatus, 66, 205; dawalla, 205; guianensis, 37,
66, 77, 113, 204; inermis, 66,205; marmoratus, 66,
77, 96, 114, 204, 206; porphyreus, 66; seba, 205;
, ucayalensis, 205 e - --
Agmus, 113, 120; lyriformis, 64, 75, 88, 113, 128;
scabriceps, 128 , - - -
Agoniates, 255; halecinus, 26, 68, 79,317
Agonostomus monticola, 463
Agoniatinge, 255,317
aiereba, Trygon, 118 - -
Ailurichthys bagre, 133; marinus, 134. . .
albescens, Glanidium, 197 . . .
albicans, Pseudariodes, 173; Sciadeichthys, 64
albidus, Callichthys, 2, 7; Pimelodus, 145
albifrons, Gymnotus, 438,439; Sternarchus, 70, 82,
93, 97,438–440 . . . . . .
albomaculatus, Doras, 65
555
556 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
albomarginatus, Pseudopimelodus, 64, 75, 92, 95,
113, 152, 153
albopunctata, Crenicichla, 514
Albula maculata, 359; vulpes, 259
alburna, Curimatella, 25, 67, 78, 93,262
alburnus, Anodus, 25, 262 .
albus, Carapus, 425; Gymnotus, 425
alga, Chaetostomus, 240
, almeida, Belone, 461; Tylosurus, 23, 71
alta, Crenicichla, 72, 83, 89,90,91,98, 100, 101, 105,
106, 109, 115, 513, 516 gº
alternus, Leporinus, 68, 79, 96, 114, 300, 307
altifrons, Geophagus, 502
altipinnis, Pimelodus, 2, 65, 76, 172, 177
altum, Pterophyllum, 73.
amaurus, Bunocephalus, 57, 64, 75, 89, 113, 126, 127
amazonica, Sciaena, 473 - -
amazonicus, Johnius, 473
ambiacus, Corydoras, 220; Gasterodermus, 220
Amblydoras affinis, 184
amblyopsis, Culius, 524; Eleotris, 73, 83, 92
amboinensis, Coregonus, 320
americanus, Cataphractus, 188
Ammocrypta pellucida, 292, 293
Anablepinae, 451, 455 -
Anableps, Key to the Guiana species of, 455
Anableps, 74, 451; anableps, 25, 71, 82,455; coarc-
tatus, 456; elongatus, 456; gronovii, 456; lineatus,
456; microlepis, 25,71, 82,455; surinamensis, 456;
tetrophthalmus, 25, 455
anableps, Cobitis, 455
Anacyrtus gibbosus, 400; macrolepis, 401; pauci-
radiatus, 400 - &
analis, Hemigrammus, 80, 114, 332, 337
Anchovies, 15 r -
Ancistrus, Key to the Guiana species of, 237
Ancistrus, 113, 222; barbatus, 233; cirrhosus, 66, 77,
104, 237, 238; dolichopterus, 66, 237; guentheri,
235; gymnorhynchus, 235, 236; hoplogenys, 66,
77,237,239,241; leucostictus, 240; lithurgicus, 66,
77, 93,237,241; megacephalus, 231; schomburgkii,
231; temmincki, 25, 66, 77, 93, 104, 237
Ancylodon ancylodon, 469; atricauda, 469; jacu-
lidens, 22, 469 -
ancylodon, Lonchurus, 469; Macrodon, 71,469, 470;
Sagenichthys, 71, 83,469
Anderson, C. Wilgress, 3, 5, 14
andersoni, Corymbophanes, 66, 77, 92, 96, 100, 101,
103, 114, 229
Anguilla chrysypa, 442
angulatus, Chalceus, 26, 376, 377; Chalcinus, 69
Anisitsia, 254; keppleri, 67; notata, 25, 67, 78, 88,
96, 277; notatus, 19 see Err. et Corr.
annae, Plecostomus, 227
Anodus alburnus, 25, 262; ciliatus, 25, 268; cypri-
noides, 263; notatus, 19, 277
anomala, Nannacara, 72, 83, 92, 488
anomalopterae, Siluridae, 208
anomalus, Nannostomus, 283
Anostomatinae, 99, 254, 294
Anostominae, 96
Anostomus, Key to the Guiana species of, 294
Anostomus, 254; anostomus, 68, 79, 91, 93, 112, 294;
fasciatus, 298; orinocensis, 68; plicatus, 68, 79, 91,
96, 114, 294, 296; salmoneus, 294; trimaculatus,
68, 79, 295, 297 ->
anostomus, Leporinus, 294; Salmo, 294
anterior, Poecilurichthys, 358
Aphyocharacinae, 311
Aphyocharax, Key to the Guiana species of, 312
Aphyocharax, 255; erythrurus, 43, 68, 79, 105, 114,
312,313; melanotus, 43, 68,79, 114,312; pusillus,
312
Aphyodite, 113, 255; grammica, 57, 68, 79, 89, 93,
114, 314 $
Apionichthys, 526; bleekeri, 527; dumerili, 527;
nebulosus, 527; unicolor, 73, 84,527 *
appendiculata, Chromys, 497
appendiculatus, Centropomus, 482
Apseudobranchus acoupa, 466; toe-roe, 466
Apteronotus passan, 440
Arapaima, 15, 450; gigas, 18, 27, 71, 82, 451
Arapaimidae, 84, 86, 443, 450
ararapeera, Chalceus, 373
arborescens, Caladium, 37 -
Archicheir, 113,254; minutus,38,67,79, 108, 114,287
Archocentrus centrarchus, 494
arcus, Leporinus, 68, 91, 93, 96, 112, 114, 300
arekaima, Pimelodus, 18, 28, 166, 173; Rhamdia, 2,
18, 28, 65, 76, 162, 166
arenatus, Arius, 145; Carapus, 427; Galeichthys, 145
argentatus, Astyanax, 350
argenteus, Cynopotamus, 403; Hydrocyon, 403;
Micropogon, 478; Pimelodus, 139; Prochilodus,
271; Tetragonopterus, 26, 68, 79, 93, 96, 318, 319
argentina, Piabuca, 25, 316
argentinus, Characinus, 316; Piabucus, 316; Salmo
316 -
argus, Cichla, 509; Cychla, 20
Ariinae, 4, 74, 91, 110, 129, 132
Ariodes clarias, 172
Arius, 129; arenatus, 145; dubius, 140; emphysetus,
135; fissus, 64, 145; flavescens, 135; grandicassis,
142; herzbergii, 139; mesops, 140; nodosus, 201;
nuchalis, 145; obesus, 18; oncina, 18; parkeri, 138;
parmocassis, 144; physacanthus, 136; proëps, 136;
quadriscutis, 138; rugispinis, 147; spixi, 64, 75,
110, 145; stricticassis, 144; variolanus, 64
INDEX - 557
arius, Pimelodus, 145
armatulus, Doras, 24, 186
armatus, Ageneiosus, 66,204; Doras, 65; Hydrocyon,
20, 396, 410 -
arowana, Osteoglossum, 18, 450
Arri, 383 -
artedi, Brachyrhamphichthys, 434; Hypopomus, 70,
82, 89, 433; Rhamphichthys, 434; Tetragonop-
terus, 320 -
ascita, Mystus, 173; Pseudorhamdia, 173
asellus, Chelichthys, 28, 529
Aseraggodes guttulata, 526
Asicurrupa, 207 - -
Asiphonichthys, 110, 257; hemigrammus, 70, 81,
109, 114,403; stenopterus, 402
asper, Callichthys, 188,215
Aspredinichthys, 120, 121; tibicen, 24, 64, 75, 122
Aspredinidae, Key to the Guiana genera of, 120
Aspredinidae, 84, 85, 86, 89, 95, 99, 106, 119
Aspredinina, 120
Aspredininae, 74, 120
Aspredinoidei, 120 &
Aspredo, 120, 122; aspredo, 24, 64, 75, 122–124;
batrachus, 122–124; cotylephorus, 125; filament-
osus, 121; lavis, 24, 123, 124; platystacus, 123;
sex-cirrhus, 123; sicuephorus, 75, 124; spectrum,
125; tibicen, 24, 121–123 -
aspredo, Silurus, 123 & 4 -
Astatheros heterodontus, 494 : 4 º'
asterias, Myletes, 27, 390, 392; Myleus, 892; .
Myloplus, 27, 38, 70, 81, 390–392
asterifrons, Astrodoras, 184
Astrodoras asterifrons, 184 -
Astronotus (AEquidens) tetramerus, 492; (Cichla-
soma) severum, 497; ocellatus, 72; tetramerus, 492
Astyanax, Key to the Guiana species of, 350
Astyanax, 256, 330, 348, 363; abramoides, 111,357,
362; argentatus, 350; atahualpianus, 322; bart-
lettii, 360; bimaculatus, 101, 359; essequibensis,
69, 80, 97, 350, 352; guianensis, 69, 80, 97, 350,
352; lacustris, 360; megalops, 325; microstoma,
360; mucronatus, 69, 80, 93, 97, 114, 350, 354;
multidens, 351; mutator, 69, 80, 93, 97, 100, 101,
114, 350, 353; paucidens, 352; potaroënsis, 361;
wappi, 69, 80, 350, 355
atahualpianus, Astyanax, 322
Atherina japonica, 447
atherinoides, Pterengraulis, 71
Atkinson, W. S., 4
atlanticus, Megalops, 27; Tarpon, 27, 71, 82,444
Atractorcion aequidens, 466 - '
atricauda, Ancylodon, 469
aubynei, Pristella, 35, 68, 79, 92, 114, 330
Auchenipterinae, 54, 96, 99, 132, 197
Auchenipterus, Key to the species of, 202
Auchenipterus, 132; brevior, 66, 77,92, 96, 113, 202;
demerarae, 65, 77, 113, 202, 203; furcatus, 24, 201;
galeatus, 198; glaber, 198; immaculatus, 199;
lacustris, 199; maculosus, 24, 199; nodosus, 201;
nuchalis, 65, 202; obscurus, 29, 200; robustus, 199
aulopygius, Centromochlus, 65, 76, 96, 197
aurata, Sciaena, 472 - * -
auratus, Johnius, 472; Nannostomus, 283; Plagi-
oscion, 72, 83,472; Poecilobrycon, 284, 285
aureoviridis, Sphyraena, 482 -
aureum, Mylosoma, 70
aureus, Salmo, 380; Serrasalmo, 27
auritus, Macrodon, 416
Avicenna nitida, 6
axillaris, Ageneiosus, 66
bacalaus, Gobius, 22, 523 -
badiipinnis, Geophagus, 484 w
bagre, Ælurichthys, 133; Ailurichthys, 133; Brevi-
ceps, 133; Felichthys, 23, 64, 75, 133; Pimelodus,
133; Silurus, 133
Bagrus calestinus, 23, 140, 141; clarias, 23, 172;
emphysetus, 23, 135; herzbergii, 139; macro-
nemus, 134; mesops, 23, 139, 141; passany, 23;
pemecus, 139; proëps, 23, 136 g
bahianis, Pimelodus, 163
Baiostoma brachiale, 526.
Bairdiella ronchus, 72
Bancroft, Edward, 15
Banjamans, The, 120
barbancho, Pimelodus, 149 -
barbatus, Ancistrus, 233; Hypostomus, 17, 233;
Lonchurus, 479, 480; Plecostomus, 233; Pseudan-
cistrus, 17, 66, 77, 113, 233 - *
Barostoma, 526 -
Barroketa, 15 . . .
bartlettii, Astyanax, 360; Tetragonopterus, 360
Bates, Henry Walter, vii - e
Batoidei, 116 * 7.
Batrachoglanis raninus, 151, 154, 155 •
Batrachops, 483; psittacus, 528; punctulatus, 72, 83,
93,512; reticulatus, 512; semifasciatus, 72
Batrachus surinamensis, 22 -
batrachus, Aspredo, 123, 124
beckfordi, Nannostomus, 2, 67,78,281 . .
Belone almeida, 461; guianensis, 20, 461; scolo-
pacina, 461; taeniata, 461, 462; timucu, 461;
truncata guianensis, 461 • . . .
Belonichthys zambizensis, 463
Belonidae, 84, 86, 89, 97, 99,461
belotti, Hyphessobrycon, 69 .
bengalensis, Ophisternon, 442
bicirrhosum, Ischnosoma, 450; Osteoglossum, 18, 27,
71, 82,93, 450
558 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
bicirrhosus, Plecostomus, 226
bicolor, Phractocephalus, 178
bidorsalis, Pygocentrus, 385
bifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon, 108; Parodon, 67, 78,
104, 114, 274
bifurcus, Acanthophacelus, 38, 71, 82, 115, 457, 459
bilineatus, Dorichthys, 462; Hasemania, 108, cf.
Err. et Corrig.; Pygocentrus, 69, 81, 114,383,385
-biloba, Corvina, 475; Pachypops, 475 -
bimaculata, Cichla, 495; Cichlasoma, 22; Heros,
495; Nannacara, 72, 83, 98, 115, 488; Perca, 495;
Sciaena, 494, 495 -
bimaculatum, Cichlasoma, 21, 33, 72, 83, 88, 105,
494, 495 - e. **
bimaculatus, Astyanax, 101, 359; Charax, 359;
Heros, 495; Labrus, 495; Poecilurichthys, 26, 33,
69, 80, 88,97, 98,356, 359, 361; Pygocentrus, 92;
Salmo, 359 &
binotatus, Prochilodus, 20, 67
"Biotodoma, 483, 501; cupido, 72, 83, 89, 98
biseriatus, Plecostomus, 227 . . .
Bivibranchia, 112, 113, 253,259; protractila, 67,78,
114, 259 º . . . .
Bivibranchiinae, 253, 258
bleekeri, Apionichthys, 527 . . . . . .
blennioides, Characidium, 67, 78, 91, 96, 114, 288,
blochii, Doras, 188; Paramutana, 173; Pimelodus,
171 - - - -
Bodianus stellifer, 473
Boggiana, 512
bono, Pomotis, 21,492
borellii, Nannocharax, 288
Boulenger, Dr. G. A., 3
boulengeri, Plecostomus, 224 - - -
bovallii, Poecilocharax, 68, 79, 93, 96, 100, 114, 310
Bovallius, Dr. Edwin, 3, 43, 45, 55
brachiale, Baiostoma, 526
brachiurus, Gymnotus, 425
brachyurus, Carapus, 425
Brachycalcininae, 97, 99
Brachychalcinus retrospina, 374 a g
Brachygianis, 113, 130; frenata, 54, 64, 75, 91, 92,
95, 113; melas, 64, 75, 113, 156, 157; phalacra, 54,
64, 76, 91, 92, 95, 156, 157
Brachyplatystoma, 131; vaillanti, 18, 65, 76, 180
brachypomus, Chalcinus, 376, 377 . *
Brachyrhamphichthys, 432; artedi, 434; breviros-
tris, 433; muelleri, 434 . . . e
brama, Prochilodus, 67 *
branchicolae, Siluridae, 210
branneri, Poecilia, 458 : -
brasiliensis, Erythrinus, 416; Macrodon, 25; Mugil,
71, 82; Plecostomus, 222, 224 e . . . .
t
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Brauer, Dr. A., 3 -
braueri, Hemiancistrus, 24, 66, 77, 114, 230, 232
brevicauda, Erythrinus, 412 -
Breviceps bagre, 133 , =
breviceps, Evorthodus, 73, 84, 92, 525; Riyulus, 53,
71, 82, 93, 97,115,452, 453
breviñi, Agenciosus, 1828,35, 66,77, 91, 92,204,
205; Pseudageneiosus, 205
Breviglanis melas, 157; phalacra, 157 s:
brevior, Auchenipterus, 66, 77, 92, 96, 113, 202;
Chasmocephalus, 162; Chasmocranus, 54, 64, 76,
91, 92, 96, 107, 113, 160, 162 - -
brevirostris, Brachyrhamphichthys, 433; Hypo-
pomus, 70, 81, 97,98, 100, 101, 105,433; Rhamph-
ichthys, 433 - -
brevis, Centropomus, 482
brevoortii, 355, 360; Poecilurichthys, 355, 360;
Tetragonopterus, 360. |
British Guiana, Alluvial belt of, 5; Boundary
surveys, 14; Coast lands, 9; Forest lands and
residuary deposits, 11; General account of the
expedition to, 30; General geology of, 9; General
physical and topographical features of, 5; Geo-
graphical distribution of freshwater fishes, 60;
Ichthyological position, 62; Mountain ranges, 8;
Rivers, 7; Sand and clay belt, 6; Systematic
account of the freshwater fishes, 116; Works
(early) on fishes, 15 -
British Guiana freshwater fishes: changes of color
with age, 109; Ecological combinations of species,
87; Method of preserving, 58; Mutation, 107;
Mutilation, 111; New genera and species, 113;
Sexual dimorphism, 1.12; Summary of families,
86; Unnatural natural history, 106; Utilization of
different structures to attain the same end, 110
Brown, C. B., 11, 13, 14 .
