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R,~~ ~~~c: tL ~:i~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ ~. ~~......i- t~ ~ ~ ~',: 1~.. / ~~,~~.c~ ~I~I~~..~..1~..~..~~~~yiiu r3%--:nr~y',V.:rd\.5 ~~ ~ ~' `.``` j, za *`.. r I:...~r.t-~~-;-~.'~~"~~n~d~;~~E~Y;$61~i~~~f~I~fa;;zt~iJ `~ THE BATTLEGROUND OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR I _ _ ~__~_ A P1101 ORAPIIIC RUSSO JAPANF-.,SE RECORD "WARR EDITED AND ARRANGED BY JAMES H. HARE, War -Photographei WTITH PH OTOGRAPHS BY VICTOR K. BULLA, ROBERT L. DUNN, JAMES F. J. ARCHIBALD, IHR A ASHMEAD BARTLETT, JAMES RICALTON. TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE" BATTLE OF THE SEA 0FJPNB CAPTAIN A. T. MAHAN, U. S. N., RETIRED R Y NEWT YORK Po Fo COLLIER &SON 190_ __ _ __ COPYRIGHT 1905 BY P. F. COLLIER & SON The photographs reproduced in this volume are fully protected by copyright in the United States and Great Britain. Their reproduction, without express permission, is hereby forbidden. The work of Messrs. Hare, Dunn., Archibald., and Barry, under adverse conditions in the field, was greatly facilitated by the use of the films and developing machine of the Eastman Kodak Company, to whom they feel this acknowledgment is due. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE The Battleground of the Russo-Japanese WarFrontispiece.......... Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia........ Mutsuhito, Emperor of Japan......... Vice-Admiral Alexieff........... Marquis Ito Hirobumi........... Typical Street Scene in Russia's Capital City.... An Everyday Scene in' One of the Large Cities of Japan Japanese Troops Preparing for War...... Training Japanese Cavalrymen at the Tokio Barracks.. Changing Guard at the Oyama Barracks in Tokio... Swapping Stories in the Guard House at Oyama Barracks Cleaning and Oiling Rifles in Preparation for War.. Departure of Baron Rosen from Yokohama.... Russian Minister to Korea Departing from Seoul... Newspaper Bulletins on the Chemulpo Battle... Patriotic Citizens Awaiting Their Turn to Enlist... Building Temporary Stables in Tokio...... Mobilization of Troops in Tokio at the Outbreak of War Troops Marching to Station Through the Streets of Tokio Departure of Japanese Troops for Korea..... Japanese Troops Detraining at Hiroshima.... Cavalry Train Leaving Shimbashi Station... Men of the Army Service Corps Ready to Entrain.. "Savonara!"-Good-By.......... Engineers at Hiroshima. Practicing Building Bridges. Bridge at Hiroshima Ready for the Pontoons... "Tikoku Banzai!"-"Long Live the Empire '... Destruction of the "\,ariag" and "Korietz".... Wrecks of the Russian Warships in Cheminulpo Harbor. Japanese Salvage Corps on the Wreck of the "Variag". The Night Landing of the Japanese Troops at Chemulpo Coolies Handling Japanese Supplies...... Mrs. Pavlov, Wife of the Russian Minister to Korea.. Dr. H. N. Alien, United States Minister to Korea... The Japanese Advance Through Korea.... The Japanese Occupation of Seoul....... Japanese Troops Waiting to Cross at Ping-Yang... Koreans Watching the Entry of the Japanese at Seoul. The Japanese Red Cross Hospital at Chemulpo... Russian Ladies Sewing for the Red Cross.... 2 7 10 11 17 IO II 13 20 21 I5 16 722 18 19 23 24 27 22 23 24 33 25 26 27 23 38 32 4033 413 4235 4436 37 37 38 40 4I 42 44 P1 With the Russian Army on its MAarch to the Front.. The Autocrat of Russia and the Royal Family.... The Czar Leaving the Winter Palace to Bid Farewell to Troops........... Departure of Red Cross Nurses from St. PetersLmrg...g The Czar Reviewing an Infantry Regiment..... Procession in Honor of the Chemulpo Sailors.... Twenty-Third Artillery Brigade About to Leave Gatchina The Czar Bidding Farewell to Commanders.... Grand Duke Alexandrovitch Leading His MJarines in Review Before the Czar........ International Balloon Contest at St. Petersburg.... Landing the Men who Fought at the Yalut...... Artillerymen Landing at Chenampo....... Japanese Bluejackets Coming Ashore at Chenampo,.. Grooming Cavalry Horses at Chenampo..... Japanese Troopers Caring for a Sick Horse... Koreans and Japanese Salesman at Chenampo.... With the Japanese on the Advance to the Yalutt... Screens which Hid the Movements of the Japanese.. General Kuroki and His Staff at Headquarters... Russians Crossing Lake Baikal in Midwinter... With the Russian Forces on Their Way to the Front. Caissons and Sledges About to Cross Lake Baikal.. Russian Soldiers Marching Across Frozen Lake Paikal. Russian Infantry Warming Up with Hot Tea... The Russian Advance to the Front....... Traveling Soup Kitchen and Soup-Kettle Ovens... With the Russians During the Advance to the Front.. Chinese Coolies with Russian Overseer Ready for Work Cossacks Dismounted and Lined Up for Inspection.. General Herschelmann's Division of Cavalry at Antung. Russian Artillery Advancing Toward the Yalu.... Russian Cobblers at Work in the Field on Soldiers' Boots Dinner Time with the Nineteenth Siberian Rifle Corps General Sassulitch and Staff at the Battle of the Yalu. Incidents of the Battle of the Yalu....... The Crossing of the Yalu.......... With the Wounded After the Fight at the Yalu... Hospital Corps and Wounded Japanese..... Japanese Reserves Watching the Battle.... AGE 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 56 57 58 59 6o 61 62 63 64 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 82 83 84 85 86 PAGE Artillery Spoils Captured by the Japanese..... 87 Some of the Wounded Russian Prisoners..... 88 Japanese Burying a Russian Captain....... 89 Japanese Transportation Trains and Infantry.... 9go Fire and Devastation in the Wake of the Retreating Army 91 The Japanese Occupation of Feng-Wang-Cheng... 92 English Nurses Sent by the Queen to Inspect the Workings of the Japanese Red Cross........ 93 Shinto Ceremony Held by the Japanese..... 94 Feng-Wang-Cheng After the Japanese Occupation.. 95 Japanese Getting Ready to Push on into Manchuria.. 96 Recreations of the Japanese Between Battles in Manchuria 97 Japanese Battery Going into Action at Feng-Wang-Cheng 98 With the Japanese Invaders in Manchuria...... 99 Whiling Away the Time Between Battles..... I oo Incidents of the Advance from Feng-Wang-Cheng.. I0oI Crossing the So River in the Advance on Liao-Yang. o102 General Nishi and His Staff Halting to Study Maps and Scouts' Reports........... 10o3 With the Victorious Japanese at Lienshankwan... 104 Arrival of Mail for the Army in the Field.... o105 Into Manchuria with the Japanese Invaders.... lo6 Kwantei Temple Near Motien Pass........ 10o7 Detachment of Japanese Coming Up at the Double-Quick Io8 Sharpshooters Covering the Advance...... og Scenes During the Battle of Motienling..... I o General Iuroki and His Chief of Staff, Lieutenant-General Fuji, Watching the Fight at Motienling... iii Bringing Wounded Russians to the Dressing Station. 112 Russian Red Cross Soldier Wounded at Motien Pass.. 113 Russian Wounded and Dead at M*otien Pass.... 114 With the Wounded and Captured at Motien Pass.. 115 Japanese Skirmishers Advancing to Flank the Enemy. II6 Prisoners and Captors at Motienling....... 117 Incidents of the Attempt to Recapture Motien Pass.. Ii8 General Okasaki, who Defeated the Russians... I i9 Field Dressing Station for Those Severely Wounded.. I20 With the Japanese Advance from the Yalu.... 121 With the Japanese During the Fighting Near Anping.. 122 Japanese and Captured Russians in Manchuria.... 123 Smokeless Batteries Hidden in Fields of Kowliang. I24 ' 5 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE In the Neighborhood of Towan During the Fighting. Difficulties of Campaigning During the Rainy Season Russian Guns Captured at Nanshan Used by the Japanese Along the Line of Battle in the Manchurian Passes.. Pressing the Russians in the Neighborhood of Liao-Yang With the Japanese on August 30......... View of the Harbor Entrance of Port Arthur..... Looking Southward Across the Docks at Port Arthur. Scenes Along the Water Front at Port Arthur. "... Naval and Civilian Activity in Port Arthur..... Russian Warships in the Harbor at Port Arthur... Getting Ready for the Japanese on a Russian Warship Russian Ships at Port Arthur.......... Part of Russia's Fighting Fleet at Port Arthur.... The Man who Bottled Up Port Arthur, and His Flagship Russian Troops Detraining at Mukden Early in March. Mukden when the Japanese were Still Many Miles Away 125 126 127 128 129 130 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 Russians at Mukden on Their Way to the Front. With the Russians in Manchuria........ Passing General Herscheknann's Division.... With the Russian Advance in Manchuria..... In the Field with the Russians in Manchuria.... General Kuropatkin at the Telescope...... With the Russians on the Way to the Front.... General Kuropatkin Inspecting the Staff of the Four Army Corps............. Part of the Movement of Forty Thousand Men... rth PAGE Rewards of Valor with Kuropatkin's Army in Manchuria 169 With the Russian Forces in Manchuria...... 170 Russian Skirmishers Advancing Against the Japanese. 171 With the Tenth Russian Army Corps at Yushuling.. 172 With the Russian Troops During the Early Campaigning 173 With the Russian Red Cross Service in Manchuria.. 174 War Balloon and Gas Bag Used by the Russians... 175 In the Russian Trenches During the Fighting at Taling. 176 Japanese Resting on the Banks of the Tang River.. 178 On the Last of the Hills, on September Third.... 179 Searching Out and Burying the Dead....... 180 Incidents of the Evacuation of Liao-Yang..... 181 Views of Fortifications and Entanglements..... 182 Liao-Yang the Morning of Its Occupation by the Japanese 183 The First Entry of the Japanese into Liao-Yang... 184 Scenes in Liao-Yang After Its Capture..... 185 Liao-Yang After Its Occupation by the Japanese Forces. 186 Liao-Yang Immediately After the Capture of the City. 187 Dr. Westwater, Medical Missionary...... 188 Dr.Westwater and Rev.T.McNaughton in a Bomb-Proof 188 Operating on Manchurian who had Forty-Seven Wounds 188 Innocent Manchurian Victims of the War..... 188 Liao-Yang Before and After the Arrival of the Japanese 189 After the Russians Evacuated Liao-Yang..... 190 Japanese Activity at Liao-Yang........ 191 Liao-Yang After Oyama's Armies had Taken the City. 192 General Kuroki, Staff, Correspondents, and Attaches.. 194 Correspondents with the Russian Forces in Manchuria. 195 Civilians and Military Attaches with the Russian Forces 196 The Target-Shoot Given for the Military Attaches.. 197 Military Attaches Firing at a Target-Shoot.... 198 With the War Correspondents in Korea and Manchuria. 199 Attaches and Correspondents with General Kuroki's Army 200 Scenes During the Fighting Early in October... 202 Close to the Firing Line Near Yentai Coal Mines... 203 Russian Shells Bursting Close to Japanese Battery.. 204 Photograph Showing Shrapnel Shells Bursting.... 204 With the Japanese on October Tenth at the Sha-Ho.. 205 On the Sha-Ho Battlefield with the Japanese... 206 Victors and Vanquished of the Sha-Ho...... 207 The Aftermath of Battle in the Neighborhood of Yentai. 208 Preparing Charcoal for the Army while it was Encamped 209 Winter Quarters with the Japanese Army on the Sha-Ho 2o10 Japanese Army in December in Camp on the Sha-Ho.. 211I Between Battles with the Japanese Near the Sha-Ho.. 212 PAGE With the Japanese in Winter Quarters at the ShaHo.. 213 Typical View of Manchurian Peasants..... 214 Scenes at Newchwang After the Fall of Port Arthur. 215 Josses of an Ancient Chinese Temple...... 216 With the Japanese During the Last Days of the Siege. 218 The Great Siege Guns Throwing Eleven-Inch Shells. 219 Two of the Great Twenty-eight Centimeter Siege Guns. 220 Shells Waiting to be Hurled into Port Arthur.... 221 Scenes Near Port Arthur During the Long Siege... 222 Infantry Hidderr by Cornfields and Ravines.... 223 Japanese Infantry Creeping Through a Cornfield... 224 Japanese War Balloon Near Port Arthur..... 225 General Nogi and His Staff, Conquerors of Port Arthur 226 With the Japanese as They Closed in Around Port Arthur 227 Incidents of the Surrender of Port Arthur..... 228 One of the Many "Bomb-Proofs" Used by Civilians. 229 Engineers' Stores Set on Fire by Japanese Shells... 230 Japanese Shell Bursting in the Basin........ 231 View of the Old Town After a Bombardment.... 232 The Price of Victory........... 233 Russian Dead Awaiting Burial......... 234 Photographer's Studio at Port Arthur After it had been Struck by Japanese Shells......... 235 Views of Port Arthur in October........ 236 Inside Some of the Russian Forts After the Surrender. 237 Scenes at Port Arthur After the Surrender... 238-239 Sunken Russian Battleships.......... 240 Harbor of Port Arthur when the Japanese Took Possession 241 Convalescent Russian Sailors and Japanese Nurses... 242 -Views at Port Arthur and with a Russian Battery on the Hun River.............. 244 Russian Cavalry and Native Horsemen in the Neighborhood of Mukden............ 245 Muster of One of Kuroki's Divisions After the Battle of Mukden................ 246 Mukden Neighborhood Before the Japanese were Near. 247 Where Some of the Shells Burst During the Artillery Duels Near Mukden........... 248 Desolation in the Path of the Japanese Attack..... 249 Scenes in the Vicinity of Mukden......... 250 Fighting Ships of Various Classes in Russia's Baltic Fleet 253 Formidable Fighting Ships of Russia's Baltic Fleet... 254 Four of the Battleships of Russia's Baltic Fleet... 255 The Battleground of the War and the Victorious Progress of the Japanese............. 256.. IScenes at Liao-Yang on the Arrival of the Russians.. Courtyard of Rich Manchurian's House at Liao-Yang.. When News from the Firing Line Came Back to Those who had not yet Met the Japanese..... A Disheartened Japanese Spy.......... Russian Battery Getting into Position at Kansuitan.. One of the Shrewdly Screened Russian Batteries... The Sixth East Siberian Regiment Calculating the Range Russian Infantry Marching to Their Position.. With the Russian Troops Near Haicheng...... With the Russian Troops During the Engagement with the Japanese in the Neighborhood of Haicheng.. Bat try of the Sixth East Siberian Artillery in Position Witl the Russian Officers and Fighting Men. Wit" the Russian Troops During the Early Campaigning With" the Russians at Towan Pass........ Russian Firing Line Just Before the Battle at Yushuling Japanese Shells Bursting Near the Yushuling Battery. 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 i 6 IN RODUC ION THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR was notable for the fact that) although there were more men on the spot ready to transmit the news to the world than there have been ion any other war in modern times, there never has been a war since the days of the telegraph and the professional correspondent......the daily news of which the world at large knew so little. There is, therefore, a untique interest in so vivid and comm prehensive a pictorial history as that gathered by Collier s correspondent photographers and presented in the following pages. Practically all the phoi~lRAI ~i~Btographs, with the exception of a very few of those depictingg scenes in Russia' and with the Russian forces, W~ere, taken originally and exclusively for NICHOLAS 11 Collier's, and they have not EMPEROR OF RUSSIA, WORRIE.D BY THE WAR appeared elsewhere except by special arrangement and permission. A large number of these photographs have never been printed in Collier's, and they are published i-n this book 'for the first time,, Even these were chzbsen from many hundreds of others, and they represent but a small part of.the great mass of photographs which were secured by Collier's indefatigable representatives at the front. In each weekly issue of Collier's it was obviously impossible to devote more than a few pages exclusively to war pictures, and in such a small space it is a task of exceeding difficulty to convey to the casual reader any adequate realization of the unique value and the comprehensive extent of Collier's Russo-Japanese War service. In thi's book the cumulative effect of many pictures helps to give at least a partial idea of the amount of material gathered by Collier s correspondents, and it should be further explained that almost every one of the pictures herein reproduced is chosen from perhaps a dozen or score of '4. photographs of similar scenes, Since the da s of the telegraph and the modern war correspondent, there has never - MUTSUHITO been a war in which the work EMPEROR OF JAPAN, WHO BEGAN THE WAR of the chroniclers was beset with such difficulties. During the early months of hostilities practically all. of the correspondents were bottled up in Tokio, chafing at their delay, beseeching this official and that, buying winter outfits only to be compelled to change them for summer equipment, a nd -wasting their energies during this fretful period of uncertainty in the. 7 INTRODUCTION description of~ conventional phases of Japanese life or of the enitertainments given them by their inscrutable hosts of the Japanese war departments. i t was only by some rare stroke of forehandedness, daring, or luck, by which he escaped tempor arily from.the Japanese watchfulness and censorship, that any correspondent was able af this time to do effective work. Of the little army of men who tried to chronicle the war, with pencil or camera, none r ~~i~`~:more really ttmade good"" than;:1 Collier's photographer, James 's th~H. Hare. Mr. Hare worked 4Y in Tokio before war was degb ~fit clared and he followed Kuroki's army from 'its landing 'in Korea through the Yalu campaign and until the battle of the Sha-rHo. Mr. Hare is a specialist--not in any sense a cibutton-pusher,"" as he calls the amateur who carries a camera as an incidental. ccV~hen we VX~iý,ADMIRAL ALEXIEFF stood on the heights of Wiju," RUSSIAN VICERADY IN THE FAR EAST w o e C li rs c r e p n