lBARY     WTU
rX




Etc Sttubentz' Scricz of Latin ~lasoics
HORACE
ODES AND EPODES
EDITED, WITH
INTRODUCTION AND NOTES
BY
PAUL SHOREY
PoFESSOR IN THIM UNIVERSITY OF OHICAGO
REVISED BY
PAUL SHOREY AND GORDON J. LAING
PROFESSORS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHIOAGO
o0 Tro XXXa iroXi
BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO.
BOSTON, U.S.A.
1911




COPYRIGHT, 1898,
By PAUL SIIOREY.
COPYRIGHT, 1910,
By PAUL SHOREY AND GORDONT J. LAING.
2aviualy jpvtos
J. S. Cushing Co. - Berwick & Smith Co.
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.




1-3
CD C)








PREFACE.
FROM some friendly admonitions that have come to me it
appears that what is expected of a would-be 'literary' edition
of Horace is commentary of the kind so admirably described by
Mr. Sarcey:1
' Ecce autem a Tenedo gemini tranquilla per alta. Ecce autem!
Les voilk, ce sont eux! A Tenedo; c'est de Tenddos qu'ils arrivent;
on les apergoit de loin; gemini; ils sont deux; ils forment un couple!
Ambo serait faible: mais gemini! Tranquilla per alta; c'est la haute
mer; elle est tranquille, et les deux monstres s'avancent. Quel
tableau '
The present edition is less ambitious in its scope. It aims to
stimulate the student's appreciation of the Odes as literature
by a somewhat fuller illustration than is generally given of
Horace's thought, sentiment, and poetic imagery. In order to
find space for the parallel passages quoted it has been necessary to abbreviate somewhat the expression of the traditional exegesis and to state by implication some of the more
obvious things which the student has already met in Vergil.
But it is believed that the introductory paraphrases in connection with the more explicit notes provide as much aid for
the young student as is desirable; and it is hoped that the
1 Souvenirs de Jeunesse, p. 180.
v




vi


PREFACE.


surplusage, as some may deem it, of references, citations, and
illustrations will prove of value not only to teachers and
students of literature, but to the beginner when he returns to
the most interesting and important part of his task--the
review. For the Odes are to be assimilated, not merely read
through.
The young student in haste to construe will of course not
look up references to other authors. But they will not harm
him any more than the critical and grammatical discussions
found in all school editions which he always skips. Crossreferences to Horace have been designedly multiplied. No
intelligent study of an author is possible without them. It
would not have been difficult to add indefinitely to the quotations from English poetry, and the task of selection was not easy.
Some commonplace quotations have been admitted merely for
the information they contain; others as illustrations of the
taste of the age that produced them.. I should be sorry to
be thought to recommend 'parallel passages' as a short cut to
'culture.' But Horace especially invites this treatment, and in
no other way can the right atmosphere for the enjoyment of
the Odes be so easily created. No judicious teacher will impose
such work as a task, and when it is voluntarily undertaken
the student should be taught to distinguish carefully conscious
imitation, interesting coincidences, and the mere commonplaces of poetical rhetoric and imagery.
The text of the Odes is for practical purposes settled. This
edition was set up from the Teubner text of Miiller with
marginal corrections. I fear that I have not attained perfect
consistency in some minor matters. All various readings or
disputed interpretations that concern the undergraduate or the




PREFACE.


vii


literary student are briefly discussed in the notes. I have been
more careful to indicate the reasons for each of two differing
views than to insist strenuously on my own preference. Those
who wish to consult critical editions or use the Odes for exercises in text criticism will be put on the track of a sufficient
preliminary bibliography by the article Horatius, in Harper's
Classical Dictionary.
In the preparation of the notes I have freely used Hirschfelder-Orelli, Kiessling, and Nauck, and have consulted Wickham, Smith, Page, and others.
Spenser's Fairy Queen is cited as F. Q.; Herrick, by the
numbers of Saintsbury's (Aldine Poets) edition.        Lex. =
Harper's Latin    Lexicon.   Otto = Otto's  Sprichwirter   der
Romer.
In conclusion I wish to thank Professor Pease, and Professor
Arthur T. Walker of the University of Kansas, who have read
a large part of the proof and made helpful suggestions.
Mr. George Norlin, Mr. T. C. Burgess, and Mr. H. M.
Burchard, fellows in Greek in the University of Chicago,
kindly offered to verify in the proof the references to Greek
and Latin authors. To them is mainly due such accuracy as
I may have attained in this matter.
PAUL SHOREY.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO,
August, 1898.




PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION
IN this edition, the general introduction and the introductions to the separate odes have been left substantially unchanged, except for a few references to the recent literature
of the subject. The notes have been revised, mainly by the
associate editor, with a view to increasing the usefulness of
the book in the classroom. A few of the more remote and
cumulative parallel passages have been omitted. Some additional assistance has been given in the way of direct translation. Some alternative or doubtful interpretations that might
confuse the young student have been omitted. Further notes
have been added on points of antiquities, mythology, and
ancient geography, and some facts stated by implication in the
first edition are made explicit.
The editors have carefully considered the recent literature
of the subject, but have not thought it wise to burden the
notes with much additional erudite or critical apparatus.
The essential features of the original edition have been preserved, and therefore it may be well to repeat the statement
that parallel passages, ancient or modern, are intended to
create interest and atmosphere, and that the study of them
should not be required as a task.
The references to Johnson's "Poets" are to the London Edition of the " English Poets, by Dr. Samuel Johnson, the Additional Lives by Alexander Chalmers," London, 1810.
PAUL SHOREY,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO,               GORDON J. LAING.
September, 1910.
NOTE. - A. G.=Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar; G. L.Gildersleeve-Lodge; H.=Harkness' Complete Latin Grammar; B.=
Bennett; H. B.= Hale-Buck.
Viii




INTRODUCTION.
THERE are many excellent lives of Horace in print, and much
good criticism is easily accessible.1 In order to keep the present volume within bounds this introduction will be limited to
a brief re'sume of the chief facts known about the poet's life,
and a few practical suggestions on (1) syntax, (2) style,
(3) meters.
The student should by all means review the history of Rome
for the period of Horace's life and familiarize himself with the
topography of Rome and the Campagna, the biographies of
Augustus and Maecenas, and the events of the years B.C. 44-20.2
The sources for the life of Horace are the allusions in his
own writings, and the brief biography attributed to Suetonius.
Quintus 8 Horatius Flaccus 5 was born on the 8th of December,6 B.C. 65,7 at Yenusia,8 a Roman colony on the confines of
1 Milman; Martin, in Blackwood's Ancient Classics for English
Readers; Sellar, Horace and the Elegiac Poets; Lang, Letters to Dead
Authors; the Histories of Latin literature, Crutwell, Simcox, Fowler,
Duff, and Mackail; articles in Encycl. Brit.; the Classical Dictionaries,
and the Library of the World's Best Literature; Quarterly Review,
180. 111 sqq.; 104. 325 sqq.
2 Merivale's Roman Triumvirates, and Capes' Early Empire, in
Epochs of History Series; Ferrero's History; Hare's Days near
Rome; Burn's Rome and the Campagna; Platner's Topography.
8 Sat. 2. 6. 37.
4 Odes 4. 6. 44; Epp. 1. 14. 5.
6 Sat. 2. 1. 18; Epode 15. 12.
6 Suet., sexto idus Decembris.
7 Odes 3. 21. 1; Epode 13. 6; Epp. 1. 20. 26-28.
8 Sat. 2. 1. 35; Odes 3. 30. 10, 4. 6. 27, 4. 9. 2.
ix




X


INTRODUCTION.


Apulia and Lucania. His father was a libertinus, or freedman,1
by whom emancipated is not known. Horace was technically
ingenuus, having been born after his father's emancipation.2
His mother he never mentions.. In the exercise of his profession of coactor,3 collector of taxes, or perhaps rather of the proceeds of public sales, the father acquired a small estate near
Venusia, and a competence that enabled him to give his son
the best education that Rome afforded.4 To this and to his
father's personal supervision and shrewd, homely vein of moral
admonition the poet refers with affectionate gratitude.5 At
Rome Horace pursued the usual courses in grammar and rhetoric, reading the older Latin poets under the famous teacher
L. Orbilius Pupillus, whom he has immortalized by the epithet
plagosus.6 He also read Homer at this time, and apparently
pushed his Greek studies so far as to compose Greek verses,
which he wisely destroyed,7 though he retained throughout life
his devotion to Greek models as the one source of literary salvation.8 About the age of twenty he went to study at Athens,
at this time virtually a university town and a finishing school
for young Romans of the better class.9 He probably attended
the lectures of Cratippus the Peripatetic, and Theomnestus the
Academician, the chief figures in the schools at that time, and
acquired a superficial knowledge of their doctrines. In later
years, after the publication of the first three books of the Odes,
the Greek moral philosophers became his favorite reading.
He was naturally an Epicurean, but the lofty morality and
ingenious dialectic of the Stoics attracted him as they did other
1 Sat. 1. 6. 6 and 45; Odes 2. 20. 6.
2 Sat. 1. 6. 8.
8 Sat. 1. 6. 86; Suet., coactor exactionum.
4 Sat. 1. 6. 71 sqq.; Epp. 2. 2. 42.
S Sat. 1. 4. 105, 1. 6. 71.
6 Epp. 2. 1. 70.
7 Epp. 2. 2. 42; Sat. 1. 10. 31 sqq.
8 A. P. 268.
9 Epp. 2. 2. 43; cf. Capes' University Life in Ancient Athens, and
Walden's Universities of Ancient Greece, pp. 69, 131.




INTRODUCTION.


xI


great Romans, and all his writings abound in allusions to Stoic
commonplaces and paradoxes.
At Athens, too, he probably studied for the first time Archilochus, Alcaeus, and the Greek lyric poets who were to be his
models in the Odes and Epodes.
Among his fellow-students were Marcus Cicero, son of the
orator, M. Valerius Messalla, and many other sons of distinguished houses. His studies were interrupted after the assassination of Caesar, B.C. 44, by the civil war, in which with
others of the young Roman nobility he joined the party of
Brutus and Cassius against the triumvirs. Plutarch relates that
Brutus, in the intervals of preparation for the campaign, attended the lectures of Theomnestus at Athens. He may there
have met Horace, to whom, in spite of his youth and humble
birth, he gave the position of military tribune.1 In this capacity Horace probably accompanied Brutus in his progress through
Thessaly and Macedonia, and in the next year crossed to Asia
with him, there to await the gathering of the forces of Cassius.
Returning to Macedonia in the autumn of B.C. 42, he took part
in the battle of Philippi, from which he escaped to Italy to find
his father dead and his little estate confiscated for the use of
the veterans of the triumvirs. Many passages of his works
may be referred to these experiences of war and travel.2
In the epistle to Florus,8 Horace resumes the early history of
his life thus:
'I was brought up at Rome, and there was taught
What ills to Greece Achilles' anger wrought;
Then Athens bettered that dear lore of song;
She taught me to distinguish right from wrong,
1 Suet., Bello Philippensi excitus a Marco Bruto imperatore tribunus militum meruit.
2 Studies at Athens, Epp. 2. 2. 43-46; military tribune, Sat. 1. 6. 48,
Epp. 1. 20. 23; campaign of Philippi, Epp. 2. 2. 46, Odes 2. 7, 3. 4. 26;
anecdote of Brutus' proconsular court, Sat. 1. 7; scenes of travel:
Thessaly and Macedonia in winter, Odes 1. 37. 20, Epp. 1. 3. 3; the
Hellespont, Epp. 1. 8. 4; description of Lebedos, Epp. 1. 11. 7.
8 2. 2. 46 sqq.




xii.~
X1l1


INTRODUCTION.


And in the groves of Academe to sound
The way to truth, if so she might be found.
But from that spot so pleasant and so gay,
Hard times and troublous swept my youth away
On civil war's tempestuous tide, to fight
In ranks unmeet to cope with Caesar's might.
Whence when Philippi, with my pinions clipped,
Struck to the dust, of land and fortune stripped,
Turned me adrift, through poverty grown rash,
At the versemonger's craft I made a dash.'  -Marti.
The next few years were the hardest of Horace's life. He
supported himself, according to Suetonius, by means of a clerkship in the quaestor's office,1 which he may have bought with
borrowed money or obtained through the influence of his
father's friends. The period of probation, however, did not
last long. His 'dash at the versemonger's craft,' won him
the friendship of Vergil and Varius, the rising poets of the
age, who, in B.C. 39, introduced him    to Maecenas, the great
minister of Augustus:
SLucky I will not call myself, as though
Thy friendship I to mere good fortune owe.
No chance it was secured me thy regards,
But Vergil first, that best of men and bards,
And then kind Varius mentioned what I was.
Before you brought, with many a faltering pause
Dropping some few brief words (for bashfulness
Robbed me of utterance), I did not profess
That I was sprung of lineage old and great,
Or used to canter round my own estate
On Satureian barb, but what and who
I was as plainly told. As usual, you
Brief answer make me. I retire, and then,
Some nine months after, summoning me again,
You bid me 'mongst your friends assume a place;
And proud I feel that thus I won your grace,
Not by an ancestry long known to fame,
But by my life, and heart devoid of blame.'
-Sat. 1. 6, Martin.
1 Suet., Victisque partibus venia impetrata scriptum quaestorium
comparavit.




INTRODUCTION.


xiii


The date of this event is plausibly fixed by Sat. 2. 6. 40,
written about B.C. 31, in which Horace says that he has
enjoyed Maecenas' friendship for nearly eight years. From
this time forth Horace's path was made smooth. In B.C. 37 (?)
he accompanied Maecenas on the journey to Brundisium, of
which he has preserved a record in Sat. 1. 5.1 About B.C. 35,
he published the first book of Satires,2 and about B.C. 30, the
second book of Satires and the Epodes.8 Some time after the
publication of the first book of Satires, and before the publication of the Epodes, Maecenas presented Horace with a small
estate beautifully situated about thirty miles from Rome and
twelve miles from Tibur, among the Sabine hills -the famous
Sabine Farm.4 This gift may, perhaps, be compared to the
pension that saved Tennyson for poetry. About ten years
later, in B.C. 23, Horace collected and published with a dedication to Maecenas and an epilogue, the first three books of the
Odes. The earliest Ode that can be positively dated is 1. 37,
written in B.C. 30, but several of the light compliments or
sketches from   the  Greek   may be contemporary      with   the
Epodes and Satires.s
'Before a volume of which every other line is as familiar as
a proverb criticism is almost silenced.'6
Three or four years later the first book of the Epistles was
published. It consists of twenty little letters of friendship or
moral essays varying in length from about twenty to about
one hundred lines of hexameter verse. In urbanity, refinement, gentle good sense, and genial world wisdom, they are
justly deemed the finest flower of Latin literature.
Horace's fame was now established, and his chief work done.
His frank but dignified acceptance of the empire7 won him the
1 See Kirkland's notes.          8 See Introduction to Epodes.
2 See Kirkland's Introduction.   4 Cf. Epode 1. 30-32. n.
5 For dates of Odes, cf. on 1. 2, 1. 3,1.14,1.26, 1.29,1.35,1.37, 2.13,
3. 1-6, 3. 8, 3. 14.
6 Mackail, Lat. Lit. p. 112. See the whole chapter.
7 Cf. on odes, 1. 2, 1. 12, 1. 37, 3. 1-6, 3. 3. 16, 3. 4. 41 sqq., 3. 14, 3
25. 4, 4. 4, 4. 5, 4. 14, 4. 15.




xiv


INTRODUCTION.


favor of Augustus, who, in B.C. 17, commissioned him to write
the Carmen Saeculare.1     The fourth book of odes, too, was
composed mainly at the request of the emperor, and largely in
celebration of the empire and the imperial family.2 The list
of Horace's works closes with the second book of Epistles, three
long essays in hexameter verse on questions of literary criticism
and taste. The first, addressed to Augustus, was called forth
by the explicit request of the emperor.8 The third is generally known as the Ars Poetica.
Horace died at the age of fifty-seven, B.C. 8, a few months after
Maecenas, near whom he was buried on the Esquiline.4 He
was never married. In the epilogue to the first book of Epistles, he describes himself thus:
' Say, that though born a freedman's son, possessed
Of slender means, beyond the parent nest -
I soared on ampler wing; thus what in birth
I lack, let that be added to my worth.
Say, that in war, and also here at home,
I stood well with the foremost men of Rome;
That small in stature, prematurely gray,
Sunshine was life to me and gladness; say
Besides, though hasty in my temper, I
Was just as quick to put my anger by.'
Elsewhere he hints that when the dark locks clustered over
his low forehead he needed no adventitious recommendations
to the graces of the fair.5 But he is already something of a
valetudinarian at the time of the journey to Brundisium, and,
though he saw enough of the gay life of the capital in his
youth to portray it with smiling irony, his own part in it was
probably less than his more boisterous admirers would have us
believe, and with advancing years his r6le must have become
more and more that of Thackeray's benevolent 'Fogy.' The
1 Cf. infra, p. 447.                  2 Cf. infra, pp. 395, 407.
8 Suet., 'Irasci me tibi scito quod non in plerisque eiusmodi scriptis
mecum potissimum loquaris. An vereris ne apud posteros infame tibi
sit quod videaris familiaris nobis esse? '
4 Cf. on Odes, 2. 17.                  5 Epp. 1. 14. 33.




INTRODUCTION.


XV


attempt to find biographical material in his Lydes and Lydias
has long since been abandoned by all intelligent critics.
The Odes have been a school book, a classic, and a 'Golden
Treasury' for nineteen centuries, and there is no sign of a failure in their perennial charm for the majority of lovers of
poetry.
SYNTAX
The Syntax of the Odes presents few difficulties. The student should observe the differences between poetry and normal
prose, the most of which he has already met in Vergil. By
way of supplement to the notes especial attention is called here
to the following constructions:
1. The free use of the 'complementary' infinitive.
a) With verbs: A. G. 457. a; B. 328; G. L. 423. n. 2; H.
607-608; H. B. 586. Cf. 1. 15. 7, 1. 15. 27, 1. 37. 30, 2. 3. 11,
2. 4. 23, 2. 12. 28, 2. 16. 39, 2. 18. 21, 2. 18. 40, 1. 34. 12. n.,
4. 4. 62, 4. 9. 49. These and the countless other cases admit of
classification on a graduated scale beginning with volo, cupio,
possum, and the like.
b) With adjectives and participles: A. G. 461; B. 333; G. L.
421. 1. c; H. 608. 4; H. B. 598. 2. c. Cf. 1. 3. 25, 1. 6. 6, 1.10.
7, 1. 12. 26, 1. 12. 11, 1, 19. 8, 1. 24. 17, 1. 35. 2, 1. 37. 10, 2. 2.
7, 2. 4. 11, 2. 6. 2, 3. 3. 50, 3. 6. 38, 3. 7. 25, 3. 8. 11, 3. 11. 4, 3.
12. 10, 3. 21. 6, 3. 21. 22, 3. 29. 50, 4. 6. 39, 4. 8. 8, 4. 9. 52, 4.
12. 19, 20, 4. 13. 7, 4. 14. 23. C. S. 25, etc., etc.
2. The occasional use of the infinitive of purpose: A. G.
460. c; B. 326. n.; G. L. 421. 1. a; H. 608-609; H. B. 598. 1.
a. b. Cf. 1. 12. 2. n.; 1. 23. 10; 3. 8. 11 (?), 1. 26. 3 (?).
3. The various forms of prohibition with present and perfect
subjunctive or periphrasis of imperative and infinitive: A. G.
450 and N. 1, 3; B. 276; G. L. 263, 271. 2; H. 561; H. B. 501.
3. a. 1, 2. Cf. 2. 11. 3, 4; in 1. 33. 1, 2. 4. 1, 4. 9. 1 and the
like ne with pres. subj. may be taken as purpose of following
statements. Cf. also mitte sectari 1. 38. 3 with 1. 9.13, 3. 29. 11.




xvi


INTRODUCTION.


4. The concrete (and poetic) Latin idiom of ab urbe condita.
A. G. 497; B. 337. 5; G. L. 664. 2; H. 636. 4; H. B. 608. 2.
Cf. 3. 24. 24, 42.
5. The stylistic effect of the future participle: A. G. 499;
B. 337. 4; G. L. 438. n.; H. B. 607. Cf. on 2. 3. 4, and for
gerundive, ' fut. pass. part.' 4. 2. 9. n.
6. The free use of the partitive genitive, and of the genitive
of 'reference' or extent of application, etc., with adjectives of
plenty, want, knowledge, desire, etc.: A. G. 349. d; B. 204. 1;
G. L. 374. 4. 5. 6; H. 451-452; H. B. 346, 347. Cf. 1. 9. 14, 1.
10. 19, 1. 29. 5, 4. 6. 31, 2. 1. 23. n. with 4. 4. 76, 4. 12. 20.
7. The Greek gen. of separation with verbs: A. G. 356. N.;
B. 212. 3; G. L. 383. 2; H. B. 348. Cf. 3.27. 69-70. n. with 2.
9. 18, 3. 17. 16 and 2. 13. 38. n. (?)
8. The dative of place whither: A. G. 428. h; B. 193; G. L.
358; H. 419. 4; H. B. 375. Cf. 1. 2. 1, 1. 28. 10, 3. 23. 1,4.4.
69.
9. The dative of the person concerned in its extension, as
dative of agent: A. G. 375. a; B. 189, Appendix, 308; G. L.
354; H. 431; H. B. 373. Cf. 1. 21. 4, 1. 32. 5, 2. 1. 31, ý. 25. 3.
10. The dative with all words of difference and contention:
A. G. 368. a; B. 358. 3; G. L. 390. 2. n. 5; H. 427-428; H. B.
363. 2. c. Cf. 4. 9. 29.
11. The dative with misceo, iungo and the like: A. G. 413. a.
N.; B. 358. 3; G. L. 346. n. 6; H. 428. 3. Cf. 1. 1. 30.
12. The various ' Greek,' cognate, adverbial, or specifying
accusatives: A. G. 390, 397. b; B. 175. 2. d, 176. 2. b. n.; G. L.
333. 2, 338; H. 407, 416; H. B. 389. Cf. 2. 7. 8, 2. 11. 15, 4. 8.
33, 1. 32. 1, 4. 9. 9, 2. 11. 24, 2. 13. 38. n., 1. 28. 25, 2. 17. 26, 1.
22. 23, 3. 27. 67, 2. 12. 14, 2. 19. 6, 3. 29. 50.
13. The ablative of place where or whence without a preposition: A. G. 428. g; B. 228. d, 229. 1. c; G. L. 385. n. 1; H.
466, 1; H. B. 433. a.
14. The ablative after comparatives instead of quam: A. G.
407. N. 2; G. L. 398; H. 471. 3. Cf. 1. 8. 9, 4. 9. 50, 3. 1. 9,1.
13. 20.




INTRODUCTION.


xvii


HI.
STYLE.
A study of Horace's style must be mainly an analysis of the
art by which he compensates for the slenderness of his own
inspiration and the relative poverty of the Latin lyric vocabulary. He has no very profound thought or intense emotion to
convey. His imagery lacks the imaginative splendor and
audacity of the great Greek and English lyrists; and yet, while
literary fashions come and go, his indefectible charm abides.
Literary critics have repeatedly told us.that it is due to his
unfailing tact and exquisite felicity in the expression of poetical
and moral commonplace, and the special student of the Odes
can do little more than verify and illustrate this judgment in
detail.
The chief themes or motifs of the Odes are easily enumerated.
There is the Epicurean commonplace, the Stoic commonplace,
the verse exercise modeled on the Greek, the praise of poetry,
the graceful tribute to friendship, the vers de socie'te, the 'consolation,' the dignified recognition of Augustus as the restorer
of peace and tranquillity, and the imperial theme of the new
empire, heir to the double tradition of the 'glory that was
Greece and the grandeur that was Rome.'
There is no intensity of feeling. The love poetry is in
the vein of persiflage, playful admiration, banter or worse;
the patriotism with a few noble exceptions fails to thrill the
pulses, the conviviality is gracefully moderate, the criticism
of life is a blending of Stoic didacticism with gentle Epicurean
melancholy in the urbane tone of a man of the world, member
of a metropolitan and imperial society. That life is short, that
the bloom of the rose is brief, that the bird of time is on the
wing, that death comes to pauper and prince alike, that it is
pleasant to be young and in love but that you ' know the worth
of a lass once you have come to forty year,' that good wine
promotes good fellowship but must be used in moderation, that
the bow always bent makes Apollo a dull god, that we cannot




xviii


INTRODUCTION.


escape ourselves, that black care sits behind the horseman, that
the golden mean is best, that contentment passes wealth, that
he who ruleth his spirit is greater than he who sits on the
throne of Cyrus, that patience maketh easy what we cannot
alter, that brave men lived before Agamemnon, that 'tis sweet
and seemly to die for the fatherland, -such are the eternal
commonplaces that Horace is ever mirmuring in our ears.
But then, as he himself says, the difficult thing is so to express
commonplaces as to make them your own. If one half of the
poet's mission is to sing hymns unbidden till the world is
wrought to sympathy with hopes and fears it heeded not, his
no less helpful task is to intensify by beautiful expression our
realization of those simple and obvious truths the repetition of
which somehow calms and soothes our average mood. In this
kind Horace is the supreme master. For the expression of an
every-day philosophy of life, just sufficiently illuminated with
humor, touched with pathos, and heightened by poetic feeling,
his phrases replace all others in the minds of those who have
once learned them. They are inevitable. We cannot say the
thing otherwise.
In considering the means with which he worked, the first
thing that strikes us is the simplicity, not to say poverty, of his
poetic vocabulary. In translating Greek lyric, the student must
ransack his dictionary for terms rich enough to represent the
luxuriance of the Greek compound epithets. In rendering
Horace, the problem is to select from the superior wealth of
the English poetic vocabulary synonyms which may be introduced without dissonance to relieve the monotony or vagueness
of his epithets, and so reproduce by compensation the total
effect of rhythm, emphasis, and ' artful juncture' in the original.
This parsimony may be partly explained by the simpler
taste of the ancients, partly by Horace's recognition of the
artistic value of restraint, his fondness for moderation and
understatement. But it is mainly due, first to the relative
poverty of the Latin vocabulary, and, second, to the peculiar
difficulty of forcing Latin words into the alien mold of Greek




INTRODUCTION.


xix


lyric measures. Horace at times seems to base his own claims
as a poet solely on his achievements in vanquishing this difficulty; and certain it is that while modern scholars have written
excellent Latin hexameters and elegiacs, in the course of two
thousand years no one after Horace has succeeded in composing
Sapphics and Alcaics that give pleasure to any one but the
author. Those of Statius, who could improvise fluent and
sonorous hexameters, are beneath contempt. A good Sapphic
or Alcaic strophe must contain at least one flash of fancy, one
felicitous phrase, or one brilliant image -that is the part of
genius or inspiration. But the associates which this happy
find will admit into its company are narrowly limited by the
resources of the language and the law of the verse. It was no
slight task to round out the measure with harmonious words
that should introduce no jarring note or trivial suggestion and
yet should not appear too obviously chosen to fill up space.
That was the part of the laborious bee to which Horace compared himself.' These conditions perhaps made inevitable the
frequent use of simple, vague, metrically convenient epithets
and phrases. Whatever the explanation, the fact remains.
The wind-blown sand (1. 28. 23), the meandering streams
(1. 34. 9), the far-traveled Hercules (3. 3. 9), the overflowing
river (1.2. 18), the wandering birds of the air (3. 27. 16, 4. 4. 2),
the straying herd (3. 13. 12), the wind that bloweth where it
listeth (3. 29. 24), and the nomad Scythians (3. 24. 10) are all
alike vagus.
Acer must describe the warrior's grim visage (1. 2. 39), the
bitter satirist (Epode 6. 14), the keen-scented hound (Epode
12. 6), the 'nipping eager' air of winter (1. 4. 1), the ear-piercing fife (1. 12. 1), the sharp-tempered girl (1. 33. 15), the cruel
force of fate (Epode 7. 13), the petulant coquette (1. 6. 18).
Hannibal, the dropsy, hail, necessity, and the curse in the eye
of a dying child are alike ' dire.'
Care, death, the dusking wave, the lowering storm cloud, the
14. 2. 27-31. n.




XX


INTRODUCTION.


venomous viper and his venom, the lurid flames of the funeral
pyre, and the ears of Cerberus are equally ater. Igneus includes
the parching midsummer heat (1. 17. 2), the fire-breathing Chimaera (2. 17. 13), and the flaming citadels of aether (3. 3. 10).
The furtive tear and the wind-blown spray are alike humor;
liquor characterizes the new wine of sacrifice and the frith that
parts Europe and Africa. The tall pine (/paKpd, it~yXo), the
mighty-limbed warrior (rEXtopLos), the high-heaped piles of miser's gold, and the boundless ocean (lrEipwv) merge their distinctions in ingens. Longus measures eternal punishment, the
unawakening, everlasting sleep of death, slow-conSuming age,
the long wash of the billows, and the wide expanse of the
ocean. Pholoe who coquettishly trips away, the years that are
gliding swiftly by, the soldier who is forced to retreat, and the
coward who runs away are all fugaces. Dives is rich, treasureladen, and 7roAv'Xpv(cro.  Aquosus must serve for dropsical,
many-fountained, and rain-bringing; opacus and niger for dEvoofvXXoA   and   cXaduvAAXXos, serus for vcrTEporoLvow, ridens for
AXo~ct&E8s, brevis for 6Xtyoxpov6os or lpvvvOd4to1, certus for
vrqLEprTj  and  TOvKrog, fecunda for oroXvo-rddke0Xos or forpvOeLt,
pinguis for Sarri-uaAAo, edax, for OvlfLo'opos, etc.
Equally hard-worked are such simple words as bonus, plenus,
perfidus, dulcis, gravis, felix, fortis, le'is and levis, magnus, novus,
ferox, decorus, funera, munera, beatus, chorus, clarus, candidus,
iniquus, melior, asper, viridis, gratus, minax, etc.
Corresponding to this poverty of epithet is a certain vagueness, impropriety, or indefiniteness of,verb or phrase, indubitable in some cases, though in others hardly to be distinguished
from curious felicities of expression. This results partly from
the lack of the article in Latin,1 or the omission of possessive
pronouns and defining adjectives or genitives.2
13. 20. 16, 4. 1. 6.
2 Cf. cives 1. 2. 21; scelus 1. 2. 29; ludo 1. 2. 37; melior fortunea parente 1. 7. 25; virenti (tibi) 1. 9. 17; belli 2. 1. 34; acervos 2. 2. 24;
cumbae 2. 3. 28; virtus 2. 7. 11; ictus 2. 15. 10; urbes 2. 20. 5; partem
animae 2. 17. 5, etc.




INTRODUCTION.


xxi


Other vague or unprecise expressions which illustrate the
point even if some of them be thought felicities are: moves
funera 1. 15. 10; laborantes in uno 1. 17. 19; remotus in auras 1.
28. 8; 2. 3. 15-16; omnis copia narzum 2. 15. 6; fregisse cervicem
2. 13. 6; ter amplum 2. 14. 7; maturior vis 2. 17. 6, cf. Epode 7.
13; stellis honorem, etc. 2. 19. 14; clades...fluxit 3. 6. 19-20; hac
arte 3. 3. 14; classe releget 3. 11. 48; vectigalia porrigam 3. 16.
40; curtae abest rei 3. 24. 64; virtutem incolumem 3. 24. 31; mediasque fraudes 3. 27. 27; virginum culpae 3. 27. 38; laedere collum
3. 27. 60; quis deceat status 3. 29. 25; redeant in aurum, etc. 4. 2.
39; placido lumine 4. 3. 2; fronde decorus 4. 2. 35; mutat terra
vices 4. 7. 3; quod male barbaras, etc. 4. 12. 7; plus vice simplice
4. 14. 13; quantis fatigaret ruinis 4. 14. 19; virtutefunctos 4. 15. 29.
Some of these are periphrases of Greek expressions, e.g., spissa
ramis 2. 15. 9; ter aevo functus 2. 9. 13; bello furiosa 2. 16. 5;
superare pugnis nobilem 1. 12. 26; multi nominis 3. 9. 7.
Under this general head might be brought
1. Periphrasis with careo, metuo, parum, minus, satis.
2. A number of ambiguous or extremely complicated passages in which Horace appears to be struggling with the difficulties of expression: 1. 16. 13 sqq., 1. 17. 14-16, 1. 20. 9 sqq.,
1. 28, 1. 31. 17 sqq., 1. 35. 21 sqq., 1. 37. 29 sqq., 2. 1. 25, 2. 17
17 sqq., 2. 19. 25 sqq., 3. 2. 29 sqq., 3. 3. 49 sqq., 3. 1. 19, 3. 3. 61
sqq., 3. 8. 14-15, 3. 10. 10, 3. 14. 10 sqq., 3. 16. 29 sqq., 3. 19. 11,
3. 20. 7-8, 3. 23. 17 sqq., 3. 25. 20, 4. 2. 49 sqq., 4. 8. 17 sqq., 4. 9.
35-44, 4. 11. 18-20, 4. 13. 21, 4. 14. 34 sqq., 4. 15. 1-2.
3. The frequent use of the neuter plural for an abstract
noun: 1. 16. 25-26, 1. 18. 3, 1. 29. 16, 1. 34. 12, 1. 34. 14, 2. 1. 23,
2. 10. 13, 2. 16. 26, 2. 18. 13, 3. 1. 8, 3. 3. 2, 3. 3. 72, 3. 8. 28, 4. 4.
76, 4. 7. 7, and passim; cf. also the use of quidquid, 1. 1. 10, 1. 11.
3, 1. 24. 20, etc.
4. The repetition of convenient turns of phrase -'tags,' e.g.
egregii Caesuris 1. 6. 11, 3. 25. 4; munera Liberi 1. 18. 7, 4. 15.
26; volucris dies 3. 28. 6, 4. 13. 16; numine Juppiter 3. 10. 8, 4.
4. 74; centimanus Gyas 2. 17. 14, 3. 4. 69; in reducta valle 1. 17.
17, Epode 2. 11; celerem fugam 2. 7. 9, cf. 4. 8. 15; non ego te




xxii


INTRODUCTION.


meis 4. 9. 30, 4. 12. 22; te profugi Scythae 1. 35. 9, cf. 4. 14. 42;
et decorae 1. 10. 3, 3. 14. 7; in umbrosis 1. 4. 11, 1. 12. 5; non
ego te 1. 18. 11, 1. 23. 9, etc.; mater saeva Cupidinum 1. 19. 1, 4.
1. 5; quod satis est 3. 1. 25, 3. 16. 44; nec certare 2. 12. 18, 4. 1.
31; plus nimio 1. 18. 15, 1. 33. 1; non sine 1. 23. 3. n.; non lenis
1. 24. 17, cf. 2. 19. 15; sub antro 1. 5. 3, 2. 1. 39; grata compede
1. 33. 14, 4. 11. 24; torret amor 1. 33. 6, 3. 19. 28; nemorum coma
1. 21. 5, cf. 4. 3. 11; in ultimos 1. 35. 29, cf. 3. 3. 45; non secus
in 2. 3. 2, 3. 25. 8; nive candidum 1. 9. 1, cf. 3. 25. 10; et ultra 1.
22. 10, 2. 18. 24, 4. 11. 29; deorum et 3. 3. 71, 3. 6. 3. So quin et,
non ante, non si, non ille, neque tu, etc.
Another aspect of Horace's plainness is his restraint in the
use of metaphor and simile. Not that he abstains from imagery. On the contrary, his diction is colored throughout by a
pleasing vein of metaphor and personification. But the figures
employed are so s!imple and they are introduced so naturally
that they hardly detach themselves from the tissue of the style,
and they serve rather to entertain the fancy than to exalt the
imagination. Horace knows his own limits and does not attempt to imitate the cumulative and concentrated metaphor of
Aeschylus and Pindar apart from the deeper feeling of which it
is the natural expression and the organ music that is its fitting accompaniment. The Odes contain little of what Shelley
calls the 'peculiar, intense, and comprehensive imagery' of
modern English lyric.
Among the commonplaces of Horatian imagery may be enumerated the fires, darts, fickle breezes, troublous waters, chains,
yoke, and warfare of love; the pathway, step, snares, exile,
ferryman, river, wings, urn, lottery, knock, Damocles' sword,
fold, and everlasting sleep of death; the antithesis between the
green leaf of youth and the sere and yellow leaf of age; the
wings of death, care, fortune, love, and fame; the flight of
time, the steep path of virtue, eating cares, the horn of plenty,
the lash of the tongue, the waves or the hail, the vessel of wit,
the bridle of license, the war of winds and waves, the wedding
of the vine and the elm, the hair of the groves, the tooth of




INTRODUCTION.


xxiii


envy, and the ever-recurring antithesis of conviviality, symbol.
ized by Falernian wine, Syrian nard, parsley wreaths, Berecynthian horns and Neaera, and cares of state or war, the
Persian, the Dacian, the quivered Mede, the remotest Briton,
the Thracian mad with war.
A few other images attract attention by reason of their ingenuity or beauty: 1. 23. 5, 3. 15. 6, 2. 1. 7, 2. 13. 32, 3. 4. 14, 3.
10. 10, 3. 21. 13, 3. 27. 6, 3. 28. 4, 4. 13. 8, 4. 13. 12, 4. 13. 28.
Much of Horace's imagery may be classified as allegory, continued metaphor, or paratactic simile: e.g. the ship of state
(1. 14), the voyage of life (2. 10. 1-4, 3. 29. 57, 1. 34. 4), the
lesson of Nature (2. 9. 1-9, 3. 29. 21-25, 2. 11. 9), avarice and
the dropsy (2. 2. 13), the oak and the reed (2. 10. 8-12), the
unripe maid and the unripe grape (2. 5), love a stormy sea (1.
5. 6), the mob of passions (2. 16. 8-12), silver in the mine and
untried virtue (2. 2. 1-4), poet and swan (2. 20), love a warfare (3. 26, 4. 1. 2), the lesson of the farm-yard (4. 4. 29-32),
degenerate valor and dyed wool (3. 5. 27), the war of the
giants (3. 4. 42 sqq.), the vessel of wit (4. 15. 3), the coquette
a Chimaera (1. 27. 24), the Icarian flight (4. 2. 1-4), Phaethon
and Bellerophon (4. 11. 25), the golden age (Epode 16. 40.
sqq.).
Many of these differ from simile only in the omission of the
formal comparison, and from strict metaphor only by their continuation into allegory. Cf. 4. 4. 50, 2. 1. 7, 1. 27. 19, 1. 35. 14,
2. 7. 16, 3. 6. 19-20, Epode 6. 12, etc.
Formal similes are introduced by ut or uti 1. 8. 13, 3. 15. 10,
1. 23. 9, 4. 4. 57, 1. 15. 29; Epode 1. 19, 33, 5. 9; velut 1. 12. 45,
47, 1. 37. 17, 3. 11. 9, 41, 4. 2. 5, 4. 6. 9; similis 1. 23. 1, 3. 15.
12, 3. 19. 26; sic... ut(i) 2. 5. 18, 4. 14. 25; Epode 5. 81; cf.
ut... sic 1.7. 15, 4. 5. 9; qualis 4. 4. 1; cf. Epode 2.41, 6. 5; ceu
4. 4. 43; prope qualis 4. 14. 20; non secus... ac (ut) 3. 25. 8;
non aliter... quam si 3. 5. 50; instar 4. 5. 6; more modoque 4. 2.
28; ritu 3. 14. 1, 3. 29. 34; parem 4. 13. 24.
By mere juxtaposition of the two chief terms, 4. 4. 30; and
very frequently by the comparative of an adjective or adverb:




xxiv


INTRODUCTION.


1. 19. 6, 1. 24. 13, 1. 36. 20, 2. 7. 26, 2. 15. 2, 2. 16. 23, 3. 7. 21,
3. 9. 4, 3. 9. 21, 3. 10. 17, 3. 12. 8, 3. 13. 1, 3. 16. 10, 3. 24. 1, 3.
30. 1, 4.4. 61 with non, 4. 10. 4; Epode 3. 18, 17. 54.
Personification is of the essence of imaginative writing, and
a large proportion of metaphors could be brought under that
head. We may distinguish, not very rigidly:
1. Explicit personification, passing into allegory, 1. 18. 14-16.
1. 2. 13 sqq.; 3. 2. 32, 1. 35. 17, 3. 1. 40, 2. 16. 21, 3. 1. 30, 4. 7.
11, and Epode 2. 17-18.
2. The capitalized abstraction 1. 24. 6-7 n., 3. 1. 37, 4. 5. 17,
20, C. S. 57, etc.
3. The suggestion of life and personality by the use of
epithet or verb, 3. 18. 6-7, 3. 8. 14, 3. 21. 23, 2. 6. 21-22, 3. 10.
3-4, 1. 37. 30, 3. 28. 8, 4. 7. 1, 4. 7. 9-11, 4. 11. 7 avet, 4. 15. 18 -19, and passim.
We pass now to the compensations that relieve this plainness
or parsimony of vocabulary and imagery. Chief of these is the
use of proper names charged with associations of mythology,
history, literature, and travel. More than seven hundred distinct proper names or adjectives are employed in the Odes, a
sixth of the total vocabulary. The fourth book of the Golden
Treasury contains less than two hundred, and an equal amount
of Greek lyric presents at the most three or four hundred,
mostly persons known to the poet or gods directly invoked. In
the learned rhetoric of Lucan and Statius mythological and
geographical allusion passes into the conundrum. The tact of
Horace selects just those names which will arouse pleasant
associations in the mind of the average educated man, and
which will adorn without overloading his style. The sea is
the Hadrian, Cretic, Icarian, Carpathian, Aegaean, Tyrrhenian,
Apulian, or Caspian.   Merchandise is Tyrian, Cyprian, or
Bithynian. Purple is Laconian, African, or Coan. Marble is
Parian, Phrygian, Numidian, or Hymettian. Riches are the
wealth of Attalus or Achaemenes, of India or the unspoiled
treasures of Araby.   The ship is the Pontic pine or the
Bithynian keel. A mountain is stark Niphates or black-wooded




INTRODUCTION.


XXV


Erymanthus. Snow is Sithonian, the harrow Sabine, the
pruning hook Calenian, the harvest Sardinian or African, the
feast Sicilian, the bee Calabrian, the lyric song Aeolian,
the dirge Simonidean or Cean, the lute Teian, the buskin
Cecropian, the laurel Apolline, Delphic, or Delian, the poison
Colchian or Thessalian, the pipe Berecynthian, the curse
Thyestean, the sword Norican, the coat of mail Iberian, the
lioness Gaetulian, the threshing floor Libyan. A dangerous
strait is Bosphorus or the waters that pour between the glittering Cyclades; astrology is Babylonian numbers; ointment is
Achaemenian nard or Syrian malabathron; a storm is the
tumult of the Aegaean; athletics is the Olympic dust, the
Isthmian labor or the Elean palm. In this way Horace
achieves effects of sensuous concreteness and picturesqueness
hardly possible otherwise to the thin, hard, abstract, Latin vocabulary. In many cases the Greek proper name is used mainly
for its polysyllabic sonority or liquid smoothness. Cf. 1. 3. 20
Acroceraunia; 1. 17. 22 Semeleius Thyoneus; 1. 34. 11 Atlanteus
finis; 2. 1. 39 Dionaeo sub antro; 2. 12. 21 Phrygiae Mygdonias
opes; 2. 14. 20 Sisyphus Aeolides; 2. 20. 13 Daedaleo... Icaro,
cf. 4. 2. 2; 3. 3. 28 Hectoreis; 3. 5. 56 Lacedaemonium Tarentum;
3. 16. 34 Laestrygonia amphora; 3. 16. 41 Mygdoniis... Alyattei; 4. 4. 20 Amazonia securi; 4. 4. 64 Echioniaeve Thebae, etc.
Another obvious note of Horace's style is the frequency of the
negative. Non neque and nec occur approximately four hundred times, at least twice as often as their equivalents in a corresponding quantity of Greek or English lyric. The negative
is sometimes employed by way of litotes to produce an effect of
moderation or understatement. More often it takes the place
of the privative and negative compounds of Greek and English, or serves to diversify the expression and adapt it to the
exigencies of the meter. Examples occur on every page. Cf.
Non auriga piger 1. 15. 26; non indecoro 2. 1. 22; non usitata 2.
20. 1, Epode 5. 73; non sordidus 1. 28. 14; non auspicatos 3. 6.
10; non sat idoneus 2. 19. 26; non mendax 2. 16. 39; non clausas
3. 5. 23; non paventis funera 4. 14. 49; non timidus mori 3. 19. 2;




xxvi


INTRODUCTION.


non infideles Epode 5. 50; nec rigida mollior aescula 3. 10. 17;
non tangenda 1. 3. 24; non erubescendis 1. 27. 15; non lenis 1. 24.
17, 2. 19. 15; non levis 1. 14. 18; non humilis 1. 37. 32; non taci.
tus 4. 1. 14; non semel 4. 2. 50; non unius 4. 9. 39; non ante 1. 29.
3, 3. 29. 2, 4. 9. 3, 4. 14. 41; non alia 1. 27. 13, 1. 36. 8, 3. 7. 25,
3. 9. 5; non sine 1. 23. 3. n.; non bene 2. 7. 10. Cf. also the negative turn of 1. 3. 15, 1. 6. 5, 1. 16. 5-8, 1. 31. 3-7, 1. 36. 10, 2. 1
29, 2. 18. 1-9, 2. 20. 1-8, 3. 1. 17-24, 3. 3. 1-2, 3. 10. 11, 3. 12.
8-9, 3. 15. 14-16, 4. 1. 29-32, 4. 3. 3-6, 4. 7. 23, 4. 8. 13, 4. 15.
17 sqq., etc.
There is little more to be said of the vocabulary of the Odes.
Horace rarely resorts to word coinage, he employs almost no
poetic compounds,1 and only now and then wrests a word from
its normal meaning or presses its etymological force.2 Chief
among his rarer usages or possible word coinages are:
dissociabili 1. 3. 22, iterabimus 1. 7. 32, emirabitur 1. 5. 8, debzlitat 1. 11. 5, auritas 1. 12. 11, sublimi (anhelitu) 1. 15. 31, furiare
1. 25. 14, cumque 1. 32. 15, diffingo 1. 35. 39, 3. 29. 47, reparavit
1. 37. 24, adlabores 1. 38. 5.
decoloravere 2. 1. 35, inretorto 2. 2. 23, redonavit 2. 7. 3, depro
perare 2. 7. 24, iuris peierati 2. 8. 1, inaequales 2. 9. 3, illacrimabilem 2. 14. 6, cf. 4. 9. 26, enaviganda 2. 14. 11, insons 2. 19. 29,
supervacuos 2. 20. 24.
intaminatis 3. 2. 18, impavidum 3. 3. 8, inrepertum 3. 3. 49,
immiserabilis 3. 5. 17, impermissa 3. 6. 27, denatat 3. 7. 28, funeratus 3. 8. 7, exsultim 3. 11. 10, illaqueant 3. 16. 16, inaudax 3. 20. 3.
immetata 3. 24. 12, postgenitis 3. 24. 30.
iuvenescit 4. 2. 55, 4. 4. 21 obarmet, 4. 4. 32 progenerant, Faustitas 4. 5. 18, aeterne 4. 14. 5, tauriformis 4. 14. 25, domabilis 4.
14. 41, beluosus 4. 14. 47, inimicat 4. 15. 20, adprecati 4. 15. 28,
remixto 4. 15. 30, Genetalis C. S. 16, inemori Epode 5. 34, inominata Epode 16. 38, circumvagus Epode 16. 41.
In accordance with his own precept 8 it is on phrase coinage
rather than on word coinage, that Horace relies for the height

14. 14. 25. n.


2 4. 4. 65. n.


8 A. P. 46.




INTRODUCTION.


xxvii


ening of his style, deriving effects of novelty from the 'cunning
juncture' of ordinary words. His phrasing, as we have seen,
may in some cases be regarded as an evasion of difficulties.
More often the' gentle torture' which he applies to language results in those felicities of expression which have been a part of
the lingua franca of educated men for nineteen hundred years:
nil mortalibus ardui est; nil desperandum; integer vitae scelerisque
purus; dulce et decorum est pro patria mori; deliberata morte ferocior; animaeque magnae prodigum; non indecoro pulvere sordidos;
illi robur et aes triplex; quis desiderio sit pudor aut modus tam cari
capitis? dedecorum pretiosus emptor; iustum ac tenacem propositi
virum; vultus instantis tyranni; splendide mendax; donec virenti
canities abest; matre pulchra filia pulchrior; dulce est desipere in
loco; carpe diem; vultus nimium lubricus adspici; simplex munditiis; arbitrio popularis aurae; plenum opus aleae; aequam memento
rebus in arduis tenere mentem; poscentis aevi pauca;. spirat adhuc
amor; vixere fortes ante Agamemnona; rosa quo locorum sera moretur; Persicos odi apparatus; ille mihi angulus ridet; quis exsul
se quoque fugit? post equitem sedet atra cura;-but the list is
endless. It is hardly worth while to attempt to classify Horatian phrases by any abstract or artificial scheme. Many of
them are slight variations on technical, legal, colloquial, or proverbial expressions: capitis minor 3. 5. 42; claudere lustrum 2. 4.
24; motum ex Metello consule civicum 2. 1. 1; adscribi ordinibus,
etc., 3. 3. 35; opimus triumphus 4. 4. 51; prava iubentium 3. 3. 2;
numeris lege solutis 4. 2. 12; Latinum nomen et Italae vires 4. 15.
13; publicum ludum 4. 2. 42; felices ter et amplius 1. 13. 17; confundet proelia 1. 17. 23; consultus sapientiae 1. 34. 3; iurispeierati
2. 8. 1; amori dare ludum 3. 12. 1; fige modum 3. 15. 2.
Others are attempts to reproduce Greek expressions, supra,
p. xxi, de tenero ungui 3. 6. 24, 3. 10. 10.
Others resume in brief compass great historic associations,
literary reminiscences, memories of travel: quid debeas, 0 Roma,
Neronibus 4. 4. 37; Tydides melior patre 1. 15. 28; vir Macedo
3. 16. 14; Helene Lacaena 4. 9. 16; saevam Pelopis domum 1. 6.
8; Troiae prope victor altae Phthius Achilles 4. 6. 3; fama Mar'




xxviii


INTRODUCTION.


celli 1. 12. 46; Hannibalis minae 4. 8. 16; superbos Tarquini
fasces 1. 12. 34; Catonis nobile letum 1. 12. 35; longa ferae bella
Numantiae 2. 12. 1; cadum Marsi memorem duelli 3. 14. 18; infecit aequor sanguine Punico 3. 6. 34; mens provida Reguli 3. 5.
13; Tibur Argeo positum colono 2. 6. 5; bimaris Corinthi 1. 7. 2;
patiens Lacedaemon 1. 7. 10; dites Mycenas 1. 7. 9; infames scopulos Acroceraunia 1. 3. 20; Aeolio carmine nobilem 4. 3. 12;
Atlanteus finis 1. 34. 11; Calabrae Pierides 4. 8. 20; pede barbaro
lustratam Rhodopen 3. 25. 12, etc., etc.
The effectiveness of Horace's phrases, so far as it can be analyzed, is perhaps due to the combination of Roman directness -
what Matthew Arnold calls 'the Latins' gift for coming plump
upon the fact' - with an artfully concealed use of every resource
of the rhetoric of the Greeks. For it is to be observed lastly
that in spite of his apparent simplicity, the charm, the curious
felicity, of Horace result from his skillful use of rhetoric. He
is not declamatory like Lucan or Macaulay or Swinburne.
But, like Tennyson, he constantly uses what the ancients called
figures of thought and figures of diction to diversify, enliven,
and elaborate his expression. The monotony of direct categorical statement is everywhere broken up by rhetorical questions,' imperatives,2 apostrophe," personification, and implied
dramatic colloquy.4 When enumeration, exposition, or reflection threatens to grow tedious, it is relieved by an exquisite
picture or dainty cameo in verse like those the modern reader
finds in Tennyson's Palace of Art, or in Austin Dobson.6 A
1 1. 29, 1. 35. 34-7, 2. 1. 29, 2. 3. 9, 2. 7. 3, 2. 7. 23, 2. 11. 18, 3. 4. 53,
3. 19. 18, 4. 13. 16, etc.
2 1. 19. 13, 1. 38. 3, 2. 1. 37, etc.
8 1. 3. 1-5, 1. 5, 1. 14. 1, 1. 32. 1-4, 2. 13. 1-4, 3. 4. 2, 3. 6. 2, 3. 21. 1-4, etc.
4 1. 8, 1. 13, 1. 15, 1. 27,1. 28, 1. 36, 2. 4, 2. 17, 3. 5, 3. 7, 3. 9, 3. 11, 3.
14, 3. 19, etc.
5 1. 12. 27, 1. 31. 7-8, 3. 4. 55-7, 60-64. Cf. 1. 2. 34, 1. 4. 5, 1. 9. 1,
1. 9. 21-4, 1. 14. 19-20, 2. 1. 19-20, 2. 8. 15, 2. 11. 23-4, 2. 12. 25, 2. 13.
21 sqq., and 3. 11. 16 sqq., 2. 19. 3-4, 3. 4. 60, 3. 6. 41, 3. 12. 6, 3. 13.
14-16, 3. 18. 14-16, 3. 20. 11 sqq., 3. 25. 9 sqq., 3. 27. 66-7, 3. 29. 21-4,
4. 2. 57-60, 4. 12. 9, etc.




INTRODUCTION.


xxix


quiet idyllic close comes to relieve the strain of a too ambitious
flight.1 Emphasis and antithesis are cunningly brought out by
juxtaposition or metrical responsion.2   Litotes or intentional
understatement8 and oxymoron,4 intentional paradox or contradiction in terms, arrest the attention and emphasize the
thought.
Effects of economy and restraint are suggested by zeugma,5
by the limitation to one of two nouns of an epithet felt with
both,6 and by the employment of epithets in such a way as to
suggest their complementary opposites.7 The transferred epithet is frequent as in all poetry.8 Repetition is freely employed
as a means of transition,9 for metrical convenience and for emotional effect.'0 Transitions are ingeniously managed without
the formal employment of the conjunction." An effective use
is made of both polysyndeton12 and asyndeton, or rather a
certain calculated abruptness in transition, especially to the
envoi or moral.18
The freedom of arrangement possible in an inflected language
and required by the exigencies of the meter yields effects of
symmetry, parallelism, antithesis, and interlocked order which
will be felt by any one who reads the odes familiarly, but cannot be reproduced in English. As many as five words may
1 3.. 5.3 sqq., 4. 2. 57-60. n.
SCf. 1. 6. 9. n.
81. 23. 3. n., 2. 1. 22, 2. 12. 17, 2. 19. 15, 4. 1. 35.
43. 11. 35. n. and passim.
5 1.15. 7, 2. 13. 10, 3. 4. 8, 11, 2. 19. 17.
S3. 12. 9, C. S. 6.
73.13.6-7, 4.8. 7.
8 1. 15.19. n., 1. 37.7. n., 3. 1.17,42,3. 5.22.3. 21.19,1. 3.40,2.3.8,1.
29. 1, 2. 14. 27, 4. 7. 21, 3.29, 1. n. Epode 10. 12. n. Cf. also 2. 7.
21 n., 3. 7. 1.
9 1. 2. 4-5 n., 4. 12. 16, 17, 4. 8. 11, 4. 2. 14-15, 2. 8. 18, 3. 4. 65, 1. 19.
5-7 and passim.
1o 1. 13. 1, 2. 3. 17, 2. 17. 10, 3. 3. 18, 3. 5. 21, 3.11. 30, 3. 27. 49, 4. 1.
33, 4. 13.1, 4. 13. 18, Epode 4. 20. n. etc.
11 3. 2. 6. n. supra n. 9.
122. 1. 1. sqq., 4. 1. 13 n.
18 Cf. 1 14. 17, 1. 15. 33, 4. 4. 73.




XXX


INTRODUCTION.


intervene between a noun and its modifier, and the order within
such a group may reproduce or reverse that of the extremes.
In this way a thought is suspended, a picture is gradually
unfolded, a name is effectively reserved for a climax, etc.'
These and, other features of Horace's style are illustrated in
the notes mainly by citation of similar traits from other poets.
The abstract grammatical and rhetorical analysis of poetry is a
curious intellectual exercise, but introduced as a means to
literary appreciation it is liable to be substituted for the true
educational end.
IV.
METER.
Intelligent enjoyment of the Odes is possible only to those
who habitually read them aloud. The difference between long
and short vowels (heavy and light syllables) should be clearly
marked in the reading, and the student should be able to determine instinctively by the movement of the verse the quantities
which he does not know.      To accomplish this, practice is required rather than much technical knowledge of the theory and
terminology of metrical science. There is some difference of
opinion among scholars as to the amount of stress that should
be given to the verse accent in reading or 'scanning' Latin
poetry. In practice good readers will not be found to differ
much. Many teachers find it helpful to exaggerate the singsong of the rhythm a little at first in order to assist the student's
memory of the schemes.
The elements of Latin prosody and the lyric meters of
Horace are adequately treated in the grammars of Allen and
Greenough, Gildersleeve, Harkness, and others. The following
notes and tables are intended merely as practical aids.
The most frequent of Horace's meters is the Alcaic Strophe
found in thirty-seven odes. The scheme in longs and shorts is:
1Cf. 1. 2. 52, 3. 7. 5, 3. 15.16 n., 4. 5. 9. n., 1. 9. 21-24, 2. 19. 1-2, 3. 6
46-8, 4. 4. 1-16, 1. 10. 9-12, 1. 22. 9-12, 3. 4. 9-13, etc.




INTRODUCTION.


xxxi


L j. -      ~Z.
L_. \ ^ L    ^ L    / ^j
Modern theory assumes that the feet of a metrical series, like
the bars of a musical strain, are all equal, and to indicate this
equality employs conventional signs to denote an extra-rhythmical upward beat (ainacrusis) at the beginning of a series, for
irrational long syllables occurring in the place of short, for
lengthened syllables, for rests that fill out a foot, for dactyls
read trippingly in about the time of a trochee (cyclic dactyls),
etc.  Cf. A. G. 608, 609. e, 610, 622; G. L. 738-744; H. 720 -723.
Expressed in these symbols the scheme of the Alcaic Strophe
is:
I:.," v    -i  > I A4/   LL'  I  A
-4a., Izvvl-/ -4v  Ij
Odes, I., 9, 16, 17, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35, 37; II., 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,
11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20; III., 1-6, 17, 21, 23, 26, 29; IV., 4, 9,
14, 15.
The last syllable of a verse is indifferent. The combination
_    - > is called a trochaic dipody. Horace restricts himself
to the form _     r> within the verse which makes his Alcaics
and Sapphics weightier than those of the Greek poets, who freely
use the form  _    _ v.    For convenience of memory the
Alcaic Strophe may be said to consist of: (1, 2) an anacrusis
(regularly long, always in fourth book) and a trochaic dipody,
followed by three trochees the first of which is replaced by a
cyclic dactyl, and the third of which is a trochee filled out by
a rest; (3) anacrusis and two trochaic dipodies; (4) dipody of
two cyclic dactyls, and trochaic dipody. Elision occurs at end
of third verse 2. 3. 27, 3. 29. 35. The normal caesura in 1, 2 is




xxii


INTRODUCTION.


a word-ending after the first trochaic dipody. Tennyson thus
reproduces the meter in English:
' O mighty-mouth'd inventor of harmonies,
O skill'd to sing of Time or Eternity,
God-gifted organ-voice of England,
Milton, a name to resound for ages.'
Odes, 2. 14. 13-16 may be thus rendered in the meter of the
original:
'In vain we shun the weltering field of war,
In vain the storm-tossed billows of Hadria,
In vain the noxious breath of Autumn,
Wafter of death on the wings of south winds.'
The Sapphic Strophe occurs in twenty-six odes.
L vI|     > I        | "-   | " V I "<zL, I -.-  >  - I u  | l   IL|
Odes, I., 2, 10, 12, 20, 22, 25, 30, 32, 38; II., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16;
III., 8, 11, 14, 18. 20, 22, 27; IV., 2, 6, 11.; C. S.
The meter could be described as (1, 2, 3) two trochaic dipodies separated by a cyclic (short) dactyl, and (4) a clausula
consisting of a dipody of cyclic dactyl and trochee. Unlike the
Greek poets, Horace usually breaks the dactyl by a word ending after the long syllable. Hence the short dactyl is written
_    not --  v. But he also employs the so-called feminine
caesura -v. II  seven times in the first two books, twenty-two
times in the fourth book, and nineteen times in the fifty-seven
verses of the Carmen Saeculare. It gives a peculiar soft lilt to
the measure. Horace follows the Greeks in running the third
and fourth verses together, 1. 2. 19, 1. 25. 11, 2. 16. 7. But he
allows hiatus between them, 1. 2. 47, 1. 12. 7, 1. 12. 31, 1. 22. 15.
The last syllable of the third line is normally long. Hypermetron occurs, 2. 2. 18, 2. 16. 34, 4. 2. 22, 23, C. S. 47. Swinburne reproduces the Sapphic in English thus:




INTRODUCTION.


xxxiii


SClothed about with flame and with tears and singing
Songs that move the heart of the shaken heaven,
Songs, that break the heart of the earth with pity,
Hearing, to hear them.'
Lines 1-4 of 2. 16 may be rendered:
'Peace the sailor prays on the wide Aegaean
Tempest-tossed, when gathering wracks of storm cloud
Hide the bright moon's face, and the stars no longer
Shine on his pathway.'
The beginner, misled by the word-ending after the long of
the dactyl, too often reads with the effect of Canning's 'Needy
Knife-grinder':
'Needy knife-grinder whither are you going?
Rough is the road, your wheel is out of order,
Bleak blows the blast; your hat has got a hole in it,
So have your breeches.'
After mastering the Sapphic and Alcaic Strophes, the student
will be able to read the other meters by ear with an occasional
glance at the scheme. He will be very foolish to burden his
memory with the names attached to them by the later gram.
marians. A table is given for reference.
1. First Asclepiadean:
- > I --\ %   i- II -   | I     -I-,  A
I., 1; III., 30; IV., 8. Cf. IV., 8. 17. n.
2. Second Asclepiadean:
->I --       1-   1 I-<
-->1-,,     I-v, I  --v I, 1A
(repeated in tetrastichs)
I., 3, 13, 19, 36; III., 9, 15, 19, 24, 25, 28; IV., 1, 3.
8. Third Asclepiadean:
- > 1 --, I     -v,   I,, I,A (thrice)
- > I -",     -      - A
1., 6, 15, 24, 33; II., 12; III., 10, 16; IV., 5, 12.