.browni, Moenkhausia, 68, 79, 91, 93, 97, 100, 101,
107, 114,321, 324
brunnea, Loricaria, 15, 111
brunnescens, Doras, 17, 188 * *
brunneus, Loricariichthys, 15, 67, 77, 88, 96, 245,
247, 249, 250, 483, 484 . - .
Brycon, Key to the Guiana species of, 370 •
: Brycon, 256; falcatus, 18, 26, 69,80, 97, 370–372;
longiceps, 69; lucidus, 69; macrolepidotus, 26, 373;
pesu, 26, 369; schomburgkii, 26, 371, 372; sieben-
thalae, 69, 80, 114, 370, 372 -
Brydonamericus, 256; exodon, 348; hyphesson, 69,
80, 93, 97; 114, 349, stramineus, 349 *
Bryconinae, 97,98, 99,256, 370
Bryconodon orthotaenia, 370 .
bufonius, Pseudopinmelodus, 151, 152
Bunocephalichthys hypsiurus, 64 -
Bunocephalus, Key to the species of, 125
INorz - - 559
Bunocephalus, 120, 125; amaurus, 57, 64, 75,89; 113,
126, 127; chamaizelus, 64, 75, 88,95, 113, 126, 127;
gronovii, 64, 75, 125, 126; verrucosus, 126
cacutiens, Cetopsis, 66. . .
caelatus, Callichthys, 24, 215
caelestinus, Bagrus, 23, 140, 141 . .
Caenotropus, 271; labyrinthicus, 67,273
caruleum, Etheostoma, 290
caruleus, Pseudauchenipterus, 91
Caladium arborescens, 37
calceus, Tetragonopterus, 96
callarias, Silurus, 172
Callichthyidae, 84, 86, 88, 89, 91, 96, 99, 119, 214
Callichthyoidei, 214. " . . . . g
Callichthys, 214; albidus, 214; asper, 188, 215;
caelatus, 24, 215; callichthys, 24,66,77,96,98, 100,
104, 215; chiquitos, 218; exaratus, 24, 218; hemi-
phractus, 216; laeviceps, 216; lavigatus, 217;
littoralis, 15, 217; longifilis, 17, 218; loricatus, 216?
personatus, 218; pictus, 24, 218; subulatus, 217;
sulcatus, 218; tamoata, 215; thoracatus, 218
callichthys, Cataphractus, 215; Silurus, 215
Callophysinae, 130, 148
Callophysus, 130; ctenodus, 148; la rais, 148;
macropterus, 24, 64, 75, 148 * ,
camopiensis, Geophagus, 72
candiru, Cetopsis, 210
carangus, Caranx, 22
Carapo, 425
carapo, Gymnotus, 21, 70, 81, 88, 89, 97, 100, 101,
105, 425 4 ..
Carapus albus, 425; arenatus, 427; brachyurus, 425;
fasciatus, 425; inaequilabiatus, 425; rostratus, 435;
sanguinolentus, 427 - .
carapus, Gymnotus, 427; Sternopygus, 427
Carcharias (Prionodon) henlei, 28; (Prionodon)
oxyrhynchus, 28 - -
carinatus, Doras, 24, 184, 192, 194; Hemidoras, 24,
42, 65, 76,96, 193-195; Oxydoras, 194; Silurus, 194
Carnegiella, 48, 113,253,256; strigata, 35, 69,81, 89,
'97, 378
carolinensis, Cestreus, 466; Mystus, 133, 134
cartabac, Myletes, 19 -
castaneo-ventris, Doras, 17, 65, 188 -
Castelnau, Count Francis, vii. ... •
catablepta, Dermatocheir, 69, 93, 97, 108, 114, 343
cataphracta, Doras, 107; Loricaria, 24, 66, 77,243
Cataphractus americanus, 188; callichthys, 215;
costatus, 185; depressus, 215; punctatus, 220
cataphractus, Acanthodoras, 184, 188; Doras, 17, 65,
76, 88, 96, 185, 186, 188; Silurus, 188 .
catenatum, Characidium, 68, 78, 90, 114, 288, 293
catesbei, Pomotis, 22
Catfishes, Gaff-topsail, 133 -
Catoprion, 256, 386; mento, 27, 57, 70,387
..Characidae, Key to the Guiana genera of 253. . . .
caudomaculatus, Createchanes, 26, 69, 80, 89, 97,
112,344, 346; Tetragonopterus, 346, 360
Cauhui, 20 *
cayanus, Pristigaster, 71 g
cayennensis, Lutjanus, 466; Otolithus, 466
centrarchoides, Uaru, 497
Centrarchus cyanopterus, 21, 496; cychla, 20; niger,
20; notatus, 20; rostratus, 497, 21; vittatus, 21
centrarchus, Archocentrus, 494 *
Centrochir crocodili, 184 ~~
Centromochlus, 133, aulopygius, 65, 76, 96, 197;
heckeli, 65, 197; megalops, 197; oncinus, 65;
perugiae, 65 * • • &
Centropomide, 74,84, 86,465,481
Centropomus, Key to the Guiana species of, 481
Centropomus affinis, 482; appendiculatus, 482;
armatus, 482; brevis, 482; ensiferus, 72, 83,481,
482; robalito, 482; undecimalis, 22, 72, 83, 481,
482; undecim-radiatus, 482
cephalus, Cyprinus, 420; Megalobrycon, 370; Mugil,
71, 463 -
ceratophysus, Trachycoristes, 65
Cestreus acoupa, 467; carolinensis, 466; nebulosus
466; steindachneri, 468; virescens, 467
Cetopsinae,'96, 99, 210 - -
Cetopsis caecutiens, 66; candiru,210
Chetobranchus, 483; brunneus, 483,484; flavescens,
23, 72,83, 483; robustus, 484 -
Chaetostomus alga, 240; cirrhosus, 239; gymno-
rhynchus, 236; hoplogenys, 239; leucostictus, 240;
macrops, 231; malacops, 240; megacephalus, 231;
nudiceps, 236; Schomburgki, 231; tectirostris, 240;
variolus, 239 -
Chalceus, 256; angulatus, 26, 376, 377; ararapeera, :
373; fasciatus, 18; labrosus, 18, 371; latus, 18;
macrolepidotus, 18,26,39, 69,80, 89,97, 112,372;
nigrotaeniatus, 18, 301; rotundatus, 18, 26, 377;
taeniatus, 18
chalceus, Tetragonopterus, 68, 79,319, 320
Chalcininae, 97, 99, 256, 376 .
Chalcinopsis striatulus, 370 - tº . . . .
Chalcinus, 256; angulatus, 69; brachypomus, 376,
377; elongatus, 69,81,92, 107,377; guentheri, 377;
rotundatus, 18, 69, 81, 107,377 . . . .
Chamaigenes, 113,120; filamentosus, 64, 75,121
chamaizelus, Bunocephalus, 64, 75,88, 95, 113, 126, .
127
Characidae, 84,85, 86, 88, 89,91, 93, 96, 99,253
Characidium, 42,254; blennoides, 67,78,91, 93, 96,
114,288,200; catenatum, 68,78,90,107,114,288,
* → .
_* .
560. MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
293; fasciatum, 67, 78, 104, 288; laterale, 54, 67,
78,91, 114, 288; pellucidum, 68,78, 114, 288,291;
pteroides, 68, 78, 89, 107, 114, 288, 292; vintoni,
53, 67, 78, 96, 114, 288, 289; zebra, 291
Characidium, Zygonectes-like, 288
Characinae, 54,97, 99, 104, 108, 257, 397
Characini, 253 - -
Characinidae, 253
Characins, 111 -
Characinus, 263; argentinus, 316; gibbosus, 400, 401
Charax, 110, 257, 359; bimaculatus, 359; gibbosus,
26, 33, 70, 81, 88, 97, 107, 109, 111, 400, 402;
rupununi, 70, 81, 93, 107, 114, 402
Chasmocephalus brevior, 162
Chasmocranus, 113, 131; brevior, 54, 64, 76, 91, 92,
107, 113, 160, 162; longior, 54, 64, 76, 89–91, 92,
96, 104, 107, 113, 160–162 -
Cheilodipterus acoupa, 466 -
Chelichthys asellus, 28, 529; psittacus, 28, 529;
punctatus, 28 -
Chilodinae, 96, 99, 253, 271 . - * ,
Chilodus, 254; punctatus, 25, 67, 78, 88, 89, 104,
273 . . . º -
chilodus, £iſharinus, 273
Chilomyzon steindachneri, 270
chiquitos, Callichthys, 218
Chorimycterus tenuis, 288 . . .
Chorinemus saliens, 22 #.
Choroidichthys valenciennesi, 46
Chromis taenia, 495 -
Chromys acará, 499; appendiculata, 497; fasciata,
497; punctata, 492; ucayalensis, 484; uniocellata,
492 '' * -
chrysargyrea, Moenkhausia, 68, 79, 90,97, 321–323
- chrysypa, Anguilla, 442 . .
Cichla, 109,483; argus, 509; bimaculata, 495; flavo-
maculata, 509; nigro-maculata, 509; ocellaris, 20,
22, 23, 72, 83, 89, 90,98, 112,509, 511; temensis,
72, 509; trifasciata, 509
Cichlasoma, 483; bimaculatum, 21, 22, 33, 72, 83,
88, 105, 494, 495; festivum, 498; insigne, 499;
psittacum, 72; severum, 20, 72, 83, 93, 98, 497;
taenia, 495; temporale, 72
Cichlidae, Key to the Guiana genera of, 482
Cichlidae, 84–86, 88–93, 98, 99,465, 4
ciliata, Psectrogaster, 268 . .
ciliatus, Añodus, 25,268; Curimatus, 25, 67,78, 89,
clarias, Ariodes, 172; Bagrus, 23, 172; Pimelodus, 18,
23, 65,76, 88,96, 166, 171, 172; Pseudariodes, 172;
Silurus, 172 - -
Clupea sternicla, 379
Clupeidae, Key to the Guiana genera of, 444
Clupeidae, 84–86, 443, 444
clupeoides, Engraulis, 448; Stolephorus, 71,448
coarctatus, Anableps, 456 -
Cobitis anableps, 455
Coccosteus, 110
Cochliodon cochliodon, 66
Cockabilly, 451
Cogshall, Professor W., 4
colletti, Heptapterus, 130; Moer •. usia, 68, 79,
88, 90,91, 97,321, 328
collettii, Acentronichthys, 159; Moenkhausia, 328;
Tetragonopterus, 328 -
Colomesus, 528; psittacus, 28, 73, 84,529
colymbetes, Evanemus, 202
commersonii, Hypostomus, 24, 226; Plecostomus,
compressus, Hyphessobrycon, 338; Tetragonopterus,
374
Conia, 324
Conrad, B. S., 3
conradi, Pygidium, 66, 77,91, 92, 96, 114, 212
copei, Moenkhausia, 68, 79, 89, 321, 329; Tetrago-
nopterus, 329 *
Coregonus amboinensis, 320
coriaceus, Trachelyopterus, 65
corumbae, Heterogramma, 507
Corvina biloba, 475; furcraea, 475; grunniens, 20,
476, 478; monocantha, 473
90,263,268, 269
ciprinoides, Curimatus, 67 -
cirrhosa, Ancistrus, 237; Loricaria, 243; Xenocara,
cirrhosus, Ancistrus, 66, 77, 104, 237, 238; Chaeto-
stomus, 239; Hypostomus, 238; Thysanocara, 237
Citharinus chilodus, 273 -
Corwi, 345
Corydoras, 214; ambiacus, 220; edentatus, 190,
geoffroyi, 219, 220; punctatus, 57, 66, 77, 89, 96,
219, 220 - - .
Corymbophanes, 87, 113, 222; andersoni, 66, 77, 92,
96, 100, 101, 103, 114, 229 - .
coryphoeus, Heros, 497
Coscinoxyron culter, 376 : - -
costatus, Cataphractus, 185; Doras, 15, 17, 24, 76;
88, 184, 184, 187, 192; Platydoras, 184, 186;
Silurus, 185 *
cotinho, Moenkhausia, 68, 79, 97, 320, 321, 327
cottoides, Pseudopinelodus, 151, 152
cotylephorus, Aspredo, 125; Platystacus, - 64, 75,
124, 125; Silurus, 125. &
Creagrutus, 256; melanzonus, 69, 80, 90, 93, 97,114,
347; muelleri, 347 . . .
Creatochanes, 256, 315, 343; affinis, 69, 80, 90,91,
97, 100, 101, 105, 107, 344, 345; caudomaculatus,
26, 69,80, 89,97, 112,344,346; melanurus, 69,80,
97, 107, 344 . * * * .
Crenicara, 483; elegans, 511; punctulata, 29, 43, 72,
83, 89, 511 - - • .
• Crenicichla lugubris, 20, see Err. et Corr.
Crenicichla, Key to the Guiana species of, 513
Crenicichla, 107, 483; alta, 72, 83, 89–91, 100, 101,
105,106, 109, 513, 516; brasiliensis johanna, 520;
braz. lugubris, 518; braz. vittata, 519; frenata,
514; funebris, 518; johanna, 20, 73, 83, 98, 513,
520; joh. funebris, 518; joh. johanna, 520; joh.
lugubris, 519; joh. strigata, 519; joh. vittata, 519;
lenticulata, 72; lugubris, 23, 73, 83,90,91, 98, 513,
518; multispinosa, 72; reticulata, 512; saxatilis, ,
20, 23, 72, 83, 88, 89, 106, 513; sax. albopunctata,
514; vaillanti, 514; vittata, 23, 72, 519; wallacei,
83, 89,90, 98, 512, 517
crenidens, Hemiodus, 275 -
Crenuchinae, 96, 99, 255, 309
Crenuchus, 107, 255; spilurus, 29, 68, 79 .
cristata, Pimelodella, 18, 24, 28, 65, 76, 89, 96, 107,
168, 170
cristatus, Pimelodus, 24, 168
crocodili, Centrochir, 184 º
crouvina, Johnius, 473; Sciaena, 473
Crucifix-fish, 137
Cryptops, 429; virescens, 430
Ctenobrycon, 256, 362; hauxwellianus, 69; spilurus, -
32, 69,80, 88,92, 363 . . . . . .
ctenodus, Callophysus, 148; Pseudocallophysus, 148
Culius amblyopsis, 524; fuscus, 524
culter, Coscinoxyron, 376
cuneatus, Microphis, 462
cupido, Biotodoma, 72, 83, 89,98; Geophagus, 501;
Mesops, 501 -
cuprea, Pimelodus (Rhamdia) queleni, 163
curema, Mugil, 22, 71, 83,464
Curimata, 263; (Cyphocharax) spilura, 264
Curimatella, 253; alburna, 25, 67,78, 262; alburnus,
93, see Err. et Corr. :
Curimatinae, 96, 98, 99, 253,260
Curimatopsis, 253; macrolepis, 67,78,88,89,260,261,
cuyabae, Pimelodus, 163
cyanopterus, Centrarchus, 21, 496
Cychla argus, 20; fasciata, 20, 520; flavo-maculata,
510; flavomaculata, 20; labrina, 20, 514; nigro-
maculata, 20, 510; rubro-ocellatus, 20; rutilans, -
20, 518; trifasciata, 20 t
cychla, Centrarchus, 20 . . "
cylindraceus, Rivulus, 452 . . . .
cylindricus, Cyprinus, 420; Hemigrammus, 68, 80,
89,297, 114,332, 337 . -
Cynocharax affinis, 398 -
Cynodon, 257; gibbus, 70, 81,395, 397; scomber- .
oides, 396; vulpinus, 395 *
Cynodontinae, 257, 395. *.