e t Frederick Palmer, cithe soldiers appeared only as the veriest specks to a camera lens. Jimmy wanted to see the charge as much as the rest of us. But the detail had to be shown and the photographer 'Must be near the detail, so Jimmy slipped away Mrho is nearing his fiftieth year, He was the first of the cor. respondents' corps to cross the river. He trudged through miles of sand up to his knees. His pony was worn out; his weary servant promptly resigned, But Jimmy himself was up the next morning* at daybreak, ill and pale, developing the first photographs of the army at the front. to be pu~blished," Another of Collier's photographers, Robert L. Dunn, was sent to Chemulpo before hos. tilities broke out and cibeat" the newspaper and periodical world with his pictures of the first battle of the war and the landing of Japanese troops. The greater portion of the Russian pictures were taken by Victor K. Bulla, whose work in- this country was controlled exclusively by Collier's. Dozens of photo raphs which the reader may survey at his ease were taken only after long marches' over frozen and wind- MARQUIS ITO HIROBUMI swep contr. Fims ere JAPAN'S GREATEST LIVING STATESMAN developed 'in the field with the help of Korean coolies or Japanese commissary officers, and the 'reached Collieris office only after being carried scores and perhaps hundreds of miles by coolie runners through a country where a mail service was 8 CHAPTER I THE CAUSES OF THE R U S S 0-J A P A N E E S HE WAR between Russia and Japan was a fight for dis- safeguard her railway across Siber puted territory. Its immediate cause was the failure of commercial and colonization into the two nations to agree on the relation which each should and broken, that Manchuria wou maintain toward Korea and Manchuria. The underlying to Chinese control as soon as peac cause of the struggle was the mighty clash that was bound to in accordance with the joint ag come when those measures which Japan believed were necessary the integrity of China should be to her self-existence met the glacier-like progress of Russia certain that Russia had no intent eastward toward the Pacific. Through nearly three centuries Manchuria, the Japanese Govern the Russian Empire had advanced from the Ural Mountains in July of I9o3, for the purp to outposts and outlets on the Pacific Coast. Her mighty peace of Eastern Asia, by agreei plans met no serious check until they came athwart the am- settlement of the points at issue bitions and policy of the modernized Japan, which saw in this guarantees of the territorial integ alleged expansion for industrial development a menace to her the ",open door" in both countrie integrity as a kingdom. Korea, a buffer between these two Russia replied that she was read powers, became involved in the dispute by the results of the Japan as the predominating influ war between Japan and China in 1894. The intervention of discuss further pledges regardin the European Powers in the terms of treaty settlement robbed Manchuria. The Russian atti Japan of her chief spoil, the Liaotung Peninsula, whose strong- strongly by the facts that Russ hold was Port Arthur. Russia, Germany, and France intima- Pacific, and that the outlay of th ted that Japanese occupation of this base must be regarded as in Manchuria, to make that pro a permanent threat to the independence of China and Korea. perous, called for some tangibi Three years later, Russia began to fortify Port Arthur, on the consider herself outside the sphe pretext that German acquisition of Kiaochau would otherwise churia, and negotiations came to disturb the balance of power in North China. On January 4, Japanese adv The Boxer outbreak of I9oo furnished Russia reasons Russia was inevitable, that the for vastly increasing her military strength in Manchuria, to opening of hostilities, and that t X A R:ia and her rapidly expanding -rests. Promises were made, Id be evacuated and restored:eful conditions were resumed reements of the powers that preserved. When it became ion of loosening her grip on ment proposed a conference,,ose of assuring the lasting ng upon a working basis for with Russia. Japan wished rity of China and Korea, and:s for commercial opportunity. y to recognize the rights of ence in Korea, but refused to; the future of China and tude was influenced most;ia wanted an outlet to the iree hundred million dollars vince both Russian and prose return. Japan refused to re of active interest in Mana deadlock early in 19o4. rices said that a conflict with newspapers were urging the:he Government was massing 9 CAUSES OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR troops ready to embark on transports. The diplomats in St. Petersburg were delaying over the final reply to the Japanese note and were not expecting war, according to their assurances. During the following week, Russia was hurrying troops toward the frontier and buying horses, while the Argentine cruisers, Nisshin and Kasuga, bought by Japan, were making ready to leave Genoa with rush orders to proceed to Yokohama. Meantime, the negotiations were continued with proposals and counter-proposals that made no progress. On January 13, a conference before the Throne in Tokio decided upon the final terms to be sent to Russia, the only. conditions which could avert war. Russia started two divisions of troops over the Trans-Siberian Railway to China, an obvious war measure. Two days later two transports crowded with Russian troops for the Far East sailed through the Bosphorus. Russia asked Turkey for permission to send the Black Sea fleet throLugh the Dardanelles, and Lord Lansdowne said that such action would be considered a breach of treaty in which Great Britain could not acquiesce. There was a lull of nearly two weeks, while Tokio fretted over the delay of the Russian reply. Japan adopted plans for raising seventy-five million dollars of an emergency war fund. The long-drawn tension of January ended with a pretence of negotiations oscillating between Tokio and St. Petersburg, but by this time the pursuits of diplomacy had become a farce, and both nations were making all possible preparations for a long struggle at arms. Although the Russian ultimatum had not been officially delivered, its contents were forecasted, and it was known that Japan's final demands had been TYPICAL STREET SCENE IN RUSSIA'S CAPITAL CITY This photograph represents a procession leaving St. Catherine's Church, in St. Petersburg, to go down to the Neva to bless the river waters, an example of that picturesque mediwevalism which survives in so many forms, and.is such a real part of the everyday life of the people IO CAUSES OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR evaded. On February 2, the mobilization of the Manchurian reserves was announced, and on the next day a semi-official despatch from Vladivostok reported that the Russian squadron there had been stripped for action, and that the ships in the harbor of Port Arthur had joined those in the outer roadstead to unite the fighting strength for aggressive action. The Russian General Staff granted to Alexieff the right to declare war. Nearly a week before the first blow was struck, it was seen that the prolonged tension had reached the breaking point. At one of the last Cabinet conferences in Tokio hope of peace was abandoned, for the reason that, while Russia was unreasonably delaying her reply to the last Japanese note, she was daily increasing her warlike activities. It was known in advance that while Russia partly conceded the demands of Japan regarding Korea, important reservations were made, and that as regards Manchuria the reply would refuse to place on record recognition of the sovereignty of China, or even to discuss that question with Japan. Japanese residents were told to leave Vladivostok, and 20,000 Russian troops were moving with the view of occupying Northern Korea. Japan continued extraordinary preparations for insiant action, but the plans of her army and navy were so carefully guarded that no news of them was published up to the day war was declared by the first overt act. On Saturday, February 6, the Russian note was alreadyin the handsof Baron de Rosen, the Russian Minister at Tokio, for delivery to Baron Komura, the Japanese Foreign Minister, when at four o'clock in the afternoon, M. Kurino, the Japanese Minister at St. Petersburg, called~ personally to inform the Russian Government that, in view of the delays in connection AN EVERYDAY SCENE IN ONE OF THE LARGE CITIES OF JAPAN These are the little people whose surface daintiness covers a martial spirit more truly Spartan than that manifested by any other nation of the modern world. T'his street, gay with Japanese flags, is the "Isezakieho," which has sometimes been called the Bowery of Yokohama II CAUSES OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR with the Russian replies, and the obvious futility of the negotiations, Japan considered it useless to continue diplomatic relations. Japan would take such steps as she deemed proper for the protection of her interests, therefore M. Kurino asked for his passports. The Russian Minister, a few hours later, prepared to leave Tokio as soon as possible. The startling action of Japan, in severing diplomatic relations before the actual delivery of the Russian note, came like a bolt from a clear sky at St. Petersburg. It was expected that'Japan would invade Korea and seek a naval battle within the next twenty-four hours. This was an accurate surmise, for in even less time forty Japanese transports were loaded with troops to be landed at various points in Southern and Central Korea. One naval division sailed from Japanese waters for Chemulpo, and another for Port Arthur, as soon as the news that there could be no peace was sent by wireless telegraphy to the waiting ships. In the afternoon of February 8 a fleet of Japanese transports, escorted by a squadron of battleships and powerful cruisers, appeared off the harbor of Chemulpo. The Russian gunboat Korietz, on its way to Port Arthur with despatches, sighted the hostile craft; the commander cleared for action, fired a shot at the Japanese torpedo scouts, then returned at full speed to shelter near the Russian cruiser Variag, inside the Korean harbor. This proved to be the first shot of the war, and was so claimed by the Japanese when accused of attacking Port Arthur without formal declaration of war later in the same day. Early on the morning of February 9, Admiral Uriu, commander of the Japanese fleet, notifi~ed the two Rugsians that they must surrender or leave the harbor by noon, else he would attack them where they lay. The Russians did not surrender, but sailed out of the bay, with bands playing, to certain destruction. By four o'clock that afternoon the Variag and the Korietz were at the bottom of Chemulpo Harbor, and the war was on. The man who judges things by weight, bulk, and dollars may well wonder at Japanese temerity. To Japan, with her 147,000 square miles, the annexation of Korea, with 82,000 square miles, meant what the annexation of Mexico would to the United States. To Russia, with her 8,666,ooo square miles, it meant less than Southern California to us. Russia's population was 14.o,ooo,ooo; Japan's 44,000,000. On a peace footing the Russian army had I,ooo,ooo officers and men; the Japanese, 175,000, On a war footing, the Russian 4,6oo,ooo and the Japanese 675,000. Russia is the Christian nation which has been slowest in development. Mentally, she is just out of the Dark Ages, equipped with the mechanical progress of modern times. Japan is the pagan nation which has been foremost in adopting the worldly essentials of a civilization which is Christian in its origin. Russia is a union of nomadic races, but lately ushered into feudalism, which have, in turn, conquered many other races. Japan has had a stable, organized government longer than England, and the Japanese were a free people when the Saxons were the serfs of the Normans. The Czar is a pope; the Mikado divinity itself. If the Jews were still a nation and a descendant of Moses were their king, he would mean to, them what the Mikado means to the Japanese. For all the centuries of the nation's existence the Japanese had known no acquisition of territory. The Russians have lived by this. 12 ---- ~II ~ L RE~CRUITS GOING THROUGH FIRING DRILL WITHOUT RIFLES INFANTRY DRILLING IN HEtAVY MARCHING ORDER.. SOLDIERS LEARNING HOW TO CkRRY WOOUNDE)D COMR~ADES RIFLE PRACTICE ON THE PARADE: GROUND JAAPAN ESE T ROOPYS P RE PA RING FOR WARA These photographs were taken on the parade ground at the Oycama Barracks in Tokio just before the outbreak of the war. Japa, a already been practically on a war footing for months, and the busy work of preparation here suggested was typical of the spirit that fl vailed throug hout the nation and brought Japan's army to a state of preparedness perhaps never before duplicated in the history ifwa 13 LEARNING HOW-TO JUMP CAVALRY RECRUIT LEARNING TO RIDE WITHOUT STIRRUPS OR BRIDLE PRACT 'ICING THE SABRE THRUST TRAINING JAPANESE CAVALRYMEN AT THE TOKIO BARRACKS The Japanese cavalry was the weakest branch of the service. The Japanese are not natural horsemen, and both the men and their mounts were inferior, in a military sense, to the other branches of the service. The horses were scrubby little beasts with neither speed nor tractability. The trooper whose mount finally succeeded in clearing the bar shown above thought the feat very remarkable I I : ~:~h"'.'t - b;;~ C "~as~l~Jc~3ii. t'~: ~r *T i< CHANGING GUARD AT THE OYAMA BARRACKS IN TOKIO SWAPPING STORIES IN THE GUARD HOUSE AT OYAMA BARRACKS In spite of his inscrutable manner the Japanese soldier when with a crowd of his comrades becomes almost as loquacious as the typical regular of other countries. In the Oyama Barracks, where this photograph was taken, a large number of troops were quartered ready to be rushed to the front as soon as hostilities were declared CLEANING AND OILING RIFLES IN PREPARATION FOR WAR 17 ~;;*R -":..at -~ -..L it.-..~.d^: '' ^f t"b J;-"' "" ~ <; ""-*~ ~~^ " ~ *:, * - f.: -: ^ ^p~ ~*. DEPARTURE OF BARON ROSEN, THE RUSSIAN MINISTER, FROM YOKOHAMA On the breaking off of diplomatic relations the Russian Minister took passage for Marseilles on the French steamship" Yarra." He left Yokohama on February 12, when war had actually been begun by the actions at Chemulpo and Port Arthur. The French and Belgian Ministers and attaches and a few other friends from the diplomatic circle accompanied him to the dock to bid him farewell 18 MINISTER PAVLOV LEAVING LEGATION UNDER ESCORT REPRESENTATIVES OF NEUTRA OESTAKN II RUSSIAN MINISTER TO KOREA DEPARTING FROM SEOUL 19?IM. PAVLOV AT THE WHARF - B i I I^ I k 16 i i)~~l~ ~~~ ~~..;-P~ ` a~ ~-;7: r~a~ ~h*j --L $F~ * ~ IA~ ~t~ rl i "~- ~-x~~ t ~~'`"" ~*~- \I~~-X"~L: -,--~-- u"i ~~~~----~I` Btl i~tArrttI' U ~ ~;t~.. t rl " i-2 i, g't~ P-*)t,.Ci\ r ~ l~d f~~ drr u ~s;c de ':~ *r r, ~7.)1 cJC ~r a P."d:~ 4ku~i 411 E~~ a TN"T It - ekf:4V ~""b~j-~ NEWSPAPER BULLETINS ON THE CHEMULPO BATTLE INI THE MAIN STREET OF TOKIO 20 I PATRIOTIC CITIZENS STANDINI NG IN THE RAIN WCAITING THEIR TURN TO EN LIST I I -- --1Wý m BUILDING TEMPORARY STABLES IN TOKIO IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE DECLARATION OF WAI 21 ENLISTED TROOPS, NEWLY ARRIVED IN TOKIO, WAITING THEIR TURN TO BE FITTED OUT I IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER READY TO DEPART TROOPS BILLETED A' RVT OSSI OI MOBILIZATION OF TROOPS IN TOKIO AT THE OUTBREAK OF WAR O 22 AIILm 4ow Notu t J ", j $, `g -~ 'a Z \~~i I d~ ~ x~Te -t\ k~ 9tlz t'"x.6.x*be ~p~ 1Mb ~i r` --~~~-~, ~~O~ In~r ~4-~ J ` ~,"~ ~wa;i~.,.~k ~ ~ ~~~"~~asas~irs.7~p, ~~" Je ~v,,f ~"~~ ~ v~a~,,,,_ ~,~ -'an ~~, t n TROOPS MARCHING TO STATION THROUGH THE STREETS OF TIOKIO 23 ENTRAINING AT THE SHIMBASHI STATION, TOKIO TROOPS ASSEMBLING IN STREETS NEAR THE STATION JAPANESE CAVALRYMEN ABOUT TO TAKE THE TRAIN INDUCING A FRACTIOUS CAVALRY HORSE TO BO DEPARTURE OF JAPANESE TROOPS FOR KOREA 24 ARD THE TRAIN EXAMINING CAVALRY HORSES AFTER ARRIVAL AT HIROSHIMA UNLOADING THE LIGHT PORTABLE TRANSPORT CARTS UNLOADING CAVALRY HORSES FROM BOX CARS TRANSPORT CARTS LOADED WITH SUPPLIES JAPANESE TROOPS DETRAINING AT HIROSHIMA At Hiroshima the troops were detrained for the port of Ujina, whence a large part of the Japanese forces were embarked for P Many of the cavalry horses were injured during their railroad journey by kicking each other or their stalls. The (6 collapsable" carts shown here were one of the features of the mobile Japanese equipment. They kept pace with the marching c( 25 TROOPERS IN CHARGE OF CARS CONTAINING HORSES JAPANESE CAVALRYMEN IN RAILWAY CARRIAGE CAVALRY TRAIN LEAVING SHIMBASHI STATION OFFICERS IN COMMAND OF CAVALRY REGIMENT,26 MEN OF THE ARMY SERVICE CORPS READY TO ENTRAIN " SAYONARA! "-GOOD-BY It was not until the troops had been departing from Tokio for several days that the general populace showed any such resemblance to Occidental enthusiasm as this. When some of the members of the staff left Tokio, they awakened and behaved like any other crowd at such a time. They shouted good-bys and the band, in a quaint imitation of Western customs, played "Auld Lang Syne" 27 t~l re o ~d c, c, w c w r a oo w tl vl r ct t~l tC O m C vl M cj re ~e r c -e. M ýo Iml O cl re c3 m z Fa O Cd V1 r r t3 tj C v, O C) '1 M 56 m 'J) t3 d CC Cd r il_ "; ~':l~fl? ~ft, ~~ Ifr!,,~ t! I~~,~l ~':II'jl I i:I~:%~:I/f! r. f;,,i,.ri r~ flrilt;i '~,rZi~ r~!?ttl ~f )ItE!r -a Ir AI r LL~L~ t" 1 uU~ -~L i 1~ ' -0^ r. 