Xxxiv


INTRODUCTION.


4. Fourth Asclepiadean:
->1 -v         L   11I - 1
I., 5, 14, 21, 23; III., 7, 13; IV., 13.
5. Fifth (Greater) Asclepiadean:
>I  \VILII-           L I -I-    I  v  I v   A
(four times)
1., 11, 18; IV., 10. OCf. 1. 11, intr.
6. Sapphic Strophe. Cf. supra.
7. (Greater) Sapphic Strophe:
J1 8.         (repeated in tetrastichs)
8. Alcaic Strophe. Cf. supra.
9. First Archilochian:
Dactylic Hexameter,, 7.  _ -   I _ 7T (repeated by pairs in tetrastichs)
IV., 7.
10. Second Archilochian:
Dactylic Hexameter followed by
-: -     I- \I - va 1-A II      v v I-v v I I
Epode 13.
11. Third Archilochian:
An Iambic Trimeter,
\6:  -  \   Lýj  I  -  \6-1l         I




INTRODUCTION.


XXXV


followed by
- \-v I --    vI - A II:_- v I -    I -v I -A
Epode 11.
12. Fourth Archilochian:
00    =Aa   %J.     V -. W
which is perhaps better read as follows:
_-,:          | - \  I,  Iv,,-        l.vl   A
1.4.
13. Alcmanian Strophe:
Dactylic Hexameter followed by
I., 7, 28; Epode 12.
14. Iambic Trimeter:
>.     - I-, I - -        v'I-A
Epode 17.
15. Iambic Strophe:
Iambic Trimeter (see 14) followed by Iambic Dimeter
\>: - vI-     -I   v-A
Epodes 1-10.
16. First Pythiambic:
A Dactylic Hexameter and an Iambic Dimeter (cf. 15).
Epodes 14, 15.
17. Second Pythiambic:
A Dactylic Hexameter and an Iambic Trimeter (cf. 14).
Epode 16.




xxxvi


xxxviINTRODUCTION,


18. Trochaic Strophe:
A Catalectic Trochaic Dimeter and a Catalectic Iambic Tri.
meter./                 /


/ -
-  '.., -     '..' -  \., -


11.1 18.


19. An Ionic system: ten pure lonici a minore j %.!L -
variously arranged by editors and metrists. I111, 12.
INDEX OF ODES AND METERS.


Boox.    ODEC.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31


METER.
1
6
2
12
4
3
13
7
8
6
5
6
2
4
3
8
8
5
2.
6
4
6
4
3
6
8
8
13
8
6
8


Boox.   ODE.
1.  32
33
34
35
36
37
38
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
II.  1
2
3


METER.
6
3
8
8
2
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
3
8
8
8
6
8
18
8
8
8
8
8




INTRODUCTION.


xxxvii


Boox.    ODE.
III.      4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29


METER.
8
8
8
4
6
2
3
6
19
4
6
2
3
8
6
2
6
8
6
8
2
2
8
6
2
8


BOOK.    ODE.      METZR.
III.     30         1
IV.      1          2
2          6
3          2
4          8
5          3
6          6
7          9
8          1
9          8
10          5
11          6
12          3
13         4
14          8
15          8
CARMEN SAECULARE 6
EPODE 1-10         15
11         11
12         13
13         10
14         16
15        16
16         17
17         14


For minor points of prosody, treated in the notes, see the
grammars and the treatises of Christ, and Schmidt (translated
by John Williams White).
Aesthetic criticism of Horace's exquisite metrical art can be
addressed only to those who read him aloud precisely as they
read English poetry. Such students will observe for themselves in their favorite passages the reinforcement of the leading thought by the emphasis of the rhythm, the symmetrical
responsions and nice interlockings of words and phrases, the
dainty but not obtrusive alliteration, the real or fancied adaptation of sound to sense in softly musical, splendidly sonorous,
or picturesquely descriptive lines. This kind of criticism may
easily pass into the fantastic. It is better suited to the living
voice than to cold print.








Q. HORATII FLACOL


CARMINTIM
LIBER PRIMIJS.
I.
Maecenas atavis edite regibus,
o et praesidium et dulce decus meum,
Sunt quos curriculo pulverem Olym~$ium
Collegisse iuvat metaque fervidis
Evitata rotis palmaque nobilis6
Terrarum. dominos, evehit ad deos;
Hune, si mobilium. turba Quiritium
Certat tergeminis tollere honoribus;
Ilium, si proprio condidit horreo,
Quidquid de Libycis verritur areis.        10
Gaudentem patrios fludere sarculo
Agros Attalicis condicionibus
Numquam dimoveas, ut trabe Cypria
Myrtoum. pavidus nauta secet mare.
Luctantem Icariis fluctibus Africum.       16
Mercator metuens otium et oppidi
Laudat rura sui; mox reficit ratis
Quassas, indocilis pauperiem pati.
Est qui nec veteris pocula Massici
Nec partem solido demere de die            20
Spernit, nunc viridi membra sub arbuto
B                1




2                    CARMINUM.
Stratus nune ad~aquae lene caput sacrae.
Multos castra iuvant et lituo tubae
Permixtus sonitus bellaque matribus
Detestata. Manet sub love frigido          25
Venator tenerae coniugis imnnemor,
Seu visast catulis cerva fidelibus,
Seu rupit teretes Marsus aper plagas.
Me doetarum hederae praemia frontium
Dis miscent superis, me gelidum nemus      30
Nympharumque leves cumn Satyris chori
Secernunt populo, si neque tibias
Euterpe cohibet nec Polyhymnia
Lesboum refugit tendere barbiton.
Quod si me lyricis vatibus inseris,        36
Sublimi feriam sidera'vertice.
II.
lam satis terris nivis atque dirae
Grandinis misit pater et rubente
Dextera sacras iaculatus arcis
Terruit urbem,
Terruit gentis, grave ne rediret            6
Saeculum Pyrrhae nova monstra questae,
Omne cum Proteus pecus egit altos
Visere montis,
Piscium et summa genus haesit ulmo,
Kota quae sedes fuerat columbis,           10
Et superiecto pavidae natarunt
Aequore dammae.




LIEBER I.


3


Vidimus flavum Tiberim retortis
Litore Etrusco violeuter undis
Ire deiectum monumenta regis             15
Templaque Vestae,
Iliae dum se nimium. querenti
lactat ultorem, vagus et sinistra
Labitur ripajIove non probantO, uxorius amnis.                        20
Audiet civis acuisse ferrum,
Quo graves Persae melius perirent,
Audiet pugnas vitio parentum
Rara iuventus.
Quem vocet divum populus ruentis         26
Imperi rebus?  Prece qua fatigent
Virgines sanctac minus audientem
Carmina Vestam?
Gui dabit partis scelus expiandi
Iuppiter? Tandem venias precamur,        30
Kube candentis umeros amictus,
Augur Apollo;
Sive tu mavis, Erycina ridens,
Quam locus circum volat et Cupido;
Sive neglectum genus et nepotes          36
Respicis, auctor,
Heu nimis longo satiate ludo,
Quem iuvat clamor galeaeque leves
Acer et Mauri peditis cruentui
Voltus in lostem;                    40




4


CARMINUM.


Sive mutata iuvenem figura
Ales in terris imitaris almae
Filius Maiae, patiens vocari
Caesaris ultor,
Serus in caelum redeas, diuque                  45
Laetus intersis populo Quirini,
Neve te nostris vitiis iniquum
Ocior aura
Tollat; hie magnos potius triumphos,
Hic ames dici pater atque princeps, 60
Neu sinas Medos equitare inultos
Te duce, Caesar.
Sic te diva potens Cypri,,
Sic fratres Helenae, lucida sidera,
Ventorumque regat pater
Obstrictis aliis praeter lapyga,
Navis, quae tibi creditum                        6
Debes Vergilium finibus Atticis,
Reddas incolumem precor
Et serves animae dimidium meae.
Illi robur et aes triplex
Circa pectus erat, qui fragilem truci         10
Commisit pelago ratem
Primus, nee timuit praecipitem Africum
Decertantem Aquilonibus
Nec tristis Hyadas niec rabiem Noti,
Quo non arbiter Hadriae                         15
Maior, tollere seu ponere volt freta.




LIBER 1.


f5


Quem mortis timuit gradum,
Qui siccis oculis monstra natantia,
Qui vidit mare turbidum et
Infamis scopulos, Acroceraunia?         20
Kequiquam deus abscidit
Prudens Oceano dissociabili
Terras, si tamen impiae
Non tangeuda rates transiliunt vada.
Audax omnia perpeti                       25
Gens humana ruit per vetitum nefas.
Audax Japeti genus
Ignem fraude mala gentibus intulit.
Post ignem aetleria domo
Subductum macies et,,4ova febrium       30
Terris incubuit cohors,
Sarnotique priuw tarda necessitas
Leti corripuit gradum.
Expertus vacuum Daedalus aera
Pennis non homini datis;                  35
Perrupit Acheronta Herctleus labor.
Nil mortalibls, arduist;
Caelum ipsum ]ýetiw&Inus stultitia, neque
Per nostrum patimur scelus
Iracunda lovem ponere fulmina.          40
IV. j
Solvitur acris hiems grata vice veris et Favoni,
Trahuntqne siccas machinae carinas,
Ac neque iam stabulis gaudet pecus ant arator igni,
Nec prata canis albicant pruinis.
Iam Cytherea choros ducit Venus imminente luna,.




6


CARMINUM.


Tunctaeque Kymphis Gratiae decentes
Alterno terrai quatiunt pede, dum gravis Cyclopum
Volcanus ardens urit officinas.
Nune decet aut viridi nitidum caput impedire myrto
Aut flore terrae quem ferunt solutae;         10
Nuno et in umbrosis Fauno decet immolare lucis,
Sen poscat agna sive malit haedo.
Pallida mors aequo pulsat pede pauperuin tabernas
Regumque turris. 0 beate Sesti,
Vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat incohare longam.  16
Jam te premet nox, fabulaeque Manes,
Et domus exilis Plutonia; quo simul mearis,
Nec regna vini sortiere talis
Nec tenerum Lycidan mirabere, quo calet iuventus
Nune omnis et mox virgines tepebunt.          20
V. v
Quis multa gracilis te puer in rosa
Perfusus liquidis urget~odoribus
Grato, Pyrrha, sub antro?
Gui flavam religas comam,
Simplex munditiis? Hen quotiens fidem     6
Mutatosque deos flebit et aspera
Nigris aequora ventis
Emirabitur insolens,
Qui nune te fruitur credulus aurea,
Qui semper vacuam, semper amabilem        10
Sperat, nescius aurae
Fallacis. Miseri, quibus




LIBER 1.


7


Thtentata nites. Me tabula sacer
Votiva paries indicat uvida
Suspendisse potenti                     16
Vestinenta manis deo.
VI.
Scriberis Vario fortis et hostium
Victor Maeonii carminis alite,
Quam rem cumque ferox navibus aut equis
Miles te duce gesserit.
Nos, Agrippa, neque haeo dicere nec gravem  6
Pelidac stomachum cedere nescii
Nec cursus duplicis per mare Ulixei
Nec saevam Pelopis domum
Conamur, tenues grandia, dum pudor
Imbellisque lyrae Musa potens vetat       10
Laudes egregii Caesaris et tuas
Culpa deterere ingeni.
Quis Martem tunica tectum adamantina
Digne scripserit, aut pulvere Troico
Nigrum Merionen, aut ope Palladis         15
Tydiden superis parem?
Nos convivia, nos proelia virginum
Sectis in invenes unguibus acrium
Cantamus vacui, sive quid urimur,
Non praeter solitum leves.              20




8


CARMINUM.


VII.
Laudabunt alii claram Rhodon aut Mytilenen
Aut Epleson bimarisve Corinthi
Moenia vel Baceho Thebas vel Apolline Delphos
Insignis aut Thessala Tempe.
Sunt quibus unum opus est intactae Palladis urbem 5
Carmine perpetuo celebrare et
Undique decerptam fronti praeponere olivam.
Plurimus in Iunonis honorem
Aptum dicet equis Argos ditisque Mycenas.
Me nec tam patiens Lacedaemon               10
Nec tam Larisae percussit campus opimae,
Quam domus Albuneae resonantis
Et praeceps Anio ac Tiburni lucus et uda
Mobilibus pomaria rivis.
Albus" ut obseuro deterget nubila caclo       15
Saepe Notus reque parturit imbris
Perpetuo, sic tu sapiens finire memento
Tristitiam vitaeque labores
Molli, Plance, mero, seu te fulgentia signis
Castra tenent seu densa tenebit             20
Tiburis umbra tui. Teucer Salamina patremque
Cum fugeret, tamen uda Lyaeo
Tempora populca fertur viuxisse corona,
Sic tristis adfatus amicos:
Quo nos cumque feret melior fortuna parente,  25
Ibimus, o socii comitesque!
Nil desperandum Teucro duce et auspice Teucro:
Certus enim promisit Apollo,
Ambiguam tellure nova Salamina futuram.
0 fortes peioraque passi                    30




LIBER 1.9


9


Mecuma, saepe yini, nunc vino pellite curas;
Gras ingens iterabimus aequor.'
VIII.
Lydia, dic, per omnis
Te deos oro, Sybarin cur properes amando
Perdere;- cur apricum,
Oderit campuam, patiens pulveris atque solis?
Cur neque militaris                              5
Inter aequalis equitat, Gallica nec lupatis
Temperat ora frenis?
Cur timet flavum Tiberim tangere? Cur olivum
Sanguine viperino
Cautius vitat, neque iam. livida gestat armi's  10
Bracchia, saepe disco,
Saepe trans finem iaculo nobilis expedito?
Quid latet, ut marinae
Filium, dicunt Thetidis sub lacrimosa Troiae
Funera, ne virilis                              15
Cultus in caedem et Lycias proriperet catervas?
Ix.1"e
Vides ut alta stet nive candidum
Soracte, nec iam, su~tineant onus
Silvae laborantes, geluque
Flumina constiterint acuto.
Dissolve frig'us ligna super foco,        5
Large reponens atque benigniu
Deprome quadrimum Sabina,
0 Thaliarche, merum diota.




10


CARMINUM.


Permitte divis cetera; qui simul
Stravere ventos aequore fervido             10
Deproeliantis, nee cupressi
Nec veteres agitantur orni.
Quid sit futurum eras, fuge quaerere et
Quem fors dierum cumque dabit lucro
Adpone, nee dulcis amores                15
Sperne puer neque tu choreas,
Donec virenti canities abest
Morosa. Nune et campus et areae
Lenesque sub noctem susurri
Composita repetantur hora;             20
Nune et latentis proditor intimo
Gratus puellae risus ab angulo
Pignusque dereptum lacertis
Aut digito male pertinaci.
x.
Mercuri, facunde nepos Atlantis,
Qui feros cultus hominum recentum
Voce formasti catus et decorae
More palaestrae,
Te canam, magni lovis et deorum             6
Nuntium curvaeque lyrae parentem,
Callidum quidquid placuit iocoso
Condere furto.
Te, boves olim nisi reddidisses
Per dolum amotas, puerum minaci             10




LIBER 1.


11


Voce dum terret, viduus pharetra,
Risit Apollo.
Quin et Atridas duce te superbos
Ilio dives Priamus relicto
Thess~alosque ignis et iniqua, Troiae    1
Castra fefellit.
Tu pias laetis animas reponis
Sedibus virgaque levem coerces
Aurea turbain, superis deorum.
Gratus et imis.                        20
xi.
Tu ne quaesieris, scire nefas, quem mihi, quem tibi
Finem di dederiut, Leuconoe, nee Babylonios,
Temptari's numeros. 'Ut melius quidquid erit pati,
Seu pluris hiemes seu. tribuit Iuppiter ultimam,
Quae nunc oppositis debilitat piumicibus mare    6
Tyrrhenum.: sapias, vina, liques, et spatio brevi
Spem longam. reseces. Dum, loquimur, fugerit invida,
Aetas: carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero.
XII.
Quem virunn aut heroa lyra vel acri
Tibia sumis celebrare, Clio?
Quem deum? Cuius recinet iocosa
Komen imago




12


CARMINUM.


Aut in umbrosis Heliconis oris,           6
Aut super Pindo gelidove in Haemo?
Unde vocalem temere insecutae
Orphea silvae,
Arte, materna rapidos morantem
Fluminum lapsus celeresque ventos,       10
Blandum et auritas fidibus canoris
Ducere quercus.
Quid prius dicam solitis parentis
Laudibus, qui res hominum ac deorum,
Qui mare ac terras variisque munclum 15
Temperat horis?
Unde nil maius generatur ipso,
Nec viget quicquam simile aut secundum:
Proximos illi tamen occupavit
Pallas honores,                        20
Proeliis audax; neque te silebo,
Liber, et saevis inimica Virgo
Beluis, nec te, metuende certa
Phoebe. sagitta.
Dicam et Alciden puerosque tedae,        26
Hune equis, illum superare pugnis
Kobilem; quorum simul alba nautis
Stella refulsit,
Deluit' saxis agitatus humor,
Concidunt venti fugiuntque nubes,        30
Et minay,, quod sic voluere, ponto
Unda recum-nbit.




LIBER I.


13'


Romulum post hos prius an quietum
Pompili regnum me~morem an superbos
Tarquini fascis dlubito, an Catonis       35
Kobile letum.
Regulum, et Scauros animaeque magnane
Prodigum Paullum superante Poeno
Gratus insigni referam camena
Fabriciumque.                           40
Huno, et incomptis Curium capillis
Utilem bello tulit, et Camillum
Saeva paupertas et avitus apto
Cum lare fundus.
Crescit occulto velut arbor aevo          45
Fama Marcelli; micat inter omnis
lulium sidus velut inter ignis
Luna minores.
Gentis humanac pater atque custos,.
Orte 'Saturno, ti bi cura magni           50
Caesaris flatis data:- tu secundo
Caesare regnes.
Ille seu Parthos Lwýi9. imminentis
Egerit iusto domitb s triumpho,
Sive subiectos, Orientis orae            a56
Seras et Indos,
Te minor latum re'get aequns orbem;
Tn gravi curru quaties Olymipum,"
Tu parum c'astis Winiica mittes
Fuhuina lucis. ',60




114


CARMINUM.


XIII.
Cum tu, Lydia, Telephi
Cervicem roseam, cerea Telephi
Laudas bracehia, vae meum
Fervens difticili bile tumet iecur.
Tur nec mens mihi nec color               5
Certa sede manet, umor et in genas
Furtim labitur, arguens
Quam lentis penitus macerer ignibus.
Iror, seu tibi candidos
Turparunt umeros immodicae mero        10
Rixae, sive puer furens
Impressit memorem dente labris notam.
Non, si me satis audias,
Speres perpetuum dulcia barbare
Laedentem oscula, quae Venus             15
Quinta parte sni nectaris irbuit.
Felices ter et amplius,
Quos inrupta tenet copula nec malis
Divolsus querimoniis
Suprema citius solvet amor die.        20
XIV.
o navis, referent in mare te novi
Fluctus! 0 quid agis?  Fortiter occupa
Portum! Nonne vides ut
Kudum remigio latus
Et malus celeri saucius Africo            5
Antemnaeque gemant, ac sine funibus




LIBER L;


i 5'


Vix durare carinae
Possint imperiosius
Aequor? Non tibi sunt integra lintea,
Non di, quos iterum pressa voces malo.   10
Quamvis Pontica pinus,
Silvae filia nobilis,
lactes et genus et nomen inutile,
Nil pictis timidus navita puppibus
Fidit. Tu, nisi ventis                 15
Debes ludibriur, cave.
Nuper sollicitum quae mihi taedium,
Nunc desiderium curaque non levis,
Interfusa nitentis
Yites aequora Cyoladas.              20
XV.
Pastor cum traleret per freta navibus
Idaeis Helenen perfidus hospitam,
Ingrato celeres obruit otio
Ventos ut caneret fera
Nereus fata: 'I lala ducis avi domum,     6
Quam multo repetet Graecia milite,
Coniurata tuas rumpere nuptias
Et regnum Priami vetus.
Heu henu, quantus equis, quantus adest viris
Sudor! quanta moves funera Dardanae      10
Genti! Jam galeam Pallas et aegida
Currusque et rabiem parat.




16


CAR1MflNUM.


Nequiquam Veneris praesidio ferox
Pectes caesariem, grataque feminis
Imbelli cithara carmina divides;        16
Nequiquam thalano gravis
Hastas et calami spicula Cnosii
Vitabis strepitumque et celerem sequi
Aiacem: tamen, lieu, serus adulteros
Crines pulvere collines.              20
Non Laertiaden, exitium tuae
Genti, non Pylium Nestora respicis?
Urgent impavidi te Salaminius
Teucer, te Sthenelus, sciens
Pugnae, sive opus est imperitare equis,  25
Non auriga piger. Merionen quoque
Nosces. Ecce furit te reperire atrox
Tydides, melior patre,
Quem tu, cervus uti vallis in altera
Visum parte lupum graminis immemor      30
Sublinii fugies mollis anhelitu,
Non hoc pollicitus tuae.
Iracunda diem proferet Ilio
IMatronisque Plrygum classis Achullei:
Post certas hiemes uret Achaicus        35
Ignis Iliacas demos.'
XVI.
o matre pulchra filia pulchrior,.Quem criminosis cumque voles modum
Pones iambis, sive flamma
Sive mari libet Hadriano.




LIBER 1.


17


Non Dindymene,ý non adytis quatit         6
Mentem, sacerdotum incola Pythius,
Non Liber aeque, non acuta
Sic geminant Corybantes aera,
Tristes ut irae, quas neque Noricus
Deterret ensis nec mare naufragum        10
Nec saevus ignis nec tremendo
luppiter ipse ruens tumultu.
Fertur Prometheus addere principi
Limo coactus particulam undique
Desectam et insani leonis              16
Yimstpmacho a~posuisse nostro.
Irae Thyesten exitigravi
Stravere et altis urbibus ultimae
Stetere causae cur perirent
Funditus imprimeretque muris         20
Hostile aratrum exercitus insolens.
Compesce mentem! Me quoque pectoris
Temptavit in dulci iuvent a
Fervor et in celeres iambos
Misit furentem; nunc ego mitibus         26
Mutare quaero tristia, dum mihi
Fias recantatis amica
Opprobriis animumque reddas.
XVII.
Velox amoenum saepe Lucretilem
Mutat Lycaeo -Faunus et igneamu
Defendit aestatem cape'llis
Usque-meis pluviosque ventos.




18


CARMINUM.


Impune tutum per nemus arbutos              5
Quaerunt latentis et thyma deviae
Olentis uxores mariti,
Nec viridis metuunt colubras
Nec Miartialis haediliae lupos,
Utcumque dulci, Tyndari, fistula           10
Valles et Usticae cubantis
Levia personuere saxa.
Di me tuentur, dis pietas mea
Et Musa cordist. Hic tibi copia
Manabit ad plenum benigno               1i
Ruris honorum opulenta cornu.
Hie in reducta valle Caniculae
Vitabis aestus et fide Tela
Dices laborantis in uno
Penelopen vitreamque Circen;           20
Hie innocentis pocula Lesbii
Duces sub umbra, nee Semeleius
Cum Marte confundet Thyoneus
Proelia, nee metues protervum
Suspecta Cyrum, ne male dispari            25
Incontinentis iniciat manus
Et scindat haerentem coronam
Crinibus immeritamque vestem.
XVIII.
Nullam, Vare, sacra vite prius severis arborem
Circa mite solum Tiburis et moenia Catili.
Siccis omnia nam dura deus proposuit neque




LIBER 1.


19


Mordaces aliter diffugiunt sollicitudines.
Quis post vina gravem militian ant pauperiem crepat? 6
Quis non te potius, Bacehe pater, teque, decens Venus?
Ac ne quis modici transiliat munera Liberi,
Centaurea monet cum Lapithis rixa super mero
Debellata, monet Sithoniis non levis Euhius,
Gum fas atque nefas exiguo fine libidinum       10
Discernunt avidi. Non ego te, candide Bassareu,
Invitum quatiam nec variis obsita frondibus
Sub divum rapiam. Saeva tene cum Berecyntio
Cornu tympana, quae subsequitur caecus amor sui,
Et tollens vacuum plus nimio gloria verticem    16
Arcanique fides prodiga, perlucidior vitro.
XIX.
Mater saeva Cupidinum
Thebanaeque iubet me Semelae puer
Et lasciva Licentia
Finitis animum reddere amoribus.
Urit me Glycerae nitor,                    5
Splendentis Pario marmore purius;
Urit grata protervitas
Et voltus nimium lubricus adspici.
In me tota ruens Venus
Cyprum deseruit, nec patitur Scythas    10
Et versis animosum equis
Parthum dicere nec quae nihil attinent.
Hic vivumn mihi caespitem, hic
Verbenas, pueri, ponite turaque
Bimi cum patera meri:                     15
Mactata veniet lenior hostia.




20


CARMINUM.


xx..
Vile potabis modicis Sabinum
Cantharis, Graeca quod ego ipse testa
Conditum levi, datus in theatro
Cum tibi plausus,
Care Maecenas eques, ut paterni          5
Fluminis ripae simul et iocosa
Redderet laudes tibi Vaticani
Montis imago.
Caecubum. et prelo domitam Caleno
Tu bibes uvam: mea nec Falernac         10
Temperant vites neque Formiani
Pocula colles.
xx'.
Dianam tenerae dicite virgines,
Intonsum, pueri, dicite Cynthium
Latonamque supremo
Dilectam penitus Jovi.
Vos laetam fluviis et nemorum, coma,     5
Quaecumque ant gelilo prominet Algido,
Kigris aut Erynanthi
Silvis aut viridis Cragi;
Vos Tempe totidem tollite laudibus
Natalemque, mares, Delon Apollinis      10
Insignemque pharetra
Fraterniaque umerum lyra.




LIBER, I.,21


Hie bellum lacrimosum, hie miseram famem
Pestemque a populo et prineipe Caesare in
Persas atque Britannos                   15
Vestra motus aget prece.
XXII.
Integer vitae seelerisque purus
Non eget Mauris iaeulis neque arcu
Nec venenatis gravida sagittis,
Fusee,: plaretra,
Sive -per Syrtis iter-'aestuosas,
Sive facturus per inhospitalem
Caucasum vel quae loca fabulosus
Lambit Hydaspes.
Namque me silva lupus in Sabina,
Dum meam canto Lalagen et ultra            10
Terminum euris vagor expeditis,
Fugit inermem,
Quale portentum neque militaris
Daunias latis alit aeseuletis
Nec Iubae tellus generat, leonum           15
Arida nutrix.
Pone me pigris ubi nulla eampis
Arbor aestiva reereatur aura,
Quod latus mundi nebulae malusque
luppiter urget;                          20
Pone sub eurru nimium propinqui
Solis in terra domibus negata:




22


CARMINUM.


Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo,
Dulce loquentem.
XXIII.
Vitas hinuleo me similis, Chloe,
Quaerenti pavidam montibus aviis
Matrem non sine vano
Aurarum et siluae metu.
Nan seu mobilibus veris inhorruit         5
Adventus foliis, seu virides rubum
Dimovere lacertae,
Et corde et genibus tremit.
Atqui non ego te tigris ut aspera
Gaetulusve leo frangere persequor:       10
Tandem desine matrem
Tempestiva sequi viro.
XXIV.
Quis desiderio sit pudor aut modus
Tam cari capitis? Praecipe lugubris
Cantus, Melpomene, cui liquidam pater
Vocem cum cithara dedit.
Ergo Quintilium perpet-uus sopor          5
Urget! Cui Pudor et Iustitiae soror,
Incorrupta Fides, nudaque Veritas
Quando ullum inveniet parem?
Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit,
Nulli flebilior quam tibi, Vergili.      10




LIBER I.                3


23


Tu frustra pius heu non ita creditum
Poscis Quintilium deos.
Quid? si Threicio blandius Orpleo
Auditam moderere arboribus fidem,
Kum vanae redeat sanguis imagini,       15
Quam virga semel horrida,
Non lenis precibus fata recludere,
Nigro compulerit Mercurius gregi.?
Durum: sed levius fit patientia,
Quidquid corrigerest nefas.           20
XXV.
Parcius iunctas quatiunt fenestras
lactibus crebris iuvenes protervi,
Nec tibi somnos adimunt, aaatque
Ia~nua limen,
Quae prius multum facilis movebat        6
Cardines. Audis minus et minus iam:
'Me tuo longas pereunte noctes,
Lydia, dormis?'
Invicem moechos anus arrogantis
Flebis in solo levis angiportu,         10
Thracio bacchante magis sub interlunia vento,
Cum tibi flagrans amor et libido,
Quae solet matres furiare equorum,
Saeviet circa iecur ulcerosum,          16
Non sine questu,




24


CARMINUM.


Laeta quod pubes hedera virenti
Gauleat pulla magis atque myrto,
Aridas frondes hiemis sodali
Dedicet Hebro.                         20
XXVI.
Musis amicus tristitiam et metus
Tradam protervis in mare Creticum
Portare ventis, quis sub Arcto
Rex gelidae metuatur orae,
Quid Tiridaten terreat, unice.
Securus. 0 quae'foutibus integris
Gaudes, apricos necte flores,
Kecte meo Lamiae coronam,
Pimplei dulcis. Nil sine te mei
Prosunt honores: hune fidibus novis,     10
Hune Lesbio sacrare plectro
Teque tuasque decet sorores.
XXVII.
Natis in usum laetitiae scyphis
Pugnare Thraeumst: tollite barbarum
Morem, verecundumque Bacehum
Sanguineis projhibete rixis.
Vino et lucernis Medus acinaces           5
Immane quantum diserepat: impium
Lenite clamorem, sodales,
Et cubito remanete presso.




LIBER I.


25


Voltis severi me quoque sumere
Partem Falerni? Dicat Opuntiae              10
Frater Megillae quo beatus
Volnere, qua pereat sagitta.
Cessat voluntas? Non alia bibam
Mercede. Quae te cumque domat Venus,
Non erubeseendis adurit                   15
Ignibus ingenuoque semper
Amore peccas. Quidquid habes, age,
Depone tutis auribus. A miser,
Quanta laborabas Charybdi,
Digne puer meliore flamma!              20
Quae saga, quis te solvere Thessalis
Magus venenis, quis poterit deus?
Vix inligatum te triformi
Pegasus expediet Chimaera.
XXVIII.
Te maris et terrae numeroque carentis arenae
Mensorem cohibent, Archyta,
PTlveris exigul prope litus parva Matinum
Munera, nee quicquam tibi prodest
Aerias temptasse domos animoque rotundum
Percurrisse polum morituro.
Occidit et Pelopis genitor, conviva deorum,
Tithonusque remotus in auras
Et lovis arcanis Minos admissus, habentque
Tartara Panthoiden iterum Orco               10




26


CARMINUM.


Demissum, quamvis clipeo Troiana refixo
Tempora testatus nihil ultra
Kervos atque cutem morti concesserat atrae,
ludice te non sordidus auctor
Naturae verique. Sed omnes una manet nox      16
Et calcanda semel via leti.
Dant alios Furiae torvo spectacula Marti,
Exitiost avidum mare nautis;
Mixta senum ac iuvenum densentur funera; nullum
Saeva caput Proserpina fugit:               20
Me quoque devexi rapidus comes Orionis
Illyricis Kotus obruit undis.
At tu, nauta, vagae ne parce malignus arenae
Ossibus et capiti inhumato
Particulam dare: sic, quodcumque minabitur Eurus 26
Fluctibus Hesperiis, Venusinae
Plectantur silvae te sospite, multaque merces,
Unde potest, tibi defluat aequo
Ab love Neptunoque sacri custode Tarenti.
Neglegis immeritis nocituram                30
Postmodo te natis fraudem committere? Fors et
Debita iura vicesque superbae
Te maneant ipsum: precibus non linquar inultis,
Teque piacula nulla resolvent.
Quamquai festinas, non est mora longa; licebit  35
Iniecto ter pulvere curras.




LIBER i2


27


XXIX.
Icci, beatis nunc Arabum invides
Gazis et acrem militiam paras
Non ante devictis Sabaeae
Regibus, lorribilique Medo
Kectis catenas? Quae tibi virginum      5
Sponso necato barbara serviet?
Puer quis ex aula capillis
Ad cyatthum statuetur unctis,
Doctus sagittas tendere Sericas
Arcu paterno?  Quis neget arduis       10
Pronos relabi posse rivos
Montibus et Tiberim reverti,
Cum ta coemptos undique nobilis
Libros Panaeti Socraticam et domum,
Mutare loricis Hiberis,               15
Pollicitus meliora, tendis?
XXX.
0 Venus, regina Onidi Paphique,
Sperne dilectam Cypron et vocantis
Ture te multo Glycerae decoram
Transfer in aedem.
Fervidus tecum puer et solutis           5
Gratiae zonis properentque Nymphae
Et parum comis sine te luventas
Mercuriusque.




28


CARMINUM.


XXXi.
Quid dedicatum poscit Apollinem
Yates? Quid orat, de patera novum
Fundens liquorem? Non opimae
Sardiniae segetes feracis,
Non aestuosae grata Calabriae            5
Armenta, non aurum aut ebur Indicum,
Non rura, quae Liris quieta
Mordet aqua taciturnus amnis.
Premant Calena falce quibus dedit
Fortuna vitem, dives et aureis          10
Mercator exsiccet culullis
Vina Syra reparata merce,
Dis earns ipsis, quippe ter et quater
Anno revisens aequor Atlanticum
Impune. Me pascunt olivae,            15
Me cichorea levesque malvae.
Frui paratis et valido mihi,
Latoe, dones et precor integra
Gum mente nec turpem senectam
Degere nec cithara carentem.        20
XXXII.
Poscimur. Siquid vacui sub umbra
Lusimus tecum, quod et hunc in annum
Yivat et pluris, age die Latinum,
Barbite, carmen,




LtIBER 1.


29


Lesbio primum modulate civi,             5
Qui ferox bello tamen inter arma,
Sive iactatam religarat udo
Litore navim,
Liberum et Musas Veneremque et illi
Semper haerentem puerum canebat,        10
Et Lycum nigris oculis nigroque
Crine decorum.
o decus Phoebi et dapibus supremi
Grata testudo lovis, o laborum
Dulce lenimen, mihi cumque salve        15
Rite vocanti!
XXXIII.
Albi, ne doleas plus nimio memor
Immitis Glycerae, neu miserabilis
Decantes elegos, cur tibi junior
Laesa praeniteat fide.
Insignem tenni fronte Lycorida           5
Cyri torret amor, Cyrus in asperam
Declinat Pholoen; sed prius Apulis
Tungentur capreae lupis
Quam turpi Pholoe peccet adultero.
Sic visum Veneri, cui placet impares    10
Formas atque animos sub iuga aenea
Saevo mittere cum ioco.
Ipsum me melior cum peteret Venus,
Grata detinuit compede Myrtale




ng%


CARMINUM.


Tibertina, fretis acrior ladriae        16
Curvantis Calabros sinus.
XXXIV.
Parcus deorum cultor et infrequens,
Insanientis dum sapientiae
Consultus erro, nune retrorsum
Vela dare atque iterare cursus
Cogor relictos. Namque Diespiter,        6
Igni corusco nubila dividens
Plerumque, per purum tonantis
Egit equos volucremque currum,
Quo bruta tellus et vaga flumina,
Quo Styx et invisi horrida Taenari      10
Sedes Atlanteusque finis
Concutitur. Valet ima summis
Mutare et insignem attenuat deus,
Obseura promens; hine apicem rapax
Fortuna cum stridore acuto            16
Sustulit, hie posuisse gaudet.
XXXV.
o diva, gratum quae regis Antium,
Praesens vel imo tollere de gradu
Mortale corpus vel superbos
Vertere funeribus triumphos,




LIBER 1.


31


Te pauper ambit sollicita prece             5
Ruris colonus, te dominam aequoris
Quicumque Bithyna lacessit
Carpathium pelagus carina.
Te Dacus asper, te profugi Scythae
Urbesque gentesque et Latium ferox         10
Regumque matres barbarorum et
Purpurei metuunt tyranni,
Iniurioso ne pede proruas
Stantem columnam, neu populus frequens
Ad arma cessantis, ad arma               16
Concitet imperiumque frangat.
Te semper anteit saeva Necessitas,
Clavos trabalis et cuneos manu
Gestans aena, nee severus
Uncus abest liquidumque plumbum.       20
Te Spes et albo rara Fides colit
Velata panno, nee comitem abnegat,
Utcumque mutata potentis
Veste domos inimica linquis.
At volgus infidum et meretrix retro        26
Periura cedit, diffugiunt cadis
Cum faece siccatis amici
Ferre iugum pariter dolosi.
Serves iturum Caesarem in ultimos
Orbis Britannos et invenum recens          so
Examen Eois timendum
Partibus Oceanoque rubro.




32


CARMINUM.


Ehen cicatricum et sceleris pudet
Fratrumque. Quid nos dura refugimus
Aetas? quid intactum nefasti         35
Liquixnus? unde manum iuventus
Metu deorum continuit? quibus
Pepercit aris? 0 utinam nova
Incude diffingas retusum in
Mass~agetas Arabasque ferrum!       40D
xxxv'.
Et ture et fidibus iuvat
Placare et vituli sanguine debito
Oustodes Numidae deos,
Qui nunc Hesperia sospes ab ultima
Caris multa sodalibus,                   6
Kulli plura tamen dividit oscula
Quam dulci Lamiae, memor
Actae non alio rege puertiae
Mutataeque simul togae.
Cressa ne careat puichna dies nota,   10
en promptae modus amphorae
Keu morem in Salium sit requies pedum,
Neu multi Damalis meri
Bassum Threicia vincat amystide,
Keu desint epulis rosae                 16
Neu vivax apium neu breve lilium.
Omnes in Damalin putris
Deponent oculos, nec Damalis novo
Divelletur adultero,
Lascivis hederis ambitiosior.         20




LIB E R 1.            3


33


XXXVII1.
Nune est bibendum, nunc pede libero
Pulsanda tellus, nune Saliaribus
Ornare pul-vinar deorurn
Tempus erat dapibus, sodales.
Antehac nefas depromere Caccubum6
Cellis avitis, dum Capitolio
Regina dementis ruinas
Funus et imperio parabat
V,
Contaminato cum grege turprnm
Mo'rbo viron'm, qidlibet impotens        10
Sperare fortun'aque dulci
Ebria. Sed minuit furorem
Vix una sospes navis ab ignibus,
Mentemque lymphatam Mareotico
Redegit in veros timores               16
Caesar, ab Italia volantem
Remis, adurgens, accipiter velut
Mollis coluinbas aut leporem. citus
Venator in campis nivalis
Haemoniae, daret ut catenis          20
Fatale monstrum. Quae generosius
Perire qnaerens nee muliebriter
Expavit ensem nee latentis
Classe cita reparavit oras.
Ausa et iacentem visere regiam           25
Voltu. sereno, fortis et asperas
D




34                  CARMINUM.
Tractare serpentes, ut atrum
Corpore combiberet venenum,
Deliberata morte ferocior,
Saevis Liburnis scilicet invidens       30
Privata deduci superbo
Non humilis mulier triumpho.
xxxvIII.
Persicos odi, puer, apparatus;
Displicent nexae philyra coronae;
Mitte sectari, rosa quo locorum
Sera moretur.
Simplici myrto nihul adlabores           6
Sedulus curo: neque te ministrum
Dedecet myrtus neque me sub arta
Vite bibentem.




CARMINITM
LIBER SECUNDUS.
1.
Motum ex Metello consule civicum
Bellique causas et vitia et modos
Ludumque Fortunae gravisque
Principum amicitias et arma
Kondum expiatis uncta cruoribus,        6
Periculosae plenum opus aleae,
Tractas et incedis per ignis
Suppositos cineri doloso.
Paullum severae Musa tragoediae
Desit theatris; mox ubi publicas       10
Res ordinaris, graude munus
Cecropio repetes cothurno,
Insigne maestis praesidium reis
Et consulenti, Pollio, Curiae,
Cui laurus aeteruos honores          16
Delmatico peperit triumpho.
lam nunc minaci murmure cornuum
Perstringis auris, iam litni strepunt,
lam fulgor armorum fugacis
Terret equos equitumque voltus.    20
35




36


CAVMINUM.


Audire magnos jam videor duces,
Non indecoro pulvere sordidos,
Et cuncta terrarum subacta
Praeter atrocem animum Catonis.
Iuno et deorum quisquis amicior         26
Afris inulta cesserat impotens
Tellure victorum nepotes
Bettulit inferias Jugurthae.
Quis non Latino sanguine pinguior
Campus sepuicris impia proelia          30
Testatur auditumque Medis
Hesperiae sonitum ruinae?
Qui gurges aut quae flumina lugubris
Ignara belli? quod mare Dauniae
Non decoloravere caedes?              36
Quae caret ora cruore nostro?
Sed ne relictis, Musa procax, iocis
Ceac retractes munera neniae,
Mecum Dionaco sub antro
Quaere modos leviore plectro.       40
II,
Nullus argento color est avaris
Abdito terris, inimice lamnae
Crispe Sallusti, nisi temperato
Splendeat usu.
Vivet extento Proculcius aevo,           6
Notus in fratres animi paterni:




LIBER H.


37


Ilium. aget penna metuente solvi
Fama superstes.
Latins regnes avidum, domando
Spiritum, quam. si Libyam. remotis      10
Gadibu's iungas et uterque Poenus
Serviat uni.
Creseit indlulgens sibi dimus hydrops
Nee sitim, pellit, nisi causa morbi
Fugerit venis et aquosus albo           1
Corpore languor.
Redditum. Cyri solio Phraaten
Dissidens plebi numero beatorum.
Eximit Virtus populumque falsis
Dedocet uti                           20
Vocibus, regnum et diadema tutum.
Deferens uni. propriamque laurum,
Quisquis ingentis oculo inretorto
Spectat acervos.
III.
Aectua~m memento rebus in arduis
Servare mentem., non secus in bonis
Ab insolenti temperatam.
Laetitia, moriture iDelli,
Sen maestus omni tempore vixeris,
Seu te in remoto gramine per dies
Festos reclinatum. bearis
Interiore nota Falerni.




38


CARMINUM.


Quo pinus ingens albaque populus
Umbrar hospitalem consociare ariant     10
Ramis? Quid obliquo laborat
Lympha fugax trepidare rivo?
Hue vina et unguenta et nimium brevis
Flores aioenae ferre iube rosae,
Dum res et aetas et sororum           16
Fila triun patiuntur atra.
Cedes coemptis saltibus et domo
Villaque, flavus quam Tiberis lavit,
Cedes, et exstructis in altum
Divitiis potietur heres.            20
Divesne prisco natus ab Inacho
Nil interest an pauper et infima
De gente sub divo noreris,
Victima nil miserantis Orci.
Omnes eodem cogimur, omnium             26
Versatur urna serius ocius
Sors exitura et nos in aeternum
Exsilium impositura cumbae.
IV.
Ne sit ancillae tibi arnor pudori,
Xanthia Phocen! Prius insolentem
Serva Briseis niveo colore
Movit Achullem;
Movit Aiacem Telamone natum              6
Forma captivae dominun Tecmessae;




LIBER III.


-39


Arsit Atrides medio in triumpho
Virgine rapta,
Barbarae postquam cecidere turmae
Thessalo victore et ademptus Hector     10
Tradidit fessis leviora tolli
Pergama Grais.
Nescias an te generun beati
Phyllidis fiavae decorent parentes:
Regium certe genus et penatis           16
Maeret iniquos.
Crede non illam tibi de scelesta
Plebe dilectam, neque sic fidelem,
Sic lucro aversam potuisse nasci
Natre pudenda.                        20
Bracchia et voltum teretesque suras
Integer laudo; fuge suspicari,
Cuins octavum trepidavit aetas
Claudere lustrum.
V.
Nondum subacta ferre iugum valet
Cervice, nondum munia comparis
Aequare nec tauri ruentis
In venerem tolerare pondus.
Circa virentis est animus tuae           6
Campos iuvencae, nunc fiuviis gravem
Solantis aestum, nunc in udo
Ludere cum vitulis salicto




40


CARMINUM.


Praegestientis. Tolle cupidinem
Immitis uvae: iam tibi lividos              10
Distinguet autumnus racemos
Purpureo varius colore.
lam te sequetur: currit enim ferox
Aetas, et illi, quos tibi dempserit,
Adponet annos; iam proterva              15
Fronte petet Lalage maritum,
Dilecta quantum non Pholoe fugax,
Non Chloris, albo sic umero nitens
Ut pura nocturno renidet
Luna mari, Cnidiusve Gyges,            20
Quem si puellarum insereres choro,
Mire sagacis falleret hospites
Discrimen obscurum solutis
Crinibus ambiguoque voltu.
VI.
Septimi, Gadis aditure mecum et
Cantabrum indoctum iuga ferre nostra et
Barbaras Syrtis, ubi Maura semper
Aestuat unda:
Tibur Argeo positum colono                   6
Sit meae sedes utinam senectae,
Sit modus lasso maris et viarum
Militiaeque.
Unde si Parcae prohibent iniquae,
Dulce pellitis ovibus Galaesi               10




LIBER 111.


41


Flumen et regnata petam Laconi
Rura Phalantlo.
Ille terrarum mihi praeter omnis
Angulus ridet, ubi non Hymetto
Mella decedunt viridique certat       16
Baca Venafro;
Ver ubi longum tepidasque praebet
luppiter brumas, et amicus Aulon
Fertili Baccho minimum Falernis
Invidet uvis.                       20
Tile te mecum locus et beatae
Postulant arces; ibi tu calentem
Debita sparges lacrima favillam
Vatis amici.
VII.
0 saep'e mecum, tempus in ultimum
Deducte Bruto militiae duce,
Quis te redonavit Quiritem
Dis patriis Italoque caelo,
Pompei, meorum prime sodalium,         6
Cum quo morantem saepe diem mero
Fregi, coronatus nitentis
Malobatliro Syrio capillos?
Tecum Phulippos et celerem fugam
Sensi relicta non bene parmula,       10
Cum fracta virtus et minaces
Turpe solum tetigere mento.




42


CARMINUM.


Sed me per lostis Mercurius celer
Denso paventem sustulit aere;
Te rursus in helium resorbens         16
Unda fretis tulit aestuosis.
Ergo obligatam redde lovi dapem,
Longaque fessum militia latus
Depone sub-lauru mea nec
Parce cadis tibi destinatis.        20
Oblivioso levia Massico
Ciboria exple, funde capacibus
Unguenta de conchis. Quis udo
Deproperare apio coronas
Curatve myrto? Quem Venus arbitrum     25
Dicet bibendi? Non ego sanius
Bacehabor Edonis: recepto
Dulce mihi furerest amico.
VIII.
Ulla si iuris tibi peierati
Poena, Barine, nocuisset umquam,
Dente si nigro fieres vel uno
Turpior ungui,
Crederem. Sed tu simul obligasti         6
Perfidum votis caput, enitescis
Pulchrior multo, iuvenumque prodis
Publica cura.
Expedit matris cineres opertos
Fallere et toto taciturna noctis        10




LIBER II.


43


Signa cum caelo gelidaque divos
Morte carentis.
Ridet hoc, inquam, Venus ipsa, rident
Simplices Nymphae ferus et Cupido,
Semper ardentis acuens sagittas 16
Cote cruenta.
Adde quod pubes tibi crescit omnis,
Servitus crescit nova, nec priores
Imnpiae tectum dominae relinquunt,
Saepe minati.                         20
Te suis matres metuunt iuvencis,
Te senes parci miseraeque nuper
Virgines nuptae, tua ne retardet
Aura maritos.
IX.
Non semper imbres nubibus hispidos
Manant in agros aut mare Caspium
Vexant inaequales procellae
Usque, nec Armeniis in oris,
Amice Yalgi, stat glacies iners          6
Mensis per omnis, aut Aquilonibus
Querceta Gargani laborant
Et fohiis viduantur orni:,
Tu semper urges flebilibus modis
Mysten ademptum, nec tibi Vespero       10
Surgente decedunt amores
Nec rapidun fugiente solem.




44''


CARMINUM.


At non ter aevo functus amabilem
Ploravit omnis Antilochum senex
Annos, nec impuben parentes           15
Troilon aut Plrygiae sorores
Flevere semper. Desine mollium
Tandem querellarum, et potius nova
Cantemnus Augusti tropaea
Caesaris et rigidum Niphaten,       20
Meduinque flumen gentibus additum
Victis minores volvere vertices,
Intraque praescriptum Gelonos
Exiguis equitare campis.
x.
Rectius vives, Licini, neque altum
Semper urgendo neque, dum procellas
Cautus horrescis, nimium prenendo
Litus iniquum.
Aurearn quisquis mediocritatem           5
Diligit, tutus caret obsoleti
Sordibus tecti, caret invidenda
Sobrius aula.
'Saepius ventis agitatur ingens
Pinus et celsae graviore casu           10
Decidunt turres feriuntque summog
Fulgura montis.
Sperat infestis, metuit secundis
Alteram sortem bene praeparatum




LI-BER II.


45


Pectus. Informis hiemes reducit         16
Juppiter, idem
Submovet. Non, si male nunc, et olim
Sic erit: quondam cithara tacentem
Suscitat Musam neque semper arcum
Tendit Apollo.                        20
Rebus angustis animosus atque
Fortis appare; sapienter idem
Contrahes vento nimium secundo
Turgida vela.
XI.
Quid belhicosus Cantaber et Scythes,
Hirpine Quinti, cogitet Hadria
Divisus obiecto, remittas
Quaerere, nec trepides in usum
Poscentis aevi pauca. Fugit retro        6
Levis inventas et decor, arida
Pehlente lascivos amores
Canitie facilemque somnum.
Non semper idem floribus est honor
Vernis, neque uno luna rubens nitet     10
Voltu: quid aeternis minorem
Consihiis animum fatigas?
Cur non sub alta vel platano vel hac
Pinu iacentes sic temere et rosa
Canos odorati capillos,
Dum licet, Assyriaque nardo




46


CARMINUM.


Potamus uncti? Dissipat Euhius
Curas edacis. Quis puer ocius
Restinguet ardentis Falerni
Pocula praetereunte lympha?          20
Quis devium scortum eliciet domo
Lyden? Eburna, die age, cum lyra
Maturet, in comptum Lacaenae
More comam religata nodum.
XII.
Nolis longa ferae bella Numantiae
Nee durum Hannibalem nee Siculum mare
Poeno purpureum sanguine mollibus
Aptari citharae modis,
Nec saevos Lapithas et nimium mero         5
Hylaeum domitosque Herculea manu
Telluris iuvenes, unde periculum
Fulgens contremuit domus
Saturni veteris: tuque pedestribus
Dices historiis proelia Caesaris,         10
Maecenas, melius ductaque per vias
Regum colla minacium.
Me dulcis dominae Musa Licymniae
Cantus, me voluit dicere lucidum
Fulgentis oculos et bene mutuis            15
Fidum pectus amoribus;
Quam nec ferre pedem dedecuit choris
Nec certare ioco nee dare bracchia




LIBER H.,


47


Ludentem nitidis virginibus sacro
Dianae celebris die.                 20
Num tu quac tenuit dives Achaemenes
Aut pinguis Phrygiae Mygdonias opes
]ermutare velis crine Licymniae,
Plenas aut Arabum domos,
Dum flagrantia detorquet ad oscula     26
Cervicem, ant facili saevitia negat
Quae poscente magis gaudeat eripi,
Interdum rapere occupet?
XIII.
Ille et nefasto te posuit die,
Quicumque primum, et sacrilega manu
Produxit, arbos, in nepotum
Perniciem opprobriumque pagi;
Ilium et parentis crediderim sni        6
Fregisse cervicem et penetralia
Sparsisse nocturno cruore
Hospitis; il1p venena Coicha
Et quidquid usquam concipitur nefas
Tractavit, agro qui statuit meo,       10
Te~triste lignum, te caducum
In domini caput inmerentis.
Quid quisque vitet, numquam lomini satis
Cautumst in horas: navita Bosporum
Poenus perhorrescit neque ultra       16
Caeca timet aliunde fata;




48


CARMINUM.


Miles sagittas et celerem fugam
Parthi, catenas Parthus et Italum
Robur; sed improvisa leti
Vis rapuit rapietque gentis.        20
Quam paene furvae regna Proserpinae
Et iudicantem, vidimus Aeacum
Sedesque discriptas piorum et
Aeoliis fidibus querentem
Sappho puellis de popularibus,          25
Et te sonantem plenius aureo,
Alcaee, plectro dura navis,
Dura fugae mala, dura belli.
Utrumque sacro digna silentio
Mirantur umbrae dicere; sed magis       30
Pugnas et exactos tyrannos
Densum umeris bibit aure volgus.
Quid mirum, ubi illis carminibus stupens
Demittit atras belua centiceps
Auris, et intorti capillis            35
Eumenidum recreautur angues?
Quin et Prometheus et Pelopis parens
Dulci laborem decipitur sono,
Nec curat Orion leones
Aut timidos agitare lyncas.         40
XIV.
Ehen fugaces, Postume, Postume,
Labuntur anni, nec pietas moram
Rugis et instanti senectae
Adferet indomitaeque morti;




LIBER 11.


49


Non si trecenis quotquot eunt dies,      6
Amice, places inlacrimabilein
Plutona tauris, qui ter amplum
Geryonen Tityonque tristi
Compescit unda, scilicet omnibus,
Quicumqne terrae munere vescimur,       10
Enaviganda, sive reges
Sive inopes erimus coloni.
Frustra cruento Marte carebimus
Fractisque rauci fluctibus Hadriae,
Frustra per autumnos nocentem.        16
Corporibus metuemus Austrum:
Viseudus ater flumine languido
Cocytos errans et Danai genus
Infame damuatusque longi
Sisyphus Aeolides laboris.          20
Linquenda tellus et domus et placens
Uxor, neque harum, quas colis, arborum
Te praeter invisas cupressos
Ulla brevem dominum sequetur.
Absumet heres Caecuba dignior           26
Servata centum clavibus et mero
Tinguet pavimentum superbo,
Pontificum potiore cenis.
XV:
lam pauca aratro iugera regiae
Moles relinquent; undique latius
Extenta visentur Lucrino
Stagna lacu, platanusque caelebs




50


CARMINUM.


Evincet ulmos; turn violaria et          6
Myrtus et omnis copia narium
Spargeut olivetis odorem
Fertilibus domino priori;
Turn spissa ramis laurea fervidos
Exciudet ictus. Non ita Roruli          10
Praescripturn et intonsi Catonis
Auspiciis veterumque norma.
Privatus illis census erat brevis,
Commune magnum: nulla decempedis
Metata privatis opacam                15
Porticus excipiebat Areton,,
Nec fortuitum spernere caespitem
Leges sinebant, oppida publico
Sumptu inbentes et deorum
Templa novo decorare saxo.          20
xv'.
Otium divos rogat in patenti
Prensus Aegaeo, simul atra nubes
Condidit lunam neque certa fulgent
Sidera nautis;
Otiumn bello furiosa Thrace,             5
Otium Medi pharetra decori,
Grosphe, non gemmis neque purpura venale nec auro.
Non eniu gazae neque consularis
Submovet lictor miseros tumultus        10




LIBER II.


51


Mentis et curas laqueata circum
Tecta volantis.
Vivitur parvo bene cui paternum,
Splendet in mensa tenui salinum
Nec levis somnos timor aut cupido       16
Sordidus aufert.
Quid brevi fortes iaculamur aevo
Multa? Quid terras alio calentis
Sole mutamus? Patriae quis exsul
Se quoque fugit?                     20
Scandit aeratas vitiosa navis
Cura nec turmas equitum, relinquit,
Ocior cervis et agente nimbos
Ocior Euro.
Laetus in praesens animus quod ultrast  26
Oderit curare et amara lento
Temperet risu; nihul est ab omni
]arte beatum.
Abstulit clarum cita mors Achullem,
Longa Tithonum minuit senectus,         30
Et mili forsan tibi quod negarit
Porriget hora.
Te greges centum Siculaeque circum
Mugiunt vaccae, tibi tollit hinnitum
Apta quadrigis equa, te bis Afro        36
Murice tinctae
V6stiunt lanae; mihi parva rura et
Spiritum Graiae tenuem Camenae
Parca non mendax dedit et malignum
Spernere volgus.                      40




52


CARMINUM.


XVII.
Cur me querellis exanimas tuis?
Nec dis amicumst nec mihi te prius
Obire, Maecenas, mearum
Grande decus columenque rerum.
A, te meae si partem animae rapit         6
Maturior vis, quid moror altera,
Nec earus aeque nec superstes
Integer? Ille dies utramque
Ducet ruinam. Non ego perfidumn
Dixi sacramentum: ibimus, ibimus,        10
Utcumque praecedes, supremum
Carpere iter comites parati.
Me nec Chimaerae spiritus igneae
Nec, Si resurgat, centimanus Gyas
Divellet umquam: sic potenti           15
Justitiac placitumque Parcis.
Sen Libra sen me Scorpios adspieit
Formidolosus pars violentior
Natalis horae, seu tyrannus
Hesperiae Capricornus undae,.20
Utrumque nostrum incredibili modo
Consentit astrum. Te Jovis impio
Tutela Saturno refulgens
Eripuit volucrisque Fati
Tardavit alas, cum populus frequens      26
Laetum theatris ter erepuit sonum;




LIBER Il5


53


Me truncus inlapsus cerebro
Sustulerat, nisi Faunus ictum
Dextra levasset, Mercurialium
Custos virorum. Reddere victimas        30
Aedemque votivam memento;
Nos humilem feriemus agnam.
XVIII.
Non ebur neque aureum
Mea renidet in domo ladunar,
Non trabes Hymettiae
Premunt columnas ultima recisas
Africa, neque Attali                     6
Ignotus leres regiam occupavi,
Nec Laconicas mihi
Trahunt honestae purpuras clientae.
At fides et ingeni
Benigna venast, pauperemque dives     10
Me petit: nihil supra
Deos lacesso nec potentem amicum
Largiora fiagito,
~Satis beatus unicis Sabinis.
Truditur dies die,                      16
Novaeque pergunt interire lunae:
Tu secanda marmora
Locas sub ipsum funus, et sepuicri
Immenor struis domos,
Marisque Bais obstrepentis urges      20
Submovere litora,
Parum locuples continente ripa.




54


CARMINUM.


Quid quod usque proximos
Revellis agri terminos et ultra
Limites clientium                          25
Salis avarus? Pellitur paternos
In sinu ferens deos
Et uxor et vir sordidosque natos.
Nulla certior tamen
Rapacis Orci fine destinata              30
Aula divitem manet
Erum. Quid ultra tendis? Aequa tellus
Pauperi recluditur
Regumque pueris, nee satelles Orci
Callidum Promethea                         35
Revexit auro captus. Hie superbum
Tantalum atque Tantali
Genus coercet, hie levare functum
Pauperem laboribus
Vocatus atque non vocatus audit.         40
XIX.
Bacchum in remotis carmina rupibus
Vidi docentem, credite posteri,
Nymphasque discentis et auris
Capripedum Satyrorum acutas.
Euhoe, recenti mens trepidat metu,          5
Plenoque Bacchi pectore turbidum
Laetatur. Euhoe, parce Liber,
Parce gravi metuende thyrso.
Fas pervicacis est mihi Thyiadas
Vinique fontem lactis et uberes            10




LIBER II.


55


Cantare rivos atque truncis
Lapsa cavis iterare mella;
Fas et beatae coniugis additum
Stellis honorem tectaque Penthei
Disiecta non leni ruina               16
Thracis et exitium Lycurgi.
Tn flectis amnis, tu mare barbarum,
Tn separatis uvidus in iugis
Nodo coerces viperino
Bistonidum sine fraude crinis.      20
Tu, cum parentis regna per arduum
Cohors Gigantum sca'nderet impia,
Rhoetum retorsisti leonis
Unguibus horribilique mala;
Quamqnam choreis aptior et iocis        25
Ludoque dictus non sat idoneus
Pugnac ferebaris; sed idem
Pacis eras mediusque belli.
Te vidit insons Cerberus anreo
Cornu decorum, leniter atterens         so
Caudam, et recedentis trilingui
Ore pedes tetigitque crura.. xx
Non usitata nec tenui ferar
Penna biformis per liquidum aethera
Yates, neque in terris morabor
Longius invidiaque maior




56


CARMINUM.


Urbis relinquam. Non ego pauperum        6
Sanguis parentum, non ego, quem vocas,
Dilecte Maecenas, obibo
Nec Stygia cohibebor unda.
Jam iamn residunt cruribus asperae
Pelles et album mutor in alitem         10
Superne,, nascuuturque leves
Per digitos umerosque plumae.
Jam Daedaleo notior Icaro
Visam gementis litora Bospori
Syrtisque Gaetulas canorus            16
Ales Hyperboreosque campos.
Me Colehus et qui dissimulat metum
Marsae cohortis Dacus et ultimi
Noscent Geloni, me peritus
Discet Hiber Rhodanique potor.      20
Absint inani funere neniae
Luctusque turpes et querimoniae;
Compesce clamorem ac sepuleri
Mitte supervacuos honores.