Cynopotamus, 257; argenteus, 408; essequibenis, *
70, 81, 97,114,403; gibbosus, 400; humeralis, 70
Cynoscion, Key to the Guiana species of,466
Cynoscion, 465; acoupa, 71, 83, 466; leiarchus, 71;
microlepidotus, 71; regalis, 466; steindachneri, 71,
83, 466, 468; virescens, 71, 83,466,467 -
Cyphocharax spilurus, 263 -
cyprinoides, Anodus, 263; Curimatus, 266, 268; .
Peltapleura, 263; Salmo, 263 r
Cyprinus cephalus, 420; cylindricus, 420; sal-
moneus, 420
Cyrtocharax, 403 :
Darwin, Charles R. vii -
Dasyatidae, 84, 86, 89,116 . . . . . .
dawalla, Ageneiosus, 205; Hypoph ius, 18, 28,
205 -- • -
Deem, Elmer, 4.
demerarae, Auchenipterus, 65, 77, 118, 202, 203
dentata, Trutta, 316
dentatus, Ageneiosus, 66, 205; Doras, 65; Piabucus,
25, 68, 79, 91, 316
denticulatus, Pygopristis, 19, 26, 27, 70, 81,385;
Curimatus, Key to the Guiana species of, 263
Curimatus, 253; acutidens, 303; ciliatus, 25, 67,78,
89, 90, 263, 268, 269; cyprionoides, 67,266, 268;
essequibensis, 268; fasciatus, 297; frederici, 303;
issororoënsis, 67, 78, 91, 114, 263,266; kneri, 67;
lepidurus, 262; macrolepis, 260; microcephalus, 67,
78, 89, 91, 96, 107, 263,265, 266; morawhannae,
67,78, 91, 114, 263,266; rutiloides, 268; schom-
burgki, 67,78, 88, 91,263,266, 267; spilurus, 67,
78, 88, 89, 96, 107,263,266
Curucu,263 . . . . .
cuvieri, Hydrocynnus, 70, see Err. et Corr.; Hydro-
cynus, 19, 26, 81,411; Wastres, 451; Xiphostoma,
26, 411
Serrasalmo, 385
depressus, Cataphractus, 215; Pseudancistrus, 66 , “ . .
Dermatocheir, 113, 255; catablepta, 69, 80, 93, 97,
108, 114, 343 - . . . . . . .
Deuterodon, Key to the Guiana species of, 363
Deuterodon, 256; iguape, 363; pinnatus, 54, 69, 80, le.
90, 91, 93, 97,114, 363, 365; potaroënsis, 54, 69,
80, 91, 93, 97,114,363. s
dichroura, Moenkhausia, 321, 326
dichrourus, Moenkhausia, 57, '68, 79, 90, 93. (see
Err. et Corr.), 326
Dimorphandra mora, 6.
Dinichthys, 110 , . . . . . . .
Diplolepis squamosissimus, 471,473
discoideus, Myloplus, 70 . . . . .
divaricatus, Myletes, 394 . . . . . . . .
dolichopterus, Ancistrus, 66,237... .
*-* ,
562 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Doradinae, 4, 54, 99, 184
Doras, Key to the species of, 184
Doras, 132; affinis, 65; albomaculatus, 65; armatulus,
185; armatus, 65; blochii, 188; brunnescens, 17,
188; carinatus, 24, 184, 192, 194; castaneo-ventris,
17, 65, 188; cataphracta, 107; cataphractus, 65,
76, 88, 96, 185, 186, 188; costatus, 15, 17, 24, 76,
88, 184, 185, 186, 187; dentatus, 65; dorsalis, 65;
granulosus, 24, 65, 76, 184, 185; hancocki, 15, 65,
76, 88, 96, 107, 184, 187; helicophilus, 65; hum-
boldti, 190; maculatus, 24, 184, 185; muricus, 185;
, niger, 17, 24, 190; oxyrhynchus, 194; polygramma,
188; stenopeltis, 192
Dorichthys bilineatus, 462; lineatus, 463. g
Dormitator, 523, 524; gundlachi, 523; gymno-
cephalus, 57, 73, 83, 93, 115, 523
dorsalis, Doras, 65
Doryrhamphidae, 84, 85, 92
Doryrhamphus excisor, 462; lineatus, 71, 82,92, 463
Drummers, 15
dubia, Netuma, 140
dubius, Arius, 140; Galeichthys, 140; Tachisurus,
140 - * -
dumeriſi, Apionichthys, 527
dumerilii, Plataxoides, 521 - -
duodecimalis, Hypostomus, 227; Pterygoplichthys,
77,227
dura, Loricaria, 243, 244
dyodyxodon, Myletes, 394
Eastman, Charles R., 110 -
edentatus, Corydoras, 190; Hypophthalmus, 66, 77,
106, 208,209; Pseudohypophthalmus, 209
edentulus, Hypophthalmus, 209; Salmo, 263
Eels and Electric Eels, 422 -
eidouxii, Galeichthys, 133
Eigenmann, Mrs. Rosa Smith, 4
eigenmanni, Heptapterus, 130
Eigenmannia, Key to the Guiana species of, 429
Eigenmannia, 423, 429; lineatus, 70, 88; macrops,
70, 81, 97, 429; microps, 429; orinocensis, 67;
virescens, 27, 70, 81, 90,97, 429, 430
Electric Eel, 44, 436 : -
electricus, Electrophorus, 21, 27, 70, 81, 97, Gymno-
thorax, 27; Gymnotus, 21, 27, 424
Electrophoridae, 422 -
Electrophorinae, 97, 99,423, 424 -
Electrophorus, 423,424; electricus, 21, 27, 70, 81, 97
elegans, Crenicara, 511; Hemigrammus, 331;
Rhamphichthys, 432; Steatogenys, 38, 70, 81,432
Eleotris, 523; amblyopsis, 73, 83, 92; guavina, 22,
524; pisonis, 524 -
Elipesurus, 64, 116; spinicauda, 21, 64, 75
ellipticus, Myletes, 392; Myleus, 392
Ellis, Mrs. Marion Durbin, 4, 331, 465
Ellis, Mrs. Max, 108
Ellis, Dr. Max, 4, 32, 111, 125,422
elongatus, Anableps, 456; Chalcinus, 69, 81, 92, 107,
377; Tarpon, 444
Elopidae, 86, 443, 444
Elops saurus, 27
emarginatus, Hypostomus, 226; Plecostomus, 17,
28, 66, 77,226; Serrãsalmo, 19
emphysetus, Arius, 135; Bagrus, 23, 135; Galeich-
thys, 136; Sciadeichthys, 23, 64, 75, 110, 135;
Tachisurus, 136 - .
Engraulidae, 443, 447 -
Engraulis clupeoides, 448; productus, 449; spinifer,
449; surinamensis, 448; thrissoides, 27, 449
ensiferus, Centropomus, 72, 83,481,482
eos, Hyphessobrycon, 69, 80, 93, 97, 114, 339, 341
Epicyrtus exodon, 397; gibbosus, 26,400; macrolepis,
401; microlepis, 398; paradoxus, 397 -
eques, Goeldiella, 24, 65, 76, 177; Pimelodus, 24, 177
eriarcha, Rhamdella, 167 -
Erimyzon sucetta, 272
Erythrichthus, 494
Erythrininae, 97, 99, 258, 412
Erythrinus, 253, 258; brasiliensis, 416; brevicauda,
412; erythrinus, 70, 81,97, 100, 101, 105,419,420;
gronovii, 419,420; longipinnis, 421; macrodon, 20,
413, 416; microcephalus, 416; salmoneus, 421;
salvus, 25, 419; trahira, 415; unitaeniatus, 25, 418,
420; vittatus, 419. - - -
erythrinus, Synodus, 421
erythrozonus, Hemmigramus, 68, 79, 93, 97, i14,
332, 333 -
erythrurus, Aphyocharax, 43, 68, 79, 105, 114, 312,
313; Poecilobrycon, 67, 79, 88, 91, 96, 107, 114,
284, 285
Esox malabaricus, 412, 414
essequibensis, Astyanax, 69, 80, 97, 114, 350, 352;
Curimatus, 268; Cynopotamus, 70, 81, 97, 114,
403; Leptoglanis, 64, 76, 89,90, 92, 113, 158
Etheostoma caeruleum, 290
etheostoma, Poecilurichthys, 288
Evanemus colymbetes, 202
Evorthodus breviceps, 73, 84, 92, 525
exaratus, Callichthys, 24, 218
excisor, Doryrhamphus, 462
Exodon, 257; paradoxus, 26, 70, 81, 93, 397
‘exodon, Bryconamericus, 348; Epicyrtus, 397
eydouxii, AElurichthys, 134
falcatus, Acestrorhynchus, 26, 29, 70, 81, 89,91, 97,
406, 407; Brycon, 18, 26, 69, 80, 97, 372; Salmo,
406, 407; Xiphorhamphus, 26, 406, 407; Xipho-
rhynchus, 406, 407
INDEx 563
falcirostris, Acestrorhynchus, 20, 70, 81, 407, 410;
Hydrocyon, 410; Xiphorhamphus, 410; Xypho-
rhynchus, 410
Farlowella, 222; acus, 252; hargreavesi, 67,78, 114,
252 - *
fasciata, Chromys, 497; Cychla, 20, 520
fasciatum, Characidium, 67, 78, 104, 288, 29t;
Pimelodus, 183; Platystoma, 183; Pseudoplaty-
stoma, 18, 23, 65, 76, 182, 183
fasciatus, Achirus, 526; Anostomus, 298; Carapus,
425; Chalceus, 18; Curimatus, 297; Gastero-
pelecus, 378,379; Giton, 425; Grammichthys, 526;
Gymnotus, 21, 425; Heros, 497; Leporinus, 25,
68, 79, 89, 96, 300, 307; Pomotis, 21; Salmo, 307;
Schizodon, 20, 25, 68, 79, 93, 96, 297; Silurus,
182 - -
Felichthys, Key to the species of, 133
Felichthys, 129; bagre, 23, 64, 75, 133; bahiensis,
132; filamentosus, 132; marinus, 64, 75, 133, 134;
nodosus, 200, 201 -
ferox, Macrodon, 416; Xiphorhamphus, 29, 407
festiva, Acara, 498 -
festivum, Cichlasoma, 498
festivus, Mesonauta, 72, 83, 88, 89,498 (Cf. Err. et
Corr.); Heros, 498
filamentosa, Pyrrhulina,67, 88,89, 96,100,101,104,
frenata, Brachyglanis, 54,64, 75,91, 92,95, 113,156;
Crenicichla, 514 - • ,
frenatus, Rivulus, 43, 71, 82, 115, 453, 455
friderici, Leporinus, 25, 68, 79, 96, 302, 304,305;
Salmo, 302 .
fugitiva, Odontostilbe, 311
fuliginosus, Synbranchus, 443
fumarius, Pygopristis, 27, 385, 386
Fundulinae, 451, 452
funebris, Crenicichla, 518
furcatus, Auchenipterus, 24, 201 -
furcraea, Corvina, 475; Perca, 475, -
furcraeus, Pachypops, 72, 83,474, 475; Pachyurus,
475 , , - -
furnieri, Micropogon, 22, 72,478; Umbrina, 478
fuscum, Pygidium, 212; Trichomycterus, 212.
fuscus, Culius, 524 - -
Gaff-topsail Catfishes, 133
galeatus, Auchenipterus, 198; Parauchenipterus,
198; Pimelodus, 198; Silurus, 198; Trachycorystes,
24, 65, 77, 91, 104, 198
Galeichthys arenatus, 145; dubius, 140; eidouxii,
133; emphysetus, 136; flavescens, 135; grandi-
cassis, 142; gronovii, 23, 133; herzbergii, 139;
marinus, 134; mesops, 140; nuchalis, 145; parkeri,
138; parrae, 134; passany, 142; proëps, 137;
rugispinis, 147 -
galeus, Serranus, 22
garrapa, Trygon, 21, 28, 117
Gasterodermus, 219; ambiacus, 220
Gasteropelecinae, 97–99, 256, 378
Gasteropelecus, 48; fasciatus, 378,379; sterniela, 69,
97, 379; strigatus, 378, 379 -
gasteropelecus, Salmo, 380 . . .
geayi, AEquidens, 72, 83, 89, 91, 98, 105, 487, 493,
500; Rivulus, 71 *.
geoffroyi, Corydoras, 219, 220
Geophagus, Key to the Guiana species, 503
Geophagus, 42, 483; altifrons, 502; badiipinnis, 484;
camopiensis, 72; cupido, 501; jurupari, 23, 72, 88,
89, 90, 503, 504; leucostictus, 23, 505; pappa-
terra, 23, 72, 505; (Satanoperca) jurupari, 505;
surinamensis, 23, 72, 83, 98, 503; thayeri, 500
Gerres rhombeus, 22 . . . . •
gibbosus, Anacyrtus, 400; Characinus, 400, 401;
Charax, 26, 33, 70, 81, 88, 97, 107, 109, 111,400,
402; Cynopotamus, 400; Epicyrtus, 26, 400;
Salmo, 400
279 4 s
filamentosus, Aspredo, 121; Chamaigenes, 64, 75,
121; Felichthys, 132; Loricariichthys, 66; Platy-
stacus, 121 : - .
filosus, Myletes, 394
fimbriatus, Hypophthalmus, 209; Pseudohypoph-
thalmus, 209 -
finis, Soleonasus, 73, 84, 93, 98, 115, 528
fissus, Arius, 64, 145
flabelliferus, Ochmacanthus, 57, 66, 77, 89, 92, 213
flava, Loricaria, 223
flavescens, Arius, 135; Chaetobranchus, 23, 72, 83,
483; Galeichthys, 135; Sciadeichthys, 64, 75, 110,
135; Tachisurus, 135 -
flavipinnis, Ilisha, 71, 82,446; Pellona, 446; Platy-
gaster, 446 * . . - g - -
flavomaculata, Cichla, 20, 509, 510
flavus, Plecostomus, 223; Triportheus, 376
flexuosa, Mauritia, 6
Flounders, 15 . •
foina, Pimelodus, 24, 167; Rhamdella, 24, 65, 76,
92, 167 -
fordi, Pseudacanthicus, 66
Four-eyes, 451,455. - -
Fowlerina, 256; orbicularis, 69, 80, 90, 91, 97, 107,
,322, 323, 374; paraguayensis, 374
Frazee, Owen, 4 . . .
frederici, Curimatus, 303
gibbus, Cynodon, 70, 81,395, 397
gigas, Arapaima, 18, 27, 71, 82, 451; Sudis, 450, 451
Gimbel, J., 441 -
gimbeli, Porotergus, 70, 82, 115,441.