'C;J ~ ~~i~~ ~ BRIDGE AT HIROSHIMA READY FOR THE PONTOONS T'he bridges used at the Yalu were all planned and constructed in practice in Japan long before war was declared. After being ul they were taken apart, carried along with the rest of the equipment, and put together when the time came. The Japanese enginer had complete maps and measurements of the streams in Manchuria, so that they always knew just what difficulties Were to b( e 29 "6TIKOKU BANZAI!"99- "LONG LIVE THE EMPIRE!" Enthusiasm at Kobe upon the departure of a troop train for Ugina, a port of embarkation for Korea. On leaving for the frontth Japanese soldier suppressed all emotions of sorrow. Not to be impassive was unmanly. It was only at such times as this ha the collective enthusiasm showed itself, and it was not until a number of trains had passed en route for the front that it Iwk 30 CHAP ER 11 THE F IRST BAT] Twas on 'the night of February 8, 1 9o4. that all hope of apeaceful solution of the Russo-Japanese entanglement was blown to the winds by the startling attack of Admiral Togo's torpedo-boats on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur. The Russians were quite unready for so swift an onslaught; many officers were on shore, while the lookouts and scouting service were scarcely more vigilant than 'in time of peace. The Japanese torpedo flotilla sped in among the close-huddled battleships, launched their missiles, and were scurrying to sea before the Russian crews began to repel the attack. The first-class battleships cc Retvizan" and cc Czarevitch" and the cruiser It Pallada" were so badly injured that they had to be beached. The Japanese fleet returned the next day ana bombarded the Russian ships and forts. I n this attack the battleship ct Poltava, -and the cruisers ccDiana, 71 c6Novik,"' and ('Askold'" were temporarily disabled. Before the news of the battle of Port Arthur had fairly reached the eyes of the Western world came the more tragic story of the destruction of the tt Variag" and the cc Korietz" in Chemulpo Harbor. Admiral Uriu, commanding six Japanese battleships, six cruisers, and twelve torpedo craft, appeared off Chemulpo and demanded the surrender of the two Russian ships. Captain Behr of the ccVariag" and Captain Roudnoff of the (( Korietz"' refused. to surrender, and on the morning of February 9, the ctVariag,'" with bands playing, steamed out of t, 1 Aa n 1 e- I t- e vý ý X, - -kXe L -%V% 36I C3 0 e% A 0 QL ch *-" c%+- +, le I lN *-&-%*1 1.-%^ -1 FLES OF THE WARA fleet eight miles out, the enemy using long-range 12-inch guns, and pounding away at dizstances which made the it Variag's " batteries harmless. Ten large projectiles riddled the cruiser, and in fifty minutes not a gun could be worked, the ship was on fire, engines crippled, and iog officers and men of a complem 'ent of 54.o lay dead and wounded on the decks. The tcVariag,"' crept back iento port, her crew was removed to the British cruiser 6c Talbot" and the French cruiser it Pascal," and she was set on fire. Three hours later, the tgVariag,"' after only eighteen months" service, was at the bottom, a shattered and blackened mass of steel, The cc Korietz"" was a slow gunboat of only 1,200 tons, mounting one 6-inch gun and two 8-inch guns, with no armor protection. She wa~s untouched, but after the fight her commander decided to destroy his ship, because Admiral Uriu had promised to renew the attack at four in the afternoon, Precisely at four o'clock, two deafening explosions came from the cc Korliem,1) 1 As the smoke cleared, where the it Korietz " had been, only bits of wreckage and about four feet of her funnel could be seen,.On the day after the Russian ships had been destroyed a division of the Japanese army was thrown ashore at Chemulpo. The landing was made in perfect order. The army was dependent for nothing upon the port. A large force was sent to occupy Seoul, and within two days Japan was in complete control of the most advantageous strategic bases of Korea, 37 THE RUSSIAN SHIPS AT CHEMULPO BEFORE THE BATTLE THE RUSSIAN CRUISER "VARIAG" ON FIRE AT CHEMULPO THE RUSSIAN GUNBOAT "KORIETZ" AT THE MOMENT C DESTRUCTION OF THE "VARIAG" AND "KORIETZ" IN THE HARBOR OF CHEMULPO )F THE EXPLOSION 32 ~-~~~r~~~:~-~~~t~,~~.sr-~:i~~I~t~~-~-~x: -~~~r~t~.~~~; ~~.( 3 I FUNNEL OF THE GUNBOAT "KORIETZ "9 TOPMASTS OF THE CRUISER "`VARIAG " WRECKS OF THE RUSSIAN WARSHIPS IN CHUMULPO HARBOR 33 woommia Td M 5: s: C) t~l O O 5a Cd U3 ~ C~j 5C~ r;2: O C1~3 P t~L~~ t~f O o r cll CS: t-2~~ C 73 3) C1 Clr M C r O - L~- I_. ~___ ~_. ~ JIM~ *L~II*UC "W-WA-O* THE NIGHT LANDING OF THE JAPANESE TROOPS AT CHEMULPO All through the night of February 9 boatloads of these little soldiers, with their inscrutable, unimpassioned faces, were landed in the snow on the Korean shore. This landing was one of the first proofs the Western world had of the wonderful preparedness of the soldiers of the Mikado. In spite of the darkness, fitfully punctuated by blazing torches, fires, and braziers, the task went on like clockwork 35 -- --- --;=--~:. ~.I --TT-...-:i--~.-- P Wi C~~~ *P: ~2qi: ~) t ~ ~~ a'"" \93b ~J~~~`t agy~i(C, (*a~E Ne 44 li I ~ a L~Lg~ bbS.'.aq, f Bi f ii ~CUtL~J j 1 %~'ry ".c~` I) ~i~s a ~ t P?1 COOLIES HANDLING JAPANESE SUPPLIES AFTER THE LAND)ING. AT CHEMULPO 36 MRS. PAVLOV, WIFE OF THE RUSSIAN MINISTER TO KOREA, AT THE SEOUL RAILWAY STATION DR. H. N. ALLEN, UNIT Mrs. Pavlov, the wife of the Russian Minister, is a cousin of the Countess Cassini. When the Minister was invited to on the arrival of the Japanese, she was accompanied to the station not only by the Japanese guard, but by all the gallant men of the diplomatic circle. Dr. Allen, the United States Minister, is shown standing at the door of the Legation at 37 ED STATES MINISTER TO KOREA leave young Seoul BRINGING LANDING STAGES ASHORE AT CHEMULPO THE JAPANESE ADVANCE THROUGH K PACKING HORSES WH.BGG K PITH BAGGAGE KITS AT CHEMULPO uOREA.38 UNITED STATES MARINES NEAR THE LEGATION AT SEOUL SAPPERS AND MINERS STARTING FOR NORTHERN KOREA JAPANESE INFANTRY MARCHING THROUGH THE MAIN STREET OF SEOUL THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF SEOUL 39 ...~:-;. ""' ~.I~: ~:~:~~~*~~~I:~:~:~::.::. ~:-~:~~.~~ ~ ~~r~. ~'~~~ ~~~.= I ^ 50 r= I I JAPANESE TROOPS WAITING TO CROSS THE RIVER AT PING-YANG 40 Ir A j "o, i ~Bli O EAll 1:010'P "RI I "N. ~ ~ ~ i ' - '0 Z c3 ~ zrE~, ~~,WK O -- " p~:~gacr. ~arp~~,r~ _~~e~s I~l~"~~~ *~.. T C; ~:4~~~ d~B~.~ ' ~~4-4~ lo i Ras O ~r I 4,1,i4 - ~~, a St -T NZP 01, L ~v IWO M d141A1111 4S i J COMMISSARY TENTS IN THE JAPANESE CAMP AT CHEMULPO EXTERIOR OF THE HOSPITAL BUILDING, RED CROSS FLAGS OVER THE GATE JAPANESE RED CROSS NURSE ATTENDING RUSSIAN SAILORS WOUNDED IN THE BATTLE OF FEBRUARY 9 THE JAPANESE RED CROSS HOSPITAL AT CHEMULPO As soon as the Japanese landed after the battle between the warships in Chemulpo Harbor, a hospital was improvised and the mr dangerously wounded Russians brought ashore from the foreign battleships, where they had been cared for temporarily, and nursed byIh Japanese Red Cross service. As a mark of appreciation Russia contributed 2,000 yen ($1,000) to the Japanese branch of the RedCrs 42 CHAPTER III RUSSIAN PREPARA' NOT only were the available Russian forces ill prepared for meeting the agile and ready Japanese, not only was their equipment ponderous and unwieldy, their knowledge of the strategic difficulties and advantages of the country in which the fighting was to be done scant and inaccurate, but the big fact which put Russia at a disadvantage during the early months of the war was the immense distance between her military bases and the front. Across the trackless wastes of Siberia the only path was a single-track railroad--a line of communication none too well equipped in times of peace, and open to complete and immediate disablement should the enemy succeed in cutting it at any point along a comparatively vulnerable stretch of many hundreds of miles. By sea-that is to say, by the way of the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal, and the route round the southern coast of Asia-Russian ships and soldiers were over 12,ooo miles, or about fifty-one days, away from the seat of hostilities. When to these material difficulties were added the dissensions, jealousies, and shifting policies of St. Petersburg, the effective strength of Russia in these early days of the war could in no way be measured by her vast extent and apparently illimitable power. In Japan, on the other hand, preparedness was the keynote of the situation. Although nominally at peace, Japan had been practically on a war footing tor months, yet so secretly was this preparation made that even after war was declared a casual and incurious visitor in Tokio would have FOR WAR seen little to indicate that he was in one of the great military centres of the world, and that all round and about him was being planned one of the greatest struggles of modern times. The results of this preparedness were vividly enough shown when the,,Variag" and the,,Korietz" were sunk in Chemulpo Harbor, before the world was really aware that war was seriously intended and inevitable. They were no less convincingly demonstrated by the perfection of the Japanese field equipment, and by the almost microscopic exactness with which every possible contingency had been foreseen and provided for. Ever since their war with China the Japanese had been perfecting their military organization, as though the coming war with Russia were a certainty. They had military maps of every nook and corner of Korea and Manchuria; they had spies working as coolies on the Russian railroads, and in Russian ports and shipyards; they had their light equipment especially adapted for the heavy Manchurian roads. Their baggage was soarranged and distributed that it made compact cube-shaped bundles which could be packed like so many building blocks, or made into easily carried packs for coolies. The collapsable boats with which a pontoon bridge was thrown across the Yalu were made for that special purpose months before, when the Korean peninsula was yet to be invaded. In fact, the whole early part of the war was an almost grotesque struggle between preparedness and unpreparedness, extreme mobility and clodhopping heaviness, cleverness and stupidity. 43 fv"" I 'I ~B~illrr ~d~ t~~:~ ~:r ~~ i~:jJ~ ~1 i k~~-~ ~1~ - '' L"~9R~6~ j /tr RUSSIAN LADIES SEWING FOR THE RED CROSS IN THE PALACE OF THE GRAND DUKE VLADIMIR Under the auspices of the Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, a circle of titled ladies met regularly at the Grand Ducal residence to sew for the men at the front. The Grand Duchess herself equipped and sent to the front an entire train fitted out for hospital purposes. At the Winter Palace the Czarina sewed with nearly a thousand ladies and the Dowager Empress presided over another sewing circle 44 WITH THE RUSSIAN ARMY ON ITS MARCH TO THE FRONT A division of regular troops mobilizing in Southeastern Russia for transportation northward. The infantry regiments mayb seen marching along the main road, while the artillery and transport wagons are moving up in the middle distance. large body of cavalry, half hidden in dust clouds, is visible near the -horizon. These troops were among the first moblie 4S ý... rjrý I f ý. I ) I "...:... 1, I I -ý ý., ý I. I. *,:..: ý I ý V. ý..-:,. -.,, ý.,... '. '-ý.. ý...,;.., ý. ý7 -ý.ý ý.. - ý ýS.-;. 1. ý. I I* '. A.. ý-.,.::., ý I - ý ý -,. ý I I ý:."": ý. **k*,,ýx, o s..- - 't,,..... I " ý,. -.: ý, - ft.ý.', I,,::.., ý, " N.ý:-...ýýiý4t:ý ý, ý*ý,,: ý.. ý.,ý,.:.. '.... ýý:,ýý:, jý..:-:z,.:,. ý:, - ý <. -.*ý:'* ý.,.-'-ý'. J,ýý ý.:1 4k -,ý.. ý.. 1. I.. ýý.:A,:i- 5:ý.,:ý. 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PETERSBURG FOR THE FRONT 48 ;LNOHd ~H~T, ~IOd ~i~n~L~~7d'3~ S~LI NO ~LN'3~I31-~'t~ ~~;LN~dNT N~ ~3~T1~13rA~~ 'H~ZD '3H;L ~ ~ - -...... k.~. ii %:' i-~ r ~c~: t~, ~: 1. r I. -~:~: ~I~~,:.'~ ~:.~~~, ~ ~,~:ri~:j~ i ~r ~i;*..: I~I~i.. ~i;~~ ~~I i~Z "~~~~~:~~~8: ~J:~~ ~b~:~""~Z~ ".; ~~' -:~~~" i'~:~./I~ %u~ 87 J~TI ~W. ~~t.r; a ~r ~31"* L.:: ).:... ~~I~~~c~:~~ ~~~ ~"~:- n;~.~: ~"o~s~ t. L~ga~?ir ~ * LU^ 1 rj I~~:"~- ~", " r ~: ~ ~ r~,~j lk r?~::" L~: I; ~:~'~.k:~:-:~~ ' ~-g~t~ "i' ~-"~~~is~di~:: ~ i~ ~~ ~~ ~ ' ~.~~::~%~'.~da*~ h ~tC: Z~PI ~r~d~i~t~ r ~ ~7s:~,~~:~u?.:2~~ e~ r ~:3~ -~ 4; ~:o r:5" A,.~: ~,~.~ I (6rdSj~~t t~~.;~, ~"~~ -.J-?~7r~~~~r~S;*.~~ igk)0~~ ~ d OII~::~~1." -~ ~~: ~: r. L_ i:~ )I ~.r..~."~i~_ 1., se e (~x~:~~:~"R:-~s~?^1 I ~~ J: -:.~ W,? ~,:,. -1~ *i. ~-~:~~~~:5~~~: ~I~~ ~pyt~i~:- r x~n~: t~e;.r ~~~ ~; "; * t~ ~,:~,"~,i--~:~'b;~,.,~i"* -:, ~~:~; ~~~~~:~-;r: hi;.?i~*:~ ~:::i~Z~1~.3;!'* Pi~: r. iirt~l~o r.. 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Z~c:* P i' a I` a: ~u~" '' ~9 c i~ ~~ p..;Y a. i ~ i'~~ I F (~r I It~ FC u m 3 0L M1 O Z Fr Zd O tjj cu~~ 4-)) r.r cu CC ~ ce.0. 0 Z It r*~ Z:ut 'i r.35 Bi i i I Oj~- ~a TWCIENTY-THIRD ARKTILLERY BRIGADE ABOUT TO LEAVEE GATCHINA FOR I FON 51 1 II 1 ~~-.-~:;~~~a. 4a~l -~ J r~c~~~~ ~~ ".-~^. ~. ~,~j~e~~a~~ ~~W"-"~~~ ~C~'" IC ~~~~ `~`I*~;~~:~, ~lf ~S)P)lq ~ '"6 ~I -I.srvr i r -.4ý Aof i 1 49I to-iY991L8~- u HE ZAR BID ING FAR WEL TO COM AND RSABOUT TO LEAVE ýO H R N.52 I Ilk 11411 GRAND DUKE ALEXANDROVITCH LEADING HIS MARINES IN REVIEW BEFORE THE CZ PEIU LAI (A4 NG ST. PET~TERSBURG 53 CAPTAIN VIE E OF AWF NAT N COD-i": nC.~ ~~~ ~h\VI-r: ~\~:~~~~~`r ~.`~ ~"~:I.~ 1:~~~ ~'~~~:~- ':" ~: ~~"~~ '.' ~ `:L r"u,~ n~ ~I '9 ~~ i3 ' ~~r~a.~rr urbnr~r~urcuvv IN THE CAR 54 CHAPTER IV THE JAPANESE IN WITH KOREA AVING secured a safe landing-place at Chemulpo, Japan poured troops into Korea and along the old Peking Road through Seoul to Ping-Yang and on to the northward toward the Yalu. Russia abandoned all hope of effective aggression by sea with her crippled fleet, and, except for the elusive Vladivostok squadron of four powerful cruisers, Japan was free to rush her troops into Korea. Russia bent all her energies toward hurrying her levies and supplies into Manchuria. Seoul was occupied and the Russian minister invited to leave. He complied at once. Moving at the rapid pace of from fifteen to twentyfive miles a day, the mobile Japanese pushed on to PingYang. No opposition was met with, the native Koreans staring dumbly at the invaders without much curiosity and with no desire to make resistance. The march from Seoul to Ping-Yang was made along the ancient road to Peking, which was a quagmire most of the distance, crowdedt with cavalry, infantry, pack-trains, bullock-carts, and long trains of white-clad natives burdened with bags of provisions, plodding knee-deep through slush and mud. Half-frozen at night, stumbling and slipping all day, each soldier carrying sixty pounds of equipment, this infantry column swept along at a speed of from fifteen to twenty-five miles a day. That such speed was possible was due to the lightness of the Japanese baggage and wagon equipment, which had been specially prepared for the heavy Korean and Manchurian roads. It was apparent even to casual observers that immense military operations were under way, yet the civilized world was wholly in ignorance of their scope or direction. On February 15, for example, scores of crowded transports were leaving the Japanese naval bases, and a small army of alert correspondents from the world over could only guess whether these thousands of troops were going to Korea, to the Yalu region, or within a hundred miles of the Liaotung Penin* sula. While the Japanese troops were pushing northward, the advance guard of the Russian army crossed the Yalu into Korean territory and occupied Wiju. The Russian hcadquarters were established at Harbin, the chief strategic centre of railway communication in inland Manchuria. Chenampo is one hundred and thirty miles north of Chemulpo on Korea Bay, and correspondingly nearer to the Yalu. Early in April, after the troops which had landed at Chemulpo two months before had completed their arduous march northward through the Korean Peninsula, and had captured the town of Wiju, on the east bank of the Yalu River, what was known as the main army, under General Kuroki, landed from transports at Chenampo. The success of the advance column had given the Japanese control of the mouth of the Yalu before Kuroki began to mobilize his co-operating columns, and two forces were thus ready by the end of April to force the passage of the Yalu and fight their way into Manchuria. r-A AOL~ I Iriset IAL 1`7ý WOýR ~ `~ 571I~ ~~~;8m,6^...., drsps~ a~~ls~'pB s~~~~~~kk~~~.*~ Oll I 1111111111ý;9 ups~ha~~~, 19~,, ~ se _ p p~f R7a~ -41,~ rpm T OP mom.,; b"~' j\: ~L~~' f~En~F~~ssl~ ~lAw 0 ~~ ~ nQn~.~pY' I~-I 8~ ~~ J1~ep, c ~9~ * LI i~S~ C " a ~~ ~8~ "' ~s*:'. ~ ~9k~ ~ed" "" 8~'~~~i~~ -OKI&k mom*dr~lsQ ARTILLERYMEN INT HEAVY;MARCHING ORDER LANDING AT CHENAMPO 57 ~;ss~_~aFcr~;*z~:~~:~: rrc:-,~rY-,,~~~~;~~rrr~;~ ~-bt~.*' r. ~~.~~~ ~r *N~ h s i ~,;r ""....i~. ~,~ ~~~ `~..~~...p,, ~~ r ~`~~ " 4~;"`,:,~, P ~"`: JAPANESE BLUEJACKETS COMING ASHORE AT CHENAMPO Ss ~~s~gss~8~ O * ' ~J~i~3$pslli~c~e a k~......~~ ~B~ij~ ~t;i~i~g~a~lg~ ~s~t~P fr: C14 E ~yi ~II~BF~ ~ ~ "-P~ c,~t~,~e~]~8~6l~a~-a~,~r~~;re~F.l~d~~ ~i~ ~ss.::'~*~""i-~ss~s$~$~~"~~$~9~a~s ~4 r. ~c~p. =d C-l C3 'C; ~ i;~s~8i~~ru~~a~i~a ~I8a~lr`~~~Pss~~Bi~8~i... 1~LS~bau78B*1$Xr~BPi~"`~9b*~BehsPii~P~a~: ~z ~p9~P1 ~rl.. ~;--~l~ef~~i~ 4~M~C~i~;S~s:13 J pl Z ~i.i ~3~ 1~! ~ns ~YS1Y~.4i~Y)lg~;~ge~e~S~~i~,~,~i%~?r~b;L -uaJ~a~j~ap~,~ ~~ rC! ~-~? "`1.s ~' C4 ~BI~L~L.'`~S~~~o`a~,3a~i~~P~`a~~ h 0\ y k $i ~~; =e I _ -- ~" ~,~~,~-~%~$4~~~~~g~~~;~~ O r~ ~ ~n ~; pr: "`" ~.~ 3 a.=d ~: ~ ~k P= c. 1 ~5 O,9~a~ "a~g~s~t~ ~~~s~B~''93~: ~C~ff~6~ Z cc;:~4 k 3 a d ~ ~ii~d~3~'~2~8~6~C`s ~fj~j~iir~P~~~~3~:~R~:~P1~BB~:: O ~~~YE~ ~6~1s I ~E~a~- 'gq~41P~:~i~-~`s~~~~~~ ~f PS ~3~k;aa ~ ~C~9 1 r ~arrp~E C3 r:.664~6. ~X ~*H: ~ d~~x~~5?,,.