Koues
WILLIAM .. CLEMENTS
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GeXODNO


Hariot
... . . . . . . . . .
d.



A briefe and true re-
port of the new found land of Virginia: of
the commodities there found and to be rayſed, as well mar-
chantable, as others for victuall,building
and other neceſſa-
rie vſes for thoſe that are and ſhalbe the planters there; and of the nam
ture and manners of the naturall inhabitants : Diſcouered by the
Engliſh Colony there feated by Sir Richard Greinuile Knight in the
yeerc 1585. which remained vnder the gouernment of Rafe Lane Eſqui-
er, one of her Maieſties Equieres, during the ſpace of owelue monethes ; at
che fpeciall charge and direction of the Honourable SIR
WALTER RALEIGH Knight, Lord Warden of
the ſtanneries; who therein hath beene fauou-
red and authoriſed by her Maieftie and
her letters patents:
Directed to the Aduenturers, Fauourers,
andWelwillers of the action, for the inhabi-
ting and planting there
By Thomas Hariot; feruant to the abouenamed
Sir walter, a member of the Colony, and
there imployed in diſcouering.
SUPERTIES
Imprinted at London 1588.

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af Rafe Lane one of her Maieſties
Equieres and Gouernour of the Colony in Vira
ginia aboue mentioned for the time there
reſident. To the gentle Reader,wiſheth all
happines in the Lord.
Lbeit (Gentle Reader) the
credite of the reports in this
treatiſe contained, can little
be furthered by the teſtimo-
nie of one as my ſelfe, through
affection iudged partially
though without defert: Ne-
uertheleſe forſomuch as I hawe beene requeſted by ſome
my particular friends, who conceive more rightly of
me to deliuer
freely my knowledge of the
fame; not onely
for the ſatisfying of them, but alſofor the true enform.com
tion of anie other whoſoeuer, that comes not with a pre-
sudicate minde to the reading thereof: Thus much opoz
my credit f am to affirme: that things vniuerſally are
fo truely ſet downe in this treatiſe by the author therof,
an Actor in the Colony sa man no leffe for his honeſty
then

then learning commendable:as that I dare boldely a-
uouch it may very well paſſe with the credit of truthe-
uen amongſt the moſt true relatiôs of this age.Which as
for mine own part I amreadie anywaywith my word.
to acknowledge, ſo alſo of the certaintie thereof aſſured.
by mine owne experience) with this mypub-
like aſſertion, I doe affirme the ſame.
Farewell in the Larde,

To the Aduenturers, Fauourers,
and welwillers of the enterpriſe for the inha-
botoks biting and planting in Virginia.
OO
ооо
Ince the firſt vndertaking by
Sir Walter Raleigh to deale
in the action of diſcouering
of that Countrey which is
now called and known by the
name of Virginia; many voy-
o ages hauing bin thither made
at ſundrie times to his
great
Oooooold charge; as firſt in the
yeere
1584, and afterwardes in the yeeres 1585, 1586, and
now of late this laſt yeare of 1587: There haue bin di-
uers and variable reportes with ſome flaunderous and
ſhamefull ſpeeches bruited abroade by many that retur-
ned from thence. Eſpecially of that diſcouery which
was made by the Colony tranſported by Sir Richard
Greinuile in the yeare 1585, being of all the others the
moſt principal and as yet of moſt effect the time of their
abode in the countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in
the other voyage before they ſtaied but fixe weekes; and
the others after were onelie forſupply and tranſporta-
tion, nothing more being diſcouered then had been be-
fore. Which reports haue not done a litle wrong to ma:
ny
A 3:

Abriefe and true report
11y
that otherwiſe would haue alſo fauoured & aduentis
red in the action, to the honour and benefite of our na-
tion, beſides the particular profite and credite which
would redound to them ſelues the dealers therein; as I
hope by the ſequele of euents to the ſhame of thoſe that
haue auouched the contrary íhalbe manifeſt: ifyou the
aduenturers,fauourers and welwillers do but either en-
creaſe in number,or in opinion continue, or hauing bin
doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to
deale therein according to the worthinefle thereof al-
readye found and as you ſhall vnderſtand hereafter to
be requiſite. Touching which woorthines through
cauſe of the diuerſitie of relations and reportes , ma-
nye of your opinions coulde not bee firme, nor the
mindes of ſome that are well diſpoſed, bee ſetled in 2-
ny certaintie.
I haue therefore thought it good beeing one
that haue beene in the diſcouerie and in dealing with
the naturall inhabitantes ſpecially imploied ; and ha-
uing therefore ſeene and knowne more then the or-
dinarie: to imparte ſo much vnto you of the fruites
of our labours, as that you may knowe howe iniuri-
ouſly the enterpriſe is ſlaundered. And that in pub-
like manner at this preſent chiefelie for two reſpectes.
Firſt that ſome of you which are yet ignorant or
doubtfull of the ſtate thereof, may ſee that there is
fufficient cauſe why the cheefe enterpriſer with the
fauour of her Maieſtie, notwithſtanding ſuche re-
portes; hath not onelie ſince continued the action by
ſending into the countrey againe, and replanting this
laſt yeere a new Colony; bur is alſo rcadie, according as
the times and meanes will affoorde, to follow and proc
fecute the ſame.
Second-

of the new jouni Land of onges.
Secondly, thatyou ſeeing and knowing the continue
ance of the action by the view hereofyou may generally
know & learne what the countrey is; & thervpon conſi-
der how your dealing therein ifit proceede, may returne
you profit and gainez bee it cither by inhabiting & plan-
ting or otherwiſe in furthering thereof,
And leaſt that the ſubſtance of my relation ſhould be
doubtful vnto you as of others by reaſon of their diuerfi
tie: I will firſt open the cauſe in a few wordes wherefore
they are ſo different; referring my ſelfe to your fauoura-
ble conſtructions and to be adiudged of as by good con-
fideration you ſhall finde cauſe.
Of our companie that returned ſome for their miſde-
menour and ill dealing in the countrey, haue beene
there worthily puniſhed; who by reafon of their badde
natures, haue maliciouſly not onelie ſpoken ill of
their Gouernours; but for their fakes. flaundered the
countrie ir felfe. The like alſo hauethoſe done which
were of their confort.
Some beeing ignorant of the ſtate thereof, notwith-
ſtanding fmcetheir returne amongeſt their friendes and
acquaintance and alſo others, cſpecially if they were in
companie where they might not be gaineſaide; woulde
ſeeme to knowe fo much as no men more; and make
nomen ſo great trauailers as themſelues. They ſtood
fo much as it maie ſeeme vppon their credite and re-
putation that hauing been a twelue moneth in the coun-
trey,it woulde haue beene a great diſgrace vnto them as
they thought, ifthey coulde not have faide much whe-
ther it were true or falfe. Of which ſome haue ſpoken of
more then euer they ſaw or otherwiſe knew to bee there;
otherſome haue not bin aſhamed to make abſolute deni-
all of that which although not by them, yet by others
A4
is

Ulullacunutrar por
is moſt certainely and there plentifully knowne. Ando-
therſome make difficulties of thoſe things they haue no
ſkill of.
ezt vores
The cauſe of their ignorance was in that they were of
chat many that were neuer out of the Iland where wee
were ſeated or not farre,or at the leaſtwiſe in few places
els during the time of our aboade in the countrey; or of
that many that after golde and ſiluer was not ſo ſoone
found, as it was by them looked for, had little or no care
ofany other thing but to pamper their bellies; or of that
many which had little vnderſtanding, leſſe diſcretion,
and more tongue then was needfull or requiſite.
Some alfo were of a nice bringing vp,only in cities or
townes, or ſuch as neuer ( as I may ſay) had ſeene the
world before. Becauſe there were not to bee found any
Engliſh cities, nor ſuch faire houſes,nor at their owne
with any of their olde accuſtomed daintiefood, nor any
ſoft beds of downe or fethers; the countrey was to them
miſerable,&their reports thereofaccording.
Becauſe my purpoſe was but in briefe to open the
cauſe of the varietie offuchſpeeches; the particularities
of them and of many enuious, malicious, and flaunde-
rous reports and deuiſes els, by our owne countrey men
beſides; as trifles that are not worthy of wiſe men to bec
thought vpon, I meane not to trouble you withall : but
will paſſe to the commodities, the ſubſtance of that
which I haue to make relation of vnto you.
The treatiſe whereof for your more readie view & ea-
fier vnderſtanding I will diuide into three ſpeciall parts.
In the firſt I will make declaration of ſuch commodities
there alreadie found or to be raiſed, which will not onely
ſerue the ordinary turnes of you which are and ſhall bee
the planters and inhabitants, but ſuch an ouerplus fuffi-
ciently
of the new found iana of Girgmia.