Girardinus guppii, 458; reticulatus, 458
564 MEMOIRs of THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Giton fasciatus, 425 --
glaber, Auchenipterus, 198; Pleuronectes, 526;
Trachycorystes, 65, 77, 198
Glanencheli, 118, 422
Glanidium albescens, 197
Gnathobolus, 446; mucronatus, 447
Gobiidae, Key to the Guiana genera of, 523
Gobiidae, 84, 85, 86, 92, 93, 465, 523
Gobius bacalaus, 22, 523; oceanicus, 523
Goeldiella, 131; eques, 24, 65, 76, 177
Goniodontes, 221 &
gracilior, Pygidium 66, 77, 92, 96, 114, 212, 213
gracilis, Hemigrammus, 340; Hemiodus, 276, 277;
Hyphessobrycon, 43, 69, 80, 89, 109, 338, 340;
Pimelodella, 65; Tetragonopterus, 340; Tomeurus,
guppii, Girardinus, 458 -
guppyi, Pseudauchenipterus, 201
guttatus, Hypostomus, 233; Plecostomus, 233, 235;
Pseudancistrus, 233
guttulata, Aseraggodes, 526 -
gymnocephalus, Dormitator, 57, 73, 93, 115, 523
gymnogenys, Serrasalmo, 27, 69,81, 97,380-383
Gymnorhamphichthys, 113,423; hypostomus, 70, 82,
93, 97, 114,436 -
gymnorhynchus, Ancistrus, 235, 236; Chaºtostomus,
236; Xenocara, 25, 43,66, 77, 88, 236
Gymnothorax electricus, 27; ocellatus, 27, 118
Gymnotidae, Key to the Guiana genera of, 423
Gymnotidae, 4, 54, 84, 85, 86, 88–91, 93, 97, 99, 111,
422, 423
Gymnotids, 436 - -
Gymnotinae, 97, 99,423 º
Gymnotus, 423; albifrons, 438, 439; albus, 425;
71, 82, 92, 115, 460 g
grammica, Aphyodite, 57, 68, 79, 89, 93, 114, 314
Grammichthys fasciatus, 526; lineatus, 526 -
grandicassis, Arius, 142; Galeichthys, 142; Moenk-
hausia, 68, 79, 97, 107, 321, 323; Netuma, 143;
Notarius, 64, 75, 110, 142, 143; Tetragonopterus,
323, 325 - . .
granosus, Neoplecostomus, 67,229
Grant, William, 3, 45–49, 55, 74 &
granti, Leporinus, 68, 79, 93, 104, 114, 300, 307
granulatus, Doras, 194
granulosus, Doras, 24, 76, 184, 185; Pterodoras, 184,
185
grisea, Unibranchapertura, 443
griseus, Loricariichthys, 67, 77, 89, 114, 244, 246
gronovii, Acara, 495; AElurichthys, 133; Anableps,
456; Bunocephalus, 64, 75, 125, 126; Erythrinus,
419, 420; Galeichthys, 23, 133; Tetragonopterus,
359 - - -
grossidens, Lycengraulis, 71
grunniens, Corvina, 20, 476, 478
grunniens, Pachypops, 20, 72, 83, 93, 475, 476
Guabia, 310
guacari, Hypostomus, 222, 223
guatemalensis, Roeboides, 398
Guavina, 523; guavina, 22, 73, 525
guavina, Eleotris, 22, 534; Macrodon, 416
guentheri, Ancistrus, 235; Pseudancistrus, 66, 77,
233,235 . -
Guiana Plateau and Potaro River, Ichthyic fauna of,
94
guianense, Pygidium, 66, 77, 92, 100, 101, 114, 212
guianensis, AEquidens, 72; Ageneiosus, 37, 66, 77,
113, 204; Astyanax, 69, 80, 90, 97, 350, 352;
Belone, 20, 461; Potamorrhaphis, 20, 71, 82, 89,
97, 461; Pygidium, 92, 96; Stolephorus, 71, 82,
92, 115, 447; Tylosurus, 23, 461
gundlachi, Dormitator, 523
guentheri, Chalcinus, 377; Mugil, 464
brachiurus, 425; carapo, 21, 70, 81, 88, 89, 97,
100, 101,105,425; electricus, 21,27,424; fasciatus,
21, 425; longirostratus, 435; macrurus, 427;
putaol, 425; rostratus, 435 *
gymnotus, Porotergus, 54, 57, 71, 93, 97, 114, 440,
441; Sternarchus, 91 - -
Hadropterys, 289
halecinus, Agoniates, 26, 68, 79, 317
Hamoprion lanceolata, 473
Hancock, John, 15 -
hancocki, Doras, 15, 65, 76, 88, 96, 107, 184, 187
Hargreaves, T. Sidney, 29, 253
hargreavesi, Farlowella, 67, 78, 114, 252
Harrison, Professor J. G., 3, 5, 9 * * *
harrisoni, Poecilobrycon, 37, 67, 78, 114, 283, 284
Harttia, 222; loricariiformis, 251; platystoma, 67,
78, 89,251
Haseman, John D., 108
Hasemania bilineata, 108; maxillaris, 108
Hatcher, J. B., vii -
hauxwellianus, Ctenobrycon, 69; Tetragonopterus,
362 - - e
heckeli, Acárichthys, 83, 89, 500; Acara, 23, 500;
Acarichthys, 23, 72; Centromochlus, 65, 197
helicophilus, Doras, 65 *
Helogeneidae, 84, 86, 96, 99, 119, 207
Helogenes, 53; marmoratus, 29, 66, 77, 96, 100, 101,
103, 106, 207 * t
Hemiancistrus, 222; braueri, 24, 66,” 77, 114, 230,
232; medians, 66, 230; megacephalus, 66, 77, 91,
92, 96, 230, 231; schomburgki, 66, 77,230, 231
Hemibrycon, 330
Hemicetopsis macilentus, 66, 77, 92, 96, 114, 210,
211; minutus, 54, 66, 77, 91, 92, 96, 114, 211
Hemidoras, 45, 132; carinatus, 24, 42, 65, 76, 96,
INDEX - - 565 -
193–195; leporhinus, 65, 76, 87, 92, 96, 113, 193,
195; micropoeus, 65, 76, 91, 113, 193, 195; micro-
stomus, 65, 76, 113, 192, 193; notospilus, 65, 76,
92, 113, 193, 195; orestes, 193; stenopeltis, 192;
wilderi, 193 *
Hemigrammus, Key to the Guiana species of, 331
Hemigrammus, 4, 112, 255, 330; analis, 80, 114, 332,
337; cylindricus, 68, 80, 89, 97, 114, 332, 333;
elegans, 331; erythrozonus, 68, 79, 93, 97, 114,
332, 333; gracilis, 340; iota, 43, 68, 79, 89, 114,
332, 336; micropterus, 69; ocellifer, 68, 79, 89,
332, 335; orthus, 80, 89, 114, 332, 336; riddlei,
340; rodwayi, 33, 68, 79, 88, 92, 332, 334; unili-
neatus, 68, 79, 92, 331–333 - -
hemigrammus, Asiphonichthys, 70, 81, 109, 114,
403; Phenacocharax, 43 -
hemiliopterus, Phractocephalus, 18, 28, 65, 76, 178;
Silurus, 178
Hemiodinae, 96, 98, 99
Hemiodon acipenserinus, 251
Hemiodontichthys, 222; acipenserinus, 43, 67, 78,
88, 250
Hemiodontinae, 254, 274
Hemiodopsis microlepis, 275
Hemiodus, Key to the Guiana species of, 275
Hemiodus, 254; crenidens, 275; gracilis, 276, 277;
immaculatus, 67; maculofasciata, 67; maculo-
fasciatus, 88,89; microcephalus, 277; notatus, 277;
pellegrini, 91; quadrimaculatus, 67, 78, 93, 96,
275; semitaeniatus, 57, 67, 78, 275, 276; uni-
maculatus, 25, 275,277
hemiphractus, Callichthys, 216
Hemiplatystoma, 182; tigrinum, 182
Hemisorubim, 131; platyrhynchos, 23, 65, 181;
platyrhynchus, 181
hemiurus, Plecostomus, 66, 88, 91, 96, 104, 106, 114,
224, 225, 227 -
henlei, Carcharias, 28; Trygon, 117 -
Heptapterus, 130, 160; colletti, 130; eigenmanni,
130; mustelinus, 130; surinamensis, 131
Heros bimaculata, 495; bimaculatus, 495; cory-
phoeus, 497; fasciatus, 497; festivus, 498; insignis,
498; modestus, 497; severum, 494; spurius, 497
herzbergi, Arius, 139; Bagrus, 139; Galeichthys,
139; Netuma, 139; Selanaspis, 23, 64, 75, 110, 139;
Silurus, 139; Tachisurus, 139, 142
Hetererythrinus salmoneus, 420
Heterocharax, 110, 113, 258; macrolepis, 70, 81, 114,
405, 406 r
heterodontus, Astatheros, 494
Heterognathi, 118, 253
Heterogramma, 483; corumbae, 507; ortmanni, 72,
83, 89,90, 98, 100, 101, 115, 506; steindachneri,
2,72, 83, 89,98, 105, 508 -
heterolepis, Plagioscion, 72
heteropleurus, Pimelodus, 65, 76, 92, 113, 171, 172
Heterosomata, 119, 525 . .
hexadactylus, Silurus, 125
Hexanematichthys, 129; hymenorhinus, 140; mus-
telinus, 64; phrygiatus, 64; rugispinis, 64, 75, 110,
147; surinamensis, 64 ſº
hiari, 51
hilarii, Salminus, 70
histrix, Acanthicus, 17; Trygon, 21
Holland, W. J., vii . .
holmiæ, Rivulus, 71, 82, 93, 97, 100, 101, 115, 452,
Holobrycon, 256; pesu, 26, 69, 80, 89, 90,97, 369
holomelas, Pimelodus, 29, 166; Rhamdia, 35, 65,
162, 166 -
Holopristis riddlei, 329, 330; ocellifer, 335
Holotaxis, 278 : s -
Hoplarchus pentacanthus, 494
Hoplerythrinus, 258; unitaeniatus, 25, 70, 81, 89, 97,
100, 101, 105, 418, 419 -
Hoplias, 253, 258, 412; macrophthalmus, 20, 25, 70,
81, 97, 105,413, 418; malabaricus, 20, 25, 70, 81,
88, 89, 91, 97, 100, 101, 105, 414, 415; microph-
thalmus, 413 s' -
Hopliosoma punctata, 219, 220 -
hoplogenys, Ancistrus, 66, 77,237, 239, 241; Chae
stomus, 239; Xenocara, 239
Hoplosternum, Key to the Guiana species, 216
Hoplosternum, 214; lavigatum, 216, 217; littorale,
15,66,77,88,91,216,217; longifilis, 218; stevardii,
217; thoracatum, 17, 24, 66, 77, 88, 104, 216, 218,
219 º
horridus, Hypostomus, 227; Plecostomus, 227
Houri, 418 .
humboldtii, Pastinaca, 116; Potamotrygon, 116;
Sternopygus, 429 t
humeralis, Cynopotamus, 70
Huri, 20 e
Hydrocyninae, 258, 411 -
Hydrocynus, 258; cuvieri, 19, 26, 70, 81,411; lucius,
411; scomberoides, 396 - .
Hydrocyon argenteus, 403; armatus, 20, 410;
falcirostris, 410; microlepis, 20, 408; scomberoides,
396 - -
Hydrolycus, 396; scomberoides, 26, 70, 81, 254, 257,
317, 396 . . .
Hydroscion armatus, 396 ."
hymenorhinus, Hexanematichthys, 140 w
Hyphessobrycon, Key to the Guiana species of, 338
Hyphessobrycon, 4, 112, 255; belotti, 69; bifasciatus, .
108; compressus, 338; eos, 69,80, 93, 97,114,339,
341; gracilis, 43, 69,80, 89, 109,338,340; littkeni, .
108; minimus, 35, 69, 80, 92, 114, 338, 341; .
566 MEMOIRs of THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
minor, 57, 69, 80, 93, 114, 338, 339; parvella, 108;
riddlei, 43, 69, 80, 338, 340; rosaceus, 43, 69, 80,
89, 114, 338, 339; stictus, 69, 80, 114,339, 342
hyphesson, Bryconamericus, 69, 80, 93, 97, 114, 349
Hypopominae, 97, 99 -
Hypopomus, Key to the Guiana species of, 433
Hypopomus, 423; artedi, 70, 82, 89, 434; brevi-
rostris, 70, 81, 97, 98, 100, 101, 105,433; mülleri,
- 433 -
Hypophthalmidae, 84, 86, 119, 208
Hypophthalmus dawalla, 18, 28, 205; edentatus, 66,
77, 106, 208,209; edentulus, 209; fimbriatus, 209;
longifilis, 209; marginatus, 209; nuchalis, 202;
perporosus, 209; spixii, 209
Hypostoma barbatum, 17; plecostomum, 17; punc-
tatum, 17; squalinum, 17
Hypostomatina, 221
Hypostomus barbatus, 233; cirrhosus, 238; commer-
sonii, 24, 226; duodecimalis, 227; emarginatus,
226; guacari, 222, 223; guttatus, 233; horridus,
227; itacua, 24, 232; multiradiatus, 15, 288;
nudiceps, 25, 236; pantherinus, 226; plecostomus,
28, 222, 225; robinii, 224; squalinum, 226; squali-
tus, 28, 226; temmincki, 25, 237; verres, 225;
watwata, 15 .
hypostomus, Gymnorhamphichthys, 70, 82, 93, 97,
114,436
hypsauchen, Metynnis, 27, 70, 81,389; Myletes, 27
hypselonotus, Abramites, 299; Leporinus, 68
hypsiurus, Bunocephalichthys, 64
Hystricodon paradoxus, 397 -
hystrix, Acanthicus, 24, 66, 241; Potamotrygon, 21,
28, 75, 89, 117
Iguanodectes, 255; tenuis, 68, 79, 88,89, 96, 314, 316
Iguanodectinge, 96, 99, 255, 314
iguape, Deuterodon, 363.
Ilisha, 444, 445; abnormis, 446; flavipinnis, 71, 82,
446
immaculata, Unibranchapertura, 443
immaculatus, Auchenipterus, 199; Hemiodus, 67;
. Synbranchus, 443 . . .
Imparfinis, 130
insequilabiatus, Carapus, 425
incilis, Mugil, 71, 82,464
inermis, Ageneiosus, 66, 205
insidiosus, Stegophilus, 213 .
insigne, Cichlasoma, 499
insignis, Heros, 498; Mesonauta, 498; Pimelodus,
18, 28, 168; Prochilodus, 20, 67
iota, Hemigrammus, 43, 68, 79, 89, 114, 332, 336
irregularis, Theraps, 494
Ischnosoma bicirrhosum, 450
Isospondyli, 118
Isospondyli, Key to the families of, 443
issororoënsis, Curimatus, 67,78, 91, 114, 263,266
itacua, Hypostomus, 24, 232
jacuhiensis, Tetragonopterus, 360
jaculidens, Ancylodon, 22, 469
japonica, Atherina, 447 g «
johanna, Crenicichla, 20, 73, 83, 98, 513, 520
Johnius amazonicus, 473; auratus, 472; crouvina,
473; regalis, 466
Joinvillia rosae, 363
Jones, Lyman, 3
Jordan's Law, 106
juruensis, Leptodoras, 191
jurupari, Geophagus, 23, 72, 83, 88, 89,90, 503, 504;
Satanoperca, 505 - -
Kaieteur Fall, 1,49, 51, 52, 56, 60, 94, 95, 98, 100,
101, 103, 106, 112 ; -
keppleri, Anisitsia, 67 . -
kneri, Curimatus, 67; Myloplus, 70
konopickyi, Loricaria, 249
Kowi, 345 •
labrina, Cychla, 20, 514
labrosus, Chalceus, 18, 371.
Labrus bimaculatus, 495; punctatus, 495
labyrinthicus, Caenotropus, 67,273
lacepedii, Sternarchus, 440 -
lacustris, Astyanax, 360; Auchenipterus, 199;
Tetragonopterus, 360
laºviceps, Callichthys, 214
lavigatum, Hoplosternum, 214 -
laevigatus, Callichthys, 217 r -
laevis, Aspredo, 24, 123, 124; Platystacus, 123
lanceolata, Hamoprion, 473; Lonchiurus, 72; Lon-
churus, 479 •
lanceolatus, Lonchiurus, 480; Lonchurus, 83, 479,
480; Rivulus, 43, 71, 82, 115, 453, 455
laterale, Characidium, 54, 67,78, 91, 96, 114, 288
lateralis, Callophysus, 148; Pimelotropus, 148
lateristriga, Pseudorhamdia, 167 * -
laticeps, Prochilodus, 67; Schizodontopsis, 68, 79,
93, 114, 299 g
latior, Semitapicis, 67 -
latus, Chalceus, 18; Myletes, 27, 393; Tetragonop-
terus, 19, 393
laukidi, Rhamdia, 2, 65, 76 s gº
Lau-Lau, 18, 29 ſº
Lebistes, 456 *
lebranchus, Mugil, 464
leiarchus, Cynoscion, 71; Otolithus, 22
lenticulata, Crenicichla, 72
lepidura, Moenkhausia, 321, 326
TNDEX 567
lepidurus, Curimatus, 262; Moenkhausia, 68, 79,
88, 90,97, 112, 326; Tetragonopterus, 326
leporhinus, Hemidoras, 65, 76, 89, 92, 96, 113, 193,
195. -
Leporinae, 99
Leporininae, 96, 98
Leporinus, Key to the Guiana species of, 300
Leporinus, 255; affinis, 68; alternus, 68, 79, 96, 114,
300, 307; anostomus, 294; arcus, 68,79, 91, 93, 96,
112, 114, 300; fasciatus, 25, 68, 79, 89, 96, 300;
frederici, 25; friderici, 25, 68,79, 96, 302,304,305;
granti, 68, 79, 93, 104, 114,300, 307; hypselonotus,
68; leschenaulti, 303; maculatus, 25, 29, 68, 79,
96, 300, 305,306; marcgravii, 305; margaritaceus,
301; megalepis, 29, 91, 303, 305, 307; muelleri, 68;
nigrotaeniatus, 18, 25, 68, 79, 88, 96, 300, 301
Leptodoras, Key to the species of, 191
Leptodoras, 132; acipenserinus, 191; juruensis, 191;
linnelli, 45, 65, 76, 96, 113, 191
Leptoglanis, 113, 130, 161; essequibensis, 64, 76, 89,
90, 92, 113, 158 *
leptorhynchus, Sternarchus, 54, 71, 82, 90, 91, 93,
97, 114,439
leptos, Acentronichthys, 131
leschenaulti, Leporinus, 303
leucosticta, Satanoperca, 505
leucostictus, Ancistrus, 240; Chaetostomus, 240;
Geophagus, 23, 105
Lidth de Jeude, Dr. Th. W. van, 3.