`~~. "~E~'~e"~j~;~, `~ i~l ~a~ 09 4 w N4. >441 0,A oc Off j X! -4 f1t; ý01 A 'ý21t x o 4, 4K A - y *ofýr 110 40, Av X1, - 7-- 400e A p( 4-j Qn cd I 0-4 P-4 P-4 p-4 -4 P-4' 1-4 4-J 4.J f-4 4.j K c KOREAN COOLIES CARRYING RICE AND BEEF FOR JAPANESE ARMY COLLIER'S PHOTOGRAPHER AND COOLIES WITH MILITARY BICYCLES BRINGING LUMBER INTO WIJU FOR BRIDGING THE YALU JAPANESE EXTINGUISH]N IECUE YRSI WITH THE JAPANESE ON THE ADVANCE TO THE YALU LN SHRAPNEL 62 ", A, ~~ila-~~-f - ta.X- lk\ ý,t 4ý` n NO:~, qup P ~.e;r' ~-t*ni ",i t ili.a *` I SCREENS WHICH HID THE MOVEMENTS OF THE JAPANESE General Kuroki not only misled the Russians as to the point at which he would probably cross the Yalu, but n-ake the march of his forces to the point north of the Wiju, where the crossing was made, by these grass screens a-. b marching behind hills. The Russians knew that some movement was going on, but could not make out the extent i 63 GENERAL KUROKI AND HIS STAFF AT THEIR FIELD HEADQUARTERS IN ANTUNG On the left of General Kuroki sits General Fuji, his chief of staff, on the right Prince Kuni. Next to Prince Kuni is Colonel Hageno, the Russian scholar of the staff. One of Kuroki's absolute prohibitions to correspondents was the mention either of the general's name or of the place from which they wrote, lest news of the army's location should be brought to the Russians 64 CHAP E R, \r THE RUSSIS ~AN ADVANCE TO1* THE FRONT T HE supreme difficulty- under which Russia labored during the early months of the war was the enormous distance from her military base to the battle front. The only line of land communication between Russia and Manchuria was the single-track Siberian railroad, and when war began this line was broken by the ice-locked Lake Baikal' Russia had need Of 300,000 men in Manchuria as soon as they could be rushed there., and with Lake Baikal frozen to the depth of nine feet, less than four thousand and more often not more than one thousand men could cross it in a day. Lake Baikal, this weakest link of a very weak chain, is the largest body of fresh water in the Old World, except the Victoria Nyanza in Africa. It is nearly i5,ooo square miles in extent, and therefore inferior only to Superior and Huronamong the great American lakes. It is 6oo versts long, with a width varying from 27 to 8 5 versts. It is 3,18 5 feet: deep. The railroad was broken by the southern end of this lake, where it is about 4o mil es wide. This is the gap that disastrously impairs the utility of the Trans-Siberian for the moving ot troops and war supplies to the Manchurian and Korean frontier. The lake begins to freeze 'in November, is 'completely ice-bound by the middle of December, remaining so for five months. The ice freezes to a thickness of nine feet, which would make sledge traffic perfect, were it not for the fact that wide fissures break its surface, which have a way of frequently closing up and piling the 'ice high into impassable windrows, These crevieces have a width, of th-ree to six feet, and are often more than a verst in length, forming a. serious impediment to progress on the 'ice and rendering next to impossible the marching of troops across the lake or the safe sledging of supplies, A thunderous crash, as of an explosion, marks the forming of the crevice, followed by a long, rolling reverberation, The rlift lenstantly ~fills wlith water to the level of the ice, and is so agitated at the surface by currents or other forces that eight to fourteen days are required for it to freeze over, when the operatlion. of cracki ng begins anew, and is repeated throughout the coldest portion of the winter. The obvious solution to thlis difficulty was to build a rail-~ road round the end of the lake, a detour of nearly 15 o miles, and necessitating the construction of four tunnels. This was out of the question, A powerful lece-crusher, the ccBaikal," modeled after the.ice-crushers of Mackinac, had been built. thick, but on the ni~ne-foot ice made no successful impression* track had to be laid across the completed the troops had to be stretch of wind-swept i~ce, while to be dragged after them in successfully used in the Straits She could break ice four feet of the Russian inland sea she The result was that a line of lake, and that before this was marched across the forty-mile their supplies and baggage had sledges. Many of the men, wandering on to treacherous ice, were drowned; many were frost-bitten, and all suffered extremely from the arduous leabor of the march and the bitter cold. 1 UNLOADING ARMY TRANSPORT WAGONS AT THE LAKE OFFICERS CROSSING THE ICE IN RUSSI(AN SLEEDGES DETACHMENT OF INFANTRY STOPPING FOR A MEAL OF HOT SOUP WVHILE ON THE MARCH RUSSIANS CROSSING LAKE BAIKAL IN MIDWINTER 66 I -* -,;r-~,rr";~n;r;s*k~~~, t *~ -~r*u -- ~s, _ ~ ~ ~1 RUSSIAN CAVALRY CROSSING LAKE: BAIKAL DRAGGING FREIGHT CARS ACROSS THE ICE RUSSIAN CAVALRY READY TO CROSS THE, LAKE MOUNTED COSSACKS AT LAKE BAIKAL WITH THE RUJSSIAN FORCES ON THEIR WAY TO THE FRONT 67 .. ~,.% ~2~. I..?8;.r* ~~ ~ap~" ~ ~ ~~~_~ ~~k~"-~'',~-.~gn..iJ~ide,~n~~~ I'""-".~dj"-"~~ ~~. 'I~...~add6lbS1 ~~ ~aPsaBlglBB~i~' dsre~e6~E~ ~:-~~",~a~e%,,~,~~.~c~sp?~e~~r--~ "~.,.,,a~. ~hL~ ~ ~b ~~-~a~: i~~:....~p~qi~ ik L` ~- r~sa~~ ~C:~:.x~ ARTILLERY CAISSONS AND SLEDGES ABOUT TO CROSS LAKE BAIKAL 68 RUSSIAN SOLDIERS MARCHING ACROSS FROZEN LAKE BAIKAL 69 RUSSIAN INFANTRY WARMING UP WITH HOT TEA BEFORE STARTING ACROSS LAKE BAIKAL 70 A "PEKING CAR," THE MOST LUXURIOUS METHOD OF TRAVELING DETACHMENT OF RUSSIAN INFANTRY ENTERING NEWCHWANG TYPICAL RUSSIAN INFANTRYMEN IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER RUSSIAN SOLDIERS SWINGING THROUGH THE STREETS OF MUKDEN THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TO THE FRONT 71 j ~~~" C-I ~I t? c! td O vl O C Cd C3 te M )z: t; m O ~3 C E3 ~d t~Lj CI C3 r trl O tX: U1 C: t3 b3 M f~d Ct CI~ H ~ U3 ~18er tit" ~ " na5 -w4b~r` P r ' A I ftA RUSSIAN INFANTRY, IN SUMMER UNIFORMS, MARCHING THROUGH LIAO-YANG THE ENTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FORCES INTO NEWCHWANG RUSSIAN TROOPSENRIGYKOEAL WITH THE RUSSIANS DURING THE EARLY ADVANCE TO THE FRONT IN APRIL 73 C1) W n~ 0 0 r 3l c, \1 ^ M tt?0 a ~e r o sd SQUAD OF COSSACKS DISMOUNTED AND LINED UP FOR INSPECTION 7S I r ~ - --~ 'I p t I ~ GENERAL HERSCHELMANN'S DIVISION OF RUSSIAN CAVALRY AT ANTUNG 76 RUSSIAN ARTILLERY ADVANCING TOWARD THE YALU 77 RUSSIAN COBBLERS AT WORK IN THE FIELD ON SOLDIERS' BOOTS 78 ,~ = ~~~c~~~-~ ~- ~.i.::'::~.6;~`~i~ -it m ~~ ~r~~c:~~ i~il:: ".:~:~:; y; ~ A~ Z::~~ ~~;i CC i: a~~ ~~~~ ~ r ~~x. ~~:~'::1.I;a.." 3 O,' Ji ~i~. L~~:i~~ ~; x~.: '$~.:" ~:~ a~ ~.:~; +~:~~.i ~~::~~~ ~:i~:~..1..: ~:- h~:::~~~.?"; ~I~ ': iJ' gc C4 "" rrs.if Y.i., ~ppi~ ~ ~~;~ ~~i~~ ~~ r:: i::~~~L -~~;~2~altr ~: ~ Z ~~1 -~~.,~: w.t 70.~~~~.~ '::'' ''~~:~ a~ ~,:: Cq cl ~3~. I P":~~~Bg~ ~..;~1- ~~~ ~~-~b~~I I ~- ~5 rsl'~B~B~s ~ ~*:: t~ ~:~~:~ ~'~i`; ~:~ ~:~:.~ ~-,.i,:*r ~ I p~ a ~; ~ F;1 ~:~"~" "~~'""~ ".,~Y ly~b);: r:'::.~ a 31 *x.~i..~~~,i: ~:;~f r *;1~.8; ~i..~: r'~59~B~.~*''':~~i$a~(~~~~896 ~e~a~D~ads~6~ I -ps:~:~F~BB~sB~~:~;S1B~$~t~rpPPa~li 1 I ~i ~~Y ~.. i:%:? 0\ ':& I\ ~9~9~83~9~s~a~~~:~sg~- -S1B~x~B~p ~ ri ~::~~~ ~'iii ~n.Z 1 ~(r..Y~~~)::i:'-i;~P~b~91~Pss~sIs~B~a.Y E-e ~,:~ t 4~.1 i-i;.~~:3i~PP~1; i~~ ~i.~:; Y,t jE~ ~ dC ~.~:~r =rl:::~; t~,:`~s~~~ ~L -r ~,r,i. `)~~.~ ~;!:i~::: c; ~,~:~~ ~~:i w:::~: ~I ~sl~~"-~a~~:~.i~;,~&~~ J.r,:~~~. X2 3! ~F"J~B~ sa~i$:e~ i E,,I 3:.r. ~J '~~~;~~: L~:~~`i~i~p-~s~""""lI~~F~a~;ai~'~4~B~d;g.~ "':'~629'' ~i ~i:-a''it ~~i~;tl..::~~:'~~~'1~ -, f4 Fz~ ~: ~,, Q~ "3~.r Z dw ~:~ _ ____ __ _________ --- I GENERAL SASSULITCH AND STAFF IN COMMAND AT THE BATTLE OF THE YALU 80 CHAP ER VI THE BATTLE OF THE YALU AND THE JAPANESE A D A C T HE battle of the Yalu was the first great land action of the Russo-Japanese War. The Russians were outnumbered by their opponents, but they were also outwitted and outmanceuvredy and the result was an overwhelming victory for the Japanese'. In the crossing of the Yalu the Japanese exhibited the decided superiority of their shell-fire, they accomplished the brilliant strategic feat of crossing a river in the face of an intrenched enemy, and their commander, General Kuroki, proved himself a tactician of the first rank. The first triumph of Japanese cleverness was in deceiving the enemy as to the probable place of crossing. Bridge materials were brought to the shore below Wliju and preparations were apparently made for building a bridge at that point. Under cover of night most of these materials were rushed to the north of Wi'ju and above the extreme left of the Russian line. From this position the main body of the Japanese army crossed to the Manchurian side with comparatively little oppoSition. On the Russian left (up the river) the bank rose in a precipitous rocky formation to a height of a thousand feet. At the base was a path and a line of sand left by the falling current.' Stretching along this for a mile or more, like so many blue pencil marks on brown paper, were the Japanese. Any Russians above them could have done more damage 0with tumbling bowlders than with rifle-fire. Once on this, the Japanese were under a shelf. They could be reached only by shooting straight down the stream, and had gunl or rifle ventured this the Russians would have found no cover save the smoke of shrapnel from the batteries which would have sent them back. The crossing of the Yalu was effected by a few rounds of musket-fire. The impregnable position of the enemy became cover for the Japanese advance. Once on the western bank and far enough north of the Russian line to be safe from attack on his own right flank, Kuroki's plan was to execute a series of flank movements and attacks from the- rear which would drive the Russians from their position and render what slight fortifications they had made on the heights along the river valueless. In spite of the reckless bravery of the Russians and the stubbornness of their defence, the impetus of the Japanese attack and the marvelous speed and effectiveness of the Japanese shell-fire could not be withstood, and the Russians were routed all along the line. They made a last stand at Hamatan Hill, a few miles to the rear of their original position, but the Japanese surrounded them on three sides and before the force retreated nearly four hundred men were compelled to surrender. Of the Japanese forces, 5 officers-and 16o men were killed, while 29 officers and 666 men were wounded. The Russian dead, buried by the Japanese, numbered nearly I,+oo, and +75 wounded Russians were taken to Japanese hospitals. Probably 5Qo wounded Russians, at least, escaped with the retreating army. The Japanese captured 28 guns, 5'o ammunition wagons, and many other munitions of war, 81 JAPANESE CAVALRY FORDING A TRIBUTARY OF THE YALU CROSSING THE YALU ON MAY 1, AT THE DOUBLE-QUICK CORRESPONDENTS AND KOREANS WATCHING THE SHELLING OF KU-LIEN-CHENG THE STAFF VIEWING THE FIGHT FROM INCIDENTS OF THE BATTLE OF THE YALU [ THE HEIGHTS AT WIJU 82 BRINGING THE PONTOONS UP TO THE YALU JAPANESE INFANTRY CROSSING THE RIVER POLING PONTOONS TO THE AI RIVER FROM THE YALU COOLIES CARRYING SECTIONS OF A PONTOON BRIDGE THE CROSSING OF THE YALU 83 S + I L IM I HII., '~,..........Nio i~a~" FIELD HOSPITAL ON THE SANDS AT THE EDGE OF THE RIVER WOUNDED JAPAINESE WAITING THEIR TURN AT THE OPERATING TABLE CARRYING SOLDIER TO HIS QUARTERS AFTER HIS WITH THE WOUNDED AFTER THE FIGHT AT THE YALU WOUND HAD BEEN DRESSED 84 HOSPITAL CORPS WAITING DURING THE ACTION OF MAY 1 WOUNDED JAPANESE RETURNING TO THE HOSPITAL AT WIJU JAPANESE STRETCHER-BEARERS CARRYING WOUNDED RUSSIAN TO THE HOSPITAL THE HOSPITA.L AT ANTUNG TWO DAYS 1 HOSPITAL CORPS AND WOUNDED JAPANESE AT THE BATTLE OF THE YALU AFTER THE YALU BATTLE 85 C ~~~:"t pj Fre O F9 td O F~1 td O Pc~ Fre ~I F9 31 C3 ee o 3 d c -o e e E ed (L -) Cf) a d Cn o.e. o1 C.4.4 cn C) ed e CZ wr 4-J r 0, E 1 Is RUSSI AN GU N-CARRIAGE, DE~MOLISHE ED BY JA PANES E FIRE~ RAPID-FIRE MAXIMS CAPTURED AT HAMATAN HILL I.-. ~: I I RUSSIAN FIELD GUNS CAPTURED AND TAKEN TO ANTUNG ARTILLERY SPOILS CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE DURING THE YALU BATTLE 87 ýLL cc 00 00 (77 ýt .............77 JAPANESE BURYING A RUSSIAN CAPTAIN WITH MILITARY HONORS AT ANTUNG The care of the Russian wounded by the Japanese after the Yalu battle, and the burial of several Russian officerswt military honors, were things which surprised many sceptical observers of Japanese civilization, who had predicted that, onei hand-to-hand conflict with the enemy, the veneer of European civilization would quickly drop off and reveal the baraia 89 JAPANESE TRANSPORTATION TRAINS AND INFANTRY LEAVING FOR THE FRONT AFTER THE YALU go If i w / a^ >^ Jl FIRE AND DEVASTATION IN THE WAKE OF THE RETREATING ARMY 91 CHINESE MANDARIN GOING OUT TO MEET GENERAL KUROKI GENERAL KUROKI AND STAFF ENTERING FENG-WANG-CHENG FIELD POST-OFFICE ESTABLISHED IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE OCCUPATION OFFICIAL CHINESE ESCORT TO GEERAL KUR THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF FENG-WANG-CHENG OKI AT FENG-WANG-CHENG 92 IiI.Via aq4 4v si luo;)N ssiN slp.!dso tl ý)tJ4 JO OUO WU141SIA J;)4 B su inbuve lvd;riatp ~aaua o4 4no qu tuaq4 s lloqs qdt-eIwo 1oqd O rlJL 'ss e M -u SJUO StUJV;a[14 tll!At PQUII-,t l Slt? IM1 SJO4;)VJS14VS OS 2UqqjSJ;DA; punoj Saqrlj ~Vuaqj-2uvsk-.Wuaa 4 sIU4!dsotl;)ql pa4ISiA 'V.11re~ Al puv I.Sputl asauvdus u lpoanN auut-puN S q p;)iurduao;);)u Illj; N ssiP puv u.SqV -4S sstK ru3;nn? aqj jo Sa~alljVsauasajday SSOHO UHH HSHNVdt' rdHJL AO SD~NINHOOk HHJL;L3dSNI Ol, NU2130 adHL Ail LNrjS Sualifi HSI-ic......... _ __ 1 INFANTRY DRAWN UP TO VIEW THE CEREMONIES JAPANESE CAVALRY VIEWING FUNERAL CEREMONIES SHINTO CEREMONY HELD BY THE JAPANESE IN HONOR OF THOSE WHO FELL AT THE YALI This impressive funeral ceremony was held at Feng-Wang-Cheng while the army was gathering its breath after the victory to push on into Manchuria. The whole army was drawn up in a vast body on the plain, while on the hilltop, in of all, the officers and priests stood, going through the curious Shinto ceremonies in honor of the dead who had fallen in 94 JAPANESE EXPLAINING TO MILITARY ATTACHES TACTICS USED AT THE YALU BUGLE SQUAD AT THE FUNERAL CEREMONY AT FENG-WANG-CHENG CAPTAIN OKADA INSPECTING BOMBPROOF AT FENG-WANG-CHENG UNITED STATES ARMY ATTACHES AND COLLIER'S S SCENES AT FENG-WANG-CHENG AFTER THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION;PECIAL CORRESPONDENT 95 ISSUING KHAKI UNIFORMS TO JAPANESE TROOPS AT FENG-WANG-CHENG ENGINEERS OF KUROKIS ARMY BRIDGING A STREAM AT FENG-WANG-CHENG JAPANESE GETTING READY TO PUSH ON INTO MANCHURIA 96 .r - f` ~ SOLDIERS AMUSING THEMSELVES WITH IMITATION GEISHA DANCES WHILE IN CAMP SOLDIERS OFF DUTY WATCHING AMATEUR THEATRICALS DUMMY FIGURES CONSTRUCTED BY SOLDIERS AT FE RECREATIONS OF THE JAPANESE BETWEEN BATTLES IN MANCHURIA.NG-WANG-CHENG 97 __,. -'~. --. ,:' r. '- ~-j ",J"- k -. DETACHING THE LIMBERS AND GETTING GUNS INTO POSITION BEHIND THE BREASTWORKS GUNNERS WHEELING GUN INTO POSITION GETTING THE RANGE AND ADJUSTING THE SIGHT JAPANESE BATTERY GOING INTO ACTION AT FENG-WANG-CHENG 98 JAPANESE VISITING RUSSIAN GRAVES AT FENG-WANG-CHENG JAPANESE GUIDE-POST AT FENG-WANG-CHENG CHINESE FARMERS VIEWING AN ENGAGEMENT FROM ABANDONED TRENCHES WITH THE JAPANESE INVADERS IN MANCHURIA 99 ~'" Q ``~ -~E;i~ ~~5, ~~ $'::4`j ji"~~~~~ al~~Ti~i~nS~!~ ~~~i7 P0 0 r t~ C, CC CI =e t~t c3 b= t~1 m w cl c3 r M '-t =e cl r-l re c3 7j i~ o ~d tSL~ cl w W O C *' B Ir I i,-u A ad.~i., f:;. ~~s ~ d N'. O Z W ec 3: F~-c c~ vl O o =e E;ri d r~ O O ~P~ o O Cs Cc~ I o I z Fr! t~~' i-' Z X 'S1 Er;l X a E d Z ec td c-i d O O O Z PS P9 W Z u E d Fl ct: u d w rz cr: i?, ~J1 r\ z ~ Z crt =C Z o ic s~T; r;L, E Cr, Cs~ O Z q td Ir( 3 C/1 ~Z5 O Z cr i; cc n`. 'i `c~ ~~~r ~~ -~'35 x, a~\J ""~g~ rn. ~:~';~~ g ~~a; "a INFANTRY CROSSING TIHE SO RIVER IN THE ADVANCE ONc LIAO-YANG 102 TO I ' I i~. T~ ~~'~ ~ t3 P ~~ t;g~.. IL d~cl,~~~:f i~LC~h *~. I ~`f.,- ~d ~"'' "~ ~ ~~ `: i~~~9~r "~1~ '~ r;, I~x~ r-. ~~~a~~ ~"1~1~? I. "*' ~;.Ui " i.~~:; a Y: 6~ ~='k: ~~~ ~6tiR~(p*p4~1:.~.211J ".~-~~~~ '": ~f ~ ~ ~.. r......- - - -- -~~ -... -. I~~ ~~lrl..~----~.- ----~ ~I~.r.l......'~ - ' ~:_......r~ `~.:;.r~~T~Ti~~~s~:ilr.~:~C.ri~ GE~NERAiL NISHI AND 'HIS~ STAFF' HALTLINGG TO STUDY MAPS AND SCOUTS' REPORTS ON THE MARCH FROM FENG-WANG-CHENG 103 CHINESE READING PROCLAMATION ISSUED BY THE JAPANESE.'MAN,.iPAT:I-I"AS i'~J -'~Pi~SNOW,"-~ JAPANESE CHEERING NEWS OF A VICTORY NEAR LIENSHANKWAN OUTPOST HIDDEN IN FOLIAGE AND UNDER A SUNSHADE WITH THE VICTORIOUS JAPANESE AT LIENSHANKWAN 104 ARRIVAL OF MAIL FOR THE ARMY IN THE FIELD AT LIENSHANKWAN I05 . -. -. - -.- - l - 1 - 1 1-. 1 1.1 1 - m w ~u.. ~~ - ~ ~~,~~~~:.,~~.~l*ss::~c~:~:~l"\ hu,"a::**,.~.'~X,`,g~::~`C~~~~~r,~~ --~~ ~~ ~ 4\ J: '~~:Y`.d.e:e ~~: ~~~ ~~ ~u,~~: r"~ i ~ ~..) ru `PI -~~; ~~~- %I; ~ ~,h-~:'" a~_~~,~ 1, ~ B ~~p~,, ~~~~ ~'~:'~~~f~f~`~~` ' j JAPANEFiSE OUTPOST ON DUTY PIONEERS BUILDING MILITARY ROAD FOR THE, ARMY VETERAN, WITH COIL OF O A I E F T INTO MMANCHURI1A WITHT 'I'HE JAPANilESE INNVADE RS 'ING PRISONERS io6 mommoodmMumý '`'' KWANTEI TEMPLE NEAR MOTIEN PASS This temple was the scene of two severe fights between the advancing Japanese and the Russians, in which the Russians were routed and driven back. The temple was built by the Chinese after their last war with Japan because they thought that the gods of another temple had prevented the Japanese from taking the pass. The gods and the Russians together could not stop the enemy this time 107 4. 4..... DETACHMENT OF JAPANESE COMING UP AT THE DOUBLE-QUICK DURING THE FIGHT AT MOTIE N PASS.o8 ".)~I~ i.. ~X.~~~,~,*;. ~ ~~ Z.. ~..:.~ v;^, *"* r^-'" i'.. jl"l ~\i:~,~.~t~~~~.d:~ '*g 'b~a ~~ ~~~ ~~ '"::~ `t ~~~. S.,Sr: i~`"r'e BS\ t,.:~'R,~ ~~;~~:\'l~2,;;~~~~j\~ ''`"V" p~.~x t i:~i~~i-. \*:. r \:.:: SHARPSHOOTERS COVERING THE ADVANCE AGAINST THE RUSSIANS ON THE RIDGES The Japanese in the trenches in the foreground are firing on the Russians retreating up the hillside in the distance clear across the valley. The Japanese advance is concealed in the timber in the middle distance just beyond the farmhouses. The Russians are too far away to be seen. Collier's photographer, J. H. Hare, took this unusual picture from a tree-top just behind the Japanese trenches lo9 COLONEL BABA OF THE SIXTEENTH REGIMENT AT MOTIENLING IN THE TRENCHES AT MOTIENLING ON JULY 4 BRINGING AMMUNITION UP TO THE FIRING LINE DISTRIBUTING AMMUNITION TO THE MEN IN THE TR( SCENES DURING THE BATTLE OF MOTIENLING ENCHES I IO0 GENERAL KUROKI AND HIS CHIEF OF STAFF, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL FUJI, WATCHING THE FIGHTATMTNLG I II BRINGING WOUNDED RUSSIANS TO THE DRESSING STATION AT THE KWANTEI TEMPLE ON JULY 4 112 "'; "i"C~~.