CARMINTIM
LIBER TERTIUS.
Odi profanurn volgus et arceo.
Favete linguis: carmina non prius
Audita Musarum sacerdos
Virginibus pueriisque canto.
Regum timenclorum in proprios greges,      r
Reges in ipsos irnperjumst Jovis,
Clari Giganteo triumpho,
Cuncta supercilio moventis.
Est ut viro yin latius ordinet
Arbusta sulcis, hie generosior            10
Descendat in Campuin petitor,
Moribus hie melionque fama
Contendat, illi turba clientiurn
Sit maior: aequa lege Kecessitas
Sortitur insignis et imos;              1
Omn'e capax movet urna nomen.
Destrictus ensis, cui super impia
Cenvice pendet, non Siculae dapes
Dulcem elabonabunt saporem,
*Non avium citharaeque, cantus         20
57




58


CARMINUM.


Somnum reducent. Somnus agrestium
Lenis virorum non humilis domos
Fastilit umbrosamque ripam,
Non zephyris agitata tempe.
Desiderantem quod satis est neque       26
Tumultuosum sollicitat mare
Nec saevus Arcturi cadentis
Impetus aut orientis Haedi,
Non verberatae grandine vineae
Fundusque mendax, arbore nune aquas     30
Culpante, nune torrentia agros
Sidera, nunc hiemes iniquas.
Contracta pisces aequora sentiunt
lactis in altum molibus: hue frequens
Caementa demittit redemptor           36
Cum famulis dominusque terrae
Fastidiosus. Sed Timor et Minae
Scandunt eodem quo dominus, neque
Decedit aerata triremi et
Post equitem sedet atra Cura.       40
Quoi si dolentem nec Phrygius lapis
Nec purpurarun sidere clarior
Delenit usus nec Falerna
Vitis Achaemeniumque costum:
Cur invidendis postibus et novo         46
Sublime ritu moliar atrium?
Cur valle permutem Sabina
Divitias operosiores?




LIBER III.


59


II.
Angustam amice pauperiem pati
Robustus acri militilt puer
Condiscat et Parthos ferocis
Vexet eques meituendus lasta,
Yitamque sub divo et trepidis agat        6
In rebus. Ilium ex moenibus hosticis
Matrona bellantis tyranni
Prospiciens et adulta virgo
Suspiret, eheu, ne rudis agminui
Sponsus lacessat regius- asperum         10
Tactu leonem, quem cruenta
Per medias rapit ira caedes.
Dulce et decorumst pro patria mori:
Mors et fugacem persequitur virum,
Nee parcit imbellis iuveutae            16
Poplitibus timidoque tergo.
Virtus repulsae nescia sordidae,
Intaminatis fulget honoribus,
Nec sumit aut ponit securis
Arbitrio popularis aurae.            20
Virtus recludens immeritis mori
Caelum negata temptat iter via,
Coetusque volgaris et udam
Spernit humum fugiente penna.
Est et fideli tuta silentio              26
Merces: vetabo qui Cereris sacrum




60


0CARMINUM.


Volgarit arcanae sub isdem
Sit trabibus fragilemve mecum
Solvat phaselon; saepe Diespiter
Neglectus incesto addidit integrum:         30
Raro antecedentem scelestum
Deseruit pede Poena claudo.
III.
lustum et tenacern propositi virum
Non civium ardor prava iubentium,
Non voltus instantis tyranni
Mente quatit solida, neque Auster,
Dux inquieti turbidus Hadriae,              5
Nec fulminantis magna manus Iovis;
Si fractus inlabatur orbis,
Impavidum ferient ruinae.
Hac arte Pollux et vagus Hercules
Enisus arcis attigit igneas,               10
Quos inter Augustus recumbens
*Purpureo bibet ore nectar.
Hac te merentem, Bacche pater, tuae
Vexere tigres, indocili iugum
Collo trahentes; hac Quirinus            16
Martis equis Acheronta fugit,
Gratum elocuta consiliantibus
lunone divis: ' Ilion, Ilion
Fatalis incestusque iudex
Et mulier peregrina vertit             20




LIBER III.


61


In pulverem, ex quo destituit deos
Mercede pacta Laomedon, mihi
Caqstaeque damnatum Minervae
Cum populo et duce fraudulento.
Iam nec Lacaenae splendet adulterae     25
Famosus hospes nec Priami domus
Periura pugnacis Achivos
Hectoreis opibus refringit,
Nostrisque ductum seditionibus
Bellum resedit. Protinus et gravis      30
Iras et invisum nepotem,
Troica quem peperit sacerdos,
Marti redonabo; ilium ego lucidas
Inire sedes, ducere nectaris
Sucos et adscribi quietis             35
Ordinibus patiar deorum.
Dum longus inter saeviat Ilion
Romamque pontus, qualibet exsules
In parte regnanto beati;
Dum Priami Paridisque busto         40
Insultet armentum et catulos ferae
Celent inultae, stet Capitolium
Fulgens triumphatisque possit
Roma ferox dare iura Medis.
Horrenda late nomen in ultimas          45
Extendat oras, qua medius liquor
Secernit Europen ab Afro,
Qua tumidus rigat arva Nilus.




62


CARMINUM.


Aurum inrepertum et sic melius situm,
Gum terra celat, spernere fortior       60
Quam cogere humanos in usus
Omne sacrum rapiente dextra,
Quicumque mundo terminus obstitit,
Hune tanget armis, visere gestiens,
Qua parte debacehentur ignes,         65
Qua nebulae pluviique rores.
Sed bellicosis fata Quiritibus
Hac lege dico, ne nimium pii'
Bebusque fidentes avitae
Tecta velint reparare Troiae.       60
Troiae renaseens alite lugubri
Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur,
Dueente vietricis eatervas
Goniuge me Jovis et sorore.
Ter si resurgat murus aeneus            65
Auctore Phoebo, ter pereat meis
Excisus Argivis, ter uxor
Gapta virum. puerosque ploret.'
Non hoe iocosae conveniet lyrae:
Quo, Musa, tendis? Desine pervicax     70
Referre sermones deorum. et
Magna modis tenuare parvis.




LIBER III.


63


IV.
Descende caelo et die age tibia
Regina longum Calliope melos,
Seu voce nune mavis acuta,
Seu fidibus citharave Phoebi.
Auditis, an me ludit amabilis            5
Insania? Audire et vileor pios
Errare per lucos, amoenae
Quos et aquae subeunt et aurae.
Me fabulosae Volture in Apulo
Nutricis extra limen Apuliae            10
Ludo fatigatumque sonno
Fronde nova puerum palumbes
Texere, mirum quod foret omnibus,
Quicumque celsae nidum Acherontiae
Saltusque Bantinos et arvum           16
Pingue tenent humilis Forenti,
Ut tuto ab atris corpore viperis
Dormirem et ursis, ut premerer sacra
Lauroque conlataque myrto,
Non sine dis animosus infans.       20
Vester, Camenae, vester in arduos
Tollor Sabinos, sen mihi frigidun
Praeneste sen Tibur supinum
Seu liquidae placuere Baiae.
Vestris amicum fontibus et cloris       25
Non me Philippis versa acies retro,
Bevota non extinxit arbos,
Nec Sicula Palinurus unda.




64


CARMINUM.


Utcumque mecum vos eritis, libens
Insanientem navita Bosporum             30
Temptabo et urentis arenas
Litoris Assyrii viator;
Visam Britannos hospitibus feros
Et laetum equino sanguine Concanum;
Visam pharetratos Gelonos             35
Et Scythicum inviolatus amnem.
Vos Caesarem altum, militia simul
Fessas cohortis abdidit oppidis,
Finite quaerentem labores,
Pierio recreatis antro.             40
Vos lene consilium et datis et dato
Gaudetis, almae. Seimus, ut impiosý
Titanas immanemque turmam
Fulmine sustulerit eaduco
Qui terrai inertem, qui mare temperat   45
Ventosum et urbis regnaque tristia
Divosque mortalisque turbas
Imperio regit unus aequo.
Magnum illa terrorem intulerat lovi
Fidens iuventus horrida braechuis,      50
Fratresque tendentes opaco
Pelion iinposuisse Olympo.
Sed quid Typhoeus et validus Mimas,
Aut quid minaci Porphyrion statu,
Quid Rhoetus evolsisque truncis       66
Enceladus iaculator audax




LIBER 1U.


65:


Contra sonanterni Palladis aegida
Possent ruentes? Hine avidus stetit
Volcanus, hine matrona Tuno et
Numquam uneris positurus arcum,     60
Qui rore puro Castaliae lavit
Crinis solutos, qui Lyciae tenet
Dumeta natalemque silvam,
Delius et Patareus Apollo.
Vis consili expers mole ruit sna:       66
Vim temperatam di quoque provelunt
In maius; idem odere viris
*Omne nefas animo moventis.
Testis mearum centimanus Gyas
Sententiarum, notus et integrae         70
Temptator Orion Dianae,
Virginea domitus sagitta.
Iniecta monstris Terra dolet suis
Maeretque partus fulmine luridum
Missos ad Orcum; nec peredit          76
Impositam celer ignis Aetnam.
Incontinentis nec Tityi iecur
Reliquit ales, nequitiae additus
Custos; amatorem trecentae
Pirithoum cohibent catenae.         80




66


CARMINUM


V.
Caelo tonantem credidimus Tovem
Regnare; praesens divus habebitur
Augustus adiectis Britannis
Imperio gravibusque Persis.
Milesne Crassi coniuge barbara               5
Turpis maritus vixit et hosltum,
Pro curia inversique mores!
Consenuit socerorum in armis
Sub rege Medo Marsus et Apulus,
Anciliorum et nominis et togae              10
Oblitus aeternaeque Vestae,
Incolumi Jove et urbe Roma?
Hoc caverat mens provida Reguli
Dissentientis condicionibus
Foedis et exemplo trahentis               15
Perniciem veniens in aevumr,
Si non periret immiserabilis
Captiva pubes. ' Signa ego Punicis
Adfixa delubris et arma
Militibus sine caede ' dixit           20
'Derepta vidi; vidi ego civium
Retorta tergo bracchia libero
Portasque non clausas et arva
Marte coli populata nostro.
Auro repensus scilicet acrior               25
Miles redibit. Flagitio additis
Damnum: neque amissos colores
Lana refert medicata fuco,




LIBER III.


67


Nee vera virtus, cum semel excidit,
Curat reponi deterioribus.               80
Si pugnat extricata densis
Cerva plagis, erit ille fortis,
Qui perfidis se credidit hostibus,
Et Marte Poenos proteret altero
Qui lora restrietis lacertis           36
Sensit iners tinuitque mortem.
Hic, unde vitam sumeret inscius,
Pacem duello miscuit. 0 pudor!
0 magna Carthago, probrosis
Altior Itabiae ruinis! '             40
Fertur pudicae coniugis oscubum
Parvosque natcs ut capitis minor
Ab se removisse et virilem
Torvus humi posuisse vobtum,
Donec labantis consibio patres           46
Firmaret auctor numquam alias dato,
Interque maerentis amicos
Egregius properaret exsul.
Atqui sciebat quae sibi barbarus
Tortor pararet; non abiter tamen         60
Dimovit obstantis propinquos
Et popubum reditus morantem,
Quam si clientum bonga negotia
Diiudieata- lite rebinqueret,
Tendens Venafranos in agros            55
Aut Lacedaemonium Tarentum.




'68


CARMINUM.


VI.
Delicta maioruin immeritus lues,
Romane, donec templa refeceris
Aedisque labentis deoruin et
Foeda nigro simulacra fumo.
Dis te minorem quod geris, irperas:      6
Hine omne principiula, hue refer exitum.
Di multa neglecti dederunt
Hesperiae mala luctuosae.
Jam bis Monaeses et Pacori manus
Non auspicatos contudit impetus         19
Kostros et adiecisse praedam
Torquibus exiguis renidet.
Paene occupatam seditionibus
Delevit Irbem Dacus et Aethiops,
Hic classe formidatus, ille           16
Missilibus melior sagittis.
Fecunda culpae saecula nuptias
Primum inquinavere et genus et domos:
Hoc fonte derivata clades
In patriam populumque fiuxit.       20
Motus doceri gaudet Jonicos
Matura virgo et fiugitur artibus
lam nune et incestos amores
De tenero meditatur ungui.
Mox iuniores quaerit adulteros          26
Inter mariti vina, neque eligit
Gui donet impermissa raptim
Gaudia lurinibus remotis,




LTB  U Il.


69*


Sed iussa coram non sine conscio
Surgit marito, seu vocat institor       30
Seu navis Hispanae magister,
Dedecorum pretiosus emptor.
Non his -uventus orta parentibus
Infecit aequor sanguine Punico
Pyrrhumque et ingenter cecidit        36
Antioclum Hannibalemque dirum;
Sed rusticorum mascula militum
Proles, Sabellis docta ligonibus
Versare glaebas et severae
Matris ad arbitrium recisos         40
Portare fustis, sol ubi montium
Mutaret umbras et iuga demeret
Bobus fatigatis amicum
Tempus agens abeunte curru.
Dannosa quid non imminuit dies?         45
Aetas parentum, peior avis, tulit
Nos nequiores, mox daturos
Progeniem vitiosiorem.
VII.
Quid fies, Asterie, quem tibi candidi
Primo restituent vere Favonii
Thyna merce beatum,
Constantis iuvenem fide,
Gygen? Ille Notis actus ad Oricum       6
Post insana Caprae sidera frigidas
Koctis non sine inultis
Insonnis Iacriiis agit.




70"


CARMINUM.


Atqui sollicitae nuntius hospitae,
Suspirare Chloen et miseram tuis          10
Dicens ignibus uri,
Temptat mille vafer modis.
Ut Proetum muller perfida credulum
Falsis iinpulerit criminibus nimis
Casto Bellerophontae                    16
Maturare necem refert;
Karrat paene datum Pelea Tartaro,
Magnessam Hippolyten dun fugit abstinens;
Et peccare docentis
Fallax historias movet.               20
Frustra: nam scopulis surdior Icari
Voces audit adhuc integer. At tibi
Ne vicinus Enipeus
Plus iusto placeat cave;
Quamvis non alius flectere equum scions   26
Aeque conspicitur gramine Martio,
Nec quisquam citus aeque
Tusco denatat alveo.
Prima nocte domum claude neque in vias
Sub canta querulae despice tibiae,        30
Et te saepe vocanti
Duramn difficilis mane.
VIII.
Martiis caelebs quid again Kalendis,
Quid veliut flores et acerra turis
Plena miraris positusque carbo in
Caespite vivo,




LIBER III.


71


Docte sermones utriusque linguae.?       6
Voveram dulcis epulas et album
Libero caprum prope funeratus
Arboris ictu.
Hic dies, anno redeunte festus,
Corticem adstrietum pice demovebit      10
Amphorae fumum bibere institutae
Consule Tullo.
Sume, Maecenas, cyathos amici
Sospitis centum et vigiles lucernas
Perfer in lucem; procul omnis esto      16
Clamor et ira.
Mitte civilis super urbe curas:
Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen,
Medus infestus sibi luctuosis
Dissidet armis,                       20
Servit Hispanae vetus hostis orae
Cantaber sera domitus catena,
Jam Scythae laxo meditantur arcu
Cedere campis.
Neglegens ne qua populus laboret,       25
Parce privatus nimium cavere;
Dona praesentis, cape laetus, horae
Linque severa.
Ix.
'Donec gratus eram tibi
Nec quisquam potior bracchia candidae
Cervici iuvenis dabat,
Persarum vigui rege beatior.'




72


CARMINUM.


'Donec non alia magis                       b
Arsisti neque erat Lydia post Chloen,
Multi Lydia nominis
Romana vigui clarior Ilia.'
'Me nuno Thressa Chloe regit,
Dulcis docta modos et citharae sciens,   10
Pro qua non metuam mori,
Si parcent animae fata superstiti.'
'Me torret face mutua
Thurini Calais filius Ornyti,
Pro quo bis patiar mori,                   15
Si parcent puero fata superstiti.'
'Quid si prisca redit Venus
Diductosque iugo cogit aeneo?
Si flava excutitur Chloe
IReiectaeque patet ianua Lydiae?'       20
'Quamq~uam sidere pulchrior
Illest, tu levior cortice et improbo
Iracundior Hadria,
Tecum vivere amem, tecum obeam libens!'
x.
Extremur Tanain si biberes, Lyce,
Saevo nupta viro, me tamen asperas
Porrectum ante foris obicere incolis
Plorares Aquilonibus.
Audis, quo strepitu ianua, quo nemus
Inter puichra saturn tecta remugiat
Ventis, et positas ut glaciet nivis
Puro nurnine Juppiter?




LIBER     III.


73


Ingratam Veneri pone superbiam,
Ne currente retro funis eat rota:           10
Non te Penelopen difficilem procis
Tyrrhenus genuit parens.
O quamvis neque te munera nee preces
Nec tinctus viola pallor amantium
Nec vir Pieria paelice saucius           15
Curvat, supplicibus tuis
Parcas, nee rigida mollior aesculo
Nec Mauris animum initior anguibus.
Non hoc semper erit liminis aut aquae
Caelestis patiens latus.               20
XI.
Mercuri, nam te docilis magistro
Movit Amphion lapides canendo,
Tuque testudo resonare septem
Callida nervis,
Nec loquax olim neque grata, nunc et        5
Divitum mensis et amica templis,
Die modos Lyde quibus obstinatas
Adplicet auris,
Quae velut latis equa trima campis
Ludit exsultim metuitque tangi,            10
Nuptiarum expers et adhuc protervo
Cruda marito.
Tu potes tigris comitesque silvas
Ducere et rivos celeres morari;
Cessit immanis tibi blandienti             15
Janitor aulae




74~C


CARMINUM.


Cerberus, quamvis furiale centumn
Muniant angues caput, eius atque
Spiritus taeter saniesque manet
Ore trilingui.                       20
Quin et Jxion Tityosque voltu
Risit invito; stetit urna paullum
Sicca, dum grato Danai puellas
Carmine mulces.
Audiat Lyde scelus atque notas         25
Virginum poenas et inane lymplae
Dolium. fundo pereuntis imo,
Seraque fata
Quae manent culpas etiam sub Orco.
Jmpiae, (nam quid potuere maius?)     30
Impiae sponsos potuere duro
Perdere ferro.
Una de multis face nuptiali
Digna periurum fuit in parentem
Splendide mendax et in omne virgo      35
Kobilis aevum;
'Surge' quae dixit inveni marito,
'Surge, ne longus tibi somnus, unde
Non times, detur; socerum et scelestas
Falle sorores,                       40
Quac, velut nactae vitulos ]eaenae,
Singulos eheu lacerant. Ego illis
Mollior nec te feriam neque intra
Claustra tenebo.




LIBER III.


75:


Me pater saevis oneret catenis,         45
Quod viro clemens misero peperci;
Me vel extremo~ Numidarum in agros
Classe releget.
I pedes quo te rapiunt et aurae,
Dum favet nox et Venus, i secundo       60
inmine et nostri memorem sepulero
Scalpe querellam.'
XII.
Miserarumst neque amori dare ludum neque dulci
Mala vino lavere, aut exanimari metuentis
Patruae verbera linguae.
Tibi qualum Cythereae puer ales, tibi telas
Operosaeque Minervae studium aufert, Keobule,  5
Liparaei nitor Hebri
Simul unctos Tiberinis umeros lavit in undis,
Eques ipso melior Bellerophonte, neque pugno
Neque segni pede victus;
Catus idem per apertum fugientis agitato    10
Grege cervos iaculari et celer arto latitantem
Fruticeto excipere aprum.
XIII.
o fons Bandusiae, splendidior vitro,
Dulci digne mero non sine floribus,
Cras donaberis haedo,
Cui frons turgida cornibus




76


CARMINUM.


Primis et venerem et proelia destinat;     5
Frustra: nam gelidos inficiet tibi
Rubro sanguine, rivos,
Laseivi suboles gregis.
Te Ilagrantis atrox hora Caniculae
Nescit tangere, tu frigus amabile         10
Fessis vomere tauris
Praebes et pecori vago.
Fies nobilium tu quoque fontium,
Me dicente cavis impositam ilicem
Saxis unde loquaces                     16
Lymphae desiliunt tuae.'
XIV.
Herculis ritu modo dictus, o plebs,
Miorte venalem petiisse laurum,
Caesar Hispana repetit penatis
Victor ab ora.
Unico gaudens mulier marito
Prodeat iustis operata divis
Et soror clari ducis et decorae
Supplice vitta
Virginum matres iuvenumque nuper
Sospitum. Vos, o pueri et puellae         10
Jam virum expertae, male ominatis
Parcite verbis.
Hic dies vere mihi festus atras
Eximet curas; ego nec tumultum
Nec mori per vim metuam tenente           15
Caesare terras.




LIBER 111..


77


I, pete unguentum, puer, et coronas
Et cadum Marsi memorem duelli,
SpArtacum si qua potuit vagantem
Fallere testa.                        20
Die et argutae properet Neaerae
Murreum nodo cohibere crinem;
Si per invisum mora ianitorem,
Fiet, abito.
Lenit albescens animos capillus         26
Litium et rixae cupidos protervae;
Non ego hoc ferrem calidus iuventa
Consule Planco.
xv.
Uxor pauperis Ibyci,
Tandem nequitiae fige modum tuae
Famosisque laboribus:
Maturo propior desine funeri
Inter ludere virgines,                   6
Et stellis nebulam spargere candidis.
Non, siquid Ploloen satis,
Et te, Chiori, decet: filia reetius
Expugnat iuvenuni domos,
Pulso Thyias uti concita tympano.     10
Illam cogit aror Nothi
Lascivae similem ludere capreae;
Te lanae prope nobilem
Tonsae Luceriam, non 'citharae decent.Nec flos purpureus rosae                16
Nec poti vetulam faece tenus cadi.




78


CARMINUM.


XVI.
Inclusam Danaen turris aenea
Robustaeque fores et vigilum canum
Tristes excubiae munierant satis
Kocturnis'ab adulteris,
Si non Acrisium virginis abditae         5
Custodem pavidum Iuppiter et Venus
Risissent: fore enim tutum iter et patens
Converso in pretium deo.
Aurum per medios ire satellites
Et perrumpere amat saxa potentius       10
Ictu fulmineo: concidit auguris
Argivi domus, oh lucrum
Demersa exitio; diffidit urbium
Portas vir Macedo et subruit aemulos
Reges muneribus; munera navium        15
Saevos inlaqucantl duces.
Crescentem sequitur cura pecuniam
Maiorumque fames. lure perhorrui
Late conspicuum tollere verticem,
Maecenas, equitum decus.            20
Quanto quisque sibi plura negaverit,
Ab dis plura feret. Nil cupientiun
Nudus castra peto et transfuga divitum
Partis linquere gestio,
Contemptae dominus spleudidior rei,     25
Quam si quidquid arat impiger Apulus
Occultare meis dicerer horreis,
Iagnas inter opes inops.




LIBER IlL;


79


Purae rivus aquae silvaque ingerum
Paucorum et segetis certa fides meae    30
Fulgentem imperio fertilis Africae
Fallit sorte beatior.
Quamquam nec Calabrae mella ferunt apes,
Nee Laestrygonia Bacchus in amphora
Languescit mihi,, nec pinguia Gallicis  36
Crescunt vellera pascuis;
Importuna tamen pauperies abest,
Nec si plura velim tu dare deneges.
Contracto melius parva cupidine
Vectigalia porrigam,                40
Quam si Mygdoniis regnum Alyattei
Campis continuem. Multa petentibus
Desunt multa: benest, cui deus obtulit
Parca quod satis est manu.
XVII.
Aeli vetusto nobilis ab Lamo,
Quando et priores hinc Lamias ferunt
Denominatos et nepotum
Per memores genus omne fastos;
Auctore ab illo ducis originem           6
Qui Formiarum. moenia dicitur
Princeps et innautem Maricae
Litoribus tenuisse Lirim,
Late tyrannus: - cras foliis nemus
Multis et alga litus inutili            10
Demissa tempestas ab Euro
Sternet, aquae nisi fallit augur




80


80           CARMINIJM.


Annosa cornix. IDum potes, aridum
Conipone lignum: eras Genium mero
Curabis et porco bimeustri              1i
Gum famulis operum solutis.
XVIII.
Faune, Kympliarum fugientum amator,
Per meos finis et aprica rura
Lenis incedas, abeasque parvis
Aequus aluinnis,
Si tener pleno caclit haedus anno,
Larga nee desunt Veneris sodali
Vina craterae, vetus ara multo
Fumat odore.
Luclit h~erboso pecus omne campo,
Gum tibi Nonae redeunt Decembres;         10
Festus in pratis vacat otioso
Gum bove pagus;
Inter audacis lupus errat ag'nos;
Spargit agrestis tibi silva frondis;
Gaudet invisain pepulisse fossor          15
Ter pede terrain.
XIX.
Quantum distet Ab Iacho
Codrus pro patria non timidus moni
Narras et genus Aeaci
Et pugnata sacro bella sub Ilio;
Quo Chium pretio cadum                     6




LIBER III.


81


Mercemur, quis aquan temperet ignibus,
Quo praebente domum et quota
Paelignis caream frigoribus, taces.
Pa lnnae propere novae,
Pa noctis mediae, da, puer, anguris      10
Murenae: tribus ant novemn
Miscentur cyathis pocula conmodis.
Qui Musas amat imparis,
Ternos ter cyathos attonitus petet
Yates; tris prohibet supra                 15
Rixarum metuens tangere Gratia,
Kudis iuncta sororibus.
Insanire iuvat: cur Berecyntiae
Cessant flamina tibiae?
Cur pendet tacita fistula cumn lyra?    20
Parcentis ego dexteras
Odi: sparge rosas; andiat invidus
Dementem strepitum Lycus
Et vicina seni non habilis Lyco.
Spissa te nitidumo coma,                   25
Puro te similem, Telephe, Vespero
Tempestiva petit Rhode;
Me lentus Glycerae torret amor meae.
xx.
Non vides quanto moveas periclo,
Pyrrhe, Gaetulae catulos leaenae?
Dura post paullo fugies inaudax
Proelia raptor,
Gum per obstantis invenum catervas          6
Ibit insignem repetens Nearchum:
G




82


CARMINUM.


Grande certamen, tibi praeda cedat
Maior an illi.
Interim, dum tu celeres sagittas
Promis, haec dentis acuit timendos,     10
Arbiter pugnae posuisse nudo
Sub pede palmam
Fertur et leni recreare vento
Sparsum odoratis umerum capillis,
Qualis aut Kireus fuit aut aquosa       15
Raptus ab Ida.
XXI.
0 nata mecum consule Manlio,
Seu tu querellas sive geris ioeos
Seu rixam et insanos amores
Seu facilem, pia testa, somnum,
Quocumque lectum nomine Massicum         5
Servas, moveri digna bono die,
Descende, Corvino iubente
Promere languidiora vina.
Non ille, quamquam Socraticis madet
Sermonibus, te negleget horridus:       10
Narratur et prisci Catonis
Saepe nero caluisse virtus.
Tu lene tormentum ingenio admoves
Plerumque duro; tu sapientium
Curas et arcanum iocoso               16
Consilium retegis Lyaeo;




LI]3ER    III.                                 8


83


Tu spem, reducis inentibus anxiis
Virisque et addis cornua pauperi,
Post te neque iratos trementi
Regum, apices neque militum arma.     20
Te Liber et, si laeta aderit, Venus
Segnesque nodum. solvere Gratiae
Vivaeque producent lueernae,
Dum, rediens fugat astra Phoebus.
XXII.
Montium, custos nemorumque Virgo,
Quae laborantis utero puellas
Ter vocata audis adimisque leto,*
Diva triformis,
Imminens villae tua pinus esto,6
Quam. per exactos ego laetus annos
Verris obliquum. meditantis ictum
Sanguine donem.
XXIII.
Caelo supinas si tuleris manus
Kascente luna, rustica Phidyle,
Si ture placaris et horna
Fruge Laris avidaque porca,
Nec pestilenteni sentiet Africum           6
Fecunda vitis nec sterilem. seges
Robiginem, ant dulces alumni
Pomifero grave -tempus anno.




84


CARMINUM.


Nam quae nivali pascitur Algido
Devota quereus inter et ilices             10
Aut crescit Albanis in lerbis
Vietima pontificum securis
Cervice tinguet: te nihil attinet
Temptare multa caede bidentium
Parvos coronantem marino                 15
Rore deos fragilique myrto.
Immunis aram si tetigit manus,
Non sumptuosa blandior hostia
Mollivit aversos Penatis
Farre pio et saliente mica.            20
XXIV.
Intactis opulentior
Thesauris Arabum et divitis Indiae
Caementis licet occupes
Tyrrhenum omue tuis et mare Apulicum,
Si figit adamantinos                        6
Summis verticibus dira Kecessitas
Clavos, non animum metu,
Non mortis laqueis expedies caput.
Campestres melius Scythae,
Quorum plaustra vagas rite trahunt domos,  10
Vivunt et rigidi Getae,
Immetata -quibus iugera liberas
Fruges et Cererem ferunt,
Nec cultura placet longior annua,
Defunctumque laboribus                     15
Aequali recreat sorte vicarius.




~LIBER M.I


85


Illic matre carentibus
Privignis mulier temperat innocens,
Nec dotata regit virum
Coniunx nec nitido, fidit adultero;     20
Dos est magna parentium
Virtus et metuens alterius viri
Certo foedere castitas,
Et peccare nefas aut pretiumst mori.
o quisquis volet impias                   26
Caedis et rabiem tollere civicam,
Si quaeret pater urbium
Subseribi statuis, indomitam audeat
Refrenare licentiam,
Clarus post genitis: quatenus, heu nefas!  30
Virtutem incolumem odimus,
Sublatam ex oculis quaerimus invidi.
Quid tristes querimoniae,
Si non supplicio culpa reciditur;
Quid leges sine moribus                   36
Vanac proficiunt, si neque fervidis
Pars inclusa caloribus
Mundi nec boreae finitimum latus
Durataeque solo nives
Mercatorem abigunt, lorrida callidi     40
Vincunt aequora navitae,
Magnum pauperies opprobrium iubet
Quidvis et facere et pati,
Virtutisque viam deserit arduae?
Vel nos in Capitolium,                    46
Quo clamor vocat et turba faventium,
Vel nos in mare proximum
Gemmas et lapides aurum et inutile,




86


CARMINUM.


Summi materiem mali,
Mittamus, scelerum si bene paenitet.      50
Eradenda cupidinis
Pravi sunt elementa et tenerae nimis
Mentes asperioribus
Formandac studlis. Kescit equo rudis
Haerere ingenuus puer                       55
Venarique timet, ludere doctior,
Seu Graeco iubeas trocho,
Seu malis vetita legibus alea,
Gum periura patris fides
Consortem socium fallat et hospites,      60
Indignoque pecuniam
Heredi properet. Scilicet improbae
Crescunt divitiae; tamen
Curtae nescio quid semper abest rei.
XXV.
Quo me, Bacche, rapis tui
Plenum? Quae nemora aut quos agor in specus,
Velox mente nova? Quibus
Antris egregii Caesaris audiar
Aeternum meditans decus                      6
Stellis inserere et consilio Iovis?
Dicam insigne, recens, adhuc
Indictum ore alio. Non secus in ingis
Exsomnis stupet Euhias,
Hebrum prospiciens et nive candidam       10
Thracen ac pede barbaro
Lustratarn Rhodopen, ut mihi devio
Ripas et vacuum nemus




LIBER MI.              8


87


Mirari libet. 0 Kaiadumn potens
Baccharumque valentium                   1
Proceras manibus vertere fraxinos,
Nil parvum aut humili modo,
Nil mortale loquar. IDulce periculumst,,
o Lenaee, sequi cleuni
Cingentem viridi tempora pampino.      20
XXVI.
Vixi puellis nuper idoneus
Et inilitavi non sine gloria;
Nune aria defunctunique bello
Barbiton hie panies habebit,
Laevum marinae qui Veneris latus          6
Custodit. Hie, hie ponite lucida
Funalia et vectis et arcus
Oppositis foribus minacis,
o quae beatam diva tenes Cyprum et
Memphin carentem Sithonia nive,          10
Regina, sublimi flagello
Tange Chloen semel arrogantem.
XXVII.
Impios parrae recinentis omen
Ducat et praegnans canis aut ab agro
Rava decurrens l-upa Lanuvino,
Fetaque volpes;
Rumpat et serpens iter institutun3,       6
Si per obliquum sinuls sagittae




88


CARMINUM.


Terruit mannos: ego cui timebo,
Providus auspex,
Antequam stantis repetat paludes
Imbrium divina avis imminentum,            10
Oscinem corvum prece suscitabo
Solis ab ortu.
Sis licet felix, ubicumque mavis,
Et memor nostri, Galatea, vivas;
Teque nee laevus vetet ire picus            15
Nec vaga cornix.
Sed vides quanto trepidet tumultu
Pronus Orion. Ego quid sit ater
Hadriae novi sinus et quid albus
Peccet lapyx.                            20
Hostium uxores puerique caecos
Sentiant motus orientis Austri et
Aequoris nigri fremitum'et trementis
Verbere ripas.
Sic et Europe niveum doloso                25
Credidit tauro latus et scatentem
Beluis pontum mediasque fraudes
Palluit audax:
Nuper in pratis studiosa florum et
Debitae Nymphis opifex coronae             30
Nocte sublustri nihil astra praeter
Vidit et undas.
Quae simul centum tetigit potentem
Oppidis Creten, 'Pater-o relictum




LIBER III.


89


Filiae nomen pietasque' dixit,          36
'Victa furore!
Unde quo veni? Levis una mors est
Virginum culpae. Vigilansue ploro
Turpe commissun an vitiis carentem
Ludit imago                           40
Vana quae porta fugiens eburna
Somnium ducit? Meliusne fluctus
Ire per longos fuit, an recentis
Carpere fibres?
Siquis infamem mihi nunc iuvencum       45
Dedat iratae, lacerare ferro et
Frangere enitar modo multum amati
Cornua monstri.
Impudens liqui patrios Penatis,
Impudens Orcum moror. 0 deorum          60
Siquis haec audis, utinam inter errem
Kuda leones!
Antequam turpis macies decentis
Occupet malas teneraeque sucus
Defluat praedae, speciosa quaero        66
Pascere tigris.
Vilis Europe, pater urget absens:
Quid mori cessas? Potes hac ab orno
Pendulum zona bene te secuta
Laedere collum.                       60
Sive te rupes et acuta leto
Saxa delectant, age te procellae




90


90           CARMINUM.


Orede veloci, nisi erile mavis
Carpere pensum
Regius sauguis, dominaeque tradi           66
Barbarae paelex.' Aderat querenti
Perfidum ridens Yenus et remisso
Filius arcu.
Mox ubi lusit satis, I'abstineto'
Dixit I'irarum calidaeque rixae,           70
Cum tibi irivisus laceranda reddet
Cornua taurus.
Uxor invicti Jovis esse nescis.
Mitte singultus, bene ferre magnam.
Disce fortunam; tua sectus orbis            76'
Komina clucet.'
XXVIII.
Fe~sto quid p~oti~us die""
Neptuni'faciam?  Pr5me -reconditum,
Lyde-,strehual Caecubumy
uniiifeque, Auhbe vimn sapientiae.
Inclina-e jiner-idiem6
Sntse, veluti stet volucris'd~ies,
Parci'scteip$5e horreo
Cessaiutemi Bibuli consulis 4`iijA~ram.
Nos ca'ntajiirus invicrei
P,      il
Neptunum et viridis Kereidum comas;      10
Tju * &urva recine's lyra
Latohnam et ce1'eri~s j~culaCynthiae:
Summo carmine quae Cnid6n"




LIBER III.


91,Fulgentisqlue tenet Cycladas, et Paphum,
Iunctis visit olo~ribi's';                    16
IDicetur ier~ita Nox a~~u nenia.'1                J-1
XXDX.
Tyrrliena regurn, pfogenies, tibi
Noin a inte~v Ve49o fe, meru-m-6aa0
Cimflore. Mlaeifcenas, ~ri et
CA;ie~ssa tuis___ ilus~capilYis 0              C'
Ilrnduduiii ajjnd ble4st: eripe te morae,
]3ciive cofitempjeris a~ryum, et
Tel e g6'4ý-fiiia  ~irric idae.
esere  ioi~   t
Omi,ýte mIrgari beatae
Fuin'ii et ops strepitiimque Romae.
Pie'rumque gratap divi 1 jsi.les
4uieque paro _are jpauperum,
-,Cenae sine aulaeis et o~tro
So icl~i~n expicuere fro'ntem.
Ostenditiig""'ini~iam Pr~cyonfu"It
Et ~te1,a ves5nLLeonis,,
Sof  ets el'rl6re~t e s i s              20
Ia=pt~     um 'r's cumn grbeanguido
Ri'vumq~ue'ti'efseus ýqsuca;e'ýriýt;et li~rriai l
=      1,.-,'




92


92              CARMINUM.
duras et trtbi~ olfiiitus times
Q~aSeres'et re"'-gnata Cyro
Bac-tra parentfan-aisque ~~sos
Prudens futuri jtemporis exitum
Ca1iginosaj,iocte yPren it dens,           30
Riid etque si mortalis ultra  4
Fas -tr'epi  ~~ Qu d est memento
Riponere aequns; -cete~ra lu'minis
Riufer~untur, nunc;medio alveo
Obuiý p'a~ce deA4tbenftis Itrus~ciix     35
I~n mare, n-u'ne-- la-pides'-# ~esos,
SStirpisqu6, raptas et peels qt domos,--Volveijitis- irný non sine nion'tium
Cla,more vi&~iiiae6ue si{1ae
Cum~ fe'ra ihivies quiefos.           40
'Inritat amnis. Ille p6tens sni
tietusq  g a'7, cui licet in diem
"Dixisse 'Vixi: eras vel atra
Kube polurn pater occupato'
Vel. sole puro; non tamen inritum.         45
Qi64cimque 'rett~rost~e~bfiet, nequ4e
'A A  gbi tinftumque reddet
Quod fugiens sOeiIIA Ira 4e`6Ai.'
Fortuna" s"'a e vo laet~an;'e'gotio et
Luduiii" iniisolentem hii fbr!e, pertna~x  60
Transi~uitat i~neerfios ho-nores,
Kune finihi nune alii benigna.




LUBER IH.


93


Laudo rnajentem si celeres quatit
P~eiAiAs, resigno q~uae e~dit -et mea
Virtute rmiy-;6" 'I~-ovjrbmu            66
Pv, periem slneýd4te quaero.
Non 'est meum, si riugiat Africis
Mlu pio~plisj. ad miseras4 prec~es
S 1'*    6  X`'VOd  4v  o.
Jbecurrere et votisjyacisei,.N e Cyprie Tyriaeque m~erces         60
Addant avarQ divitiasmarl:
Tune yý' birerii~es braesid-io& ý,cap
TUGm   er AegagW"Zuii{ii8
A afeyet geminpsqueP1~x
xxx.
Exegii monulmentum, aere per nn~ius
Regaliquepitng~py'ramidum al~tlus.4uod nýon imber bdax, non Amiuol iiimpaen's
Positdir l~d au'tinnutnerabilis
Anmorux series"  fu~ga temporum.6
Non oinaiis Aioriar, multaque pars mei
Vitabit LibitinanJ                       ý noel,r
ScancIet cum tacita-virgine pond ex'.;,]'Thcar, qu v*o6iins obstr~pit Aufidus ~   10
~t qua pauper aquae Daunus agr~stium
Rewvtpopulorum,exýuliPtn
Prifieps Aeolium. carm~en adi Itaios
~Dgdukiss& modos., Sume supý,ibam
" 4iiaesitani meritis et mihi Delpkhia    15
AA,                 t
Laui o cinge volens, Melpomene, &66ffiim.




CARMINUM
LIBER QUARTUS.
Intermissa, Venus, diu
Rursus bella moves? Parce, precor, precor.
Non sum qualis eram bonae
Sub regno Cinarae. Desine, dulcium
Mater saeva Cupidinum,                      6
Circa lustra decem fiectere mollibus
Iam durum imperiis: abi,
Quo blandae invenum te revocant preces.
Tempestivius in domum
Paulli, purpureis ales oloribus,         10
Comissabere iaximi,
Si torrere iecur quaeris idoneum.
Namque et nobilis et decens
Et pro sollicitis non tacitus reis
Et ceutum puer artium                      15
Late signa feret militiae tuae,
IEt quandoque potentior
Largi muneribus riserit aemuli,
Albanos prope te lacus
Ponet marmoream sub trabe citrea.        20
Illic plurijua naribus
Duces tura, lyraeque et Berecyntiae
94




LIBER IV.


95


Delectabere tibiae
Mixtis carminibus non sine fistula;
Illic bis pueri die                     25
Numen cum teneris virginibus tuum
Laudantes pede candido
In morer Salium ter quatient liumum.
Me nec femina nec puer
Iam nec spes animi credula mutni,     30
Nec certare iuvat mero
Nec vincire novis tempora floribus.
Sed cur leu, Ligurine, cur
Manat rara meas lacrima per genas?
Cur facunda parum decoro                85
Inter verba cadit lingua silentio?
Nocturnis ego somniis
lam captum tenco, iam volucrem sequor
Te per gramina Martii
Campi, te per aquas, dure, volubilis.  40
II.
Pindarum quisquis studet aenulari,
lulle, ceratis ope Daedalea
Nititur pennis vitreo daturus
Nomina ponto.
Monte decurrens velut amnis, imbres      6
Quem super notas aluere ripas,
Fervet immensusque ruit profundo'
Pindarus ore,
Laurea donandus Apollinari,
Seu per audacis nova dithyrambos        10




96


CARMINUM.


Verba devolvit numerisque fertur
Lege solutis,
Seu deos regesve canit, deorum
Sanguinem, per quos cecidere iusta
Morte Centauri, cecidit tremendae      15
Flamma Chimaerae,
Sive quos Elea domum reducit
Palma caelestis pugilemve equumve
Dicit et centum potiore siguis
Munere donat,                        20
Flebili sponsae iuvenemve raptum.
Plorat et viris animumque moresque
Aureos educit in astra nigroque
Invidet Orco.
Multa Dircaeum levat aura cycnum,      25
Tondit, Antoni, quotiens in altos
Nubiur tractus. Ego apis Matinae
More modoque
Grata carpentis thyma per laborem
Plurimum circa nemus uvidique          30
Tiburis ripas operosa parvus
Carmina fingo.
Concines maiore poeta plectro
Caesarem, quandoque trahet ferocis
Per sacrum clivum. merita decorus      35
Fronde Sygambros;
Quo nihil maius meliusve terris
Fata donavere bonique divi




MIC.1,11t, IV.


'97


Nec dabunt, quamvis redeant in anrum
Tempora priscum.                      40
Qpnpines laetosque dies et urbis
Publicum ludur super impetrato
13orti s, A ýugti reditu foruinque
Litibus orbum.
Tum rneae, si quid loquar audiendun,    46
Vocis accedet bona pars, et '0 Sol
Puicher, o laudande I' canam recepto
Caesare felix.
Teque dum procedis, I lo Triumphe P
Non semel dicemus, 'Jo Triumphe! P0
Civitas omnis dabimusque divis
Tura benignis.
Te decem tauri totidemque vaccae,
Me tener solvet vitulus, relicta
Matre qui largis iuvenescit lierbis     66
In mea vota,
Fronte curvatos imitatus ignis
Tertium lunae referentis ortum,
Qua notam duxit, niveus videri,
Cetera fulvus,                        60
III.
Quem tu, Melpomene, senel
Nascentern placido lumine videris,
Ilium non labor Istlimius
Clarabit pugilen, non equus inpiger
H




98


CARMINUM.


Curru ducet Achaico                         5
Victorem, neque res bellica Deliis
Ornatum foliis ducem,
Quod regum tumidas contuderit minas,
Ostendet CJapitolio;
Sed quae Tibur aquae fertile praeflnunt,  10
Et spissae nemorum comae
Fingent Aeolio carmine nobilem.
Romae principis urbium
Dignatur suboles inter amabilis
Yatum ponere-me choros,                    15
Et iam dente minus mordeor invido.
o testudinis aureae
Dulcem quae strepitum, Pieri, temperas,
o mutis quoque piscibus
Donatura cycui, si libeat, sonum,        20
Totum muneris hoc tuist,
Quod monstror digito praetereuntium
Romanae fidicen lyrae:
Quod Spiro et placeo, si placeo, tuumst.
IV.
Qualem ministrum fualminis alitem,
Cui rex deorum regnum in avis vagas
Permisit expertus fidelem
luppiter in Ganymede flavo,
Olim iuventas et patrius vigor              6
Kido laborum propulit inscium,
Vernique iam nimbis remotis
Insolitos docuere nisus




LIBER IV.


99


Venti paventem, mox in ovilia
Demisit hostem vividus impetus,          10
Nune in roluctantis dracones
Egit amor dapis atque pugnae;
Qualemve laetis caprea pascuis
Intenta fulvae matris ab ubere
Jam lacte depulsum leonem              15
Dente novo peritura vidit:
Videre Raetis bolla sub Alpibus
Drusum gerentom Vindelici; (quibus
Mos undo deductus per omne
Tempus Amazonia securi               20
Dextras obarmet, quaerere distuli,.
Nec scire fas ost omnia); sod dim
Lateque victricos catervae
Consiliis iuvenis rovictae
Sensere quid mens rite, quid indoles     25
Nutrita faustis sub penetralibus
Posset, quid Augusti paternus
In puoros animus Neronos.
Fortes creantur fortibus et bonis;
Est in iuvencis, ost in oquis patrum     s0
Virtus, noquo imbeflem feroces
Progenerant aquilae columbam;
Doctrina sod vim promovot insitam,
Rectique cultus pectora roborant;
Utcnmque defecere mores,               35
Indecorant bone nata culpae.




100


CARMINUM.


Quid debeas, o Roma, Neronibus,
Testis Metaurum flumen et Hasdrubal
Devictus, et puicher fugatis
Tile dies Latio tenebris,             40
Qui primus almaxrisit adorea,
Dirus per urbis Afer ut Italas
Ceu flamma per taedas vel Eurus
Per Siculas equitavit undas.
Post hoe. secundis usque laboribus       46
Romans pubes crevit, et irpio
Vastata Poenorum tumultu
Fana deos habuere rectos,
Dixitque tandem perfidus Hannibal:
'Cervi luporur praeda rapacium,          60
Sectamur ultro, quos opimus
Fallere et effugerest triumphus.
Gens quae cremato fortis ab Ilio
lactata Tuscis aequoribus sacra
Katosque maturosque patres             66
Pertulit Ausonias ad urbis,
Duris ut ilex tonsa bipennibus
Nigrae feraci frondis in Algido,
Per damna, per caedis, ab ipso
Ducit opes animumque ferro.          60
Non hydra secto corpore firmior
Vinci dolentem crevit in Herculem,
Monstrumve submisere Coichi
Maius Echioniaeve Thebae.




LIBEIR IV.


101


Merses profundo, pulehrior evenit;       65
Luctere, multa proruet integrum
Cum- laude victorem geretque
P2roelia coniugibus loquenda.
Carthagini jam non ego nuntios
Mittam superbos: ocacidit, occidit       70
Spes omnis et fortuna nostri
~Xominis Hasdrubale interempto.'
Nil Olaudiae non perficient manus,
Quas et benigno num-ine luppiter
Defendit et curae sagaces              76
Expediunt per acuta belli.
V.
Divis orte bonis, optime Romulae
Custos gentis, abes jam ni'mium din;
Maturum reditum pollicitus patrum
Sancto concilio redi.
Lucem reddle tuae, dux bone, patriae:     6
Instar veris, enim voltus ubi tuns
Adfulsit populo, gratior it dlies,
Et soles melius nitent.
Ut mater iuvenem, quem Notus linvido
Flatu Carpathuii trans manis aequora     10
Cunctantem spatio longius annuo
Dulci distinet a domo,
Votis ominibusque et precibus vocat,
Curvo nec faciem litore demovet,




102


CARMINUM.


Sic desideriis icta fidelibus             16
Quaerit patria Caesarem.
Tutus bos etenim rura perambulat,
Kutrit rura Ceres almaque Faustitas,
Pacatum volitant per mare navitae,
Culpari metuit fides,                   20
Kullis polluitur casta domus stupris,
Mos et lex maculosum edomuit nefas,
Laudantur simili prole puerperae,
Culpam poena premit comes.
Quis Partlum paveat, quis gelidum Scytlen,  25
Quis Germania quos horrida parturit
Fetus incolumi Caesare? quis ferae
Bellum curet Hiberiae?
Condit quisque diem collibus in suis,
Et vitem viduas ducit ad arbores;         30
Hinc ad vina redit laetus et alteris
Te mensis adhibet deum;
Te multa prece, te prosequitur mero
Defuso pateris, et Laribus tuum
Miscet numen, uti Graecia Castoris        36
Et magni memor Herculis.
'Longas o utinam, dux bone, ferias
Praestes Hesperiae!' dicimus integro
Sicci mane die, dicimus uvidi,
Cum Sol Oceano subest.                  40




LIBER IV.


103


Vi.
Dive, quem proles Niobea magnae
Vindicem linguae Tityosque raptor
Sensit et Troiae prope victor altae
Phthius Achilles,
Ceteris maior, tibi miles impar,         5
Filius quamvis Thetidis marinae
Dardanas turris quateret tremenda
Cuspide pugnax.
Ille mordaci velut icta ferro
Pinus aut impulsa cupressus Euro,       10
Procidit late posuitque collum in
Pulvere Teucro.
Ille non inclusus equo Minervae
Sacra mentito male feriatos
Troas et laetam Priami choreis          15
Falleret aulam;
Sed palam captis gravis, heu nefas, heu,
Nescios fari pueros Achivis
Ureret flammis, etiam latentem
Matris in alvo,                       20
Ni tuis victus Venerisque gratae
Vocibus divum paten adnuisset
Rebus Aeneac potiore ductos
Alite munos.
Doctor Argivae fidicen Thaliae,         25
Phoebe, qui Xantho lavis amne crinis,
flauniae defende decus Canenae,
Levis Agyieu.




104


4CARMNUM.


Spiritum Phoebus mihi, Phoebus artem
Carminis nomenque dedit poetae.          30
Virginuxn primae puerique clarisPatribus orti,
Deliae tutela deae, fugacis
Lyncas et cervos cohibentis arcu,
Lesbium serv-ate pedem meique            35
Pollicis ictum,
Rite Latonae puerum canentes,
Rite crescentem face Noctilucam,
Prosperam frugum celeremque pronos
Volvere mensis.                        40
Kupta jam dices 'Ego dis amicum,
Saeculo festas referente luces,
Reddidi carmen docilis modorum
Vatis Horati.'
VII.
Diffugere nives, redeunt jam gramina caipis
Arboribusque comae;
Mutat terra vices et decrescentia ripas
Flumina praetereunt;
Gratia cum Nymphis geminisque sororibus audet 6
Ducere nuda choros.
Immortalia ne speres, monet annus et almum
Quae rapit hora diem.
Frigora mitescunt Zephyris, ver proterit aestas
Interitura simul                           10
Pomifer autumnus fruges effuderit, et mox
Bruma recurrit iners.




LIBER IV.


1055


Damna tamen celeres reparant caelestia lunae:
Nos ubi decidimus
Quo. pater Aeneas, quo dives Tullus et Anous,  15
Pulvis ot umbra sumus.
Quis scit an adiciant hodiernae orastina silllamae
Tempora di supori?
Cuncta manus, avidas fugient horedis, amico
Quae dederis animo.                      20
Cum semel occideris et do te splondida Minos
Fecerit arbitria,
Non, Torquate, genus, non to facundia, non te
Restituet pietas.
Infornis neque enim tenebris Diana pudiouxn  25
Liberat Hippolytum,
Nec Lethaea, valet Theseus abrumpore caro
Vincula Pirithoo.
VIII.
Donarem pateras grataque commodus,
Censorine, meis aera sodalibus,
Donarem tripodas, praomia fortium
Graiorum, nequo tu possima munerum
Ferres, divite me scilicet artium,          6
Quas ant Parrhasius protulit ant Soopas,
Hic saxo, liquidis ille coloribus
Sollers nune lominem ponere, nunc denin.
Sed non haec lhihi vis, nec tibi talium
Res est ant animus deliciarum egens.       10
Gaudes carminibus; carmina possumus
Donare et pretium dicere muneris.
Non incisa notis marmora publicis,




106                  CARMINUM
Per quae spiritus et vita redit bonis
Post mortem ducibus, non celeres fugae  15
Reiectaeque retrorsum Hannibalis minae,
Non incendia Carthaginis impiae
Eius, qui domita nomen ab Africa
Lucratus rediit, clarius indicant
Laudes quam Calabrae Pierides; neque    20
Si chartae sileant quod bene feceris
Mercedem tuleris. Quid foret Jliae
Mavortisque puer, si taciturnitas
Obstaret meritis invida Romuli?
Ereptum Stygiis fiuctibus Aeacum        26
Virtus et favor et lingua potentium
Vatum divitibus consecrat insulis.
Dignum laude virum Musa vetat mori:
Caelo Musa beat. Sic lovis interest
Optatis epulis impiger Hercules,        30
Clarum Tyndaridae sicus ab infimis
Quassas enipiunt aequoribus ratis,
Ornatus viridi tempora pampino
Liber vota bonos ducit ad exitus.
Ix.
Ne forte.eredas interitura quae
Longe sonantem natus ad Aufidum
Non ante volgatas per artis
Verba loquor socianda chordis:
Non, si priores Maeonius tenet           6
Sedes Homerus, Pindaricae latent
Ceaeque et Alcaei minaces
Stesichorique graves Camenae;




LIBER IV.                 107
Nec Si quid olim lusit Anacreon
Delevit aetas; spirat adhuc amor       10
Vivuntque commissi calores
Aeoliae fidibus puellae.
Non sola comptos arsit aculteri
Crinis et aururn vestibus illitum
Mirata regalisque cultus             16
Et comites Helene Lacaena,
Primusve Teucer tela Cydonio
Direxit arcu; non semel Ilios
Yexata; non pugnavit ingens
Idomeneus Sthenelusve solus        20
Dicenda Musis proelia; non ferox
Hector vel acer Deiplobus gravis
Excepit ictus pro pudicis
Coniugibus puerisque primus.
Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona          26
Multi; sed omnes inlacrimabiles
Urgentur ignotique longa
Nocte, carent quia vate sacro.
Paullum sepultae distat inertias
Celata virtus. Non ego te meis         30
Chartis inornatun silebo,
Totve tuos patiar labores
Impune, Lolli, carpere lividas
Obliviones. Est animus tibi
Rerumque prudens et secundis         36
Temporibus dubiisque rectus,




108


CARMINUM


Vindex avarae fraudis et abstinens
Ducentis ad se cuncta pecuniae,
Consuique non unius anni,
Sed quotiens bonus atque ficus    40
ludex lonestum praetulit utili,
Reiecit alto dona nocentium
Voltu, per obstantis catervas
Explicuit sua victor arma.
Non possidentem multa vocaveris       46
Recte beatum; rectius occupat
Nomen beati, qui deorum
Muneribus sapienter uti
Duramque callet pauperiem. pati
Peiusque leto fiagitium timet,        60
Non ille pro canis amicis
Aut patria timidus perire.
x.
o crudelis adhuc et Veneris muneribus potens,
Insperata tuae cum veniet pluma superbiae
Et, quae- nune umeris involitant, deciderint comae,
Nunc et qui color est puniceae flore prior rosae
Mutatus Ligurinum in faciem verterit hispidam,  6
Dices 'Hen,' quotiens te speculo videris alterum,
'Quae mens est hodie, cur eadem non puero fuit,
Vel cur his animis incolumes non redeunt genae?'




UJBER IV.


109


XI.
Est mihi nonum superantis annum
Plenas Albani cadus; est in lorto,
Phylli, nectendis apium coronis;
Est hederae vis
Multa, qua crinis religata fulges;      6
Ridet argento domus; ara castis
Vincta verbenis avet immolato
Spargier agno;
Cuncta festinat manus, hue et illune
Cursitant mixtae pueris puellae;       10
Sordidum flammae trepidant rotantes
Yertice fumum.
Ut tamen noris quibus advoceris
Gaudiis, Idus tibi sunt agendae,
Qui dies mensem Veneris marinae        16
Findit Aprilem,
lure sollemnis mihi sanctiorque?aene natali proprio, quod ex hac
Luce Maecenas meus adiluentis
Ordinat annos.                       20
Telephum, quem tu petis, occupavit
Non tuae sortis iuvenem puella
Dives et lasciva, tenetque grata
Compede vinctum.
Terret ambustus Plaethon avaras        26
Spes, et exemplum grave praebet ales
Pegasus terrenum equitem gravatus
Bellerophonten,




110


CARMINUM


Semper ut te digna sequare et ultra
Quam licet sperare nefas putando        30
Disparem vites. Age iam, meorum
Finis amorum,
(Non enim posthac alia calebo
Femina) condisce modos, amanda
Voce quos reddas: minuentur atrae       35
Carmine curae.
XII.
Tam veris comites, quae mare temperant,
Impellunt animae lintea Thraciae;
Jam nec prata rigent nec fiuvii strepunt
Hiberna nive turgidi.
Kidum ponit, Ityn flebiliter gemens,     6
Infelix avis et Cecropiac domus
Aeternum opprobrium, quod male barbaras
Regumst ulta libidines.
Dicunt in tenero gramine pinguium
Custodes ovium carmina fistula          10
Delectantque deum cui pecus et nigri
Colles Arcadiae placent.
Adduxere sitim tempora,Vergili;
Sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum
Si gestis, iuvenurn nobilium cliens, 16
Kardo vina mereberis.
Nardi parvus onyx eliciet cadum,
Qui nuno Sulpiciis accubat horreis,




LIBER IV.            ll


ill


Spes donare novas largus amaraque
Curarum eluere efficax.                  20
Ad quae si properas gaudia, cum tua
Velox merce veni: non ego te meis
Immunem meditor tinguere -poenlis,
Plena dives ut in doino.
Verum pone moras et studium lucri,         25
Nigrorumque inenor, dum licet, ignium
Misee stultitiam consiliis brevem:
Dulcest desipere in loco.
XIII.
Andivere, Lyce, di mea vota, di
Andivere, Lyce: fis anuns, et tamen
Vis formosa videri,
Ludisque et bibis impudens
Et cantu tremulo pota Cupidinem             6
Lentum sollicitas. Jibe virentis et
Doctae psailere Chiae
Pulchris excubat in genis.
Imp6rtunus enim transvoiat aridas
Quercus et refugit te, qnia inridi         10
Dentes te, quia rugae
Turpant et capitis nives.
Nee Coae referunt jam tibi purpnrae
Nee cani bapides tempora, quae semel
Notis condita fastis                     16
Inciusit volucris dies.




1312


CARMINUM


Quo fugit venus, leu, quove color? decens
Quo motus? Quid habes illius, illius,
Quae spirabat amores,
Quae me surpuerat mihi,             20
Felix post Cinaram notaque et artium,
Gratarum facies? Sed Cinarae brevis
Annos fata dederunt,
Servatura diu parem
Cornicis vetulae temporibus Lycen,      26
Possent ut iuvenes visere fervidi
Multo non sine risu
Bilapsam in cineres facem.
XIV.
Quae cura patrum quaeve Quiritium
Plenis honorum muneribus tuas,
Auguste, virtutes in aevum
Per titulos memoresque fastos
Aeteruet, o qua sol labitabilis          6
Inlustrat oras, maxime principum?
Quem legis expertes Latinae
Vindelici didicere nuper
Quid marte posses. Milite nam tuo
Drusus Genaunos, implacidum genus,      106
Breunosque velocis et arcis
Alpibus impositas tremendis
Deiecit acer plus vice simplici;
Maior Neronuiu mox grave proelium




LIBER IV.13


113


Commisit inimanisque Raetos           16
Auspiciiis pepulit secundis,
Spectandus in certamine Martio,
Devota morti pectora liberae
Quantis fatigaret ruinis,
Indomitas prope qualis undas         20
Exercet Auster, Pleiadum choro
Scindente nubis, impiger liostium
Vexare, turmas et frementem
Mitter~e equum medios per ignis.
Sic tauriformis volvitur Aufidus,        26
Quii regna Dauni praefluit Apuli,
Cum saevit horrendamque cultis
Diluviem meditatur agris,
Ut barbarorum Claudius aginina
Ferrata vasto diruit impetu             30
Primosque et, extremos metendo
Stravit huinum sine dlade victor,
Te copias, te, consilium et tuos
Praebente divos. Nam tibi, quo die
Portus Alexandrea supplex              36
Et vacuam patefecit aulam,
Fortuna lustro prospera tertio
Belli secundos reddidit exiitus,
Laudemque et optatum peractis
Imperiis deceus adrogaviit.-         40
Te Cantaber non ante domabilis
Medusque et Indus, te profugus Scythes




114


CARMINUM


Miratur, o tutela praesens
Italiae dominaeque Romae.
Te fontium qui celat origines            45
Kilusque et Hister, te rapidus Tigris,
Te beluosus qui remotis
Obstrepit Oceanus Britannis,
Te non paventis funera Galliae
Duraeque tellus audit Hiberiae,          60
Te caede gaulentes Sygambri
Compositis venerantur armis.
XV.
Phoebus volentem proelia me loqui
Vietas et urbis increpuit lyra,
Ne parva Tyrrhenum per aequor
Vela darem. Tua, Caesar, aetas
Fruges et agris rettulit uberes           5
Et signa nostro restituit lovi
Derepta Parthorum superbis
Postibus et vacuum duellis
Tanum Quirini clausit et ordinei
Rectum evaganti frena licentiae          10
Iniecit emovitque culpas
Et veteres revocavit artis,
Per quas Latinum nomen et Jtalae
Crevere vires famaque et imperi
Porrecta maiestas ad ortus             15
Solis ab Hesperio cubili.