lima, Rineloricaria, 244; Sorubim, 65
Limia, 456 -
lineata, Eigenmannia, 88; Unibranchapertura, 443
lineatus, Achirus, 73, 84, 98, 526; Anableps, 456;
Dorichthys, 463; Doryrhamphus, 71, 82, 92,463;
Eigenmannia, 70; Grammichthys, 526; Micro-
pogon, 22, 478; Monochir, 526; Pleuronectes, 526;
Prochilodus, 271; Sternopygus, 27 -
linnaei, Tetragonopterus, 359
Linnell, George, 3, 45, 46, 52 -
linnelli, Leptodoras, 45, 65, 76, 96, 113, 191
Liposarcus, 227; multiradiatus, 228
lippincottianus, Sealeina, 389 -
Lithodoras lithogaster, 184
lithogaster, Lithodoras, 184
Lithogenes, 87, 113,222, 228; villosus, 66, 77,92, 96,
100, 101, 103, 104, 114, 228 t -
lithoides, Lithoxus, 66, 77, 89, 90, 91, 93, 96, 113,
114, 242 , , º
Lithoxus, 54, 113, 222; lithoides, 66, 77, 89,90, 91,
liza, Mugil, 22, 464
Lonchiurus, 479; lanceolatus, 480
Lonchocarpus, 51
Lonchurus, 466; ancylodon, 469; barbatus, 479,480;
lanceolatus, 479, 480 -
longiceps, Brycon, 69 * *
longifilis, Callichthys, 17, 218; Hoplosternum, 218;
Pimelódus, 134
longior, Chasmocranus, 54, 64, 76, 89,90, 91, 92, 96,
104, 107, 113, 160–162 -
longipinnis, Erythrinus, 421; Poptella, 69
longirostratus, Gymnotus, 436
Lophobranchii, 119, 462
Loricaria, 41, 54, 222; acipenserina, 250; acuta, 24,
245; brunnea, 111, 247,249,250; cataphracta, 17,
24, 66, 77,243; cirrhosa, 243; dura, 243,244; flava,
223; konopickyi, 249; microdon, 245; platystoma, .
251; platyura, 24, 248, 249; plecostomus, 223;
Setifera, 243; stewarti, 249; submarginata, 249;
teffeanus, 249 - .
Loricariichthys, Key to the Guiana species of, 244
Loricariichthys, 222; brunneus, 15, 67, 77, 88, 96,
245, 247; filamentosus, 66; griseus, 67, 77, 89, 114,
244, 246; maculatus, 67; microdon, 34, 67, 77, 93,
114, 244, 245; platyurus, 24, 67, 77, 93, 96, 245,
248; stewarti, 67, 77, 104, 114, 245,249
Loricariidae, Key to the Guiana genera of, 221.
Loricariidae, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 96, 99, 104,
113, 120, 221 -
loricariiformis, Harttia, 251
Loricariinae, 96, 99
Loricaroidei, 221
Loricata, 221
loricatus, Callichthys, 216.
loubina, Perca, 482
Lowlow, 15
Luckanani, 509
Lucanari, 509
lucidus, Brycon, 69
Luciopimelodus pati, 64
lucius, Xiphostoma, 411 - *—s.
Luckananee, 35, 40 * -
lugubris, Crenicichla, 20, 23, 73, 83, 90, 91, 98, 513,
518
93, 96, 114, 242 -
lithurgicus, Ancistrus, 66, 77, 93,237, 241
littorale, Hoplosternum, 15, 66, 77, 88, 91, 216,
217 - - -
littoralis, Calichthys, 15, 217
lumbricus, Muraena, 443
luna, Metynnis, 389
lundii, Triurobrycon, 370
luniscutis, Sciadeichthys, 64
Lutjanus cayennensis, 466
lütkeni, Hyphessobrycon, 108
Lycengraulis grossidens, 71
Lycodontis ocellatus, 27, 442 -
Lyell, Sir Charles, 11 a
lyriformis, Agmus, 64, 75, 88, 113, 1
568 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
macilentus, Hemicetopsis, 66, 77, 92, 96, 114, 210,
211
Macrocephalus undecimalis, 481
macrocephalus, Scissor, 68
Macrodon, 412, 413, 465; ancylodon, 71, 469, 470;
auritus, 416; brasiliensis, 25; ferox, 416; guavina,
416; malabaricus, 414; macropthalmus, 413;
patana, 416; tareira, 415; teres, 416; trahira, 25,
413, 415 - - • ‘
macrodon, Erythrinus, 20, 413, 416
macrolepidotus, Chalceus, 18, 26, 39, 69, 80, 89, 97,
112, 372; Brycon, 26, 373 - -
macrolepis, Anacyrtus, 401; Curimatopsis, 67, 78,
88, 89,260,261; Curimatus, 260; Epicyrtus, 401;
Heterocharax, 70, 81, 114, 405, 406; Satanoperca,
505
macronema, Pimelodus, 173, 174
macronemus, Bagrus, 134; Piaractus, 70 -
macrops, Chaetostomus, 231; Eigenmannia, 70, 81,
97,429; Sternopygus, 429 -
macropterus, Callophysus, 24, 64, 75, 148; Mylesi-
nus, 387
macropthalmus, Hoplias, 20, 25, 70, 81,97, 105,413,
418; Macrodon, 413 -
macrospila, Piramutana, 173
macrurus, Gymnotus, 427; Sternopygus, 33, 70, 88,
90, 91, 97,427. -
Macturk, Michael, 55 y
macturki, Pimelodella, 65, 76, 91, 107, 113, 168–170
maculatus, Doras, 24, 184, 185; Dormitator, 523;
Leporinus, 25, 29, 68, 79, 96, 300, 305, 206;
Loricariichthys, 67; Metynnis, 70, 81,389, 390;
67, 78, 88, 114, 281; Notophthalmus, 208, 209;
Serrasalmo, 69
marinus, AElurichthys, 134; Felichthys, 64, 75, 133;
Galeichthys, 134; Silurus, 134 .
maripicru, Prochilodus, 67,78, 104, 114, 271
marmorata, Unibranchapertura, 443
marmoratus, Ageneiosus, 66, 77, 96, 114, 204, 206;
Helogenes, 29, 66, 77, 96, 100, 101, 103, 106, 207;
Rhamphichthys, 70; Symbranchus, 71, 82; Syn-
branchus, 28, 442, 443; Unibranchapertura, 442
maronii, AEquidens, 72, 83, 92, 487,489
Martius, Karl Friedrich, vii
Masticura, 116 •.
Mauritia flexuosa, 6
maxillaris, Hasemania, 108 -
maximiliani, Sternarchus, 440
medians, Hemiancistrus, 66,230 ,
megacephalus, Ancistrus, 231; Chaetostomus, 231;
Hemiancistrus, 66, 77, 91, 92, 96, 230, 231;
Megalonema, 92; Silurus, 175
megalepis, Leporinus, 29, 91, 303, 305, 307
Megalobrycon cephalus, 370 r -
Megalonema, 113, 130; megacephalum, 92; platy-
cephalum, 64, 75, 95, 113, 150
Megalops atlanticus, 27, 444; elongatus, 444;
Myletes, 390; Pimelodus, 18; Tetragonopterus, 26,
356, 359 - - . .
maculipinnis, Achirus, 527; Monochir, 22, 527;
Monochirus, 526; Solea, 527
maculofasciata, Hemiodus, 67
maculofasciatus, Hemiodus, 88, 89
maculosus, Auchenipterus, 24, 199; Tylobronchus,
67,78, 96, 114, 272 . .
Mairipak, 149
malabaricus, Esox, 412,414; Hoplias, 20, 25, 70, 81,
88, 89, 91, 97, 100, 101, 105, 414, 415; Macrodon,
414; microphthalmus, Hoplias, 413; Synodus, 414
malacops, Chaetostomus, 240 -
mangle, Rhizophora, 6
mangurus, Pimelodus, 151
Manicaria saccifera, 6
mapae, Vastres, 451
marcgravii, Leporinus, 305; Sternopygus, 427
margarita, Acara, 22, 495 -
margaritaceus, Leporinus, 301
marginata, Acara, 495
marginatus, Hypophthalmus, 209; Nannostomus,
thrissoides, 444
megalops, Astyanax, 325; Centromochius, 197;
Moenkhausia, 43, 68, 79, 321, 325; Pimelodella,
65, 76, 92, 96, 107, 113,168 . -
megalostictus, Phenacogaster, 69, 91, 97, 107, 114,
366 - -
melandetus, Odontostilbe, 57, 68, 79, 89, 93,312
melanotus, Aphyocharax, 43, 68, 79, 114, 312
melanurus, Creatochanes, 69, 80, 107, 344, 346;
Salmo, 343, 346; Tetragonopterus, 26, 346 - *
melanzonus, Acanthophacelus, 32, 71, 82, 92, 115,
457; Creagrutus, 69, 80, 90, 93, 97,114, 347
melas, Brachyglanis, 64, 75, 113, 156, 157; Brevi-
glanis, 157 - -
mento, Catoprion, 27, 57, 70, 81,387; Serrasalmo
386, 387 -
Mesonauta, 483; festivus, 72, 83, 88, 89, 498;
insignis, 498 -
Mesops, 500, 501; cupido, 501 -
mesops, Arius, 140; Bagrus, 23, 139, 141; Galeich-
thys, 140; Sciadeichthys, 140; Tachisurus, 140
Metynnis, Key to the Guiana species; 389
Metynnis, 19, 257; hypsauchen, 27, 70, 81; macu-
latus, 70, 81,390 < -
microcephalus, Curimatus, 67, 78, 89, 91, 96, 107,
263,265, 266; Erythrinus, 416; Hemiodus, 277
Microcyprini, 118, 451 • -
microdon, Loricaria, 245; Loricariichthys, 24, 67,
77, 93, 114, 244, 245 w -
INDEX
569
Microglanis, 113, 130; parahybae, 155; poecilus, 64,
75, 92, 113, 155; pulcher, 155 -
microlepidotus, Cynoscion, 71
microlepis, Acanthocharax, 70, 81, 97, 114, 404, 405
Acestrorhynchus, 20, 26, 70, 81, 88, 97, 407-409;
Anableps, 25, 71, 82,455; Epicyrtus, 398; Hemio-
dopsis, 275; Hydrocyon, 20, 408; Roeboides, 70,
398; Xiphorhamphus, 26, 408
micropoeus, Hemidoras, 65, 76,91, 113, 193, 195
microphis cuneatus, 462 -
Micropogon, 466; argenteus, 478; furnieri, 22, 72,
83, 478; lineatus, 22, 478; trifilis, 22, 474; undu-
latus, 478 -
microps, Eigenmannia, 429; Microps, 83; Nebris,
72, 470, 471; Otolithus, 467; Tylosurus, 71
micropterus, Hemigrammus, 69
micropthalmus, Tetrabranchus, 442
micropus, Rivulus, 71 . -
microstictus, Phenacogaster, 69, 97, 107, 114, 366,
368 - -
microstoma, Astyanax, 360 -
microstomus, Hemidoras, 65, 76, 113, 192, 193
minimus. Hyphessobrycon, 35, 69,80, 92, 114, 338,
341; Nannostomus, 67, 78, 96, 114, 282, 283
º
minor, Hyphesobrycon, 57,60,80, 93,114,838,839 :
minutus, Archicheir, 38, 67, 79, 108, 114, 287; :
Hemicetopsis, 54,66, 77,91, 92, 96, 114, 211
Mitchell, J. B., 3
modestus, Heros, 497. > *
Moenkhausia, 255; browni, 68, 79, 91, 93, 97, 100,
101, 107, 114, 321, 324; chrysargyrea, 68, 79,90,
97, 321–323; colletti, 68, 79, 88, 90, 91, 321,
328; cotinho, 68, 79, 97, 320, 321, 327; dichroura,
321, 326; grandisquamis, 68, 79, 97, 107, 321,
323; lepidura, 68, 79, 88, 90, 97, 112, 321, 326;
megalops, 43, 68, 79, 321, 325; oligolepis, 26, 68,
79, 93, 97, 100, 101, 105, 321, 322, 325; ovalis,
68; profunda, 68, 79, 107, 114, 321; shideleri,
68, 79, 97,114, 321, 325
monacantha, Corvina, 473; Sciaena, 473
monitor, Zathorax, 184 .
Monochir lineatus, 526; maculipinnis, 22, 527
Monochirus maculipinnis, 526
monticola, Agonostomus, 463
mora, Dimorphandra, 6
morawhannae, Curimatus, 67,78,91, 114, 263,266
morocoto, Myletes, 19 . .
motoro, Taeniura, 28, 117
mucronatus, Astyanax, 69, 80, 93, 97,114,350, 354;
Gnathobolus, 447; Odontognathus, 71, 82, 446,
447; Platygaster, 447 - - -
muelleri, Leporinus, 68 -
Mugil, Key to the Guiana species of, 464
Mugil, 74; brasiliensis, 71, 82,464,465; cephalus, 71,
463; curema, 22, .71, 83, 464; guentheri, 464;
incilis, 71, 82,464; lebranchus, 464; liza, 22, 464;
petrosus, 464 -
Mugilidae, 74, 84, 86, 463 -
muelleri, Brachyrhamphichthys, 434; Creagrutus,
347; Hypopomus, 433, 434; Pimelodus, 165;
Rhamphichthys, 433, 434; Sternarchorhynchus,
437, 438; Trygon, 117
Mullets, 15, 463.
multidens, Astyanax, 351 -
multiradiatus, Hypostomus, 15, 228; Liposarcus,
228; Notoglanis, 162; Pimelodus, 166; Pterygo-
plichthys, 15, 66,228; Rhamdia, 65, 166 .
multispinosa, Crenicichla, 72 •
Muraena lumbricus, 443
muricus, Doras, 185
musculus, Pimelodus, 165
mustelinus, Heptapterus, 64, 130
Mutation in British Guiana freshwater fishes, 107
mutator, Astyanax, 69,80, 93, 97,100, 101,114,350,
Mylesinus, 257; macropterus, 387; schomburgki, 70,
81,387, 388 -
Myletes asterias, 27, 390, 392; cartabac, 19; dio-
dyxodon, 394; divaricatus, 394; ellipticus, 392;
filosus, 394; hypsauchen, 27; latus, 27,393; macu-
latus, 390; morocoto, 19; pacu, 19, 21, 28, 393;
palometa, 19,391; rhomboidalis, 392; rubripinnis,
27, 391; schomburgkii, 27, 394; setiger, 394;
trilobatus, 394. - *
Myleus, 112, 257; asterias, 392; ellipticus, 392;
oligocanthus, 388; pacu, 19, 27, 70, 97, 393;
rhomboidalis, 89, 393; rubripinnis, 391; setiger,
27, 393 e -
Mylinae, 97, 99, 256, 386 * . -
Myloplus, 112,257; asterias, 27, 38, 70, 81,390,392;
discoideus, 70; kneri, 70; pacu, 81, 90, 109, 110; .