~ I~~~;bb;"~~krq~,~i~;~i~P~6~8~3~~'P~I~B~s ~R~s~di~BB~B~B~B~llkBP~ iY':~;~~~'~k~l~baa ~=;;:"~ ~~~;!u~~ "p~4~4: ~~.~ u~: lai9:: L~h~6,6~5~~~7.. a~o~e~r~A~~ J~P9~81 ~~a~ ~: p~~~ r~~~;; c ~~ao~:~,r~ft:_:'.g ~~E:: " ~-~ "':i: ~*%~G~dr~:,~J~~.* ~~.o~\ I ~.~~~:.,~6lcd~f~ ~~~ ~r'~ Id.~Y'"r~~I~.a.,~~ ~~~ ~h~~i~..i -" ~ ~r~~~ "'~~yp,~xrb ' ~;.~p:-e-u 4L~' P~~: /j, ~. j, "~ " ~d,.~P~88~XI.~,,~T'=~r)-as~~~,., ~~~i ~ -~ ~2, ~ ~-~ --L ~.~: ~ I; ~~~~ ~ ~a~ C~,~.p ~ r: "iZ*'~ ri' fi nr..~'..~ ~.* /d L Q ~S: ~P~f~dl ~:.~e-~c~1:~r.~ ~q ~4~b, "'68~. ~a", ~B;lac':'~ ~~I~ ~... I ~x~;~ ~;, ~~~ ~f;~;g~ ~2 ' `u~X~5 ~'w, I"k ~~ ~~ ~to~ B~~ ~ ~r~ ";:' ~4~~ ~~-C1.~X~~~XI~( d d ~~~,,, ~, - p ~.~, ~;~ T~~ c- x&p b =,,~i~.:..' )~ '6. ~6~~ ~ ~g. fi;*..4,4 Z ~ ~~ r ~2-_ I;~i~~.~-, ~ VL c.'l;~i~BLB?~P~;4~ ~- XB P ~Q~ RUSSIAN KED CKOSS SOLDJER WOUPI'DED AT MOTIEN YASS II3 - ~ I BADLY WOUNDED AND DELIRIOUS RUSSIAN UNABLE TO W7ALK RUSSIAN DEAD COVERED W'ITH BRANCHES BY JAPANESE AT MOTIEN PASS JAPANESE BURYING A DEAD RUSSIAN AFTrER THE: FIGHT RUSSIAN DEAD AND WONE YG TEHR RUSSIANT WOUNDED AND DEAD AT MOTIEN PASS AN MOTIENLING 114 sil SS~d NHIIOW JLV (I 'A3fIJLdVO (INV MRINWI1X [HJL HIM Ifl9llgrAHO IfB 6 091 HHJ, NI (19(lIflON. XrI(I~q XrIVM Ol (IR(InOM Ok XrIHHUA S 001 URNOSI'gd NVISSfIR I S- ~-" ~~ -s. I I NOUNIS '9S NISSHU['tI OL NVISSMI (IH(I~flO~k DNIXUIIVD USHI\T~d~f dWVD H1~rAN~ddr RHI OINI 19NIr~qUOH SHUMNOSIlld (IrAa[NflO~ JAPANESE SKIRMISHERS ADVANCING TO FLANK THE ENEMY AT MOTIENLING 116 WANDERING IN HIS HEAD AND WOUNDED IN THE ARM RUSSIAN PRISONERS TIED TO TELEPHONE POLE FOR SAFE-KEEPING RUSSIAN PRISONERS SITTING ON THE TEMPLE STEPS THE BIG PRISONER AND THE LITTLE CAPTORS PRISONERS AND CAPTORS AT MOTIENLING 117 LIEUTENANT WHO CUT DOWN FOUR RUSSIANS WITH HIS SABRE JOVIAL JAPANESE COLLECTING THE SPOILS OF BATTLE MAJOR TAKUSAGO EXAMINING A MAP OF THE FIELD CAVALRYMAN RETURNING TO THE FIGHT AFTER HAVING H INCIDENTS OF THE RUSSIAN ATTEMPT TO RECAPTURE MOTIEN PASS [IS WOUND DRESSED N 118 6rI lowJ 7~plaa ra n pIe~aU ~rlt3l7p~ua7~ussnIr; aqe~rmrI7rda )alc Adsy " 39 u~,q~aIquy~ 3euJOar Y os~~ r7j uosi se a~~~~poIod~usp mo s~da urr~a p ~~ o ll~qar~~u~ pl~a a uegay 0 d~sa7 o~uru~lsuoy l rpd duo aa 3NNIO~ L SVSS1B a~I ~aL~lal HM'BVVDO18aa ý l WZ;; ~ ' IRE. ~~~L4 MCI"~~~ d; 2p ~ I t. MO.: 2, -Olkw q _ýKt............... R mot%2.......... V IC ~ X-4 -VNP.,.; i:6slaw IFN~sss~~an8~~~7~:;?;; ~97 a~qfaq r~ g~s sly rsdoC ayL.t, t'~'k~l~48P~?~'Qbi~~.*: '.- Ly rt *~ (I' ' "~ t, Cr ~: ~.~~...: ~ ~X I~ ~ t~ ~~r:,,'~;,.'~~ ~- ~~:;. ~'~. ~^_* tc~:.~r *~;~; ~t~~':: ~2:? c~ ~.~. ~"" ~r.. 1~ 'i n ~-~--,:~~- -~ _tal ~~:':2~^~~' ' ~" s ' ~~, "' d~$~dP~i; ~; ~~ 't s -~~.'r~: rirrg.l CI '*X 5~.r ~rf, ~~,9 k~~`~:~f:.~3: 5' t~i*i... 4*: *. t~d~-- ~~ ~c~~: ~i~5"~~"~~::t*~t; B~ ~:~ I ~~ ',~',~~', *; BI I~e"~ R, 'Is~ ~-~B~PB~i. rP 1.~ a..,. +~r';~' r~~ i'~~~~~'\~, a ~1 I~ICls~L--spn~aaed~s I ~Spurq~C I~p~~r.*?, E v \4' o: ~;-~t.'~.. ~~(~*, z~,p~.n ~ B:i a * ~ Y~ i` ~h~j::~~= ~I"..'~~~ t\\ E'! '~ *.~C '~~~ rz ~ ~` ~a t~~s. IVLLldSOH HSVU HHLJ Ol C~IIUIIIHD Hf OL (MIKAOM Xl',4HHA,4S 001 q SOHL 'OdOJ NLtLLV 9NISSTIII?i~I3~ 4","W" OT i W~ ~r -0.. /* ~.~ P ~.. '74, ~ ~ k, ~~, ~~~ 07,:$~9* l ~ l~" ~i",, *:I ~7UT/ 77?a: '? ~ C, 6 L77 77", 's~y~."r:Vo?I- A................ 74 A*..4 GENERAL NISHI AND HIS STAFF HALTING TO LOOK OVER MAPS WHILE ON THE MARCH JAPANESE MARCHING ON ONE OF THEIR MILITARY ROADS JAPANESE COLOR SERGEANT GUARDING THE REC WITH THE JAPANESE ADVANCE FROM THE YALU THROUGH THE MANCHURIAN MOUNTAINS.IMENTAL FLAG 121 TAKING SHELTER BEHIND A HILL WHILE AWAITING THE OPPORTUNITY TO ATTACK WHERE THE KHAKI UNIFORMS BECOME ALMOST INDISCERNIBLE AGAINST A HILLSIDE JAPANESE CREEPING ACROSS AN OPEN SPACE ON THE WAY TO THE FIRING LINE JAPANESE RESERVES COMING UP TO THE FIRI WITH THE JAPANESE DURING THE FIGHTING NEAR ANPING ING LINE ACROSS THE TANG RIVER I 22 JAPANESE SOLDIERS BREAKFASTING IN THE RAIN NEAR KANSUITAN TROOPS WRAPPED IN RAIN-COATS REPORTING FOR INSPECTION A COMPANY OF THE SIXTEENTH REGIMENT HALTING AFTER A NIGHT ATTACK THE CHINESE COOLIE DROPPED HIS BURDEN JAPANESE AND CAPTURED RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA DURING THE RAINY SEASON WHEN THE CAMERA WAS OPENED 123 I I _ I. - ------~--- - -r-._,.,,n~*:\rr;p~ ~. 1 JAPANESE BATTERY FORDING THE SHALLOW TANG RIVER CARRYING SHELLS FROM THE CAISSONS TO THE GUNS THE ONLY SMOKE VISIBLE-THAT OF THE CARTRIDGE WITHDRAWN FROM THE GUN ARTILLERYMEN CLEANING OUT WITH THE SMOKELESS BATTERIES HIDDEN IN FIELDS OF KOWLIANG GUNS AFTER AN ACTION 124 SECOND DIVISION OF THE FIRST ARMY MARCHING ON THE OLD PEKIN ROAD SIXTEENTH JAPANESE REGIMENT IN SHELTER AWAITING ORDER TO MARCH PAGODA FROM WHICH THE RUSSIAN STC IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF TOWAN DURING THE FIGHTING IN THE FIRST WEEK OF JULY AFF SAW THEIR DEFEAT 125 CHINESE COOLIES FORDING A MANCHURIAN STREAM SWOLLEN BY RAINS JAPANESE SOLDIERS EATING SUPPER UNDER A SHELTER TENT IN THE RAIN COOKING SUPPER UNDER DIFFICULTIES IN THE RAIN SHELTERED FROM THE RAIN AND A SAFE DISTANCE FR DIFFICULTIES OF CAMPAIGNING DURING THE RAINY SEASON IN MANCHURIA OM THE GROUND 126 ~ C ~:t~ ~B.. ~.,:"- C ~~, "*''..i`..fhi,~ -~ ~;.~~:~ `: 1.' i-;. ~,. ~~ i ~~^ ''..; '*~ '-~~::~Q t ~;~~;; ~~,. ~:~1~: i '*r i ": ~1;.:~, ~ ~:? i~:.z,..:~ ~~~r; \~:~~~:~t~ '`'~':: ~~`~~:, t ~*..~~~. ~~,. ': ~:~, ~:, ~: 1 ~~~.;.~; ~ ~.:~ _.~~*..:. ~'~ ~~Y. ~..~.t~,~~ G ~'~~~'~ -' %c-.~~~ *`'~~ ~.~~:;~ '"":~ i~` E ~~; tp~ (~ ~.~~~ r:~ ~~:i: -~~.~":. i~ ~; ~~..~ ' ' ~, ~~ i:~:~~f~ ~' ~~~-~.r c. ~,:~ v 1. RUSSIAN GUNS CAPTURED AT NANSHAN USED BY THE JAPANESE AT SHUZAN-110 127 RUSSIAN BATTERY POSITION AT YUSHULING, WITH PROTECTING INFANTRY TRENCH CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE JAPANESE HORSES KILLED AT BATTERY POSITION NEAR TOWAN RUSSIAN GUN OVERTURNED AND ABANDONED IN ALONG THE LINE OF BATTLE IN THE MANCHURIAN PASSES SOUTH OF LIAO-YANG IETREAT FROM TOWAN 128 SCOUT BRINGING INFORMATION ABOUT THE ENEMY TO GENERAL OKASAKI I --^^^^ ^k- ^ JAPANESE MOUNTAIN BATTERY IN ACTION NEAR LIAO-YANG SOLDIERS MAKING THEMSELVES COMFORTABLE ON PRESSING THE RUSSIANS CLOSE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF LIAO-YANG I A HOT, WET DAY 129 _ __ _ ___~__ ~ n_~_LL~_ ^ GATHERING THE WOUNDED RUSSIANS WHO HAD LAIN ALL NIGHT IN THE RAIN SOME OF THE SPOILS GATHERED IN JUST BEFORE THE CAPTURE OF LIAO-YANG BODIES OF JAPANESE SOLDIERS READY FOR CREMATION BURNING THE BODIES OF THE DEAD IN THE FIELDS WITH THE JAPANESE ON AUGUST" THIRTIE"TH CLOSE TO LIAO-YANG NEAR LIAO-YANG 130 CHAPTER VII B E G I N N THE SIEGE OF PORT R T H U A S SOON as the Japanese learned of Kuroki's success at the Yalu, they hurried troops ashore at Takushan and Pitsewo, on the eastern shore of the Liaotung Peninsula north of Port Arthur. This was on May 5. The landing was quite unexpected' by the Russians; there was no sufficient force to attempt any resistance, and in three days an army was marching southward to begin the closing-in movement that ended in the fall of Russia s supposedly impregnable fortress. On May 26, after fighting in and about Kinchow for nine days, Nanshan Hill, on the narrow isthmus joining the Port Arthur Peninsula to the main part of the Liaotung Peninsula, was captured by assault. Every device of modern warfare--the railway, telegraph, telephones, a captive balloon, mine-fields, barbed wire network, iron-roofed trenches, search]lights, illuminating star-shells--was used at Nanshan Hill to increase the natural strength of the fort. The ranges were known and the approach was from but one direction. There had been three months and a half since the war began and three weeks since the landing at Pitsewo. If Russian troops could be driven from such a position, and under such circumstances, by the Japanese, it seemed perfectly certain that no fortifications that, Russia could devise could withstand the enemy. One last and unsuccessful attempt was made to cut the Japanese off before Olt was too late. The Russian army at Tashichao, under General Stakelberg, made a sortie southward and met General Oku's army on June 14. at Wafengtien, The Russians were completely defeated. The Liaotung Peninsula was then open to the Japanese, and as soon as General Nogi and his army arrived to hold it and to begin to close in on Port Arthur, Oku was free to wheel north, and to co-operate with the armies of Kuroki and Nodzu in the general-movement toward Liao-Yang. By the middle of June parallel columns of Japanese were moving northward through the valleys of Manchuria like so many fCingers of one giant hand, Meanwhile Admieral Togo had maintained a strict blockade of the harbor and the Russian fleet bad been practically destroyed. Beginning with the destruction of the ccVariag" and cg Korietz' in February, and including the tragic sinking of the icPetropavlovsk," and the death of Admiral Makaroff and the painter Verestchagrin on April 13, the japanese successes gradually wore down the Port Arthur fleet until the Russian naval power 'in the East was no longer a factor in the reckoning. Up until the' end of April the Japanese -losses were practically nothing at all. Then came the sinking, by submarine mines, of the battleship ccHatsuse,' the third class cruiser ctR/iyako," and Torpedo Boat No. +8. The battleship tc Yoshino " was sunk ion a collision. These losses came too late, however, for the Russians to take advantage of them, and the death of Admiral Makaroff may be said to mark the climax of the naval campaign against Port ' Arthur. After that the land campaign against the cc Gibraltar of the 4;East"' began in earnest. 1.3 VIEW OF THE HARBOR ENTRANCE OF PORT ARTHUR FROM THE LAND SIDE, THE RUSSIAN FLEETINTEOFG 132 I I II I III I ~ I I HI I., _:,.... 11 Copyright by Undez LOOKING SOUTHWARD ACROSS THE DOCKS AT PORT ARTHUR TO THE HEIGHTS AND ONE OF THE RUSSIAN FORTS 133 rwood & Underwood, New York DRY DOCK AT PORT ARTHUR VIEWED FROM THE: PUBLIC GARDEN ENTRANCE TO DRY IOKADMCHN HP AT PORT ARTHURt 4 t I CHINESE: SAMPANS AT THEIR LANDINGS AT PORT ARTHUR SCENES ALONG THE WATER FRONT AT PORT ARTHUR BEFORE THE DECLARATION OF WAR 134 CHINE~SE, SAMPANS USED AS LIGHTERS FOR UNLOADING VESSELS AT: PORT ARTHUR RLUSSIAN WrARSHIPS STEIAMING OUT OF PORT ARTHUR ON FE~BRUARY -6.i: * 1 JAPANESE FUGITIVES LEAVING PORT ARTHUR IN CHINESE SAMPANS FUGITIVES ARRIVING IN PR RHRJS FE NAVAL AND CIVILIAN ACTIVITY IN PORT ARTHUR AT THE OUTBIJK F A THE DECLARATION OF W~AR 135 _:____ ~~.~ ~:~~X\~ i; i? Si, I I I i i [gas ~paaas ~:~;dl~Bt *40~Q '-r[lD I utw t',l ~ ''':.5 i' i, C~.~i ~2~''~~~''~ ~:r'~ ~.~~C ~,: ~~ ~~ ~~r ~~ ~~~~ ": "~~~ ~~j:~ ~g ~u~ ~~I~ ~~:~~ " h" L ~~ ~ ~:::'', E~~ ~~s f r ~Y~~~ii~ ~ss.~ ow 71~..P... r Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, New Yurk RUSSIAN WARSHIPS IN -THE HARBOR AT PORT ARTHUR JUST BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF WAR 136 SAILORS AMUSING THEMSELVES WHILE OFF DUTY WITH BOOKS AND GAMES SAIIL)IIS GOING THROUGH A DRILL IN LOWERING THE TORPEDO NETTING GUN DRILL ON A RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP-6" LOAD!" GUN DRILL ON ARUSABTLEH-"FI GETTING READY FOR THE JAPANESE ON A RUSSIAN WARSHIP AT PORT AlTU E!" 137 UNARMORED CRUISER '6PALLADA."' DISABLED DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF THE WAR THE: PLUCKY LITTLE "NOVIK." DISABLED IN THE FIRST FIGHT OF THE WAR - -- I W: _:.: ~' I"(.:~~~~vv.................~ 14 T R S H P O H E " E R P A L V KB A T E H I E V Z A 9 9 T R P D E N H I RUSSIANSHIPS A PORT ATHUR BEORE THEARRIVALOF THE APANES BATTLESHIP 66POLTAVA."' S, 138 UNARMORED CRUISER "ASKOLD," SISTER SHIP OF THE "VARIAG" BATTLESHIP " POBIEDA," DISABLED BY A MINE ON APRIL 13 _ _ __~__ _C ~I _ I_ __ RUSSIAN CRUISER " BOYARIN," SUNK ON FEBRUARY 12 THE ARMORED CRUISER "BAYAN," ONE OF THE L. PART OF RUSSIA'S FIGHTING FLEET AT PORT ARTHUR AST TO YIELD 139 - 1r A I ~ 2, r i. f c~ *~ 2' *~ THE FLAGSHIP OF THE SQUADRON, THE "RIIKASA" ~6 r `~, ' )~~O s,.~,i~"~~~.r~;~~~~~~`i~,~k~~~~:,. t~; t 1 I I ~ r a x 1 L\n?\ ''~ ( t a ~. R~ `I: r ~i:,~.: C: p tr: ~ c r i "B:"-~* ~;~ ~Pt.x J f` rl I.P ~C i~ri~6 t ~~~,: ~: I P B.x~ Bk i 5 -r;~ P ~ i f.;;IIFL~ieBB~i i Ikit~'lce~ ";I,, s~J~ I ~-~~ *;~ -i I b *.a ~~, ~,-i-. rr, i 4F..~. 1 ~-~c~2~p it,, 3 I ~C I f ~g~rC4~ls~ 1 I ~~:,.~:~:~~~;~~l~b~aaa~i~~i:~:~~~~:: J ~.4:~, -~ - ~r ~IJy~' bp i I O 1~ ~~J~- f Elff: ~a a e;P~n-: r:: i.2s j~F~j~* i!3 lIt7'. ~L I; ~5~ ~;rfT..,~z~k:Y I "' t d 1 I t,,,;$ L i~~ ',,: *I ~ r: ~~ "; r ~ h:~ Y` IssBC~~l~. k~ ~ (:: ~ 5 r *.. I~; -- 1 i,_~L= ~ r, _J~ 4- ~~t ~.~~? '.51 * P i ~ "~~~~~:;~ " 6;'~; - T;$ ~r~i ~: ~I~~;~::---s~~~~l~~~~~~~~~~-~~:~~~;~"~k~8~:~ g ~ ~a, --~~ ~2, -~ ~i~ I~ ~~ " DECK VIEW OF THE "MIKASA" FROM TWE FIGHTING TOPS ADMIRAL TOGO ON THE, QUARTER-DECK OF THE MAN WHO BOTTLED UP PORT ARTHUK, AND THE FLAGSHIP OF HIS FLEET THE "MIKASA" 140 - CHAPTEPT ER VIIII E AR L Y CAMPAIGNING NI NG BEFORE THE BATTLC LE O F LIAO-O YANG W ITH Port A4rth~ur cut off from the north, the three Japanese armies 'pushed rapidly northward in a general closing-in movement on Liao-Yang. General Nodzu 1) army on June 26 captured Fengshuiling, on the main road northward from Takushan to Newchwang, and the Russian forces began to fall steadily back. At the same time, Kuroki, on the north, was capturing two passes of even greater importance, Motienling and Taling, and Oku, to the southward, was driving -the Russians back with similar success. On July 17 the Russians, under General Count Keller, did make a desperate effort to retake Motienling, but were repulsed with heavy loss. Keller made another attempt to force the Japanese back a fortnight later, but it was equally disastrous and the general himself was killed. Meanwhile, on July 2 2 and 23, General Oku, on the extreme south and west of the long Japanese front, closed in upon Tashichao, and, with the assistance of Nodzu's army, which had pushed up from Fengshuiling, captured the town and compelled the +oooo Russians there to retreat. Theis, together with the unsuccessful battle in which Keller was killed, was practically the last of the Russians' attempts to make a forward movement. General Kuropatkin devoted himself to preparing for a decisive battle at Liao-Yang, meanwhile keeping up all along the line just enough resistance to delay and hamper the Japanese advance. At the outset of the war Russia had in Manch-uria about 4-5,700 men andl 2 0 field guns. Of this force about 20,000o men were at Port Arthur, 4.,4+o at Talienwan, 1,4.oo at Yionko'w, 1,150 at Haicheng, 1,goo at Liao-Yang, 2,750 atTieling, north of Mukden, 1,25o at Ninguta 'in northea'st M/anclhuria, +,5-5o at Harbin, i,95o at Tsitsihar in northwest M/anchuria, and the rest- in the smaller garrisons scattered through the territory from northeast Maanchuria to Port Arthur. In addition there was a separate organization of railway patrol troops stationed in small bodies at many points on and near the railway. On January i, i go4- the number of these railway troops was estimated at 15,200 with 32 gu'ns, so that the grand total at the beginning of the war was about 6oooo men with about iro field guns. In spite of the pressure on the Siberian Railroad and the hard marches across Lake Baikal in the winter, Russia soon found that, however many mi lions she might hav 'inEurope, she could not miain-, tain in the field, at the end of 6,ooo mieles of single track, more than 300,000 troops, and keep them fully supplied with food, ammunition, and fresh men to take the place of the kilied, wounded, and sick. During all this campaigning in Manchuria the Japanese showed the same preparedness and mobility which had been so strikingly characteristic of them during the earlier months of the war. They knew at all times the strength of their eenemy as well as they knew the country, and to the information gathered by their spies and outposts was added that supplied by a generally friendly native population. 141 ~~s:~~~-r~, 1""' ~:...i"C-:~2~.'. c~C,~"- "P. ~~' ~"I'T~ic: ~ ~,.ir ~~~-~.'"~:.~ ~.:~~~~~~;~~ S~~.'~t~:~ ~1~~~:~~~~~".-~ ~-re f ":4~~,,~ -`~~"-:~~".n r ~ ~~`~ \. - cs~i 5~:r`~:~';~ ~~~: ' 3~~ ~~-~~ ~~.~~- ~-cj >^ -"' - I RUSSIAN TROOPS DETRAINING AT MUKDEN EARLY IN MARCH 142 GATEWAY IN MUKDEN'S PRINCIPAL STREET RUSSIAN OFFICERS AT THE STAFF HEADQUARTERS, MUKDEN CHINESE CARTS USED BY OFFICERS AND CIVILIANS MUKDEN STREET DURING THE EARLY DAYS OF TH MUKDEN, WHEN THE JAPANESE WERE STILL MANY MILES AWAY IE WAR 143 b ~ ~ ~ r ~I I I'r,... --- j_,.~.~~ ~~:~~ ' r '~, *` -2~ ' " ** ' *.;. * >"`:' *"~"'-*^ ARRIVAL OF THE FIFTH ARMY CORPS AT MUKDEN ADMINISTERING THE SACRAMENT TO SOLDIERS BEFORE THEIR DEPARTURE FOR THE FRONT RUSSIANS AT MUKDEN ON THEIR WAY TO THE FRONT RUSSIAN COSSACKS FROM THE CAUCASUS I44 A FLYING COLUMN'M OF RED CROSS SURGEONS N\JINETEE~ENTH EAST SIBE~RIAN RIFLE CORPS AT PRAYER I - - -- _ _ I I RUSSIAN FIELD TELEPHONcES IN TRENCHES EVENING SERVICE FOR THOSE, FALLEN INu BATTrLE W'ITH THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHU~RIA 145 I GENERAL KUROPATKIN P'ASSINIG GENERAL HERSCHELMANN'S~ DIVISION 146 GENERAL PLESCHKOFF INSPECTING HIS COMMAND GENERAL LEVISTAIN GIVING ORDERS TO HIS STAFF THE REGIMENTAL BAND PLAYING IN THE WILDS OF WITH THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE IN MANCHURIA MANCHURIA 147 NINETEENTH SIBERIAN RIFLE CORPS AT DINNER PRINCE TROUBESKAY AND HIS STAFF COOLIES CARRYING WOUNDED RUSSIAN TO EMERGENCY HOSPITAL MEN OF THE SEVENTH SIBERIAN COSSACK REGIMENT IN THE FIELD WITH THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA 148 GENERAL KUROPATKIN AT THE TELESCOPE SCANNING THE COUNTRY ABOUT LIAO-YANG 149 -- ---- --- - - -- -` -~- --? -- ~ RUSSIANS ERECTING WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS AT EDAGAN RUSSIAN REGIMENTAL BAND PLAYING IN CAMP At _ RUSSIAN OFFICER INSPECTING COMMISSARY ARRANGEMENTS IN HIS CAMP COMMISSARY MEN DRAWING WATER WITH THE RUSSIANS ON THE WAY TO THE FRONT FOR THE ARMY 150 I _ _ _ __~~_ __ _ _ I ~ ~:s~~ ~.E 4~~,, 61 '$~~ * ~t~:~. `~` ~.