LIBER IV.                 115
Custode rerum Caesare non furor
Civilis ant vis exiget otium,
Non ira, quae procudit ensis
Et miseras inimicat urbis.          20
Non qui profundum Danuvium bibunt
Edicta rumpent Iulia, non Getae,
Non Seres infidive Persae,
Non Tanain prope flumen orti.
Nosque et profestis lucibus et sacris   25
Inter iocosi munera Liberi
Cum prole matronisque nostris,
Rite deos prius adprecati,
Virtute functos more patrum duces
Lydis remixto carmine tibiis            30
Troiamque et Anchisen et almae
Progeniem Veneris canemus.




CARMEN
SAECULARE.
Phoebe silvarumque potens Diana,
Tucidum caeli decus, o colendi
Semper et culti, date quae precamur
Tempore sacro,
Quo Sibyllini monuere versus             6
Virgines lectas puerosque castos
Dis quibus septem placuere colles
Dicere carmen.
Alme Sol, curru nitido diem qui
Promis et celas aliusque et idem        10
Nasceris, possis nihil urbe Roma
Visere maius!
Rite maturos aperire partus
Lenis, Ilithyia, tuere matres,
Sive tu Lucina probas vocari           16
Seu Genitalis:
Diva, producas subolem patrumque
Prosperes decreta super iugandis
Feminis prolisque novae feraci
Lege marita,                          20
Certus undenos deciens per annos
Orbis ut cantus referatque ludos
116




CARMEN SAECULARE.


117


Ter die claro totiensque grata
Kocte frequentis.
Yosque veraces cecinisse, Parcae,         25
Quod semel dictumst stabilisque rorum
Terminus servet, bona jam peractis
lungite fata.
Fertilis frugum pecorisque tellus
Spicea donet Cererem corona;              so
Kutriant fetus et aquae salubres
Et Lovis aurae.
Condito mitis placidusque telo
Supplices audi pueros, Apollo;
Siderum regina bicornis, audi,            35
Luna, puellas:
Roma si vestrumst opus, Iliaeque
Litus Etruscum tenuere turrnae,
Iussa pars mutare Laris et urbem
Sospite cursu,                          40
Cui per ardentem sine fraude Troiam
Castus Aeneas patriae superstes
Liberum munivit iter, daturus
Plura relictis:
Di, probos mores docili iuventae,         46
Di, senectuti placidae quietem,
Romulae genti date remque prolemque
Et decus omne.
Quaeque vos bobus veneratur al-bis
Clarus Anchisae Venerisque sanguis,       so
Impetret, bellante prior, iacentem
Lenis in hostem.




118


CARMEN SAECULARE.


lam mari terraque manus potentis
Medus Albanasque timet securis,
lam Scythae responsa petunt superbi     66
Kuper, et Indi.
lam Fides et Fax et Honor Pudonque
Priscus et neglecta nedire Virtus
Audet, adparetque beata pleno
Copia cornu.                          60
Augur et fulgente deconus arcu
Phoebus acceptusque novem Camenis,
Qui salutari levat arte fessos
Corponis antus,
Si Palatinas videt aequus aras,         66
Remque Romanam Latiumque felix
Alterum in lustrum meliusque semper
Prorogat aevam.
Quaeque Aventinum tenet Algidumque,
Quindecim Diana preces virorum          70
Curat et votis puerorum amicas
Adplicat aunis.
Haec Jovem sentine deosque cunctos
Spem bonam centamque domum reporto,
Doctus et Phoebi chorus et Dianae       76
Dicene laudes.




EPODON
LIBER.
Ibis Liburnis inter alta navium,
Amice, propugnacula,
Paratus omne Caesaris periculum
Subire, Maecenas, tuo.
Quid nos, quibus te vita si superstite  5
lucunda, si contra, gravis?
Utrumne iussi persequemur otium
Non dulce, ni tecum simul,
An hune laborem mente laturi, decet
Qua ferre non mollis viros?           10
Feremus, et te vel per Alpium inga
Inlospitalem et Caucasum
Vel Occidentis usque ad ultimum sinum
Forti sequemur pectore.
Roges tuum labore quid iuvem meo,       15
Imbellis ac firmus parum?
Comes minore sum futurus in metu,
Qui maior absentis habet:
Ut adsidens implunibus pullis avis
Serpentium adlapsus timet             20
Magis relictis, non, ut adsit, auxili
Latura plus praeseutibus.
119




120


EPODON


Libenter hoc et omne militabitur
Bellum in tuae spem gratiae,
Non ut iuvencis inligata pluribus        25
Aratra nitantur meis
Pecusve Calabris ante sidus fervidum
Lucana mutet pascuis,
Nec ut superni villa candens Tusculi
Circaca tangat moenia.                 30
Satis superque.me benignitas tua
Ditavit: hand paravero,
Quod ant avarus ut Chremes terra premam,
Discinctus ant perdam nepos.
II.
'Beatus ille qui procul negotiis,
Ut prisca gens mortalium,
Paterna rura bobus exercet suis,
Solutus omni faenore,
Neque excitatur classico miles truci,     6
Neque horret iratum mare,
Forumque vitat et superba civium
Potentiorum. limina.
Ergo ant adulta vitium propagine
Altas maritat populos,                 10
Aut in reducta valle mugientium
Prospectat errantis greges,
Inntilisve falce ramos ampntans
Feliciores inserit,
Aut pressa puris mella condit amphoris,  15
Aut tondet infirmas ovis;
Vel, cum decorum mitibus pomis caput




LrB ID


121


Autumnus agris extulit,
Ut gaudet insitiva decerpens pira
Certantem et uvam purpurae,            20
Qua muneretur te, Priape, et to, pater
Silvane, tutor finium.
Libet iacere modo sub antiqua flice,
Modo in tenaci gramine.
Labuntur altis interim ripis aquae,      25
Queruntur in silvis ayes,
Fontesque lymphis obstrepunt manantibus,
Somnos quod invitet levis.
At cum tonantis annus hibernus lovis
Imbris nivisque comparat,              30
Ant trudit acris hinm et hine multa cane
Apros in obstantis plagas,
Aut amite levi rara tendit retia,
Turdis edacibus dolos,
Pavidumique leporen et advenam laqueo gruem 35
lucunda captat praemia.
Quis non malarum, quas amor curas habet,
Haec inter obliviscitur?
Quod si pudica mulier in partem iuvet
Domum atque dulcis liberos,            40
Sabina qualis aut perusta solibus
Pernicis uxor Apuli,
Sacrum vetustis exstruat lignis focum
Lassi sub adventum viri,
Claudensque textis cratibus laetnm pocus  45
Distenta siccet ubera,
Et lorna dulci vina promens dolio
Dapes inemptas adparet:
Non me Lucrina inverint conchylia




122


EPODON


Magisve rhombus aut scari,                 60
Si quos Eois intonata fluctibus
Hiems ad hoc vertat mare;
Non Afra avis descendat in ventrem meum,
Non attagen Jonicus
Jucundior, quam lecta de pinguissimis        65
Oliva ramis arborum
Aut herba lapathi prata amantis et gravi
iMIalvae salubres corpori,
Vel agna festis caesa Terminalibus
Vel haedus ereptus lupo.                   60
Has inter epulas ut iuvat pastas ovis
Videre properantis domum,
Videre fessos vomerem inversum boves
Collo trahentis languido,
Positosque vernas, ditis examen domus,       66
Circum renidentis Laris.'
Haec ubi locutus faenerator Alflus,
Jam iam futurus rusticus,
Omnem redegit Idibus pecuniam,
Quaerit Kalendis ponere.                   70
III.
Parentis olim si quis impia manu
Senile guttur fregerit,
Edit cicutis allium nocentius.
O dura messorum ilia!
Quid hoc veneni saevit in praecordiis?       6
Num viperinus his cruor
Incoctus herbis me fefellit? an malas
Canidia tractavit dapes?




LIBER..


123


Ut Argonautas praeter omnis candidun
Medea miratast ducem,                 10
Ignota tauris inligaturum iuga
Perunxit hoc lasonem;
Hoc delibutis ulta donis paelicem,
Serpente fugit alite.
Nec tantus umquam siderum insedit vapor  16
Siticulosae Apuliae,
Nec munus umeris efficacis Herculis
Inarsit aestuosius.
At si quid umquar tale concupiveris,
Jocose Maecenas, precor               20
Manum puella savio opponat tuo,
Extrena et in sponda cubet.
IV.
Lupis et agnis quanta sortito obtigit
Tecum mihi discordiast,
Hibericis peruste funibus latus
Et crura dura compede.
Licet superbus ambules pecunia,          6
Fortuna non mutat genus.
Videsne, Sacran metiente te viam
Cum bis trium ulnarum toga,
Ut ora vertat huc et huc euntium
Liberrima indignatio?                10
'Sectus flagellis hic triumviralibus
Praeconis ad fastidium
Arat Falerni mille fundi iugera,
Et Appiam mannis terit,
Sedilibusque magnus in primis eques     16




124


EPODON


Otlone contempto sedet.
Quid attinet tot ora navium gravi
Rostrata duci pondere
Contra latrones atque servilem manum,
Hoc, hoc tribuno militum?'            20
V.
'At, o deorum quidquid in caelo regit
Terras et humanum genus,
Quid iste fert tumultus et quid omnium
Voltus in unim me truces?
Per liberos te, si vocata partubus       6
Lucina veris adfuit,
Per hoc inane purpurae decus precor,
Per improbaturum haec lovem,
Quid ut noverca me intueris aut uti
Petita ferro belua? '                10
Ut haec trementi questus ore constitit
Insignibus raptis puer,
Impube corpus, quale posset impia
Mollire Thracum pectora;
Canidia, brevibus implicata viperis     15
Crinis et incomptum caput,
lubet sepuicris caprificos erutas,
Jubet cupressus funebris
Et uncta turpis ova ranae sanguine
Plumamque nocturnae strigis           20
Herbasque quas Jolcos atque Hiberia
Mittit venenorum ferax,
Et ossa ab ore rapta ieiunae canis
Flammis aduri Coichicis.




LIBER.


125


At expedita Sagana, per totam domum     25
Spargens Avernalis aquas,
Horret capiflis ut marinus asperis
Echinus aut currens aper.
Abacta nulla Veia conscientia
Ligonibus duris humum                 so
Exhauriebat, ingemens laboribus,
Quo posset infossus puer
Longo die his terque mutatae dapis
Inemori spectaculo,
Cum promineret ore, quantum exstant aqua 35
Suspensa mento corpora:
Exsecta uti medulla et aridum iecur
Amoris esset poculum,
Interminato cum semel fixae cibo
Intabuissent pupulae.                 40
Non defuisse masculae libidinis
Ariminensem Foliam
Et otiosa credidit Keapolis
Et omne vicinum oppidum,
Quae sidera excantata voce Thessala     45
Lunamque caelo deripit.
Hie inresectum saeva dente livido
Canidia rodens pollicem,
Quid dixit aut quid tacuit? '0 rebus meis
Non infideles arbitrae,               60
Nox et Diana, quae silentium regis,
Arcana cum fiunt sacra,
Nunc nunc adeste, nunc in hostilis domos
Iram atque numen vertite.
Formidolosis dum latent silvis ferae    65
Dulci sopore languidae,




126                  EPODON
Senem, quod omnes rideant, adulterum
Latrent Suburanae canes,
Nardo perunctum, quale non perfectius
lMeae laborarint manus.               60
Quid accidit? Cur dira barbarae minus
Venena Medeae valent,
Quibus superbam fugit ulta paelicem,
Magni Creontis filiam,
Cum palla, tabo munus imbutum, novam    65
Incendio nuptam abstulit?
Atqui nec herba nec latens in asperis
Radix fefellit me locis.
Indormit unctis omnium cubilibus
Oblivione paelicum.                   70
A, a, solutus ambulat veneficae
Scientioris carmine!
Non usitatis, Yare, potionibus,
o multa fleturum caput,
Ad me recurres, nec vocat-a mens tua    75
Marsis redibit vocibus.
Mains parabo, mains infundam tibi
Fastidienti poculum,
Priusque caelum sidet inferius mari
Tellure porrecta super,               80
Quam non amore sic meo flagres uti
Bitumen atris ignibus.'
Sub laec puer iam non, ut ante, mollibus,
Lenire verbis impias,
Sed dubius unde rumperet silentium,     85
Misit Thyesteas preces:
'Venena magnum fas nefasque non valent
Convertere humanam vicem.




LIBER.


127


Diris agam vos; dira detestatio
Nulla expiatur victima.                  90
Quin, ubi perire iussus exspiravero,
Nocturnus occurram Furor,
Petamque voltus umbra curvis unguibus,
Quae vis deorumst Manium,
Et inquietis adsidens praecordiis           95
Pavore somnos auferam.
Vos turba vicatim hine et hine saxis petens
Contundet obscenas anus;
Post insepulta membra different lupi
Et Esquilinae alites,                   100
Neque hoc parentes, heu mihi superstites,
Effugerit spectaculum.'
VI.
Quid immerentis hospites vexas, canis
Ignavus adversum lupos?
Quin hue inanis, si potes, vertis minas,
Et me remorsurum petis?
Nam qualis aut Molossus aut fulvus Lacon, 6
Amica vis pastoribus,
Agami per altas aure sublata nivis,
Quaecumque praecedet fera;
Tu, cum timenda voce complesti nemus,
Proiectum odoraris cibum.                10
Cave, cave: namque in malos asperrimus
Parata tollo cornua,
Qualis Lycambae spretus infido gener,
Aut acer hostis Bupalo.
An, si quis atro dente me petiverit,        15
Inultus ut flebo puer?




128


EPODON


VII.
Quo, quo scelesti ruitis? aut cur dexteris
Aptantur enses conditi?
Parumne campis atque Neptuno super
Fusumst Latini sanguinis,
Non ut superbas invidae Carthaginis         5
Romanus arcis ureret,
Intactus aut Britannus ut descenderet
Sacra catenatus via,
Sed ut secundum vota Parthorum sua
Urbs laec periret dextera?              10
Neque hic lupis mos nec fuit leonibus
Imquam nisi in dispar feris.
Furorne caecus an rapit vis acrior
An culpa? Responsum date!
Tacent, et albus ora pallor inficit,       15
IMlentesque perculsae stupent.
Sic est: acerba fata Romanos agunt
Scelusque fraternae necis,
Ut immerentis fluxit in terrai Remi
Sacer nepotibus cruor.                   20
Ix.
Quando repostum Caecubum ad festas dapes,
Victore laetus Caesare,
Tecum sub alta - sic Iovi gratum - domo,
Beate Maecenas, bibam,
Sonante mixtum tibiis carmen lyra,          6
Hac Dorium, illis barbarum?
Ut nuper, actus cum freto Neptunius




LIBER.


129


Dux fugit ustis navibus,
Minatus Urbi vincla, quae detraxerat
Servis amicus perfidis.                10
Romnanus eheu - posteri negabitis -
Emancipatus feminae
Fert vallum. et arma miles et spadonibus
Servire rugosis potest,
Interque signa turpe militaria           15
Sol adspicit conopium.
Ad hunc frementis verterunt bis mille equos
Galli, canentes Caesarem,
Hostiliumque navium portu latent
Puppes sinistrorsum citae.             20
To Triumphe, tu moraris aureos
Ourrus et intactas boves?
To Triumphe, nec Jugurthino parem
Bello reportasti ducem,
Keque Africanum, cui super Carthaginem   25
Virtus sepulcrum coudidit.
Terra marique victus lostis punico
Lugubre mutavit sagum.
Aut ille centum nobilem Cretam urbibus,
Ventis iturus non suis,                30
Exercitatas aut petit Syrtis Noto,
Aut fertur incerto mari.
Capaciores adfer hue, puer, scyphos
Et Chia vina aut Lesbia,
Vel quod fluentem nauseam coerceat       35
Metire nobis Caecubum.
Curam metumque Caesaris rerum iuvat
Dulci Lyaeo solvere.




130


EPODON


x.
Mala soluta navis exit alite,
Ferens olentem, Mevium:
Ut horridis utrumque verberes latus,
Auster, memento fluctibus.
Niger rudentis Eurus inverso mari
Fractosque remos differat;
Insurgat Aquilo, quantus altis montibus
Frangit trementis ilices;
Nec sidus atra nocte amicum adpareat,
Qua tristis Orion cadit;               10
Quietiore nec feratur aequore,
Quam Graia victorum manus,
Cum Pallas usto vertit irama ab Ilio
In impiam. Aiacis ratem.
o quantus instat navitis sudor tuis      15
Tibique pallor luteus
Et illa non virilis eiulatio
Preces et aversum ad Jovem,
Ionius udo cum remugiens sinus
Noto carinamn ruperit.                 20
Opima quod si praeda curvo litore
Porrecta mergos inverit,
Libidinosus immolabitur caper
Et agna Tempestatibus.
XIII.
Horrida tempestas caelum contraxit, et imbres
Nivesque deducunt loven; nunc mare, nunc siluae
Threicio Aquilone sonant. Rapiamus, amice,




LIBER.


Occasionem de die, dumque virent genua
Et decet, obducta solvatur fronte senectus.  6
Tu vina Torquato move consule pressa meo.
Cetera mitte loqui: deus haec fortasse benigna
Reducet in sedem vice. Nune et Achaemenio
Perfundi nardo iuvat et fide Cyllenea
Levare diris pectora sollicitudinibus,    10
Kobilis ut grandi cecinit Centaurus alumno:
'Invicte, mortalis dea nate puer Thetide,
Te manet Assaraci tellus, quam frigida parvi
Findunt Scamandri flumina lubricus et Simois,
Unde tibi reditum certo subtemine Parcae 16
Rupere, nec mater domum caerula te revehet.
Illic omne malum vino cantuque levaýto,
Deformis aegrimoniae dulcibus adloquiis.'
XIV.
Miollis inertia cur tantam diffuderit imis
Oblivionem sensibus,
Pocula Lethaeos ut si ducentia somnos
Arente fauce traxerim,
Candide Maecenas, occidis saepe rogando:     5
Deus, deus nam me vetat
Inceptos, olim promissum carmen, iambos
Ad umbilicum adducere.
Non aliter Samio dicunt arsisse Bathyllo
Anacreonta Teium,                         10
Qui persaepe cava testudine flevit amorem
Non elaboratum ad pedem.
Ureris ipse miser: quod si non pulchrior ignis
Accendit obsessam Ilion,




132


EPODON


Gaude sorte tua; me libertina nec uno     16
Contenta Phryne macerat.
XV.
Nox erat et caelo fulgebat Luna sereno
Inter minora sidera,
Gum tu, magnorum numen laesura deorum,
In verba iurabas mea,
Artius atque hedera procera adstringitur ilex,  5
Lentis adhaerens bracchiis,
Dum pecori lupus et nautis infestus Orion
Turbaret hibernum mare,
Intonsosiue agitaret Apollinis aura capillos,
Fore hune amorem mutuum.                10
0 dolitgura nea multum virtute Neaera!
Nam si quid in Flacco virist,
Non feret adsiduas potiori te dare noctis,
Et quaeret iratus parem:
Nec senel offensi cedet constantia formae,  15
Si certus intrarit dolor.
Et tu, quicumque's felicior atque meo nune
Superbus incedis malo,
Sis pecore et multa dives tellure licebit
Tibique Pactolus fluat,                 20
Nec te Pythagorae fallant arcana renati,
Formaque vincas Nirea,
Eheu, translatos alio maerebis amores;
Ast ego vicissim risero.




U mibE13


133


XV'.
Altera iam teritur bellis civilibus aetas,
Suis et ipsa Roma viribus ruit.
Quam neque finitimi valuerunt perdere Marsi
Minacis aut Etrusca Porsenae manus
Aemula nec virtus Capuae nec Spartacus acer    5
Novisque rebus infidelis Allobrox,
Nec fera caerulea domuit Germania pube
Parentibusque abominatus Hannibal,.Impia perdemus devoti sanguinis aetas,
Ferisque rursus occupabitur solum.          10
Barbarus heu cineres insistet victor et urbem
'Eques sonante verberabit ungula,
Quacque carent ventis et solibus ossa Quirini,
Kefas videre! dissipabit insolens.
Forte, quid expediat, communiter ant nelior pars  15
Malis carere quacritis laboribus. 'Nulla sit hac potior senteneia: Phocaeorum
Velut profugit exsecrata civitas
Agros atque Laris patrios habitandaque fana
Apris reliquit et rapacibus lupis,          20
Ire, pedes quocumque ferent, quocumque per undas
Kotus vocabit ant protervus Africus.
Sic placet? an melins quis habet snadere? Secunda
Ratem occupare quid moramur alite?
Sed inremus in haec: I'Simul imis saxa renarint  25
Vadis levata, ne redire sit nefas,
Neu conversa domum pigeat dare liutea, quando
Padus Matina laverit cacumina,
In mare sen celsus procurrerit Appenninus,
Novaque monstra iunxerit libidine           80




134


EPODON


Mirus amor, iuvet ut tigris subsidere cervis,
Adulteretur et columba miluo,
Credula nec ravos timeant armenta leones,
Ametque salsa levis hircus aequora.'
Haec et quae poterunt reditus abseindere dulcis  35
Eamus omnis exsecrata civitas,
Aut pars indocili melior grege; mollis et exspes
Inominata perprinat cubilia.
Vos, quibus est virtus, muliebrem tollite luctum,
Etrusca practer et volate litora.           40
Nos manet Oceanus circumvagus; arva beata
Petamus, arva divites et insulas,
Reddit ubi cererem tellus inarata quotannis
Et imputata floret usque vinea,
Germinat et numquam fallentis termes olivac,  45
Suamque pulla ficus ornat arborem,
Mella cava manant ex ilice, montibus altis
Levis crepante lympha desilit pede.
Illic iniussae veniunt ad mulctra capellae,
Refertque tenta grex amicus ubera,          50
Nec vespertinus circumgerit ursus ovile,
Nec intumescit alta viperis humus.
Pluraque felices mirabimur, ut neque largis
Aquosus Eurus arva radat imbribus,
Pinguia nec siccis urantur semina glaebis,    55
Itruuique rege temperante caelitum.
Non hue Argoo contendit remige pinus,
Neque impudica Coichis intulit pedem;
Non hue Sidonii torserunt cornua naatae,
Laboriosa nec cohors Ulixei.                60
Nulla nocent pecori contagia, nullius astri
Gregem aestuosa torret impotentia.




LIBER.


135


luppiter illa piae secrevit litora genti,
Ut inquinavit aere tempus aureum;
Aere, dehine ferro duravit saecula, quorum    65
PTis secunda vate me datur fuga.
XVII.
'Iam iam efficaci do manus scientiae,
Supplex et oro regna per Proserpinae,
Per et Dianae non movenda numina,
Per atque libros carminum valentium
Refixa caelo devocare sidera,                  6
Canidia, parce vocibus tandem sacris
Citumque retro solve, solve turbinem!
Movit nepotem Telephus Nereium,
In quem superbus ordinarat agmina
Mysorum et in quem tela acuta torserat.       10
Unxere matres Iliae addictum feris
Alitibus atque canibus homicidam Hectorem,
Postquam relictis moenibus rex procidit
Heu pervicacis ad pedes Achillei.
Saetosa duris exuere pellibus                 15
Laboriosi remiges Ulixei
Volente Circa membra; tunc mens et sonus
Relapsus atque notus in voltus honor.
Dedi satis superque poenarum tibi,
Amata nautis multum et institoribus.          20
Fugit iuventas et verecundus color
Reliquit ossa pelle amicta lurida,
Tuis capillus albus est odoribus;
Nullum ab labore me reclinat otium;
Urget diem nox et dies noctem, nequest        26




136


EPODON


tevare tenta spiritu praecordia.
Ergo negatum vincor ut credam miser,
Sabella pectus increpare carmina
Caputque iiarsa dissilire nenia.
Quid amplius vis? 0 mare et terra, ardeo,  30
Quantum neque atro delibutus Hercules
Nessi cruore, nec Sicana fervida
Virens in Aetna flamma; tu, donec cinis
Iniuriosis aridus ventis ferar,
Gales venenis oficina Coichicis.          36
Quae finis aut quod me manet stipendium?
Effare; iussas cum fide poenas luam,
Paratus expiare, seu poposceris
Centum iuvencos, sive mendaci lyra
Voles sonari: 'Tn pudica, tu proba         40
Perambulabis astra sidus aureum.'
Infamis Helenae Castor offensus vicem
Fraterque magni Castoris, victi prece,
Adempta vati reddidere lumina:
Et tu - potes nam - solve me dementia,     46
0 nec paternis obsoleta sordibus,
Nec in sepuicris pauperum prudens anus
Kovendialis dissipare pulveres.
Tibi hospitale pectus et purae manus
Tuusque venter Pactumeius, et tuo          60
Cruore rubros obstetrix pannos lavit,
Utcumque fortis exsilis puerpera.'
'Quid obseratis auribus fundis preces?
Non saxa nudis surdiora navitis
Neptunus alto tundit hibernus salo.        66
Inultus ut tu riseris Cotyttia
Volgata, sacrum liberi Cupidinis,




LtIBER.


1L37


Et Esquilini pontifex venefici
Impune ut urbem nomine impleris meo?
Quid proderit ditasse Paelignas anus,     60
Velociusve miscuisse toxicum?
Sed tardiora fata te votis manent;
Ingrata misero vita ducendast in hoc,
Novis ut usque suppetas laboribus.
Optat quietem Pelopis infidi pater,       65
Egens benignae Tantalus semper dapis,
Optat Prometheus obligatus aliti,
Optat supremo collocare Sisyphus
In monte saxum; sed vetant leges Tovis.
Voles modo altis desilire turribus,       70
Modo ense pectus Korico recludere,
Frustraque vincla gutturi nectes tuo,
Fastidiosa tristis aegrimonia.
Vectabor umeris tune ego inimicis eques,
Meaeque terra cedet insolentiae.          75
An quae movere cereas imagines,
Ut ipse nosti curiosus, et polo
Deripere Lunam vocibus possim. meis,
Possim crematos excitare mortuos
Desiderique temperare pocula,             80
Plorem artis in te nil agentis exitus?'








NOTES.


BOOK I., ODE I.
A dedication of the first three books of the Odes to Maecenas.
The first Epode, the first Satire, and the first Epistle are addressed to the same patron and friend. Cf. Class. Diet.; Gardthausen, Augustus und Seine Zeit, 2. 432 sqq.; Merivale, 3.
214-16.
Various are the pursuits of men, - athletics, politics, agriculture, commerce, epicurean ease, war, the chase. Me the
poet's ivy and the muse's cool retreats delight. Rank me with
the lyrists of Greece, and I shall indeed 'knock at a star with my
exalted head.'
Being the dedication, it was probably among the last of the
odes of the first three books to be written. The collection was
published in 23 B.c.
For similar Apology for Poetry, cf. Sat. 2. 1. 24; Propert. 4. 8;
Verg. G. 2. 475 sqq.; Pind. fr. 221; Solon, fr. 13 (4) 43 sqq.
Translated by Broome, Johnson's Poets, 12. 18; by Boyse,
ibid. 14. 528; imitated by Blacklock, ibid. 18. 183.
1. Maecenas: Caius Cilnius Maecenas, for a long time the
Emperor Augustus' chief adviser, and a distinguished patron of
literature. Not only Horace but Vergil, Propertius, and others
profited by his patronage. Some of his ancestors were said to
have been lucumanes (chiefs) of Arretium, hence the use of
regibus here. The Augustan poets are fond of dwelling in this
way on the contrast between Maecenas' half-royal descent and
139




140


NOTES.


his modesty in remaining a knight and declining promotion to
the Senate. Cf. 3. 29. 1; Sat. 1. 6. 1; Propert. 4. 8. 1; El. in
Maec. 13, Regis eras Etrusce genus, tu Caesaris almi I dextera,
Romanae tu vigil urbis eras; Martial, 12. 4. 2, Maecenas, atavis
regibus ortus eques. For Maecenas as typical patron of letters,
cf. Laus Pisonis, 235 sqq.; Martial, 1. 107. 3-4; 8. 56. 5, sint
Maecenates; non deerunt, Flacce, Marones; 12. 4. 1-4. - atavis... regibus: from   royal ancestors.  Literally, regibus is in
apposition with atavis.
2. 0 et: for non-elision of 0, cf. 1. 35. 38; 4. 5. 37. - praesidium: cf. Lucret. 3. 895, tuisque praesidium. - dulce: cf.
Epist. 1. 7. 12, dulcis amice. For alliteration, cf. 3. 2. 13; 3. 9.
10; 4.1.4; 4.5. 12; 4.6.27. - decus: cf. 2. 17. 4; Verg. G.
2. 40. - meum: to me.
3. sunt quos... iuvat: there are some whom it delights. On
est qui, etc., with indic. or subj., cf. Hale, Cum Constructions,
p. 112: 'In poetry we may often doubt whether a given variation... is due to a definite meaning or to a love of the archaic
or the unusual; but in est qui non curat (Epp. 2. 2. 182), and est
qui nec spernit (Od. 1. 1. 19-21), Horace would seem to have
himself in mind. In est ubi peccat (Epp. 2. 1. 63) he must be
archaizing.' - curriculo: curru, with the chariot, rather than in
the course. - Olympicum: The Olympic Games were the most
famous of the national festivals of Greece. They were held
every fourth year at Olympia in the south of Elis. Here
Olympicum is typical for Greek games generally. Cf. labor
Isthmius, 4. 3. 3.
4. collegisse: cf. 1. 34. 16; 3. 4. 52. The perfect may keep
its force, but often in Latin poetry it is a mere trick of style.
See Howard, in Harvard Studies, I., p. 111. - meta... rotis:
the pillar grazed by the glowing wheels. At each end of the Greek
hippodrome, as in the Roman circus, there was a meta, pillar,
turning post, around which the chariots were driven. The
skillful driver turned it as closely as possible to keep the inside
track. Cf. II. 23. 334; Soph. El. 721; Ov. Amor. 3. 2. 12;
Persius, 3. 68. - palma: a palm branch, carried in the hand in
token of victory, did not make its appearance in Greece until
about 400 B.c. It was established in Campania before the end




BOOK I., ODE I.


141


of the fourth century, and was introduced into Rome in 293 B.c.
(Livy, 10. 47). See Tarbell in Class. Phil. III (1908), 264ff.
Cf. Epist. 1. 1. 51.- nobilis: i.e. ennobling.
6. terrarum... deos: exalts (them, i.e. the victors in the
chariot races) to the gods the rulers of the world. Cf. Verg. Aen.
6. 130, evexit ad aethera virtus.
7. hunc: this one, i.e. the man who has political ambition;
sc. iuvat. - mobilium: fickle. Cf. Epist. 1. 19. 37, ventosae
plebis suffragia; Cic. pro Mur. 35; Tac. Ann. 1. 15.
8. tergeminis: triple; the curule aedileship, the praetorship,
and the consulship. -honoribus: abl. instr. Cf. Tac. Ann. 1. 3.
9. illum, the rich landowner; sc. iuvat. - proprio: his own;
not as agent or lowly factor for another's gain. Cf. 3. 16. 27,
meis.
10. Libycis: Libya, in North Africa, was at this time the
chief source of Rome's grain supply. It was proverbial for its
fertility. For similar periphrasis for farmer's wealth, cf. 3. 16.
26; Sat. 2. 3. 87, frumenti quantum metit Africa; Sen. Thyest.
356, non quidquid Libycis terit I fervens area messibus. - verritur areis: after the grain has been trampled and winnowed
on the concrete threshing floor (area), it is swept up (verritur).
11. gaudentem: one whose joy it is. The reference is to the
humble cultivator of a petty ancestral property, who lacks enterprise to depart from his father's footsteps. - patrios: cf.
paterna rura, Epod. 2. 3. - sarculo: hoeing suggests the little
field better than plowing.
12. Attalicis condicionibus: by terms such as an Attalus could
offer. The wealth of the Attalids, kings of Pergamon in Asia
Minor, was proverbial. Attalus III. made the Romans his heir
B.c. 133. His treasures impressed them somewhat as those
of Charles of Burgundy did the rude Swiss who defeated him
at Granson and Morat. Cf. 2. 18. 5, Otto, Sprichwirter der
RSmer, p. 44.
13. numquam dimoveas ut: you could never induce to.trabe Cypria, in a Cyprian bark. Trabs, beam, is used here by
metonymy for ship. Cf. Verg. Aen. 3. 191; Catull. 4. 3; Pind.
Pyth. 4. 27. Cyprus, a large island in the E. Mediterranean,
was famous for its timber and merchandise (3. 29. 60; Pliny,




142


NOTES.


N. H. 16. 203), and it was boasted that Cyprus could build a
ship from keel to mast-top from its own resources (Ammian.
Marc. 14. 8. 14).
14. Myrtoum: the western Aegean, south of Euboea, named
from the little island Myrto. Horace uses the specific epithets
Cypria and Myrtoum because they are more vivid and poetic
than vague general terms would be. Cf. Icariis in the next
line, and mari Hadriano for any sea in 1. 16. 4. - pavidus:
ancient sailors were conventionally' timid' (1. 14. 14; 1. 3.
12. n.). The petty farmer turned sailor would be especially
so. - secet: so rT/aeYw.
15. luctantem... fluctibus: Horace construes verbs of
difference and strife with dat. For thought, cf. 'As each with
other I Wrestle the wind and the unreluctant sea,' Swinb.
Mater Triumphalis. - Icariis: the name given to that part
of the Aegean east of Myrtoum mare, so called from the island
Icaria. - Africum: Africus, the S.W. wind.
16. mercator: trader, /MTropor.  Cf. 3. 24. 41. n.--metuens: a temporary mood; with gen. (3. 19. 16; 3. 24. 22), a
permanent characteristic. - otium: repose, i.e. the quiet life.
Cf. 2. 16. 1.
17. laudat: sc. as happy. Sat. 1. 1. 39. - rura: the fields
about, the ager attached to. - mox: soon; so with abrupt
asyndeton, 4. 14. 14. Love of gain, KpSOS dieXXow/dxov (Anth.
Pal. 7. 586), soon makes him defy the winds.
18. quassas:   shattered. Cf. 4. 8. 32. - indocilis, etc.:
Herrick, 106, 'those desp'rate cares, I Th' industrious Merchant has; who for to find I Gold runneth to the Western
Inde [cf. 3. 24. 41. n.], I And back again (tortur'd with fears)
doth fly, I Untaught to suffer Poverty.' - pauperiem pati
recurs, 3. 2. 1; 4. 9. 49. Cf. 3. 16. 37. n.
19. est qui: cf. Epp. 2.2. 182, Sunt quinon habeant (indefinite), est qui (pretty plainly pointing to one that shall be nameless) non curat habere. - Massici: Massicum or Massicum
vinum, a famous wine from the vineyards of Massicus, a mountain in Campania.
20. solido... de die: from the solid day, i.e. what should
be the unbroken business hours up to about 3 P.M. Sen. Ep.




BOOK I., ODE I.


143


83. 2, hodiernus dies solidus est; nemo ex illo quicquam mihi
eripuit. Cf. 2. 7. 6. n.
21. viridi:  (ever) green. - membra... stratus: reclining; lit., stretched as to his limbs, Greek accusative; cf. G. L.
338; A. G. 397. b; H. 416; Lucret. 2. 29, inter se prostrati
in gramine molli I propter aquae rivum, etc. - arbuto: a flowering shrub with evergreen leaves.
22. lene: gentle. Cf. Epode 2. 28.-      caput: cf. sacrum
caput amnis, Verg. G. 4. 319. - sacrae: the fountain-heads
of streams were generally sacred to some divinity; see on 3. 13.
23. lituo: with the clarion. The lituus was the cavalry
trumpet curved at the end.    The tuba, the trumpet of the infantry, was straight.
24. matribus: dat. of agent. Cf. Epode 16. 8; 2. 1. 31.
25. manet: all night, like the hunter in Sat. 2. 3. 234, In
nive Lucana dormis ocreatus, ut aprum I cenem ego. - sub
love frigido: under the cold sky. Zeus, Dyaus, Jupiter go back
to a root div or diu, 'the bright (sky).' A consciousness of
this survived in many Greek and Latin phrases, and was
revived by pantheistic utterances of the poets. Cf. 1. 34. 5. n.;
1. 18. 13; 1. 22. 20; 3. 2. 6, sub divo; 3. 10. 8; Epode 13. 2;
Lucret. 4. 209, sub diu; Ov. Fast. 3. 527; Verg. Ecl. 7. 60;
II. 5. 91, Atbs 6fjApos; the Athenian prayer, broo, aow & 4Xie ZeO,
Marc. Aurel. 5. 7; Ennius, Sat. 41 (ed. MOller), Istic est is
lovi' pater quem dico, quem  Graeci vocant aerem, etc.; Aesch.
fr. 70.
27. seu... seu: cf. A. G. 324. f; G. L. 496. 2. The
result is the same whatever the game. -    visa est: Cpdrv.
28. teretes... plAgas, close-twisted nets; Epode 2. 32. For
boar-hunting, cf. 3. 12. 11; Epp. 1. 6. 57.- Marsus: Marsian. The country of the Marsi, a mountainous district in
the center of Italy, abounded in game.
29. me: for antithetic emphasis, cf. Milt. P. L. 9, 'Me of
these I Nor skill'd nor studious,' etc.; Tenn. Alcaics, 'Me
rather all that bowery loneliness,' etc. Cf. 1. 5. 13; 1. 31. 15; \
1. 7. 10; 2. 12. 13; 4. 1. 29; 2. 17. 13. - doctarum: learned,
or lettered, but more especially poetic: cum apud Graecos antiquissimum e doctis genus sit poetarum, Cic. Tusc. 1. 3. Early




144                        NOTES.
man thinks rather (so Ruskin moralizes) of the knowledge
than of the art of the poet. Cf. the comment of Gorgo, Theoc.
15. 145-146. So ro<p6s in Pindar; doctus, Tibull. (?) 3. 6.
41, etc. - hederae: the ivy of Bacchus as well as the laurel of
Phoebus crowned the poet as cliens Bacchi, Epist. 2. 2. 78.
Cf. Epist. 1. 3. 25; Juv. 7. 29; Ben Jonson, 'To come forth
worth the ivy or the bays'; Propert. 2. 5. 25; Ov. Trist. 1. 7. 2;
Verg. Ecl. 7. 25.
30. miscent: make me one of; cf. Pindar's free use of 1lAyvvlt,
Isth. 2. 29. - gelidum nemus: the traditional 'green retreats'
of the poet. Cf. 3. 4. 8; 3. 25. 13; 4. 3. 10; Epist. 2. 2. 77;
Verg. G. 2. 488; Tac. Dial. 12, nemora vero et luci et secretum
ipsum, etc.
31. Cf. 2. 19. 3-4. - chori: dances. Cf. 1. 4. 5; 2. 12. 17;
3. 4. 25; 4. 3. 15; 4. 7. 6; 4. 14. 21.
32. secernunt: set apart (se-cernunt), make a dedicated
spirit. - si: modest condition - if only the muse be gracious.
- tibias: flutes, two played together. Cf. 1. 12. 1; 3. 4. 1.
33. Euterpe and Polyhymnia here represent all branches
of lyric poetry. The departments of the nine Muses are not
sharply defined in Horace.
34. Lesboum: the island of Lesbos, off the coast of Asia
Minor in the northeastern part of the Aegean, was the birthplace of Alcaeus and Sappho and other famous Greek lyric
poets. Cf. 3. 30. 13. n.; 4. 3. 12. n. -tendere: Herrick, 333,
'Aske me, why I do not sing I To the tension of the string.'
35. quod si, etc.: but if you rank me with the nine Greek
lyric poets of the canon. Wordsworth, Personal Talk, 4, 'The
Poets - Oh might my name be numbered among theirs.' -
inseris: dyKplves. 2. 5. 21; 3. 25. 6.
S36.      Proverbial.  Cf. Otto,  p. 63;  Ov. Met. 7. 61, vertice
sidera tangam; Ben Jonson, Sejanus, 5. 1, 'And at each step
I feel my advanced head I Knock out a star in heaven'; Herrick, 'And once more yet (ere I am laid out dead) I Knock
at a star with my exalted head.'




BOOK     I., ODE     II.


145


ODE II.
The age is weary of storms and portents dire and civil strife.
What god may we invoke to uphold the falling state and expiate our guilt?   Apollo?  Venus?   Mars?   Or is it thou,
Mercury, already with us (in the guise of Augustus), Caesar's
avenger?   Late be thy return to thy native heaven. Long
may'st thou dwell amid thy adoring people. The Mede will
not ride on his raids while thou art our captain.
A declaration of adhesion to Octavian, written apparently
before the new constitution of the Empire and the bestowal
upon him of the title of Augustus in Jan., B.C. 27 (cf. Merivale,
3. 335-36, chap. 30).
The close resemblance to Vergil, G. 1. 465 sqq. (cf. Merivale,
3. 239, chap. 28), has led some scholars to date it as early as
B.C. 37 or 32. But this is excluded by the allusion (1. 49) to the
triumphs celebrated in Aug., B.C. 29. Nor would Horace so
early have recognized Octavian as savior of the state. Octavian
was princeps Senatus from B.c. 28 to his death. The evidence
then points to a date between the return from the East, B.c. 29,
and the renewal of the imperium in Jan., 27, and most probably
to the latter part of B.c. 28, when Octavian, having, as he said,
fulfilled his pious duty of punishing the assassins of Caesar (cf.
on 1. 44), affected to talk of laying down his authority (Dio. 53.
4, 53. 9; Merivale, 3. 331-32); which would have been a signal
for the renewal of the disturbances of which the age was so
weary (cf. 1. 1. iam satis, and on 2. 16. 1).
The portents that accompanied or followed the death of
Caesar (Shaks. Jul. Caes. 1. 3, Hamlet, 1. 1; Verg. G. 1. 467
sqq.; Dio. 45. 17; Tibull. 2. 5. 71; Ov. Met. 15. 782; Petronius,
122) and the inundation of the Tiber (cf. on 1. 13) do not date
the ode. They are the experience of a generation.
1. We may, if we please, hear the swish of the storm in the
repeated is. Cf. Il. 21. 239.- terris: dat. i.e. in terras. -
dirae: strictly ominous, portentous. Cf. insessum diris avibus
Capitolium, Tac. Ann. 12. 43. Snow and hail would be rare
in Italy. Milton has 'dire hail.'
2. pater: Jupiter, the epic father of gods and men. Cf.




146. NOTES.
on 1. 12. 13; 3. 29. 44.- rubente: in the lightning's glare.
Pind. 0. 9. 6, qoPvLKo7repb6rav. Milt. P. L. 2, 'Should intermitted
vengeance arm again I His red right hand to plague us.'
3. iaculatus: transitive; cf. 3. 12. 11; Ov. Am. 3. 3. 35,
luppiter igne suos lucos iaculatur et arces. Tenn. L. and El.
'javelining... The dark earth round.' - arcis: the seven
temple-crowned hills of Rome; Verg. G. 2. 535. More specifically the two summits of the Capitoline, the N. or Arx proper,
and the S. with the temple of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.
4-5. terruit... terruit: cf. 2. 4. 4, 5, for this linking of
sentences by repetition of the verb.
5. gentis: the nations; cf. 1. 3. 28; 2. 13. 20; Lucret. 5.
1222, non populi gentesque tremunt... (ne) poenarum grave
sit solvendi tempus adultum? Psalm 2. 1, quare fremuerunt
gentes.
5-12. Rome and mankind feared a return of the flood, of
which Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha were the only survivors.
An ingenious description of this deluge is given by Ovid, Met.
1. 260 sqq. Cf. Pind. 0. 9. 47; Milt. P. L. 11. Horace pauses
in the bare list of portents to paint it. Cf. 1. 12. 27; 3. 4. 53 -57, 60-64.
6. nova monstra: strange prodigies. Cf. Epode 16. 30, novaque monstrd iunxerit libidine.
7. Proteus: a sea-god, who kept Neptune's herd (pecus),
i.e. seals. Cf. Lang, Helen of Troy, 3. 23, 'They heard that
Sancient shepherd Proteus call I His flock from forth the green
and tumbling lea.' For Proteus as symbol of mutability ('protean'), cf. Sat. 2. 3. 71; Epp. 1. 1. 90.- egit: drove.
8. visere: inf. of purpose, archaic, colloquial, poetic. Cf.
P1. B. 900, abiit aedem visere Minervae, 'she went away to visit
the temple of Minerva'; G. L. 421. 1. (a); 1. 23. 10; 3. 8. 11.
9-12. A topsy-turvy world. Cf. Ov. Met. 1. 296, hic summa
piscem deprendit in ulmo.
10. nota: cf. 4. 2. 6, 'custoni'd.'
11. superiecto: overwhelming. - pavidae: 1. 23. 2.
13. vidimus: i.e. our age has seen. Cf. Verg. G. 1. 472,
quotiens... vidimus. Livy, Praef. 5, malorum quae nostra
tot per annos vidit aetas.  Cf. 1. 35. 34.- flavum: yellow,




BOOK     I., ODE    II.


147


standing epithet of the Tiber on account of its muddy color
(1. 8. 8; 2. 3. 18); multa flavus arena, Verg. Aen. 7. 31. Cf.
Arnold, Consolation, 'By yellow Tiber, I They still look fair.'
13-14. retortis litore (ab) Etrusco: the waters, supposed to
be heaped up and driven back by winds or tides at the mouth
of the river, overflow on the lower left bank, flood the region
of the Velabrum between the Palatine and the Capitoline, and
spread to the Forum. Cf. Ov. Fast. 6. 401 sqq.; Propert. 5.
9. 5. By litus Etruscum is meant the coast of Italy from the
mouth of the Tiber northwards; cf. C. S. 38; Epode 16. 40.
Others take it of the high right bank of the Tiber (litus = ripa,
Verg. Aen. 3. 389; 8. 83), from which the foaming flood in
freshet is violently hurled on to the opposite low left bank, at
the sharp bend below the island. Cf. further Tac. Ann. 1. 76;
Plin. N. H. 3. 55; Dio. 45. 17, 53. 20, 54. 1.
15. deiectum: supine; to overthrow. The personification
of the angry river begins to be felt. - monumenta regis, etc.:
the building in the Forum known as the Regia, said to have
been built by Numa Pompilius and so called a memorial of the
king. When the Republic was established it became the
official residence of the Pontifex Maximus. Close to it was
the Temple of Vesta, and the House of the Vestals to whom
the Pontifex Maximus stood in loco parentis. The river is represented as proceeding to the destruction of these venerable
monuments because they had been desecrated by the assassination of Julius Caesar, who was Pontifex Maximus at the time
of his death. Cf. Lanciani, Ancient Rome, p. 159; Platner,
Ancient Rome, pp. 196 sqq.
16-20. Ilia, or Rhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and
Remus by Mars (Livy, 1. 3-4), and, according to the legend
followed by Horace, daughter of Aeneas, might be called the
bride of the Tiber, into which she was thrown (on one tradition)
by order of King Amulius. The Julian gens claimed to be
descended from her, and so, by a far-fetched conceit, the
wife-doting stream is said to avenge the wrong done her by
the assassination of her great descendant Julius Caesar.
17-18. Iliae... querenti: to complaining Ilia, dat. of
interest; it is for her that the display is made. - dum se...




148


NOTES.


iactat... et... labitur: for this use of dum equivalent to
a pres. part. of cause or circumstance, cf. 1. 6. 9; 2. 10. 2; 3.
7. 18; G. L. 570. n. 2. - se... iactat, shows himself off. -
nimium... ultorem: a too zealous avenger. - vagus et =
et vagus.
19. ripa: over the bank. - love non probante: Jupiter
wished to frighten, but not to destroy the city. Moreover he
had not instructed the river god to take any part in the punishment of the city.
19-20. u-xorius: cf. 1. 25. 11 (a compound); 2. 16. 7. The
license is avoided in the 3d and 4th books. It is frequent in
Sappho, who treated the third and fourth verses as one. In
English mostly for comic effect: 'Here doomed to starve on
water gru I el never shall I see the U I niversity of Gottingen.'
Anti-Jacobin. When the cola were printed as separate lines, its
apparent frequency in Pindar was a stumbling-block to French
critics.
21-24. audiet...iuventus: note position. Our sons will
marvel at the crime and folly of this generation. Cf. 1. 35. 35;
Epode 7. 1; 16. 1-9.
21. civis: emphatic, but the ellipsis of in civis (against
their fellow-citizens) is harsh. The reference is to the civil war
by which the state had been so long distracted.
22. graves: formidable; cf. 3. 5. 4.     So pap6s.- Persae:
the empire of the East was Parthian from B.c. 250 to A.D. 226.
But Horace uses Oriental names freely, and to a student of
Greek literature Eastern was Persian, or Mede. - melius
perirent: would better have perished; cf. 3. 14. 27; 4. 6. 16.
For the general thought in this passage, cf. Lucan, cited on
Epode 7. 5.
23. vitio: gives cause of rara.
24. rara: thinned; the thought is rhetorically amplified
by Lucan, 7. 398, crimen civile videmus, I tot vacuas urbes. Cf.
ibid. 535 sqq., 1. 25 sqq.; Verg. G. 1. 507.
25. divum: gen. plur.; only a god can save. Ten years
earlier Vergil prayed Di patrii... hunc saltem everso iuvenem succurrere saeclo I ne prohibete. - ruentis: falling, ci'.
on 2. 1. 32; 3. 3. 8.




BOOK I., ODE IL


149


26. imperi: almost = empire. Cf. 4. 15. 14.- rebus: on
behalf of the fortunes. - fatigent: importune. Cf. Verg. Aen.
1. 280.
27. Virgines: Vestal virgins; cf. 3. 5. 11; 3. 30. 9.minus audientem: minus is idiomatic- not listening to. Vesta
is offended by the assassination of Julius Caesar, the Pontifex Maximus. In Ov. Fast. 3. 699, she says: ne dubita
meminisse! meus fuit ille sacerdos.
28. carmina: chants, or litanies, any set form. Possibly
contrasted with the less formal prece.
29. partis: office, r6le. So A. P. 193, 315. It was the
favorite r6le of Augustus. Cf. infra, 1. 44. - scelus: guilt;
rb &-yog, 1. 35. 33.- expiandi: 2. 1. 5.
30. venias: optative subjunctive.
31. nube... amictus: II. 5. 186, Peoy elAvpvos t lovs. Cf.
Milton's 'kerchef'd in a comely cloud.'- candentis umeros:
Greek acc.; cf. on 1. 1. 21. For the thought, cf. Homer's
calAoi <Spot; see note on 2. 5. 18.
32. augur Apollo: prophetic Apollo; so Verg. Aen. 4. 376.
In answer to the question, 'What god shall expiate our guilt?'
Apollo, who helped at Actium (Verg. Aen. 8. 704; Propert. 5.
6. 67), is first invoked. He was Augustus' patron deity. For
his new temple, cf. on 1. 31.
33. sive tu mavis: supply venias; or mayest thou come, if thou
wilt. Venias should be supplied also with the clause sive
neglectum genus et nepotes respicis, auctor (35, 36). - Erycina:
Venus, so called from her temple on Mt. Eryx in Sicily (Verg.
Aen. 5. 759). She is invoked because as Aeneas' mother she
would naturally be interested in the fortunes of his descendants
in Italy. Cf. Preller-Jordan 1. 444; Lucret. 1. 1, Aeneadum
genetrix.
34. Iocus: so Plaut. Bacch. 113. Cf. Milton's 'Jest and
youthful Jollity.' - circum volat: they hover about her like
the loves in a picture of Albani, making a pretty contrast with
the following vision of grim-visaged war. Cf. F. Q. 4. 10. 42.
- Cupido: Verg. Aen. 1. 663, aligerum... amorem. Aristoph. Birds, 697; Shaks. Rom. and Jul. 2. 5, 'And therefore
hath the windswift Cupid wings,' etc.




150                       NOTES.
35. genus et nepotes: cf. 3. 17. 3, nepotum... genus.
Romulus was the son of Mars by Ilia, and so the Romans were
his nepotes.
36. respicis: regardest, dost care for. - auctor: sc. Mars.
Cf. 3. 17. 5; Verg. G. 3. 36, Troiae Cynthius auctor; Macaulay, Capys, 20, 'And such as is the War-God I The author of
thy line.'
37. satiate: the Homeric Ares is insatiate of war -    aros
7roXdoto. - ludo: cf. 1. 28. 17, spectacula Marti.  Cf. Ruskin
on 'game of war.' Other gods have other 'games,' 1. 33. 12;
3. 29. 50.
38. clamor: cf. strepitum, 1. 15. 18; cf. 'loud-throated war,'
'the noise of battle hurtled in the air'; Kv5ot~6s, 6Aa8os.--16ves:
not leves.
39. acer: fierce, the light of battle upon it.-Mauri peditis:
so the Mss. Marsi is generally read (cf. 2. 20. 18; Epode 16. 3;
Verg. G. 2. 167, genus acre virum; Appian. B. C. 1. 46); Peditis
means unhorsed.- cruentum: whether blood-stained or bleeding, it is close work.
40. voltus: look.
41-44. See Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii, p. 90.
41-42. sive... imitaris: or if changing thy form thou dost
wear on earth the disguise of a youth. The wish is no longer
venias, but serus redeas, etc. The poet hints that there is a
god incarnate on earth in the person of Octavian.-iuvenem:
so Sat. 2. 5. 62, iuvenis Parthis horrendus; Verg. G. 1. 500.
Octavian was about thirty-five years old. Men were iuvenes in
the age of military service, seventeen to forty-five.
42-43. ales... almae filius Maiae: Mercury. Cf. Verg.
Aen. 4. 240; 1. 10. notes. The nom. filius instead of the vocative
for the sake of euphony. - patiens: cf. Epp. 1. 16. 30, pateris
sapiens... vocari.
44. Caesaris= Julius Caesar only here and Sat. 1. 9. 18.ultor: Augustus dedicated a temple to Mars Ultor, B.c. 2 (cf.
Merivale, 4. 34. 116; Suet. Aug. 29), and both he (Mon. Ancyr.
1. 8-10) and the contemporary writers dwell complacently
on his mission as Caesar's avenger. Cf. Sellar, p. 151; Ov.
Fast. 3. 709, Hoc opus, haec pietas, haec prima elementa fuere




BOOK I., ODE II.


151


I Caesaris, ulcisci iusta per arma patrem; ibid. 5. 577; Suet. Aug.
10; Velleius, 2. 87.
45. serus... redeas: cf. Ov. Trist. 5. 2. 52, sic ad pacta tibi
sidera tardus eas; Met. 15. 868.
46. Quirini: the deified Romulus was identified with the
old god Quirinus, and so populus Quirini=the Romans. Cf.
Ov. Met. 15. 572, Fast. 1. 69.
47. vitiis: cause of iniquum, offended by our faults. - iniquum: cf. 2. 4. 16; 2. 6. 9; 1. 28. 28, aequo ab love; C. S. 65;
Verg. Aen. 6. 129, Pauci, quos aequus amavit I Iuppiter.
48. ocior: i.e. untimely, premature. - aura: suggested by
ales.
49. triumphos: ace. after ames. Tres egit, Dalmaticum,
Actiacum, Alexandrinum, continuo triduo omnes (Suet. Aug. 22).
Cf. Merivale, 3. 314, chap. 30; Gardthausen, 2. 257 sqq. Cf.
the description in Verg. Aen. 8. 714; also Verg. G. 1. 503, lam
pridem  nobis caeli te regia, Caesar, I Invidet atque hominum
queritur curare triumphos.
50. pater: Augustus was formally saluted as pater patriae by
the Senate in B.c. 2. But the poets had long since anticipated
the title. Cf. 3. 24. 27. n.; Ov. Trist. 2. 181; 4. 4. 13; Fast.
2. 127; as epithet of a god, 1. 18. 6; Epode 2. 21; see also
Juv. 8. 244 (of Cicero).-princeps: 4. 14. 6. Octavian affected
the title princeps, first citizen, because of its freedom from
invidious associations. Cf. Tac. Ann. 1. 1. 3, quoted on 2.
16. 1, and 1. 9. 6. It is not to be identified with princeps
senatus, the title given to the senator first called upon to
express his opinion in the absence of the consuls designate,
but there is obviously a connection between the two. See
Furneaux, Tac. Ann. Vol. I., p. 66; Shuckburgh, Augustus,
p. 149.
51. Medos: cf. on 22.- equitare: cf. 2. 9. 24; 4. 4. 44,
ride on their raids; ride and ride (Gildersleeve). Cf. 1. 19. 11;
2. 13. 17. - inultos: 1. 28. 33; 3. 3. 42; Epode 6. 16; here, unpunished, with impunmv. The defeat of Carrhae and the shade
of Crassus are still unacenged. Lucan, 1. 11, umbraque erraret
Crassus inulta. Cf. on 3. 5. 5.
52. te duce: cf. Epp. 2., 1. 256, et formidatam Parthis te




152


NOTES.


principe Romam. Propert. 3. 1. 12-18. -Caesar: i.e. Octavian, the true name of our god and savior at last. Caesar in
Horace=Julius Caesar, supra, 44, and Sat. 1. 9. 18 only. The
full title of Augustus by adoption and honorary decrees of
the Senate was, at the close of his life, 'Imp. Caesar, Divi F.
Augustus Pontif. Max. Cos. XIII. Imp. XXI. Tribunic. Potestat. XXXVII. P. P.'
ODE III.
Propempticon. A prayer for the safety of the vessel that
bears Vergil to Greece, followed by reflections on the audacity
of man who braves the terrors of the deep, steals fire from heaven,
essays to fly though nature has withheld wings, finds out the
way to hell, and scales the heavens in defiance of the angry
bolts of Jove.
Vergil visited Greece in B.C. 19, and died at Brundisium on his
return. The first three books of the Odes were published in
B.C. 23. We must assume another voyage, or another Vergil.
Cf. on 4. 12. See Sellar, p. 141.
For the friendship of Horace and Vergil, see Sellar, Vergil,
p. 120 sqq., Ode 1. 24, Sat. 1. 5. 41, 1. 6. 54.
With the Propempticon proper, 1-8, cf. Callim. fr. 114; Theoc.
7. 52. The diffuse imitation of Statius, Silvae, 3. 2. Epode 10,
to an enemy; Odes, 3. 27. Tenn. In Mem. 9, 'Fair ship, that
from the Italian shore I Sailest the placid ocean plains,' etc.;
ibid. 17. Wordsworth's lines to Scott embarking for Naples:
'Be true I Ye winds of ocean, and the midland sea, I Wafting
your Charge to soft Parthenope!'
For the second part of the ode, cf. Mill (On Nature, p. 22),
'There was always a tendency, though a diminishing one, to
regard any attempt to exercise power over nature, beyond
a certain degree and a certain admitted range, as an impious
effort to usurp divine power, and dare more than was permitted to man. The lines of Horace in which the familiar
arts of shipbuilding and navigation a9e reprobated as vetitum
nefas, indicate even in that skeptical age a still unexhausted
vein of the old sentiment.' For further illustration of the




BOOK      I., ODE     III.


153


feeling, cf. 3. 24. 36-41; Epode 16. 57-62; Tibull. 1. 3. 36-37;
Verg. Ecl. 4. 32; Ov. Met. 1. 94; Hesiod, Works and Days,
236; Arat. Phaen. 110; Soph. Antig. 332 sqq.; Lucret. V. 1006.
The reflections of Valerius Flaccus, Argonaut. 1. 245, 530 -560, are an interesting exception.
It should be further noted that in the Latin writers the expression of this primitive feeling is combined with a reprobation
of the luxurious living to which the audacious enterprise of man
panders. See Pliny, N. H. 23 Praef., and the passages cited
on Odes, 2. 15. In similar vein Spenser, F. Q. 2. 7. 14-16.
Translated by Dryden, Johnson's Poets, 9. 158.
For a discussion of the literary technique of the ode see
Hendrickson, Class. Jour. 3. 100-104.
1-8. sic: so, i.e. on condition that the prayer contained in
reddas... precor et serves (deliver him, I pray, and keep safe)
be granted, the poet expresses the wish that divinities of the
sea may guide (regat) the ship. This use of so is well illustrated
by Milton, Song in Comus, 'Tell me but where,... So mayst
thou be translated to the skies.' Sometimes in Latin the
condition, instead of being implied by an optative subjunctive
(as reddas here) or by an imperative (as in Verg. Eel. 9. 30;
Catull. 17. 5-8), is explicitly expressed by a si clause, Epp. 1.
7. 69, sic ignovisse putato I me tibi si cenas hodie mecum, On this
condition shall you consider that I have pardoned you, if you
dine with me to-day. Matter-of-fact critics have observed that
the expression of the blessing is superfluous, because it fulfils
itself, - the safety of the ship and passenger being inseparable.
1. diva: Venus.--potens: with gen. cf. 1. 5. 15; 1. 6. 10.
C. S. 1; Verg. Aen. 1. 80; Homer's v6rva Orypw^, II. 21. 470;
Pind. Pyth. 4. 213; Ov. Am. 3. 10. 35, diva potens frugum.
- Cypri: Cf. on 1. 1. 13. Cyprus was one of the chief seats of
the worship of Venus; it was here, according to the myth,
that she stepped ashore after rising from the sea.  For other
references to Venus as a goddess of the sea, cf. note on 3. 26.
5; 4. 11. 15; Solon, fr. 18. 4; Pausan. 1. 1. 3, erXola.
2. fratres Helenae: Castor and Pollux; 1. 12. 27; 3. 29. 64;
4. 8. 31; Sen. Here. Fur. 556, non illic geminum Tyndaridae
genus I succurrunt timidis sidera navibus; Prop. 1. 17. 17.