rhomboidalis, 27, 70, 81, 90, 91, 97, 109, 110;
rubripinnis, 27, 70, 81, 97, 391; schomburgki, 70,
391; torquatus, 70 -
Mylosoma aureum, 70 - -
Myogamis, 130; potatoenais, 54,64, 75,92, 95, 118,
159 -
Mystus ascita, 173; carolinensis, 133, 134
Nannacara, 483; anomala, 72,83, 92,488; bimacu-
lata, 72, 83, 93 (Cf. Err. et Corr.), 98, 115, 488
Nannocharax borellii, 288 , a
Nannostomatinae, 96, 98, 99, 108, 254, 281
Nannostomus, 253, 254; anomalus, 283; auratus,
283; beckfordi, 2, 67, 78, 281; marginatus, 67, 78,
88, 114,281; minimus, 67,78, 91, 93, 96, 114,283;
simplex, 35, 67,78, 114, 283; trifasciatus, 282,284
nassa, Acara, 22; Acaropsis, 22; 72, 83, 485
wº
570 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
nasutus, Acestrorhynchus, 43, 70, 81, 114, 407, 411
nattereri, Pygocentrus, 69 - -
Nebris, 465; microps, 72, 83,470, 471
nebulosus, Apionichthys, 527; Cestreus, 466
Nematognathi, 118, 119 -
nematophorus, Platystacus, 64
Neoplecostomus granosus, 67,229 -
Netuma dubia, 140; grandicassis, 143; herzbergii,
139; proëps, 136; quadriscutis, 138; stricticassis,
144
niger, Centrarchus, 20; Doras, 17, 24; Oxydoras, 17,
24, 65, 76, 92, 189, 190; Pseudodoras, 189; Pygo-
centrus, 19, 26, 69, 81,383, 384; Rhinodoras, 189,
190; Serrasalmo, 19, 384 • ‘ º
nigrescens, Pseudancistrus, 54, 66, 77, 91, 92, 96,
. 114, 233,234 - - -
nigricans, Pacu, 25; Prochilodus, 270; Pygocentrus,
26; Serrasalmo, 384; Trichomycterus, 211
nigro-maculata, Cychla, 20, 509, 510
rºoteriºus, Chalceus, 8,30; Leporinus, 18, 25,
68, 79, 88, 96, 300, 301
nitida, Avicenna, 6
nodosus, Arius, 201; Auchenipterus, 201; Felichthys,
200, 201; Pseudºuchenipterus, 24, 65, 77,200, 201;
Silurus, 201 " :
Notarius, 129; grandicassis, 64, 75, 110, 142, 143:
parmocassis, 64, 75, 142, 144, 145; stricticassis,
75, 110, 142, 144, 145 -
notata, Anisitsia, 19, 25, 67,78, 88, 96, 277; Rham-
della, 65
notatus, Anodus, 19, 277; Centrarchus, 20, 497;
Hemiodus, 277; Passer, 526; Pimelodus, 18 -
Notoglanis multiradiatus, 162
Notophthalmusedentatus,208,209; marginatus,208,
209 -
notospilus, Hemidoras, 65, 76,92, 113, 193, 195
movemfasciatus, Leporinus, 299,300, 308
nuchalis, Arius, 145; Auchenipterus, 65, 202;
Galeichthys, 145; Hypophthalmus, 202; Tachi-
surus, 146
nudiceps, Chaetostomus, 236; Hypostomus, 25, 236
Numb fish, 45
obesus, Arius, 18
Ochmacanthus, 210; flabelliferus, 57, 66, 77, 89, 92,
213
Odontognathus, 444; mucronatus, 71, 82, 446, 447
Odontostilbe, 255; fugitiva, 311; melandetus, 57,68,
79, 89, 93, 312
Old-wifes, 15 - --
oligocanthus, Acnodon, 70, 81,388; Myleus, 388
oligolepis, Moenkhausia, 26, 68, 79, 93, 97, 100, 101,
105, 321, 323, 325; Tetragonopterus, 321 -
oncina, Arius, 18; Centromochlus, 65 -
Ophiocephalops, 418
Ophisternon bengalensis, 442
ophthalmicus, Pimelodus, 168
opisthopterae, Siluridae, 210 - :
orbicularis, Fowlerina, 69, 80, 90, 91, 97, 107, 322,
323, 374; Paratrygon, 28, 75; Tetragonopterus,
374; Trygon, 118 º
orbignianus, Tetragonopterus, 360
orbignyana, Pellona, 446 -
orbignyi, Taeniura, 117
orestes, Hemidoras, 193 -
orientalis, Astyanax, 360; Tetragonopterus, 360
orinocensis, Anostomus, 68; Eigenmannia, 67
ornata, Pseudorhamdia, 175
ornatus, Pimelodus, 65, 76, 96, 172, 175
orthodus, Poecilurichthys, 361
Orthosternarchus, 424
orthotania, Bryconodon, 370
orthus, Hemigrammus, 68,80, 89, 97,114, 332, 336
ortmanni, Heterogramma, 72, 83, 89,90, 98, 100,
Aº
obscurus, Auchenipterus, 29, 200; Rivulus, 71; --
Trachycorystes, 29, 65, 77, 111, 198, 200
oceanicus, Gobius, 523 "... * -
ocellaris, Cichla,20,22,23,72,83, 89,90, 98,112, 509
ocellatum, Xiphostoma, 19, 414
ocellatus, Astronotus, 72; Gymnothorax, 27; Lyco-
dontis, 27, 442; Poecilobrycon, 67, 79, 88, 89, 96,
107, 114, 284, 286 -
ocellifer, Hemigrammus, 68, 79, 89, 332, 335;
Holopristis, 335 ° : 4. *
101, 115, 506
ortoni, Tetragonopterus, 320
oseryi, Xiphostoma, 411
Osteoglossidae, 84, 85, 86, 93,443, 449
Osteoglossum, 449; arowana, 18, 450; bicirrhosum,
18, 27, 71, 82, 93, 450; vandellii, 450
Otolithinae, 465,466 wº -
Otolithus cayennensis, 466; leiarchus, 22; microps,
467; rhomboidalis, 466; toe-roe, 22; virescens, 467
ovalis, Moenkhausia, 68 g s
Oxydoras, 132, 192; acipenserinus, 191; carinatus,
194; niger, 17, 24, 65, 76, 92, 189, 190
Oxylabrax undecimalis, 481 - . . .
Oxyloricaria platystoma, 251 - *
oxyrhynchus, Carcharias, 28; Doras, 194; Sternar-
chorhynchus, 28, 54, 70, 82, 90, 91, 97, 438;
Sternarchus, 27,437 •
Pachypops, 465, 478; adspersus, 477; biloba, 475;
furcraeus, 20, 72, 83,474, 475; grunniens, 20, 72,
.83, 93, 475, 476; trifilis, 72,474 - -
Pachyurus furcraeus, '93, 475; schomburgki, 98;
squamosissimus, 472 g .
Pacu, 112, 270, 395; nigricans, 25
Percomorphae, 119
Percomorphi, Key to the families of, 465
Peri, 15 -
perporosus, Hypopthalmus, 209
personatus, Callichthys, 218 -
perugiae, Centromochlus, 65 - -
pesu, Brycon, 26, 369; Holobrycon, 26, 69, 80, 89,
90, 97,369 -
petrosus, Mugil, 464 - 4
phalacra, Brachyglanis, 54, 64, 76, 91, 92, 95, 113,
156, 157 •' - .
Phenacocharax hemigrammus, 43 -
Phenacogaster, 256; megalostictus, 69, 80, 97, 107,
114, 366; microstictus, 69, 80, 91,.97, 107, 114,
366; pectinatus, 366 -
Phractocephalus, 43, 131; bicolor, 178; hemiliop-
terus, 18, 28, 65, 76, 178 4
phrygiatus, Hexanematichthys, 64
physacanthus, Arius, 136
Piabuca argentina, 25, 316
Piabucina unitaeniata, 67
Piabucus, 255; argentinus, 316; dentatus, 25, 68, 79,
91, 316 -
Piaractus macropomus, 70 *
pictus, Callichthys, 24, 218 Yº
Pimelodella, Key to the Guiana species of, 168
Pimelodella, 131; cristata, 18, 24, 28,65, 76, 89, 96,
107, 168–170; gracilis, 65; macturcki, 65, 76, 91,
107, 113, 168–170; megalops, 65, 76, 92, 96, 107,
113, 168; wesselii, 168, 169
. Pimelodinae, 4, 54, 95, 99, 130, 149
Pimelodus, Key to the Guiana species of, 171
Pimelodus, 131; acanthocheira, 151; agassizii, 168;
albidus, 145; altipinnis, 2, 65, 76, 172, 177;
argenteus, 139; arekaima, 18, 28, 166, 173; arius,
145; bagre, 133; bahianus, 163; barbancho, 149;
blochii, 173; bufonius, 151; clarias, 18, 23, 65, 88,
96, 166, 171, 172; cottoides, 151; cristatus, 24,
168; cuyabe, 163; eques, 24, 177; fasciatus, 183;
foina, 24, 167; galeatus, 198; heteropleurus, 65,
76,92, 113, 172, 176; holomelas, 29, 166; insignis,
pacu, Myletes, 19, 21, 28, 393; Myleus, 19, 27, 70,
97, 393; Myloplus, 81, 90, 109, 110
palometa, Myletes, 19, 391 -
palustris, Synodontis, 418; Synodus, 415
pantherinus, Hypostomus, 226
pappaterra, Geophagus, 23, 72, 505
Pappenheim, Dr. P., 3
Paradon bifasciatus, 114 - º
paradoxus, Epicyrtus, 397; Exodon, 3–7, 26, 70, 81,
93; Hystricodon, 397 } .
paraguayensis, Fowlerina, 374
parahybae, Microglanis, 155
Paramutana blochii, 173
Parapetenia adspersa, 494
Paratrygon, 116; orbicularis, 28,75; strongylopterus,
21, 64 4
Parauchenipterus galeatus, 198; paseadae, 201
parkeri, Arius, 138; Galeichthys, 138; Sciadeichthys,
21, 64, 75, 110, 135, 137; Selenaspis, 138; Silurus,
21, 137; Tachisurus, 138 - -
parmocassis, Arius, 144; Notarius, 64, 75, 142, 144,
145; Tachisurus, 144 .
Parodon, 254; bifasciatus, 67, 78, 104, 274; sub-
orbitalis, 274 -
parrae, Galeichthys, 134
parvella, Hyphessobrycon, 108
paseadae, Parauchenipterus, 201
passan, Apteronotus, 440
passany, Bagrus, 23; Galeichthys, 142; Selanaspis, -
23, 64, 75, 110, 141; Tachisurus, 142
Passer lineis transversis notatus, 526
Pastinaca humboldtii, 116
patana, Macrodon, 416
pati, Luciopimelodus, 64
paucidens, Astyanax, 352
pauciradiatus, Anacyrtus, 400
pavonius, Scarus, 514
pectinatus, Phenacogaster, 366; Pristis, 28
pectinifrons, Agamyxis, 184
pelagicus, Syngnathus, 28
Pellegrin, Dr. J., 3
pellegrini, Hemiodus, 91
Pellona flavipinnis, 446; orbignyana, 446
pellucida, Ammocrypta, 292, 293 -
pellucidum, Characidium, 68, 78, 88, 107, 114, 288,
291 -
Peltapleura cyprinoides, 263 4
pemecus, Bagrus, 139
pentacanthus, Hoplarchus, 494
Perai, 111 4.
Perais, 384 -
Perca bimaculata, 495; furcraea, 475; loubina, 482;
saxatilis, 513; undulata, 478
Percesoces, 119, 463
18, 28, 168; longifilis, 134; macronema, 173, 174;
maculatus, 18; mangurus, 151; muelleri, 165;
multiradiatus, 166; musculus, 165; notatus, 18; .
ophthalmicus, 168; ornatus, 65, 76, 96, 172, 175;
pirinampu, 18, 149; pirinampus, 149; quadri-
maculatus, 171; quelen, 163; queleni cuprea, 163;
raninus, 23, 151, 152, 154; rigidus, 173; schom-
burgkii, 173; sebae, 23, 163, 164; sellonis, 163;
spixii, 145; stegelichii, 24, 165; wesselii, 168;
wuchereri, 164; zungaro, 151 . . .
Pimelonotus, 162 * -
Pimelotropis lateralis, 148
pinirampu, Pinirampus, 75
572 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Pinirampus, 130; pirinampu, 18, 75, 149; typus, 149
pinnatus, Deuterodon, 54, 69, 80, 90, 91, 93, 97,
114, 363, 365 -
Pipe-fishes, 462 © t
piperata, Tympanopleura, 66, 77, 92, 113, 203
Piramutana macrospila, 173. -
piranha, Serrasalmo, 19, 384
pirarucu, Sudis, 451 r :
piraya, Pygocentrus, 19, 25, 26, 69,81, 93,383,384;
Serrasalmo, 383,384 .
pirinampu, Pimelodus, 18; Pinirampus, 18, 149;
Pirinampus, 64
Pirinampus pirinampu, 64
pirinampus, Pimelodus, 149
piscatrix, Pseudorhamdia, 173
pisonis, Eleotris, 524 A.
Pithecocharax, 294; trimaculatus, 296
Plagioscion, 465; auratus, 72, 83,472; heterolepis, 72;
squamosissimus, 20,72, 83,471,472; surinamensis,
72 -
planiceps, Platystoma, 18; Sorubimichthys, 65
Platax scalaris, 521
Plataxoides dumerilii, 521 . . *
platycephalum, Megalonema, 64, 75, 95, 113, 150
Platycephalus undecimalis, 481
platycephalus, Pseudohemiodon, 243
Platydoras costatus, 184, 186 -
Platygaster africanus, 445; flavipinnis, 446; mucro-
natus, 447
Platynematichthys punctulatus, 65
platyrhynchos, Hemisorubim, 23, 65, 181; Platy-
stoma, 181
platyrhynchus, Hemisorubim, 181; Platystoma, 23
Platystacus, 120, 124; aspredo, 123; cotylephorus,
64, 75, 124, 125; filamentosus, 121; laevis, 123;
nematophorus, 64; tibicen, 122; verrucosus, 125
Platystoma, 179, 182; affine, 180; fasciatum, 183;
planiceps, 18; platyrhynchos, 23, 181; punctifer,
183; tigrinum, 18, 23, 183; truncatum, 183;
vaillanti, 18, 180 .
platystoma, Harttia, 67, 78, 251; Loricaria, 25.1;
Loricariichthys, 89; Oxyloricaria, 251
platyura, Loricaria,24,248,249; Loricariichthys, 24
tenuicauda, 227; verres, 24, 66, 226; villarsi, 227;
virescens, 227; watwata, 15, 32, 77, 107, 225 --
plecostomus, Hypostoma, 17; Hypostomus, 28, 222,
225; Loricaria, 223; Plecostomus, 66 - r
Plectognathi, 119, 528 . -
Pleuronectes fuscus subrotundus glaber, 526; line-
atus, 526 - - -
plicatus, Anostomus, 68, 79, 91, 96, 114, 294, 296
Poecilia, 451; branneri, 458; reticulata, 458; vivi-
para, 25, 32, 71, 82, 92,456, 458, 459 &
Poeciliidae, 84–86, 91–93, 97, 99, 112,451, 455
Poeciliidae, Key to the Guiana genera of, 45
Poeciliinae, 451 - -
Poecilobrycon, 113, 254, 287; auratus, 284, 285;
erythrurus, 67, 79, 88, 91, 96, 107, 114, 284, 285; .
harrisoni, 37,67,78, iii.283,254; ocellatus, 67,
79, 88,91, 96, 107, 114, 284, 286; trifasciatus, 67, ~ ..' .
79, 88, 89, 107,283, 286; unifasciatus, 284, 286 .
Poecilocharax, 107, 112,113,253,255; bimaculatum,
105; bovallii, 68, 79, 93, 96, 100, 103, 114, 310
Poecilosomatops etheostoma, 288 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poecilurichthys, 256; abramis, 69, 358; abramoides, . . . . .
54,80, 89,91, 97,114,355,357,361,362; anterior,
358; bimaculatus, 26, 33, 69, 88,97, 100, 356, 359,
361; bovai,' 101; brevoortii, 355, 360; hemi: . . . . ;
grammus unilineatus, 332; orthodus, 361; poly- . . . . .
lepis, 69,80, 89, 97,355, 356; potaroënsis, 69,80, . . . . . .
91, 93, 97,114, 356, 361
poecilus, Microglanis, 64, 75, 92, 113, 155
Polycentridae, 84, 86, 88, 522
Polycentrus schomburgki, 22, 73, 83, 88, 522 -
polygramma, Doras, 188 • . . . .
polylepis, Poecilurichthys, 69, 80, 89, 97,355, 356;
Tetragonopterus, 356 . . . .
Pomotis bono, 21,492; catesbei, 22; fasciatus, 21
Popta, C. M. L., 3 -
Poptella longipinnis, 69
Porchina, 307
Porotergus, 118, 423; gimbeli, 70, 82, 115, 441;
gymnotus, 54, 57,71, 93, 97,114,440, 441
porphyreus, Ageneiosus, 66 . .