ciently to bee yelded, or by men of skill to bee prouided,
as by way of trafficke and exchaunge with our owne na-
tion of England, will enrich your ſelues the prouiders;
thoſe that ſhal deal with you; the enterpriſers in general;
and greatly profit our owne countrey men, to ſupply thế
with
moſt things which heretofore they haue bene faine
to prouide, either of ſtrangers or of our enemies : which
commodities for diſtinction fake, I call Merchantable.
In the ſecond, I will ſet downe all the commodities
which wee know the countrey by our experience doeth
yeld of it felfe for victuall, and luftenance of mans life;
ſuch as is vſually fed vpõ by the inhabitants of the coun-
trey, as alſo by vs during the time we were there,
In the laſt part I will make mention generally of ſuch
other commodities beſides,as I am able to reinember,
and as I ſhall thinke behoofull for thoſe that ſhall inha-
biteand plant there to knowe of; which ſpecially con-
cerne building, as alſo ſome other neceſſary vſes: with a
briefe deſcription of the nature and maners of the peo-
ple of the countrey.
The firſt part of Marchantable
commodities.
Ilke of graſſe or graſſe Silke. There is a kind of
graſſe in the countrey vppon the blades
whereofthere growerh very good filke in
forme of a thin
glittering ſkin to bee ſtript
of. It groweth two foote and a halfe high or
better: the blades are about two foot in length, and half
inch broad. The like groweth in Perſia, which is in the
felfe fame climate as Virginia, of which very many of the
filke
B
Abriéfe and true report

filke workes that come from thence into Europe are
made. Hereofifit be planted and ordered as in Perſia, it
cannorin reaſon be otherwiſe, but that there will riſe in
fhorte time great profite to the dealers therein; ſeeing
there is ſo great vſe and ventthereof as well in our coun-
trey as els where. And by the meanes of ſowing & plan-
ting it in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and
more plentifull then it is. Although notwithſtanding
there is great ſtore thereof in many places of the coun-
trey growing naturally and wilde. Which alſo by proof
here in England, in making a piece of filke Grogran, we
found to be excellent good.
Worme Silke : In manie of our iourneyes we found ſilke
wormes fayre and great; as bigge as our ordinary wal-
nuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe to haue
found ſuch plentie as elſewhere to be in the countrey we
haue heard of; yet ſeeing that the countrey doth natural-
ly breedeand nouriſh them, there is no doubt but ifart be
added in planting of mulbery trees and others fitte for
them in commodious places for their feeding and nou-
riſhing and ſome of them carefully gathered and huſ-
banded in that ſort as by men of skill is knowne to be ne-
ceſſarie: there will riſe as great profite in time to the Vir-
ginians, as thereof doth now to the Perſians, Turkes,Ita-
lians and Spaniards.
Flaxe and Hempe: The trueth is that of Hempe and
Flaxe there is no great ſtore in any one place together,
by reaſon it is not planted but as the ſoile doth yeeld it of
itſelfe; and howſoeuer the leafe, and ſtemme or ſtalke
doe differ from ours; the ſtuffe by the iudgemết of men
of skill is altogether as good as ours. And if not,as fur-
ther proofe ſhould finde otherwiſe; we haue that expe-
rience of the foile, as that there cannot bee ſhewed anie
reaſon
ofthe new foundland of owginia.

reaſon to the contrary,but that it will grow there excel-
lent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully:ſee-
ing there is ſo much ground whereof fome may well be
applyed to ſuch purpoſes. What benefite heereof may
growe in cordage and linnens who can not eaſily vn-
derſtand?
Allum: There is a veine of earth along the ſea coaſt
for the ſpace of fourtie or fiftie miles, whereof by the
iudgement of ſome that haue made triall heere in En-
gland, is made good Allum,of that kinde which is called
Roche Allum. The richneffe of ſuch a commoditie is ſo
well knowne that I neede not to ſaye any thing thereof.
Thefame earth doth alſo yeelde white Copreſſe, Nitrum,
and Alumen plumeum, but nothing ſo plentifully as the
common Allum, which be alſo of price and profitable.
Wapcih, a kinde of earth ſo called by the naturall in-
habitants; very like to terra Sigillata: and hauing beene
refined, it hath beene found by ſome of our Phiſitions
and Chirurgeons to bee of the ſame kinde of vertue and
more effectuall.The inhabitants vſe it very much for the
cure offores and woundes: there is in diuers places great
plentie, and in ſome places of a blewe fort.
Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine : There are thoſe
kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly and great
ſtore. In the very fame lland where wee were feated, be-
ing fifteene miles of length, and fiue or fixe miles in
breadth, there are fewe trees els but ofthe ſame kind; the
whole lland being full.
Saſſafras called by the inhabitantes Winauk, a kinde of
wood of moſt pleaſant and ſweete ſmel; and of moſtrare
vertues in phiſick for the cure of many difeaſes. It is foud
by experience to bee farre better and of more vſes then
the wood which is called Guaiacum, or Lignum vite. For
the
B 2.

Aorte je añia true report
the deſcription, the manner of vſing and the manifolde
vertues thereof, I referre you to the booke of Monar-
des, tranſlated and entituled in Engliſh, The ioyfull newes
fromine Weſt Indies.
Cedar a very ſweet wood & fine timber; wherofifneſts
of cheſts be there made,or timber therof fitted for ſweet
& fine bedſteads, tables,deskes, lutes, virginalles & ma-
ny things elſe, (of which there hath beene proofe made
already, to make vp fraite with other principal commo-
dities will yeeld profite.
Wine:There are two kinds of grapes that the ſoile doth
yeeld naturally: the one is ſmall and ſowre of the ordina-
rie bignelſe as ours in England: the other farre greater &
of himſelfe luſhious ſweet. When they are planted and
husbanded as they ought, a principall commoditie of
wines by them may be raiſed.
Oyle: There are two fortes of walnuttes both holding
oyle, but the one farre more plentifull then the other.
When there are milles & other deuiſes for the purpoſe,
a commodity of them may be raiſed becauſe there are
infinite ſtore. There are alſo three feuerall kindes of
Berries in the forme of Oke akornes, which alſo by
the experience and vſe of the inhabitantes, wee finde to
yeelde very good and ſweete oyle. Furthermore the
Beares of the countrey are commonly very fatte, and in
ſome places there are many: their fatnefle becauſe it is ſo
liquid, may well be termed oyle, and hath many fpeciall
vſes.
Furrés: All along the Sea coaſt there are great ſtore
of Otters, which beeyng taken by weares and other en-
gines made for the purpoſe, will yeelde good profite.
Wee hope alſo of Marterne furres, and make no doubt
by the relation of the people but that in ſome places
of
of the new found land of Virginia.

of the countrey there are ſtore : although there were
but two ſkinnes that came to our handes. Luzarnes
alſo we haue vnderſtanding of, although for the timene
ſaw none.
Deare Skinnes dreſſed after the manner of Chamoes or
vndreſſed are to be had of the naturall inhabitants thou-
ſands yeerely by way of trafficke for trifles: and no more
waſt or ſpoyle of Deare then is and hath beene ordinari-
ly in time before.
Ciwet cattes : In our trauailes, there was founde one to
haue beene killed by a faluage or inhabitant: and in an o-
ther place the ſmell where one or more had lately beene
before: whereby we gather beſides then by the relation
of the people that there are ſome in the countrey: good
profite will riſe by them.
Iron : In two places of the countrey ſpecially, one
about foureſcore and the other fixe ſcore miles from
the Fort or place where wee dwelt : wee founde neere
the water ſide the ground to be rockie,which by the tri-
all of a minerall man, was founde to holde yron
richly. It is founde in manie places of the countrey
elſe. I knowe nothing to the contrarie, but that it
maie bee allowed for a good marchantable commo-
ditie , conſidering there the ſmall charge for the la-
bour and feeding of men : the infinite ſtore of wood:
the want of wood and deereneiſe thereof in England: 8
the neceſſity of ballaſting of ſhippes.
Copper: A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in
two townes wee founde with the inhabitaunts diuerſe
ſmall plates of copper, that had beene made as wee vn-
derſtood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into
the country : where as they ſay are mountaines and
riuers
B 3.
Abriefe and true report

way, I
ter.
Riuers that yeelde alſo whyte graynes of Mettall,
which is to bee deemed Siluer. For confirmation where-
of at the time of our firſt arriuall in the Countrey, I
ſawe with ſome others with mee, two fipall peeces of
ſiluer grofly beaten about the weight of a Teſtrone,
hangyng in the eares of a Wiroans or chiefe Lorde that
dwelt about foureſcore myles from vs; of whom tho-
rowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the
learned that it had come to his handes from the ſame
place or neere, where I after vnderſtood the copper was
made and the white graynes of mettall founde. The
aforeſaide copper wee alſo founde by triall to holde fil-
Pearle : Sometimes in feeding on muſcles wee founde
ſome pearle; but it was our hap to meete with ragges,
or of a pide colour; not having yet diſcouered thoſe
places where wee hearde of better and more plentie.
One of our companie; a man of skill in ſuch matters,
had gathered together from among the fauage peo-
ple aboute fiue thouſande: of which number he choſe
fo
many as made a fayre chaine, which for their like-
neſle and vniforinitie in roundneffe, orientneffe, and
pideneſſe of many excellent colours, with equalitie in
greatneſſe, were verie fayre and rare; and had there-
fore been preſented to her Maieſtie, had wee not by
caſualtie and through extremity of a ſtorme, loſt them
with many things els in comming away from the coun-
trey.
Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other A-
pothecary drugges of which wee will make ſpeciall
mention, when wee ſhall receiue it from ſuch men
of skill in that kynd, that in taking reafonable paines
ſhall
of the new found land of Virginia.