154                        NOTES.
They formed the constellation Gemini, and were appealed
to in time of peril at sea. The electrical phenomenon, now
called St. Elmo's fire, which is said to play around the rigging
of ships in the Mediterranean after a storm, was supposed to
indicate their presence. Cf. Lucian, Navig. 9; Stat. Silv. 3.
2. 8; Pliny, N. H. 2. 101; Macaulay, Regillus, 40, 'Safe comes
7 the ship to haven, j Through billows and through gales, I If
once the Great Twin Brethren I Sit shining on the sails.'
3. ventorum... pater: Aeolus. Cf. Odyss. 10. 21; Verg.
Aen. 1. 52.
4. aliis: all others. - lapyga: Ipyx was the west-northwest
wind, blowing off the coast of lapygia (the old name for the
'heel' of Italy), and so favorable to those sailing from Italy to
Greece. Cf. Aul. Gell. 2. 22. In 3. 27. 20 albus lapyx is stormy.
5. tibi creditum: intrusted to thee.
6. finibus Atticis: dative with debes; it is felt with reddas
also.
7. reddas: he is a deposit to be duly delivered (cf. reddere
epistulam) at (or to) the appointed place. Cf. Stat. Silv. 3. 2.
5, grande tuo rarumque damus, Neptune, profundo I depositum.
--incolumem: safe and sound. Cf. 3. 24. 31.
8. With this definition of a friend, 'half of my soul,' cf.
Ar. Eth. 9. 4. 5,6 < lXos aXXos acr6s; Diog. Laert. 5. 1. 20;
Cic. Lael. 92; Anth. Pal. 12. 52; Callim. Ep. 43. Cf. also note
on 2. 7. 5, te meae partem animae, and Otto, Sprichworter der
Ro-mer, p. 26.
9. robur et aes triplex: the expression goes back to the Homeric a6ý-petov Jrop, II. 24. 205. Cf. Otto, p. 4. Herrick
had Horace's line in mind when he wrote, 106, ' A heart thrice
"wall'd with Oke and brasse, that man I Had, first, durst plow
the Ocean.'
10. fragilem truci: these words are placed in juxtaposition
to make the contrast sharper. See note on 1. 6. 9. With
truci, savage, cf. Catull. 4. 9, trucemve Ponticum sinum.
12. praecipitem: headlong, squally, Xdfpos 9iravylrw,.  Ov.
Met. 2. 184, ut acta I praecipiti pinus Borea; Verg. G. 4. 29,
praeceps... Eurus. - Africum: 1. 1. 15; Epode 16. 22;
Verg. Aen. 1. 85.




BOOK I., ODE III.


155


13. decertantem: cf. on 1. 9. 11; 1. 1. 15; de- intensive,
cf. 1. 18. 9; 3. 3. 55.--Aquilonibus: dat. Cf. on 1. 1. 15; the
plural metri causa, but translate blasts of Aquilo (N. E. Wind).
Cf. Aesch. Prom. 1085-1086 -Verg. Aen. 1. 102, stridens
Aquilone procella.
14. tristis: gloomy, rainy.     he Hyades (from      'iv, to
rain) were 'rain stars,' thei    ising and setting being frequently accompanied by storms. With this use of tristis,
cf. Epode 10. 10, tristis Orion; Verg. G. 3. 279, contristat...
caelum; cf. also Verg. Aen. 3. 516, pluviasque Hyadas; Tenn.
Ulysses, 'when I Thro' scudding drifts the rainy Hyades I Vext
the dim sea.'
15. quo... maior: than whom there (is) no stronger tyrant
of the Adriatic. - Hadriae: Hadria is poetical for mare Hadriaticum or mare superum.
16. (seu) tollere, etc.: for omitted seu, cf. 1. 6. 19; Sat. 2. 8.
16; Aesch. Ag. 1403. For similar omission of first neg., cf.
Gildersleeve on Pind. Pyth. 6. 47. - ponere: calm; cf. componere fluctus, Verg. Aen. 1. 135; Jebb on Soph. Ajax, 674.
17. gradum: step, approach, form. Cf. 1. 33, where death
quickens his step (gradum); 3. 2. 14; and 1. 4. 13, 'death's
foot.'
18. siccis: tearless,  Vpot  (Aesch. Sept. 696).    Ancient
heroes weep more freely than the ideal of mediaeval chivalry
permits to the modern. Cf. Caesar, B. G. 1. 39; Odyss. 20.
349, etc. They were especially afraid of drowning. Cf. Arist.
Eth. Nic. 3. 6. 7; Verg. Aen. 1. 93; Ov. Met. 11. 539; Fast. 3.
596, etc.; Horace argues that the titanic audacity which did
not fear the perils of the deep would not shrink from defiance
of heaven, - monstra: cf. on 3. 27. 27; 4. 14. 47.
19. vidit: endured the sight.
20. infamis, 8vovwcoavr, ill-famed, because of shipwrecks.
Cf. Livy, 21. 31. 8, infames frigoribus Alpes.- Acroceraunia:
'Thunder Cape,' a promontory of Epirus at the entrance to
the sheltering gulf of Oricum (cf. 3. 7. 5); cf. Macaulay, 'And
the great Thunder-Cape-has donned his veil of inky gloom.'
21-22. deus... prudens: God in his wisdom. Cf. 3. 29.
29; Herod. 3. 108.




156


NOTES.


21-23. abscidit... Oceano dissociabili... terras: has
parted the earth from the alien ocean. The reference is to the
separation of the elements to make a habitable world, as in
Ov. Met. 1. 22, nam caelo terras et terris abscidit undas; dissociabili means unmixing, incompatible. Some editors give a
different interpretation: has divided the lands (from one another) by the estranging ocean. Cf. Sen. Medea, 334, bene
dissaepti foedera mundi traxit in unum    Thessala pinus. It
is of course possible for -abilis to be active. Cf. Verg. G. 1.
93, and Munro on Lucret. 1. 11.
23-24. impiae, non tangenda, and transiliunt (bound over,
with the idea of transgression) reinforce one another in expressing the idea of man's daring impiety.
25. omnia: everything and anything.
26. ruit: of the headlong recklessness of sin, rushes.- vetitum: (though) forbidden.
27. audax: insistent repetition leading up to the examples.
- lapeti genus: son of lapetus, i.e. Prometheus. Cf. Danai
genus, 2. 14. 18; Uraniae genus, Catull. 61. 2. Prometheus
stole fire from heaven and brought it to men in a hollow reed.
Cf. Hes. Op. 50; Aesch. Prom.; Frazer, Pausanias, III., p. 191.
28. fraude mala: with mischievous craft; mala, with reference
to the consequences enumerated in the following lines.
29-30. post ignem... subductum: after the theft of fire;
the idiom is the same as in ab urbe condita; cf. on 2. 4. 10.
30. macies et nova februm... cohors: angry at Prometheus' deed the gods, through the agency of Pandora and
her box, sent all manner of diseases and other afflictions upon
the world. Cf. Servius ad Verg. Ecl. 6. 42; Shelley, Prom.
2. 4, 'for on the race of man I First famine, and then toil, and
then disease, I Strife, wounds and ghastly death unseen before I
Fell.' - macies: wasting disease. - cohors: retinue, troop.
31. incubuit: fell upon. Cf. Lucret. 6. 1143, (mortifer aestus)
incubuit... populo; Aesch, Suppl. 684, vo6awv &g6s.
32. semoti... tarda: cumulative; death was distant and
drew nigh slowly; prius with both words.
32-33. necessitas leti: Homer's Mopa... O.. Oaroo. KpaTrep4)
dvdyK'7.




BOOK I., ODE IV.                    157
33. corripuit: quickened. Cf. Lucan, 2. 100, quantoque gradu
mors saeva cucurrit.
34. expertus (est). - vacuum: void; Horn. II. 17. 425; Pind.
0. 1. 6, pý/lias 8t' atlOpos. For the story of Daedalus flying from
Crete, see Verg. Aen. 6. 14; Ov. Met. 8. 183. Cf. 4. 2. 2.
36. perrupit: cf. manet (1. 13. 6; 2. 6. 14; 2. 13. 16; 3. 16.
26; 3. 24. 5), always under verse ictus. There is no instance
in the fourth book. - Acheronta: into Acheron; Acheron, one
of the rivers of Hades, is here put for Hades itself. - Herculeus labor: cf. 2. 12. 6. A little more than the idiom of Bly
'HpaKX'elry (cf. on 3. 21. 11).  It was a 'Herculean task,
and his twelfth labor. He went -down to fetch Cerberus, and
released Theseus. Cf. 4. 7. 28.- labor: note how 'The line
too labours, and the words move slow.'
37. nil... arduist: ardui with nil, too steep, literally of
caelum; metaphorically hard.
38. stultitia: because a proverbial impossibility. Cf. Pind.
Pyth. 10. 27.
40. iracunda: Pind. Nem. 6. 55, 9yxos rdKOroV. For the transferred epithet, cf. on 1. 18. 7; 3. 1. 42; 1. 37. 7; Epode 16. 60;
10. 14; Arnold, Sohrab and Rustum, 'Come plant we here in
earth our angry spears.' - ponere: deponere, lay aside. Cf. 3.
2. 19; 3. 4. 60.
ODE IV.
Spring has come, and the zephyrs. Cold winter's chains are
loosed. Enjoy the spring flowers while you may. The night
of death is nigh. Cf. 4. 7, and Carew's lovely lines on Spring.
L. Sestius was consul suffectus in the second half of the year
B.C. 23, and the composition of the ode has been assigned by
some editors to that year. The evidence, however, is inadequate. See Wochenschrift fur Klassische Philologie, 15. 635.
1. solvitur: is relaxing; strictly perhaps of the frozen soil.
Cf. solutae, 1. 10; Verg. G. 2. 331, laxant arva sinus. But cf.
1. 9. 5; Tibull. (?) 3. 5. 4, cum se purpureo vere remittit hiems
(humus).--grata vice: by the welcome change. Cf. 4. 7. 3;
E. 13. 8; ^. 29. 13. - Favoni: Favonius, also called Zephyrus,




158


NOTES.


was the W. wind. It began to blow about the beginning of
February and was a harbinger of spring. Cf. 4. 12. 2; 3. 7. 2;
Cat. 46. 2, iam caeli furor aequinoctialis I iucundis zephyri
silescit auris; Lucret. 5. 737 sqq.
2. trahunt: draw down. The regular word is deducere.machinae: rollers (KALv8po)) and tackle by which the ships
were drawn down and launched at the opening of navigation.
Caes. B. C. 2. 10; Anth. Pal. 10. 15.
3. igni: ingle-lowe (Burns).
5. Cytherea... Venus: Cytherea is a substantive; the
rare tautology, found only in later Greek poets, is perhaps
justified by the separation: the goddess of Cythera... Venus.
Or perhaps in Cythera.-- choros: dances. Cf. Horn. Hymn
Apoll. Pyth. 16; Lucret. 5. 737; Rossetti, Sonnet on Botticelli's Spring. - imminente luna: Milton, P. L. 1. 780, 'while
overhead the moon I Sits arbitress.' The Greek divinities,
like the modern elves andi fairies, dance in the woods, sub
nocte silenti c cum superis terrena placent (Stat. Silv. 1. 1. 95).
6. iunctae: hand in hand. - decentes: comely, 1. 18. 6;
3. 27. 53.
7. gravis: ponderous. - Cyclopum: according to Hesiod
(Theog, 139) the Cyclopes were three in number, giant sons of
Uranus and Gaea. They forged the bolts of Jupiter, and their
forges were supposed to be on the island of Lipara; cf. 3. 12.
6. n.; Verg. Aen. 8. 416; Ap. Rhod. 3. 41; Callim. Hymn 3. 46.
They are mentioned here because in spring they would naturally
be busy with the summer thunder-bolts. These Hesiodic
Cyclopes are to be distinguished from the pastoral monsters
of Homer, Odyss., Bk. 9.
8. Volcanus ardens: i.e. in the glow of the forge, or with
eagerness (aire6wv, Il. 18. 373; Verg. Aen. 2. 529, ardens insequitur). Cf. 3. 4. 58-59. n. - urit: fires up, kindles. A few
Mss. and some editors who object to seeming tautology of
ardens urit, read visit, visits. Cf. 3. 28. 15.
9. nitidum: with ointment, 2. 7. 7; but cf. 3. 19. 25; 3. 24
20; 2. 12. 19.- impedire: wreathe; cf. vincire, 4. 1. 32; 1. 7.
23; Tibull. 1. 6. 67, quamvis non vitta ligatos I impediat crines.
Cf. expedies caput, 3. 24. 8.




BOOK I., ODE IV.


159


10. solutae: cf. Verg. G. 1. 44, zephyro putris se glaeba resolvit.
11. umbrosis: evidently cannot be pressed if the time is
the Ides of February. But cf. 1. 23. 5-6. n. - Fauno: Faunus
was a protecting deity of flocks, herds, and agriculture. According to Ovid, Fast. 2. 193, a sacrifice was offered to him on
the Ides of February. Cf. 1. 17; 3. 18.
12. poscat: sc. immolari sibi. - agna: abl. instr., as often
with verbs of sacrificing.
13. pallida: by association. Cf. Shaks., 'death's pale flag';
Milton, P. L. 10, 'Death... not mounted yet I On his pale
horse.' 'Where kingly death I Keeps his pale court,' Adonais,
7. - aequo... pede: Cowper, Yearly Bill of Mortality, 1787, -
'Pale death with equal foot strikes wide the door I Of royal
halls and hovels of the poor.' Dickens, David Copperfield, ch.
28, 'If we failed to hold our own, because that equal foot at all
men's doors was heard knocking somewhere, every object in
this world would slip from us.' For knocking with the foot, cf.
Plaut. Most. 444; Callim. Hym. Apoll. 3. Observe alliteration.
14. regum: 2. 14. 11. n. - beate: in the conventional, if
not in the stoic sense. Cf. 3. 7. 3. n.; 2. 2.'17. n.; II. 11. 68.
15. summa: cf. 4. 7. 17. - brevis: a commonplace. Cf.
Otto, Sprichworter s.v. Vita, 2. - spem... longam: 1. 11. 6.
- incohare: life's brief sum forbids us open (a) long (account
with) hope (Gildersleeve).    Cf. Seneca, Ep. 101, 0 quanta
dementia est spes longas incohantium.
16. iam: presently; cf. Tibull. 1. 1. 7, iam veniet tenebris
mors adoperta caput. Cf. Lucret. 3. 894, iam iam, etc. - premet: will close in on. - nox: death; cf. 4. 9. 27. n.; Verg. Aen.
6. 827.- fabulae... Manes: the Manes of fable, but note
that fabulae is nom. plur. in apposition with Manes: the spirit
world that men prate of. Persius imitated this, 5, 152, cinis
et manes etfabulafies. For fabula = theme of talk, cf. Epode 11.
8. There is a further Epicurean suggestion that the tales of
a future life are -fabulae/ nonsense (Ter. Heaut. 2. 3. 95).
Cf. Sen. Tro. 380, Verum est, an timidos fabula decipit I umbra8
corporibus vivere conditis? Callim. Ep. 15. 4.
17. exilis: cheerless, barren of comforts (cf. Epp. 1. 6. 45,




160


NOTES.


and plena domo, 4. 12. 24) or unsubstantial (cf. Verg. Aen. 6.
269, domos Ditis vacuas et inania regna). - simul = simul ac;
1. 9. 9. n.
18. regna vini: the sovereignty of the wine, the office of arbiter
bibendi, master of the revels. The choice was made by the
dice. Cf. 2. 7. 25. n. - talis: properly the knucklebones of
certain animals, used as dice. For the Epicurean moral, cf.
Fletcher, 'Drink to-day and drown all sorrow'; Herrick, 541;
111, 'Sing o'er Horace; for ere long I Death will come and mar
the song'; Theog. 567-570, 973; Propert. 3. 7. 23, Dum nos
fata sinunt, oculos satiemus amore: I nox tibi longa venit nec
reditura dies.
19. Lycidan: the name of this youth is apparently fictitious.
Cf. Verg. Ecl. 7. 67 Lycida formose.
ODE V.
What slim lad holds dalliance with thee now, 0 Pyrrha. He
will rue the day that first he tempted the bright and fickle sea.
I have long since hung up my dank and dripping weeds to
Neptune.
Milton's version is well known. Imitation by Cowley, Johnson's Poets, 7. 73, and by La Fontaine.
1. multa... in rosa: probably on many a rose, i.e. a bed
of roses. Cf. Marlowe, Passionate Shepherd, 'There will I
make thee beds of roses.' But potare in rosa and esse in rosa
may refer to garlands. - gracilis: slender.
2. perfusus: Epode 13. 9. - urget: woos.
3. sub: under (the covert of) = in. Cf. 2. 1. 39; 3. 29. 14;
Epod. 9. 3.
4. cui: for whom? Cf. Tibull. 4. 6. 3, Tibi se laetissima compsit; Anth. Pal. 5. 228, eldr rit rVees tr p5<r orpvov,; - flavam:
golden. Pyrrha (the name is fictitious) means flava, the fashionable color. Cf. 2. 4. 14; 3. 9. 19; 4. 4. 4. - religas: bind
back; 2. 11. 24; 4. 11. 5.
5. simplex munditiis: 'plain in thy neatness' (Milton). Cf.
Pliny, N. H. 2. 4, Nam quem KbctQLO Graeci nomine ornamenti appellavere, eum et nos a perfecta absolutaque elegantia




BOOK I., ODE VI.


161


mundum; Cic. de Off. 1. 36, Adhibenda est munditia non odiosa
neque exquisita. -heu: cf. 1. 15. 19. n.; 3. 2. 9. -fidem: thy
faithlessness. Cf. 1. 18. 16; 3. 24. 59; Ovid's de fide queri.
Or supply mutatam. Cf. 3. 5. 7. n.
6. aspera: cf. horrida, 3. 24. 40; Verg. Aen. 3. 285, Et
glacialis hiems Aquilonibus asperat undas. And for transfer to
lady's temper, cf. 1. 33. 15.
7. nigris: effect as epithet of cause; it is the water that
is made black by the wind. Cf. Epod. 10. 5; 3. 7. 1; candidi,
1. 7. 15; 2. 7. 21. n.  For phenomenon, cf. II. 7. 64, eXdMvet
Te r6vros i6r' arits; Tenn., ' Little breezes dusk and shiver.'
8. emirabitur: only here in classical Latin. The e- is intensive. Cf. 2. 14. 11, enaviganda. - insolens: unwonted to the
sight. Cf. 2. 4. 2. n.; 2. 3. 3; 1. 16. 21.
9. credulus aurea: cf. 1. 6. 9. n. For vague use of aurea,
all gold, i.e. excellent in every respect, cf. 4. 2. 23; 2. 10. 5;
Theoc. 12. 16; Pindar passim; Shaks., 'Golden lads and girls
all must I As chimney sweepers come to dust'; Barry Cornwall,
'Lucy is a golden girl.'
10. vacuam: fancy free, and so ready to entertain him.
11. aurae: cf. 2. 8. 24. n.; 3. 2. 20. n.
12. fallacis: shifting.
13. intentata: untried. - nites: perhaps keeping up the
metaphor. Cf. Lucret. 2. 559, Subdola cum ridet placidi pellacia
ponti. But cf. Glycerae nitor, 1. 19. 5; splendet, 3. 3. 25;
Catull. 2. 5, desiderio meo nitenti. - tabula... votiv&: Sailors who had suffered shipwreck were accustomed to dedicate
to Neptune or Isis some sort of tablet or picture commemorating the event, together with the clothes they had worn
at the time. Cf. A. P. 20; Verg. Aen. 12. 768.
15. potenti: with maris.
ODE   VI.
Varius will chant thy deeds by sea and land, Agrippa. I cannot rise to tragic or epic heights - I, the light singer of love.
M. Vipsanius Agrippa was the right hand of Augustus in war,
as Maecenas in peace. He commanded the fleet at Actium,




162                       NOTES.
married the emperor's daughter Julia, adorned Rome with
magnificent buildings (the Pantheon), and was for many years
virtually joint emperor with Augustus. Gardthausen, 2. 409
sqq.; Merivale, 3. 211-214.
L. Varius, the intimate friend of Horace and Vergil, and
editor of the Aeneid with Plotius Tucca after Vergil's death,
wrote epics, tragedies, and elegies. Before the publication of
the Aeneid he was regarded as the chief epic poet of the day.
Sat. 1. 10. 43, forte epos acer ut nemo Varius ducit. Cf. also Sat.
1. 5. 40; 1. 5. 93; 1. 9. 23; 2. 8. 21; 2. 8. 63; Epist. 2. 1. 247;
A. P. 55.
The Augustan poets and their imitators frequently profess
inability to do justice to the achievements of their patrons.
Cf. Sellar, p. 134; Sat. 2. 1. 12; Epist. 2. 1. 250; Odes, 4. 2.
28-36; Propert. 2. 1. 17 sqq.; 4. 8. This type of poetical
composition (recusatio) has been traced back to the Alexandrine
poets. See Lucas, Festschrift f. Joh. Vahlen, 319 sqq.; and
Reitzenstein, Neue Jahrbticher, 21 (1908), 84.
1-2. scriberis... victor: Varius will sing of thy bravery
and thy victories over the enemy; lit., thou wilt be written of by
Varius. - Vario: abl. of agent without ab; cf. Sat. 2. 1. 84,
laudatus Caesare; Epp. 1. 19. 2 carmina... quae scribuntur
aquae potoribus.  alite is in apposition with Vario.    Most
editors take Vario... alite as an abl. abs., a construction
of great harshness and not justified by the passages cited as
parallels. Others emend to aliti, dat. of agent. For bird
bard, cf. 2. 20. 10; 4. 2. 25; Theoc. 7. 47, Mowap 6pvnxes.
2. Maeonii: Homeric. According to one tradition Homer
was born in Smyrna when the Lydians (= Maeonians) were in
possession of it. Cf. 4. 9. 5. Enthusiastic friendship employed
'Homeric' then as freely as it does 'Shakesperian' now.
Cf. Propert. 1. 7. 3; 2. 34. 66.
3. quam rem cumque: whatever exploit; for the tmesis, cf.
1.7.25; 1.9. 14; 1.16.2; 1. 27. 14, etc. - navibus... equis:
abl. instr., a variation of conventional terra marique. Agrippa
defeated Sextus Pompey, B.C. 36, for which navali corona a
Caesare donatus est; qui honos nulli ante eum habitus erat, Livy,
Epit. Bk. 129.




BOOK I., ODE VI.                      163
4. gesserit: has achieved. The form is fut. pf. indic., and
the whole passage exemplifies a variation of a familiar type
of conditional sentence, 'if thy soldiery shall have achieved
any exploits under thy leadership, they will be celebrated.'
5. nos: cf. 1. 17 and 2. 17. 32, and Epist. passim. In the
odes generally ego. - neque haec.. nec: for the paratactic
form of parallels, cf. 3. 5. 27-30. - dicere: very frequent in
the odes for lyric utterance. - gravem: Homer's obXodvryv,
11. 1. 2. The Greeks also said, fapbs X6XoA; Aesch. Eumen.
800, 8fapYv Kbrov.
6. Pelidae stomachum: Achilles' wrath, the epic theme of the
Iliad. - stomachum, bile, gall, spleen, is a homely term, intentionally used for Homer's /Alyr. The figurative use of the
word is frequent in Cicero. - cedere nescii: cf. Verg. Aen.
12. 527, nescia vinci pectora. Achilles was pervicax (Epod.
17. 14), impiger iracundus inexorabilis acer (A. P. 121),
and recalcitrant even to the gods (II. 21. 223; Plat. Rep.
391 B).
7. After the Iliad, the Odyssey. -duplicis: shifty; roXtrporos,
versatile, lowered to 8trXo0s (Eurip. Rhesus, 395). - Ulixei: cf.
Epode 16. 60; 17. 16; Achillei, 1. 15. 34; Penthei, 2. 19. 14;
Alyattei, 3. 16. 41.
8. saevam Pelopis domum: stands for tragedy, as the two
preceding lines for epic poetry. The disastrous history of
the house of Pelops, son of Tantalus, father of Atreus and
Thyestes, and grandfather of Agamemnon and Menelaus,
afforded many subjects for tragedy. The special reference
here is probably to Varius' tragedy Thyestes, which was by
friendly critics thought equal to any Greek tragedy. Quint.
10. 1. 98.
9. tenues grandia: in apposition with nos and haec, stomachum, etc., big themes for little bards; cf. Ov. Am. 2. 18. 4,
et tener ausuros grandia frangit amor. For Horace's favorite
device of antithetic juxtaposition of contrasted words, cf. 1.
3. 10; 1. 5. 9; 1. 13. 14; 1. 15. 2; 2. 16. 17; 2. 18. 10; 3. 7. 13;
3. 8. 1; 3. 11. 46; 3. 29. 17; 3. 29. 49; 3. 30. 12; 4. 1. 6-7;
4. 2. 31; 4.4.32; 4. 4. 53; 4. 5. 9; and Sellar, p. 193.dum: while, shades into since. Cf. 1. 2. 17; 3. 11. 50.




164


NOTES.


10. potens: with lyrae. Cf. 1. 3. 1; 1. 5. 15; 3.29. 41; C. S.
1; Epist. 2. 3. 407, musa lyrae sollers. For thought, cf. Anacreontea, 23, OgXw cXyewv 'Arpelias... A fdpipros 6 Xop6Sas j
gpwra ýovpov hXeT.
11. egregii: peerless; cf. 3. 25. 4; 3. 5. 48.
12. culpa... ingeni: by defect of genius. - deterere: lit.
impair, by wearing away. Cf. tenuare, 3. 3. 72; Epist. 2. 1.
235-237.
13. quis: who but a Varius? - The following themes are
taken from   the Iliad. In describing Mars' equipment for
battle tunica tectum adamantina, Horace uses a strengthened
form  of the standard    epic epithet XaXKOXTrwv.    Adamas
means a very hard iron or bronze, not a specific metal.
14. scripserit: who could describe; potential subj.; cf. G. L.
259; H. 552.
15. nigrum: swart, soiled. Cf. 1. 21. 7. n.; 2. 1. 22. n.
Meriones was the charioteer of the Cretan Idomeneus. Cf. 1.
15. 26; II. 8. 264, 13. 330-336. - ope: cf. 4. 2. 2.
16. parem: cf. impar, 4. 6. 5; Tydides (Diomedes), urged
on by Pallas, wounded Ares and Aphrodite, II. 5. 330-340,
846-855.
17. proelia: e.g. Propert. 4. 7. 5; Ov. Am. 1. 5. 15.
18. sectis: properly manicured nails are not very dreadful
weapons. - acrium in iuvenes: cf. 1. 2. 39-40.
19-20. (sive) vacui sive: whether fancy free or a little in love;
cf. 1.3. 16; 1. 32. 7; 3. 4. 21-22. But sive quid urimur is really
an afterthought. Cf. 1.15. 25; 3. 27. 61.- urimur: cf. 1. 19.
4. - non praeter solitum: as is my wont.
ODE VII.
Beautiful are the isles of Greece, and her cities beloved of gods,
famed in song and story. But 'Tibur is beautiful, too, and the
orchard slopes and the Anio, I Falling, falling yet to the ancient
lyrical cadence' (Clough). Thou, Plancus, whether in the shade
of thy Tiburtine villa, or in the glittering camp, remember that
wine is the best dispeller of care. This Teucer knew when, fleeing to exile from his angry father, he consoled his despondent
mates with the promise of a new Salamis in a strange land.




BOOK I., ODE VII.


165


The loose juncture at 1. 15 led some ancient critics to assume
the beginning of a new ode there. Lines 26 sqq. imply acquaintance with Verg. Aen. 1. 195 sqq., and can hardly have
been written before B.C. 29.
L. Munatius Plancus, a political turn-coat (morbo proditor,
Vell. 2. 83), founded Lyons as governor of Gaul in B.C. 43, was
consul in 42, was intrusted by Antony with the government of
Syria and Asia, and abandoned him for Octavian on the eve
of Actium. In B.c. 27 he proposed the decree conferring on
Octavian the title of Augustus, and was rewarded by the
censorship B.c. 22. In what camp he could have been serving
at this time, or what were the cares which Horace advises him
to drown in wine, does not appear.
1. laudabunt alii: cf. excudent alii, Verg. Aen. 6. 847. The
antithesis is me, 1. 10. The 'praise' need not be literary.
Cf. 1. 1. 17, laudat. - claram: so Martial, 4. 55. 6; sunny.
Cf. Pliny, N. H. 2. 62; Lucan, 8. 248, claramque relinquit I sole
Rhodon. But cf. Catull. 46. 6, ad claras Asiae volemus urbes;
4. 8, Rhodumque nobilem, that is, renowned for its commerce,
its art, and its schools of rhetoric and philosophy. - Mytilenen:
capital of Lesbos, pulchritudine in primis nobilis (Cic.).
2. Ephesus: principal city of the provirice of Asia, called
by Florus lumen Asiae. - Corinthi: Corinth was situated on
the isthmus between the Aegean and Ionian Seas (hence bimaris, of the double sea), and had a harbor on each. Cf. Ov.
Met. 5. 407; Trist. 1. 11. 5, bimarem... Isthmon; Her. 12.
27; dglaXos, Pind. 0. 13. 40; d&1tOdXacroos, O. 7. 33. AtOdXaaoo-o, cited by editors, does not seem to have been so used.
Anth. Pal. 7. 218, &ai~Xtoio KoplvOov; Pind. 0. 13. 5.- Corinthi:
destroyed by Mummius B.C. 146; restored as a colony by Julius
Caesar.
3. Baccho... Apolline: abl. of cause with insignis. -
Thebas: according to the myth Bacchus was born at Thebes. -
Delphos: the seat of the famous oracle of Apollo.
4. Tempe: the valley in Thessaly between Mts. Olympus
and Ossa, through which ran the Peneus. Cf. Ov. Met. 1. 568,
est nemus Haemoniae (Thessaly), praerupta quod undique




166


NOTES.


claudit I Silva: vocant Tempe, per quae Peneus, ab imo  Effusus
Pindo, spumosis volvitur undis; Tenn., 'The long divine Peneian
pass.'
5. unum   opus: their one task, theme. - intactae: virgin.
Cf. 3. 4. 70, integrae. - urbem: Athens.
6. perpetuo: in continuous epic, not the short swallow-flights
of lyric. Cf. Ov. Met. 1. 3, primaque ab origine mundi I ad
mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen.
7. undique... olivam: to place upon their brow a wreath
of olive culled from every quarter, i.e. to win fame for themselves
by a poem founded on the manifold legendary and historical
associations of Athens. Others less probably interpret undique decerptam, culled by every one, with reference to the praise
of Athens being a well-worn theme. The olive was the gift
of Athena and the symbol of Athens. For the general thought
cf. Lucret. 1. 928, iuvatque novos decerpere flores I Insignemque
meo capiti petere inde coronam, I Unde prius nulli velarint tempora
musae.
8. plurimus: many a one. Cf. Martial, 7. 36. 3, plurima.  tegula; Verg. Aen. 2. 369; Juv. 3. 232. But in all these
cases there is a substantive. Hence some deny the use. -
lunonis: her three favorite cities were Argos, Sparta, and
Mycenae (II. 4. 51).
9. aptum... equis: trirforor  (I1. 2. 287). But this
version of the Greek is perhaps due to a reminiscence of the
words of Telemachus (Odyss. 4. 601) rendered (Epp. 1. 7. 41),
non est aptus equis Ithace locus. Argos (neut.) was the capital
of Argolis in the Peloponnesus. - ditisque Mycenas: Mycenae,
the city of Agamemnon, was N. E. of Argos. With ditis cf.
roX\Xpvaor (II. 7. 180; Soph. El. 9). The gold found there by
Schliemann amply justifies the epithet. It was prehistoric to
Horace as it is to us (Lucian, Contempl. 23; Anth. Pal. 9. 103).
10. me: cf. on 1. 1. 29. - patiens Lacedaemon: hardy
Sparta. Cf. Quintil. 3. 7. 24.
11. Larisae: on the Peneus in Thessaly. opimae: fertile.
Thessaly is still the granary of Greece. Cf. II. 2. 841, dpq%aKca.
-percussit: has impressed;      cf. Vergil's ingenti percussus
amore, G. 2. 476; Milton's 'Smit with the love of sacred song.'




BOOK I., ODE VII.                   167
12-14. These lines refer to various points at or near Tibur
(now Tivoli), on the river Anio, about sixteen miles northeast
of Rome. The whole neighborhood was and is noted for its
natural beauty, and many Romans had villas there. The
student should read up Tibur in Burn's Rome and the Campagna, or Hare's Days near Rome, 1. 191-207. Cf. Sellar,
p. 179; Clough, Amours de Voyage, 3. 11.   domus: grotto. -
Albuneae: the sibyl Albunea. Cf. Verg. Aen. 7. 83. - resonantis: from the cataract (Verg. Aen. 7. 84), nemorum quae
maxima sacro I fonte sonat.
13. praeceps Anio: headlong Anio, from its cascades. Cf.
Macaulay, Regillus, 10, 'From the green steeps whence Anio
leaps I In floods of snow-white foam.' Cf. Propert. 3. 30. 14;
Stat. Silv. 1. 5. 25. The river is now called Teverone. -
Tiburni: the Argive brothers - Tiburnus, Catil(1)us, and
Coras -were the mythical founders of Tibur. Cf. 1. 18. 2,
2. 6. 5; Verg. Aen. 7. 670; Stat. Silv. 1. 3. 74, illa recubat
Tiburnus in umbra. - lucus: (sacred) grove. Cf. 1. 12. 60;
Lucret. 5. 75. - uda: irrigated; 4. 2. 30; 3. 29. 6.
14. mobilibus... rivis: the branches of the Anio and
their rapids, 'cascatelle.' - pomaria: orchards. Cf. Ov. Am.
3. 6. 45; Propert. 5. 7. 81, ramosis (pomosis) Anio qua pomifer
(spumifer) incubat arvis.
15. Horace may have pieced two fragments of verse together
at this point, but we cannot separate them. - albus: 3. 27. 19;
3. 7.1. The south wind does not always 'rise with black wings'
(Milton), as caelifuscator Eoi (Lucan. 4. 66). It is often (saepe)
the white (whitening) XevK6voros and scours away the clouds.
Cf. Arnold, Empedocles, 'As the sky-brightening south-wind
clears the day.'
16. parturit: 4. 5. 26; Lucret. 6. 259, fulminibus gravidam
tempestatem; Hymn. Orph. 21. 1, ve4,aL... 6JfLpor6KoL.
17. sapiens... memento: be wise and remember, with the
wisdom of 1. 11. 6.
17-18. finire... labores: so 3. 4. 39; Sat. 2. 3. 263, finire
dolores. - tristitiam: dejection, resulting from labores, troubles,
probably political.
19. molli: mellow, and mellowing. - fulgentia: cf. Tac.




168                       NOTES.
Hist. 3. 82, fulgentia per colles vexilla; they were decorated
with bright silver disks, Pliny, N. H. 33. 58. Cf. 2. 1. 19.
20. tenebit: apparently he is in camp.
21. tui: Plancus may have been a native of Tibur, or possibly
had a villa there. - Teucer: son of Telamon of Salamis and
brother of Ajax.  When he returned to Salamis after the Trojan war without Ajax (who had killed himself because the arms
of Achilles were awarded to Ulysses), his father drove him into
exile. He sailed to Cyprus and there founded a city which he
called Salamis. Cf. Vell. 1. 1, non receptus a patre Telamone ob
segnitiam non vindicatae fratris (Aiacis) iniuriae, Cyprum adpulsus cognominem patriae suae Salamina constituit. Cf. Verg. Aen.
1. 619. For Teucer's anticipation of his reception, if he returned without his brother, cf. Soph. Ajax, 1007-1020. For
Telamon's passionate invective (a popular scene in the early
Roman drama), cf. the fragments of Pacuvius' play; Cic. de
Or. 2. 193; Ribbeck, Pacuv. Teucer, fr. 12. Cf. further, Isoc.
3. 28, 9. 18. Teucri vox,... patria est ubicumque est bene
(Cic. Tusc. 5. 37. 108) expresses the sentiment of 1. 25. The
personal application (if any) of the tale to Plancus is as obscure
to us as is that of Pindar's myths.
22. fugeret: was leaving as an exile. Cf. on 2. 13. 28; Sat.
1. 6. 13. What is described in this and the following lines took
place the night before the departure. uda: cf. on 2. 19. 18;
4. 5. 39; Tibull. 1. 2. 3, multo perfusum tempora Baccho. -
Lyaeo: from wine, i.e. from drinking, abl. of cause. Lyaeus
(as if from XAw), the releaser from care and tongue-tied
dullness, is another name for Bacchus, because, as Browning
(Aristoph. Apol.) puts it, men found 'That wine unlocked the
stiffest lip and loosed I The tongue late dry and reticent of
joke.' Cf. on 3. 21. 16, 1. 18. 4, 4. 12. 20. The god is put for
his gift as Ceres for grain (Verg. Aen. 1. 177), Venus for love,
etc. Cf. Lucret. 2. 652, Bacchi nomine abuti I mavolt quam
laticis proprium proferre vocamen.
23. p6pulea: as sacred to Hercules (Verg. Ecl. 7. 61; Theoc.
2. 121), the wanderer (vago, 3. 3. 9) and guide, ikye~uS  (Xen.
Anab. 4. 8. 25.)  In company with Hercules Telamon had
taken Troy and won Hesione, the mother of Teucer.




BOOK    I., ODE    VIII.


169


25. quo... cumque: cf. 1. 6. 3.--melior: i.e. kinder.
26-30. o socii... peioraque passi (30): cf. Verg. Aen. 1.
199, o socii... o passi graviora; Odyss. 12. 208, ' Worse deaths
have we faced and fled from'; Ov. Trist. 5. 11. 7, multo
graviora tulisti.
27. Teucro: the name is more inspiring than me. Cf.
Macaulay, Horat. 43, 'But will ye dare to follow, I If Astur
clears the way?' So in Shaks. Julius Caesar, passim, 'Shall
Caesar send a lie?' 2. 2. But its repetition verges on the
vainglorious, which is consistent with the traditional account
of Teucer's character. - duce et auspice: suggests the formal
ductu et auspiciis. A campaign was under the auspices of the
Consul or Imperator (cf. on 4. 14. 33). It might not be under
his personal conduct (Suet. Aug. 21). Auspice is used, however, with special reference to the prophecy in 29. Translate,
with Teucer as leader and Teucer as seer.
28. certus: unerring, rvqeprhs. Cf. Pind. Pyth. 9. 46, 3. 29.
In 1. 12. 23 certus == &dvK709. For the oracle, cf. Eurip. Hel. 146.
29. ambiguam: to dispute the name (Wickham); cf. 2. 5. 24.
So that when Salamis was named men would ask, 'Which
Salamis?' Hence, Lucan, 3. 183, Manil. 5. 50, Sen. Troad. 854,
seem to speak of a veram Salamina.
31. nunc: while they could, before the voyage was begun.
Cf. 1. 9. 18. - pellite: Tibull. 1. 5. 57, saepe ego temptavi curas
depellere vino.
32. ingens: boundless, drelpova. In 2. 10. 9 ptaKpd; in 4. 9. 19
7reX\pto. --iterabimus: we shall embark again upon; they had
just returned from Troy. Cf. Odyss. 12. 293 for the formula.
ODE VIII.
Lydia, why wilt thou ruin Sybaris with thy love?   He no
longer witches the world with noble horsemanship, nor distinguishes himself in the manly sports of the campus. Is he
hiding in woman's dress like Achilles among the girls of Scyros?
The names Lydia and Sybaris are perhaps symbolic of luxury
and effeminacy. Trans. by John Evelyn, imitated in Henry
Luttrell's Advice to Julia.




170


NOTES.


1-2. per te deos: the usual order. Cf. G. L. 413. n. 2.
2. amando: by love, thine or his not distinguished. Cf. Verg.
Eel. 8. 71, cantando rumpitur anguis, by song.
4. campum: the Campus Martius, by the Tiber, where the
young Romans played their games and practiced athletic
exercises. Cf. 3. 7. 26; Epist. 1. 7. 59; 2. 3. 162, aprici gramine
campi; Sat. 1. 6. 126. - patiens: he who once bore so well.
With gen., as 3. 10. 20; Juv. 7. 33, pelagi patiens. Cf. Sat. 2.
2. 110, metuensque futuri. - solis: so in Greek literature the
hardy man is )wXtAvdor (Plat. Rep. 556. D; Eurip. Bacchae, 457).
5. militaris: among his soldier mates. Others, militaris
(nom.), like a soldier.
6. equitat: the indirect subj. is abandoned for the direct
form.
6-7. Gallica... ora, the mouths of Gallic steeds. Cf. 3. 7.
25; 3. 12. 8; 3. 24. 54; F. Q. 1. 7. 37, 'A goodly person and
could manage fair I His stubborn steed with curbed canon bit';
Stat. Silv. 5. 2. 113 sqq. The Gaulish horses were noted for
their spirit. - lupatis: jagged, like a wolf's teeth.
8. Tiberim: a swim naturally followed the exercises of the
campus. Cf. 3. 7. 27; 3. 12. 7; Sat. 2. 1. 7, Ter uncti I Transnanto Tiberim somno quibus est opus alto. - olivum: the oil
used for anointing wrestlers.
9. sanguine, etc.: brachylogy for quam vitat sanguinem. Cf.
4. 9. 50. For viper's blood as poison, cf. Epod. 3. 6.
10-12. He whose discus used to fly clear beyond the mark
(brfpwrTaro a/aTra rdvra, Odyss. 8. 192) no longer displays
('wears,' 'sports') his arms black and blue from the bruises of
the discus and the javelin, which are the arma referred to here.
Cf. arma campestria, A. P. 379; Epist. 1. 18. 54. The discus
was a circular plate of stone, iron, or bronze. The object of the
game was to throw it as far as possible. The same is true of
the javelin in this passage. Cf. illust. in Harper's Class. Diet.
s.v. Discus. - saepe... expedite: having often won fame
(nobilis) by throwing the discus, often by throwing the javelin
clear beyond the mark. Expedire means to let loose, and so of
a missile, to let fly.
14-16. Thetis, aware of the fate that awaited him at Troy,




BOOK I., ODE IX.


171


concealed her son Achilles in the garb of a girl among the
daughters of Lycomedes, king of Scyros. Odysseus placed
arms among gifts offered to the girls, and Achilles betrayed
himself by seizing upon them. The tale is post-Homeric. It
perhaps originated in the Cypria and Little Iliad, and was
treated in a lost play of Sophocles (Pv ZKvplaLS).  Cf. Ov.
Met. 13. 162, Praescia venturi genetrix Nereia leti I dissimulat
cultu natum; Bion. Idyll 2. 15; Statius Achill. 1. 325 sqq.;
Sir Thomas Browne, Urn Burial, 'What song the Syrens sang,
or what name Achilles assumed when he hid himself among
women, though puzzling questions, are not beyond all conjecture.' Cf. Sueton. Tib. 70, quod Achilli nomen inter virgines
fuisset.
13-14. marinae... Thetidis: the sea-nymph Thetis; cf.
4.6.6.
14. sub: just before. Cf. sub noctem, 1. 9. 19. - lacrimosa:
1. 21. 13. n.
15-16. funera: fall; cf. Lucret. 5. 326,funera Troiae. For
thought that cities die like men, cf. Sulpicius (Cic. Fam. 4. 5),
tot oppidum cadavera; Tasso, Ger. Lib. 15. 20, 'muojbno le
citth'; Gosse, Ballad of Dead Cities; Lucian, Catapl. 23; Anth.
Pal. 9. 151, 284; Pausan. 8. 33. - cultus: garb, 4. 9. 15.
The Lycians were the chief allies of the Trojans.
ODE IX.
Winter and snow reign without. Let us enjoy a heaped
hearth and a jar of Sabine within. Permit the rest to heaven,
and rejoice, young man, in thy youth while thou mayest.
Cf. Epod. 13; Alcaeus, fr. 34: "Tet *v 6 Zebi, &K 5' 6paviW ^dyas
XeLfcLv, reirdyaotl, 89 biSdirwv poal... Kicdl3aXXe Tbv,Xe~^QV, irl /v
TO"els |   VrTp, V  gBý Kepvals olvov 0pesi~ds, etc.
Tenn. In Memoriam, 107: 'Fiercely flies I The blast of North
and East, and ice j Makes daggers at the sharpen'd eaves I..
But fetch the wine, I Arrange the board and brim the glass; I
Bring in great logs and let them lie, I To make a solid core of
heat; I Be cheerful-minded, talk and treat I Of all things ev'n
as he were by.' (Trans. by Dryden and by Cowper, omitting




172                        NOTES.
the* last stanza.) Cf. also Byron, Childe Harold, 4. 77; Victor.
Hugo, Apropos d' Horace; Congreve, Johnson's Poets, 10. 278,
'Bless me, 'tis cold, how chill the air'; ibid. 10. 421; Allan
Ramsay's paraphrase, 'Look up to Pentland's tow'ring tap.'
1. stet: stands out, looms up, conspicuous in its robe of white
through the clear winter air. Cf. 3. 3. 42; Munro on Lucret.
3. 181; Verg. Ec. 7. 53, Stant et iuniperi et castaneae hirsutae;
Aen. 6. 471.- nive candidum: cf. 3. 25. 10.
2. Soracte: a mountain in Etruria, twenty-six miles north of
Rome, and visible from it. Byron, Childe Harold, 4. 76, 'the
lone Soracte's height, displayed I Not now in snow, which asks
the lyric Roman's aid ] For our remembrance, and from out
the plain I Heaves like a long-swept wave about to break.'
3. laborantes: cf. 2. 9. 7; there in the wind, here with the
load of snow. - gelu... acuto: i.e. on account of the piercing cold. Cf. Georg. 1. 93, penetrabile frigus; Pind. Pyth. 1.
20, X&6,os 6telas.
4. constiterint: i.e. have been frozen; cf. Epist. 1. 3. 3, nivali
compede vinctus; Thomson, Winter, 'An icy gale... arrests
the bickering stream'; Shelley, Sens. Plant. 3. 24; Ov. Trist.
5. 10. 1, Ut sumus in Ponto ter frigore constitit Ister. It was
cold in the Sabine hills, but the Tiber rarely froze (Livy, 5.
13), and Horace is probably merely following his Greek model.
5. dissolve: dispel; cf. 1. 4. 1, solvitur. - foco: Epod. 2.
43. The common fireplace in the atrium, perhaps in the
country (for the scene of this ode is apparently a country
villa) something like an Adirondack bonfire place.
6. reponens: piling; re- points to frequent renewals of the
fire-logs. - benignius: doetgws, unstintingly. Contra, malignus,
1. 28. 23.
7. deprome: draw; 1. 37. 5. Here from the jar rather than
the apotheca. - quadrimum: four-year-old, about the right age
for a cheap wine. Cf. 1. 20. 1; Theoc. 14. 16.
8. Thaliarche: Master of the revels; coined by Horace. It
suggests OaMas rbv dpxovra or o-viroa-lapxos. Cf. 1. 4. 18.
9. permitte: cf. Milton's, ' Live well, how long or short permit
to heaven'; Archil. fr. 51, ro^s Oeo^s nT6e (P) adravra. -  cetera: cf.
3. 29. 33; Epod. 13. 7. - simul (ac): so always in Odes, as




BOOK I., ODE IX.                     173
soon as. Cf. 1. 4. 17; 1. 12. 27. In Satires and Epistles both
simul and simul ac occur.
10. stravere: have stilled. Literally, sternere means to spread
out, then to strew. Cf. Tenn. Freedom, 'How long thine evergrowing mind I Hath stilled the blast and strown the wave.'
So in Greek, a-ropdvvvau  (Od. 3. 158), etc.
11. deproeliantis: with one another.. Cf. 1. 3. 13; Verg.
G. 1. 318, Omnia ventorum concurrere proelia vidi; Aesch. Prom.
1086.
13. Epicurean and Anacreontic commonplace: 7b aoepov
Xe& UNi, I rb 8' acptoV ris olev; 'To-day is my care. Who knows
the morrow?' Cf. 1. 11. 8; 2.16. 25; 3. 29. 42; 4. 7.17; Anth.
Pal. 5. 72. - fuge: i.e. noli. Cf. 2. 4. 22.
14. fors: Fortune.
14-15. lucro adpone: set down to profit; the language of bookkeeping. Cf. 2. 5. 15; Plautus, Mercator, 3. 2. 10, id iam lucrost
quod vivis; Cat. 28. 8, refero datum lucello; Ov. Trist. 1. 3. 68,
in lucro est quae datur hora mihi; and for thought, Epist. 1. 4.
13, Omnem crede diem tibi diluxisse supremum; J Grata superveniet quae non sperabitur hora.
16. puer: in thy youth.- neque tu: recurs 4. 8. 4. Here
tu emphatic = a6-ye. Epist. 1. 2. 63; Tenn. Love and Duty,
'Should my shadow cross thy thoughts... remand it thou.'
17. virenti: sc. tibi, from thy bloom. Cf. 4. 13. 6; Epod. 13.
4; Theoc. 14. 70, 27. 66; Ronsard, 'Antres, je me suis veu
chez vous I Avoir jadis verds les genous.' - canities...
morosa: crabbed age. Cf. 2. 11. 8.
18. campus et areae: the Campus Martius and the open
squares around temples and public buildings. Cf. Pater, Marius,
Chap. XI. sub fin., 'And, as the rich, fresh evening came on,
there was heard all over Rome, far above a whisper, the whole
town seeming hushed to catch it distinctly, the lively reckless
call to "play" from the sons and daughters of foolishness, to
those in whom their life was still green'- Donec virenti canities
abest!
19. sub noctem: at nightfall. See on 1. 8. 14. -  susurri: cf.
vvxloLs htLcoWv 6pots (Anth. Pal. 16. 202. 2); Tennyson's 'low
replies'; Blandos audire susurros (Propert. 1. 11. 13).




174                        NOTES.
20. composita: of tryst, lit., appointed.
21. proditor: in apposition with risus. Construe risus ab
intimo angulo.
22. risus: sc. repetatur, but the consciousness of the verb
need not be explicit. Cf. Pope, 'But feigns a laugh to see me
search around, I And by that laugh the willing fair is found.'
23. pignus: pledge, perhaps a bracelet or a ring. 'Frae her
fair finger whop a ring, I As taiken of a future bliss' (Allan
Ramsay). - lacertis: dat.
24. male: said to intensify words of bad sense, and nullify
those of good sense. Cf. 1. 17. 25; Sat. 1. 4. 66; Cat. 10. 33.
Here faintly resisting.
ODE X.
The praise of Mercury as the Greek Hermes, god of eloquence
(X67yos, facundus), of athletics (cvayc^vos), messenger of the gods
(8tdKcropo), patron of thieves (KX47r7s), helper (ipto5vios), wielder
of the golden wand and shepherd of the shades (Xpvu-6parts
vuXOroJior6s).
On Greek gods in Horace, cf. Sellar, pp. 161-162.
1. The Pleiads were daughters of Atlas, and 'of the eldest of
those stars of spring - Maia... is born the shepherd of the
clouds, wing-footed and deceiving, -blinding the eyes of Argus,
- escaping from the grasp of Apollo, - restless messenger
between the highest sky and topmost earth, - the herald
Mercury, new lighted on a heaven-kissing hill' (Ruskin). Cf.
Alcaeus, fr. 5, XatRpe KvXXdvas 8 /jS5ets o- ydp  ot I 00pos voi.'vov,
rbv KOpV(ipaS v atraCs I MaCa yidvvaro Kpovu8l' plyetoca. Simon., fr. 18
(27); Eurip. Ion, 1; Martial, 7. 74. 1; Ov. Fast. 5, 663. -facunde: as herald and interpreter of the gods.
2. feros cultus: cf. Tenn., 'These were the rough ways of
the world till now.' - recentum: early, i.e. 'recent' from their
origin.
3. voce: by (the gift of) language. Before the power of
speech was granted them men were mutum et turpe pecus
(Sat. 1. 3. 100).- catus: an archaic word, shrewdly.
3-4. decorae... palaestrae:   the   exercise  made   men
comely.




BOOK I., ODE X.


175


6. parentem: cf. 'father of chemistry and cousin of the Earl
of Cork.' Cf. on 1. 21. 11; 1. 32. 14; 3. 11. 3. According to
the legend Hermes invented the lyre (by stretching four strings
across a tortoise-shell which he had found) on the morning of
the day of his birth; on the evening of the same day he stole
fifty head of cattle from his brother Apollo. The fact that these
two feats were performed on the same day makes their juxtaposition here natural enough.
7. callidum: with complementary inf. Cf. 3. 11. 4, and
callet, 4. 9. 49; Epist. 1. 10. 26. - iocoso: AdXa i,8eiat at KXo07al
Tro 0eoD (Philost. Imag. 1. 26).
8. condere: hide. furto: Eurip. (?) Rhesus, 217, <1Xprr v
AvaO; Longfellow, Masque      of  Pandora, 'by thy winged
cap I and winged heels I know thee. Thou art Hermes I
captain of thieves.' Cf. Shelley's exquisitely funny version of
the Homeric Hymn to Hermes.
9-12. Cf. Dobson, A Case of Cameos, 'Here great Apollo with.
unbended bow, I His quiver hard by on a laurel tree, I For some
new theft was rating Mercury, I Who stood with down-cast eyes
and feigned distressI As daring not for utter guiltiness, I To
meet that angry voice and aspect joined. I His very heel-wings
drooped; but yet not less I His backward hand the sun-god's
shafts purloined.' - reddidisses: returned; the threat implied
by minaci would be in the direct form nisi reddideris. Construe dum te puerum minaci voce terret nisi reddidisses. Dum
terret is equivalent to a secondary tense for the sequence.
11. viduus: i.e. (to see himself) bereft of. Cf. Gk. Lex. s.v.
XWIPbo.
12. risit: had to laugh. Cf. 3. 11. 22.
13. quin et: nay, more; a rather prosaic transition. Cf. 2.
13. 37; 3. 11. 21. Priam's stealthy visit to the Greek camp by
night, under the conduct of Hermes, to kiss the murderous hands
of Achilles, and ransom the body of Hector, is told in one of the
most touching episodes of the Iliad, 24. 159 sqq. - Atridas:
Atreus' sons, Agamemnon and Menelaus.
14. Ilio... relicto: leaving Ilium behind. - dives: perhaps with special reference to the rich ransom he bore (II. 24.
232).




176                        NOTES.
15. Thessalos... ignis: the camp-fires of Achilles' troops,
who came from Phthia in Thessaly. - iniqua: a metrically
convenient word freely used by Horace in various shades of
meaning; here hostile. Cf. 1. 2. 47; 2. 10. 4; 2. 4. 16; 2. 6. 9;
3. 1. 32. - Troiae: dat.
16. fefellit: passed unobserved.
17. reponis: bringest to their appointed place. For force of
re, cf. 1. 3. 7; 1. 9. 6. But cf. Sen. Dial. 6. 19. 5, mors...
quae nos in illam tranquillitatem in qua antequam nasceremur
iacuimus reponit. The idea then would be that pious souls
are restored to the Elysium from which they were taken at
birth. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 756 sqq.
18. sedibus: abl. - virga: the caduceus, KicpkceLov, AdfS3os
(Hym. Herm. 529); 'The golden wand that causes sleep to fly I
Or in soft slumber seals the wakeful eye; I That drives the ghosts
to realms of night or day, I Points out the long uncomfortable
way' (Pope's     Odyssey, 24. 1-4). - levem: unsubstantial,
shadowy. Cf. Tenn. Demeter, 'flickering specters.' - coerces:
as a shepherd his flock. Cf. 1. 24. 18.
ODE XI.
Have done with unlawful pryings into futurity, Leuconoe.
Live while you live. Old time is still a-flying.
Cf. Dobson's Villanelle, 'Seek not, 0 maid, to know, | Alas!
unblest the trying, I When thou and I must go'; George 0.
Trevelyan's amusing parody, 'Matilda, will you ne'er have
ceased I Apocalyptic summing, I And left the number of the
beast I To puzzle Doctor Cumming?' There is a weak imitation
in Dodsley, 4. 105, and a poor version by Hamilton, Johnson's
Poets, 15. 635. For the beautiful choriambic meter, cf. 1. 18,
4. 10, Catull. 30, Sappho, fr. 68 (19), and Swinburne's metrical
experiment, 'Love, what ailed thee to leave life that was made
lovely, we thought, with love?'
1. quaesieris: ne with perf. subj. is a more peremptory colloquial prohibition than ne with present subj., or the normal
polite periphrasis with noli. Between Terence and Livy it




BOOK    I., ODE XI.                   177
is found only in distinctly colloquial passages in Cicero and
four times in Horace. Elmer, Latin Prohibitive, pp. 3, 19. -
scire nefas: 'tis wrong to know; cf. Lucan, 1. 127; Stat. Theb.
3. 563; infra, 4. 4. 22; Epode 16. 14; 3. 29. 32.
2. nec: Elmer, Lat. Prohib. p. 27, says that Horace is the
first poet to use nec with perf. subj. in clearly prohibitive sense
following ne.  Neve or neu was normal. It will be observed
that nec temptaris (nor make trial of) is virtually a mere expansion of ne quaesieris, and adds nothing new. Cf. Munro on
Lucret. 5. 891.
3. numeros:    calculations, i.e. of Chaldaean   astrologers,
called mathematici. Cf. on 2. 17, and Tac. Hist. 1. 22. - ut
melius: how much better. Cf. Sat. 2. 6. 53; Verg. Aen. 2. 283.
- quidquid erit: cf. Verg. Aen. 5. 710, quidquid erit, superanda
omnis fortuna ferendo est.
4. hiemes: the years are marked by summers or winters to
suit the rhetorical color. Cf. Tenn., 'A hundred winters
snowed upon his breast.' - tribuit: has assigned; 9WK6ev,  OcTrKXWev.
5. debilitat: breaks the force of. Cf. Lucret. 2. 1155, fluctus
plangentis saxa. - oppositis... pumicibus: upon the barrier
of rocks; pumicibus, any wave-eaten stone. Cf. Verg. Aen. 5.
214; Lucret. 1. 326, vesco sale saxa peresa.
6. sapias: be wise. liques: strain, i.e. through a cloth or
colum (strainer), to clear it of sediment. - spatio brevi: abl.
abs. of reason, (life's) span being short.
7. spem longam: hopes that look far into the future; cf. 1.
4. 15, the 'long thoughts' of youth; 'quittez le long espoir et
les vastes pens6es.'   Cf. Cowley, Shortness of Life, 'Horace
advises very wisely, and in excellent good words, spatio brevi
spem longam reseces; from a short life cut off all hopes that grow
too long.' - dum loquimur: cf. Persius, 5. 153, vive memor leti,
fugit hora, hoc quod loquor inde est; Longfellow, 'Wisely the
Hebrews admit no present tense in their language; j While we
are speaking the word, it is already the past'; Boileau, 'Le
moment oh je parle est d6ej loin de moi.' - fugerit: will be
gone. Cf. Lucret. 3. 915, iam fuerit; Milton, 'Fly, envious
time, till thou run out thy race'; Fitzgerald's Omar Khayyam,
7, 'The Bird of time has but a little way I To flutter and the




178


NOTES.


Bird is on the wing.'- invida: that grudges to grant the
prayer of happy youth, '0 temps, suspends ton vol,' etc.
(Lamartine).
8. carpe diem: catch as it flies or pluck the flower of. Cf.
Martial, 7. 47. 11, vive velut rapto fugitivaque gaudia carpe:
But 3. 27. 44, carpere flores; Juv. 9. 126, flosculus angustae miseraeque brevissima vitae Portio. The two points of view blend
in Tennyson's 'They lost their weeks; they vexed the souls of
Deans I.. And caught the blossom      of the flying terms.'
For the general Epicurean sentiment, cf. Epist. 1. 4. 13; 1. 11.
23; Eurip. Alcest. 782; Ecclesiastic. 14. 14. - quant... postero: trusting the morrow as little as possible; with postero sc.
diei. Cf. Epist. 1. 4. 13; Fitzgerald's Omar Khayydm, 'Tomorrow! why, to-morrow    I may be I Myself with yesterday's
seven thousand years': Trevelyan, 'And book me for the
fifteenth valse; there just beneath my thumb, I No, not the
next to that, my girl! The next may never come.'
ODE XII.
What man, what hero, what god shall we sing, O Clio, while
echo repeats his name in the fabled haunts of the Muses?   Of
gods, the All-father first, then Pallas, Diana, Liber, Phoebus.
Of heroes, Hercules, Castor, Pollux.   Of men, Romulus and
the worthies whose virtues and sacrifices built up the Empire of
Rome. Brightest in the constellation of glory shines the Julian
star. Augustus, conqueror of the Orient, reigns on earth the
vicegerent of Jove in heaven.
The date seems fixed by 1. 46 to some time between the death
4    of Marcellus, in B.C. 23, and the announcement of his marriage
to Julia, which took place B.C. 25.
Translated by Pitt, Johnson's Poets, 12. 381.
1. quem virum, etc.: taken from Pindar's riva 0e6v, riv' pwa,
"rTva 8' &v"pa Kea8\'/roufev; (0. 2. 2). The attempts to trace further
a spiritual resemblance between the two odes are fanciful.heroa: demigod. - lyra is Greek, tibia Roman, but we need not
press the distinction; cf. on 1. 1. 32.-acri: Quintil. 8. 2. 9




BOOK I., ODE XII.