~h~x; ~ z ~ ~i~ t "~.`" 36;2 ~1* i 33Y~L i r r: ~~~.i i ~p9.* GENERAL KUROPATKIN INSPECTING THE STAFF OF THE FOURTH` ARMY CORPS RUSSIANS FORDING A SHALLOW STrREATM NEAR LIAO-YANG ONE OF THE DROSKIES IN WHICH COMMANDING GENERALS RODE THE BIG, BROAD-SHOULDERED SOLDIERS OF THE CZAR PART OF THE MOVEMENT OF FORTY THOUSAND MEN SOUTHEAST OF LIAO-YANG 152 RUSSIAN TROOPS MARCHING THROUGH THE STREETS OF LIAO-YANG RUSSIAN SOLDIERS TRADING WITH CHINESE, PEDLERS THE GREAT ESENGT TLA-A SCENES AT LIAO-YANG ON THE ARRIVAL OF THE RUSSIANS NG I S, 3 W'A Waa- ~81. rn, gg' (' ~".~~...MCA. "IVO C I~ O ~ IX, A I C7:t ~1:ý: Al P-4% ~,~IX 2 ~ ~ t-P,~~:f 1210$ a1..~~~ %i C:;j ~ ~n ~f~ -i~,.:~*~4...,.: U1 ~~ la..s~ ~ SOLDIERS OFF DUTY LISTENING TO ONE OF THEIR COMRADES SOLDIERS CROWDING ABOU' HOSPITAL TRAIN TO HEAR TH WHEN NEWS FROM THE FIRING LINE CAME BACK TO THOSE WHO HAD NOT YET MET THE JAPANESE '55 IE NEWS FROM THE FRONT -ur*Lrra ~r~ ~s~Ri 1. a a ~9~:: 5 h. 'L I S i i~, t C 14S ~ s~ea: -~ r~ ~ ~~ ~~i ~7~7~ ~~*- ~ ~rs"':.-_ ~g,~ ~g~ ~ ~~~% ~~ _ I P ada~ ~~j~ ~-:~~ ~~ -~~ ~I~~i~~""t-I ~~ ~a~Aslr~l~~ ~~;~sra~a~x~ ~~~,~g~blf 40."~~*s~m*~,,_ 4Y.. Ik:~' ~V;3;yX*~9 *~.~rqa~-~- -X~j~j-~k~ /"il E~i[ ~ "'"' "' u *~La;;r~Pn ~X~rZI ~ ~_a~(%B~i6PQ~~ X'~) " ~a~a~sx- P' ijx~aa*P~x~,~ * -" 1 ~~~ ~I~: ~~~ ~I:":~~li~dBp~l~;~;:.~:-y~."~~F aim-C --~-...:;4~du~~ ~:-~L.L~k~:~l" ~x.&, 'taw.. ~Y~Y~_r.r-_dr /~~lrC^~)Li.r~~.n-~__.^~~__rYI- ~b_. -- --~-~ -- --- - ---- ------ --- ----- ---------~- ~--------- -------- ------------- ---- -- ------------- ---- - A DISHEARTENED JAPANESE SPY AND HIS Q3UIZZICAL RUSSIAN CAPTORS i5~ .-_~-- _~r I r `" *: YuZ~ RUSSIAN BATTERY GETTING INLTO POSITION AT KANSUTITAN JUST BEFORE T14E BATTLE IS7 ONE OF THE SHREWDLY SCREENED RUSSIAN BATTERIES WHICH WROUGHT HAVOC BEFORE BEING CAPTURED BY THE JAP I.; ANESE ARTILLERYMEN OF THE SIXTH EAST SIBERIAN REGIMENT CALCULATING THE RANGE FROM ONE ( LLS I c RUSSIAN INFANTRY MARCHING TO THEIR POSITION JUST BEFORE THE BATTLE AT TOWAN i 6o _~ _ _ ~ FOURTH URAL REGIMENT ON THE MARCH TO HAICHENG URAL COSSACK LANCERS ON THEIR WAY TO BATTLE RUSSIANS ADVANCING FOR THE DEFENCE OF HAICHENG TAKING ADVANTAGE OF A FINE DAY TO WASH WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS NEAR HAICHENG CLOTHES I-........ - -.,. GENERAL KUROPATKIN WATCHING THE FIGHT SURROUNDED BY HIS STAFF EAST SIBERIAN TROOPS ADVANCING AT HAICHENG Ir I h1 RUSSIAN INFANTRY IN THE TRENCHES ON A HOT DAY WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS DURING THE ENGAGEMENT WITH THE JAPANESE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF HAICHENG 162 \ ~ ~ ~~~ ~. ~. ~~~~,, ~.,~ ~"~;;-:;~~~:-~` ~~=~ ~-`: Icr: Lc~ ~-:~' -~: ~~r ~ -r r ~'`~ ~-~- `" I'": t::~? -::s;* ~~ i $',:,~ l | ),7 Ii BATTERY OF THE SIXTH EAST SIBERIAN ARTILLERY IN POSITION ON THE HEIGHTS ABOVE TOWAN 163 qp RUSSIAN OFFICERS AT THE HIGHEST POINT OF TOWAN PASS OBSERVING THE APPROACH OF THE JAPANESE OWN" if 4 RUSSIAN BATTERIES IN ACTION GUARDING TOWAN PASS WITH THE RUSSIAN OFFICERS AND FIGHTING MEN DURING THE ENGAGEMENT AT TOWAN PASS 164 FIRST BATTERY OF THE EAST SIBERIAN ARTILLERY AT YUSHULING - -- - ----- i.. 6: B 2 BREAKFAST BEFORE THE FIGHT AT YUSHULING RUSSIAN OFFICERS IN CONFERENCE BEFORE THE Bt WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS DURING THE EARLY CAMPAIGNING IN MANCHURIA ATTLE RUSSIAN OFFICERS VIEWING FIGHT AT TOWAN PASS MOVING TO THE FRONT AT TOWAN PASS AT SIX O'CLOCK IN THE MORNING SENDING HELIOGRAPH SIGNALS DURI WITH THE RUSSIANS AT TOWAN PASS NG THE FIGHT AT ANPING -. 66 RUSSIAN FIRING LINE JUST BEFORE THE BATTLE AT YUSHULING 167 JAPANESE SHELLS BURSTING NEAR THE YUSHULING BATTERY 168 I GENERAL KUROPATKIN PRESENTING ST. GEORGE'S CROSS TO PRIVATES ON THIE BATTLEFIELD REMOVING WOUNDED FROM THE REWARDS OF VALOR WITH KUROPATKIN'S ARMY IN MANCHURIA 169 HOSPITAL TRAIN TO HOSPITAL OFFICERS OF THE FIRST BATTERY, SIXTH SIBERIAN BRIGADE RUSSIAN OUTPOSTS FIR11ING ON THE ADVANCING JAPANESE RUSSIAN INFANTRY ADVANCING THROUGH UNDERBRUSH WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA DURING THE EARLY CAMPAIGNING 170 Iwo"~ VIT AW' a~ r'P ~ - ~sr- Vol,.v mwC. ~Jt`~ rCPt *9. ~lt~b low'~ AV* `~,(~ c~gCi~f~*~:. ~~$b. x~R~S~.~cMowll 44*~ RUSSIAN SKIRMISHERSS ADVANCING AGAINST THE: JAPANESE NEAR ANPING 171 GENERAL SUREKOFF AND GENERAL MORO AT YUSHULING ARTILLERY OF THE TENTH CORPS RESISTING JAPANESE FORTY MILES SOUTH OF LIAO-YANG INFANTRY INTRENCHED IN FRONT OF BATTERY RUSSIAN ARTILLERY AT YUSHULING IN POSITION ABANDONI WITH THE TENTH RUSSIAN ARMY CORPS AT YUSHULING, NEAR LIAO-YANG ED THE NEXT DAY 172 INFANTRY MARCHING THROUGH MAIN STREET OF A MANCHURIAN VILLAGE TURKESTAN REGIMENT ON PARADE NEAR MUKDEN RUSSIAN INFANTRY ADVANCING THROUGH THE HILLS NEAR HAICHENG WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS DURING THE EARLY CAMPAIGNING IN MANCHURIA I73 WOUNDED SOLDIERS CONVALESCING IN THE HOSPITAL AT MUKDEN DINNER TIME IN A RUSSIAN MILITARY HOSPITAL OPERATING ON A WOUNDED SOLDIER IN THE HOSPITAL HOSPITAL STAFF OF THE GRAND DUKE BORIS WITH THE RUSSIAN RED CROSS SERVICE IN MANCHURIA 174 RUSSIAN BALLOON IN THE CAMP AT ANPING SOLDIERS FORDING A RIVER WITH THE GAS BAG ESCORT OF TURKESTAN COSSACKS WITH THE BALLOON SIGNAL OFFICER ABOUT TO MAKE AN ASCENT TAKING AN WAR BALLOON AND GAS BAG USED BY THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA I OBSERVATION FROM THE BALLOON 175 IN THE RUSSIAN TRENCHES DURING THE FIGHTING AT TALING 176 CHAPTER IX THE BATTLE T HE battle of Liao-Yang was the culminating event of the four months' Manchurian campaign which the Japanese began when they crossed the Yalu. In the point of number of men engaged it was the greatest battle of modern times, and it resulted in a decisive, though hard-won, victory for the Japanese. Between 4oo00,000ooo and half a million men fought in the'two armies, and when the five days' duel was over the total losses in killed and wounded were estimated at about 30,000ooo. The result of the battle was that the Japanese gained complete control of the Liaotung Peninsula, north of Port Arthur, and that the Russian army was forced to retreat northward toward Mukden and Harbin. The Russians under General Kuropatkin had collected a large amount of ammunition and supplies at Liao-Yang and the town itself was elaborately fortified. It was generally understood that General Kuropatkin's plan was to lure the Japanese on to the plain in front of Liao-Yang and there to meet them in decisive battle. When the battle proper began on August 26, the Russian army occupied three groups of positions, extending in a semicircle in front of and to the southward of the fortifications of the town. Kuroki's army on the east, Nodzu's on the south, and Oku's on the west-the whole under the command of Field Marshal Oyama-attacked along the whole front. After five days of the most persistent attack and defence, and a terrific and almost continuous artillery duel, during which the Russians were pushed back into Liao OF LIAO-YANG Yang, General Kuroki succeeded in throwing a considerable force across the Taitse River, which extends eastward and westward just north of the town. With his left flank and rear thus menaced, Kuropatkin was compelled, on September i, to eacuate Liao-Yang and retreat on Mukden. With the loss of Liao-Yang crumbled to pieces the planr for the defence of Manchuria which the Russian commanders had adopted when they were preparing for war with Japan. With the exception of the beleaguered garrison at Port Arthur, Russia had lost every foothold on the Liaotung Peninsula. In only one thing were the Japanese unsuccessful. They had failed to get to the rear of the Russian army and to cut off Kuropatkin from his line of retreat, and the manner in which the Russian commander withdrew his army in the face of almost insurmountable difficulties went far to mitigate the humiliation of defeat. The estimates of the number of troops engaged on either side vary from somewhat less than 200,000 to 250,000 men. It was generally believed at the time -the battle was fought that the Japanese outnumbered the Russians, but inasmuch as they were attacking an intrenched force this advantage was apparent rather than real. No battle in our Civil War was on as large a scale as that at Liao-Yang.. The battle of Leipsic, where Napoleon arrayed 130,000 men against the 300,000 of the Allies, was, in point of number of men engaged, the greatest previous battle of modern times. I77 _ _ 1 JAPANESE RESTING ON THE BANKS OF THE TANG RIVER A FEW DAYS BEFORE THE TAKING OF LIAO-YANG 178 THE PAGODA AT LIAO-YANG SEEN IN THE DISTANCE RUSSIANS SEARCHING WITH SHRAPNEL TO UNMASK THE ENEMY'S BATTERIES 1 SCOUTING WITH GENERAL WATERNABE IN THE VICINITY OF LIAO-YANG ON THE LAST OF THE HILLS, ON SEPTEMBER THIRD, WATCHING THE DISTANT CITY TO SEE IF THE RUSSIANS ARE EVACUATING JUST BEFORE THE JAPANESE ENTERED LIAO-YANG I79 JAPANESE FINDING THE BODY OF A COMRADE IN THE FIELDS NEAR LIAO-YANG BURYING JAPANESE AND RUSSIAN. DEAD TOGETHER OUTSIDE LIAO-YANG DEAD JAPAE; NTECE NS SEARCHING OUT AND BURYING THE DEAD rHE DAY THE JAPANESE ENTERED L1A-YN -qýPTEMBER FOURTH 180 RUSSIANS RETREATING FROM LIAO-YANG ACROSS THE TAITSE RIVER m -I JAPANESE CROSSING THE TAITSE RIVER TO ENTER LIAO-YANG BABY CARRIAGE LEFT BEHIND BY RUSSIANS INCIDENTS OF THE EVACUATION OF LIAO-YANG AND ITS OCCUPATION BY THE JAPANESE IN THE PARK CORRESPONDENT EXAMINING WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS BUILT BY THE RUSSIANS JAPANESE DISMANTLING A RUSSIAN REDOUBT AT LIAO-YANG PICKING THEIR WAY THROUGH WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS AND PITS GENERAL VIEWOFARSANEDUTN VIEWS OF FORTIFICATIONS AND ENTANG-3LEMENTS BUILT BY THE RUSSIANSA IOYN )RTH OF LIAO-YANG 182 NATIVES, WITH JAPANESE FLAGS FLYING, AWAITING THE CONQUERORS CHINESE MANDARINADESOTGTIGRA SCENES IN LIAO-YANG ON THE MORNING OF ITS OCCUPATION BY)H APNS 183 )Y TO RECEIVE THE JAPANESE JAPANESE ENTERING LIAO-YANG THROUGH ONE OF THE MANY BREACHES IN THE WALLS TAKING A RUSSIAN PRISONER OUT OF THE BIG SOUTH GATE ENGINEERS OF THE FIFT IIINENEIGLA VIEWS OF THE FIRST EN'rRY OF THE JAPANESE FORCES INTO LIAO-YAN )-YANG, SEPTEMBER 4 184 RUSSIAN STORES BURNING AT LIAO-YANG ON SEPTEMBER FOURTH, ON THE ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE JAPANESE WORKING ON RAILROAD TRACK NEAR THE COMMISSARY SHEDS THE DOME-SHAPED ICE HOUSE AND FRESH J] SCENES IN LIAO-YANG IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING ITS CAPTURE BY THE JAPANESE \PANESE STORES AT LIAO-YANG I85 CALLING THE ROLL IN A JAPANESE COMPANY AT LIAO-YANG TWO CORRESPONDENTS WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES CAUGHT BY THE JAPANESE AT LIAO-YANG PNSMN FCIEEC SCENES AT LIAO-YANG AFTER ITS OCCUPATION BY TIHE JAPANEEFRE AUGHT LOOTING IN LIAO-YANG i8 T;" 17n -- JAPANESE SOLDIERS SITTING IN RUSSIAN DROSKIES CAPTURED AT LIAO-YANG EXAMINING AS CURIOSITIES THE RUSSIAN SOUP KITCHENS CAPTURED AT LIAO-YANG GENERAL NODZU ENTERIN SCENES AT LIAO-YANG IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY BY THE JAPANESE 4G THE SOUTH GATE 187 lig lmili llp llia OPERATING ON MANCHURI[AN WClHO HAD FORTY-SEVEN BAYONET 'WOUNDS DR. WESTWATER, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, AND HIS MANJCHURIAN STAFF DR. WESTWATER AND REV. T. McNAUGHTON AND THEIR'WIVES IN A BOMB-PROOF INNOCENT MANCHURIAN VICTIMS OF THE 'WAR Dr. Alexander Westwater is a Scotch medical missionary who had worked for twenty-five years in M~anchuria. He and his Coll(aue the Rev. 1'. McNaughton, and their wives remained in Liao-Yang during the siege and after it, ministeringr to the defercls non-combatants. Mrs. Westwater and Mrs. McNaughton were the only European ladies in the city when the Japanese arie 188 GENERAL KUROPATKIN DEPARTING BY TRAIN GENERAL KUROPATKIN STANDING IN FRONT OF THE SHED BUILT TO SHELTER HIS TRAIN JAPANESE IN THE TRAIN-SHED BUILT TO SHELTER GENERAL KUROPATKIN'S SCENES AT LIAO-YANG BEFORE AND TRAIN RUSSIAN SISTERS OF MERCY AT,LIAO-YANG AFTER THE ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE 189 __ __ i " ALTERING THE GAUGE OF THE TRACKS TO FIT THE JAPANESE ROLLING STOCK JAPANESE ENGINEERS STRINGING NEW TELEGRAPH WIRES AT LIAO-YANG COOLIES PUSHING CARS BEFORE THE JAPANESE ENGINES ARRIVED FRESH TRANSPORT CARTS BROUGHT BY RA BRINGING ORDER OUT OF CHAOS AFTER THE RUSSIANS EVACUATED LIAO-YANG LIL TO LIAO-YANG 190o FRESH SOLDIERS ARRIVING TO TAKE THE: PLACES OF THOSE LOST AT LIAiO-YANG UNLOADING NEW GUNS TO STRENGTHEN THE JAPANESE BATTERIES I 1 -4-~~ ~- - USING RUSSIAN TRAIN SERVICE TO BRING RESERVES TO LIAO-YANG ASSEMBLING THE PARTS GN D UTG H JAPANESE ACTIVITY AT LIAO-YANG IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CAPTUR T CY EM TOGETHER AT LIAO-YANG 191 I ~ ~~.. - ~ p":-~' VS~1, JAPANESE BAND:Y AT GENEiRAL ý, P,;-s 4A ý i I S ý ^-,! 4; OM'Z HEADQUA; gf tERf Iý MAT LIAO-YANG JAPANESE BAND PLAYING AT GENERAL 0YAMA9S, HEADQUARTERS AT LIAO-YANG MARQUIS OYAMA, FIELD MARSHAL OF THE JAPANESE ARMIES TRANSFERRING SUPPLIES FROM CARS TO COMMISS SCENES AT LIAO-YANG AFTER OYAMA'S THREE ARMIES HAD TAKEN POSSESSION OF THE CITY ARY CARTS AT LIAO-YANG 192 CHAPTER XI THE CHRONICLER HE most interesting stories written by the correspondents who were sent to cover the Russo-Japanese War were probably the ones that never passed the censor, the most extraordinary sights those which the correspondents did not see. There has never been a struggle since the days of the telegraph and the professional correspondent of which the world at large knew so little. During the early months of the war practically all of the correspondents were bottled up in Tokio, and when at last a few of them were released and allowed to follow the army, they were kept far in the rear, and were only permitted to see the fighting at the Yalu from the top of a hill several miles from the firing line. Marking time in Tokio for months were newspaper men and special writers who were correspondent veterans of many wars,' and who were compelled to waste their energies in the description of tea-houses, theatres, and other conventional show places. The unfortunate correspondents were repeatedly told that they were soon to leave for the front, only to learn presently that there was to be more delay, and to see a repetition of the Japanese smile, and hear again the Japanese "Il'm so very, very sorry. R. L. Dunn, Collier's special photographer, who was fortunate enough to get into Korea before the rigid censorship of correspondents began, but was subsequently forced to return, thus described some of the distresses of the luckless who were held up in Tokio",,I found more than a hundred war S OF THE WAR correspondents at Tokio, hustling from morning to night in order to get ready in time, and buying a thousand odd things at war prices, so that their equipments might meet every conceivable emergency. That was in April. Spring changed into summer. Fur-lined sleeping bags and firepots made the days seem hotter than they were. The whole winter outfit had to be exchanged for one suited to summer. On June 1 everything was as it had been at the beginning, except that some correspondents were contemplating the necessity.of acquiring a third outfit for the rainy season.",,Never was parting guest more happy to get away," wrote Collier's special correspondent, Frederick Palmer, when he and j. H. Hare, Collier's special photographer, at iast left Tokio with three other Americans- the first to be allowed to go to the front; c6"never was parting guest more heartily and sincerely sped. With the correspondents of the first contingent actually going, the hopes of the second and the third rose to the dignity of expectations. They gathered at Shimbashi Station with tin horns and gave the chosen few an Anglo-Saxon cheer. For over two months some of us have waited for official passes to join the Japanese army in the field. Now that we have the treasure it is not muich to look at-only a slip of paper which would go into the average sized envelope. -By rights, it should be on vellum, with marginal decorations of storks standing on one leg and an inscription of summa cure laude for patience in tourish*es." I93 .r.~ -.~XS~~ - ~ -,~ C ~rr. --, a!~- ~.x...--~~~~~~r,-~-.i ~~^~_~_p~ UZ_~-.^l..-;~ ',:m--.c~ c-~ -"~~:~., ~:" ~ -"3f- ""~-~- a =E~-~~,~~ ~-~~ ~~:~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~:~~.:~~ Qt ~f;n ~~~~rx~~i41~Y. Nx I"~" ~r~.. ~i~ti.. ~~ ~-~ ^~x~n~:~ ~a b, C~, r r ~,Su. 6'~" h~ Xr r ~k~::~i~b*;:;sk;i..,:~ ".j.b X~ "~c~J,~i~ GENERAL KUROKI WCITH HIS STAFF, CORRESPONDENTS, AND ATTACHES AT THE CELEBRATION IN O R T SAH This celebration was held in November at Palansansu. The Japanese correspondents as well as the foreincrepnet n attache*'s are shown in the picture. The numbered figures are (1) General Kuroki, (2) Prince Kin,()GnrlFji (4) Quartermaster Waternabe, with whom the correspondents had much to do. The picture was taken by caaes htorpe V IIC'MYRY 194~ GROUP OF CORRESPONDENTS AT NEWCHWANG (1) THE HONORABLE MAURICE BARING, LONDON "MORNING POST"; (2)R. H. LITTLE, CHICAGO "DAILY NEWS"; (3) FRANCIS McCULLOUGH, "NEW YORK HERALD"; (4) J. F. J. ARCHIBALD, "COLLIER'S"; (5) GEORGE DENNY, ASSOCIATED PRESS; (6) GEORGES DE LA SALLE, FRENCH NEWS AGENCY; (7) VISCOUNT LORD BROOKE, REUTER'S AGENCY; (8) DUTKEW1CH ANGUS HAMILTON, MANCHESTER "GUARDIAN" J. F. J. ARCHIBALD AND PRESS CENSOR G. ERASTOFF, RUSSIAN ARTIST SIGNOR PARDO, "TRIBUNA" OF ROME CAPTAIN SCHWARTZ, GERMAN T. M. MILLARD, "SCRIBNER'S MAGAZINE" CORRESPONDENTS OF VARIOUS NATIONALITIES WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA 195 FUNERAL AT NEWCHWANG OF LOUIS ETZEL, THE FIRST CORRESPONDENT TO BE KILLED THREE RUSSIAN ARTISTS AND RUSSIAN PRESS CENSORS AT NEWCHWANG CAPTAIN JUDSON LIEUT.