ſhall diſcouer them more particularly then wee haue
done; and than now I can make relation of, for want
of the examples I had prouided and gathered, and are
nowe loſt, with other thinges by cauſualtie before men-
tioned.
Dyes of diuers kindes : There is Shoemake well kno.
wen, and vſed in England for blacke; the feede of an
hearbe called wasewówr; little ſmall rootes called Cháp-
pacor; and the barke of the tree called by the inhabi-
taunts Tangomóckomindge: which Dies are for diuers
fortes of red : their goodneſſe for our Engliſh clothes
reinayne yet to be proued. The inhabitants vſe them
onely for the dying of hayre ; and colouring of their
faces, and Mantles made of Deare skinnes; and alſo
for the dying of Ruſhes to make artificiall workes with
all in their Mattes and Baskettes; hauing no other
thing beſides that they account of, apt to vſe them
for. If they will not proue merchantable there is no
doubt but the Planters there ſhall finde apte vſes for
them, as alſo for other colours which wee knowe to be
there.
Oade; a thing of ſo great vent and vſe amongſt Eng-
liſh Diers, which cannot bee yeelded fufficiently in our
owne countrey for ſpare of ground; may bee planted in
Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof
need not to be doubred,when as in the Ilandes of the A-
fores it growerh plentifully, which is in the ſame climate.
So likewiſe of Madder.
We carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing
not ſo well preferued as was requiſit, & beſides the time
of the yere being paſt for their ſetting when we arriued,
wee could not make that proofe of them as wee deſired.
Not-
Abriefe and true report

Notwithſtanding, ſeeing that they grow in the ſame cli-
mate, in the South part of Spaine and in Barbary, our
hope in reaſon may yet côtinue. So likewiſe for Orenges,
and Lemmons: there may be planted alſo Quinfes. Wher-
by may grow in reaſonable time if the actiõ be diligent-
lý profecuted, no ſmall commodities in Sugers, Suckets,
and Marmalades.
Many other commodities by planting may there allo
bee railed, which Ileaue to your diſcret and gentle con-
fiderations:and many alſo bee there which yet we haue
not diſcouered. Two more commodities of great value
one of certaintie, and the other in hope, not to be plan-
ted, but there to be raiſed &z in ſhort time to be prouided
and prepared, I might haue ſpecified. So likewiſe of
thofe commodities already ſet downe I might haue faid
more; as of the particular places where they are founde
and beſt to be planted and prepared: by what meanes
and in what reaſonable ſpace of time they might be rai-
ſed to profit and in what proportion; but becauſe others
then welwillers might bee therewithall acquainted,
not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted
them: knowing that to thoſe that are well diſpoſed I
haue vttered, according to my promiſe and purpoſe, for
this part ſufficient.
The
of the new found land of Virginia.

The ſecond part of ſuche commodities
as Virginia is knowne to yeelde for victuall and fi-
ftenance of mans life, vſually fed vpon by the
naturall inhabitants: as alſo by vs during the
time of our aboud. And firſt of ſuch as are
Sowed and huſbanded.
Agatowr, a kinde of graine ſo called by
the inhabitants; the ſame in the Weit
Indies is called Mayze : Engliſh men
call it Guinney wheate or Turkie wheate,
according to the names of the coun-
treys from whence the like hath beene
brought. The graine is about the bigneffe of our ordi-
nary Engliſh peaze and not much different informe and
ſhape: but of diuers colours: ſome white, ſome red, ſome
yellow, and ſome blew. Allof them yeelde a very white
and ſweete flowre: beeing vſed according to his kinde it
maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the fame in the
countrey ſome mault, whereof was brued as good ale as
was to bee deſired. So likewiſe by the help of hops ther-
of may bee made as good Beere. It is a graine of maruei-
lous great increaſe; of a thouſand, fifteene hundred and
ſome two thouſand fold. There are three fortes, of which
two are ripe in an eleuen and twelue weekes at the moſt:
ſometimes in ten after the time they are fet,and are then
of height in ſtalke about fixe or ſeuen foote. The other
fort is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote high, of
the ſtalkes ſome beare foure heads, fome three, ſome
one and two:euery head containing fiue, fixe, or ſcuen
hundred graines within a fewe more or leſſe. Of theſe
graines beſides bread the inhabitants make vi&tuall ey-
C
ther
Abriefe and true report

ther by parching them; or ſeething them whole vntill
they be broken; or boyling the floure with water into a
pappe.
Okindgier,called by vs Beanes, becauſe in greatneſſe &
partly in ſhape they are like to the Beanes in England; ſa-
uing that they are flatter, of more diuers colours, and
ſome pide. The leafe alſo of the ſtemme is much diffe-
rent. In taſte they are altogether as good as our Engliſh
peaze.
Wickonzówr,called by vs Peaze,in reſpect of the beanes
for diſtinctio fake, becauſe they are much leſſe;although
in forme they little differ; but in goodneſſe oftaſt much,
& are far better then our Engliſh peaze.Both the beanes
and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after they are ſet.
They make them victuall either by boyling them all to
pieces into a broth; or boiling them whole votill they
bee ſoft and beginne to breake as is vſed in England, ey-
ther by themfelues or mixtly together: Sometime they
mingle of the wheate with them. Sometime alſo beeing
whole ſodden, they bruſe or pound them in a morter, &
thereof make loaues or lumps of dowiſhe bread which
they vſe to eat for varietie.
Macócqwer, according to their ſeuerall formes called
by vs, Pompions, Mellions, and Gourdes, becauſe they are
ofthe like formes as thoſe kindes in England. In Virginia
ſuch of feuerall formes are of one taſte and very good,
and do alſo ſpring from one ſeed. There are of two forts;
one is ripe in the ſpace of a moneth,and the other in two
moueths.
There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called Melden.
Some of thoſe that I deſcribe it vnto,take it to be a kinde
of Orage; it groweth about foure or fiue foote high:of
the feede thereof they make a thicke broth, and pottage
of a
of the new found land of uirginia.

of a very good taſte: of the ſtalke by burning into aſhes
they make a kinde of falt earth, wherewithall many vſe
ſometimes to ſeaſon their brothes; other falte they
knowe not. Wee our ſelues vſed the leaues alſo for pot-
hearbes.
There is alſo another great hearbe in forme of a Ma-
rigolde, about fixe foote in height; the head with the
floure is a ſpanne in breadth. Some take it to bee Planta
Solis: of the ſeedes heereof they make both a kinde of
bread and broth.
All the aforeſaide commodities for victuall are ſet or
fowed, ſometimes in groundes a part and ſeuerally by
thēſelues ; but for the moſt part together in one ground
mixtly: the manner thereofwith the dreſſing and prepa-
ring of the ground, becauſe I will note vnto you the fer-
tilitie of the
ſoile; I thinke good briefly to deſcribe.
The ground they neuer fatten with mucke,dounge or
any other thing; neither plow nor digge it as we in Eng-
land, but onely prepare it in ſort as followeth. A fewe
daies before they ſowe or ſet, the men with wooden in-
ſtruments, made almoſt informe of mattockes or hoes
with long handles; the women with ſhort peckers or pa-
rers, becauſe they vſe them ſitting, of a foote long and a-
bout fiue inches in breadth:doe onely breake the vpper
part of the ground to rayſe vp the weedes, graſſe, & old
ſtubbes of corne ſtalkes with their rootes. The which af-
ter a day or twoes drying in the Sunne, being ſcrapte vp
into many ſmall heapes, to fauethem labour for carrying
them
away; they burne into aſhes. ( And whereas
ſome rnay thinke that they vſe the aſhes for to bet-
ter the grounde; I ſay that then they woulde eyther
diſperſe the aſhes abroade; which wee obſerued they
do not, except the heapes to be too great :or els would
C 2.
take

A briefe and true report
rake ſpeciall care to ſet their corne where the aſhes lie,
which alſo wee finde they are careleſle of.) And this is
all the huſbanding of their ground that they vſe.
Then their ſetting or lowing is after this maner. Firſt
for their corne, beginning in one corner of the plot,
with a pecker they make a hole, wherein they put foure
graines with that care they touch not one another, (a-
bout an inch afunder) and couer them with the moulde
againe: and ſo through out the whole plot,making ſuch
holes and vſing them after ſuch maner: but with this re-
gard that they bee made in rankes, euery ranke differing
from other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the holes allo
in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde
ſpare ground betwene euery hole : where according to
diſcretion here and there, they ſet as many Beanes and
Peaze: in diuers places alſo among the ſeedes of Ma-
cócgwer Melden and Planta folis.
The ground being thus fet according to the rate by
vs experimented, an Engliſh Acre conteining fourtie
pearches in length, and foure in breadth, doeth there
yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and peaze,
at the leaſt two hundred London buſhelles : beſides the
Macósqwer, Melden, and Planta ſolis: When as in Eng-
land fourtie buſhelles of our wheate yeelded out of ſuch
an acre is thought to be much.
Ithought allo good to note this vnto you,y you which
Thall inhabite and plant there, maie know how ſpecially
that countrey corne is there to be preferred before ours:
Beſides the manifold waics in applying it to victuall, the
increaſe is ſo much that ſmall labour and paines is need-
ful in reſpect that muſt be vſed for ours. For this I can al-
fure you that according to the rate we haue made proofe
of one man may prepare and huſband
ſo much grounde
(hauing
of the new found land of Virginia.