Potamorrhaphis guianensis, 20, 71, 82, 89, 97, 461 :
taeniata, 461
Potamorºgon, 111,116; d'ortignyi,64;humboldti,
116; hystrix, 21, 28, 64, 75, 89, 117; motoro, 64;
reticulatus, 64 . -- ,
Potamotrygonine, Key to the Guiana genera of 116
platyurus, Loricariichthys, 67, 77, 93, 96, 245, 248
plazaii, Wandellia, 66 -
Plecostominae, 54, 96, 99, 221
Plecostomus, Key to the Guiana species of, 223
Plecostomus, 103, 221; annae, 227; barbatus, 233;
bicirrhosus, 226; biseriatus, 227; brasiliensis, 222
224; boulengeri, 224; commersonii, 226; emargi-
natus, 17, 28, 66, 77, 226; flavus, 223; guttatus,
233, 235; hemiurus, 66, 88, 91, 96, 104, 114, 224,
225; horridus, 227; plecostomus, 17,28, 66,77,91,
222, 223, 225; scopularius, 227; seminudus, 224;
potaroënsis, AEquidens, 54, 72, 83, 93, 98, 100, 101,
105,106, 115, 487,490; Astyanax, 361; Deuter-
odon, 54, 69,80, 91, 93, 97, 114, 363; Myoglanis,
54,64, 75,91, 92,95, 113, 159; Poecilurichthys, 69,
80, 91, 93, 97,114,356, 361 . . .
Potaro River and Guiana Plateau, Ichthyic fauna
of, 94 -
INDEx - 573
Prionodon, 28 -
prionomus, Rhinodoras, 190
Pristella, 255, 329; aubynei, 35, 68,79, 92, 114, 330;
riddlei, 33, 68,79, 88, 92, 330,331
Pristigaster cayanus, 71
Pristis pectinatus, 28
Prochilodinae, 96, 99, 270 * -
Prochilodus, 42, 253; argenteus, 271; binotatus, 20,
67; brama, 67; insignis, 20, 67; laticeps, 67;
" lineatus, 271; maripicru, 67, 78, 104, 114, 271;
nigricans, 270; rubrotseniatus, 20, 28, 67,78, 96,
270, 271 -
productus, Engraulis, 449.
profunda, Moenkhausia,.68, 79, 114, 321
proëps, Arius, 136; Bagrus, 23; Netuma, 136;
Sciadeichthys, 23, 64, 75, 106, 110, 135, 136, 137;
Selenaspis, 139; Tachisurus, 137
proteropodes, Siluridae, 214
protractila, Bivibranchia, 67, 78, 114, 259
Psectrogaster, 253; ciliata,268 -
Pseudanthicus fordi, 66; serratus, 66 *
Pseudancistrus, Key to the Guiana species of, 233
Pseudancistrus, 222; barbatus, 17, 66, 77, 113, 233;
depressus, 66; güntheri, 66, 233, 235; guttatus,
233; nigrescens, 54,66, 77,91,92, 96,114,233,234
Pseudarioides, 171; albicans, 173; clarias, 172
Pseudauchenipterus, 182; ceruleus, 91; guppyi, 201;
nodosus, 24, 65, 77,200, 201
Pseudageneiosus brevifilis, 205; davalla,205
Pseudocallophysus ctenodus, 148 -
Pseudodoras niger, 189
Pseudohemiodon platycephalus, 243 -
Pseudohypophthalmus fimbriatus, 209
Pseudopinmelodus, 130; acanthochira, 152; albo-
marginatus, 64, 75,92, 95, 113, 152, 153; bufonius,
152; raninus, 64, 75, 152, 154; villosus, 23, 64, 95,
113, 151, 152
Pseudoplatystoma, 43, 132; fasciatum, 18, 23, 65,
76, 183; tigrinum, 65
Pseudorhamdia, 171; ascita, 173; lateristriga, 167;
punctatus, Auchenipterus, 199; Caenotropus, 273;
Cataphractus, 220; Chelichthys, 28; Chilodus, 25,
67,78, 88, 89, 104, 273; Corydoras, 57,66, 77, 89,
96, 219, 220; Labrus, 495; Serrasalmo, 19, 386
punctifer, Platystoma, 183 - -
punctulata, Acara, 29, 511; Crenicara, 29, 43, 72, 83,
89, 511 : . . . .
punctulatus, Batrachops, 72, 83, 93, 512; Platyne-
matichthys, 65 t
Punkay, 353 t
pusillus, Aphyocharax, 312
putaol, Gymnotus, 425
Pygidide, Key to the Guiana genera of 210
Pygidiidae, 84, 85,86, 89,91, 92, 96, 99, 119,210
Pygidiinae, 96, 99,210, 211 -
Pygidium, Key to the Guiana species, 212
Pygidium, 87,210, 211; conradi, 66, 77,91, 92, 96,
114, 212; fuscum, 212; gracilior, 66, 77, 92, 96,
100, 101,114, 212, 213; guianense, 66, 77,92, 96,
100, 101, 114, 212; taenia, 66
Pygocentrus, Key to the Guiana species of, 383
Pygocentrus, 256; bidorsalis, 385; bilineatus, 69,81,
114,383,395; bimaculatus, 92; nattereri, 69; niger,
19, 26, 69, 81,383, 384; nigricans, 26; piraya, 16,
25,26, 69,81,93,383,384; scapularis, 69,81,383,
by
385; stagnatilis, 69
Pygopistº,256 (cf. Err a corr); denticulatus, 19,
26, 27, 81,385; fumarius, 27, 385, 386
e *
Pyrrhulina,254, 278; filamentosa, 67,78, 88, 89, 96,
100, 101, 104,279 - - -
Pyrrhulininge, 96, 99,278
ornata, 175; piscatrix, 173
psittacus, Batrachops, 528; Chelichthys, 28, 529;
Cichlasoma, 72; Colomesus, 28, 73, 84, 529;
Tetrodon, 529 .
Pterengraulis atherinoides, 71
Pterodoras granulosus, 184, 185
pteroides, Characidium, 68,78, 89,107, 114,288,292
Pterophyllum, 483, 520; altum, 73; scalare, 73, 83, ...
521
Pterygoplichthys, 221; duodecimalis, 77,227; multi-
radiatus, 15, 66, 77, 228
pulcher, Microglanis, 155
punctata, Chromys, 492; Hopliosoma, 219, 220
punctatum, Hypostoma, 17 -
quadrimaculatus, Hemiodus, 67, 78, 93, 96, 275;
Pimelodus, 171 -
quadriscutis, Arius, 138; Netuma, 138
Quavina quavina, 83 -
quelen, Pimelodus, 163; Rhamdia, 65, 76, 92, 96,
100, 101, 104, 162, 163, 166 -
raninus, Batrachoganis, 151,154, 155, Pimelodus,
23, 151, 152, 154; Pseudopinelodus, 64, 75, 152,
154 -
rastrifer, Stellifer, 83, 478, Stelliferus, 72, 474
Rays, Whip-tailed, 116
regalis, Cynoscion, 466; Johnius, 466.
Regan, Dr. C. T., 3
Reganella, 222
regia, Victoria, 32
reinhardti, Stegophilus, 213 .
reticulata, Crenicichla, 512; Poecilia, 458
reticulatus, Acanthophacelus, 71, 82, 92,457, 458;
Batrachops, 512; Girardinus, 458
Retroculus, 500 - -
retrospina, Brachychalcinus, 374
574 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Rhamdella, 131; eriarcha, 167; foina, 24, 65, 76, 92,
167; notata, 65
Rhamdia, Key to the Guiana species of, 162
Rhamdia, 131; arekaima, 2, 18, 28, 65, 76, 162, 168;
holomelas, 29, 35, 65, 162, 166; laukidi, 2, 65, 76;
multiradiatus, 65, 166; quelen, 65, 76,92, 96, 100,
101, 104, 162, 163, 166; sebae, 23, 24, 65, 76, 88,
89, 106, 162, 164, 165
Rhamdiaglanis, 131
Rhamphichthys, 43, 423, 436; artedi, 434; brevi-
rostris, 433; elegans, 432; marmoratus, 70;
rostratus, 27, 70, 82, 97; schneideri, 435; schom-
burgkii, 435 w -
Rhamphosternarchus, 437
Rhaphiodon vulpinus, 7
Rhinelepis, 229 4
Rhinodoras niger, 189, 190; prionomus, 190; teffe- . .
. . . . . sachsi, Sternarchogiton, 70
Sagenichthys ancylodon, 71, 83,469
saliens, Chorinemus, 22
anus, 190
Rhinosardinia, 113,444; serrata, 71, 82,82,115, 445
Rhizophora mangle, 6
momen, Gerº, Salmo, 380,382, Serrassimo,
27, 69,81, 97,110 -
rhomboidalis, Myletes, 392; Myleus, 89, 393;
Myloplus, 27, 70,81,90,91, 97,109, 110,391,392;
Otolithus, 466
riddlei, Hemigrammus, 340; Holopristis, 329, 330;
Hyphessobrycon, 43, 69, 80, 338, 340; Pristella,
33, 68, 79, 88, 92, 330, 331
rigidus, Pimelodus, 173
Rineloricaria, 244; lima, 244
Rivulus, Key to the Guiana species of, 452
Rivulus, 52, 103, 112,451; breviceps, 53,71, 82,93,
97, 115, 452, 453; cylindraceus, 452; frenatus, 43,
82, 115, 453, 455; geayi, 71; holmiæ, 71, 82, 93,
97, 100, 101, 115, 452, 453; lanceolatus, 43, 71,
82, 115, 453, 455; micropus, 71; obscurus, 71;
stagnatus, 71, 82, 115,453,454; urophthalmus, 71;
waimacui, 53, 71, 82, 91, 93, 97,115, 452, 454
robalito, Centropomus, 482 -
rubella, Sciaena, 473
robinii, Hypostomus, 223 - -
robustus, Auchenipterus, 199; Chaetobranchus, 484;
Trachycorystes, 199
rodwayi, Hemigrammus, 33, 68, 79, 88,92, 114, 332,
334 -
Roeboides, 257; affinis, 70; guatemalensis, 398,
microlepis, 70,398; thurni, 70, 81, 114, 399
. . roachus, Bairdiella, 72
rosaceus, Hyphessobrycon, 43, 69, 80, 89, 114, 338,
rotundatus, Chalceus, 18, 26, 377; Chalcinus, 18,
69, 81, 107, 377 *
rubella, Sciaena, 20
rubripinnis, Myletes, 27, 391; Myleus, 391; Mylo-
plus, 27, 70, 81, 97, 391
rubro-ocellatus, Cychla, 20
rubrotaeniatus, Prochilodus, 20, 28, 67,78, 96, 270,
271 -
rufipes, Tetragonopterus, 319 -
rugispinis, Arius, 147; Galeichthys, 147; Hexane
matichthys, 64, 75, 110, 147; Tachisutus, 147
rupununi, Charax, 70, 81, 93, 107, 114, 402; Cychla.
20
rutilans, Cychla, 518
rutiloides, Curimatus, 268
saccifera, Manicaria, 6
Salminus hilarii, 70
Salmo anostomus, 294; argentinus, 316; aureus, 380;
bimaculatus, 359; cyprionoides, 263; edentulus,
263; falcatus, 406, 407; fasciatus, 307; friderici,
302; gateropelecus, 380; gibbosus, 400; mela-
nurus, 343, 346; rhombeus, 380, 382 -
salmoneus, Anostomus, 294; Cyprinus, 420; Ery
thrinus; 421; Hetererythrinus, 420 s =
salvus, Erythrinus, 419
sanguinolentus, Carapus, 427
Sardinella, 445
Satanoperca, 505; jurupari, 505; leucosticta, 505;
macrolepis, 505
Saurauwari, 187
saurus, Elops, 27
sawa, Tetragonopterus, 319
Saw-fish, 15 • -
saxatilis, Crenicichla, 20, 23, 72, 83, 89, 106, 513;
Perca, 513; Sparus, 513 -
scaber, Centropomus, 482 .
scabra, Trinectes, 526
scabriceps, Agmus, 128
scalare, Pterophyllum, 73, 83, 521
scalaris, Platax, 521; Pterophyllum, 521
scapularis, Pygocentrus, 69, 81, 383, 385; Serra-
, 339
rosae, Joinvillia, 363
rostratus, Acaropsis, 486; Carapus, 435; Centrar-
chus, 21; Gymnotus, 435; Rhamphichthys, 27, 70,
82, 97, 435
salmo, 385
Scarus pavonius, 514 tº
Schizodon, 254; fasciatus, 20, 25, 68, 79, 93, 96, 295,
297 • . . .
Schizodontopsis, 254; laticeps, 68, 79, 93, 114, 299;
taeniatus, 298
schmardae, Tetragonopterus, 340
schneideri, Rhamphichthys, 435
Schomburgk, Richard, 16, 21; Robert, 2, 15
INDEx - 575
setiger, Myletes, 394; Myleus, 27, 393
severum, Cichlasoma, 20, 72, 83, 93, 98, 497;
severus, Astronotus, 497; Heros, 494
sex-cirrhis, Aspredo, 125
Shideler, E. S., 3, 30, 32, 43, 48, 326
shideleri, Moenkhausia, 68, 79, 97, 114, 321, 325
sicuephorus, Aspredo, 64, 75, 123, 124
Siebenthal, Miss Maud, 4
siebenthalae, Brycon, 69, 80, 370, 372
Siluridae, Key to the genera of, 129 - f
Siluridae, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 95, 99, 110, 119,
129; anomalopterae, 208; branchicolae, 210; opis-
thopterae, 210; proteropodes, 214
Siluroidei trichomycteriformes, 210
Siluroides, 221
Silurus aspredo, 123; bagre, 133; callarias, 172;
callichthys, 215; carinatus, 194; cataphractus, 188;
clarias, 172; costatus, 185; cotylephorus, 125;.
fasciatus, 182; galeatus, 198; herzbergii, 139;
hemiliopterus, 178; hexadactylus, 125; marinus,
134; megacephalus, 175; nodosus, 201; parkeri, 21,
137 -
simplex, Nannostomus, 35, 67, 78, 114, 283
slavus, Erythrinus, 25
Solea maculipinnis, 527 -
Soleidae, 84–86, 93, 98, 525 -
Soleidae, Key to the Guiana genera of, 525
Soleonasus, 113, 526; finis, 84, 93, 98, 115, 528
Soles, Brasilian, 15
Sorubim, 182; lima, 65.
Sorubimichthys planiceps, 65 -
Sparus saxatilis, 513; surinamensis, 502, 503
speciosus, Acharnes, 22, 510, 511
spectrum, Aspredo, 125
Spence, J. D., 3, 58
Sphyraena aureoviridis, 482
Sphyrna tudes, 28
spilopleura, Serrasalmo, 69
spilura, Curimata, 264 - .
spilurus, Crenuchus, 29, 68, 79, 309; Ctenobrycon,
32, 69, 80, 88, 92, 363; Curimatus, 67,78, 88, 89,
96, 107,263,266; Cyphocharax, 263; Tetragonop-
terus, 363 -
spinicauda, Elipes, 64; Elipesurus, 21, 75 -
spinifer, Engraulis, 449; Stolephorus, 27, 71, 82,447,
449 - . . . .
Spix, Johann, vii -
spixi, Arius, 64, 75, 110, 145; Hypopthalmus, 209; . .
Pimelodus, 145; Tachisurus, 145 . . .
*... •
spuria, Acara, 497 - * - . . .