-COLONEL SCHUYLER UNITED STATES ARMY ATTACHk CAPTAIN REICHMIAN I MAJOR MnACCOMB:S WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES FOREIGN MILITARY ATTACHES WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA CIVILIANS AND MILITARY ATTACHES WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA x96 i I i i U t 5 p^ ~ z o ~ 0. 5 Se z ~ 0 z ~ z 0. E - 2 s z >. (^ o z E-4 F4 E-4 u E-4. ie f,'. -.--.;,, ..,. -'. . '-~,,o:,, ' * j ~ *'*",, " o,,--^.,,i.-.,1.. -...... "1,.....+,, ,, ". _ .,.' *'.. * '.- ^. ^ i. ^-,-. CAPTAIN HEGARDT, SWEDISH ATTACHE, AND COLONEL HUME OF THE BRITISH ARMY MAJOR ETZEL, GERMAN ATTACHE, READY TO FIRE 1 BARON CORVISART, FRENCH ATTACHE, SQUINTING AT THE MARK THE ITALIAN ATTACHE, MAJOR CAVIGLIA, SHOOT MILITARY ATTACHES, FIRING AT GENERAL KUROKI'S TARGET-SHOOT WITH CAPTURED RUSSIAN RIFLES ING FROM THE GROUND 198 COLLIER"S PHOTOGRAPHER, VICTOR K. BULLA, WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES COLLIER'S PHOTOGRAPHER., ROBERT L. DUNN, AND HIS COOLIES IN KOREA (1) JAMES H. HARE (COLLIERIS), (2) J. F. BASS (CHICAGO DAILY NEWS), (3) FREDERICK PALMUER (COLLIERIS), (4) W. DINWIDDIE (NEW YORK( WORLD), (5) R. M. COLLINS (ASSOCIATED PRESS AND REUTERIS) AMERICAN CORRESPONDENTS WITH THE FIRST JAPANESE ARMY (1) RICHARD HARDING DAVIS (COLLIERIS), (2) W. H. LEWIS (NEW YORK HERALD), (3) JOHN FOX, JR. (SCRIBNERIS), (4) W. H. BRILL (ASSOCIATED PRESS), (5) GEORGE LYNCH (ENGLISH), (LONDON DAILY CHRONICLE) AMERICAN CORRESPONDENTS WITH THE SECOND JAPANESE ARMY WITH THE WAR CORRESPONDENTS IN KOREA AND MANCHURIA r99 r fC i. r.IC, r ~"()~ ii" ~~t~5' ~ j; ~, ~ ~f~- it, -i ~P, ~B~i,&~t~ ~ ~I~QC; - ~~ t, B ~B~k~~rrssg~ ~Jlulr L a rIc ~TI~e~, t ~,C c c`y~r~.~, t:?ri";~~.,~5,,*~Lt L~; ~S -r' I Pitr I I f, I I tt~X (L DiEM6.ý 40~h C 4e5.ir I~ L- c f ~~x~r.r;I c~ '.lce~kl;SBVt~ ~-~ 6 ~F7C~-:~yr,-1 r.-~ ~sl ~-el " 1;"5~ ~r ~-,r~ ~ru: ~~~-2~aP~i *~-.~a.~i~];Q1- c -~ L 'r~ *I~j~lygF ' ~ a;~t" ~I;1S/*l~~r~la(~ ~~( r~ I -L.* ~p a ~G ~J~ ~cstra; ~li~a~t~ -- -,~" P) "~Oci:;~r~ ~I,, "~-;QJk ~\, ~I- " A" Friag ~3~s~:c~ ~J~ ^~- 't~ 4" ILe ~c~ ~u. *.~~-.. ~~-~r, " ~-.a ~:~ailYPdeAia3~L~+~D~_rL~'*;~' ~f~ u E ~- ~-~.~~ r P 2 ~~,~.r=~i ~~ ~r~t~~~--*-rl r' r ~' " --3a; -5 'rSr cacc, x ~, ~0*. -r, 4^ ~~' ~-ib;-az~ll..._~s~ t -~, ~~-.-,u;iec ".,~ - -~~ jb 1 "sd4 t ~x ~~ r 1~~f~a~ ~~~t~- ~ 1-- - ^ \ gr ~~, ~- 4 ~~" ~~~ 7t; j.~ -~.~ ~C.Is~ ~~,_IF ~~, ~5- -u, 1_ r~ ~~ ^-r rg~ Pk_.LI.XLlj~?-~)p(OllL *4 a " rP... * -~- " rr=;t~:~~~~*r~4,a~nck:az - s ~s ~r -~ U ~f~cr*=~~ ~, -r. E L~LI*I~is~ I 1,a~o ~~ 1 ~i 1~4C:".~ ~-~.tp \Ir " $tr - ~L--u.~~.*r -"~~bi c ~C" V (P ~~ly~i~ 4TF ~i";1~-3 ".:;~cu~ ~a~- L* ~" *, iYr~s 'P UJ. ~~ ~+,rrc, "~a~~~ ~c~ ~~ -C -. I ~i~ r J *i^ t ~. ~C,~ CI" a Ci~ ~: ~~ i." r*l rd na~-L~.". ~J1.4.. ~cf. *~ ~xglCi~ -.~i* i. ~.. 'L.... ~k ~* ~I:I~ Irr*Up-l. -o ~1 III~* * `C1. tC Tr-:~ "r~c,~,~ i ~~~ -" 1~: I~ b. ~ r,7rr-;.-~LpB7CX T~- ~Q~I~-' a) ~~ ~` ~~ i--------~l~--~-~-~---~ ATTACHE~S AND CORRESPONDENTS W ITH GENERAL KUROKI'S FIRST ARMY CORPS AT E G W N - H G (1) R. M. Collins; (2) David Fraser; (3) Capt. Dani; (4) Capt. Jardine; (5) F. A. M cKensie; (6) E. F. Knigfht; (7) Victor F h m s 8. K. D vs 9 ( 1 0 ) R. J. M c H u g h; ( 1 1 ) W. D ~ in w i d d i e; ( 1 2 ) F r e d e r i c k P a l m e r; ( 1 3 ) C a pt. V i n c e n t; ( 1 4 ) J. F. B a s s; ( 1 5 ) M. H. D o n o h u e; 1 C p H a r t 7 a t 0 ] 8) Capt. Payeur; (19) Col. Hume; (920) Baron Col. Corvisart; (21) Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton; (22) M ajor Caviglia; (23) M ajor Etzel; (2) C l irs h 2 )C p.P y V. Maxwell;.Hoffmann; ton C. March 200 CHAPTER XI THE FIGHTING ALONG T- HE SHA-HO T HE Japanese armies occupied Liao-Yang on September 4, and on September 8 the Russians announced that their entire forces had safely reached Mukden. For a fortnight or so the two vast armies paused for breath, while far to the southward the bombardment of Port Arthur continued, and thousands of miles to the westward Russia's Baltic fleet sailed from Kronstadt for the Far East. During the latter part of September there was desultory fighting along a cbnsiderable battle front, and when General Gripenberg took command of the second Russian army in Manchuria, General Kuropatkin began, the first week in October, an offensive movement against his conquerors. Whether this advance was his own idea or whether it was prematurely ordered from St. Petersburg was not positively known, but it began with an oratorical proclamation to the army that the time had come for Russia to take the initiative and force Japan to do her bidding. Kuropatkin's force numbered nearly 300,000 men, his artillery was said to be superior to the Japanese, and it was plain that the fight was to be on as vast if not a vaster scale than that at Liao-Yang. For a time there were a few slight Russian successes, and after sharp fighting Kuropatkin succeeded in capturing Bentziaputze, about half-way between Liao-Yang and Mukden and on the Japanese right. The offensive movement was directed along the whole Japanese line, extending about thirty miles from Bentziaputze westward to the Sha-Ho. For nearly a fortnight fierce fighting continued, a test of endurance on both sides, until the Russians were finally obliged to retreat, leaving behind many guns and having lost, it was estimated, some sixty thousand men. The Japanese losses were about twenty thousand. Desultory engagements continued through October and November, in the midst of heavy rains, until the cold set in in earnest, and both armies went into winter quarters. In zero weather the two armies faced each other, burrowing underground in their dugouts, in many places so close to each other that the sentries could almost call one to another. The time was spent in target practice, in chopping up wood to be used for building and for making charcoal, and in drilling the recruits who were sent up to refill the shattered regiments. The quarters in which the armies found shelter were dugouts roofed over with logs, kowliang, and earth. That same attention to detail which twas characteristic of the Japanese army during the campaign was as noticeable now that they were idle. There were even hot baths for the soldiers. Earthenware jars were sunk in the ground much like the Russian soup kettles. Water was heated in these and baths could be taken as in so many vertical bathtubs. During the lull in the fighting there was a celebration in honor of the-successes on the Sha-Ho at which there was a target-shoot between the military attaches. Meanwhile the Baltic fleet was pursuing its slow journey to the Orient, and the army of General Nogi was closing in on Port Arthur. 201 STAFF OF THE SECOND DIVISION AT THE BATTLE OF THE SHA-HO GENERAL NISHIJIMA AND STAFF VIEWING THE FIGHT FROM A BOMB-PROOF GENERAL SIR IAN HAMILTON, BRITISH ATTACHE, WITH GENERAL KUROKI RUSSIANS SHELLING VILLAGE OF CHONG-. SCENES DURING THE FIGHTING EARLY IN OCTOBER IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE SHA-HO JU ON OCTOBER TENTH 202 ATTACHES WATCHING THE FIGHT FROM POSITION NEAR THE YENTAI COAL MINES SHELLS SWEEPING A KOWLIANG FIELD-"NO TRESPASSING HERE!" RESERVES UNDER FIRE SHELTERED BY AN EMBANKMENT EMPTY SHELL CASES LEFT AT A BATTERY POSITION CLOSE TO THE FIRING LINE DURING THE ENGAGEMENT NEAR THE YENTAI COAL MINES AFTER THE ACTION 203 RUSSIAN SHELLS BURSTING CLOSE TO JAPANESE BATTERY DURING THE SHA-HO FIGHT A REMARKABLE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING SHRAPNEL SHELLS BURSTING AND SWEEPING ACROSS A FIELD Of these two unusual close-range photographs the lower one shows how shrapnel looks when it bursts properly. The thick white smoke is one bursting shell, and the little puffs of smoke to the right are the 250 or so shrapnel bullets zipping along the ground. Those to the left are from another shell. The photographs were taken at great personal risk by Collier's photographer, James H. Hare 204 EXHAUSTED ENGINEERS SLEEPING UNDER FIRE DURING THE SHA-HO FIGHT JAPANESE BATTERY IN ACTION NEAR CHONG-JU JAPANESE BATTERY PEPPERING THE RUSSIANS ACROSS THE FIELDS IN THE KOWLIANG FIELDS WITH A JAt WITH THE JAPANESE ON OCTOBER TENTH AT THE SHA-HO PANESE BATTERY COLLIER'S PHOTOGRAPHER, JAMES H. HARE, RESUSCITATING WOUNDED RUSSIAN JAPANESE SOLDIERS ASSISTING WOUNDED RUSSIANS AFTER THE ENGAGEMENT W. MAXWELL, LONDON "STANDARD" M. H. DONAHOE, "DAILY CHRONICLE" CORRESPONDENTS ASSISTING DISABLED RUSSIANS DURING THE SHA-HO FIGHT SAPPERS REVERSING RUSSIAN TRENCH AI ON THE SHA-HO BATTLEFIELD WITH THE JAPANESE MTER JAPANESE HAD TAKEN IT 206 RUSSIAN SOLDIER KILLED WITH HIS HAND ON THE TRIGGER GATHERING UP DABRIS FROM THE FIELD OF BATTLE DAMAGE WROUGHT TO THE "TEMPLE OF EVERLASTING PEACE" AT THE SHA-HO FIELD TELEPHONES AT THE SHA-HO, SHE VICTORS AND VANQUISHED IN THE FIGHTING IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE -SHA-HO LTERED BEHIND CHINESE HOUSE 207 I RICE FOR THE JAPANESE ARMY STORED AT YENTAI THE YENTAI COAL MINES AFTER THE RUSSIANS HAD BEEN REPULSED JAPANESE QUARTERMASTER'S STORES PILED UP AT YENTAI RUSSIAN AND JAPANESE WOUNDED BUYING FROM CHINE THE AFTERMATH OF BATTLE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF YENTAI 1SE PEDLERS AT YENTAI 208 CUTTING UP TIMBER TO BE BURNED FOR CHARCOAL JAPANESE WOODSMAN SMOKING HIS LIT'TLE JAPANESE PIPE WHILE AT WORK JAPANESE BUNN1WOEO AEC PREPARING CHARCOAL FOR THE ARMY WHILE IT WAS ENCAMPE NTESAH -IARCOAL FOR THE ARMY 209 JAPANESE CUTTING TIMBER FOR FUEL WITH PORTABLE SAW SALUTING THE CAPTAIN AS HE EMERGES FRO)M HIS DUGiOUT IN AN OUP01 RNHALN H IN WINTER QUARTERS WITH THE JAPANESE ARMY ON THE SHAO,SHA-HO 210 I I ~ I` ~_ HEADQUARTERS OF THE: REGIMENTAL COMMANDER SE~NTRY ON DUTY AT OFFICER'S DOOR TAKING A HOT BATH--THERMOMETER TWELVE BELOW.JAPANESE BUILDING A BATH-HOUSE ON THE SHA-HO SOLDIERS" DUGOUT1 4 TH H-H INE WITH THE JAPANESE ARMY IN DECEMBER IN CAMP ON THE SHA-Hl ýUA RTE RS 211 r::;.;.Q... (. ti~ '-.'Y. .. -.. I:.r. .i c..... a..... 1...~ `. - JAPANESE REINFORCEMENTS MARCHING THROUGH SHI-LI-HO TOWARD THE FRONT TRYING TO KEEP WARM AT SHI-LI-HO WITH THE THERMOMETER FIFTEEN BELOW WOUNDED RUSSIANS AND JAPANESE AT PALANSANSU JAPANESE WOUNDED GOING FROM YENTAI TO LIAO-] BETWEEN BATTLES WITH THE JAPANESE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE SHA-HO iANG BY TRAIN 212 i h Ur *`;~ ~.`u~` f~~~a ~z ~, ~e ~; ~d,*~ ~h~ ~.~ ~~-, x~ sb,~~~~a~b r, ~ DRILLING THE NPEWLY ARRIVED RECRBCUI'TS IN THE M\ILI'TARYL STEP RECRUITL'I S DRILILIN( ~'1H HL\H I' A P'TUREDD RUSSIAN RIFLES DRAWING WATER FRO.11 THE; WELL IN FREEZING WEATHER COOLIES DRAWING VAIIRFO H PIGP WITH THEI JAPANLESE IN WINTER QUARtTEIIS AT THEH1 SHA-)11O MIt THEH JAPANE1SE 'I I CHILDREN PLAYING DUCK-ON-THE-ROCK WITH PIECES OF BROKEN SHELLS PEASANTS STACKING UP KOWLIANG FOR WINTER USE OFFERING UP THE HOG'S HEAD TO PROPITIATE THE JOSS MANCHURIAN WOMEN PREPARING VEGETABLES TYPICAL VIEWS OF MANCHURIAN PEASANTS AFTER THE ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE FOR PICKLING 214 JAPANESE CROSSING THE LIAO AT NEWCHWANG BEFORE IT FROZE OVER MAJOR YOKURA, FIRST JAPANESE ADMINISTRATOR CHINESE CROSSING THE FROZEN LIAO RIVER SCENES AT NEWCHWANG SHORTLY AFTER THE FALL OF PORT ARTHUR ON SLEDS 215 JOSSES OF AN ANCIENT CHINESE TEMPLE LOOKING DOWN ON THE WOUNDED INVADERS CHAPTER XII THE FALL OF THE first day of January, I905, witnessed the end of the gigantic siege that had furnished a tragic background for eleven of the twelve months of I904. The first blow struck by the Japanese in the war was aimed at Port Arthur, and during the month that followed they and the defenders employed and endured more terrific forces of destruction than were ever used at any other siege in the history of the world. The fall of this-Gibraltar of the East seemed to prove that there can be no such thing as an impregnable fortress. The attack on Port Arthur began with Togo's dash against the Russian fleet on the night of February 8. Four months later, through the successes of the Japanese on the Liaotung peninsula, the fortress had been cut off from all outside help. From the outer line of defence at Nanshan, and thirty miles from the town, the Japanese worked their way literally inch by inch, burrowing underground, digging deep trenches that zig-zagged toward the enemy's lines, until near enough to make a rush. In many places the ground was solid rock and countermining was impossible. Barbed-wire entanglements covered the country for miles, and wide stretches of bare ground had been covered a foot deep with powdered white ash, which stirred into a thick white cloud when trodden on, so as to make a splendid target for machine guns. There were buried mines, some to explode automatically, others to explode when the lookout man in a distant fort pressed a button. At night searchlights flashed across every yard of the country PORT ARTHUR near the lines of forts, and sometimes the Russian gunboats creeping along the shore outside the harbor got far enough to pour a cross-fire into the Japanese encampments. Day and night Togo's squadron sent in from long range the terrible Shimose shells, worse than lyddite, on the battered town and forts. Where it was impossible to tunnel or burrow, masses of rock and bags full of sand were rushed forward at night to make a temporary shelter where a regiment could go forward a hundred yards, rest, fire for a few minutes, and advance another hundred yards, until at last they were close to the enemy. Then, in the teeth of fierce rifle fire, reinforced, perhaps, by shells from the other forts, the final charge was made. The last stage of the advance began on November 30 with the capture of 203-Metre Hill. From this hill the Japanese were able for the first time to get the range of the Russian ships in the harbor. All the larger vessels of the Russian fleet were soon disabled. The great Keekwan Mountain fort was captured on December 18, and on the 3oth Ehrlung Fort, the key of the inner defences, was stormed. That day and the next the Japanese captured half a dozen neighboring positions, and finally, on January i, General Stoessel, who had said at the beginning of the siege that Port Arthur would be his tomb, sent a message to General Nogi offering to surrender. For a second time Port Arthur passed into the hands of those from whom the European powers had wrested it ten years before. 217 Stereopraph Copyflght by JJnderwoocrd & Unerwwdc NOGFS, FIGHTING MEN RESTING IN CAMP AT HOOZAN HILL WOUNDED IN A SHELTER TENT THREE MILES FROM RUSSIAN BATTERIES WITH THE JAPANESE DURING THE LAST DAYS OF THE SIEGE OF PO RT A RTHURU 218J ft reograpn Copyright by Underwood & underwood SIEGE GUNS ON THE SLOPE, FIELD GUNS AT THE TOP OF THE HILL ONE OF THE SHELLS BEGINNING ITS LO THE GREAT SIEGE GUNS THROWING ELEVEN-INCH SHELLS INTO PORT ARTHUR Stereograph Copyright by Underwood & Underwood )NG FLIGHT TOWARD THE TOWN 29I TWO OF THE GREAT TWENTY-EIGHT CENTIMETER SIEGE GUNS USED BY THE JAPANESE AGAINST 1720 ivi:jl ~r~u~~Awl"; ýI ----------I 40: TNt: 41:i~; Ar::~~ ~~:74' 11:,; I Al~~ ~~~j-;$~y~o ~ P- l~bIrhd gl~98d;~~~i ~ ~ P Aw; 221 Stereograph Copyright by Underwood & Underwood RUSSIAN BOMB-PROOF NEAR NANSHAN HILL CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE THE SLOW WORK OF MOVING THE SIE SCENES IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF PORT ARTHUR DURING THE LONG SIEGE 22 Stereograph Copyright by Underwood & Underwood \GE GUNS TO NEW EMPLACEMENTS __ _ ý.; C ant. '4S., " ' (b1, v'l All N ý7-.4)" rJ"-;~NFL NvZ qwe 1 -~f, 9~m~~a 3 'l ~ 1 4p -w ~ - - -pl - 11 ~llj~--S~sAll 91 C;"o ~ 1J~~n __, r~~l~l~l~ic~Cv,0 r"TO ~i~Tx~s~E~s~p CI BWII-r ~h~~l~~~E~~~ -~~- _17~dY1F~i~C r~lsl~~%jF~~'~r--~ ~~E~4lý$' 41, c ~C ~ '77,40, ~E84~M-4 J,; x ~~At I, 4 k 7.7 7ýrr rs~so Ig IN C, i u,t C~~ ~ ~:.....~ ~~.i..~a]l]lbPr -e ~i;a" f:~~~i,?r. 6r i "-r:f6:' ~, fl "-hf t~b~~ZII. '~'. ~\ '':: c i,, l?;i~ i~ %- I w1t - - I,. __ - I -...ý I *VOW j, lrý.; - _ t1w tat 7.,::1 100 r'k oe loop" ow 1,00 "'m AIM, 10" No lot 10( Ali Jos#............. 4 7 L/ jro7 d 71, V Ida W4 V7. &11r, -.............. VIA _ICU Sw IM, ý2 IPAOZA 224 .~~~~I~~ ~u 8~ rE ~ " ~:~p~ ~s "~1-~` r7r i6: ~i r~~t~-8-I;. ~(~ n~kj $ ~t ~'!: - ~~~~~-~ i~t rf i i rwood & iLderwooid JAPANESE WAR BALLOON AND GAS BAG IN A FIELD ABOUT FOUR MILES NORTH OF PORT ARTHUR 225 d rS~ c, 3. a; P c C4 C ~oa 1 c: cr B a B MN 3~-+ mCbtf CC c~ n, r e( o r G' m CP Ct te " gFt3~ e r tr t3' s, =5' o" o ct Ez CP =T~ C tl (D ct ~s a" f~ ct ~5; ~ CD Fur rCP a rrs CC O ct s ~' B ct Ct c EL ~c r Cb P~ CCO" o'ta O ~t ~ S~ 4 ~f. CP O ct r v, ~ vC ~3 V ~ ~ ~3 CD ~ny 0\ CL Ct ~~ c"o cEY, =j Er( O e o ati-~~ ~30 =r o ~3~ [" o $ld =r =r' in ct O ~i;P" V: ct v, C~~ =r' Ct cDL;ce E ct CDCtl 3ect 'C ~ cD CP =t E~ o t, crs~~ c CP S~ ~ ct ct rOCD ar tr ct CP rCP =r' F;; t;' tr' ~ P1 r I~~r ~iit rt I:~r i ~. r4~. r~. ~rCL~,. ~' *:. "~ r~C rLl'l;d* C ~~ i Sitar g ~t:~X1-~k~4-,~ - ~~ ~~., ~* r c tt tiý It1 r O It It I y,~ I X T L 1 h 1 GENERAL STOESSEL ABOUT TO PRESENT HIS FAVORITE HORSE TO GENERAL NOGI THE JAPANESE AND RUSSIAN WHITE FLAGS OF TRUCE INCIDENTS OF THE SURRENDER OF GENERAL STOESSEL AT THE STATION WAITING TO TAKE THE TRAIN FOR DALNY PORT ARTHUR TO THE JAPANESE 228 I _ ~i(r ~ FF~~w:'5: X0, 'C~ ~~ iL;5~~ 44,~ 1 14'4. Iv ~ ~ ~, ~ ~ 'F~~BBs fd*4~ ýAj~ 1 "W"M~~P p"~~.;tC~~~C~~~~~~*'if~~~ irr Qh~ Atý~ J-1F~ P'-L I ONE OF THE MANTY "BOMBB-PROOFS USED BY' CIVILIANS AT PORT ARTHUR Although a woman was killed in this shelter shortly before the photograph was taken, they were, generally speaking, fil 'Af Avt St 229 oft, N n qHINV IHt~Od IV DNIN-dflf 'SrlrlrHS rd3rS'd~ A HU NO JLHS 'SrAIIOJLS SltIrd~3lf)NUI ~II~ I:=' "1',~i ~~ ~: i~ `:-'" ~"~"=-`~~~~"`::. ~~s~:? ~~t: ~~~ - ~~J~9~~~":~ ~~ ~r~~: F~~l:~s.