(hauing once borne corne before) with leſſe then foure
andtwentie houres labour,as ſhall yeelde him victuallin
a large proportion for a twelue moneth, if hee haue no-
thing elſe, but that which the ſame ground will yeelde,
and of that kinde onelie which I have before ſpoken of:
the faide ground being alſo but offiue and twentie yards
ſquare. And if neede require, but that there is ground e-
nough, there might be raiſed out of one and the ſelfſame
ground two harueſtes or ofcomes; for they fowe or ſet
and may at anie time when they thinke good from the
middeſt of March vntill the ende of Iune: ſo that they
alſo ſet when they haue eaten of their firſt croppe. In
ſome places of the countrey notwithſtanding they haue
two harueſts, as we haue heard, out of one and the fame
ground.
For Engliſh corne neuertheles whether to vſe or not
to vſe it, you that inhabite maie do as you ſhall haue far-
ther cauſe to thinke beſt. Ofthe grouth you need not to
doubt: for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue feene proof
of, not beeing purpoſely fowen but fallen caſually in the
worſt fort of ground, and yet to be as faire as any we haue
euer ſeene here in England. But of wheat becauſe it was
muſty and had taken falt water wee could make no triall:
and of ryewe had none. Thus much haue I digref-
ſed and I hope not vnneceſſarily: nowe will I returne a-
gaine to my courſe and intreate of that which yet remai-
neth appertaining to this Chapter.
There is an herbe which is ſowed a part by itſelfe &
is called by the inhabitants uppówoc : In the Weſt Indies
it hath diuers names, according to the feuerall places &
countries where it groweth and is vſed: The Spaniardes
generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried
and brought into nowder:they vſe to take the fume or
ſmoke
C 3.
A briefe and true report

ſmoke thereof by ſucking it through pipes made of claie
into their ſtomacke and heade;from whence it purgeth
fuperfluous fleame & other groſſe humors,openeth all
the pores & paſſages of the body:by which meanes the
vſe thereof
, not only preſerueth the body from obſtructi-
ons;but alſo if any be, ſo that they haue not beene of too
long continuance,in ſhort time breaketh them:wherby
their bodies are notably preferued in health,& know not
many greeuous diſeaſes wherewithall wee in England
are oftentimes afflicted.
This Vppówoc is of ſo precious eſtimation amongeſt
thể that they thinke their gods are maruelouſly deligh-
ted therwith: Wherupon ſometime they make hallowed
fires & caſt ſome of the pouder therein for a ſacrifice:be-
ingin a ſtorme vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods,
they caſt ſome vp into the aire and into the water : ſo a
weare for fiſh being newly fet vp,they caſt ſome therein
and into the aire:alſo after an eſcape of danger,they caſt
ſome into the aire likewiſe:but all done with ſtrange ge-
ftures,ſtamping, ſomtime dauncing,clapping of hands,
holding vp of hands, & ſtaring vp into the heaués, vtte-
ring therewithal and chattering ſtrange words & noiſes.
Weour ſelues during the time we were there vſed to
ſuckit after their maner,as alſo ſince our returne,& haue
found manie rare and wonderful experiments of the ver-
tues thereof; of which the relation woulde require a vo-
lume by it ſelfe : the vſe of it by ſo manie of late, men &
women of great calling as elfe, and ſome learned Phiſiti-
ons alſo is ſufficient witnes.
And theſe are all the commodities for ſuſtenance of
life that I know and can remember they vſe to husband:
all elſe that followe are founde growing naturally or
wilde.
Of
of the new found land of Virginia.

Of Rootes.
Penankare a kind of roots ofround forme, ſome of
the bignes of walnuts,ſome far greater which are
found in moiſt & mariſh grounds growing many
together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were
faſtnened with a ſtring. Being boiled or ſodden they are
very good meate.
Okeepenauk are alſo ofroũd ſhape, found in dry groūds:
ſome are of the bignes of a mans head. They are to be ea-
ten as they are taken out of the ground, for by reaſon of
their drinefſe they will neither roſte nor ſeeth. Their taſt
is not ſo good as of the former rootes, notwithſtanding
for want of bread & fomtimes for varietie the inhabitāts
vſe to eate them with fiſh or fleſh, and in my iudgement
they doe as well as the houſhold bread made of rie heere
in England.
Kaiſhúcpenauk a white kind of roots about the bignes of
hen egs & nere of that forme: their taſt was not ſo good
to our ſeeming as of the other, and therfore their place
and manner of growing not ſo much cared for by vs:the
inhabitants notwithſtanding vſed to boile & eate many.
Tſinaw a kind of roote much like vnto ý which in Eng-
land is called the China root brought from the Eaſt Indies.
And we know notanie thing to the contrary but that it
maie be of the ſame kind. Theſe roots grow manie toge-
ther in great cluſters and doe bring foorth a brier ſtalke,
but the leafe in ſhape far vnlike; which beeing ſupported
by the trees it groweth neereſt vnto, wil reach or climbe
to the top of the higheſt.From theſe roots while they be
new or freſh beeing chopt into finall pieces & ſtampt, is
ſtrained with water a juice that maketh bread, & alſo be-
ing boiled a very good ſpoonemeate in maner of a gelly,
and is much better in talt if it bee tempered with oyle.
This
C4

Abriefe and true report
This Tlinaw is not of that ſort which by ſome was cauſed
to be brought into England for the China roote, for it was
diſcouered ſince, and is in vſe as is aforeſaide: but that
which was brought hither is not yet knowne neither by
vs nor by the inhabitants to ſerue for any vſeor purpoſe;
although the rootes in ſhape are very like.
Coſcuſhaw, ſome of our company tooke to bee that
kinde of roote which the Spaniards in the Weſt Indies
call Caffany,whereupon alſo many called it by that name:
it groweth
in very muddie pooles and moiſt groundes.
Being dreſſed according to the countrey maner, it ma-
keth a good bread, and alſo a good ſponemeate, and is v-
ſed very much by the inhabitants : The iuice of this root
is poiſonand therefore heede muſt be taken before any
thing be made therewithall: Either the rootes muſt bee
firſt fliced and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and
then being pounded into floure wil make good bread:or
els while they are greene they are to bee pared cut into
pieces and ſtampt; loues of the ſame to be laid neere or
ouer the fire vntillit be ſoure and then being well poun-
ded againe, bread, or ſpone meate very god in taſte, and
holſome may be made thereof.
Habaſcoris a roote of hoat taſte almoſt of the forme
and bigneſle of a Parſeneepe, of it ſelfe it is no victuall
,
but onely a helpe beeing boiled together with other
meates,
There are alſo Leekes differing little from ours in Eng-
land that grow in many places of the coutrey, of which,
when we came in places where they were, wee gathered
and eate many,but the naturall inhabitants neuer.
of

o the view jouwa tanu op onginta.
Of Fruites.
Heſteuts there are in divers places great ſtore:ſome
they vſe to eate raweſome they ſtampe and boile
to make ſpoonemeate, and with ſome being ſoddē
they make ſuch
a njanner of dowe bread as they vſe of
their beanes before mentioned.
Walnuts : There are two kindes of Walnuts and ofthe
infinit ſtore:In many places where very great woods for
many miles together the third part of trees are walnut-
trees. The one kind is ofthe fame taſte and forme or litle
differing from ours of England, but that they are harder
and thicker ſhelled: the other is greater and hath a verie
ragged and harde ſhell: bur the kernell great, verie oy-
lie and ſweete. Beſides their eating of them after
our ordinarie maner, they breake them with ſtones and
pound them in morters with water to make a milk which
they vſe to put into ſome ſorts of their ſpoonmeate; alſo
among their ſodde wheat,peaze, beanes and pompions
which maketh them haue a farre more pleaſant taſte.
Medlars a kind of verie good fruit, ſo called by vs chief-
lie for theſe reſpectes: firſt in that they are not good vn-
till they be rotten: then in that they open at the head as
our medlars, and are about the ſanie bigneſſe: otherwiſe
in taſte and colour they are farre different: for they are
as red as cheries and very ſweet: but whereas the cherie
is ſharpe ſweet,they are luſhious ſweet.
Metaqueſunnauk, a kinde of pleaſaunt fruite almoſt of
the ſhape &z bignes of Engliſh peares, but that they are
of a perfect red colour as well within as without. They
grow on a plant whoſe leaues are verie thicke and full of
prickles as ſharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in the
Indies, where they haue ſeen that kind of red die of great
D
price
Abrteje dnátrue reporu