179


cites the epithet as a proprium.     Cf. 'ear-piercing fife.'
Lyeiy, II. 9. 186.
2. sumis: dost thou choose; so sumite materiem     (A. P.
38; Epp. 1. 3. 7). - celebrare: celebrandum in normal prose.
G. L. 421. 1. b. -Clio was later the Muse of history. For
Horace's free use of the names of the Muses, cf. on 1. 1. 33;
1. 24. 3. His attitude is similar to that of the Alexandrian
poet, Rhianus, ta&crca 5' eldalovat, /A&s 8re r o6to/la Xdets.
3. recinet: give back. - iocosa: because it seems to mock.
4. imago!   cf.   1. 20. 6.    Imago   alone  may = hx6;
Varro, R. R. 3. 16. 12; Verg. G. 4. 50, saxa sonant vocisque
offensa resultat imago; Lucret. 4. 571, imagine verbi. Cf. Words.
Power of Sound, 'Ye voices and ye shadows and images of
voice.' On echo, cf. further, Ov. Met. 3. 356; Eurip. Hec. 1111;
Soph. Philoctet. 186; Aristoph. Thesm. 1039; Daniel, 'Echo,
daughter of the air, I Babbling guest of rocks and hills';
Shaks. Twelfth Nighty 1. 5, 'And make the babbling gossip of
the air I Cry out Olivia'; Shelley, Adonais, 15.
5. oris: on the borders; cf. 2. 9. 4. Mt. Helicon, in Boeotia,
was one of the seats of the worship of the Muses. Horace is
thinking of the Boeotian or Hesiodic school of poetry, and
there are touches that suggest the vision of the Muses in Hes.
Theog. 1-10 sqq., so exquisitely imitated in the last song of
Callicles, in Arnold's Empedocles.
6. Pindo: Mt. Pindus, between Thessaly and Epirus, also
connected with the cult of the Muses; cf. Verg. Ecl. 10. 11. -
Haemo: Mt. Haemus, in Thrace, an earlier seat of the Muses,
and the tradition of Orpheus. Cf. Verg. G. 2. 488, 0, qui me
gelidis convallibus Haemi I sistat.
7. unde: from Haemus. - temere: blindly, in mad rout; 2.
11. 14.
8. Orphea: legendary singer of Thrace, a symbol of the
charms of music 'to soothe a savage breast, I To soften rocks or
bend a knotted oak.' Cf. Simon. fr. 40; Aeschyl. Ag. 1629;
Eurip. Bacchae, 562; Iph. Aul. 1211, etc.; Anth. Pal. 7. 8;
Apoll. Rhod. 1. 26; Ov. Met. 11. 44-46; Hor. Epp. 2. 3. 392;
Shaks. Henry VIII. 3. 1, M. of V. 5. 1; Dryden, St. Cecilia,
'Orpheus could lead the savage race, I And trees unrooted left




180                       NOTES.
their place I Sequacious of the lyre'; Tenn. Amphion; Dobson,
A Case of Cameos, Sardonyx; Words. Power of Music. Cf.
also on 1. 24. 13; 3. 11. 13.
9. materna: tradition made the Muse Calliope the mother
of Orpheus. Verg. Ecl. 4. 57. Cf. fraterna, 1. 21. 12.morantem: 3. 11. 14, morari. Cf. 'Thyrsis, whose artful strains
have oft delayed I The huddling brook to hear his madrigal,'
Milton, Comus; Sen. Here. Fur. 577, ars quae praebuerat fluminibus moras; Verg. Ecl. 8. 4.
10. lapsus: flow; cf. Milton's 'liquid lapse of murmuring
streams,' and his 'smooth-sliding Mincius'; Horace's labitur et
labetur; Epode 2. 25, labuntur.
11-12. blandum et: and having charm to; cf. 1. 24. 13; 3. 11.
15; 4. 1. 8; Propert. 1. 8. 40, blandi carminis obsequio. -
auritas ducere quercus: auritas is proleptic: to give ears to the
oaks and lead them. Tyrrell, Latin Poetry, p. 184, says that
'long-eared oaks' is a 'strange deviation from the lyrical manner.'  Cf. Verg. G. 1. 308, auritos lepores.  But cf. Plaut.
Asin. Prol. 4, face nunc iam... omnem auritum populum;
Manilius, 5. 322, et sensus scopulis et silvis addidit aures; Milton,
'that wild rout that tore the Thracian bard I In Rhodope where
woods and rocks had ears ITo rapture.' - fidibus canoris:
with melodious strings; Verg. Aen. 6. 120, Threiciafretus cithara
fidibusque canoris.
13. solitis: the customary ab love principium (Verg. Edl.
3. 60), the &ic Atbs cdpX#~eo0a   of Greek   poetry; Arat.
Phaen. 1; Pind. Nem. 2. 1. Cf. 'The Song began from Jove,'
Dryden, Alexander's Feast. - parentis: the same designation
of Jupiter is used in 2. 19. 21; cf. Arnold, Empedocles, 'First
hymn they the father I Of all things; and then, I The rest of
immortals, I The action of men'; Hesiod, Theog. 16-18. Cf.
3. 4. 45; Verg. Aen. 1. 230.
15. mundum: the universe, and more specifically the
heavens. Cf. Munro on Lucret. 1. 73.
16. temperat: governs, preserves the harmonious order of.
Cf. 3. 4. 45; Epp. 1. 12. 16; Propert. 4. 4. 26, quis deus hanc
mundi temperat arte domum; Ovid, cited on 1. 49; Pausan. 1.
40. 4. - horis: seasons. Cf. 3. 13. 9; A. P. 302.




B0OOK 1., ODE XII.                  181
17. unde: ex quo. Cf. 1. 28. 28; 2. 12.7; Sat. 1. 6. 12; 2. 6.
21. So the Deity in Milton, 'For none I know I Second to me
or like, equal much less.'
18. secundum: cf. Quintil. 10. 1. 53, ut plane manifesto
appareat quanto sit aliud proximum esse, aliud secundum; i.e.
close following (sequor). Cf. Verg. Aen. 5. 320. Hence tamen
is to be taken closely with proximus.
19. occupavit = obtinet. Some read occupabit.
20. Pallas: she is in Homer second only to Zeus. Hesiod
says her power is equal to her sire's, Theog. 896. In Aeschylus
(Eumen. 826) she boasts that she alone knows the keys of
the chambers of the thunder-bolt. Cf. Callim. Hymn 5. 132 -133.
21. proeliis audax: with Pallas, 'AO8vd vKac6pos 7rp6iaXos.
Others put a period after honores, and take proeliis audax
with Liber. This is possible, Liber being conceived as the
Greek Bacchus (cf. 2. 19. 28), but the position of neque would
be unusual.
22. Virgo: vocative; Diana, the goddess of the chase. Cf.
on cohibentis arcu, 4. 6. 34; Theog. 11, "Aprept, ejpo06pv7.
23-24. certa... sagitta: the reference is to Apollo's
slaying the python; Ov. Met. 1. 438 sqq. Cf. Catull. 68. 113;
Byron, Childe Harold, 4. 161, 'The lord of the unerring bow.'
25. After the gods come the demi-gods. - Alciden: Hercules, grandson of Alceus. - puerosque Ledae: Castor (hunc)
and Pollux (illum); cf. II. 3. 237, Kd~oaopd 0' l7r7r68afov Kal 7rb
&yaby IIbXveDX5Kea; Sat. 2. 1. 26, Castor gaudet equis, ovo prognatus
eodem I pugnis.
26-27. superare... nobilem: famous for victories. - pugnis: with his fists, from pugnus..27. quorum: when their. - simul (ac): 1. 9. 9.
27-28. alba... stella: cf. on 1. 3. 2.
28. refulsit: cf. on 2. 17. 23.
29-32. Cf. Theoc. 22. 15; note position of verbs: back from
the rocks streams - down die the winds - away flee the clouds.
Cf. Tenn. Locksley Hall, 'Droops the heavy-blossomed bower,
hangs the heavy-fruited tree.' - agitatus humor: wind-blown
spray, or 'wind-shaked surge' (Othello, 2. 1).




182                       NOTES.
30. concidunt: cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 154, sic cunctus pelagi cecidit
fragor.
31. et: joins (29+30) to 31, 32.- quod sic voluere: because they (i.e. Castor and Pollux) have willed it so, parenthetical formula of submission to or recognition of the inscrutable divine power. Cf. 1. 33. 10; II. 1. 5. Some read sic
di.
32. recumbit: subsides. Sen. Thyest. 589, mitius stagno
pelagus recumbit.
33 sqq. Famous Romans. Construe dubito (utrum) post hos
Romulum prius memorem an, etc.
33. quietum: the peaceful reign of Numa Pompilius established the religious and civil traditions of Rome. Cf. Livy,
1. 21. 6.
35. Tarquini... Catonis: the last king and the last republican. Proud fasces of Tarquin = rule of Tarquin the
Proud - Superbus. Cf. Cic. Phil. 3. 9, Tarquinius... non
crudelis... sed superbus habitus est et dictus. His reign was
splendid on the whole, despite its disgraceful close. Macaulay,
Virginia, 'He stalked along the Forum like King Tarquin in
his pride.' - dubito: the throng of great memories crowds on
the soul of the bard. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 842-845.
36. nobile letum: his suicide at Utica, which gave him the
epithet Uticensis, and made him the idol of declaimers. Cf.
on 2. 1. 24.
37. Regulum: cf. on 3. 5. 13 sqq. - Scauros: Niebuhr says
he never could understand why Horace placed Scaurus in this
roll of honor. See the character of M. Aemilius Scaurus, Sail.
Jug. 15. Cicero often praises him. Cf. Juv. 11. 90. The reference is perhaps to the story of M. Scaurus, lumen ac decus
patriae (Valer. Max. 5. 8. 4), whose stern rebuke to his son for
joining the rout in the defeat of Catulus by the Cimbri drove
the young man to suicide.
38. L. Aemilius Paullus sought voluntary death on the field
of Cannae (B.C. 216), lost by the rashness of his colleague in the
consulship, Terentius Varro. Cf. Livy, 22. 49. For prodigum
cf. Ov. Am. 3. 9. 64, sanguinis atque animae prodige Galle tuae.
- Poeno: i.e. Hannibal.




BOOK I., ODE XII.                   183
39. gratus: in grateful memory, or merely pleasing. Cf.
Martial, 4. 55. 10, grato non pudeat referre versu. - insigni
c. amena: in lofty strain; others think insigni = quae reddit
insignes. Cf. 3. 25. 7, dicam insigne. - camena: the Romans
identified the Camenae with the Muses, and frequently used the
"singular camena for poem or song; 2. 16. 38; 3. 4. 21; 4. 6. 27;
4. 9. 8.
40 sqq. Cf. Milton, P. R., 'Canst thou not remember |
Quintus, Fabricius, Curius, Regulus? | For I esteem those names
of men so poor, I Who could do mighty things.' The constancy
of Fabricius, whom King Pyrrhus' gold could not seduce nor
his 'big beast' terrify, is in all the copy books. Cf. Cic. de Off.
3. 22; Plut. Pyrrhus. For M' Curius Dentatus, consul 275,
who defeated Pyrrhus at Beneventum, cf. Macaulay, cited on
Epode 9. 24. Camillus took Veii and delivered Rome from
the Gauls (390). The names of all three were proverbial to
point a moral. Cf. Otto, Sprichworter der Romer, s.v. Cf.
Martial, 1. 24. 3; Juv. 2. 3.
41. incomptis: Quintil. (9. 3. 18) quotes this line. There
were no barbers at Rome till after B.c. 300. intonsis is read.
Cf. on 2. 15. 11.
42. utilem: belongs to all these names. Cf. Eurip. Suppl.
887, r6Xei vapaorxetv oW^pM XpýTAp Ol Xet; Ov. Met. 14. 321,
utilium bello... equorum; Soph. Ajax, 410. - tulit: bred.
43. paupertas: cf. 3. 2. 1; 3. 24. 42. - apto: the dwelling
matches the modesty of the little ancestral farm.
45. crescit... aevo: grows like a tree with age unmarked;
cf. Shakspeare's 'unseen, yet crescive in his faculty'; Anth.
Pal. 7. 564. 3, &vwlaTroo xp6poto; Ov. Met. 10. 519, labitur
occulte fallitque volatilis aetas. Nauck, however, takes it of
a tree whose roots go back to unknown antiquity, Kiessling
of growth towards an unknown future! For the comparison
of tree and family, cf. Pind. Nem. 8. 40.
46. Horace, like Vergil (Aen. 6. 860), blends the name and
fame of M. Claudius Marcellus, who took Syracuse B.c. 212,
with that of the young Marcellus, son of Octavia, husband of
the emperor's daughter Julia, whose premature death B.c. 23
was so much deplored. Cf. Propert. 4. 17. 15; Gardthausen,




184                        NOTES.
2. 399 sqq. - micat: cf. Ov. Trist. 5. 3. 41, sic micet aeternum
vicinaque sidera vincat.
47. lulium sidus: cf. Verg. Ecl. 9. 47, ecce Dionaei processit
Caesaris astrum. A comet appeared after the death of Julius
Caesar. Cf. Pliny, N. H. 2. 93. There is a reference also to
the glory of the Julian house as represented by Augustus. --
ignis: 'Doubt that the stars are fire,' says Hamlet; 'cold fires,'
Tennyson calls them.
48. minores: Epode 15. 2. Cf. Sir H. Wotton, 'You common people of the skies, I What are you, when the moon shall
rise?' Cf. Claudian's expansion of the image, In. Prob. et
Olybr. Con. 22 sqq.; Sappho, fr. 3; Bacchylides, 9. 28.
49 sqq. Jupiter in heaven, Augustus on earth. Cf. Ov. Met.
15. 858, luppiter arces I temperat aetherias et mundi regna triformis: I Terra sub Augusto:    pater est et rector uterque.--
custos: 4. 5. 2; 4. 15. 17. - orte Saturno: son of Saturn.
53-55. seu... sive: marking divers alternatives that lead
to one conclusion. Cf. 4. 2. 10; 1. 1. 27; 1. 4. 12; 1. 16. 3;
'2. 3. 5; 1. 7. 20; 2. 14. 11; 2. 17. 17; 3. 4. 22; 3. 21. 2.
53. Latio imminentis: (now) threatening Latium; cf. on 3.
6. 9. Horace exaggerates the danger.
54. egerit: the captives preceded the chariot of the triumphator. Cf. on 4. 2. 34.
55. subiectos... orae: along the border of the East. Cf.
Tenn. Tiresias, 'All the lands that lie I Subjected to the Heliconian ridge.'
56. Seras: the Seres were a people of Eastern Asia (modern
Chinese), known to the Romans chiefly through their fabrics
of silk. Cf. 1. 2. 22. n.; 4. 15. 23; 3. 29. 27; 4. 14. 42.
57. te minor: subordinate to thee; 3. 6. 5.
59. parum castis: desecrated, polluted, by homicide or other
crime. The stroke of the lightning was sufficient proof of the
fact and required expiation (Preller-Jordan, 1. 193).
ODE XIII.
Jealousy. When thou praisest Telephus, O Lydia, I turn pale,
I weep, I burn. Deem them not pledges of a lasting love -
'the ravenous teeth that have smitten I Through the kisses that




BOOK I., ODE XIII.                    185
blossom and bud.' These violent delights have violent deaths.
Blest is the tie that truly binds, unbroken to the end.
Translated by Blacklock, Johnson's Poets, 18. 216.
1. Telephi: the angry repetition has the effect of a direct
quotation of her fond iteration. Cf. on 1. 35. 15, and Plato,
Symp. 212. D; Sat. 1. 6. 45. For name cf. 3. 19. 26; 4. 11. 21.
2. roseam: Verg. Aen. 1. 402, rosea cervice; Tenn. Princess,
"the very nape of her white neck I was rosed,' etc. - cerea:
apparently of the smooth, even texture of the flesh. But Ovid
uses wax as type of whiteness (A. A. 3. 199; Ex Pont. 1. 10. 28).
Lactea has been read. Cf. 'faite de cire A l'6gard des bras,'
M6m. de Grammont (Munro, Eng. J. Phil. 11. 336).
4. difficili: uncontrollable, of the obstinate persistence of
the disorder. Cf. Shakspeare's 'digest the venom of your
spleen'; Juv. 13. 213, difficili crescente cibo. - tumet iecur:
the liver is often spoken of as the seat of the passions; cf. on
4. 1. 12. In Homer, I1. 9. 646, ol8dvera KcpaSlt7 X6Xc; Archil. fr.
131, assigns gall to liver; but in Sat. 2. 3. 213, Hor. writes
vitio tumidum est cor.
5. color: cf. Homer's rplrecra   Xpdos; Eurip. Alcest. 174.
Apoll. Rhod. 3. 297; Propert. 1. 15. 39, multos pallere colores.
6. man6t: cf. on 1. 3. 36. Some read manent after nec nec,
citing Cic. Fin. 3. 21. 70. - in genas: cf. 4. 1. 34.
8. quam... penitus: how    completely.  Cf. 2. 13. 21.
--lentis: slow-consuming. Cf. 3. 19. 28; Tibull. 1. 4. 81.
9. uror resumes ignibus. - candidos: cf. on 2. 5. 18.
10. immodicae: cf. modici, 1. 18. 7. --mero: abl. cause.
11. rixae: brawls; cf. on 1. 17. 25; Propert. 3. 7. 19.
12. dente: like Catull. 8. 18, Tibull. 1. 6. 14, and the heroes
of Swinburne. iT'elephus, in Lowell's phrase, 'finds refuge from
an inadequate vocabulary in biting.'
13. satis: cf. 3. 15. 7.
14. perpetuum: constant. - dulcia barbare: cf. on 1. 6. 9.
15. laedentem: who wounds. -    oscula: kisses and lips need
not be distinguished.
16. quinta parte: perhaps merely a goodly portion, as the
Greeks said that honey was the ninth part of ambrosia; possibly
an- allusion to the quintessence or 7rdirr  otil-r of the Pytha



186


NOTES.


goreans, which, of course, has nothing to do with the essences that 'turn the live air sick' of the perfumer.
17. ter et amplius: cf. 1. 31. 13.
18. inrupta: unbroken = unbreakable for poetry. Cf. 1. 24.
7. - copula: bond; cf. &PAIKTros e<rA6s. Cf. on 1. 33. 11. Hence
solvet below.
18-20. -nec... die: and whom no estrangement... will
part before the day of death. - citius... die: cf. on 1. 8. 9.
ODE XIV.
The Ship of State: navem pro re publica, fluctus et tempestates pro bellis civilibus, portum pro pace et concordia (Quintil.
8. 6. 44).
Sellar (p. 122) thinks the poem coincident with Epode 7. It
might have been written at any time before the final establishment of the Empire. It is idle to carry the allegory into every
detail of the ode. As Professor Tyrrell wittily says: 'Horace
no more had in his mind the Mithridatic wars when he wrote
Pontica pinus than Tennyson thought of the Wars of the Roses
when he wrote in the Talking Oak " She left the novel half uncut
upon the rose-wood shelf."'
For image of Ship of State, cf. Alcaeus, fr. 18; Theog. 671;
Plato, Rep. 488 A; Aeschyl. Septem. 1; Jebb on Soph. Antig.
163; Longfellow's Sh     of State  William  Everett, Atlantic
Monthly, 1895; Speech of Maecenas, Dio. 52. 16.
The ode has been prettily translated by Dobson as a 'Ballade,'
'Ship to the roadstead rolled'; by Calverly; Gilbert West,
Dodsley's Poems, 2. 293; paraphrased by Swift, Johnson's
Poets, 11. 451; cf. Ode sur la situation de la R6publique, 1794,
Marie Joseph Ch6nier.
1. referent... te: will bear thee back. - in mare: ancient
sailors hugged the shore. Cf. 2. 10. 1-4.
2. occupa portum: get to port first, i.e. anticipate, 40dveLw,
the storm. Cf. Epist. 1. 6. 32, cave ne portus occupet alter. Cf.
Milton's 'like a weather-beaten vessel holds I gladly the port.'
3. vides ut: 1. 9. 1; 3. 10. 5-8. For one verb used of
both sight and sound, of. Verg. Aen. 4. 490; Aeschyl. Prom.
21-22.




BOOK I., ODE XIV.


187


4. nudum: stripped; we may 'understand' sit rather than
strain gemant by zeugma. - remigio: cf. remigioque carens
(Ov. Met. 8. 228).
5. mAlus. - saucius: cf. volnerata navis, Livy, 37. 24. 8;
Herod. 8. 18; and Longfellow, Wreck of the Hesperus, 'But
the cruel rocks, they gored her side I Like the horns of an angry
bull.'
6. funibus: Iron~cara, undergirding (Acts 27. 17; Plato,
Rep. 616. C). Cables were passed under the hull and then
drawn taut to prevent the timbers starting.
7. durare: withstand. Verg. Aen. 8. 577, durare laborem. -
carinae: timbers.
8. imperiosius: too imperious. May this have suggested
Shakspeare's 'In cradle of the rude imperious surge'?
10. di: images of tutelary divinities at the stern. They have
been washed away. Cf. Ov. Trist. 1. 4. 8, et pictos verberat
unda deos; Lucan, 3. 512; Verg. Aen. 10. 171; Pers. 6. 30. -
iterum pressa... malo: overwhelmed a second time with
disaster.
11-13. quamvis... iactes: although... thou boastest.
11. Pontica: Pontus, a district on the south coast of the
Black Sea, was famed for ship-timber (Catull. 4. 9-13).
12. filia: cf. Catull. 64. 1, Peliaco quondam prognatae vertice
pinus; Martial, 14. 90. 1, silvae filia Maurae (of a table). -
nobilis: with silvae.
13. inutile: unavailing. Cf. on 3. 24. 48.
14. pictis: Ov. Met. 6. 511, at simul imposita est pictae Philomela carinae. Cf. Verg. Aen. 7. 431, 8. 93; Sen. Ep. 76. 10. -
navita: 1. 1. 14.
15-16. tu... cave: do thou, unless thou art destined to be
the sport of the winds, beware, lit., owest sport to. Cf. Verg. Aen.
6. 75, rapidis ludibria ventis.
15. tu: cf. 1. 9. 16. n.
17. From sheer weariness and disgust at civil strife, Horace
has passed to anxious solicitude for the prosperity of the new
empire. 'Ship of the State before I A care and now to me I A
hope in my heart's core' (Dobson).
18. desiderium: yearning.




188                       NOTES.
19-20. A pretty picture at the close. Cf. 3. 28. 14, fulgentis
Cycladas; Verg. Aen. 3. 126, sparsasque per aequor Cycladas;
Browning, Cleon, 'the sprinkled isles, | Lily on lily, that o'erlace
the sea'; Dyer, The Gods in Greece, p. 365. There is a faint
contrast between their white beauty and the danger.
ODE XV.
Nereus, the wise old man of the sea (Hes. Theog. 233; Pind.
Pyth. 3. 92; Apoll. Rhod. 4. 771), becalms Paris, returning
from Sparta with Helen, in order to predict the doom of Troy.
See Herod. 2. 116.
Cf. F. Q. 4. 11. 19, 'Thereto he was expert in prophecies, I And
could the ledden (language) of the Gods unfold; I Through
which, when Paris brought his famous prize, I The fair Tindarid
lass, he him foretold I That her all Greece with many a champion
bold I Should fetch again, and finally destroy I Proud Priam's
town: so wise is Nereus old.'
In this, perhaps youthful, experiment, Horace attempts, as
Quintilian says of Stesichorus, to support the weight of an
epic theme on the lyre. We cannot verify Porphyrio's statement, Hac ode Bacchyliden imitatur, nam ut ille Cassandram
facit vaticinari futura belli Troiani, ita hic Proteum (probably
a slip for Nerea. Some eds. read Proteus in 1. 5). An extant
fragment of Bacchylides warns the Trojans of the unfailing
justice of Zeus who sitteth on high. Cf. further the imitation
of Statius, Achill. 1. 20 sqq., and the Cassandras of Schiller and
George Meredith. For the Voyage of Paris, cf. Hdt. 2. 117;
II. 6. 290, where he returns by way of Sidon; Andrew Lang,
Helen of Troy, 3. 23 sqq. There is an imitation by Tickell in
Dodsley's Poems, 1. 30. With 9 sqq., cf. Campbell, Lochiel's
Warning.
1. pastor: Paris; IIdps 6 povK6Xos (Eur. Iph. A. 180).
Cf. Bion. 2. 10; Verg. Aen. 7. 363, Phrygius pastor; Spenser,
Shep. Cal. July, 'But nothing such thilk shepherd was, j Whom
Ida hill did bear, I That left his flock to fetch a lass I Whose
love he bought too dear.' - traheret: was carrying off; sc.
ApTrdas (II. 3. 443).




BOOK I., ODE XV.


189


2. Idaeis: the poets picturesquely treat the pines of Ida of
which the ships of Paris were built as the cause of all the woe.
Cf. Eurip. Hec. 631; Tenn. CEnone, 'They came, they cut away
my tallest pines.' - perfidus hospitam: cf. 1. 6. 9. n.; 3. 3. 26,
famosus hospes; Propert. 3. 32. 7, hospes in hospitium Menelao
venit adulter; Eurip. Tro. 866, tevardrrys; Aesch. Ag. 401; II.
13. 624.
3. ingrato: unwelcome; as celeres (1. 12. 10) the winds hate
otium, 'Like us the Libyan wind delights to roam at large'
(Arnold); or the epithet suggests the feelings of Paris. - otio:
calm.
4. caneret: of prophecy. Cf. C. S. 25; Sat. 1. 9. 30; Epod.
13. 11.
5. avi: omen; cf. 3. 3. 61; 4. 6. 24; Epod. 10. 1; Cat. 61.
20. So the Greeks, 'An ox or an ass that may happen to pass,
I A cry or a word by chance overheard, I If you deem it an omen
you call it a bird' (Aristophanes, Birds, 719 sqq., Frere).
6. repetet: fetch again, Koltat. In  Ov. Her. 15. 369,
Paris assures Helen, aut igitur nullo belli repetere tumultu, I aut
cedent Marti Dorica castra meo.
7. coniurata: at Aulis, Verg. Aen. 4. 425; Eurip. I. A. 50.
Cf. Ov. Met. 12. 5, qui rapta longum cum coniuge bellum I attulit
in patriam: coniurataeque sequuntur I mille rates; Milton, 'The
third part of heaven's sons I Conjur'd against the highest.' -
rumpere: by a slight zeugma governs both nuptias and regnum,
break up... and overthrow. Cf. Sen. Herc. Fur. 79, Titanas
ausos rumpere imperium lovis.
8. vetus: Priam was the sixth king. Cf. Aesch. Ag. 710,
IIpLdwov vr6XLs yepaLd; Verg. Aen. 2. 363, urbs antiqua ruit.
10. sudor: cf. II. 2. 390, lspio-e 6i Trev fniros; Stat. Theb.
3. 210; Val. Flac. 5. 288. - quanta: rhetorically stronger than
quot. - moves:    dost stir, begin, cause. - Dardanae = Dardaniae; cf. Romulae, C. S. 47.
11. aegida: aegis, the storm-cloud of Zeus (II. 4. 167) and
his shield, explained by popular etymology as the skin of the
goat Amalthea (and now again by the whirligig of Science
as the skin of the theanthropic goat), and worn with the Gorgon's head attached to it by Athene as shield or breastplate.




190                        NOTES.
II. 5. 738; Eurip. Ion, 996; Verg. Aen. 8. 354, 435; Milt.
Comus, 'What was that snaky-headed Gorgon shield, I That
wise Minerva wore,' etc.
12. rabiem: for wrath as a weapon, cf. Aristoph. Birds, 401 -402, Wasps, 243. For union of abstract and concrete, cf. II. 4.
447; Ov. Met. 2. 146 and passim; Tac. Ger. 1, Germania..
a Gallia... mutuo metu aut montibus separatur, and passim.
13. Veneris praesidio: the protection of Venus; he awarded
her the apple. Cf. Tenn. (Enone; I1. 3. 54. 64 sqq. - ferox:
trusting in.
14. caesariem: II. 3. 55; Odes, 4. 5. 14, crines.
15. imbelli: 1. 6. 10. - divides: set to measure; probably of
the division into measured times that belongs to all music.
Cf. Shaks. Hen. IV. 1. 3. 1, 'Sung by a fair queen in a summer
bower, I with ravishing division to her lute'; Rom. and Jul.
3. 5, 'Some say the lark makes sweet division'; Carew, 'For
in your sweet dividing throat I She [the nightingale] winters and
keeps warm her note.' Cf. IeMXWIv.
16. thalamo: as in II. 3. 382.
17. spicula: 3. 28. 12. - Cnosii: Cretan. Cnosus was the
principal city of Crete, whose archers were renowned. Cf.
Verg. Aen. 5. 306.
18. strepitum: the din of battle. Cf. 1. 2. 38, clamor.'--
celerem sequi: epexegetic inf. This is Oilean Ajax as distinguished from   Telamonian   Ajax.    Cf. II. 14. 520, '20'Xos
TaXif vl6s.
19. tamen: resumes nequiquam, etc. - heu: objectively,
a sigh for the doom, not of sympathy for the person..- serus:
adj. for adv. Cf. xOb&, I1. 1. 424. So frequently, serus
(1. 2. 45), matutinus, vespertinus, and even hodiernus (Tibull.
1. 7. 53).
19-20. adulteros crines: for transfer of epithet, cf. Eurip.
Tro. 881, rs MtatiuoPwrd7T7-  oK61ry7 rCwrdoavyres; Tenn. Prin.,
'Melissa shook her doubtful curls.' Cf. 1. 37. 7. n.; 3. 1. 17;
3. 2. 16; 3. 5. 22.
20. pulvere collines: cf. II. 3. 55; Pind. Nem. 1. 68; Verg.
Aen. 12. 99, foedare in pulvere crines I vibratos calido ferro murrague madentes.




BOOK I., ODE XV.                     191
21. Laertiaden: Ulysses' theft of the Palladium determined
the fall of Troy. Cf. Epp. 1. 2. 18.
21-22. exitium... genti: so Ka5gelotLoW tXeOpop (Hes. Theog.
326). Cf. Eurip. Troad. 811. Some read gentis. Cf. nostri
generis exitium (Sen. Here. Fur. 358).
22. Pylium: Nestor was king of Pylos in Elis. - respicis:
expresses both the warrior's furtive glance at the pursuing foe,
and the ancient conception of future time overtaking us from
behind.   Cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 697; II. 1. 343, 6driaw; Pind.
O. 10. 8.
24. Teucer: 1.7.21. - te: cf. 1. 35. 5; 3. 21. 13; 4. 1.39;
4. 14. 42, etc. Some Mss. read et instead of repeated te. -
Sthenelus: charioteer of Diomede. It was he who boasted,
'we are better than our sires' (II. 4. 405).
24-25. sciens pugnae:    Adxs e6 el 8s. Cf. II. 5. 549;
3. 9. 10; and rudis agminum, 3. 2. 9.
25. sive: as if sive had preceded. Cf. 1. 3. 16. But it is
really an afterthought, vel si reproducing Homer's Kal f80 xph
(Odyss. 9. 50).
26. Merionen: 1. 6. 15.
27. furit... reperire: furit is a strong volt, hence the inf.
Cf. Menelaus raging in quest of Paris (I1. 3. 449).
28. Tydides: Diomede.
29. cervus uti: sc. fugit. - in altera: other of two, i.e. on
opposite side, across.
31. sublimi... anhelitu: abl. of manner, but translate
panting hard. The phrase is probably to be explained as the
'shallow breathing of fear' (James' Psychology). Cf. Eurip.
Here. 1092; Apoll. Rhod. 2. 207, i brdtroto o-rveos drve6o-as;
O. W. Holmes, 'Fancying that her breathing was somewhat hurried and high or thoracic.' Cf. Aerdwpos. The appropriateness of the epithet sublimis consists in the fact that
the breath does not get completely down into the lungs. The
common explanation that sublimis refers ultimately to the
uplifted head of the stag is more picturesque than probable.
32. tuae: to thy light o' love. For Paris' boasts of his prowess
to Helen, cf. Ov. Her. 15. 355-364.
33-36. The angry fleet of Achilles shall defer is the concrete




192


NOTES.


Latin way of saying that the wrath of Achilles prolonged the
war.
33. diem: so 'day' in the prophets (Isa. 13. 6; Ps. 87. 7).
34. Phrygum: of the Phrygians. The Trojans were a Phrygian people.
35. post certas: o-eTerat fJlap drav, when the predestined ten
years have elapsed.
36. Note ignis, trochaic instead of spondaic base. Hence
some read Pergameas.
ODE XVI.
The scholiasts call this poem an imitation of the iraX't8ia of
Stesichorus to Helen (cf. Epode.17. 42-44), cited in Plato Phaedr.
243 A. It is variously inscribed to Tyndaris, Gratidia, or Canidia. The mock-heroic tone is too playful for a serious recantation of the attack on the witch Canidia in Epodes 5 and 17;
and the whole may be a mere exercise in verse writing.
Daughter more lovely than thy lovely mother, burn or drown
my abusive iambics. No frenzy of Corybant or heat of palemouthed prophet -so shakes the soul as anger. Prometheus
put the fury of the lion in our hearts. By that sin fell Thyestes
and many a towered city. I, too, in my sweet youth was led
astray by the fever of the blood. But now I recant. Be my
friend, and restore me to favor.
There is a coarse imitation in Johnson's Poets, 11. 457.
1. A familiar quotation. Cf. Ov. Met. 4. 210, quam mater
cunctas tam matrem filia vicit.
2. quem... cunque voles modum: whatever end thou wilt;
cf. 1. 24. 1; 3. 15. 2; Cic. Verres. 2. 2. 118, modum et finem
facere. The phrase seems intentionally ambiguous, 'put an
end to,' or 'set bounds to' the excesses of. - criminosis:
slanderous.
3. iambis: on account of its rapid movement the iambic
rhythm was regarded as especially well adapted to invective.
Its use in lampoons goes back to the Greek poet Archilochus
of the seventh century B.C. Cf. A. P. 79, 251; Epist. 1. 19. 23;
Quint. 10. 1. 9, scriptores iamborum. Horace calls the Epodes




BOOK I., ODE XVI.                     193
iambi; but no extant Epode is meant here. - pones: The
future here is partly permissive and partly jussive; thou shalt
put.
4. Hadriano: poetic specification. Cf. 1.1. 14; 2. 13. 8, etc.
5. Dindymene: Dindymene, mistress of Dindymus (a mountain in Phrygia), i.e. the great mother of the gods, Cybele.
Cf. Catullus' domina Dindymi; Lucret. 2. 600 sqq. Cybele
symbolized the fruitfulness of nature. Her worship was the
first of the oriental cults introduced into Rome (B.C. 204).
The rites, of an orgiastic character, were accompanied by wild
music of fife, drum, and cymbals. - adytis: felt as a foreign
word, as the spelling with y shows; Caesar, B. C. 3. 105,
quo praeter sacerdotes adire fas non est quae Graeci &8vra appellant. Translate, in the innermost sanctuary, i.e. of the temple
of Apollo. It was only there that the priestess felt the inspiration of the god, as opposed to the devotees of Cybele and
Bacchus, who under the inspiration of their gods ranged over
great tracts of country.
6. incola Pythius: the god who dwells in Pytho, i.e. Apollo,
Pytho being an old name for Delphi. Cf. Catull. 64. 228,
incola Itoni, i.e. Athene.
7-9. Liber: Bacchus; cf. on 2. 19. 5. - aeque: with quatit.
Aeque quatit forms the predicate of Dindymene, of incola
Pythius, and of Liber, while with Corybantes the predicate is
varied to sic geminant, etc. Ut (as) is correlative to both
aeque (so much) and sic (with such effect). With tristes irae
supply mentem quatiunt.
8. geminant... aera: clash cymbal on cymbal, geminant
being used with special reference to the cymbals being in pairs.
Cf. Stat. Theb. 8. 221, gemina aera sonant; Lucret. 2. 636,
pulsarent aeribus aera. - Corybantes: priests of Cybele. Cf.
on 5; and Plato, Ion, 533 E. Huxley defined the Salvation
Army as Corybantic Christianity.
9. tristes... irae: bitter anger; cf. Verg. Ecl. 2. 14, tristes
Amaryllidis iras.-- Noricus: Noricum, a country between
the Danube and the Alps, was famous for its iron. Cf. Epode
17. 71; Ov. Met. 14. 712, durior et ferro quod Noricus excoquit
ignis.




194


NOTES.


10. naufragum: shipwrecking; cf. navem fregit, was shipwrecked: Verg. Aen. 3. 553, navifragum; Tenn. Maud, 3,
'Listening now to the tide in its broad-flung shipwrecking roar.'
12. luppiter: for the identification of Jupiter with atmospheric phenomena, cf. on 1. 1. 25. n.; Epode 13. 2.- ruens:
rushing down, i.e. in thunder, lightning, and rain; for the caeli
ruina, cf. 3. 3. 7, and ZeCb KaLTaLpLT-7.
12-16. Prometheus is the maker of man in Plato's Protagoras
and Lucian's Prometheus. But the fancy that he was forced
to take a portion from every animal (undique) in order to finish
man is peculiar to Horace. For the moral, cf. Emerson,
History, 'Every animal of the barnyard, the field, and the
forest... has contrived to get a footing, and to leave the
print of its features and form in some one or other of these
upright,   heaven-facing   speakers.' Construe     Prometheus,
coactus addere, etc., fertur apposuisse et ( = etiam)...
principi limo: to the primordial clay. Mr. Churton Collins
compares Apoll. Rhod. 4. 674, rpormpqls e lXtos. Cf. Soph. Pandora, fr. 441, Kal rpwTrov &pxov (&Pxov?) 7r77bv 6pYdttlc  Xepotv.
14. undique: cf. Epist. 2. 3. 3.
15. insani leonis: cf. 3. 29. 19; Lucret. 3. 296-298.
16. stomacho: cf. on 1. 6. 6.
17. irae: cf. Seneca De Ira, 1. 2; Landor, 'Strong are cities:
rage o'erthrows 'em, I Rage o'erswells the gallant ship. I Stains
it not the cloud-white bosom, I Flaws it not the ruby lip?'--
Thyesten: The banquet of Thyestes, whose own sons were
served up to him by his brother Atreus, was typical of the
horrors of Greek tragedy. Cf. on 1. 6. 8; Epode 5. 86.
18. stravere: laid low. -  altis: cf. on 4. 6. 3. - ultimae:
original; furthest back, and hence first. Cf. Catull. 4. 15,
ultima ex origine.
19. stetere: in prose exstitere, a stronger fuere. Cf. Verg.
Aen. 7. 553, stant belli causae.
20. funditus: utterly; KaT' Kp's9, from turret to foundation
stone,
21. aratrum: After destroying a city the victors plowed the
site to indicate its total annihilation. Propert. 4. 8. 41, moenia
cum Graio Neptunia pressit aratro I Victor; Jeremiah 26. 18,




BOOK I., ODE XVII.


195


'Zion shall be plowed like a field'; Young and Burns, 'Ruin's
plowshare.' - exi ercitus: note caesura. - insolens: in the pride
of victory. Cf. on 1. 5. 8; Epod. 16. 14.
22. compesce mentem: curb thy temper. Cf. Odyss. 11.
562, 8.d.aarov 8 Udvos; Epist. 1. 2. 63.
23. temptavit: attacked, as a disease. Cf. Epist. 1. 6. 28. -
- dulci: cf. Tennyson's Gama: 'We remember love ourselves
in our sweet youth.'
24. Cf. on 3; A. P. 251, pes citus; Catull. 36. 5, truces vibrare
iambos; Anth. Pal. 7. 674, Is XvawovWras ldfpovs; Waller, 'To
one who wrote against a fair lady: " Should thy iambics swell
into a book I All were confuted with one radiant look."'
25. mitibus mutare tristia: change bitter words to sweet;
either thq abl. as here, or the acc. as in 1. 17. 1-2, may be the
thing to which the change is made with mutare. Cf. A. G. 417.
b; G. L. 404. n. 1; H. 478 4.
27-28. recantatis... opprobriis: now that my abuse has
been recanted.
28. animumque reddas: thy heart, favor; cf. 1. 19. 4. Others
my peace of mind: cf. Ter. Andria, 333, reddidisti animum.
ODE XVII.
Faunus oft exchanges his Lycaean mountain for my Sabine
farm. He keeps my flocks from harm. The gods cherish the
pious bard. Come, Tyndaris: here while the dog-star rages thou
wilt enjoy the cool shade and cups of mild Lesbian, nor fear
drunken brawls and the boisterous wooing of jealous Cyrus.
Translated in Dodsley's Poems, 2. 278.
1. Lucretilem: a mountain above Horace's Sabine farm (cf.
Epode 1. 31. n.); now Monte Gennaro.
2. mutat: cf. on 1. 16. 26; 2. 12. 23; 3. 1. 47.-Lycaeo:
a mountain in Arcadia, where Pan was worshiped. - Faunus:
cf. on 1. 4. 11; here identified with the mountain-ranging
(6pefpdrT1s) Lycaean Pan. Cf. on 3. 18, and Ov. Fast. 2. 424,
Faunus in Arcadia templa Lycaeus habet.
3. defendit: wards off. - capellis: cf. Verg. Eclog. 7. 47,
solstitium pecori defendite.




196                        NOTES.
4. usque: poetic for semper, like 'still' in English. Cf. 2.
9. 4; 2. 18. 23; 3. 30. 7; 4. 4. 45.
5. impune and tutum are two sides of the same fact, suggested again in deviae: they may venture to stray in quest of
pasture. - arbutos: cf. on 1. 1. 21.
6. latentis: amid the thick growth of shrubbery.
7. ' The wives of a foetid spouse,' an 'ill phrase' according
to Professor Tyrrell. Cf. Vergil's vir gregis, Eel. 7. 7; Theoc.
8. 49; Anth. Pal. 16. 17. 5, r6o-s aly~iv; Martial, 9. 71. 1-2,
pecorisque maritus lanigeri. Milton's cock 'stoutly struts his
dames before.'   'There in his feathered seraglio strutted the
lordly turkey' (Longfellow).
9. Martialis: the wolf is the associate of Mars for Romans.
Cf. Verg. Aen. 9. 566; Macaulay, Proph. of Capys, 17. -
haediliae: kids; a diminutive from haedus. The word occurs
only here. Supply metuunt. Some take it as a proper noun,
the name of a locality in the neighborhood.
10. utcumque: whensoever, as soon as, when once. Cf. 3.
4. 29; 1. 35. 23; 2. 17. 11; 4. 4. 35; Epode 17. 52.-Tyndari:
Tyndaris was doubtless a fictitious name. Cf. Pyrrha (1. 5. 3),
Lydia (1. 8. 1), Leuconoe (1. 11. 2). - fistula: the pipe of Pan
(ao6pcy; cf. Verg. Eel. 2. 32; Tibull. 2. 5. 31) heard by the
imaginative shepherds of Lucretius, 4. 586: et genus agricolum
late sentiscere quom  Pan I...unco saepe labro calamos percurrit hiantis I fistula silvestrem ne cesset fundere musam. Mart.
9. 61. 12. Cf. Mrs. Browning's 'What was he doing, the great
god Pan?'-    ditlci: 'listening to thy sweet pipings' (Shelley,
Hymn of Pan).
11. cubantis: sloping, if Ustica is a local hill, as Porphyrio
says. If a valley, low lying, IljgCw  v xcpy (Theoc. 13. 40).
12. levia: cf. XL-d s.... rpa   (Aeschyl. Suppl. 794).
- personuere: have resounded.
14. The phrase cordi est alicui = is pleasing to some one.
14-16. Construe copia, opulenta ruris honorum, benigno cornu
tibi manabit. For legend of horn of plenty, cf. Class. Diet.
s.vv. Achelous and Amalthea; Ov. Met. 9. 86; Fast. 5. 115.
Cf. also C. S. 60; Epist. 1. 12. 29; Otto, p. 94; Tenn. Ode
Duke of Well., 'and affluent fortune emptied all her horn.'--
ad plenum: adverbial phrase. - benigno: cf. 1. 9. 6. n.




BOOK I., ODE XVII.


197


16. ruris honorum opulenta: rich in the glories of the country,
i.e. fruits, flowers, etc.; cf. Sat. 2. 5. 13, et quoscunque feret
cultus tibi fundus honores; Stat. Theb. 10. 788, veris honor;
Epode 11. 6; Spenser, Muiopotmos, 'gather6d more store I Of
the field's honor.' It is a commonplace of 18th century poetry.
17. reducta valle: cf. Epode 2. 11; 2. 3. 6, in remoto gramine;
Verg. Aen. 6. 703, in valle reducta; Keats, 'Deep in the shady
sadness of a vale.' - Caniculae: Procyon, 3. 29. 18; but not
distinguished from  Sirius. Translate, of the Dog Star. Cf.
3. 13. 9; Aeschyl. Ag. 967.
18. fide Teia: abl. instr.; of Anacreon, who was born at
Teos in Ionia. Cf. 4. 9. 9; Epode 14. 10; Byron's 'The Scian
and the Teian muse The hero's harp, the lover's lute.' For
imitations of Anacr. or the Anacreontic tone, cf. 1. 6. 10, 20;
1. 23. 1-4; 1. 26. 1-2; 1. 27; 2. 11. 13-24; 2. 7. 28; 3. 19. 18;
4. 12. 28.
19. laborantis in: in love with; cf. Catullus' love-sick
Ariadne, in flavo saepe hospite suspirantem (64. 98). - uno:
Odysseus.
20. The story of the Odyssey (10. 272 sqq.). -vitream:
brilliant, lit., glassy; cf. 3. 13. 1; Stat. Silv. 1. 3. 85, vitreae iuga
perfida Circes. While the reference is primarily to her dazzling
beauty, her lack of more substantial virtues may be glanced at.
Others explain the epithet as a reference to Circe's being a seanymph; for vitreus applied to the sea, cf. 4. 2. 3.
21. Lesbii: i.e. vini, a sweet wine.
22. duces: wilt quaff. Cf. 3. 3. 34; 4. 4. 17. - sub umbra:
1. 32. 1. Cf. 1. 5. 3, sub antro.
22-23. Semele and Thyone (O6ewv, Pind. Pyth. 3. 99, Hom.
Hymn, Dion. 21).were both names of the mother of Bacchus.
The Latin poets loved to use sonorous Greek proper names in a
decorative way. Cf. Catull. 27. 7, hic merus est Thyonianus.
Cf. Vergil's Phillyrides Chiron Amythaoniusque Melampus,
Georg. 3. 550.
23-24. confundet... proelia: cf. 7apd6retv v6Xefov; miscere
proelia; incendia miscet, Aen. 2. 329; Lucret. 5. 439; Milton's
'there mingle broils.' For such 7rapowpla, cf. 1. 18. 8; 1. 27.
1-2.




198                        NOTES.
25. Cyrus recurs 1. 33. 6. male here reinforces the adj.,
no match for him. Cf. on 1. 9. 24. - suspecta: a hint that she
may have given him cause for jealousy.
26. incontinentis: cf. 1. 13. 9-10. The Roman elegists not
infrequently express mock repentance at having torn their
ladies' dress. Cf. Ov. Am. 1. 7. 3; Propert. 2. 5. 21; Tibull.
1. 10. 56; Lucian, Dial. Mer. 8 init.; Anth. Pal. 5. 248.
27. haerentem: Sat. 1. 10. 49, haerentem capiti cum multa
laude coronam.
28. immeritam: unoffending. Cf. 1. 28. 30; 2. 13. 12; 3.
6. 1; Sat. 2. 3. 7; Juv. 10. 60; Aen. 3. 2. So &vdýos. Cf.
Rich. III. 2. 1, 'That all without desert have frowned on me.'
ODE XVIII.
Plant your vines, Varus. Wine is the only dispeller of care.
But shun the excesses of the Centaurs and the wild Thracians,
and the blind self-love and vainglory that follow the abuse of
Father Liber's gifts.
Varus is probably the Quintilius (Varus) of 1. 24, and the
Quintilius praised as a faithful literary critic, A. P. 438. For
praise of wine, cf. 3. 21. For Bacchus, cf. 2. 19; 3. 25.
1. Modeled on Alcaeus' fr. 44 in same meter, ,uv. &XXo (fvrea-Vys
7rp6repov 8dvspLov djuroXw. -  sacra: to Bacchus. -  severis: plant;
cf. on 1. 11. 1.
2. circa: with solum and moenia a slight zeugma. - mite:
fruitful. - Catili: for Catilli. Cf. on 1. 7. 13; 2. 6. 5..
3. siccis: for those who abstain; cf. Epist. 1. 19. 9; the opposite of uvidus, 4. 5. 39. - dura: predicatively.
4. mordaces: gnawing;      5aKCOu/ot, Ovyopo6pot.  Cf. 2. 11.
18 and Milton's 'eating cares'; Verg. Aen. 1. 261.- aliter: in
any other way, sc. than by use of wine (Eurip. Bacch. 278 sqq.).
- diffugiunt: Wine is 'The mighty Mahmdd, Allah-breathing
Lord, I That all the misbelieving and black Horde I Of Fears
and Sorrows that infest the soul Scatters before him with
his whirlwind sword' (Fitzgerald's RubaiyAt, 60). Cf. Alcaeus,
olvov XaOLKd.8ea.
5. post vina: cf. 3. 21. 19, post te. For plural, cf. 4. 5. 31.




BOOK I., ODE XVIII.                    199
- gravem: i.e. the hardships of. - crepat: cf. Sat. 2. 3. 33;
Epist. 1. 7. 84; 2. 3. 247; prates, rattles on, waraye?, understood
by a very slight zeugma with the next verse too.
6. Bacche pater: cf. 3. 3. 13; Epist. 2. 1. 5, Liber pater; Verg.
G. 2. 4; Ion. Eleg. 1. 13, rdrep As6vvue. The Greek Bacchus
was ever young, but pater is not an epithet of age. It is a half
humorous, half reverential recognition of the god's gifts. -
decens: cf. 1. 4. 6.
7. ac: and yet. Some editors adopt the reading at, on the
ground that ac is not sufficiently adversative here. - modici:
the epithet is transferred from the use of the gift to the giver. -
transiliat: abuse; the word implies transgression as in 1. 3. 24.
- munera Liberi occurs 4. 15. 26. Cf. Bacchylides' Aopuvaioitoe
WdipoLs; Verg. G. 2. 5.
8. Centaurea... rixa: the strife arose out of the assault of
the drunken Centaurs on the bride Hippodamia at the wedding of Pirithous, king of the Lapithae. Cf. 2. 12. 5; Ovid, Met.
12. 219 sqq.; F. Q. 4. 1. 23: ' And there the relics of the drunken
fray, J The which amongst the Lapithees befell: I And of the
bloody feast, which sent away | So many Centaurs' drunken
souls to hell'; Arnold, The Strayed Reveller. It was represented in the metopes of the Parthenon. opvos ical Klvravpov
(Odyss. 21. 295) was proverbial. Cf. Anth. Pal. 11, 1; Callim.
62. 3. - Centaurea: of the Centaurs. - monet: is a warning. -
super mero: over their wine, both Horace and Vergil use this
abl. for the more usual ace. Cf. 1. 9. 5; 1.12. 6; 3.1. 17; Eclog.
1. 80; Aen. 6. 203.
9. debellata: fought out; cf. 1. 3. 13. n. --Sithoniis..
Euhius: Euhius' severity to the Sithonians, lit., Euhius not gentle
to. The Sithonians were one of the tribes of Thrace; for
other examples of poetic specification cf. 3. 26. 10; 1. 27.
2; 1. 36. 14; 2. 7. 27. The drunkenness of the Thracians was
notorious. The god is said to be non levis to them on account
of the drunken brawls which their drinking caused. - Euhius:
another name for Bacchus; from       edo?. Cf. on   2. 19. 5,
and Lucretius, 5. 743. The orgiastic appellations Euhius and
Bassareu are aptly used when the darker side of the deity is
emphasized rather than the friendliness of Liber pater.




200


NOTES.


10-11. When in their greed they distinguish right and wrong
only by the narrow boundary which their passions set, lit., of
their passions; i.e. what they want is right to them. For the
general thought cf. Shaks. Tim. of Athens, 5. 5, 'making your
wills the scope of justice.'
11. non ego te: recurs 1. 23. 9; 4. 12. 22. - candide: 'bright
god of the vine' (Martin). Cf. Epode 3. 9; Ov. Fast. 3. 772;
Tibull. 3. 6. 1. But cf. Epode 14. 5. n. - Bassareu: from the
foxskin, pacadpa, from which the Bassarids = Maenads took
their name. Macrobius (Sat. 1. 18. 9) speaks of a bearded
Bacchus under this name. Cf. Class. Review, 10. 21.
12 sqq. The thought 'I will not abuse the gifts of Bacchus,'
is clothed in imagery borrowed from his mystic rites. For the
concealing leaves and the affected mystery of Bacchic orgies,
cf. Theoc. 26. 3; Catullus, 64. 259, 260; Tibull. 1. 7. 48.quatiamn: rouse. The poet probably has in mind the shaking
of the thyrsus, one of the symbols of the god, by the Bacchantes.
Cf. Catull. 64.255, horum pars tecta quatiebant cuspide thyrsos. -
obsita: (symbols) concealed. - frondibus: chiefly grape and ivy
leaves.
13. sub divum: into the light; cf. 1. 1. 25; 3.2. 5; 2. 3. 23.saeva: harsh, appalling. Saeva sonoribus arma (Verg. Aen. 9. 651).
- tene: check, hush. - Berecyntio: the Berecynthian horn belonged to the worship of Cybele (Lucret. 2. 619), but was transferred to that of Bacchus also. Cf. Catull. 64. 264; Eurip.
Bacchae, 78; cf. 3. 19. 18.
14. quae subsequitur: in whose train follow, and then the
poet adds some of the characteristics of intoxication: self-love,
vainglory, and reckless talkativeness. - caecus: Eigenliebe
macht die Augen tridbe. Sen. Ep. 109. 16, quos amor sui
excaecat.
15. plus nimio: this colloquialism, in Cicero nimio plus,
recurs 1. 33. 1; Epist. 1. 10. 30. Nimio is abl. of measure. -
gloria: vainglory. Cf. miles gloriosus, and the famous French
epigram, 'ci-git le glorieux a c6tb de la gloire.'
16. fides prodiga: an oxymoron, like Tennyson's 'Faith
unfaithful kept him falsely true.' Cf. 3. 24. 59, and 1. 5. 5. -
per I lucidior: cf. on 2. 12. 25. - vitro: cf. 3. 13. 1; 1. 17. 20.




BOOK I., ODE XIX.                     201
For the thought, cf. the proverbial ovoS Kal dXOeta and K&rolrpoP
de8ovs XXK6s lor', oflos U8 vov, Aesch. fr. 393; Alcaeus, fr. 53, 57.
ODE XIX.
I thought passion's reign was ended, but the imperious mother
of the loves resumes her sway and suffers me to sing of naught
but Glycera, whose bright beauty fires my heart. Quick! an
altar of turf and a victim to propitiate the resistless goddess.
Imitated by Congreve, Johnson's Poets, 10. 278.
1. Repeated 4. 1. 5. Cf. Pind. fr. 122. 4,.ardp' 'Epd<rwy. The
'Loves' as attendants on Venus belong rather to the prettinesses
of later Greek poetry and art. But cf. Aeschyl. Suppl. 1043;
Bion. Epitaph. Adon. 80 sqq.; Catull. 3. 1; Stat. Silv. 1. 2. 61;
Claud. de Nupt. Honor. 72; Tenn., 'a bevy of Eroses apple
cheeked.'
2. Semelae puer: Bacchus, cf. 1. 17. 22. Some read Greek
gen. Semeles.
3. Licentia: l'pts, 'Love's wantonness.'
4. finitis: i.e. as I thought. - animum reddere: cf. 1. 16. 28.
5. urit: cf. Verg. Eclog. 2. 68, urit amor. Glycera recurs, 1.
30. 3; 1. 33. 2. - nitor: cf. 1. 5. 13; 2. 5. 18; 3. 12. 6.
6. Pario marmore: of Paros, one of the Cyclades; cf. Verg.
Aen. 3. 126, niveamque Paron; Ov. Fast. 4. 135, marmoreo.. collo; Theoc. 6. 38; Browning, 'great, smooth, marbly
limbs.'
7. grata protervitas: her pretty pertness; her eye that'sounds
a parley  to provocation' (Meleager, Xaljvpos 65ptar, Anth.
Pal. 5. 180. 2).
8. lubricus adspici: i.e. slippery to the eye as ice to the foot.
Cf. Tenn. Lucret. 'And here an Oread - how the sun delights I
To glance and shift about her slippery sides'; Dante, Purg. 8.
34, 'ma nelle facce l'occhio si smarria'; Milton, II Pens. 'whose
saintly visage is too bright I To hit the sense of human sight,'
P. L. 'His countenance too severe to be beheld.'
9. ruens: cf. Eurip. Hippol. 443, K6vrpts yp ob <bopVrrbs J
iroXi Av.




202


NOTES.


10. Cyprum: cf. on 1. 3. 1; 1.30. 2. -Scythas: 2. 11.1;
vaguely like Massagetae, Geloni, Thraces, Daci, Medi, Persae,
Parthi. Venus will not allow the poet to celebrate the ambitions and triumphs of Rome in the East.    She compels him
to devote himself to love themes.
11. versis... equis: Roman soldiers had learned to beware of the retreat of Parthian cavalry, who shot as they fled.
'Tirg(evyov 7-p  ýt/a fdXXovrTe ol IldpOoc (Plut. Crass. 24). Cf. 2.
13. 18; Verg. G. 3. 31.--animosum makes a slight oxymoron.
12. quae nihil attinent: absolutely, things which do not
matter. It is the lover's point of view.
13. vivum... caespitem: cf. 3. 8. 4.
14. verbenas: any herb or green sprig used in religious rites.
Cf. 4. 11. 7. -tura: 1. 30. 3; 1. 36. 1; 3. 8. 2, etc.
15. bimi: new wine was used (cf. 1. 31. 2) unmixed with
water, meri.
16. veniet: cf. supra, 9, ruens; Eurip. Medea, 630, el 5' AXtc
gOot Kt6rpLr. - mactata... hostia is perhaps vaguely used
for sacro peracto. Tac. Hist. 2. 3. 5, speaks of sacrifices to the
Paphian Venus, but even there the blood was not permitted
to defile her altar.
ODE XX.
Come, Maecenas, and quaff cheap Sabine ordinaire bottled by
me the day the Vatican hill reechoed the plaudits of the people
welcoming you back to the theater after your illness. You
may drink Caecuban and Calenian at home. The wines of
Falernus and Formiae do not qualify my cups.
1. vile: cheap. - modicis: of quality, not size, modest. Cf.
Epp. 1. 5. 2, nec modica cenare times olus omne patella. - Sabinum: 'le vin du pays,' but not from his own farm (Epp. 1.
14. 23).
2. Graeca... testa: perhaps to give it a smack of the
richer Greek wine, perhaps only an allusion to the tasteful
Greek jar.
3. levi: oblevi; sealed, sc. with pitch. Cf. 3. 8. 10. - datus:
sc. est.




BOOK I., ODE XX.                   203
4. cum: on the day when. - plausus: about B.C. 30. Cf. 2.
17. 25.
5. care: cf. dilecte, 2. 20. 7; amice, Epode 1. 2.- paterni:
Horace elsewhere also refers to the Tiber as a Tuscan stream
(3. 7. 28; Sat. 2. 2. 32). For Maecenas' Etruscan origin cf. on
1. 1. 1.
7. The echo of applause from Pompey's theater in the
Campus Martius was returned from the Vatican (or adjoining
Janiculum) hill on the other side of Tiber. The topographical
improbability of such an echo does not require us to pronounce
the poem a forgery. Cf. Shaks. Jul. Caes. 1. 1, 'Have you not
made an universal shout, I That Tiber trembled underneath
her banks, I To hear the replication of your sounds, I Made in
her concave shores?' Cf. also Plat. Rep. 492 B; F. Q. 1. 6. 8,
'far rebounded noise.' Note Vaticani; elsewhere L.
8. imago: 1. 12. 3. n.
9-10. Caecuban and Formian (from southern Latium),
Calenian and Falernian (from Campania) were all fine wines. -
prelo domitam Caleno uvam: the grape crushed in Calenian
press. For the periphrasis and metonymy, cf. Tenn., 'The
foaming grape of Eastern France' = champagne; 'Such whose
father grape grew fat I On Lusitanian summers' = port.
10. tu bibes: thou mayest drink (at home). For this concessive use of the future cf. 1. 7. 1, laudabunt. The passage has
been endlessly vexed. Some read turn bibes, i.e. you shall drink
better wine after the Sabine, but you must not expect the best
(Falernian, etc.) from me. The antithesis is imperfectly expressed, and the ode is not a masterpiece, but there is no real
difficulty. Lines 11 and 12 repeat the general idea, 'I have
no choice wines,' with fresh examples. Cf. Munro, Eng. J.
Phil. 3. 349; Wilamowitz, Berlin. Acad. 1902. 2. p. 872; Rhein.
Mus. 57 (1902). 466; Neue Jahrbticher 21 (1908). 96.
11. temperant: qualify (Epode 17. 80). The wines were
mixed with water. The vines and hills that yield the wines
are personified.




204


NOTES.