-,r~~ 1~7=~~: ~",r~~~;c~~;~~~.:7:~..r.: ~.: IT1~,~r;S:~t:;"~.~;~f~3 -;--rSF;~t`~;:-~'"'u~~ ~- r ~-: $ --~: ~~~`~*.. ~;-~ I& A%, AW#tmmwm. JAPANESE SHELL BURSTING IN THE BASIN IN THE EASTERN SECTION OF THE OLD TOWN, PORT ARTHUR N IN T E EAST RN SE TION O THE L D T W ) P 23I VIEW OF THE OLD TOWN, PORT ARTHUR, IN NOVEMBER, AFTER A BOMBARDMENT 232 THE PRICE OF VICTORY-PART OF THE JAPANESE DEAD LYING ON 203-METER HILL 23 3' ýz V-4 t:ý I *.-..:.:. -*- - PHOTOGRAPHER'S STUDIO AT PORT ARTH.UR AFTER IT HAD BEEN STRUCK BY ONE OF THE JAPANESE SHELLS 235 I v1 MAIN ROAD OUT OF THE NEW TOWN, PORT ARTHUR VIEW OF THE NEW TOWN, PORT ARTHUR, IN OCTOBER _ __ _ _ WHERE A JAPANESE SHELL HAD EXPLODED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE TOWN WHEN THE SIEGE WAS HALF OVER RUSSIAN POLICE STATION, PORT ARTHUR, HIT BY JAPANESE SHELL VIEWS OF PORT ARTHUR, IN OCTOBER, 236 _ m 0 I -?. INSIDE FORT NILUSAN AFTER THE RUSSIANS HAD GIVEN IT UP NORTH KEEKWANSAN FORT AFTER THE SURRENDER STANDING ON A "BOMB-PROOF" INSIDE ONE OF THE PORT ARTHUR FORTS DISMOUNTED SIEGE GUNS INSIDE ONE INSIDE SOME OF THE RUSSIAN FORTS AT PORT ARTHUR AFTER ITS SURRENDER!. OF THE RUSSIAN FORTS 237 WOMEN AND CHILDREN ABOUT TO TAKE THE TRAIN FROM PORT ARTHUR PRISONERS TAKEN AT PORT ARTHUR WAITING TO BOARD JAPANESE TRANSPORT RUSSIAN AND JAPANESE SOLDIE, SCENES AT PORT ARTHUR IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE SURRENDER ERS GETTING ACQUAINTED 238 I~~ )_ JAPANESE SOLDIERS IN THE NIRYUSAN FORT AFTER THE SURRENDER ON THEIR WAY TO 203-METER HILL WITH A TWENTY-EIGHT CENTIMETER GUN 'f dt THE CRUISER "PALLADA," WITH THE " POBIEDA" SHOWING JUST.BEHIND HER THE BATTLESHIP " RETVIZAN" BEA( SCENES AT PORT ARTHUR IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE SURRENDER MHED AT PORT ARTHUR 239 :Lt "~`` ~I,,`~, "~~l;-S ~~~" -~-~~r-`: " ~~; ~-;~:~ -.~.~ t a.~~,,-- `' ~ BATTLESHIP "POBIEDA" BEACHED AT PORT ARTHUR THE BATTERED "RETVIZAN," "POLTAVA-0 AND "PERESVIET" THE "POLTAVA" AND "PERESVIET" AGROUND IN THE HARBOR FORWARD TURRET OF THE1 BATTLESHIP SUNKEN RUSSIAN BATTLESHIPS AT PORT ARTHUR AFTER ITS CAPTURE BY THE JAPANESE "RETVIZAN"" 240 THE BATTLESHIP "RETVIZAN" THE DAY AFTER THE SURRENDER OF PORT ARTHUR AA, THE RIVER GUNBOAT "GILYAK" OF THE RUSSIAN "VOLUNTEER FLEET" VIEWS OF THE HARBOR OF PORT ARTHUR WHEN THE JAPANESE TOOK POSSESSION 241 Vw Ix '6slvw IL V SH OIDOU( (INVt sas3Six a r xvd H~rJHL UXV SHrlI S IZVISSflll UHUNI-10>M JUS3~;3r 11~ r ~Wh~dP~I~V~ ~it t )-~--- 9 ~ ~I I-h ~t~a 'i~ ` ~ 0 r (: t CHAP ER XIV TH E BATTLE UDGED by the number of men engaged, the vast extent of the battlefield, and the losses, the battle of Mukden was the greatest of modern times, if not of all history. Even the tremendous duel at Liao-Yang, which was on a larger scale than any modern battle that had preceded it, pales before this nineteen days" struggle. Between 75oooo and 8ooooo men w-ere engaged, of which about 361,ooo were Russian and at least 4-ooooo Japanese. When the nineteen days' struggle began, both sides faced each other in the valley of the Sha River, the Russian lines stretching back upon tiers of defences, backed up with over 1,300 guns and forming south of Mukden a barrier which foreign experts pronounced impregnable. From east to west the five Japanese armies were assigned under the following commanders- Kawamura, Kuroki, Nodzu, Oku, and Nogio. Field-Marsh-0- Oyama's plan was for these five armies to form a crescent nearly one hundred miles in length, the cusps of which would gradually draw together, the western cusp being finally thrown forward so as to form a closed curve with the eastern. The plan thus outlined worked with perfect success. Kawamura, in the eastern sector, began the attack first on February 22, driving the Russians back toward Tita. For over a fortnight the fiercest sort of fighting continued inl this part of the field, in the midst of zero weather and almost continuous snowstorms, It ended with the Russians driven across the Hun River and the right -horn ý-C L - -- L d'%Ir 7 * %If-- " --* d- A:+-r% ýC -% I% I _ - _: 4-: - ý - ý - _:. OF MUKUDEN Mukden. Meanwhile, Kuroki broke through the formidable works which guarded the road to the Hun River from Pensihu, -and arrived oný March 5 in- line with the general advance. Nodzu, to the left of Kuroki, drove the enemy from his last outworks south of the Sha River, and on March 6 paused to await the other turning attacks on east and west. Oku, between the Sha and H Ln Rivers, rolled back the enemy's line until its superior numbers and strong intrenchments near Patishu, about ten miles from Mukden, forced him to~await the final turning movement of Nogi's men on the extreme west. These inen of Nogi's were Port Arthur veterans, who looked upon this work as a mere picnic, On March i they reached Sinmintung, thirty-three miles west of Mukden, where they wheeled to the right, hey carried position after position, assisted Oku's attacks against the enemy's position southwest of Mukden, swinging eastward 'in an archshaped line with a front of ffte(,n miles. The crisis of the fight had come. On March 7 Kuropatkin gave the order to retreat. All along the hundredmile line the Japanese closed in. The whole stupendous structure of the defence fell to. pieces in an instant,, The Russians -poured northward almost in a rout, and on March io the Japanese occupied Mukden. The Russians had left more than 3oooo dead on the field, lost 50,000 prisoners, and they had over ioo,ooo wounded. The total ~,~~"r".` ~~" 010-00-1-.5-tc r^ "~~~`'~ ~~ ~` ~ 1.1-W O R" TYPICAL SCENE DURING THE RAINY-WEATHER CAMPAIGN ALONG THE HUN 0 CHINESE DIGGING GRAVES FOR RUSSIAN DEAD AT HIGH HILL GETTING THE RANGIETHRUGH THE HYPOSCOPE VIEWS AT PORT ARTHUR AND WITH A RUSSIAN BATTERY ON THE HUN RIVER FROM 203-METER HILL 244 ~~~`~t~`3~"~~ ~ ~~..-~. ~~-~ ~~..:~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ i~ j; I^` ~\ ~. ~.~. ~ ~.~~.~~~~I~ ~trf s ~r ~;.. * I I. j.~' 4 * ':2' c~ "~a~~=x'..c ~~ ~ ~~~. ~~ '.~~':.u,..4~ ~~ ~~'"s r~-~ ~7~ ~-~;~ -e,6~.. ~~ ~.. ~, "~'~c~~,~....;-~GI1J:f " ~:~ s, ~s:.\ii~-~t...;C - $~ rL`3 s~*i ~- ~r~ ~"; w ~~t~~: _ ~i... ~;~~_, ~.a r ~t,,~. ~~~.~:* r.~ ": m: i 'I~::.~~. ~--~~~~ ~~. ~~' " -- ~:~~:~.. ~ B: ~~~~ I.: c:,(~ ~: ~~,......~~... ~J-~ - `~:~-.:-~.~ 1 k 6 4 ~ ON THE MARCH ALONG THE ROAD NEAR MUKDEN TENTH RUSSIAN DRAGOONS SCOUTING NEAR~ MUKDEN CHUNCHUSE BANIISErTG ~~~HSN RUSSIAN CAVALRY AND NATIVE HORSEMEN IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF MU]DE IINTUNG 24S "eA,,,.' *; .,.;'"/" '--,,...' -. ': '. ~ / i~'~n~"j~il:I~~~~,,.:~ ~~ - ~ ~.,~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~.~4~ r d*-. -.... 10Ax,_ d.; i":)~~~. L~\: `""~ 81:Sa\:;~d,,;:..L%1:..,7C" ~.\!t`~ `::``~``~`I~:~ "" b r~ P' ~~_Y~~~f~ip ~;~; e:.. ~~ ~~-~.,~:I ~~:\L~ "I e "r" "~1" -~~~r~; ~ ~\~?t t:.)~..:.i ij 19X h\ 1~:~ z:~a~ri '?. p$:`i ~a ~~"":~'~~' c~, "'~~ ~,,~~. d~~~i" ~~~ ~x9~ ~.,~ El:? rr? MUSTER OF ONE OF KUROKI'S DIVISIONS AFTER THE BATTLE OF MUKDEN All the battalions were full before the battle. There was not one that did not lose at least ten or fifteen per cent of its quota-as the gaps in the ranks show. Kuroki's army during the closing-in movement on Mukden was between Nodzu's and Kawamura's, the latter being on the extreme right wing. This photograph was taken by Frederick Palmer, Collier's special correspondent 246 i,~ ~ c, I,;; i::I, ibfi~ I ~T' r 6 ~~p~U~::,. ~~r. > a.. ~ ": "'~ gEi ~r ~, ~-V".t- t~.~ ~~9(*r.;..Y d~~~X\r U t~-~E~,~9~~ss~,~~ ~, ~; ~ ~~,.*rT~f~~~"~*\. x- ~" LfP*.a,.Ux*1)3k~W*grl.Jlr~ ~~..?s\g.Pq~i~,~ eb ~~pu~~ r ~.aar?., ~a a~,.~,au ~e,~ ~- 'd.~ r,. x~" --~,ruUSP.~: ``" ~4e~~~ aar ~-x..C YkprQla:.:~:~~g~ J ~~a~e ~p~.,C-.~ r~ ~o ~-,r g _~lb. W.:. ~aZ1Pm rr ~~u r\lid~` t;~~~P M1.-.)h".l~~U U wr. ""\- nCr -~Mbe,rr ~sr ~~ YY x -~C~~:~a~a~, d*" ~CI t..-..i.~%::.i "Y rs ~t' ~C cn.~~ ~~ Nsipa 0~:e ~ ~'- -I.-~:~-' -~kc -~E~*~\~;I1~OFPC~...~i~~:: ~I`i'Z `P "i ~a$i.; ~a*~L. i ~i R-~.~- rr~l rz~ 1 ~c~ U '`~,a~~dl-~rrrT.lr~,~ C L~n C~1.~Mp*C~F"~i~,~ir: *e,~ )i "';s.~* j r. ~ ~aru- ~r;p~g* Js~.;lC~;S;;`Jt~;f;;e ~~~hplhr ~Bh r"L =itcx\4r ~ Y*~;C~;~L~Si6~bi;ly~Z ~~ ~~s~:.,,~g~j~,,.-~e, sJrr~"~ppWw~r ~7R_ -~.n, ~sq, ~ RtUSSIAN STEAtMSHIPP BEACHEDET IN THE HUN RIVER~~E~R CHUNCHUSEJSES LE,~IJ~IM~II~N FOS~ME 'TUNG RUSSIAN CENSOR, BARON HOVEN, IN A GERMAN CART RUSSIAN SCOUTS HAITN TMNTU AS SCENES IN THE MUKDEN NEIGHBORHOOD BEFORE THE JAPANESE WER' EA 'EAR MUKDEN 247 WHERE SOME OF THE SHELLS BURST DURING THE ARTILLERY DUELS NEAR MUKDEN 248 IlkI DESOLATIONJ IN MUKDEN IN THE PATH OF THE JAPANESE ^ATTACK 249 VILLAGE HUTS AND STOCKADE BURNING NEAR MUKDEN JAPANESE CELEBRATION OF THE MUKDEN VICTORY THE MAIN STREET OF SINMINTUNG, NEAR M SCENES IN THE VICINITY OF MUKDEN AFTER THE RETREAT OF THE RUSSIANS UKDEN 250 CHAPTER XIII THE END OF RUSSIA'S SEA POWER By CAPTAIN A. T. MAHAN, U. S. N., RETIRED -HE Battle of the Japan Sea resulted' from the wish of Russia to overthrow the naval control which has enabled the island Empire of Japan to sustain her land otwarfare upon the continent of Asia. Preliminary to this struggle, it was desirable that the fleet despatched for the purpose, under Admiral Rojestvensky, should reach Vladivostok. There it could refit after its long voyage, and there leave in security the train -of supply ships which had been the necessary accompaniment of so distant an expedition. After the junction of a second division under Admiral Nebogatoff, the whole Russian fleet moved northward, passing between the Philippine Islands and Formosa. Rojestvensky thus left open to doubt, and retained in his hands the decision, whether he would seek his port by the Straits of Korea, or, circumnavigating the main island of Japan, pass through the Straits of Tsugaru, opposite Vladivostok. It may be presumed he was as ignorant as the rest of the world just where Togo was; but he knew that, whether in the Straits of Korea or of Tsugaru, he would have to fight, if Togo Chose, as he probably would. He decided to take the most direct and shortest route through the Korean Channel. Toga awaited him there; at what particular point is immaterial, for the Straits are but sixty miles wide, which space ishalved by the Island of Tsushima, whence the Straits have the alternate name--Tsushima. In such narrow waters, wherever the Japanese Admiral might be, he was certain, by an extensive scouting system, to receive notice timely enough to ensure intercepting his enemy. The notice came by wireless telegraphy early on, Saturday, May 27, from cruisers off Quelpaert Island, i5o miles southwest of Tsushima; and as the Russian fleet, heading for Vladivostok, drew up with Tsushima, the Japanese battleships were seen rounding its northern point. As regards the position of the Russian ships, it seems certain, that, upon sighting the enemy, they formed intwo columns of vessels. One contained the armored ships, a very heterogeneous assembly in size and qualities, composed of battleships of the first and second class, armored cruisers, and coast-defence ironclads. The second column wvas of lighter cruisers. This took the left hand, toward Tsushima, while the battleships were on the right, toward Japan. At the head of the battle column were three battleships; two of the first order of strength, 13,5 16 tons, the third of Io,ooo tons, between them. Admiral Togo divided his principal force of-fighting ships into two squadrons. -One, of four battleships and two armored cruisers, he kept under his own immediate direction. The other, of six armored cruisers, which are battleships of superior swiftness, but somewhat lighter armor and armament, was intrusted to Admiral Kamimura. The first of-these approached-from the north of 251 THE END OF RUSSIA'S SEA POWER 'Fsushima; the second, and faster, followed a little later from round its southern end. The head of the Russian battle column received the weight ot the Japanese fire, and the superior speed of the latter enabled them so to choose their positions as to keep their fire concentrated on these leading ships. Kamimura's attack was on the rear, and after that the battle soon became general. There was also a third Japanese squadron, of vessels not belonging'to the armored fleet. These alone had been shown by Togo, until the Russian was committed to the passage of the Straits. They are said now to have attacked the other side of the Russian column. In brief, while Togo threw the weight of his force upon the head of the enemy's order, he provided that the remainder should be so occupied as not to render serious assistance. There was a strong breeze from southwest with a heavy sea. 1-his favored the Japanese, because of their longer experience and better training in the use of their guns when the ships were in violent motion. This disadvantage of the Russians was increased by the rolling of their vessels, exposing the underwater body, giving the Japanese a target more easily pierced, and the holes from which are more dangerous. Through the five hours of daylight the contest was purely one of gunnery under the conditions named: concentration upon the head of the Russian columns, and heavy sea. The result was twofold. The head of the column, beaten down by superior gunfire, was disordered; and individual ships, pierced below water, filled and sank. As described, the Japanese, keeping ahead of their enemy, forced them to change direction; but this by no means need follow, were the Russians holding their own in the gunnery contest. Had they given as good as they got, there was no reason why they should forsake their course. The disorder, thus occasioned in the front, was transmitted to the ships which followed; and there ensued the confusion which is the sure precursor of defeat. Upon this scene night fell. Of the Russians, three battleships and two others had already been sunk. Then came the time and opportunity for the torpedo vessels; darkness, and an enemy both crippled and broken. By a singular coincidence, the wind which in its strength favored the Japanese gunners-an advantage which they had earned and deserved now fell somewhat; and with it fell the sea, rendering easier the work of the torpedo craft. This is one of the chances of war. Of the scenes of that night we as yet have little description, and from the fearful loss of life we possibly may never know enough justly to estimate the difficulties of the defence of the routed ships, or the degree of resistance experienced by the assailants. From Japanese sources we have heard that, under all the disadvantages of the Russians, some attacks were suiccessfully repelled; and three torpedo destroyers were sunk. That pursuit continued to the Liancourt Rocks, 200 miles from the scene of the battle, indicates that, had not superior gunnery already won a decisive victory, the torpedo alone would scarcely so have reduced the Russian fleet as to leave the Japanese the secure mastery they now possess of the waters which constitute their vital line of communications. The -captured ships were the battleships,,Orel" and,cEmperor Nicholas I," the coast-defence vessels,,General Admiral Apraxine" and,,Admiral Seniavin," and the destroyer "(Bedovy." Six battleships, five cruisers, one coastdefence ship,_ three destroyers, and a repair ship were sunk. 252 ~--- ~ i t i, i JL~~L 1 is I S~ ~~Z rLa ~3~" ~`.*\ I L r, ~*: ~-~. sp``;r r d ld"+;;F``~'~~x'.: lr~ * c' a~ r~x~~ ~~r~ ~~, -LI'..r. e~ p ~r~n~: ~a ~c * ~o M`,ca:, -.--~7C~~- n*CI~.-.,~,_p~~;x~Ci~tkp~)S~*NI-~*~(C ~`S16 8~. OC ~Cr ~1 U~r I S '*r & t r*r n*rr apr *r- ~u+e ~~;~ re -r ~6~~ aYs~Pff~4~iX ~ ~~ ~P rr~^ ) ~x~ In c "-~L THE SECOND SQ~UADRON OF THE: BALTIC FLEET JUST BEFORE, IT SAILED FR~ROM KRONSTADT Lil-.\i. j -~~"f~, THE LITTLE ARMORED GUNBOAT "'KHRABRY " Built in is9o; of 1492 tons, has one 9-inch, one 6-inch, eight Q. F. guns, and two torpedo tubes THE FAST ARMORED CRUISER "SVIETLANA 9 Built in 1896; has six 5.9 Q. F. C.Inets, ten 1.8-inch guns, four torpedo tubes, and a speed of 20.2 knots FIGHTING SHIPS OF VARIOUS CLASSES IN RUSSIA'S BALTIC FLEET 253~ I T7 L ~r---t ~ kIh I ii THE BATTLESHIP 46EMPEROR ALEXANDER II " An old boat, built in 1887; armed with two 12-inch, four 9-inch, eight 6-inch, twenty-four smaller guns, and five torpedo tubes THE, POWERFUL BATTLESHIP 660SLABYA"' Built in 1898, of 12,674 tons, hlas four 10-inch, eleven 6-inch Q. F., sixteen 3-inch, twenty-seven smaller guns, and six torpedo tubes -' i THE.BATTLESHIP " SISSOI VELIKY" THI IS-LS ATEHP' Built in 1894; of 8,800 tons, has four 12-inch, six 6-inch Q. F., eighteen smaller Q. F., and six torpedo tubes Built in 1901; of 13,400 tons, has Vorl-nh wle0ic.Ftet - FORMIDABLE FIGHTING SHIPS OF RUSSIA'S BALTIC ILE ('BORODINO " ýnch, many smaller guns, and six torpedo tubes 2S4 __ __ __ L -7WM~ FIRST-CLASS BATTLESHIP 66ALEXANDER III" Built in 1901; of 1,3,600 tons, has four i'2-inch, twelve 6-inch Q. F., and forty-six smaller guns. The speed is 18 knots THE FIRST-CLASS BATTLESHIP,6OREL" Built in 1903; of 13,400 tons, hias four 12-inch, twelve 6-inel Q. F., twenty 3-inch Q. F., and many smaller guns, and six torpedo tubes _ __ I _ ________ __ ____ Jf V~r 4' TH ATLSIPNVRI H Buil in1891 ofio~oo tnshasfouri!M ch, igh 6-nchandtwety-to salle raid-ire uns an sixtopdo tbesBatleshp o th fifh cass FOU O TE ATTESIP O RUSI'SBATI 'GENER'RAL'A~DMIRAL APRAXIN" ias three!O-Innth, four 4.7-inch, and thirty-six small quick-fire guns 255 4ý0, Oeýrmary, 1904 2. Pas~s"** through K,6,), March S. Lan~ding~ at C~hemuloo, Marpch 4. Lattdig -t Chenam~po, April S., Enbeaihg Ping-Yang, April ~=. 1.~:;r ~~ ~~ bt' 6. Battle of Wiju, May 7. Plontoons on the Yalu, May 8. Crossing the Yalu, May 10. Fengshuiling, June 11. Motienling. July 112. At Anping in August 13. Towan battleground, August 14. Liao-Yang, September 15. otAtu nNvme 6 udn THE BATTL;EGROUND OF THE WAR AND THE.VICTORIOUS PROGRESS OF THE JAPANES captured, March, 1905 19. Peng-Wang-Cheng, June 256