price which is called Cochinile to grow, doc deſcribe his
plant right like vnto this of Metaquejúnnauk but whether
it be the true cochinile or a baſtard or wilde kind, it cannot
yet be certified ſeeing that alſo as I heard, Cochinile is not
of the fruite but founde on the leaues ofthe plant;which
leaues for ſuch matter we haue not ſo ſpecially obſerued.
Grapes there are of two forts which I mentioned in the
marchantable commodities.
Straberies there are as good & as great as thoſe which
we haue in our Engliſh gardens.
Mulberies, Applecrabs Hurts or Hurtleberies ſuch as wee
haue in England.
Sacquenúmmener a kinde of berries almoſt like yuto ca-
pres but ſomewhat greater which grow together in clu-
fters vpon a plant or herb that is foundin.ſhalow waters:
being boiled eightor nine hours according to their kind
are very good meate and holeſome, otherwiſe if they be
eaten they will make a man for the time franticke or ex-
tremely ſícke.
There is a kind of reed which beareth a feed almoſt like:
vnto our rie or wheat, & being boiled is good meate.
In our trauailes in ſome places wee founde wilde peace
likevito ours in England but that they were leffe, which
are alſo good meate.
Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in forme of
Acornes.
Here is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there.
are fiue forts that grow on ſeveral kinds of treeszthe
one is called Sagarémener, the ſecond Ofámener, the
third Pummuckóner. Theſe kind of acorns they vſe to drie
vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath almoſt
alter the maneras we dry malt in Englád. When they are
T:
to:
Ofthe newfoundland of Virginia.

to be vſed they'firſt water them yntil they be ſoft & then
being fod they make a good victual, either to care fo fim-
ply,orels being alſo pounded, to make loaues or lumpes
ofbread. Theſe be alſo the three kinds of which, I ſaid
before the inhabitants vſed to make ſweet oyle.
Another ſort is called Sapúmmener which being boiled
or parched dotheate and taſte like vnto cheſtnuts. They
ſometime alſo make bread of this fort.
The fifth fort is called Mangúmmenarik, and is the a-
corne of their kind of oake, the which beeing dr'ed after
the maner of the firſt fortes, and afterward watered they
boile them,&their feruants or ſometime the chiefe thé-
felues, either forvariety or for want of bread, doe eate
them with their fiſh or fleſh.
Of Beaſtes.
D
Eare in ſome places there are great ſtore:neere vn-
to the ſea coaſt they are of the ordinarie bignes as
ours in England, & fome lefſe:but further vp into
the countrey where there is better feed they are greater:
they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer
and the ſnags of their hornes looke backward.
Conies, Thoſe that we haue ſeen &al that we can heare
of are of a grey colour like vnto hares: in fome places
there are ſuch plentie that all the people of ſome townes
make them mantles of the furre or flue of the skinnes of
thoſe they vſually take.
Saquenúckot & Maquówoc; two kindes of fmall beaſtes
greater then conies which are very good meat. We ne-
uer tooke any of them our felues, but ſometime eate of
ſuch as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnco vs.
Squirels which are of a grey colour,we haue take & eate!
D 2
Beares

Aonee and true reporu
Beares which are all of black colour. The beares of this
countrey are good meat;the inhabitants in time of win.
ter do vſe to take & eate manie,fo alſo ſomtime didwee.
They are taken commonlie in this ſort. In ſome Ilands or
places where they are,being hunted for as ſoone as they
haue ſpiallof a man they preſently run awaie,& then be
ing chaſed they clime and get vp the next tree they can,
from whence with arrowes they are ſhot downe ſtarke
dead, or with thoſe wounds that they may after eaſily be
killed; we ſometime ſhotte them downe with our calee-
uers.
I haue the names of eight & twenty ſeuerall ſortes of
beaſts which I haue heard of to be here and there diſper-
fed in the coūtrie,eſpecially in the maine:of which there
are only twelue kinds that we haue yet diſcouered, & of
thoſe that be good meat we know only them before mê-
tioned. The inhabitants ſomtime kil the Lyon & eat him:
& we ſomtime as they came to our hands of their wolues
or woluish Dogges, which I haue not ſet downe for good
meat,leaſt that ſome woulde vnderſtand my iudgement
therin to be more ſimple than needeth, although I could
alleage the difference in taſte of thoſe kindes from ours,
which by ſome ofour company haue beene experimen-
ted in both.
Of Foule.
TE
Vrkie cockes and Turkie hennes : Stockdoues : Partridges
Cranes: Hernes:& in winter great ſtore of Swannes &
Geefe.Ofalſortes of foule I haue the names in the
countrie language of foureſcore and fixe ofwhich num-
ber beſides thoſe that be named,we haue taken, eaten,
&
haue the pitures as they were there drawne with the
pames of the inhabitaunts of ſeuerall ſtrange fortes of
water
oj ine view jowina tariú oj sijusius
water foule eight and ſeuēteene kinds more ofland foul,
although wee haue ſeen and eaten of many more, which
for want of leaſure there for the purpoſe coulde not bee
pictured: and after wee are better furniſhed and ſtored
vpon further diſcouery, with their ſtrange beaſtes, fiſhe,
trees, plants, and hearbes, they ſhall bee alſo publiſhed.
There are alſo Parats,Faulcons, & Marlın haukes, which
although with vs they bee not vſed for meate, yet foro-
ther cauſes I thought good to mention.

Of Fiſhe.
F
Or foure monethes of the yeere, February March,
Aprill and May, there are plentie of Sturgeons : And
alſo in the ſame monethes of Herrings, ſome of the
ordinary bigneſſe as ours in England,
but the moſt part
farre greater of eighteene, twentie inches and ſome two
foote in length and better; both theſe kindes of fiſhein
thofe monethes are moſt plentifull, and in beſt ſeaſon,
which wee founde to bee moſt delicate and pleaſaunt
meate.
There are alſo Troutes : Porpoiſes : Rayes : Oldwiues:Mul-
lets: Plaice:and very many other fortes of excellent good
fiſh,which we haue taken & eaten,whoſe names I know
not but in the countrey language; wee haue of twelue
ſorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the coun-
trey with their names.
The inhabitants vſe to take thếtwo maner of wayes,
the one is by a kind of wear made of reedes which in that
countrey are very ſtrong. The other way which is more
ſtrange is with poles made ſharpe at one ende, by ſhoo-
ting them into the fiſh after the maner as Iriſhmen caſt
dartes; either as they are rowing in their boates or els as
they
Dz.

A briefe and true report
they are wading in the ſhallowes for the purpoſe.
There are alſo in many places plentie of theſe kindes
which follow,
Sea crabbes, ſuch as we haue in England
Oyſters, ſome very great, and ſome ſmall
; ſome rounde
and ſome of a long ſhape: They are founde both in ſale
water and brackiſh and thoſe that we had out of falt wa-
ter are far better than the other as in our owne countrey.
Allo Muſcles: Scalopes : Periwinkles: and Creuiſes,
Seékanauk, a kinde of cruſtie ſhell fiſhe which is good
meate about a foote in breadth, hauing a cruſtie tayle,
many legges like a crab; and her eyes in her backe. They
are founde in (hallowes of ſalt waters; and ſometime on
the ſhoare.
There are many Tortoyſes both of lande and fea kinde,
their backes & bellies are ſhelled very thicke; their head,
feere, and taile, which are in appearance,ſeeme ougly as
though they were members of a ſerpent or venemous :
but notwithſtanding they are very good meate, as alſo
their egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in bredth
and better.
And thus haue I made relation of all fortes of victuall
that we fed vpon for the time we were in Virginia,as alſo
the inhabitants themſelues, as farre foorth as I knowe
and can remember or that are ſpecially worthy to bee re-
membrede
The
G
of the new foundland of Oirginia.

The third and laſt part of ſuch other
thinges as is behoofull for thoſe which ſhall
plant and inhabit to know of; with a deſcrip-
tion of the nature and manners of the
people of the countrey.
Ofcommodities for building and
other neceſſary vſes.
Hofe.other things which I am more to
makerehearſall of, are ſuch as concerne
building, and other mechanicall neceſ-
farie vſes; as diuers fortes of trees for
houſe & ſhip timber and other vſes els:
Allo lime, ſtone,and brick,leaſt that be-
ing not mentioned ſome might baue bene doubted of, or
by ſome that are malicious reported the contrary,
Okes, there are as faire ſtraight, tall, and as good tim-
ber as any can be,and alſo great ſtorc,and in ſome places
very great,
Walnut trees, as I have faide before very many, fome
haue bene feen excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fa-
dome, & aboue foureſcore foot ſtreight without bough.
Firre trees fit for maſts of ſhips,
ſome very tall & great.
Kakíocks a kind of trees ſo called that are ſweet wood of
which the inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe com-
mõly make their boats or Canoes of the form of trowes;
only with the helpe of fire, hatchets of ſtones and ſhels;
we haue known fome ſo great being made in that ſort of
one tree that they haue carried well xx.men at once,be-
fides much baggage:the timber being great,tal,ſtreight,
ſoft,light,& yet tough enough I thinke(beſides other v-
ſes)to be fit alſo for maſts of ſhips.
Cedar a ſweet wood good for feelings, Cheſts, Boxes,
Bed.
Abriefe and true report