ODE XXI.
A song for youths and maidens in honor of Apollo and Diana,
as averting deities, AXe^iKaKOL.
The occasion is unknown. Possibly the first celebration of
the Actian games, B.c. 28; or the poem may be a sketch of a
carmen saeculare for the proposed earlier celebration of the
secular games, B.C. 23. For motif, cf. Cat. 34. 1, Dianae sumus
in fide.
1. Dianam: the quantity of the i varies. Cf. 3. 4. 71; 2.
12. 20; C. S. 70.- tenerae... virgines:. cf. 4. 1. 26.
2. intonsum: Milton's 'unshorn Apollo,' 'AKetpeK6,/s; Pind.
Pyth. 3. 14; II. 20. 39; levis, 4. 6. 28; Tibull. 1. 4. 37, solis
aeterna est Phoebo Bacchoque iuventa, I nam decet intonsus crinis
utrumque deum. Cf. Epode 15. 9; Callim. Hymn. Apoll. 38. -
Cynthium: Apollo was so called from Mt. Cynthus in Delos
where he and Diana were born. Cf. Cynthia = Diana, 3. 28. 12.
3. Latonam: as mother of Apollo and Diana.
4. dilectam: so with dat. (2. 4. 18). - penitus: deeply;
Kxp609.
5. vos: sc. virgines. - laetam, etc.: "Apre/us rorTala and AtIAvarns; Diana nemorensis. Cf. Catull. 34. 9, montium domina ut
fores I silvarumque virentium j saltuumque reconditorum I amniumque sonantum; Milton, Comus, 'And she was queen of the woods.'
- nemorum coma: cf. 4. 3. 11; 4.7.2; Il. 17. 677; Odyss. 23.
195, d7rKo/ia K6/JI7V Tavvf6XXov \aiqs, Soph. Antig. 419; Eurip.
Alcest. 172; Catull. 4. 10, comata silva; Tenn., omitted stanza
in Amphion, 'The birch-tree swang her fragrant hair, I The
bramble cast her berry'; Swinburne, Erechth. 1146, 'Fields
aflower with winds and suns, Woods with shadowing hair.'
6-8. Cf. Swinburne, Erechth., 'all wildwood leaves The
wind waves on the hills of all the world'; II. 2. 632, NptTro,
elvoorlqvXXov; Pind. Pyth. 1. 28, Atrvas  IA eXav A5XXot... KOpvpaZs Ar. Clouds, 279-280, bVXcrv 6pPWVv KOpUV&S Ert i'  epoK61sovs;
Catull. 4. 11-12; Thomson, Winter, 'forest-rustling mountain.'
6. gelido: cf. nivali, 3. 23. 9. - Algido: a mountain in
Latium, a haunt of Diana. Cf. C. S. 69; 4. 4. 58.
7. nigris: 4. 4. 58; 4. 12. 11. So Juv. Sat. 3. 54 renders
jeXd~uqvXXos by opacus. Cf. 2. 2. 15. n. - Erymanthus: moun



BOOK I., ODE XXII.


205


tain in Arcadia; Diana there (Odyss. 6. 103); 6 8ev8poK6p.Is
'Ep61avaos (Anth. Pal. 5. 19. 5).
8. viridis: the lighter green of the oaks and beeches contrasted with the dark green of the firs and pines. - Cragus:
mt. in Lycia.
9. Tempe: 1. 7. 4. n. An early seat of the Apolline religion.
- totidem: pure prose. Cf. 2. 8. 17 n.; 4. 4. 29 n.
10. natalem: birthplace; cf. 3. 4. 63. n. - Delon: Delos
was one of the Cyclades.
11-12. insignem... lyra:  and  the god   with  shoulder
adorned by quiver and his brother's lyre. With insignem so.
deum, i.e. Apollo. Umerum is Greek accus., as to his shoulder.
-pharetra: 3. 4. 60.
12. fraterna: of Mercury; who invented the lyre but, after
the discovery of the theft of the oxen, gave it to Apollo; cf. on
1. 10. 6; cf. materna, 1. 12.,--9  Verg. Aen. 5. 72.
13. lacrimosum: Verg. Aen. 7. 604, lacrimabile bellum; Il.
5. 737; Anacr. fr. 31; Aeschyl. Suppl. 681, 8aKpvoy6bvov Apy,
etc. - famem: there was a scarcity of grain, B.C. 23. Cf. Vell.
2. 94. Famine and pestilence coupled, as Hes. "Epy. 243.
14. principe: leader; cf. 1. 2. 50. n.; Epist. 2. 1. 256; 3. 14.
15. n.; 4. 15. 17.
15. Britannos: 1. 25. 39. n. For the antique frankness of
this prayer, cf. 3. 27. 21. n. Anth. Pal. 6. 240.
ODE XXII.
This famous ode has been translated or imitated by Campion
(ed. Bullen, p. 20), Daniel: To Countess of Cumberland; Roscommon, Johnson's Poets, 8.268; Hughes, ibid. 10.28; Yalden,
ibid. 11. 73; Pitt, ibid. 12. 381; Hamilton, ibid. 15. 635.
The gods guard the pure in heart. As I strolled all unarmed
in the Sabine wood singing of Lalage, a wolf fled from me.
Place me in the burning zone or at the frozen pole, still will I
love my laughing Lalage.
There is no real inconsistency between the momentary flush
of genuine feeling (1-8) and the mock-heroic continuation and
jesting  close. 'Vers de soci6t6...,is the poetry... of




206


NOTES.


solemn thought which, lest it should be too solemn, plunges
into laughter' (Preface to Lyra Elegantiarum). We need not,,
however with a worthy German editor, speak of a 'heilig'e6r
irnsi      e Hendrickson, Class. Jour. 5. 250; Shorey, ibid. 317.
For Horace's witty friend, Aristius Fuscus, cf. Epist. 1. 10;
Sat. 1. 9. 61; 1. 10. 83.
1-4. 'The man of life upright, j Whose guiltless heart is free
I From all dishonest deeds, I Or thought of Vanity' (Campion).
Cf. 1. 17. 13; 2. 7. 12; 3. 4. 25-32.
1. integer: without flaw or defect, blameless; cf. Milton, 'For
such thou art from   sin and blame entire.'-   vitae: poetical
gen. of respect with integer; sceleris: poetical gen. of separation with purus. Cf. Sat. 2. 3. 220; A. G. 349. d.; G. L. 374.
n. 6; H. 452. 2.
2. non eget: needs not. - Mauris: poetic specification. Cf.
1. 16. 4; 3. 10. 18.
5. aestuosas: burning, sweltering; refers to the hot sands of
the desert in the neighborhood of the Syrtes (two gulfs on the
north coast of Africa), rather than to the 'boiling ' waters of
the gulfs themselves. Cf. 1. 31. 5; 2. 6. 4; 2. 7. 16; Epode
9. 31. F. Q. 1. 6. 35, 'Through boiling sands of Araby and Ind.'
6. inhospitalem: Epode 1. 12; Aeschyl. Prom. 20, adrdvOpwirov.
7. fabulosus: cf. 3. 4. 9; storied. From the time of Alexander the tales of Indian travelers were proverbial.
8. Hydaspes: a river of India.
10. Lalagen: from XaXev, XaXa-yev, to prattle. See Wilhelm
in Rhein. Mus. 57 (1902). 606. -
11. terminum: probably the bounds of the Sabine farm.
Cf. 3. 16. 29. -  expeditis: the cares themselves are said to be
freed (thrown off). Cf. Catull. 31. 7, 0 quid solutis est beatius
curis    Cf. Epode 9. 38.
12. inermem: emphatic position; though I was unarmed.
13. quale portentum: such a monster as; the wolf, mock
heroically, rdpas. Cf. 1. 33. 7-8 for Apulian wolves.
14. Daunias: (from Daunus (3. 30. 11; 4. 14. 26)), a part
of Apulia, Horace's native province, to which he loves to
attribute all the old Italian virtues.




BOOK I., ODE XXIII.                  207
15. Iubae tellus: Mauritania. The elder Juba was defeated
at Thapsus; the younger, his son, was made king of Mauritania
by Augustus, B.C. 25, by which some date the ode.
16. arida nutrix: a slight oxymoron. - Cf. Homer's Tyr4pa
17-23. The frigid and the torid zone. For the geographical
antithesis, cf. 3. 3. 55; 3. 24. 37.
17. pone: place. - pigris: barren, from cold. Cf. iners 2.
9. 5; 4. 7. 12; Lucret. 5. 746, bruma nives affert pigrumque
rigorem.
18. recreatur: revived, cf. 3. 20. 13; Catull. 62. 41, quem
mulcent aurae.
19. quod latus mundi: i.e. in eo latere mundi quod, in that
quarter of the world which; cf. 3. 24. 38; Sir John Mandeville's
'West syde of the world'; Milton's 'back side of the world.'
19-20. malus luppiter: an unkind Jove = sullen sky. Cf.
1. 1.25.
20. urget: oppresses. reo6jeva (Hdt. 1. 142).
21. Vergil's plaga solis iniqui (Aen. 7. 227).
22. domibus: to the abodes (of men).
23. dulce: cf. on perfidum ridens (3. 27. 67). Cf. &draXbv
yeXdera (Odyss. 14. 465), and Sappho's &5v oveltas, already
imitated by Catull. 51. 5. In dulce loquentem Horace has in
mind the meaning of the name Lalage; cf. note on 10. Roscommon's conceited rendering of these untranslatable lines is
a curiosity: 'All cold but in her breast I will despise, I And
dare all heat but that in Caelia's eyes.'
ODE XXIII.
Cf. Dobson's roundel: 'You shun me, Chloe, wild and shy, I
As some stray fawn that seeks its mother.' For difference between ancient and modern feeling, cf. Landor's exquisite
'Gracefully shy is yon Gazelle.' For the comparison of the
girl to a fawn, cf. Anacreon, fr. 51.
Spenser, F. Q. 3. 7. 1: 'Like as an hind forth singled from the
herd, I That hath escaped from a ravenous beast, I Yet flies




208


NOTES.


away of her own feet afeard; I And every leaf, that shaketh with
the least I Murmur of wind, her terror hath increased.'
Poor translation by Hamilton, Johnson's Poets, 15. 635.
1. vitas: many Mss. read vitat, probably because of tremit
below.
2. pavidam: cf. 1. 2. 11.
3. non sine: for this favorite Horatian litotes, cf. 1. 25. 16;
3. 4. 20; 3. 6. 29; 3. 7. 7; 3. 13. 2; 3. 26. 2; 3. 29. 38; 4. 1. 24.
4. siluae: trisyllabic. Epode 13. 2.
5-6. veris... adventus: so the Mss. To this bold and
beautiful expression it has been objected that at the coming of
spring the trees have no leaves (but cf. umbrosis, 1. 4. 10) and
the does no fawns, and many editors print, after Bentley,
vepris... ad ventum, which is ingenious and smoothly parallel
with rubum dimovere below. Cf. Rossetti, Love's Nocturne,
'Where in groves the gracile spring I Trembles'; Swinburne,
Atalanta, 'When the hounds of spring are on winter's traces I
The mother of months in meadow or plain, I Fills the shadows
and windy places, I With lisp of leaves and ripple of rain.' For
adventus, cf. Milton's 'Far off his coming shone.'
6. virides: cf. Verg. Ec. 2. 9, Nunc virides etiam occultant
spineta lacertos. Cf. XXwpo-aoavpa.
9. atqui: 3. 5. 49; 3. 7. 9; Epode 5. 67. - non ego te: 1.18.
11; 4. 9. 30. -aspera: cf. 1. 37. 26; 3. 2. 10.
10. Gaetulus: of northwest Africa, 3. 20. 2. - frangere:
epexegetic, to crush with teeth. II. 11. 113-14.
12. tempestiva: with viro. Cf. 3. 19. 27; 4. 1. 9; Verg. Aen.
7. 53, lam matura viro plenis iam nubilis annis. - sequi: with
matrem. Cf. Eugene Field's amusing 'Chaucerian paraphrase,'
'Your moder ben well enow so farre she goeth, I But that ben
not farre enow, God knoweth.' Cf. also his 'But, Chloe, you're
no infant thing I That should esteem a man an ogre: I Let go
your mother's apron-string I And pin your faith upon a toga.'
But we must not forget in our amusement that free-and-easy
English misrepresents Horace's exquisite ease quite as grossly
as the pseudo-classic eighteenth century pedantry which tempts
us less.




BOOK I., ODE XXIV.


209


ODE XXIV.
A poetic 'consolation.' Cf. on 2. 9. Consolatur Vergilium
impatienter amici sui mortem   lugentem  (pseudo-Acron). For
(Quintilius) Varus, cf. 1. 18. 1 The date is given, by entry in
Jerome's (Eusebius') Chronicon, B.C. 24.       Quintilius Cremonensis Vergilii et Horatii familiaris moritur.
On the technique of the poem and its relation to the formal
consolatio see Reitzenstein, Horaz und die hellenistische Lyrik,
Neue Jahrbiicher 21 (1908). 81-82; Siebourg, ibid. 25 (1910),
267-278.
The sentiment is that of Malherbe's Consolation A Monsieur
du P.rier: 'La Mort a des rigueurs a nulle autre pareilles; I
On a beau la prier, I La cruelle qu'elle est se bouche les oreilles,
I Et nous laisse crier.... De murmurer contre elle, et perdre
patience, I I1 est mal A propos; I Vouloir ce que Dieu veut, est
la seule science I Qui nous met en repos.' Cf. Arnold, ScholarGipsy, 'and try to bear; I With close-lipp'd patience for our
only friend.' Vergil himself wrote, superanda omnis fortuna
ferendo est (Aen. 5. 710), and, according to Donatus (Life of
Vergil, chap. 18), praised patience as the chief virtue of our
mortal state: solitus erat dicere: nullam virtutem commodiorem
homini esse patientia; ac nullam adeo asperam esse fortunam
quam prudenter patiendo virfortis non vincat. Cf. Sellar, p. 189;
Lang, Letters to Dead Authors, Horace, init.
The Ode has been a favorite with poets. Cf., however, the
petulant criticism which Landor puts in the mouth of Boccaccio
(Pentameron): 'What man immersed in grief cares a quattrino
about Melpomene, or her father's fairing of an artificial cuckoo
and a gilt guitar? What man on such an occasion is at leisure
to amuse himself with the little plaster images of Pudor and
Fides, of Justitia and Veritas, or disposed to make a comparison
of Virgil and Orpheus?'
There is a translation by Hamilton, Johnson's Poets, 15. 637.
1. quis, etc.: cf. Swinburne, Erechth. 757, 'Who shall put
a bridle in the mourner's lips to chasten them, I Or seal up the
fountains of his tears for shame? ' -desiderio: to my yearning. --




210                        NOTES.
For modus, cf. 1. 16. 2, 1., 36. 11, 3. 15. 2; with pudor, Martial,
8. 64. 15, sit tandem pudor et modus rapinis.
2. tam cari capitis: for one so dear. This use of caput is
warm with feeling, whether of love or hate. Cf. Shelley, Adonais,
'Oh weep for Adonais, though our tears ( Thaw not the frost
which binds so dear a head!' Cf. Epode 5. 74; Verg. Aen. 4.
354; Martial, 9. 68. 2; Jebb on Soph. Antig. 1; II. 18. 114; Od.
1. 343, roTi1v y&p KEaXiV TroOiw. - praecipe: teach, begin, start.
3. Melpomene: strictly the muse of tragedy; but see 1. 12.
2. n. Keats, Isabella, 56, 'Moan hither all ye syllables of woe I
From the deep throat of sad Melpomene'; Tenn. In Mem.,
'And my Melpomene replies.'-       liquidam: Lucret. 2. 145,
volucres... liquidis loca vocibus opplent; Ov. Am. 1. 13. 8;
Tenn. Geraint and Enid, 'the liquid note beloved of men' (=
the nightingale). - pater: both father of the muses (Hes.
Theog. 52) and All-father (1. 2. 2).
5..ergo: so then; a conclusion forced upon the reluctant
heart. Cf. G. L. 502. n. 1; Sat. 2. 5. 101, ergo nunc Dama sodalis
nusquam est; Ov. Trist. 3. 2. 1, Ergo erat in fatis Scythiam
quoque visere nostris. Differently used, 2. 7. 17. Many critics
think the poem ought to have begun here, which would meet
most of Landor's strictures. - perpetuus sopor: Catull. 5. 5,
Nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux, I nox est perpetua una dormienda; Moschus, 3. 111, dr-pfova vytperov ivov.
6. urget: lies heavy on, weighs down (his eyelids). Cf. 4. 9.
27; premet, 1. 4. 16; Verg. Aen. 10. 745, dura quies oculos et
ferreus urget I somnus, etc.; Lucret. 3. 893, urgerive superne
obtritum pondere terrae. - cui: his peer. The emphasis of
the introductory relative italicizes the English demonstrative
that must take its place. - Pudor: Alds6. The Greek and
Roman religion made these capitalized abstractions more
real to the ancients than they can be to us, disgusted with their
rhetorical use in eighteenth century poetry. Cf. C. S. 57.
Cf. Preller-Jordan, 1. 250, for Fides; Gaston Boissier, Relig.
Rom. 1. 8; Axtell, Deification of Abstract Ideas, 20.-soror:
so Pind. 0. 13. 6.
7. nuda Veritas: Ov. Amor. 1. 3. 14, has nuda simplicitas.
Shaks. 'naked truth' (Hen. VI. 2.4.); L. L. L. 5. 2.




BOOK I., ODE XXIV.


211


8. inveniet: for sing. verb with pl. subject, cf. 1. 2. 38; 1.
3. 3; 1. 4. 16; 1. 6. 10; 1. 35. 21, etc. - parem: 'For Lycidas
is dead, dead ere his prime, I Young Lycidas, and hath not left
his peer.' Verg. Aen. 6. 878, of Marcellus, Heu pietas, heu
prisca fides, etc.
9. multis... flebilis: lamented by many good men; G. L.
355 n.; A. G. 384; H. 434; cf. Solon's wish, fr. 19.
11. frustra pius: cf. 2.14. 2. n.; Ovid's vive pius moriere pius;
Verg. Aen. 2. 428, dis aliter visum; 11. 157. See Lang's comment: 'Ah, not frustra pius was Vergil, as you say, Horace,
in your melancholy song. In him, we fancy, there was a happier
mood than your melancholy patience.' - non ita creditum:
not thus (i.e. to this sad end) commended (in thy prayers) to
their keeping. Cf. 1. 3. 5; 1. 36. 3, custodes Numidae deos.
It has been taken, 'not lent to thee on such terms' that thou
couldst rightfully demand him when withdrawn. That is
rather a Christian thought. Yet cf. Cic. Tusc. 1. 93; Sen. Dial.
11. 10. 4.
12. poscis... deos: dost demand back Quintilius from the
gods.
13. blandius: with more charm; 3. 11. 15. n.; 4. 1. 8.Orpheo: cf. 1. 12. 7. n. For his descent into Hades.in quest
of Eurydice, cf. further Eurip. Alcest. 357; Ov. Met. 10. 1-77;
Verg. G. 4. 453-527, Aen. 6. 119; Milton, II Penseroso, 'Or bid
the soul of Orpheus sing j Such notes as warbled to the string, I
Drew iron tears down Pluto's cheek, | And made Hell grant
what love did seek'; L'Allegro sub finem; Spenser, Vergil's
Gnat, 55; Ruins of Time, 392; Arnold, Thyrsis, 'And flute his
friend like Orpheus from the dead'; Pope, Ode on St. Cecilia's
Day.
14. moderere: so 4. 3. 18, temperas. Milton, P. L. 7, 'All
sounds on fret by string or golden wire, I Temper'd soft tunings.'
15. vanae... imagini: hollow wraith, empty shade. Verg.
Aen. 6. 293, tenues sine corpore vitas... volitare cava sub imagine formae. Wordsworth, Laodamia, 'But unsubstantial form
eludes her grasp,' etc. Homer's vEK6Wcv ef6wXa KaU6vrTv; Verg.
Aen. 2. 785-95. - sanguis: the blood is the life. Cf. the
revival of the dead by draughts of blood (Odyss. 11. 98).




212


NOTES.


16-18. virga... gregi: cf. 1. 10. 18. n.
16. semel: 4. 7. 21, once for all, irrevocably. 9va Xppbov (II.
15. 511); drat (Odyss. 12. 350); Aesch. Ag. 1019; Eumen.
648; els draa (Prom. 750); Tenn. Two Voices, '"This is more
vile," he made reply, I "To breathe and loathe, to live and
sigh, j Than once from dread of pain to die"'; Verg. Aen. 11.
418.
17. non... recludere: not gentle enough to unlock the fates
in answer to our prayers. For inf. with lenis cf. C. S. 14; non
leni occurs 2. 19. 15. - precibus: dat. Cf. Propert. 5. 11. 2,
panditur ad nullas ianua nigra preces. For recludere in literal
sense with dat. of person, cf. 2. 18. 33; 3. 2. 21. Valer. Flaccus,
4. 231, has reclusaque ianua leti of the gate opened to admit the
dead. The gates and gatekeeper of Hades and of death are
commonplaces. Cf. 3. 11. 16. n.; II. 8. 367.
18. nigro: death and all that suggests death is niger or ater.
Cf. 4. 2. 24; 4. 12. 26.--compulerit: cf. coercet (1. 10. 18);
cogimur (2. 3. 25); egerit Orco (Sat. 2. 5. 49); 'Atts &-ynrylaos
(Aesch. fr. 406).
19. patientia, etc.: 'but patience lighteneth what heaven
forbids us to undo' (Lang). Cf. Otto, p. 134; Archil. fr. 9. 5.
20. nefas: 1. 11. 1.
ODE XXV.
The old age of the courtesan. Cf. 3. 15; 4. 13; Ov. A. A.
3. 69.
1. iunctas... fenestras: The windows were on the second
floor. They had two wooden shutters which were closed
(iunctas) by a bar (sera).
2. iactibus: more appropriate than ictibus for stones thrown
against upper windows. - protervi: cf. 2. 5. 15.
3. amat: clings to; cf. Verg. Aen. 5. 163, litus ama.
5. multum: oft; as it is separated from facilis by caesura,
it is, perhaps, better taken with movebat. - facilis: with quae.
7-8. The words of the serenade, or rather 7rapaKXcavolOvpov.
Cf. 3. 10, and Anth. Pal. 5. 23. - tuo: thy slave, thy lover.




BOOK I., ODE XXVI.


218


9. invicem: now in thy turn. - arrogantis: the pride, the
disdain of. Cf. on 2. 4. 10.
10. levis: lightly esteemed, i.e. despised. The lonely alley,
the howling winds, the moonless night, heighten the sense of
desolation.
11. Thracio: i.e. Aquilo, the N. E. wind; Epode 13. 3.--
bacchante: cf. 3. 3. 55, and Sargent, 'A life on the ocean wave!
[ A home on the rolling deep, I Where the scattered waters rave,
I And the winds their revels keep.' - magis: louder and louder.
- sub: cf. on 1. 8. 14. - interlunia: the time of the new moon
was proverbially windy. For meter, cf. 1. 2. 19. For word, cf.
Milton's 'hid in her vacant interlunar cave.'
14-15. Cf. Verg. G. 3. 266. - iecur: the seat of passion.
Cf. 4. 1. 12.-ulcerosum: inflamed.
15-20. Her plaint is that youth prefers youth to age.
17. pubes: cf. 2. 8. 17. - virenti: 1. 9. 17; both the verdant
ivy and the dusky myrtle are symbols of youth, as the sere and
yellow leaf (aridas frondes) of age. Archil. fr. 100; Aeschyl.
Ag. 79.
18. pulla serves to contrast the darker and lighter green.
The myrtle is viridis in 1. 4. 9.
19. aridas: 4. 13. 9.- sodali: cf. 3.18.6; cf. comes, 1.28.
21; 4. 12. 1.- Hebro: the reading of the Mss. The Hebrus
(Maritza), chief river of Thrace, is associated with winter in
the poet's mind (cf. Thracio vento 11, 12), and so is thought
of as appropriate to Lydia's aridas frondes. Most editors read
Euro, 'a winter wind' (cf. Verg. G. 2. 339), but this has no
Ms. authority.
ODE XXVI.
Dear to the Muses, I give my cares to the winds, and 'what
the Mede intends and what the Dacian.' Help me, sweet
nymph of Pimplea, to twine a fresh chaplet of song for my
Lamia.
Tiridates (5) was king of Parthia in place of Phraates, expelled for tyranny. Phraates sought aid of the Scythians to
recover his throne, and Tiridates fled to Augustus in Syria
(B.C. 30), according to Dio. 51. 18; in Spain (B.c. 25), accord



214                       NOTES.
ing to Justin, 42. 5. 5. The usually accepted date for the ode
is B.C. 30-29. Phraates' restoration is referred to in 2. 2. 17,
and there is an allusion to the dissensions of the 'Medes' in 3.
8. 19, the ode written on the (first?) anniversary of Horace's
escape from  the falling tree (2. 13; 3. 4. 27). Those who
adopt the later date reconcile Dio and Justin by the hypothesis
that Tiridates merely appealed to Augustus for aid in Syria
(B.C. 30), and took refuge with him in person in Spain (B.c. 25).
For Aelius Lamia, cf. on 3. 17.  The poem has been thought
Horace's first attempt in the Alcaic measure; cf. novis (10)
and the metrical awkwardness of 7 and 11.
1. musis amicus: cf. 2. 6. 18; 3. 4. 25; Verg. Aen. 9. 774,
amicum   Crethea musis; Hes. Theog. 96; Theocr. 1. 141.tristitiam: 1. 7. 18.
2. protervis: Epode 16. 22; Verg. Aen. 1. 536, procacibus
austris; Lucret. 6. 111, petulantibus auris; 1. 14. 16, ludibrium
ventis; Shakspeare's 'the air, a chartered libertine.' - Creticum: individualizing; cf. on 1. 16. 4. But the Cretan sea
was stormy. (Soph. Trach. 117.)
3. portare: epexegetic inf. For thought, cf. Epode 11. 16;
Homer, Odyss. 8. 408; Eurip. Troad. 419; Theoc. 22. 167;
Apoll. Rhod. 1. 1334; Otto, Sprichwbrter der R6mer, p. 364;
Catull. 30. 10; Anacreontea, 41. 13, Tb 8' dxos irpevye LXtiv
aCveyorp6f OvV1Xp; ibid. 39. 7; 2. 8. Cf. also Heine, 'Ich wollt',
meine Schmerzen ergossen ] Sich all' in ein einziges Wort, I
Das gb' ich den lustigen Winden, I Die trtigen es lustig fort.'
- quis: nom. parallel with quid (5) rather than dat.; a form
not used in odes. Cf. Epode 11. 9.
4. rex: of the Scythians. - metuatur:. the reference here
as in the following clause (quid Tiridaten terreat) is to the fears
of Tiridates. Both clauses depend on unice securus, quite
unconcerned. Cf. Ronsard, 'Celuy n'a soucy quel roy I Tyrannise sous sa loy I Ou la Perse ou la Syrie.'- gelidae... orae:
cf. Lucan, 5. 55.
6. fontibus integris: untouched springs. The song is to
be a new one (cf. fidibus novis) CKlpdirot7, cf. Eurip. Hippol.
73, Lucret. 1. 927; Verg. G. 2. 175; Sellar, p. 147.




BOOK I., ODE XXVII.


215


7. necte: So in Greek rXTKW and    <patvw (Pind. 0. 6. 86;
Nem. 4. 44, fr. 179). Shelley, Alastor, 'woven hymns.' -
flores: sc. a song in his honor, Movao.iv dvOea.
9. Pimplei: Muse of Pimplea, a place and fountain in Pieria
near Mt. Olympus, sacred to the Muses.
9-10. mei... honores: honors of my bestowing. Cf. Lucan,
9. 983, quantum Smyrnaei durabunt vatis honores. So rta^Us
(Pind. Nem. 9. 10).
10. novis: For Horace's claim to originality, cf. on 3. 30.
13 and Epist. 1. 19. 21. But he strikes the new chords Lesbio
plectro, and his boast is that he 'tuned the Ausonian lyre I
To sweeter sounds and tempered Pindar's fire: I Pleased with
Alcaeus' manly rage to infuse I The softer spirit of the Sapphic
Muse' (Pope).
11. Lesbio... plectro: with Lesbian plectrum, i.e. in a
lyric in the manner of the Lesbian school. Cf. 1. 1. 34. The
plectrum was the pick (of ivory or metal) used in playing the
lyre. Cf. 1. 1. 34. - sacrare: consecrate. So Stat. Silv. 4.
7. 7. Cf. 4. 9. 25, vate sacro.
ODE XXVII.
Far be the barbarous Thracian dissonance and the Persian
dirk from our sober revels. And if I am to crush a cup with you,
the brother of pretty Opuntian Megilla must reveal to us the
lady of his secret thoughts. Surely he need not blush to name
her. - Ah, poor fellow! with what a Charybdis were you
struggling! No Thessalian witch will deliver you from that
monster.
A verse exercise. The details are Greek, except Falerni (10).
Cf. Anacreon, fr. 63.
1. natis: born for, made for, meant for. Cf. A. P. 82, natum
rebus agendis. - scyphis: abl. of instrument. Cf. Lucian,
Symp. 14 and 44. Anth. Pal. 11. 59, elXavrizr Ko'reXo/,dxos.
2. Thracum: cf. on 1. 18. 9. - tollite: away with. Cf. 2.
5. 9.
3. morem: in bad sense. Cf. Livy, 34. 2. 9, qui hic mos
obsidendi vias. - verecundum: cf. 1. 18. 7, modici Liberi. The




216


NOTES.


idea of the god and the use of his gifts blends. For whole
passage cf. 3. 8. 15.
4. prohibete: defend; so, with seeming reversal of natural
syntax, corpus prohibere cheragra (Epist. 1. 1. 31).
5. vino: dat. Horace said 'different to.' Cf. 2. 2. 18; 4.
9. 29. - acinaces: has a distinguished foreign sound.
6. immane quantum: a stereotyped phrase, used parenthetically and not affecting the structure of the sentence; lit.,
(it is) prodigious how much; cf. mirum quantum, tdiXavov &-rov,
and Milton's 'incredible how swift.'
8. cubito... presso: with left arm pressed into cushion
of couch by weight of body. In Petron. Sat. 27, hic est apud
quem cubitum ponetis means 'this is your entertainer.'
9. severi: strong, 8piudos; they were drinking dry, not
sweet, Falernian. Cf. Athen. 1. 26 c. Severi as contrasted
with the innocentis Lesbii of 1. 17. 21. Cf. Catull. 27. 2,
calices amariores.
10. dicat: challenges to name a toast were common at banquets. Cf. Theoc. 14. 18; Martial, 1. 71.
10-11. The details individualize. Cf. on 3. 9. 14; 2. 4. 2;
2. 5. 20; 3. 12. 6; 3. 9. 9. Opus was a town in Locris.
11-12. beatus... pereat: the poets abuse oxymoron in
describing what Thomson calls 'the charming agonies of love.'
Cf. Romeo and Juliet, 1. 1, '0 heavy lightness, serious vanity,'
etc. Pereat is technical in the lover's dialect. Cf. Catull. 45. 5;
Propert. 1. 4. 12. Volnere, sagitta, ignibus (15) are all worn-out
metaphors of love. Cf. Lucret. 1. 34; Verg. Aen. 4. 2; Eurip.
Medea, 530, 632; Odes 3. 7. 11. n.; 2. 8. 15.
13. mercede: condition.-    cessat voluntas? he won't? his
will pauses, halts, flags. For force of cesso, cf. Verg. Aen. 6.
52, cessas in vota precesque; Odes 3. 27. 58; 3. 28. 8; Marvell,
Ode on Cromwell, 'So restless Cromwell could not cease j In
the inglorious arts of peace.'
14. Venus: love; used definitely of the object of his affection;
cf. 1. 33. 13.
15. erubescendis: cf. 2. 4. 20, pudenda.
16. ingenuo.. amore: for a free-born love, abl. of cause
(cf. 1. 33. 9); amore, like Venus above, is used of the person;




BOOK I., ODE XXVIII.


217


ingenuo is employed banteringly; she is no servant maid like
the flava Phyllis of 2. 4.
17. peccas: technical. Cf. on 3. 7. 19. - quidquid habes:
cf. Catull. 6. 15, quare quidquid habes boni malique I dic nobis.
18. depone: he asks the culprit to whisper the secret to him,
even if he is unwilling to tell the whole company; in Sat. 2. 6.
46, Horace modestly says that his great friend Maecenas confides to him only those secrets, quae rimosa bene deponuntur
in aure. - a miser: after a pause in which the name is told.
19. laborabas: all the while, though we knew it not; the
effect of &pa of surprised recognition with impf. in Greek. -
Charybdi: the comparison of a ruthless coquette to a gulf,
abyss, or whirlpool was as familiar to the Athens of the new
comedy as it is to modern Paris. Cf. Anaxilas apud Athen. 13.
558 A.
20. flamma: dangerously like the images to which Quintilian
objects that begin with a storm and wind up with a conflagration.
21. Thessalis: Thessaly was the land of brewed enchantments. Cf. Propert. 1. 5. 6, et bibere e tota toxica Thessalia.
Epode 5. 45.
22. venenis: potions, philters, not necessarily poisons. So
<bdpl.aKa in Greek.
23. triformi: II. 6. 181; Lucret. 5. 902, prima leo, postrema
draco, media ipsa, Chimaera.
23-24. Bellerophon mounted on the winged steed Pegasus
slew the Chimaera (Pind. 0. 13. 90), but from the toils of this
Chimaera of a flirt even Pegasus could not free you.
24. Chimaera: with both illigatum and expediet. For Pegasus, cf. 4. 11. 28. n.
ODE XXVIII.
SApparently the dramatic monologue of the ghost of one who
has been shipwrecked near the tomb of the philosopher Archytas
on the shore near Venusia. In lines 1-6 the ghost directly apostrophizes the shade of Archytas in the manner of the Greek
sepulchral epigram. In lines 6-20 it moralizes on the universality of death. In lines 20-36, which are very loosely, if at
all, connected with the preceding, the ghost is represented as




218                        NOTES.
imploring with mingled entreaties and imprecations a passing
sailor to give it the formal rites of burial - three handfuls of
earth. Attempts have been made to interpret the poem as a dialogue with change of speaker at 17 or 21. Cf. Sellar, p. 182.
Archytas of Tarentum, the Pythagorean philosopher and
mathematician, was a contemporary of Plato. Cf. Cic. Cato
M. 12-41.
1. arenae: cf. Catull. 7. 3; Otto, p. 159; Pind. 0. 2. 108;
the comic word   a.pa/aK6bca; Milton,'unnumbered as the sands
I Of Barca or Cyrene's torrid soil.' Archimedes wrote a treatise
entitled 4am/ttr2s.
2. mensorem   (terrae): yewdrpqs. - cohibent: confine; cf.
2. 20. 8; 3. 4. 80; 4. 6. 34.
3. pulveris exigui: Verg. G. 4. 87, in exquisite symbolism.
So Lucan of Pompey, Pharsal. 8. 867, pulveris exigui sparget
non longa vetustas I congeriem. It is the familiar contrast between the full-blown pride of living man and the 'two handfuls of white dust shut in an urn of brass.' Those who make
Archytas himself the unburied speaker (22-23; 35-36) render
the boon of a little dust (withheld).- litus... Matinum: the
shore of the Adriatic near Matinus, which is variously described
by Porphyrio as a mountain or promontory in Apulia, and as a
mountain in Calabria; cf. 4. 2. 27; Epode 16. 27, Matina cacumina. Whether or how the tomb of Archytas was there does
not appear.
4. munera: burial and the offices pertaining to it.
4-5. nec... prodest... temptasse: nor profits it thee
at all to have essayed, i.e. in his astronomical studies. Cf.
Milton's 'nor aught availed him now I To have built in
heaven high towers.'     Temptasse suggests the audacity of
the attempt. Cf. 3. 4. 31; 1. 11. 3; Verg. Eclog. 4. 32, temptare Thetim ratibus; cf. also Lucretius of Epicurus, 1. 73,
atque omnem immensum     peragravit mente animoque. Whence
Swinburne, 'Past the wall unsurmounted that bars out our
vision with iron and fire I He has sent forth" his soul for the
stars to comply with and suns to conspire.' Cf. Plato, Thesetet. 173. e.




BOOK I., ODE XXVIII.


219


6. morituro: with tibi, since thou wast doomed to die, despite
thy immortal thoughts. Cf. on 2. 3. 4.
7. Pelopis genitor: Tantalus, who was admitted by Jupiter
to the feasts of the gods; cf. 2. 13. 37. In Ov. Met. 6. 172,
Pelops says, mihi Tantalus auctor I cui licuit soli superorum
tangere mensas. Cf. Pind. O. 1. 55; Od. 11. 587; Goethe,
Iph. 4. 5.
8. Tithonus: translated to the skies, by Aurora who loved
him. Cf. on 2. 16. 30; Eurip. Tro. 855.
9. Minos: of Crete, king and lawgiver, said to have been
instructed in legislation  by Jupiter himself; A~bs AeydXov
6apwrTo7; Odyss. 19. 179. Cf. Plato's Minos.
10-14. Panthoiden: Panthous' son, strictly speaking Euphorbus (II. 16. 808), but here used ironically of Pythagoras.
The latter in support of his theory of the transmigration of
souls claimed that his soul had formerly animated the body
of the Trojan hero Euphorbus. To establish his claim he
entered the temple of Hera at Argos and from     a number of
shields which hung there selected as his own one which on being
taken down and examined proved to be the shield which Euphorbus had used at Troy. Cf. Ov. Met. 15. 160 ff.; Max.
Tyr. 16. 2.
10. Tartara and Orco are here used without distinction of
the lower world. With Orco (dat.) dimissum, cf. Verg. Aen.
2. 398, multos Danaum dimittimus Orco.
11-12. clipeo... testatus: having borne witness to Trojan
times by taking down the shield, i.e. as he proved by his knowledge of Trojan times.
13. concesserat: i.e. he had yielded only the body, not the
soul, to death. - atrae: cf. on 2. 3. 16.
14. iudice te: in thy judgment. Pythagoras would be no
mean authority (litotes) to Archytas, a Pythagorean. Cf.
Verg. Aen. 11. 339, non futilis auctor; Livy, 30. 45, haud..
spernendus auctor.
15. una: Simon. fr. 38 (52), wdvra yhp &pFlav lIKvePda& 8aaOTrXira
Xdpvlp8vw. 'All that we are or know is darkly driven I Towards
one gulf' (Shelley, Revolt of Is. 9. 35).
16. calcanda... via: 2. 17. 12, iter, 'the way to dusty




220                        NOTES.
death.' Cf. Propert. 4. 17. 22, est mala sed cunctis ista terenda
via est.- semel: 1. 24. 16. n.
17. alios: some. -  spectacula: (as) a show. Cf. 1. 2. 37,
where war is referred to as the game of Mars.
18. exitiost: G. L. 356; A. and G. 382. - avidum: cf.
3. 29. 61, but here for lives, not wealth; cf. 2. 18. 30.
19. mixta: as in     Verg. Aen. 6. 306-308. - densentur:
from  denseo (-are), to crowd together.
20. saeva: terrible; cf. imperiosa (Sat. 2. 5. 110), Iratp. -
Proserpina: cf. on Verg. Aen. 4. 698; Eurip. Alcest. 74. For
quant. 2. 13. 21. n. -fugit: aoristic (cf. 3. 2. 32), shuns,
neglects. But it is probably a reversal of the normal mode of
expression (Proserpinam fugit), such as Jebb, J. H. S. 3. 168,
notes in Pindar, 0. 1. 53, etc. There was a belief that no one
could die till Proserpina had clipped a lock front his head (cf.
Verg. Aen. 4. 689); only then was he duly offered as a victim
to the gods below. This idea is on the analogy of the custom
in animal sacrifices of making some hairs cut from the forehead
of the victim the first offering.
21. devexi: setting. Orion was a proverbially stormy sign.
Cf. 3. 27. 18; Epode 10. 10; 15. 7; Milton, 'When with fierce
winds Orion armed j Hath vexed the red seacoast'; Apol.
Rhod. 1. 1202, dere /dXo- ra I Xel./epi7 6Xooio 56(os Trhes 'pplwvos;
Anth. Pal. 7. 273; Hes. Op. 619; Verg. Aen. 4. 52. - comes:
4. 12. 1.
22. Illyricis... undis: for the Adriatic.
23. at tu: at this point the ghost appeals to a passing
sailor. - vagae: wind-blown.    Construe ne,&malignus parce
dare; parce- refrain from, refuse. -malignus: cf. on benignius,
1. 9. 6.
24. Note the rare and harsh hiatus.
25. sic: i.e. if you grant my prayer. Cf. on 1. 3. 1.
25-27. May the threats of the east wind spend themselves
on the forests of Venusia while thou remainest safe. The silvae
Venusinae were forty miles from the Adriatic. - fluctibus
Hesperiis: the sea about Italy (Hesperia), here the Adriatic.
- plrctantur: be lashed, mulcted.
28. unde potest: sc. defluere, parenthetic. For unde, cf. on. 12. 17.




BOOK I., ODE XXIX.


221


29. custode: roXioOXos. Taras, son of Neptune, was the
eponymous founder of Tarentum.
30. neglegis: dost thou count it a light thing?  Cf. Catull.
30. 5.  The sailor seems to be about to refuse. - nocituram:
that will injure.
31. te: ace. with committere rather than abl. with natis.
neglegis committere would probably mean neglect to commit. -
fraudem: wrong. Cf. Odyss. 11. 72 sqq. - fors et: seems to
be a phraseological equivalent of fortasse with a tone of confidence. 'It may be too.' Editors cite Verg. Aen. 2. 139; 11.
50.
32. due punishment and stern requital. - debita iura has also
been interpreted' rites and justments'of the dead' (sc. withheld).
33. precibus: i.e. the denial of my prayers.- inultis: cf.
1. 2. 51.- liiquar: left (in the lurch); cf. Sat. 1. 9. 74.
36. ter: the consecrated number. Verg. Aen. 6. 229, 506;
Soph. Antig. 431.
ODE XXIX.
Iccius the scholar s'en va-t-en guerre to spoil the treasures of
Araby the blest, and win a fair barbarian for his bride. Streams
may run uphill when Iccius sells his library for a coat of mail.
Cf. Epp. 1. 12, a complimentary letter written about five years
later to Iccius as steward of Agrippa's Sicilian estates. The
expedition referred to is.the unsuccessful campaign of Aelius
Gallus in the year 25 B.c. Cf. Strabo, 16. 22; Augustus, Mon.
Ancyr. 5. 13, In Arabiam usque in fines Sabaeorum processit
exercitus ad Oppidum Mariba; Plin. N. H. 6. 160.
For bantering tone, cf. Cicero's playful letters to his friend
Trebatius, who went to seek his fortune in the camp of Caesar.
1. beatis: for transferred epithet, cf. 'perfumes of price
Robb'd from the happy shrubs of Araby' (William Browne,
Book 2. Song 3).--nunc: i.e. after a life of study. The
position italicizes in Latin. Cf. Arnold, Obermann Once More:
'And from the world, with heart opprest, I Choosest thou now
to turn? ' - Arabum: Arabia is alluded to as a sort of California
by the Augustan poets. Cf. 2. 12. 24; 3. 24. 1; Ep. 1. 7. 36;




222


NOTES.


Propert. 1. 14. 19; 3. 1. 15, India quin, Auguste, tuo dat colla
triumpho I et domus intactae te tremit Arabiae. Cf. also, 'the
gold of Arabia' (Ps. 72. 15); Otto, p. 33, 34.
2. gazis: oriental coloring. - acrem militiam: fierce warfare; cf. 3. 2. 2.
3. non ante: 4. 14. 41. - Sabaeae: Sheba. Cf. 1 Kings 10.
1, and Milton's 'Sabaean odors from the spicy shore I Of Araby
the blest.'
4. Medo: Iccius will subdue the entire Orient. Cf. 1, 9,
Sericas. - horribili: cf. Cat. 11. 11, horribiles Britannos. The
tone is that of Falstaff to Prince Hal, Hen. IV. 1. 1. 2, 4, 'Could
the world pick thee out three such enemies again... Art thou
not horribly afraid? doth not thy blood thrill at it?'
5. catenas: cf. the anecdotes of armies so confident of victory
that they took more chains than arms into battle (Flor. 3. 7).
6. Avoid the ambiguity of a recent English version, 'What
savage maiden having slain her lover?'
7. puer: page. - ex aula: royal; cf. aulicus, regius. Cf.
Livy, 45. 6. - capillis: cf. Fitzgerald cited at 1. 38. 6, and Tenn.
'long-hair'd page.'
8. ad cyathum: as thy cup-bearer, to dip the wine from the
cratera. Cf. Sueton. Caes. 49; Juv. Sat. 5. 56, flos Asiae ante
ipsum; 13. 43, nec puer Iliacus, formosa nec Herculis uxor I ad
cyathos; Jebb on Soph. Philoct. 197; Daniel, 1. 3. Strictly
cyathus is the ladle.
9. doctus: Persian youth were taught rpla uoova, ltrererv,
TroedeL Kal &d-l~ecrTOac (Hdt. 1. 136). Cf. Strabo, 15. 3. 18.
Only a page of good lineage and training, one intended for a
much higher position in life, will be in keeping with the magnificence to which Iccius looks forward. - tendere: shoot, but
strictly applicable to the bow. So relvat, Soph. Philoctet. 198.
Cf. Verg. Aen. 9. 606, spicula tendere cornu; 5. 507. - Sericas:
cf. 1. 12. 56. n.
10-12. Proverbial expression for reversal of order of nature.
Cf. Eurip. Med. 410, &vw rora/wvP lepw^v XwpooU 7raayal; Suppl. 520;
Cic. ad. Att. 15. 4. 1; Propert. 3. 7. 33; 4. 18. 6; Verg. Aen. 11.
405; Ov. Trist. 1. 8. 1; Her. 5. 27, cum Paris Oenone poterit
spirare relicta, I Ad fontem Xanthi versa recurret aqua; ex Pont.




BOOK I., ODE XXX.


223


4. 5. 43; 4. 6. 45; Claudian. Eutrop. 1. 353; in Rufin. 1. 159;
infra, Ep. 16. 28; Otto, p. 139; Scott, Lay of Last Minstrel, 1.
18, 'Your mountains shall bend and your streams ascend
Ere Margaret be our foeman's bride'; Tenn., 'Against its
fountain upward runs I The current of my days.' - arduis...
relabi... montibus: flow back up the steep mountains; montibus, dat. whither.
11. pronos: by nature. Cf. 3. 27. 18; 4. 6. 39; Shelley,
Witch of Atlas, 41, 'and ever down the prone vale... the
pinnace went'; Manil. 4. 415, et pronis fugientia flumina ripis;
Verg. G. 1. 203.
13. coemptos: 2. 3. 17. - nobilis: preferably with Panaeti.
14. Panaetius, a Stoic philosopher of Rhodes, friend of the
younger Scipio, and author of a treatise irept rov KaQKovroTO, followed by Cicero in his De Officiis. - Socraticam domum:
the Socratic school, the writings of Plato, Xenophon, and the
other Socratics. Cf. Peripateticorum familia (Cic. de Divin.
2. 1); Hor. Epist. 1. 1. 13, quo me duce quo lare tuter; Sen. Ep.
29; Julian. p. 259 B, Kai rb ZKpdrov 70ct6  Ldtov; cf. Milt. P. R.
4, 'Socrates... from whose mouth issued forth I Mellifluous
streams that water'd all the schools,' etc.
15. mutare: cf. 1. 16. 26. n. - Hiberis: cf. Shaks. Othello,
5. 2, 'It is a sword of Spain, the ice-brook's temper.'
16. pollicitus: cf. 1. 15. 32. - tendis: art intending; cf.
Epp. 1. 19. 16, tenditque disertus haberi.
ODE XXX.
Come, Queen of Love, with thy joyous train, abandon Cyprus
and betake thee to the dainty shrine whither Glycera woos thee.
A so-called KX71T/LKb iLvPos. Cf. Alcm. fr. 21.
Sappho, fr. 7; Pindar, fr. 122. 14.
1. regina: cf. Cat. 64. 96, quaeque regis Golgos, etc.; Theoc.
15. 100; John Bartlett, 'The Queen of Paphos Erycine'. -
Cnidus: Dorian town in Caria; Venus was its tutelary divinity.
One of her temples there contained Praxiteles' statue of Venus,
of which the Medicean Venus is supposed to be an imitation. -




224                      NOTES.
Paphos: in Cyprus, also closely connected with the cult of
Venus. Cf. Odyss. 8. 362; Verg. Aen. 1. 415; Tac. Hist. 2. 2;
Lucan, 8. 456.
2. sperne: cf. 1. 9. 16; 1. 19. 10; 3. 2. 24. - Cypron: cf.
on 1. 3. 1.
4. aedem: temple. It is probably Glycera's whole house
that is spoken of as a temple of Venus, and there is a play on
the meaning of the sing. aedes, temple, and the plural aedes,
house. Others think that the reference is to a little shrine
which Glycera had set up. in her house.
5. puer: Cupid. Cf. 1. 2. 34, and Aesch. Suppl. 1039-1040. -
solutis: Sen.,de Ben. 1. 3. 2; Schiller, die Erwartung, 'Der
Gtirtel ist von jedem Reiz gelist.'
6. Gratiae: cf. 1. 4. 6. n. -properentque: cf. for free
position of que and ve, 2. 7. 25; 2. 17. 16; 3. 2. 28; 3. 4. 11;
3. 3. 43; 3. 4. 55; 3. 1. 12.
7. Iuventas: Vi. The bloom     of youth that charms not
(parum comis) unless it is also 'the bloom of young desire and
purple light of love.' For 4jy and    Aphrodite, cf. Hom.
Hymn Apoll. 195.
8. Mercurius: perhaps as god of speech and persuasion.
So Ile&t&d and Aphrodite constantly associated in Greek poetry.
But perhaps it is as the god of gain that Mercury would find a
place in a hetaera's house. See Neue Jahrbucher, 21. 91.
ODE XXXI.
The bard's prayer on the dedication of the temple on the
Palatine to Actian Apollo, B.c. 28. For an account of the
temple and the adjoining library, cf. Epp. 1. 3. 17; 2. 1. 216;
2. 2. 93; Suet. August. 29; Dio Cass. 53. 1; Propert. 3. 29.
Lanciani, Ancient Rome, p. 111; Duruy, History of Rome,
4. 1. p. 127; Merivale, 4. 24; Gardthausen, 2. 574.
Horace prays neither for cornlands, vineyards, nor fat herds.
He envies not the adventurous trader's gains. He asks only
for a sound mind in a sound body and 'not to be tuneless in old
age.'
Cf. Pindar's prayer, Nem. 8. 37.




BOOK I., ODE XXXI.


225


1. dedicatum: just enshrined, used both of the deity and his
temple; perhaps because the god and his statue were confounded. Cf. Theog. 11; Ov. Fast. 6. 637, te quoque magnifica,
Concordia, dedicat aede. - Apollinem: for Apollo Palatinus,
the work of Scopas, brought to Rome by Augustus, cf. Pliny,
N. H. 36. 28; Baumeister, 1. p. 99. The statue stood between
Praxiteles' Latona and Timotheus' Diana. Cf. Propert. 3.
29. 15.
2. vates: the poet in his higher religious aspect as sacred
bard. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 662, quique pii vates et Phoebo digna
locuti; Epode 16. 66. In his prosaic mood he sneers at the
old-fashioned word rehabilitated by Vergil. Cf. Epist. 2. 1. 26,
annosa volumina vatum. - novum: new wine used in religious
rites. Cf. 1. 19. 15.
3. fundens... de: cf. 4. 5. 34, defuso. - opimae: cf. 1.
7. 11; Verg. Aen. 1. 621, opimam Cyprum.
4. Sardiniae: with Sicily and Africa the granary of Rome. -
segetes: harvest fields; the harvest and the harVest field are
virtually one. Cf. Epist. 2. 2. 161.
5. aestuosae: hot, sunny. Cf. 1. 22. 5; Epode 1. 27.grata: a prosperous herd is a pleasing sight, especially to the
owner.   Calabria, in southern Italy, had excellent pasture
lands.
6. For ivory and gold, cf. 2. 18. 1.- Indicum: cf. Tenn.,
'Laborious Orient ivory.' The prehistoric Indian trade in
ivory, silks, and gems impressed the imagination of the Romans.
Cf. Lucret. 2. 537, India... vallo munitur eburno. Cf. 3.
24. 2, divitis Indiae.
7. rura: the home of Falernian and Massic. - Liris: between Latium and Campania, 3. 17. 8.
7-8. quieta, of motion; taciturnus, of sound. Contra: longe
sonantem... Aufidum (4. 9. 2; 3. 30. 10); loquaces (3. 13.
15).  Cf. Longfellow, Monte Cassino, 'Beautiful valley!
through whose verdant meads I Unheard the Garigliano glides
along; I The Liris, nurse of rushes and of reeds; I The river
taciturn of classic song.'
8. mordet: eats into; cf. Lucret. 5. 256, et ripas radentia
flumina rodunt; Callim. Ep. 45. 3.




226


NOTES.


9. premant: prune, i.e. putent, amputantes coerceant. Cf.
Verg. G. 1. 157; like arat, Epode 4. 13, it is a poetic expression
of ownership. - Calena: Cales in Campania was an important
center of the wine-growing industry. Cf. on 1. 20. 9; for
transfer of epithet from vitem to falce, cf. 3. 6. 38, Sabellis
ligonibus; Cat. 17. 19, Liguri securi. - dedit: sc. premere.
11. exsiccet: drain (greedily). Cf. 1. 35. 27. - culullis:
goblets; cf. A. P. 434.
12. Syra: eastern trade by way of Syria was greatly increased in the Augustan age. Cf. 3. 29. 60. - reparata: procured in exchange for. Cf. 1. 37. 24.
13. carus: ironical; he must needs be dear to heaven to run
such risks with impunity. - ter et quater: cf. 1. 13. 17.
13-14. quippe... revisens: since he revisits, i.e. quippe
qui revisat (G. L. 626. n. 1; A. G. 535. e. n. 1; H. 592. 1). Cf.
use of dce with part.
15. me: cf. 1. 1. 29. n. - olivae, etc.: a diet of herbs, the
standing antithesis to cloying luxury. So already Hesiod,
Works, 41.
16. leves malvae: regarded as laxative. Cf. Epode 2. 58,
gravi salubres corpori.
17-20. The expression is embarrassed. The simplest way
is to construe: dones mihi, et valido et integra cum mente, frui
paratis, nec (dones) degere. The Mss. generally read at (1. 18),
which is still harsher, and rejected by most editors.
17. paratis: i.e. partis, what I have, r& orota.
18. Latoe: son of Latona; AvrTe. For sentiment, cf. Juv.
Sat. 10. 356, Orandum est, ut sit mens sana in corpore sano;
Theog. 789; Eurip. Here. Fur. 676; Fr. Erechth. 369 (Nauck).
And Austin Dobson's graceful tribute to Longfellow, 'Not to
be tuneless in old age, I Ah surely blest his pilgrimage,' etc.
Lines 19-20 appear on the title-page of Longfellow's Ultima
Thule.
ODE XXXII.
A song is called for. Oh, my Lesbian lyre, we too have played
with junketing and love. Now help me to a Latin strain that
shall sound through the ages like the spirit-stirring note thou




BOOK I., ODE XXXII.                   227
didst yield 'when the live chords Alcaeus smote.' He sang of
war and wine and love. Oh 'sovereign of the willing soul,
enchanting shell,' be propitious to me also, if I invoke thee
aright.
The poem reads like a discarded prelude to one of the great
patriotic odes in Alcaic measure. Translation by Hamilton,
Johnson's Poets, 15. 637.
On Alcaeus as Horace's prototype, cf. Sellar, p. 135; 2. 13.
27; 4. 9. 7; Epp. 1. 19. 29; 2. 2. 99. See also notes on 1. 37.
1; 1. 9; 1. 14; 1. 18; 2. 7. 9-10; 3. 12. 1.
1. poscimur: we are asked (for a song); so Ov. Met. 2. 143;
4. 274. Poscimus, the reading of some Mss., enfeebles age dic
below. - si: for pro forma condition in prayer, cf. 3. 18. 5;
C. S. 37; Il. 1. 39. - vacui: sc. operum, in idle hour. Cf. 1.
6. 19, vacui, sc. amore; Verg. G. 3. 3, quae vacuas tenuissent
carmine mentes. - sub umbra: Epist. 2. 2. 78; Mart. 9. 84. 3,
Haec ego Pieria ludebam tutus in umbra; Swinb. Pref. Songs
before Sunrise, 'Play then and sing; we too have played, [
We likewise in that subtle shade.'
2. lusimus: in playful vein produced; lyric verse was trifling
tQ a Roman. Cf. 4. 9. 9; Epist. 1. 1. 10; Cat. 50. 2; 68. a. 17.
But cf. Pind. O. 1. 16, raleomev; Verg. Ecl. 1. 10. Here the
reference is to the lighter odes and studies from the Greek.
2-3. quod... vivat: characterizing quid. Cf. Cat. 1. 10,
quod, 0 patrona virgo, plus uno maneat perenne saeclo. Vivat:
'Something so written to after times as they should not willingly let it die.' Cf. Epist. 1. 19. 2, vivere carmina.
3. age dic: cf. dic age, 3. 4. 1; 2. 11. 22. - Latinum: emphatic, for it was with Greek poetry that the lyre was most
closely connected. Horace feels himself both imitator and
rival of the Greeks. Cf. 4. 6. 27; 4. 3. 23; 3. 30. 13.
5. modulate: attuned; passive as detestata (1. 1. 25); abominatus (Epode 16. 8). Dative, because the chords attuned by
him yielded music to him. - civi: Alcaeus in his -raaowrcKd,
his attacks on the tyrant Myrsilus, and 'Ship of State,' was
emphatically a citizen and political poet. Cf. 4. 9. 7; 2. 13.




228


NOTES.


27, Dion. Hal., de imitat., Usener, p. 20, roXXaxoo,yo0^ rb
p&rpov rs el repdXot, Aqjropeiac,&v e4pot roXTictK7V.
6. Construe: qui, (quamvis) ferox bello, tamen (sire) inter
arma, etc.
7. Cf. Ov. Met. 14. 445, herboso religatus ab aggere funis;
Verg. Aen. 7. 106; Cat. 64. 174, in Creta religasset navita funem.
-udo: wave-washed, AtKXva0roS; so Stat. Silv. 2. 2. 15. Note
poverty of Latin vocabulary. In 1. 7. 13, udus = 8tep6s; in
1. 7. 22, peppergos; in 2. 5. 7, AXcb5s, AXe60perTos; in 2. 7. 23,
byp6s, roXtvaur7os; in 3. 29. 6, ewv5pos; in Epode 10. 19,
0vSpof; in 3. 2. 23, jep6et$. Cf. 2. 2. 15. n.
10. puer: cf. 1. 30. 5. For haerere alicui, cf. Verg. Aen. 10.
780, haeserat Euandro.
11. Lycum: The name is found in Alcaeus, fr. 58, Bgk.
Cf. Cic. De Nat. Deor. 1. 79. - nig-ris... ni-gro: the
variation in quantity is intentional. Cf. II. 5. 31; Theoc. 6.
19; Callim. Artemis, 110; Lucret. 4. 1259; Verg. Aen. 2. 663;
Eel. 3. 79; F. Q. 3. 2. 51, 'Thrice she her turned contrAry and
returned I All c6ntrary.' For black eyes and hair, cf. A. P.
37, spectandum nigris oculis nigroque capillo.
14. testudo: cf. 1. 10. 6. n.; 3. 11. 3. n.; Arnold, Merope,
'Surprised in the glens I The basking tortoises, whose striped
shell founded I In the hand of Hermes the glory of the lyre.'
15. mihi... salve: hearken to my invocation; more literally
salve - be greeted, i.e. vouchsafe to listen to my greeting.
Mihi is an ethical dative, indicating the poet's interest in the
success of his appeal (salve). Cf. xa"p pm, 'Sei mir gegrtisst.'
So Verg. Aen. 11. 97.
15-16. cumque... vocanti: i.e. quotienscumque te vocavero.
No precedent is cited for this use of cumque, but the reading of
the Mss. must stand till some happier emendation than Lachmann's medicumque is proposed.
ODE XXXIII.
Albius, do not ever be chanting doleful elegies for Glycera's
faithlessness. 'Tis the cruel sport of love to make us all follow
her that flees and flee her that follows, and mismate us strangely.




BOOK I., ODE XXXIII.                   229
Trans., Hamilton, Johnson's Poets, 15, p. 637. Cf. Dobson,
A Story from a Dictionary, 'Love mocks us all, as Horace said
of old: I From sheer perversity that arch offender I Still yokes
unequally the hot and cold I The short and tall, the hardened
and the tender.'
1. Albi: Albius Tibullus, the elegiac poet (cf. Epp. 1. 4),
but no Glycera is mentioned in his extant elegies, the tender
sentimentality of which might well seem lachrymose to Horace.
Cf. e.g. 1. 5. 38, Saepe ego temptavi curas depellere vino; I At
dolor in lacrimas verterat omne merum, for which the 'Shepherd'
in Pickwick offers the only parallel. - ne doleas: do not grieve;
cf. 1. 11. 1. n. It is also taken as a clause of purpose with the
following statements. Cf. 4. 9. 1. - plus nimio: cf. 1. 18. 15.
2. immitis: litotes with slight oxymoron, since Glycera -
sweet.
3. decantes: drone out. - elegos: A. P. 75-78; Jebb, Greek
Poetry, p. 95. - cur: (asking) why; suggests the querulous
direct question more vividly than quod. Cf. Epp. 1. 8. 10;
Fronton. et Aur. Epist., p. 116, Naber, equidem multum fratrem
meum obiurgavi cur me non revocavit (revocarit). See Hale,
Cum Constr., p. 106.--tibi... praeniteat: outshines thee.--
iunior: Tibullus was probably about thirty. He died B.C. 19.
5. tenui fronte: a low forehead was thought a mark of youth
and beauty; Epp. 1. 7. 26, nigros angusta fronte capillos. The
beauty in Petron. Sat. 126 has frons minima et quae radices
capillorum retro flexerat. - Lycorida: Lycoris, like Cyrus and
Pholoe, is a fictitious name. For Cyrus, cf. 1. 17. 25; Pholoe,
2. 5. 17; 3. 15. 7.
6. torret amor: recurs 3. 19. 28. Cf. also 4. 1. 12; 3. 9. 13;
Sappho, fr. 115, 6rratT d4s A. -  asperam: probably proleptic,
'and to him she'll have nothing to say' (Martin). But cf.
Tibull. 1. 5. 1, asper eram, 'I was cross, ill-natured, petulant.'
7. declinat: turns aside, i.e. from  Lycoris; declinat cursus
aurumque volubile tollit, says Ovid of Atalanta, swerving to
pick up the golden apple.
8. Cf. Epode 16. 30; Verg. Ecl. 8. 27, iungentur iam grypes
equis.
9. turpi: ugly. - peccet: 3. 7. 19. n. - adultero- paramour.




230


NOTES.