3.
schomburgki, Ancistrus, 231; Curimatus, 67, 78, 88,
91, 263, 267; Hemiancistrus, 66, 77, 230, 231;
Mylesinus, 70, 81,388; Myloplus, 70,391; Pachy-
urus, 98; Polycentrus, 73, 83, 88, 522; Rhamdia,
65
schomburgkii, Brycon, 26, 371, 372; Chaetostomus,
321; Curimatus, 266; Mylesinus, 387, 388;
Myletes, 27, 391, 394; Pachyurus, 93; Pimelodus,
173; Polycentrus, 22, 522; Rhamphichthys, 435;
Tetragonopterus, 19, 320, 391
Sciadeichthys, 129; albicans, 64; emphysetus, 23,
64, 75, 110, 135; flavescens, 64, 75, 110, 135;
luniscutis, 64; mesops, 140; parkeri, 21, 64, 75,
110, 135, 137; proëps, 23, 64, 75, 106, 110, 135–137
Sciades, 134; emphysetus, 134; pictus, 134
Sciaena, 513; amazonica, 473; aurata, 472; bimacu-
lata, 494, 495; monacantha, 473; rubella, 20, 473;
squamosissima, 471, 472; undecimalis, 481
Sciaenidae, 4, 74, 84, 85, 86, 93, 98, 99,465
Sciaenidae, Key to the genera of, 465
Sciaeninae, 465, 470
Scissor, 256; macrocephalus, 68
scolopacina, Belone, 461
scomberoides, Cynodon, 396; Hydrocynus, 396;
Hydrocyon, 396; Hydrolycus, 26, 70, 81, 317,
396 *
scopularius, Plecostomus, 227
scotopterus, Serrasalmo, 19
Sealeina hippincottianus, 389 - -
Sebae, Ageneiosus, 205; Pimelodus, 163, 164; Rham-
dia, 23, 24, 65, 76, 88, 89, 106, 162, 164, 165
Selachii, 116
Selenaspis, Key to the species of, 139
Selanaspis, 129; herzbergi, 64, 75; herzbergii, 23, 64,
75, 110, 139; parkeri, 138; passany, 64, 75, 110,
141, 142; proëps, 139
sellonis, Pimelodus, 163
semifasciatus, Batrachops, 72
seminudus, Plecostomus, 224
semitaeniatus, Hemiodus, 57, 67,78, 275
Semitapicis lation, 67
Serranus galeus, 22 -
Serrasalminae, 97, 99, 256,380 -
Serrasalmo, Key to the Guiana species of, 380
SerraSalmo, 15, 256; aureus, 27; denticulatus, 385;
emarginatus, 19; gymnogenys, 27, 69, 81, 97,380–
383; marginatus, 69; mento, 386, 387; niger, 19,
384; nigricans, 384; piranha, 19, 384; piraya, 383;
384; punctatus, 19, 386; rhombeus, 27, 69, 81,
97, 110, 380, 382; scapularis, 385; scotopterus, 19;
spilopleura, 69; stagnatilis, 19, 383
serrata, Rhinosardinia, 71, 82, 92, 115
serratus, Pseudacanthicus, 66 -
setifera, Loricaria, 243
spurius, Heros, 497 . ... •
squalinum, Hypostoma, 17; Hypostomus, 226
squalitus, Hypostomus, 28, 226 . . .
squamosissima, Sciaena, 471,472
576 MEMOIRs of THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
strigata, Carnegiella, 35, 69, 81, 89, 97, 378; Creni-
cichla, 518, 519 -
strigatus, Gasteropelecus, 378, 379
strongyloptera, Trygon, 118 -
strongylopterus, Paratrygon, 21, 64; Trygon, 21, 28
Sturisoma, 222
submarginata, Loricaria, 249
subocularis, Acara, 500, 502
suborbitalis, Parodon, 274
subulatus, Callichthys, 217
sucetta, Erimyzon, 272
Sudis gigas, 18, 450, 451; pirarucu, 451
sulcatus, Callichthys, 218
Sun-fish, 509
surinamensis, Acentronichthys, 64; Anableps, 456;
Batrachus, 22; Engraulis, 448; Geophagus, 23, 72,
83, 98, 503; Heptapterus, 131; Hexanematichthys,
64; Plagioscion, 72; Sparus, 502, 503; Stolephorus,
82, 447, 448
Symbranchidae, 84, 86,442
Symbranchii, 118, 442 :
Symbranchus fuliginosus, 443; immaculatus, 443;
marmoratus, 28, 71, 442, 443; transversalis, 443;
vittatus, 443 - . .
Synentognathi, 461
squamosissimus, Diplolepis, 471, 473; Pachyurus,
472; Plagioscion, 20, 72, 83, 471, 472
stagnatilis, Pygocentrus, 69; Serrasalmo, 19, 383
stagnatus, Rivulus, 71, 82, 115, 453, 454
St. Aubyne, A., 3, 35. .
Steatogenys, 423; elegans, 38, 70, 81, 432
stegelichii, Pimelodus, 24, 165
Stegophilinae, 210, 213
Stegophilus insidiosus, 213; reinhardti, 213
Steindachner, Dr. Fr., 3 - •
steindachneri, Cestreus, 468; Chilomyzon, 270;
Cynoscion, 71, 83,466,468; Heterogramma, 2,72,
83, 89, 98, 105, 508
Steindachnerina trachystethus, 263
stellatus, Thoracocharax, 69 -
Stellifer rastrifer, 83, 473, 474
stellifer, Bodianus, 473; Stelliferus, 473
Stelliferus, 465; rastrifer, 72, 474; stellifer, 473
stenopeltis, Doras, 192; Hemidoras, 192
stenopterus, Asiphonichthys, 402
Sternarchella, 423
Sternarchinae, 97, 99, 437
Sternarchogiton, 423; sachsi, 70
Sternarchorhamphus, 423 -
Sternarchorhynchus, 423; muelleri, 437, 438; oxy
rhynchus, 28, 54, 70, 82, 90,91, 93, 97,438
Sternarchus, Key to the Guiana species of, 439
Sternarchus, 423; albifrons, 70, 82, 93, 97,438–440;
gymnotus, 91; lacepedii, 440; leptorhynchus, 54,
82, 90, 91, 93, 114,439; maximiliani, 440; oxy-
rhynchus, 28, 437
sternicla, Carnegiella 81; Clupea, 379; Gasteropel-
ecus, 69, 97, 379
Sternopygidae, 422
Sternopyginae, 423, 427
Sternopygus, 423; carapus, 427; lineatus, 27;
macrops, 429; macrurus, 33, 70, 81, 88,90,91, 97,
427; marcgravii, 427; virescens, 27, 430
Stethaprioninae, 374
stevardii, Hoplosternum, 217 4’
stewarti, Loricaria, 249; Loricariichthys, 67, 78,
104, 114, 245, 249
stictus, Hyphessobrycon, 69, 80, 114, 339, 341, 342
Stingaree, 57 *
Stolephoridae, 84–86, 92
Stolephorus, Key to the Guiana species qf, 447
Stolephorus clupeoides, 71, 448; guianensis, 71, 82,
92, 115, 447; spinifer, 27, 71, 82, 447, 449; surina-
mensis, 82, 447, 448
stramineus, Bryconamericus, 349
striatulus, Chalcinopsis, 370
striatus, Leporinus, 68
stricticassis, Arius, 144; Netuma, 144; Notarius, 75,
110, 142, 144, 145; Tachisurus, 144
Syngnathidae, 86, 462
Syngnathus pelagicus, 28
Synodontis palustris, 418
Synodus erythrinus, 421; malabaricus, 414; palustris,
415; tareira, 415 -
Tachisurus dubius, 140; emphysetus, 136; flavescens,
135; grandicassis parmocassis, 144; grandicassis
stricticassis, 144; herzbergii, 139, 142; mesops, 140;
nuchalis, 146; parkeri, 138; passany, 142; proëps,
137; rugispinis, 147; spixii, 145
taenia, Chromis, 495; Cichlasoma, 495; Pygidium, 66
taeniata, Belone, 461 *
taeniatus, Chalceus, 18; Potamorrhaphis, 461;
Schizodontopsis, 298; Tetragonopterus, 26, 321,
322
Taeniura, 116; motoro, 28, 117; orbignyi, 117;.
ornatum, 116 *
tamoata, Callichthys, 215
tareira, Macrodon, 415; Synodus, 415
Tari-ira, 20
Tarpon atlanticus, 27, 71, 82,444
tectirostris, Chaetostomus, 240 sº
teffeanus, Loricaria, 249; Rhinodoras, 190 •
Teleostomi, Key to the orders found in the fresh-
waters of Guiana, 118
temensis, Cichla, 72, 509 g
temmincki, Ancistrus, 25, 66, 77, 93, 104, 237;
Hypostomus, 25, 237; Xenocara, 238 4
INDEX 577
temminckianus, Sciadeichthys, 64
temporale, Cichlasoma, 72
tenuicauda, Plecostomus, 227
tenuis, Chorimycterus, 288; Iguanodectes, 68, 79,
88, 89, 96, 314, 316
teres, Macrodon, 416
Tetrabranchus micropthalmus, 442
Tetragonopterinae, 96, 99, 108, 255
Tetragonopterus, Key to the Guiana species of, 319
Tetragonopterus, 376; affinis, 345; agassizi, 322;
argenteus, 26, 68, 79, 93, 96, 318, 319; artedii, 320;
bartletti, 360; brevoorti, 360; caudomaculatus,
346,360; chalceus, 68,96,319,320; chrysargyreus,
323; colletti, 328; compressus, 374; copei, 329;
dichrourus, 326; gracilis, 340; grandisquamis, 323,
325; gronovii, 359; hauxwellianus, 362; hemi-
grammus unilineatus, 333; jacuhiensis, 360;
lacustris, 360; latus, 19, 393; lepidurus, 326;
linnaei, 359; maculatus, 26; maculatus lacustris,
360; melanurus, 26, 346; oligolepis, 321; orbicu-
laris, 374; orbignianus, 360; orientalis, 360;
ortoni, 320; polylepis, 356; rufipes, 319; sawa, 319;
Schmarda, 340; schomburgkii, 19, 320, 391;
spilurus, 363; taeniatus, 26, 321, 322; unilineatus,
333; xinguensis, 320
tetramerus, Acara, 23; AEquidens, 21, 23, 72, 83, 89,
487,491, 492; Astronotus, 492
Tetraodontidae, 84–86, 528
Tetrodon psittacus, 529
tetropthalmus, Anableps, 25,455
thayeri, Geophagus, 500
Theraps irregularis, 494
thoracatum, Hoplosternum, 17, 24, 66, 77, 88, 104,
216, 218, 219 -
thoracatus, Callichthys, 218
Thoracocharax stellatus, 69
- thrissoides, Engraulis, 27, 449; Megalops, 444
thurni, Roeboides, 70, 81, 114, 399
Thysanocara cirrhosus, 237
tibicen, Aspredinichthys, 24, 64, 75, 121, 122;
Aspredo, 24, 121, 123; Platystacus, 122
Tiger-fish, 182 w
tigrinum, Hemiplatystoma, 182; Platystoma, 18,
23, 183; Pseudoplatystoma, 65
timucu, Belone, 461
toe-roe, Apseudobranchus, 466; Otolithus, 22, 466
Tometes trilobatus, 393
Tomeurinae, 452, 459
Tomeurus, 112, 113,452; gracilis, 71, 82,92, 115,460
torquatus, Myloplus, 70 -
Trachelyopterus coriaceus, 65
Trachycorystes, Key to the species of, 198
Trachycorystes, 132; ceratophysus, 65; galeatus, 24,
65, 77, 91, 104, 198, 199; glaber, 65, 77, 198;
obscurus, 29, 65, 77, 111, 198, 200; robustus, 199;
typus, 198 . -
trachystetha, Steindachnerina, 263
trahira, Erythrinus, 415; Macrodon, 25, 413, 415
transversalis, Synbranchus, 443
Trichomycteridae, 210
trichomycteriformes, Siluroidei, 210 -
Trichomycterus fuscum, 212; nigricans, 211
tricolor, Polycentrus, 522
trifasciata, Cichla, 509; Cychla, 20
trifasciatus, Nannostomus, 282, 284; Poecilobrycon,
67,79, 88, 89, 107,283, 286 -
trifilis, Micropogon, 22, 474; Pachypops, 72,474
trilobatus, Myletes, 394; Tometes, 393 ge
trimaculatus, Anostomus, 68, 79, 295, 297; Pithe-
cocharax, 296; Schizodon, 295
Trinectes scabra, 526
Triportheus flavus, 376
Triurobrycon lundii, 370
truncatum, Platystoma, 183
Trutta dentata, 316
Trygon aiereba, 118; garrapa, 21, 28, 117; henlei,
117; hystrix, 21, 116; muelleri, 117; orbicularis,
21, 28; strongylopterus, 21, 28, 118 e
tudes, Sphyrna, 28
Tumany, 300
tumifrons, Sternopygus, 430
Tylobronchus, 113, 253, 271; maculosus, 67, 78, 96,
114, 272 -
Tylosurus almeida, 23, 71, 461; guianensis, 23, 461;
microps, 71
Tympanopleura, 113, 132; piperata, 66, 77, 92, 113,
203
typus, Loricariichthys, 67; Pinirampus, 149;Trachy-
corystes, 198 -
Uaru centrarchoides, 497
ucayalensis, Ageneiosus, 205; Chromys, 484
Umbrina furnieri, 478 * e
undecimalis, Centropomus, 22, 72, 83, 481, 482;
Macrocephalus, 481; Oxylabrax, 481; Platy-
cephalus, 481; Sciaena, 481
undecim-radiatus, Centropomus, 482
undulata, Perca, 478
undulatus, Micropogon, 478; Serrasalmo, 19
Unibranchapertura grisea, 443; immaculata, 443;
lineata, 443; marmorata, 442, 443
unicolor, Apionichthys, 73, 84,527
unifasciatus, Poecilobrycon, 286
unilineatus, Hemigrammus, 68, 79, 92; Poecilurich-
thys, 332; Tetragonopterus, 333
unimaculatus, Hemiodus, 25, 275,277
uniocellata, Chromys, 492 *
unitaeniata, Piabucina, 67
578 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
unitaeniatus, Erythrinus, 25, 418; Hoplerythrinus,
25, 70, 81, 89, 97, 100, 101, 105, 418, 419
urophthalmus, Rivulus, 71
vaillanti, Brachyplatystoma, 18, 65, 76, 180;
Crenicichla, 514; Platystoma, 18, 180 .
valenciennesi, Choroidichthys, 462
Vance, Miss Lola, 4
Wandellia plazaii, 66
vandellii, Osteoglossum, 450
variolanus, Arius, 64
variolus, Chaetostomus, 239 -
Wastres, 450; agassizi, 451; cuvieri, 451; mapae, 451
verres, Plecostomus, 24, 66, 225, 226
verrucosus, Bunocephalus, 126; Platystacus, 125
Victoria regia, 32
villarsi, Plecostomus, 227 - -
villosus, Lithogenes, 66, 77, 92, 96, 103, 104, 114,
228; Pseudopinelodus, 23, 64, 95, 113, 151, 152
Winton, Mrs. C., 289 -
vintoni, Characidium, 67, 78, 93, 96, 114, 288, 289
virescens, Cestreus, 467; Cryptops, 430; Cynoscion,
71, 83,466,467; Eigenmannia, 27, 33, 70, 81, 90,
97, 100, 101, 105; Otolithus, 467; Plecostomus,
227; Sternarchus, 430; Sternopygus, 27, 430
vittata, AEquidens, 72,490; Crenicichla, 23, 72, 519
vittatus, AEquidens, 83, 106, 487,489; Centrarchus,
21; Erythrinus, 419; Synbranchus, 443
vivipara, Poecilia, 25, 32, 71, 82, 92,456, 458,459
vulpinus, Cynodon, 395; Raphiodon, 70
waimacui, Rivulus, 53, 71, 82, 91, 93, 97, 115, 452,
454.
Waioma, 420 \
wallace, Alfred, R., vii
wallacei, Crenicichla, 72, 83, 89,90, 98, 512, 517
wappi, Astyanax,.69, 80, 350, 355 -
Wara, 418 -
watwata, Plecostomus, 15, 32, 107, 225*Hypo-
stomus, 15, 225 . - -
Weber, Dr. Max, 3 - ...'
wesselii, Pimelodella, 168, 169; Pimelodus; 168
Whip-tailed Rays, 116 s * ..….”
wilderi, Hemidoras, 193 ... sº.
wuchereri, Pimelodus, 163 ;
Wuranali, 275
~~
Xenocara, 222, 235; cirrhosa, 239; gymnorhynchus,
: 25, 43, 66, 77, 88, 236, 239; hoplogenys, 239;
temmincki, 238. , - -
xinguensis, Tetragonopterus, 320 *
Xiphorhamphus falcatus, 26, 406, 407; falcirostris,
410; ferox, 29, 407; microlepis, 26, 408
Xiphorhynchus falcatus; 406, 407; falcirostris, 410
Xiphostoma cuvieri, 26; ocellatum, 19, 411; oseryi,
411
Yarauira, 187
zambizensis, Belonichthys, 463
Zathorax monitor, 184 :
zebra, Characidium, 291 ..
Zungaro Zungaro, 64.
zungaro, Pimelodus, 151
Zygonectes-like Characidium,288.






















UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
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