Bedſteedes, Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I
haue alſo ſaid before. Some of our company which haue
wandered in ſome places where I haue not bene, haue
made certaine affirmation of Cyprus which for ſuch and
other excellent vſes, is alſo a wood of price and no ſmall
eſtimation.
Maple and alſo wich-bazle,wherof the inhabitants vſe
to make their bowes.
Holly a neceſſary thing for the making of birdlime.
Willowes good for the making of weares and weeles to
take fiſh after the Engliſh manner, although the inhabi-
tants vſe only reedes, which becauſe they are ſo ſtrong
as alſo flexible, do ſerue for that turne very well and ſuf-
ficiently.
Beech and Aſhe, good for caſke, hoopes:and if neede
require,plow worke,as alſo for many things els.
Elme.
Saſſafras trees.
Afcopo a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke
is hoat in taft and ſpicie,it is very like to that tree which
Monardus deſcribeth to bee Caſsia Lignea of the Weſt
Indies.
There are many other ſtrange trees whoſe names I
knowe not but in the Virginian language, of which I am
not nowe able, neither is it ſo conuenient for the pre-
ſent to trouble you with particular relation: ſeeing that
fortimber and other neceſſary vſes I haue named ſuffici-
ent: And of many of the reſt but that they may be appli-
ed to good vſe, I know no cauſe to doubt.
Now for Stone,Bricke and Lime,thus it is.Neere vn-
to the Sea coaſt where wee dwelt, there are no kinde of
ſtones to bee found (except a fewe ſmall pebbles about
foure miles off) but ſuch as haue bene brought from far-
ther
of the new found land of Virgirdi.

farther out of the maine. In ſome of our voiages wee
haue ſeene diuers hard raggie ſtones, great pebbles, and
a kinde of grey ſtone like ynto marble, of which the in-
habitants make their hatchets to cleeue wood. Vpon in-
quirie wec heard that a little further vp into the Coun-
trey were of all ſortes verie many, although of Quarries
they are ignorant, neither haue they vſe of any ſtore
whereupon they ſhould haue occaſion to ſeeke any. For
if euerie houſholde baue one or two to cracke Nuttes,
grinde ſhelles,wher copper and ſometimes other ſtones
for hatchets, they haue enough : neither vſe they any
digging, but onely for graues about three foote deepe:
and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quar-
ries,nor lime ſtones, which both may bee in places nee-
rer than they wot of.
In the meane time votill there bee diſcouerie of ſuffi-
cient ſtore in ſome place or other conuenient, the want
ofyou which are and ſhalbe the planters therein may be
as well ſupplied by Bricke: for the making whereof in di-
uers places of the countrey there is clay both excellent
good, and plentie; and alſo by lime made of Oiſter ſhels,
and of others burnt, after the maner as they vſe in the
Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and alſo in diuers other places
of England: Which kinde oflime is well knowne to bee
as good as any other. And of Oiſter ſhels there is plentie
enough:for beſides diuers other particular places where
are abundance, there is one ſhallowe founde along the
coaſt, where for the ſpace of many miles together in
length and two or three miles in breadth, the grounde
is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote vnder
water for the moſt part.
This much can I ſay further more of ſtones, that a-
bout 120.iniles from our fort neere the water in the ſide
E
of

Abriefe and true report
ofa hill was founde by a Gentleman of our company, a
great veine of hard ragge ſtones, which I thought good
to remember vnto you.
Of the nature and manners of
the people.
T reſteth I ſpeake a word or two of the na-
turall inhabitants,their natures and maners,
leauing large diſcourſe thereof vntill time
more conuenient hereafter: nowe onely ſo
farre foorth, as that you may know how that they in re-
ſpect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are not
to be feared; but that they ſhall haue cauſe both to feare
and loue vs that ſhall inhabite with them.
They are a people clothed with looſe mantles made
of Deere skins,& aprons of the ſame rounde about their
middles; all els naked; of ſuch a difference of ftatures on-
ly as wee in England; hauingno edge tooles or weapons
ofyron or ſteele to offend vs withall, neither know they
how to make any: thoſe weaponsý they haue, are onlie
bowes made of Witch hazle, & arrowes ofreeds;flated-
ged truncheons alſo of wood about a yard long, neither
haue they any thing to deféd thēſelues but targets made
of barks; and ſome armours made of ftickes wickered to-
gecher with thread
Their townes are but ſmall, & neere the ſea coaſt but
few, ſome containing but 10.0r 12.houſes:ſome 20.the
greateſt that we haue feene haue bene but of 30. houſes:
if they be walled it is only done with barks of trees made
falt to ſtakes, or els with poles onely fixed vpright and
cloſe one by another
Their

of the new found land of Virginia.
Their houſes are made of finall poles made faſt at the
tops in rounde forme after the maner as is vſed in many
arbories in our gardens of England,in moſt townes co-
uered with barkes, and in ſome with artificiall mattes
made of long ruſhes; from the tops of the houſes downe
to the ground. The length of them is commonly double
to the breadth in folne places they are but 12,
and 16.
yardes long, and in other ſome wee haue feene of foure
and twentie.
In ſome places of the countrey one onely towne be-
longeth to the gouernment of a wiróars or chiefe Lorde;
in other ſome two or three in ſome fixe, eight, & more;
the greateſt Wrróans that yet we had dealing
with had but
eighteene townes in his gouernment, and able to make
not aboue ſeuen or eight hundred fighting men at the
moft: The language of euery gouernment is different
from any other and the farther they are diſtant the grea-
ter is the difference.
Their maner of warres amongſt themſelues is either
by ſudden ſurpriſing one another moſt cõmonly about
the dawning of the day, or moone light; orels by am-
buſhes or ſome ſuttle deuiſes: Set battels are very rare,
exceptit fall out where there are many trees, where ey-
ther part may haue fome hope of defence, after the deli-
uerie of euery arrow in leaping behind fome or other.
If there fallout any warres between ys & them, what
their fight is likely to bee,we hauing aduantages againſt
them ſo many maner of waies, as by our diſcipline, our
ſtrange weapons and deuiſes els; eſpecially by ordinan-
ce great and ſmall it may be eaſily imagined; by the ex-
perience we have had in ſome places, the turning vp of
their heeles againſt vs in running away was their beſt de-
fence.
In
Ez.

Abriefe and true report
In reſpect of vs they are a people poore, and forwant
of skill and iudgement in the knowledge and vſe of our
things, doe eſteeme our trifles before thinges of gieater
value: Notwithſtanding in their proper manner conſi-
dering the want offuch meanes as we haue, they ſeeme
very ingenious; For although they haue no ſuch tooles,
nor any ſuch craftes, ſciences and artes as wee; yet in
thoſe thinges they doe, they ſhewe excellencie of wit.
And by howe much they vpon due conſideration ſhall
finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede
theirs in perfection, and ſpeed for doing or execution,
by ſo much the more is it probable that they ſhouldede
fire our friendſhips & loue, and have the greater reſpect
for pleaſing and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped
ifmeanes of good gouernment bee vſed, that they may
in ſhort time be brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing
of true religion.
Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it
be farre from the truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope
it may bee the eaſier and ſooner reformed.
They beleeve that there are many Gods which they
call Mantóac, but of different fortes and degrees; one
onely chiefe and great God, which hath bene from all
eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purpoſed
to make the worlde, made firſt other goddes of a prin-
cipall order to bee as mcanes and inſtruments to bee va
ſed in the creation and gouernment to follow; and af-
ter the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes
and the inſtruments of the other order more princi-
pall. Frſt they ſay were made waters, out of which
by the gods was inade all diuerſitie of creatures that are
viſible or inuiſible.
For

of the new found land of Virginia,
7. For mankind they ſay a woman was made firſt,which
by the woorking of one of the goddes, conceiued and
broughtfoorth children: And in ſuch fort they ſay they
had their beginning.
But how nianie yeeres or ages haue paſſed ſince, they
ſay they can make no relatio,hauing no letcers nor other
ſuch meanes as we to keepe recordes of the particulari-
ties of times paſt, but onelie tradition from father to
fonne.
They thinke that all the gods are of humane ſhape,
& therfore they repreſent them by images in the formes
of men,
which they call Kewaſówok one alone is called
Kewás; Them they place in houſes appropriate or tem-
ples which they call Machicómuck; Where they woor-
ſhip,praie, ſing, and make manie times offerings vnto
them. In ſome Machicómuck we haue feene buton Ke-
was, in ſome two and in other ſome three; The common
fort thinke them to be alſo gods.
They beleeue alſo the immortalitie of the foule, that
after this life as foone as the foule is departed from the
bodie according to the workes it hath done, it is eyther
carried to heauen the habitacle of gods, there to enioy
perpetuall bliffe and happineffe, or els to a great pitte or
hole, which they thinke to bee in the furtheſt partes of
their part of the worlde towarde the ſunne fet, there to
burne continually the place they call Popoguſſo.
For the confirination of this opinion, they tolde mee
two ſtories of two men that had been lately dead and re-
uiued againe,the one happened but few yeres before our
comming into the countrey of a wicked man which ha-
uing beene dead and buried, the next day the earth of
the graue beeing ſeene to moue, was taken
vp againe;
Who made declaration where his foule had beene, that
E 3:
is

A briefe and true report
is to faie very neere entring into Popogallo, had not one of
the gods ſaued him & gaue him leaue to returne againe,
and teach his friends what they ſhould doc to auoid that
terrible place of torment.
The other happened in the ſame yeere wee were
there, but in a towne that was threeſcore miles from vs,
and it was tolde mee for ſtraunge newes that one bee-
ing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the firſt, ſhewed
that although his bodie had lien dead in the graue,
yet his ſoule was aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long
broade waie, on both ſides-whereof grewe moſt deli-
cate and pleafaunt trees,bearing more rare and excel-
lent fruites then euer hee had ſeene before or was able
to expreffe , and at length came to moſt braue and
faire houſes,neere which hee.met his father, that had
beene dead before, who gaue him great charge to goc
backe againe and ſhew his friendes what good they were
to doe to enioy the pleaſures of that place, which when
he had done he ſhould after come againe.
What ſubtilty ſoeuer be in the Wiroances and Prieſtes,
this opinion worketh ſo much in manie of the common
and ſimple ſort of people that it maketh them haue great
reſpect to their Gouernours, and alſo great care what
they do to auoid torment after death, and to enioy bliſſe;
although notwithſtanding there is puniſhment ordained
for malefactours.,as ſtealers,whoremoongers and other
fortes of wicked doers; ſome puniſhed with death, ſome
with forfeitures, ſome with beating, according to the
greatnes of the factes.
And this is the ſumme of their religiõ,which I learned
by hauing ſpecial familiarity with ſome of their prieſtes,
Wherein they were not ſo ſure grounded, nor gaue
ſuch credite to their traditions and ſtories but through
conuer-
of the new found land of Virginia.

conuerfing with vs they were brought into great doubts
of their owne,and no fmall admiration of ours with ear-
neſt deſire in many, to learne more than we had meanes
for want of perfect vtterance in their language to ex-
preſſe.
Moſt thinges they fawe with vs, as Mathematicall
inſtruments, fea compaſſes, the vertue of the loadſtone
in drawing yron, a perſpectiue glaſſe whereby was
ſhewed manie ſtrange fightes, burning glaſſes, wilde-
fire woorkes, gunnes, bookes , fwriting and reading,
ſpring clocks that ſeeme to goe of themſelues, and ma-
nie other thinges that wee had, were ſo ſtraunge vnto
them, and ſo farre exceeded their capacities to compre-
hend the reafon and meanes how they ſhould be made
and done, that they thoughtthey were rather the works
of gods then ofmen, or at the leaſtwiſe they had bin gi-
uen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie of
thein to haue ſuch opinion ofvsas that if they knew not
the trueth ofgod and religion already it was rather to be
had from vs, whom God ſo ſpecially loued then from a
people that were ſo ſimple, as they found themſelues to
be in compariſon ofvs. Whereupon greater credite was
giuen vnto that we ſpake of concerning ſuch matters.
Manie times and in euery towne where I came, ac-
cording as I was able, I made declaration of the con-
tentes of the Bible; that therein was ſet foorth the true
and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that
therein was contayned the true doctrine of faluation
through Chriſt, with manie particularities of Mira-
cles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was able then
to vtter, and thought fitte for the time. And al-
though I told them the booke materially &z of it ſelf was
not of anie ſuch vertue, as I thought they did conceiue,
E4
but

A briefe and true report
butonely the doctrine therein contained; yet would ma-
ny be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kiſſe it, to hold it
to their breſts and heades, and ſtroke ouer all their bodie
with itzto fhewe their hungrie deſire of that knowledge
which was ſpoken of.
The Wiroans with whom we dwelt called Wingina, and
many of his people would be glad many times to be with
vs at our praiers and many times call vpon vs both in his
owne towne, as alſo in others whither he ſometimes ac-
companied vs to pray and ſing. Pfalmes; hoping thereby
to bee partaker of the ſame effectes which wee by that
meanes alſo expected.
Twiſe this Wiroans was ſo grieuouſly ficke that he was
like to die, and as hee laie languiſhing, doubting ofanie
helpe by his owne prieſtes, and thinking he was in ſuch
daunger for offending vs and thereby our god, fent for
ſome of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our God that it
would pleaſe him either that he might liue or after death
dwell with him in bliſſe; fo likewiſe were the requeſtes of
manie others in the like caſe.
Ona time alſo when their corne began to wither by
reaſon of a drouth which happened extraordinarily, fea-
ring that it had come to paffe by reaſon that in ſome
thing they had diſpleaſed vs,many woulde come to vs &
deſire vs to praie to our God of England, that he would
preferue their corne promiſing that when it was ripewe
alſo ſhould be partakers of the fruite. Ons
There could at no time happen any ſtrange fickneſſe,
loſſes, hurtes, or any other croſſe vnto them, but that
they would impute to vs the cauſe or meanes therof for
offending or not pleaſing vs,
One other rare and ſtrange accident, leauing others,
will I mention before I ende, which mooued the whole
countrey
o the new foundland of Virginia.

countrey that either knew or hearde ofys, to haue vs in
wonderfull admiration.
There was no towne where we had any ſubtile deuiſe
pradifed againſt vs,we leauingit vnpuniſhed or not re-
uenged (becauſe wee ſought by all meanes poſſible to
win them by gentleneſſe) but that within a few dayes af-
ter our departure from euerie ſuch towne, the people
began to die very faſt, and many in ſhort ſpace; in ſome
townes about twentie,in ſome fourtie in ſome fixtie, &
in one fixeſcore, which in trueth was very manie in re-
ſpect of their numbers. This happened in no place
that wee coulde learne but where wee had bene, where
they vſed ſome practiſe againſt vs, and after ſuch time;
The diſeaſe alſo ſo ſtrange, that they neither knew what
it was, nor how to cure it; the like by report of the oldeſt
men in the countrey neuer happened before, time out of
minde. Athingſpecially obſerued by vs as alſo by the
naturall inhabitants themſelues.
Inſomuch that when ſome of the inhabitantes which
were our friends & eſpecially the Wiroans Wingina had ob
ſerued ſuch effects in foure or fiue towns to follow their
wicked practiſes, they were perſwaded that it was the
workeofour God through our meanes, and that wee by
him might kil and flaie whom wee would without wea-
pons and not come neere them.
And thereupon when it had happened that they had
vnderſtanding that any of their enemies had abuſed vs
in ouriourneyes, hearing that wee had wrought no re-
uenge with our
weapons,& fearing vpon ſome cauſe the
matter ſhould ſo reſt:did come and intreate vs that we
woulde bee a meanes to our God that they as others
that had dealt ill with vs might in like fort die; allea-
ging howe much it would be for our credite and profite,
F
as

Abriefe and true report
as alſo theirs;and hoping furthermore that we would do
ſo much at their requeſts in reſpect of the friendſhip we
pro'eſſe them.
Whoſe entreaties although wee ſhewed that they
were vngodlie, affirming that our God would not ſub-
iect him ſelfe to anie ſuch praiers and requeſtes of men:
tharin deede all thinges haue beene and were to be done
according to his good pleaſure as he had ordained:and
that we to Thew our ſelues his true feruants ought rather
to make petition for the contrarie, that they with them
might live together with vs, bee made partakers of his
truth & ferue
him in righteouſnes;but notwitſtanding in
ſuch ſort that wee referre that as all other thinges,to bee
done according to his diuine will & pleaſure, and as by
his wifedome he had ordained to be beft.
Yet becauſe the effe&t fell out ſo ſodainly and ſhortly
after according to their deſires, they thought neuerthe-
leſſe it came to paſſe by our meanes and that we in vſing
ſuch ſpeeches vnto them did but diſſemble the matter,
and therefore came vnto vs to giue vs thankes in their
manner that although wee ſatisfied them not in pro-
miſe, yet in deedes and effect we had fulfilled their de-
fires.
This maruelous accident in all the countrie wrought
ſo ſtrange opinions ofvs,that ſome people could not tel
whether to think vs gods or men, and the rather becauſe
that all the ſpace of their fickneſſe, there was no man of
ours knowne to die, or that was ſpecially ficke: they no-
ted alſo that we had no women amongſt vs, neither that
we did care for any of theirs.
Some therefore were of opinion that wee were not
borne of women and therefore not mortall, but that wee
were men of an old generation many yeeres paſt thexeri-

vj ind it wjownútanaoj virginia,
fen againe to immortalitie.
Some woulde likewiſe ſeeme to propheſie that there
were more of our generation yet to come, to kill theirs
and take their places, as ſome thought the purpoſe was
by that which was already done.
Thoſe that were immediatly to come after vs they in
magined to be in the aire,yet inuiſible & without bodies,
& that they by our intreaty & for the loue of vs did make
the people to die in that ſort as they did by ſhooting in-
viſible bullets into them.
To confirme this opinion their phiſitions to excufe
their ignorance in curing the diſeaſe, would not be aſha-
med to ſay,but earneſtly make the finple people beleue,
that the ſtrings of blood that they ſucked out of the ſicke
bodies were the ſtrings wherewithall the inuiſible bul-
lets were tied and caft.
Some alſo thought that we ſhot them our ſelues out
of our pieces from the place where we dwelt, and killed
the people in any ſuch towne that had offended vs as we
liſted, how farre diſtant from vs ſoeuer it were.
And other ſome faide that it was the ſpeciall woorke
of God for our fakes, as wee our ſelues haue caufe in
ſome ſorte to thinke no leſſe, whatſoeuer ſome doe or
maie imagine to the contrarie, ſpecially fome Aſtro-
logers knowing of the Eclipſe of the Sunne which wee
ſaw the ſame yeere before in our voyage thytherward,
which vnto them appeared very terrible. And alſo of a
Comet which beganne to appeare but a few daies be-
fore the beginning of the ſaid ſickneſſe. But to conclude
them from being the ſpeciall cauſes of ſo ſpeciall an ac-
cident, there are farther reaſons then I thinke fit at this
prefent to bee alleadged.
Theſe their opinions I haue ſer downe the more at
F 2. large

large that it may appeare vnto you that there is good
hope they may be brought through diſcreet dealing and
gouernement to the imbracing of the trueth, and confe-
quently to honour,obey, feare and loue vs.
And although ſome of our companie towardes the
ende of the yeare, ſhewed themſelues too fierce, in ſlay-
ing ſome of the people in ſome towns, vpon cauſes that
on our part,might eaſily enough haue been borne with-
all: yet notwithſtanding becaule it was on their part iuft-
ly deſerued, the alteration of their opinions generally &
for the moſt part concerning vs is the leſſe to bee doub-
ted. And whatſoeuer els they may be, by carefulneſſe of
our ſelues neede nothing at all to be feared.
The beſt neuertheleſſe in this as in all actions beſides
is to be endeuoured and hoped,
& ofthe worſt that may
happen notice to bee taken with conſideration, and as
much as may be eſchewed.
The Concluſion,
NO
Ow I haue as I hope made relation not of fo fewe
and ſmalthings but that the countrey of men that
are indifferent & wel diſpoſed maie be ſufficiently
liked: Ifthere were no more knowen then I haue menti-
oned, which doubtleſſe and in great reaſon is nothing
to that which remaineth to bee diſcouered, neither the
foile,nor commodities. As we haue reaſon fo to gather
by the differece we found in our trauails; for although all
which Ihaue before ſpoke of, haue bin diſcouered & ex-
perimented not far fro the ſea coaſt where was our abode
& moſt of our trauailing:yet ſomtimes as we made our
journeies farther into the maine and countrey; we found
the ſoyle to bee fatter; the trees greater and to growe
thinn er

thinner; che grounde more firme and deeper mould;
more and larger champions; finer graffe and as good as
euer we ſaw any in England; in ſome places rockie and
farre more high and hillie ground; more plentie of their
fruites; more abundance of beaftes; the more inhabited
with people, and of greater pollicie & larger dominions,
with greater townes and houſes.
Why may wee not then looke for in good hope from
the inner parts of more and greater plentie, as well of o-
ther things, as of thoſe which wee haue alreadie diſco-
uered? Vnto the Spaniardes happened the like in diſco-
uering the maine of the Weſt Indies. The maine alſo of
this countrey of Virginia,extending ſome wayes ſo many
hundreds of leagues as otherwiſe then by the relation of
the inhabitants wee haue moſt certaine knowledge of,
where yet no Chriſtian Prince hath any poſſeſſion or
dealing,cannot but yeeld many kinds of excellent com-
modities which we in our diſcouerie hauenot yet ſeene.
What hope there is els to be gathered of the nature
of the climate, being anſwerable to the Iland of Iapan,the
land of China, Perſia,lury, the Ilandes of Cyprus and Candy,
the South parts of Greece, Italy, and Spaine, and of many
other notable and famous countreis, becauſe I meane
not to be tedious,Ileaue to your owne conſideration.
Whereby alſo the excellent temperature of the ayre
there at all ſeaſons, much warmer then in England, and
neuer ſo violently hot,as ſometimes is vnder & between
the Tropikes or nere them; cannot bee vnknowne vnto
you without farther relation.
For the holſomneſſe thereof I neede to ſay but thus
much: that for all the want of prouiſion,as firſt of Eng-
liſh victuall; excepting for twentie daies, wee liued only
hy drinking water and by the victuall of the countrey, of
which
F 3

Korigulin "por
which ſome ſorts were very ſtraunge vnto vs, and might
haue bene thought to haue altered our temperatures in
ſuch fort as to haue brought vs into ſome greeuous and
dangerous diſeaſes:ſecödly the want of Engliſh meanes,
for the taking of beaftes, fiſhe, and foule, which by the
helpeonly ofthe inhabitants and their meanes, coulde
not bee ſo ſuddenly and eaſily prouided for vs, vor in ſo
great numbers & quantities, nor of that choiſe as other-
wiſe might haue bene to our better ſatisfaction and con-
tentment. Some want alſo wee had of clothes. Further-
more, in all our trauailes which were moſt ſpeciall and
often in the time of winter, our lodging was in the open
aire vpon the grounde. And yet I ſay for all this, there
were but foure of our whole company (being one hund-
dred and eight ) that died all the yeere and that but at
the latter ende thereof and vpon none of the aforeſaide
cauſes. For all foure eſpecially three were feeble, weake,
and fickly perſons before euer they came thither, and
thoſe that knewe them much marueyled that they li-
ued ſo long beeing in that caſe, or had aduentured to
trauaile.
Seeing therefore the ayre there is ſo temperate and
holſome, the ſoyle ſo fertile and yeelding ſuch commo-
dities as I haue before mentioned, the voyage alſo thi-
ther to and fro beeing fufficiently experimented, to bee
perfourmed thriſe a yeere with eaſe and at any ſeaſon
thereof: And the dealing of Sir Water Raleigh ſo liberall
in large giuing and graunting lande there, as is alreadie
kuowen with many helpes and furtherances els : (The
leaſt that hee hath graunted hath beene fiue hundred
acres to a man onely for the aduenture of his perſon):
I hope there remaine no cauſe wherby the action ſhould
be miſliked.

of the new foundland of Virginia.
If that thoſe which ſhall thither trauaile to inhabite
and plant bce but reaſonably prouided for the firſt yere
as thoſe are which were tranſported the laſt, and bee-
ing there doe vſe but that diligence and care as is re-
quiſite, and as they inay with eaſe : There is no doubt
but for the time following they may haue victuals that
is excellent good and plentie enough; ſome more Eng-
liſhe fortes of cattaile alſo hereafter, as ſome haue bene
before, and are there yet remaining, may and ſhall bee
God willing thither tranſported: So likewiſe our kinde
of fruites, rootes, and hearbes may bee there planted
and fowed as ſome haue bene alreadie, and proue wel:
Andin ſhort time alſo they may raiſe of thoſe fortes of
commodities which I haue ſpoken of as ſhall both en-
rich thein felues, as alſo others that ſhall deale with
"them.
And this is all the fruites of our labours, that I haue
thought neceſſary to aduertiſe you of at this preſent:
what els concerneth the nature and manners of the
inhabitants of Virginia : The number with the particu-
larities of the voyages thither made; and of the acti-
ons of fuch that haue bene by Sir Water Raleigh therein
and there imployed, many worthy to bee remembred;
as of the firſt diſcouerers of the Countrey: of our Ge-
nerall for the time Sir Richard Greinnile; and after his
departure, of our Gouernour there Maſter Rafe Lane;
with diuers other directed and imployed vnder theyr
gouernement : Of the Captaynes and Maſters of the
voyages made ſince for tranſportation; of the Gouer-
nour and aſſiſtants of thoſe alredie tranſported as of ma-
ny perſons accidents, and thinges els, I haue ready in a
diſcourſe by itſelf in maner of a Chronicle according to
the

Abriefe and true repori
to the courſe oftimes, and when time ſhall bec thought
conuenient ſhall be alſo publiſhed.
Thus referring my relation to your
relation to your fauourable con-
ſtructions, expecting good ſucceſſe of the action, from
him which is to be acknowledged the authour and
go:
uernournot only of this but of all things els, I
take my leaue of you this moneth of
February. 1588.
2 FINIS
bo
Faults eſcaped
B 4.pag. I.lin. 10. for, Tangomóckoming : reade,Tangomóc
konomindge. B.4.pag.2.lin.10.forgalſo be: reade,alſo may be.
C.4.pag.2.lin, 21.for god in taſte:reade,good in taſte.
The reſt if any be the diſcreete Reader may eaſily amendo
Tubos
- Dio che
Erroyo
Er vel stod ons
barda
od osowi vont bobos
Samo 10 do 22 colorata
sia is 10 ore
Medandonou 11025
Paris sobry pool bee beharko da
outo Moonysio
Derbi
mieres oberöds to be
Slobosit
abrukturat obinoni nezeren ople


с C
homas
Harriot,

1584
Perfect
Some hinilinen cut anto, slain aman of
lette mended and portions of some lover
mergine
Brian Ananth
I. Enguan
26. vi. 1913
13860


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