Cf. 1. 36. 19; 3. 16. 4, and for the use of the ablative, 1. 27.
17; 3. 9. 5-6.
10. sic visum: cf. Ov. Met. 1. 366, sic visum superis.
11. iuga aeinea: cf. 3. 9. 18. n.; 3. 16. 1. n.; Otto, p. 6.
12. saevo: 1. 19. 1. - ioco: Soph. Antig. 799, igralcet Oeb
'Aqpos81a. Cf. 3. 27. 69.
13. melior: i.e. higher in the world. -Venus: love. 1.
27. 14.
14. grata... compede: recurs 4. 11. 23. The singular
first in Horace, perhaps metri causa. Cf. Epode 4. 4; Epp. 1.
3. 3; 1. 16. 77 (plural). Cf.'Willing chains and sweet captivity'
(Milt.).
15. libertina: Epode 14. 15. - fretis acrior Hadriae: cf. 3.
9. 23; Tam. of shrew, 1. 2, 'Were she as rough I As are the
swelling Adriatic seas'; Victor Hugo, Apropos d'Horace, 'Tu
courtisais ta belle esclave quelquefois | Myrtale aux blonds
cheveux, qui s'irrite et se cabre | Comme la mer creusant les
golfes de Calabre'; Tenn. Audley Court, 'I woo'd a woman once,
| But she was sharper than an eastern wind.'
16. curvantis... sinus: which makes Calabria's winding
bays, i.e. by the force of its waves breaks the coast of Calabria
into bays. Cf. 4. 5. 14; Ov. Met. 11. 229, sinus... falcatus
in arcus.
ODE XXXIV.
A thunder clap in a clear sky (which the Epicureans say is impossible, Lucret. 6. 400) has converted Horace from his youthful belief that the gods 'lie beside their nectar careless of mankind.' (Cf. Sat. 1. 5. 101, deos didici securum agere aevum.)
He has felt 'the steadfast empyrean shake throughout' beneath
the winged car of Zeus, and knows now that 'The Lord maketh
poor and maketh rich; he bringeth low and lifteth up' (1 Sam.
2. 7).
For the religion of the Odes, cf. on 3. 18; 3. 23; and Sellar,
p. 159. Dryden, Preface to Odes, observes, 'Let his Dutch commentators say what they will, his philosophy was Epicurean,
and he made use of gods and Providence only to serve a turn in
poetry.' Lessing (Rettungen des Horaz) discusses this ode, and




BOOK I., ODE XXXIV.                   231
sensibly decides that it is the half playful record of a poetical
mood which it would be sheer pedantry to interpret as a serious
recantation. He points out that Augustus, according to Suetonius (Aug. 90), was so sensitive to thunder that he would
shut himself up in a dark chamber on the approach of a storm.
1. parcus...infrequens: his offerings had been scant and
niggardly, his presence at the altar rare. Cf. parca superstitio
in the beautiful lines of Statius on the worship of Pity (Theb.
12. 481 ff.).
2. insanientis... sapientiae consultus: an adept in a mad
philosophy, i.e. Epicureanism. ' The Democritic hypothesis...
is rather a madness than a philosophy' (Cudworth, Intellect.
System, 1.1. 45). Cf. Byron, Childe Harold, 2. 8, 'And sophists
madly vain of dubious lore.' For the oxymoron, cf. on 3. 11.
35. It is continued by the antithesis of consultus erro, wandered, strayed from the path of truth, (though) an adept.
Lucret. (5. 10, etc.) calls the Epicurean doctrine sapientia
par excellence.
3. consultus: this use is an extension of the expression iuris
consultus. Livy, 10. 22, has iuris atque eloquentiae consultus.
Cf. Sat. 1. 1. 17; Epist. 2. 3. 369. - nunc: makes the contrasted
reference to the past in dum erro unambiguous.
4. iterare: take once more to; cf. 1. 7. 32; 2. 19. 12.
5. relictos: the forsaken course is the naive faith of childhood. Bentley's relectos, retraced, is idiomatically cumulative
with iterare. Horace perhaps could not have told us himself
whether he meant simply 'turn back,' or more specifically
'sail back to the point where I started on the wrong tack and
then enter on the right.' Diespiter: an archaic word for Jupiter as Lord of light and God of day. Cf. 3. 2. 29; 1. 1. 25. n.;
Preller-Jordan, 1. 189.
6-7. nubila: emphatic. - dividens: cf. 'Saw God divide the
night with flying fire' (Tenn. Dr. of Fair Women); Psalms 29.
7.- plerumque: with dividens in preceding line. Cf. 1. 1.
23; 1. 31. 2; 1. 35. 10.
8. egit: he has this time driven across a clear sky (per purum),
which is the marvel. Cf. Homer, Odyss. 20. 112-114; Lucan,




232                       NOTES.
1. 525; Verg. Aen. 8. 524; Georg. 1. 487. - currum: cf. 1. 12.
58; the rrrvbyv ap~La of Plato (Phaedr. 246 E); Pind. 0. 4. 1.
9. bruta: cf. iners, 3. 4. 45, contrasted with gliding streams;
Milton's 'brute earth would lend her nerves and shake'; and
Tenn. In Mem. 127, 'The brute earth lightens to the sky.' -
vaga: frequent epithet of rivers; cf. 1. 2. 18; Pseudo-Tibull.
4. 1. 143, vago... Araxe; Petron. Sat. 122, nec vaga passim
flumina.
10. invisi: hateful as all associations of death. Cf. on 2.
14. 23; and Verg. Aen. 8. 245. Lessing prefers to take it as
imitation of the Greek Wt6s, the unseen world, on the
ground that otherwise horrida is tautologous. - Taenari:
a rift in the rocks at Taenarum, a promontory on the south
coast of the Peloponnesus (now Cape Matapan), was deemed
the mouth of hell, "At8a org6a (Pind. Pyth. 4. 44). Cf. Verg.
Georg. 4. 467, Taenarias etiam fauces alta ostia Ditis; Sen. Her.
Fur. 667; Milton, Comus, 'rifted rocks whose entrance leads to
hell.'
11. Atlanteus finis: Atlas at the world's end. Atlas, the
mountain range in N. W. Africa, was regarded as the western
limit of the world. 'Where Atlas flings his shadow  Far o'er
the western foam' (Macaulay, Proph. of Capys). Cf. rldpoves
'ArXanpcol, Eurip. Hippol. 3; 747; 1053; Milton's 'Atlantean
shoulders.'
12. valet: for syntax, cf. 2. 5. 1; 3. 25. 15; 4. 7. 27; Epode
16. 3. For sentiment, cf. Job 5. 11; Hom. Odyss. 16. 211;
Hesiod, Op. 6; Archil. fr. 56; Aesop. apud Diog. Laert. 1. 3;
Pind. Pyth. 2. 89; Eurip. Tro. 608; Tac. Hist. 4. 47; Aristoph.
Lysist. 772; F. Q. 5. 2. 41, 'He pulleth down, He setteth up on
high; I He gives to this, from that He takes away; I For all
we have is His: what He list do He may.' - ima summis:
Tac. Hist. 4. 47; Otto, p. 335.
14. hinc: from one. - apicem: properly the pileus or conical
cap of a flamen. Here tiara; i.e. of eastern kings, and so a
symbol of royalty. Cf. 3. 21. 20. But Horace may be thinking of the legend of Tarquin, Livy, 1. 34. - rapax: participial
or adverbial in effect. Cf. pugnax, 4. 6. 8.
15, Fortuna: cf. next ode and 3. 29. 49. Fortuna and Deus




BOOK I., ODE XXXV.


288


shift as Nature and God in Seneca and Emerson. Cf. the
Homeric motpa AL6s and Pind. 01. 12. 1, tra? ZIybt... r6Xa.
Or she is conceived as God's minister, as in the beautiful description of Dante, Inferno, vii. Cf. Sir R. Fanshawe, "Tis
he does all, he does it all: Yet this blind mortals fortune call.'
So Sir Thomas Browne, 'The Romans that erected a temple
to Fortune acknowledged... though in a blinder way, somewhat of divinity' (Relig. Med.). - stridore: of her wings. Cf.
3. 29. 54; Verg. Aen. 1. 397, stridentibus alis; Ov. Trist. 1. 1.
75, pennae stridore; Milton, P. L. 1, 'and in the air, j Brush'd
with the hiss of rustling wings'; Swinb. 'resounds through
the wind of her wings.'
16. sustulit: takes away; the gnomic perfect of habitual
action. - posuisse: cf. on 1. 1. 4; 3. 4. 52.
ODE XXXV.
To FORTUNE.
Queen of Antium, ruler of the vicissitudes of mortal lots, supplicated by pauper and feared by prince: before thee stalks
Destiny with symbolic wedge and clamp. With thee abide
"pure-eyed Faith, white-handed Hope." But Folly's brood,
the summer friend, and the flatterer disperse at thy frown.
Guard Caesar in his expedition against Britain; guard our
young soldiers, the terror of the Orient. So may we forget
our impious fratricidal strife, and whet our blunted swords
against the Scythian and the Arab.
Augustus contemplated an expedition to Britain B.C. 27 (Dio.
53. 22), but was detained in Gaul. The Arabian campaign of
Aelius Gallus (see on 1. 29) was preparing B.C. 26, the probable
date of the Ode.
The introductory prayer to Fortune is suggested by Pind. 0.
12. 1-6. Wordsworth says of his Ode to Duty, 'This ode is gn
the model of Gray's Ode to Adversity, which is copied from
Horace's Ode to Fortune.' A comparative study of the four
odes illustrates in a very interesting way the transformations
and various moral applications of a single literary motif.
On Fortune cf. 1. 34. 15. n.; 3. 29. 49. n.; Hes. Theog. 360,




234


NOTES.


where Tbxy is an Ocean nymph; Hymn. Cer. 421; Theogn.
130; Pausan. 7. 26. 8; Pliny, N. H. 2. 22; Lucret. 5. 107;
Plautus, Pseud. 2. 3. 14; Pacuvius, fr. incert..14; Menander,
fr. incert. 594 (Kock); Philem. fr. incert. 137 (Kock); Anth.
Pal. 9. 74; 10. 70; Dante, Inferno, 7; Shaks. Henry V. 3. 6;
Fronto, p. 157, Naber.
Schmidt, Ethik der Griechen, 2. 68; Lehrs, Aufsatze, p. 176;
Etc., etc. As Shaks. says, 'Fortune is an excellent moral.'
1. diva... regis: cf. 1. 30. 1. The divinity is pleased by
the mention of her favorite abode. - gratum: sc. tibi; cf. 1.
30. 2. But Cicero says of Antium nihil amoenius, ad Att.
4.8. a. It was on the coast of Latium, the capital of the Volsci,
and at this time a seaside resort; Strabo, 5, p. 232. At the old
oracle and temple of Fortune there the Fortunae Antiates, two
images, were consulted by lots, per sortes, and as late as Theodosius were supposed to give responses by their movements.
Cf. Mart. 5. 1. 3; Macrob. Sat. 1. 23. 13.
2. praesens, a 'very present help' (cf. 3. 5. 2) is also potens
or valens, which may take inf.: with power. For thought, cf.
Praed, Chaunt of the Brazen Head, 'I think one nod of Mistress
Chance | Makes creditors of debtors, j And shifts the funeral
for the dance, I The sceptre for the fetters: I think that
Fortune's favored guest I May live to gnaw the platters, I And
he that wears the purple vest I May wear the rags and tatters.'
- imo: cf. on 1. 34. 12; Tac. Hist. 4. 47, Magna documenta
instabilis Fortunae summaque et ima miscentis.
3. mortale corpus: ourfrail dust; 'Dust are our frames; and
gilded dust, our pride,' etc. (Tenn. Aylmer's Field). Cf.
Livy, 22. 22, unum vile atque infame corpus. But cf. Epode
5. 13, impube corpus; Verg. Aen. 1. 70; 2. 18; Lucret. 1. 258,
where corpus is a mere periphrasis.
S4. funeribus: abl.; vertere has construction of mutare, 1.
16. 26. Cf. A. P. 226. The death of the two sons of Aemilius
Paullus on the eve of his triumph may have occurred to Horace
(Livy, 45, 41).
5-6. te... te: cf. 4. 1. 39.
5. ambit: courts, like a canvassing candidate. Cf. Lex. s.v.




BOOK I., ODE XXXV.


235


and Shaks. Cor. 2. 3. -'sollicita: he is anxious for his crops
(3. 1. 29).
6. colonus: cf. on 2. 14. 12. - dominam aequoris: she is
sometimes represented with rudder (Fortuna gubernans, Lucret.
5. 107; Pind. fr. 40) and a horn of plenty. Cf. Pind. 0. 12. 3;
Aesch. Ag. 664. Fortuna is still a seaman's term for storm on
the Mediterranean.
7. Bithyna: poetic specification. Cf. 1. 1. 13; 1. 16. 4.
Bithynia, on the south coast of the Black Sea, produced excellent timber for shipbuilding. It is possible, however, that
the reference may be to a ship trading to or from Bithynia.
Cf. on 3. 7. 3. -- acessit: challenges, braves.  For thought,
cf. 1. 3. 11 sqq.
8. Carpathium: that part of the Aegean between Crete and
Rhodes; 4. 5. 10.
9. Dacus: the Dacians dwelt north of the Danube. Verg.
G. 2. 497, descendens Dacus ab Istro. - asper: 1. 23. 9; 1. 37.
26; 3. 2. 10. - te profugi Scythae: a tag;. cf. 4. 14. 42; nomad,
cf. 3. 24. 9. n.
10. urbes: 2. 20. 5; 3. 4. 46; 4. 15. 20.-- gentes: 1. 2. 5.
n. -Latium: so 1.12. 53; 4. 4. 40. - ferox: Romaferox, 3. 3.
44. Cf. 1. 6. 3; 1. 32. 6.
11. matres: cf. 3. 2. 7. Atossa, the mother of Xerxes
(Aesch. Persae, 163); Judges, 5. 28, the mother of Sisera.
12. purpurei: purple-clad; 'And purple tyrants vainly groan'
(Gray, Hymn to Adversity); Verg. G. 2. 495, purpura regum.
13. iniurioso: cf. Epode 17. 34. bzp#TrLK^, insulting. -
pede: Aesch. Persae, 163.
14. columnam: of their power. Cf. Lowell, Com. Ode,
'Shakes all the pillared state with shock of men.'
15. ad arma: the repetition quotes their cry. Cf. Plato,
Symp. 212 D, 'Aydowv.... 'AydOwva; Ov. Met. 11. 377; 12.
241; Tac. Ann. 1. 59; Verg. Aen. 2. 314; 7. 460; 11. 453;
Tass. Ger. Lib. 12. 44, 'onde la guarda I all' arme, all' arme in
alto suon raddoppia'; Pope, St. Cecilia, 'And seas and skies
and rocks rebound I To arms, to arms, to arms.' - cessantis:
those who timidly or prudently hold back. On cesso cf. 3. 27.
58; 1. 27. 13; 3. 28. 8; 3. 19. 19; Verg. Aen. 6. 51.




236                       NOTES.
17. anteit: like a Roman lictor before the magistrate.saeva: Some Mss. read serva, as thy handmaiden. - necessitas:
necessity, fate, and fortune are allied conceptions. Cf. Ruskin,
Fors Clavigera, 2, '"Fortune" means the necessary fate of a
man, the ordinance of his life which cannot be changed.' Dante
makes Fortune one of God's ministers, and says of her: 'Le
sue permutazion non hanno triegue, I Necessith la fa esser
veloce' (Inf. 7). The nails, the tightening wedge, the inexorable clamp, the molten lead, are symbols of necessity. Cf.
on 3. 24. 5; Aesch. Suppl. 945; Gildersleeve on Pind. Pyth. 4.
71, with Shaks. Ham. 1.3.' Grapple them to thy soul with hooks
of steel,' Much Ado, 4. 1, '0, that is stronger made I Which
was before barred up with hoops of iron'; Webster, White
Devil, 1. 2, "Tis fixed with nails of diamond to inevitable
necessity.' Lessing's hostile criticism of this strophe (Laocoiin,
~ 10. n. e.) assumes that these cumulative symbols must form an
image. Horace may have had some picture in mind, but the
brazen (iron) hand is already beyond the limits of painting.
Cf. Burke's observations on the emotional as distinguished from
the pictorial use of words, Subl. and Beaut. 5. 5, 'The picturesque connexion is not demanded, because no real picture is
formed, nor is the effect of the description at all the less upon
this account.' It is sheer pedantry to work out an exact image
of Fortune as a builder and Necessitas as an assistant carrying
her tools.
18. clavo trabali figere was proverbial. Cf. Otto, p. 85. In
the monuments clavi appear as attributes of the Fortuna of
Antium and the Etruscan Athrpa or Atropos.
20. Molten lead was used to fix the iron clamps that held the
stones together. Cf. Vitruv. 2. 8; Eurip. Andr. 267.
21-28. Te Spes, etc.: cf. Sellar, p. 183. The imagery wavers
between the idea of this universal power (Fortune) and the
Roman personified fortune or luck of a family or institution,
as Fortuna populi Romani, Fortuna Tulliana, the fortune of
the house of Barca, 4. 4. 71. Hope and white-robed faith
'follow the fortunes of a fallen lord,' and withhold not their
companionship even when Fortune (the great divinity) grows
hostile (inimica), and his personal Fortune puts on mourning
and leaves the once lordly home. Perfect consistency is not




BOOK I., ODE XXXV.                    237
attained, but the meaning is clear. With the moral sentiment
of the whole, cf. Gray's imitation, Hymn to Adversity, stanzas
3 and 4. Postgate would change nec to ni (but). See Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society XLVI-XLVIII.
21. rara: cf. 1. 24. 7-8.
22. velata: transferred to Fides from the priest who by the
institution of Numa (Livy, 1. 21) worshiped her manu(que) ad
digitos usque involuta. The cloth was white (Serv. ad Verg.
Aen. 1. 292). But cf. Preller-Jordan, 1. 253; Hes. Works, 198.
---comitem: sc. se (Ov. A. A. 1. 127).
23. utcumque: whensoever; 1. 17. 10; 4. 4. 35.
25. volgus infidum: contrasted with Fides. Cf. Sen. Phaedr.
496, volgus infidum bonis; Otto, p. 378. For the faithlessness
of fair-weather friends, cf. poor Ovid's plaint, Trist. 1. 5. 33,
vix duo tresve mihi de tot superestis amici: I cetera Fortunae non
mea turba fuit.
27. cum faece: to the lees, dregs and all. Cf. 3. 15. 16; Theog.
643. For the thought, cf. the proverb teF X6rpa j OcXiMa; Shaks.
Timon of Athens, 2. 2, 'Feast-won, fast-lost.'
28. ferre... dolosi: too treacherous to bear the yoke fairly,
i.e. to share a friend's misfortunes as well as his prosperity.
For the image, cf. on 1. 33. 11; 2. 5. 1; Theoc. 12. 15; Pliny,
Ep. 3. 9. 8, cum uterque pari iugo... pro causa niteretur;
Ov. Trist. 5. 2. 40; Propert. 3. 25. 8.
29. ultimos: 4. 14. 47; Catull. 11. 12; Verg. Ecl. 1. 67, et
penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos.
31. examen:    etymologically  exagmen, swarm, levy. Cf.
Aesch. Pers. 126.
32. rubro: the Indian Ocean including the Persian Gulf and
the Red Sea.
34-38. Cf. 1. 2. 21; 2. 1. 29-36; Epodes 7 and 16.
34. fratrum: brothers (slain by brothers), i.e. in the civil
war; cf. Verg. G. 2. 510.
35. nefasti: gen. with quid.
38. 0 utinam: 4. 5. 37.
39. diffingas: only here and 3. 29. 47. Here apparently
recast, forge anew. Cf. Verg. Aen. 7. 636, and Aeoa faa-ryavovpy6s
(Aesch. Choeph. 647). - in: with diffingas, against.
40. Massagetas: Scythians east of the Caspian.




238                       NOTES.
ODE XXXVI.
A welcome to Plotius Numida (unknown) returned from the
west, - possibly from the Spanish campaign of Augustus,
B.C. 27-25. Cf. 3. 14. For similar theme, cf. 2. 7.
1. fidibus: fidicines as well as tibicines were employed at
sacrifices (Schol.). Cf. 4. 1. 21-23.
2. placare: win the favor of; the word does not imply that
the gods were offended.     Cf. pacem   deorum  exposcere. -
debito: their due; cf. obligatam, 2. 7. 17.
3. custodes: cf. 1. 24. 11. n.
4. Hesperia: West, i.e. Spain. From the point of view of
Greece and the East, Italy was Hesperia. Cf. 2. 1. 32; 3. 6. 8.
- sospes: of safe home-coming, cf. 3. 14. 10; Gk. ao&ea-Oac (Plat.
Gorg. 511. D).
6. dividit: gives, lit., distributes.
7. Lamiae: cf. Ode 26.
8. actae: cf. A. P. 173, temporis acti se puero. - non alio
rege: under the same (fe)rule. Rex here probably means schoolmaster. Cf. rectores imperatoriae iuventae of Nero's teachers
(Tac. Ann. 13. 2). Or it may mean king, i.e. of the boys'
games (Epp. 1. 1. 59). - puertiae: syncope, cf. 2. 2. 2. n.; 4.
13. 20.
9. mutatae... togae: cf. Pater, Marius, Chap. IV., 'At
a somewhat earlier age than usual he had formally assumed the
dress of manhood, going into the Forum for that purpose, accompanied by his friends in festal array.' The toga virilis was
assumed in place of the toga praetexta about the age of sixteen.
For Latin idiom here, cf. 2. 4. 10. n.
10. Cressa... nota: with a white mark. Creta in the
phrase for chalk, terra creta (from cernere, to sift), was by a
popular etymology confused with Cressa, Cretan, partly because a much used variety of chalk came from Kimolos, an
island in the Cretan Sea. Lucky days were proverbially marked
with a white line or stone. Cf. Cat. 68. 148; Pers. 2. 1; Otto,
s.v. calculus.




BOOK I., ODE XXXVII.


239


11. neu promptae modus amphorae = amphora promatur neu
modus sit; cf. 2. 4. 10. n.; 3. 28. 2. -modus: cf. 1. 16. 2.
12. Salium: adj., for saliarem, cf. 4. 1. 28. Others take it
as gen. plur. of noun. The Salii, or jumpers, were, so to speak,
the dancing Dervishes of Mars. Cf. Livy, 1. 20; Ov. Fast. 3.
387; see their rude chant (Epist. 2. 1. 86, Saliare Numae
carmen); Mommsen, Hist., Eng. tr., 1, p. 294. - The luxury
of their banquets was proverbial. Cf. 1. 37. 2; 2. 14. 28.
13. multi...meri: descriptive genitive; iroX6otvos.  Cf.
3. 9. 7; 3. 7. 4; 4. 1. 15. Cf. Cic. Fam. 9. 26, non multi cibi
hospitem. - Damalis: frequent name of girls of her class,
evidently from 8d/aXts, a heifer. Cf. on 2. 5. 6. For women
and wine-drinking, cf. Catull. 27. 3.
14. Bassum: unknown. Apparently he was for the most
part a very moderate drinker, but on this occasion even he
is to drink deeply. - Threicia... amystide: in draining the
cup in the Thracian style. Amystis (&avartr, Anacr. fr. 63. 2;
cf. Avo-rt riverv) is the act of draining a cup at a gulp, said to
have been characteristic of the Thracians.
15. Cf. 3. 19. 22.
16. vivax: rhetorically contrasted with breve (short-lived).
Cf. 2. 3. 14. n.
17. putris:  languishing.  'But Enid feared    his eyes,
Moist as they were, wine-heated from the feast' (Tenn.)."
19. adultero: 1. 33. 9.
20. ambitiosior: etymologically, clinging and climbing. Cf.
Catull. 61: 33, 106; Epode 15. 5. Cf. 4. 4. 65. n.
ODE XXXVII.
Song of triumph over the fall of Antony and Cleopatra.
Written apparently in the autumn of B.c. 30, when the news
of Cleopatra's suicide reached Rome.
Cf. on Epodes. 1 and 9; Dio. 51. 6-15; Merivale, 3. 270-276;
Propert. 4. 10. 30 sqq.; 5. 6. 63 sqq.; Verg. Aen. 8. 675.
The name of Antony is ignored, as it was in the declaration of
war against Egypt and in the triumph.
The first two lines imitate Alcaeus' song over the death of the




240                        NOTES.
tyrant Myrsilus: vvv Xpil 1eLoa-lfv Kal rtva Vrpb f jlav irlv'nv  rtELi
KaTOave MvpaliXos; fr. 20. One of the earliest poems in Alcaic
meter, as shown perhaps by metrical harshness of 5 and 14.
1. pede libero: cf. 3. 18. 15; 1. 4. 7; Catull. 61. 14, pelle
humum pedibus. But libero also suggests liberation from fear
of the enemy. Cf. Hector's Kpqjr-jpa dXe6lpov, II. 6. 528; Aesch.
Ag. 328.
2. Saliaribus: Salian, i.e. as magnificent as those of the
Salii, the priests of Mars, the luxury of whose banquets was
proverbial. Cf. 2. 14. 28, pontificum. Cf. 1. 36. 12; Otto, p.
306.
3. pulvinar: couch. The reference is to the ceremony of
the lectisternium, a banquet of the gods, sometimes held on
occasions of national thanksgiving. Images of the gods were
laid on cushions (pulvinaria), and food of all kinds was placed
before them.
4. erat: variously taken (1) as Greek imperfect of surprise
or recognition (cf. on 1. 27. 19), or (2) more simply as rebuke
of delay. The latter is more probable. Cf. Ov. Am. 3. 1. 23,
tempus erat, thyrso pulsum graviore moveri, I cessatum satis est,
incipe maius opus; Livy, 8. 5, tempus erat... tandem iam
vos nobiscum nihil pro imperio agere; Ov. Trist. 4. 8. 24, me
quoque donari iam rude tempus erat, I tempus erat nec me peregrinum ducere caelum; Her. 6. 4; Tibull. 3. 6. 64; Arist. Eccles.
877. Logically this is somewhat inconsistent with antehac
nefas, which favors (1), but in the rapid movement of the ode
the exclamatory first strophe may be forgotten.
5. depromere: cf. 1. 9. 7. - antehac: dissyllable. - Caecubum: cf. 1. 20. 9; Epode 9. 1.
6. Capitolio: the symbol of Roman empire (cf. on 3. 30. 8;
3. 3. 42) menaced by the foul Egyptian. Cf. Ov. Met. 15. 827,
frustraque erit illa minata, I servitura suo Capitolia nostra Canopo;
Lucan, 10. 63, terruit illa suo, si fas, Capitolia sistro.
7. regina: a doubly invidious title to Roman ears. 'There
was a Brutus once that would have brooked I The eternal devil
to keep his state in Rome j As easily as a king' (Shaks. Jul.
Caes.). Cf. 3. 5. 9, sub rege Medo; Epode 9. 12, emancipatus




BOOK I., ODE XXXVII.


241


feminae; Propert. 4. 10. 39, scilicet incesti meretrix regina
Canopi.... Ausa lovi nostro latrantem   opponere Anubin;
El. in Maec. 53. She is called Regina or paerXao-ra  on extant
coins. Cf. Florus, 4. 11; Dio. 50. 5. - dementis: transferred
epithet. Cf. 3. 1. 42; 1. 12. 34; 1. 15. 33, etc. Vergil's sceleratas poenas (Aen. 2. 576).
8. et: loosely placed as 1. 2. 18 and passim.
9-10. The Eunuchs, etc. Cf. Epode 9. 13; Shaks. Ant. and
Cleop. 1. 2; Propert. 4. 10. 30; Tac. Ann. 15. 37.
10. virorum: with emphatic scorn. - morbo: like 'v6aoo,
of base passions. - impotens: with sperare, frenzied enough to.
There is no equivalent in modern English. It denotes the weakness of uncontrolled passion. Cf. Tenn. 'Impotence of fancied
power'; Milton, 'Will he, so wise, let loose at once his ire, i
Belike through   impotence or unaware?' Cf. dKparTs and
impotentia, Epode 16. 62; and Trench, Study of Words, ~ 70;
F. Q. 5. 12. 1, '0 sacred hunger of ambitious minds I And
impotent desire of men to reign.'
12. ebria: so   eOEtev, Demosth. Phil. 1. 49. Tenn. has
'drunk with loss.' Cf. 'If, drunk with sight of power, we loose I
Wild tongues that have not Thee in awe' (Rudyard Kipling,
Recessional).
13. vix una sospes: the escape of barely one ship. Cf. on
2. 4. 10. It was the fleet of Antony that was thus destroyed.
Cleopatra fled early in the action, and Antony followed her. Cf.
Ant. and Cleopat. 3. 9; Propert. 3. 8. 39, hunc insanus amor
versis dare terga carinis  iussit; and Tenn.'s youthful poem,
'Then when the shriekings of the dying I Were heard along the
wave, I Soul of my soul I saw thee flying, I Ifollowed thee to
save. | The thunder of the brazen prows I O'er Actium's ocean
rung; Fame's garland faded from     my brows, I Her wreath
away I flung. I I sought, I saw, I heard but thee, i For what to
love was victory?'
14. lymphatam: crazed; her panic is attributed to Bacchus,
author of panic fear, no less than Pan, or rather to her deep
potations of sweet Egyptian wine. 'Now no more I The juice
of Egypt's grape shall moist this lip,' she says, in her death
hour (Ant. and Cleop. 5. 2). The superstition that the sight




242


NOTES.


of a nymph (lymphae, water-nymphs) caused madness is
preserved in the word nympholepsy. - Mareotico: Egyptian.
Marea was the name of a lake and a town near Axandria.
15. veros: as contrasted with the panic alarms of 14. Cf.
Epist. 2. 1. 212, falsis terroribus; Lucan, 1. 469, Vana quoque
ad veros accessit fama timores.
16. ab Italia: she had come against Italy, if she had not
reached it. - volantem: sc. Cleopatra. Cf. Vergil's pelagoque
volamus. The imaginative transition is easy to the image of the
fleeing (flying) dove in the next strophe.
17. adurgens: pursuing her closely; as a matter of fact,
Octavian returned to Italy to quiet a mutiny of the veterans,
wintered at Samos, and entered Egypt only in the following
spring. - accipiter: cf. Il. 22. 139; Aeschyl. Prom. 856;
Verg. Aen. 11. 721; Ov. Met. 5. 606. For Cleopatra's flight,
cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 707-712; Propert. 4. 10. 51, fugisti tamen in
timidi vaga flumina Nili; El. in Maec. 47
19. Horace may have seen the plains of Thessaly (Haemonia)
white with snow in his travels with Brutus. Winter was the
hunting season (Epode 2. 30. n.).
20. daret: sc. Caesar, who was eager to exhibit Cleopatra in
his triumph. Cf. Plut. Ant. 78.
21. monstrum: sc. Cleopatram. Cf. Lucan's dedecus Aegypti,
Latii feralis Erinnys (10. 58). - quae: construction according
to sense; but she. - generosius perire: a nobler death; 'fitting
for a princess descended of so many royal kings' (Ant. and
Cleo. 5. 2).
22. quaerens: with inf. Cf. 3. 4. 39; 3. 24. 27; 3. 27. 55;
4. 1. 12; Epode 2. 70; 16. 16. So Lucret. and Vergil, not, it
seems, Cicero. - muliebriter: Velleius, 2. 87. 1, Cleopatra..
expers muliebris metus spiritum reddidit; Ant. and Cleo. 5. 2,
'My resolution's placed, and I have nothing I Of woman in me.'
23. ensem: she first attempted suicide with a dagger (Plut.
Ant. 79).
24. reparavit: perhaps procured by exchange a place of
hiding by her swift fleet -a tortuous expression for sought
refuge in remote lands. Cf. 1. 31. 12. Penetravit, properavit,
repetivit, etc., have been proposed. Dio. 51. 6 and Plut. Ant.




BOOK I., ODE XXXVIII.


248


69, speak of schemes for taking refuge beyond the Red Sea,
etc.
25-32. There is no principal sentence in these two strophes;
ausa (participle), fortis (upon which tractare depends), ferocior,
invidens all agree with the subject of expavit and reparavit, and
mulier is in apposition with the same.
25. et: even; et in the next line has the same force. - iacentem.. regiam: her humbled court, the palace at Alexandria now
in the possession of the Romans. Cf. 4. 14. 36, Alexandrea
supplex... vacuam patefecit aulam.
26. asperas: cf. 1. 23. 9; 3. 2. 10.
27. serpentes: the asps. Cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 697; Ant. and
Cleo. 5. 2. - atrum: cf. 3. 4. 17. n.
29. deliberata morte (abl. abs.) motivates ferocior, fiercely
defiant in (by) her resolve to die.
30. saevis Liburnis... invidens: dative, grudging to the
cruel Liburnian galleys. What she grudged is stated in the
words privata deduci superbo triumpho. The Liburnian galleys
were light and swift, and proved especially effective at the
battle of Actium. Cf. Epode 1. 1-2.
31-32. Cf. the cry attributed to her in Livy, apud Porphyr.
o6 Opatfpe opat; Shaks. Ant. and Cleo. 5. 1, 'her life in Rome.I
Would be eternal in our triumph'; 5. 2, 'Shall they hoist me up,
I And show me to the shouting varletry I Of censuring Rome?'
Tenn. Dr. of Fair Women, 'I died a queen'; F. Q. 1. 5. 50,
'Highminded Cleopatra that with stroke I Of aspes sting herself
did stoutly kill.' Her effigy was borne in the triumph. Cf.
Propert. 4. 10. 53, Bracchia spectavi sacris admorsa colubris. -
privata: discrowned queen. Superbo (1. 35. 3). - non humilis:
Martial, 7. 40. 2, pectore non humili.
ODE XXXVIII.
This pretty trifle is intended to relieve the severity of the
thirty-fifth and thirty-seventh Odes (Sellar, p. 137). Translated
by Hartley Coleridge, and in two forms by Cowper. Austin
Dobson's rendering in Triolets is well known: 'Davus, I detest
Orient display.' Cf. Thackeray's amusing, 'Dear Lucy, you




244


NOTES.


know what my wish is, I I hate all your Frenchified fuss, I Your
silly entr6es and made dishes I Were never intended for us';
and the irreverent 'Persicos odi, puer apparatus, I Bring me
a chop and a couple of potatoes.'
1. Persicos: i.e. luxurious, e.g. Achaemenium costum (3. 1.
44). The ad of apparatus and adlabores (5) marks the unnecessary additions to the simple requirements of nature which
the wiser Epicurean rejects. Cf. Lucret. 2. 20 sqq. - puer:
cf. 2. 11. 18; 1. 19. 14. Anacr. fr. 64.
2. philyra: ready-made coronae sutiles; garlands, the flowers
of which were held together by being sewed on strips of the
inner bark of the linden tree, were bought at the shops. Cf.
Ov. Fast. 5. 335.
3. mitte: cf. 3. 8. 17; Epode 13. 7; and omitte, 3. 29. 11. -
quo locorum: cf. 1. 29. 5, quae virginum.
4. sera: the rose is a spring flower in Italy; sub arta vite (7)
suggests midsummer heat.
5. adlabores: with curo.
6. sedulus: here with adlabores of the servant's officiousness, cf. A. P. 116, sedula nutrix, and Delia serving Messalla in
Tibull. 1. 5. 32, et tantum venerata virum hunc sedula curet. Cf.
Sat. 2. 6. 38, imprimat his, cura, Maecenas signa tabellis. -
ministrum: cf. Cat. 27. 1, minister vetuli puer Falerni; Fitzgerald, Omar KhayyAm, 'And lose your fingers in the tresses of
I The cypress-slender minister of wine'; Mart. 8. 67. 5.
7. arta: thick-pleached, trellised.




BOOK II., ODE I.


Pollio, forsaking the tragic stage and the triumphs of the
Forum, undertakes the history of our civil wars - setting his
feet 'on the thin crust of ashes beneath which the lava is still
glowing.' (Macaulay, Hist. Eng. c. 6.)  Methinks even now I
hear the trumpet's blare. Again 'our Italy shines o'er with
civil swords.' Again the tale is told of great captains soiled
with noble dust, and all the world subdued save Cato's indomitable soul. Now, Jugurtha, thou art avenged. Our blood
has fertilized every field, crimsoned every pool, and the crash
of ruin in Italy rejoiced the ears of our enemy the Mede. But
hush! my light muse. So high a strain is not for thee.
C. Asinius Pollio had been a friend of Cicero and member of
the circle of Calvus and Catullus in his youth (Catull. 12. 8),
had studied at Athens a few years before Horace's sojourn there,
and fought under Caesar at Pharsalus. After his consulate B.C.
40 (cf. Verg. Ecl. 4) he was sent against the Parthini, a Dalmatian tribe, by Antony, and celebrated a triumph over them
B.C. 39 (cf. 1. 15; Verg. Ecl. 8; Dio, 48. 41). From the spoils
he established the first public library at Rome (Pliny, N. H.
7. 115, 35. 10). Octavian allowed his plea that self-respect
required him to be neutral in the conflict with Antony (Vell.
2. 86), and the remainder of his life was devoted to letters and
oratory. (Verg. Ecl. 8. 10; Hor. Sat. 1. 10, 43, 85; Quintil.
12. 11. 28.) As literary critic he detected faults in Cicero (Sen.
Suas. 6. 15), Livy, and Sallust. His history of the civil wars
in seventeen books is mentioned by Tacitus (Ann. 4. 14),
Suetonius (Caes. 30), and others. He first introduced at Rome
the custom of authors' readings from advance sheets of their
own works (recitatio, cf. Sen. Contr. 4 praef.), which became
such a nuisance under the empire. (Cf. Mayor on Juv. 1. 1-4,
3. 9.) The present Ode may well have been suggested by such
245




246


NOTES.


a reading. It also testifies to Horace's independence, for Pollio
had not presented himself at court. Cf. Sellar, p. 152.
1. motum... civicum: the turmoil in the State.
1. motum ex Metello: the war began with Caesar's passage of
the Rubicon B.c. 49, but the disturbances date from the consulship of Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer, B.C. 60, when Caesar,
Pompey, and Crassus formed the private league known as the
first triumvirate: inita potentiae societas, quae urbi orbique
terrarum nec minus... ipsis exitiabilzs fuit (Vell. 2. 44). Cf.
Suet. Caes. 19, Florus 4. 2. - civicum: archaic and poetic for
civile, cf. civica corona; hosticus, 3. 2. 6; 3. 24. 26; Sat. 1. 9. 31;
civica iura (Epp. 1. 3. 23); civica bella (Ov. Pont. 1. 2. 124).
But Lucan 1. 1, bella per Emathios plus quam civilia campos.
2. causas: enumerated by Lucan 1. 67 sqq., e.g. among the
proximate causes the death of Crassus at Carrhae B.C. 53, nam
sola futuri I Crassus erat belli medius mora (Lucan 1. 99); and
the death of Julia, the wife of Pompey and daughter of Caesar
(ibid. 112). - vitia: blunders, mistakes, vitia ducum, Nep. Att.
16. 4, but suggesting more. -modos: phases, turns.
3. ludum: 3. 29. 50; 1. 2. 37; 1. 34. 16; Plato Laws, 709 A;
Juv. 3. 40, quotiens voluit Fortuna iocari. Lucan moralizing on
the death of Pompey invokes Fortuna six times (Phars. 8. 686,
701, 708, 730, 767, 793). Cf. also 1. 84. Crassus and Caesar
were in the end equally conspicuous examples of the sport of
fortune.
3-4. gravis... amicitias: fateful alliances. Cf. Lucan, 1.
84 - the first triumvirate.
5. nondum expiatis: cf. 1. 2. 29; Epode 7. 3, 20. - uncta:
stained, smeared, a stronger tincta (Epode 5. 19).  Cf. Silius, 9.
13, unguere... tela cruore. - cruoribus: pl. mainly metri
causa. Cf. 3. 27. 76. But cf. Aesch. Suppl. 265, aljicdrov
LucdcoAtaaLctv.
6. opus: app. with sentence. Cf. 3. 20. 7. - aleae: hazard.
Alea is frequently used proverbially of war. Cf. Aesch. Sept.
414; Eurip. (?) Rhesus, 183; F. Q. 1. 2. 36, 'In which his
harder fortune was to fall I Under my spear; such is the die
of war'; Swinb. Erechth., 'Now the stakes of war are set, IFor
land or sea to win by throw and wear'; Lucan, 6, 7, placet alea




BOOK II., ODE I.                     247
fati I alterutrum mersura caput; Petron. 122, 1. 174. Caesar's
famous iacta alea est, Suet. 32. Cf. Otto, p. 12. But Horace
is thinking rather of the risks of the historian, 11. 7, 8.
7. per ignis: etc., per, over. Cf. 1. 6. 7; Propert. 1. 5. 5, et
miser ignotos vestigia ferre per ignis.  Cf. Prov. irvp Virb r^
oaro&q; Callim. Ep. 45. 2; Macaulay, supra (Page); Tyrrell,
Latin Poetry, p. 203, censures the image.
9. severae: solemn, stately; Milton's 'gorgeous tragedy in
sceptred pall'; Plato's 7J a^cve  avrv KaI Oavgac-rh; Gorg. 502 B;
Ov. Amor. 3. 1. 11, ingenti violenta tragoedia passu. But
possibly of some new severity of method in Pollio's closet
tragedies. Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3. 86, nova carmina, ibid. 8. 10;
fidibus.... severis, A. P. 216.
10. desit: complimentary - they will be missed. - theatris:
cf. 2. 17. 26. There was but one (permanent), and Pollio's
plays may never have been acted, but only read. - mox ubi:
3. 27. 69, i.e. simul ac.
11. ordinaris: set forth in order; Luke 1. 1. Cf. componere,
avTdiTrretv, and the usage by which the poet is said to do what
he describes. - munus: function, task.
12. repetes: resume, return to, 'And the Cecropian buskin don
anew,' Martin. - Cecropio... cothurno: with the Cecropian
buskin, Cecropio = Attico, Cecrops having been the founder of
Athens. Cf. 4. 12. 6; and A. P. 275 sqq. for Athens as home
of tragedy. - cothurno: the cothurnus was the boot worn by
the tragic actor. It had a high sole in order to give the tragedian a more imposing appearance. Cf. A. P. 280, nitique
cothurno; Milton's 'buskin'd stage' as distinguished from the
low  sock  (soccus) of comedy;     Mrs. Browning, Wine      of
Cyprus: 'How the cothurns trod majestic I Down the deep
iambic lines'; Sat. 1. 5. 64; Mart. 5. 30. 1; Propert. 3. 32. 41.
13. praesidium: eight of the nine titles of his speeches known
to us are for the defense. For the turn of the compliment, cf.
4. 1. 14; Ov. Fast. 1. 22, civica pro trepidis cum tulit arma reis;
Laus Pisonis, 39, cum     tua maestos I defensura  reos  vocem
facundia misit; Cornel. Severus on Cicero, 12: unica sollicitis
quondam tutela salusque.
14. consulenti: i.e. consilianti, 3. 3. 17, in its counsels, with




248                        NOTES.
a complimentary suggestion that it consults him. - Curiae:
the Senate, the House. Cf. 3. 5. 7.
16. Delmatico... triumpho: see introduction to ode.
17. iam nunc, etc., complimentary anticipation of the vividness of Pollio's descriptions of which the poet has perhaps heard
a specimen. Cf. Petron. Sat. 120. - minaci murmure: 'With
harsh-resounding trumpets' dreaded bray'; Shaks. Rich. II. 1.3.
18. perstringis: deafen. Used of anything that dazzles,
deafens, or confounds the sense. Cf. acies praestringitur; and
gelidai stringor aquai (Lucret. 3. 687); Quintil. 10. 1. 30, qualis
est ferri fulgor quo mens simul visusque praestringitur. - litui:
1. 1. 23, like the cornu it was used by cavalry.
19-20. The scene is the defeat of Pompey's cavalry by
Caesar's foot-soldiers at Pharsalia.
19. fulgor armorum: cf. on 1. 7. 19; Homer's xaXoO a-reporhT;
Shaks. Ant. and C. 1. 3, 'shines o'er with civil swords'; Othello,
1. 2, 'keep up your bright swords'; Job 29. 33, 'the glittering
spear and the shield.' - fugacis: proleptic.
20. equos equitumque: 'The horse and rider reel,' Tenn. Sir
Gal.; 'While horse and hero fell,' Charge of the Light Brigade.
- voltus: we see the fright of battle on their faces as in a
picture of Delacroix. But there may be an allusion to Caesar's
command, 'miles, faciem feri' (Florus, 4. 2. 50), or to the principle stated by Tacitus, Ger. 43, primi in omnibus proeliis oculi
vincuntur, rendered by Herrick, 291, "Tis a known principle
in war, I That eies be first, that conquered are'; Plut. Caes.
45, o68' &r6Xwv pv d 600aXjoTis Tbv oarlpov opwvres.
21. audire: he hears the clamor (1. 2. 38) and the strepitus
(1. 15. 18), and sees, hears of, or feels as a living reality the rest.
Cf. on 1. 14. 3; 3. 10. 5. There is a possible reference in audire
to the recitations. - videor: 3. 4. 6.
22. non indecoro: cf. Tenn. Two Voices, 'When, soil'd with
noble dust, he hears I His country's war song thrill his ears.'
Cf. nigrum, 1. 6. 15; Verg. Aen. 2. 272. Contrast 1. 15. 20.
23. cuncta terrarum: cf. Vell. 2. 56, Caesar omnium victor
regressus in urbem. For the idiom, cf. on 4. 12. 19, 4. 4. 76.
24. atrocem: here stubborn. So in good sense, Juv. 2. 12,
Hispida   membra... promittunt   atrocem  animum. - Ca



BOOK II., ODE I.                   249
tonis: Cato Uticensis. Cf. on 1. 12. 36. He was the idol of
Stoics and declaimers. Cf. Sen. Suas. 6. 2, M. Cato solus
maximum vivendi moriendique exemplum mori maluit quam
rogare. Florus, 4. 2. 70, and Plut. Cat. 59-70, describe his
suicide at Utica on hearing of the defeat of the Pompeians at
Thapsus. Cf. Sir Thos. Browne, Urne Burial,' And Cato, before
he durst give the fatal stroke, spent part of the night in reading
the Immortality of Plato, thereby confirming his wavering
hand unto the animosity of that attempt'; Lucan, 1. 128,
victrix causa deis placuit sed victa Catoni; Id. 2. 315-320, 380
sqq.; Manil. 4. 87, et invicta devictum mente Catonem.
25 sqq. Cato suggests Thapsus. Sallust's Jugurtha had
recently been published. Juno, in the legend, was the opponent
of Aeneas and the patron of Carthage, and so of Africa against
Italy. So Horace says in his complicated way that the gods
who had withdrawn from the Africa they were helpless to save
or avenge have n6w (by the terrible slaughter of Thapsus, B.C.
46) offered up the grandsons of the former victors to the shades
of Jugurtha. Metellus Scipio, commander of the Pompeians,
was the grandson of the Metellus Numidicus who subdued
Jugurtha. - deorum... tellure: all the gods who, although
more friendly to the Africans, had withdrawn from the land unavenged, powerless to aid it; literally, whoever of the gods. -
amicior: than to the Romans.
26. cesserat: for the belief that its gods abandoned a doomed
city, cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 351; Aesch. Sept. 218; Herod. 8. 41;
Eurip. Tro. 25; Tac. Hist. 5. 13. The Romans had rites to
draw away the enemies' gods (Macrob. Sat. 3. 9, evocatio; Serv.
on Verg. Aen. 12. 841). The Aztecs shut up in one great temple
the gods of conquered tribes to prevent their returning (RBville,
Hibb. Lectures, 1884, p. 31). - impotens: etymologically (cf.
on 4. 4. 65), not in the usual secondary sense of 1. 37. 10.
28. rettulit: in turn have offered. Re- in rettulit implies
retaliation.
29. Latino   sanguine: Epode 7. 4. - pinguior: Shaks.
Rich. II. 4. 1, 'The blood of English shall manure the ground';
Aesch. Sept. 587. In Persae, 806, cited by editors, irlaotai
refers to the river Asopus, and not to the corpses. Verg. G. 1.




250


NOTES.


491, bis sanguine nostro I Emathiam et latos Haemi pinguescere
campos.
30. impia: cf. on 1. 35. 34; Epode 16. 9.
31. Medis: cf. on 1. 2. 22, 51. For case, cf. 1. 21. 4; 3.25.3.
So a Frenchman, in 1871, might have spoken of the Germans
listening to Versailles bombarding the Commune of Paris.
32. Hesperiae: western, here Italian. Cf. 3. 6. 8; 4. 5. 38;
Verg. Aen. 2. 781. In 1. 36. 4, Spain. - ruinae: crash, downfall (of a building, Juv. 3. 196). Cf. 1. 2. 25; 3. 3. 8. n. See in
Florus, 4. 2. 6, the list of lands over which the civil war raged.
33-36. Cf. 3. 6. 34; 2. 12. 3; Macaulay, Regillus, 'And how
the Lake Regillus I Bubbled with crimson foam, ] What time
the thirty cities I Came forth to war with Rome'; Tenn. Princ.
'Or by denial flush her babbling wells I With her own people's
life.'
34. Dauniae = Apulian = Italian. Cf. on 1.22. 14. Specific,
metrically convenient, helps alliteration.
35. decoloravere: de intensive. Cf. 1. 3. 13; 1. 9. 11.
36. caret: 2. 10.7; 3. 29. 23; 4. 9.28.
37. ne: cf. on 1. 6. 10; 1. 33. 1. The sudden check is
Pindaric. Cf. 01. 9. 38, 3. 3. 72. n., 1. 6. 10; Sellar, p. 134.
38. Ceae: Simonides of Ceos, who wrote the epitaphs on the
heroes of Thermopylae and Salamis, was noted for his pathos
(Quintil. 10. 1. 64). Cf. Catull. 38. 8, maestius lacrimis Simonideis; Swinb. 'High from his throne in heaven Simonides I
Crowned with mild aureole of perpetual tears'; Words. 'or
unroll 1 One precious tender-hearted scroll i Of pure Simonides.'
- neniae: dirge, Opqvo~, possibly with a disparaging    suggestion of the droning monotony of the last three strophes.
Cf. 3. 28. 16; Epode 17. 29; Epp. 1. 1. 63.
39. Dionaeo: Dione was mother of Venus (Hom. I1. 5. 370;
Theoc. 15. 106, K6rpt Awvala). But Dione is used for Venus
(Ov. Fast. 2. 461, Pervigil. Ven.). Dionaean is a sonorous
Greek adj. for Latin poetry. Cf. on 1. 17. 22-23; Verg. Edl.
9. 47. - sub antro: 1. 5. 3; 3. 4. 40.
40. leviore plectro: cf. on 1. 26. 11; 2. 13. 27; 4. 2. 33; Ov.
Met. 10. 150. Cecini plectro graviore gigantas, nunc opus est
leviore lyra.




BOOK      II., ODE      II.


251


ODE II.
Silver shines only in use. Generous use of wealth makes
Proculeius immortal. He that ruleth his spirit is better than he
that taketh a city. Hydroptic immoderate desire is a disease
curable only by removal of its cause. The true king sits not
on the throne of Cyrus. 'Tis he who is not the slave of greed.
Translated by Cotton in Johnson's Poets, 18, p. 16. For
similar 'barren scraps, to say the least, of Stoic commonplaces'
(Dobson), cf. 1. 16. 17; 3. 2. 17; 4. 9. 39; Sat. 1. 3. 125; Epp.
1. 1. 106.
1-4. The parallel: silver has no lustre in the mine, wealth is
worthless except for noble uses, is given a personal application
by the introduction of the address to Sallustius. The clause
nisi... splendeat depends upon inimice which thus forms
the apodosis of a conditional sentence.
1. color: brightness; cf. o0K 0T7' Vp &vrpoLs evK6&, & t, ApyUpos,
Anon. apud Plut. rept vacwTrias 10. - avaris: either as 1. 28.
18; 3. 29. 61; or by association with miser's greed.
2. terris: abl., the ore of the mine being meant (cum terra
celat, 3. 3. 50). - lamnae: for syncope, cf. 1. 36. 8; Epode 9. 1;
Kirkland, p. xv. Bullion, bar silver, with implied contempt for
the 'pale and common drudge 'tween man and man.'
3. Crispe Sallusti: there is, perhaps, a touch of familiarity
in putting the family name before the gentile. Cf. Hirpini
Quinti, 2. 11. 2; Fuscus Aristius, Sat. 1. 9. 61. Sallustius was
the grand-nephew and adopted son of the historian, and the
fortunate owner of the famous Horti Sallustiani and of rich
copper mines. Originally an adherent of Antony, he was in
later life a confidant of Augustus and a signal example of his
clemency. (Sen. de Clem. 1. 10; Tac. Ann. 3. 30.) An epigram of the contemporary poet Krinagoras celebrates his liberality, Anth. Pal. 16. $0.
4. usu: that to shine in use is the test of true metal, both in
physics and morals, is a favorite commonplace of Greek poetry.
Cf. Theog. 417, 449-450; Aeschyl. Ag. 390; Soph. Fr. 780,
X/A4ret 7-&p p Xpelativ rwOTEp Kirpe7rA  xaNK6s.




252                        NOTES.
5. vivet: sc. the 'life of fame in others' breath.' Cf. Ov.
Met. 15. 878, perque omnia saecula fama, I siquid habent veri
vatum praesagia, vivam. - extento aevo: abl. as occulto aevo,
1. 12. 45. Cf. 3. 11. 35 and Verg. Aen. 6. 806, virtutem extendere
factis;  10. 468, famam    extendere factis. - Proculeius:  C.
Proculeius, the brother of Maecenas' wife Terentia and of L.
Licinius Murena (2. 10) shared his estate, Porphyry tells us,
with his brothers, who lost their property in the civil wars. Cf.
Cotton's naive expansion of the passage, 'Soon as this generous
Roman saw I His father's sons proscribed by law, I The knight
discharged a parent's part, | They shared his fortune and his
heart. I Hence stands consigned a brother's name I To immortality and fame.'
6. in: toward; cf. 4. 4. 28. -  animi: with notus, = propter
animum. Page, holding this impossible, construes notus with
vivet and animi as gen. of qual. with Proculeius.
7. aget: bear aloft, upbear, cf. levat, 4. 2. 25. - penna: cf.
pinnata fama (Verg. Aen. 9. 473). Cf. ibid. 4. 181; Spenser,
Ruins of Time, 'But Fame with golden wings aloft doth fly,'
etc. - metuente solvi: unflagging, with a possible glance at the
wax-joined wings of Icarus. Indissolubilis would be unpoetical
and impracticable here. Periphrasis with metuo ekes out the
slender resources of Latin as does periphrasis with careo. Cf.
3. 11. 10; 3. 24. 22; 4. 5. 20; Verg. G. 1. 246, arctos...
metuentes aequore tingui. Cf. also 3. 26. 10. n.
8. Cf. Ov. Trist. 3. 7. 50, me tamen extincto fama superstes erit.
9 sqq. The Stoic paradox, dives qui sapiens est... et
solus formosus et est rex, Sat. 1. 3. 125. Cf. Cic. Paradox. 6,
SrT 0i6vos 6 o-obs 7rXoo-os, which goes back to Socrates' prayer,
rXovotov 6& voptioqnL rbpv oo6p, Plat. Phaedr. 279 C. - regnes:
second sing. indefinite, you would reign. - domando contains
the condition and so = si domes. Cf. 'Yet he who reigns within
himself, and rules I Passions, desires, and fears is more a king'
(Milton, P. R. 2).
11. Tyrrell (Latin Poetry, p. 197) says somewhat captiously,
'What is the meaning of to "join Libya to the distant Gades"?
Surely to unite Africa to Spain by a bridge.' But cf. the
millionaire in Petron. 48, nunc coniungere agellis Siciliam volo




BOOK II., ODE II.                    253
ut cum Africam libuerit ire per meos fines navigem. - et: and
(so). - uterque Poenus: sc. of Carthage and of her Spanish
colonies, where remnants of the old Phoenician population
doubtless still lingered.
12. serviat:  perhaps literally, since the latifundia were
cultivated by chain-gangs of slaves. With whole passage cf.
3. 16. 31-41. -uni: sc. tibi.
13-16. The dropsy, symbol of greed, is personified and
substituted for the thing it signifies. ivpptc is both the sick
man and the malady. The image is a commonplace. Cf.
Polyb. 13. 2; Lucil. 28. 27, aquam te in animo habere intercutem;
Donne, 'the worst voluptuousness, an hydroptic immoderate
desire of human learning and languages.' For thirst of dropsy,
cf. Ov. Fast. 1. 215. - indulgens sibi: by self-indulgence.
15-16. aquosus... languor: lassitude caused by the water.
A Greek poet would have had his choice between bSarcb&s,
b6Seps, b6ar6Xpoos, XevKbxpoos, and a dozen other convenient
derivatives in this connection. The poorer Latin has only the
vague aquosus for all these, for 1l4poq6pos, Epode 16. 54, and
Homer's iroXvrT9i   as well.   Cf. on 3. 20. 15.--fugerit:
cf. Epp. 1. 6. 29, quaere fugam morbi.
17. redditum: despite his restoration. - Cyri: typical, cf.
Plut. Alex. 30, and Milton's 'won Asia and the throne of Cyrus
held I At his dispose.' - Phraaten: for his restoration to throne
of Parthia, cf. on 1. 26. 5.
18. beatorum: cf. 2. 3. 27; 3. 29. 35, for hypermetron, and
4. 9. 46, and Epp. 1. 16. 18-20 for thought.
19. Virtus: the Stoic sage, spokesman of the Stoic Virtue
(3. 2. 17), uses the porticoes of the people but not their estimates
of good and evil (dissidens plebi, cf. Epp. 1. 1. 71), like Socrates
(Plato, Gorg. 470 e) refuses to count even the Great King happy
without knowing how he stands in respect of culture and virtue,
defines real kingship as 'a truer mental and higher moral state'
(Ruskin), and assigns the safer diadem and the inalienable laurel
to him who can pass by heaps of treasure with unreverting eye.
- populum... uti: teaches the people to cease using false
terms. Cf. Sal. Cat. 52, iam pridem... nos vera vocabula rerum
amisimus.




254


NOTES.


21. regnum: for sage as king cf. Sat. 1. 3. 133; Epp. 1.1.59;
1. 1. 107; Sen. Thyest. 389 sqq. - tutum: which the tiara of
Phraates was not.
22. propriam: cf. Sat. 2. 6. 5, propria haec mihi munerafaxis;
Verg. Aen. 3. 85.
23. oculo... inretorto spectat: passes them with a glance
and does not turn to look at them again. Cic. in Cat. 2. 1. 2
says of Catiline leaving Rome, retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad
hanc urbem. For same idea in different image cf. Pers. Sat.
v. 110-112.
24. acervos: sc. aeris acervos et auri, Epp. 1. 2. 47; cf. Sat.
1. 1. 44; 2. 2. 105; Epp. 1. 6. 35; Tenn. The Golden Year,
'When wealth shall rest no more in mounded heaps.' Milt.
Comus, 'unsumm'd heaps I Of miser's treasure.'
ODE III.
Temper thy joy and sorrow, Dellius, with the thought of
death. Gather the roses of life while you may. For Dives
and Lazarus alike is drawn the inevitable lot that dooms us
to Charon's bark and everlasting exile from the warm precincts
of the cheerful day.
Quintus Dellius, the boon companion of Antony, was wittily
nicknamed by Messalla desultor bellorum civilium, the desultor
being the circus rider who leaps from horse to horse. His last
change of front was his desertion of Antony for Octavian
through fear of Cleopatra. He stood high in the favor of Augustus, and was the author of memoirs of the Parthian wars and
scurrilous letters ostensibly addressed to Cleopatra. Vell. 2.
84; Sen. Suas. 1. 7; Plut. Ant. 59; Sen. de Clem. 1. 10.
1. aequam... arduis: the   verbal antithesis faintly
suggests a latent image: a level head - a steep and rugged
path. For animus aequus cf. Epp. 1. 18. 112; 1. 11. 30;
Plaut. Rud. 402; Lucret. 5. 1117; Aequanimitas was the last
watchword given out by the Emperor Antoninus Pius on the eve of
his death; mens aequa in arduis, the motto of Warren Hastings.
2-4. non secus... laetitia: parenthetic parallel to leading
idea. non secus: and likewise, nor less. Cf. 3. 25. 8.




BOOK II., ODE III.                    255
3. insolenti:  overweening. - temperatam:     chastened. Cf.
3. 4. 66, and Sen. de Prov. 4. 10: cum omnia quae excesserunt
modum noceant, periculosissima felicitatis intemperantia est.
4. moriture: since thou must die; the inevitable conclusion
to the alternative conditions maestus vixeris and bearis. For
neat use of future participle to express any future contingency
or probability, cf. 1. 22. 6; 1. 28. 6; 2. 6. 1; 3. 4. 60; 4. 3. 20;
4. 4. 16; 4. 13. 24; 4. 2. 3. - Delli: some Mss. read 'Gelli.'
6. te... bearis: hast made merry. - remoto gramine: cf.
1. 17. 17, in reducta valle; Epode 2. 23-27; Tennyson's 'banquet
in the distant woods,' In Mem. 89. - per: distributive, i.e.
as the holidays come round. Cf. 2. 14. 15; 3. 22. 6; C. S. 21;
Epp. 2. 1. 147.
7. reclinatum: cf. 2. 11. 14; Tenn. Lucretius: 'No larger
feast than under plane or pine I With neighbors laid along the
grass to take | Only such cups as left us friendly warm' (Lucret.
5. 1392-93); Milt. P. L., 'as they sat recline I On the soft
downy bank damask'd with flowers.'
8. interiore nota: inner brand for brand of inner-(most), i.e.
oldest and best. For nota cf. Sat. 1. 10. 24; Catull. 68. 28, de
meliore nota. The names of the consuls of the year were
stamped on or attached to the cadus. Cf. 3. 8. 12; 3. 21. 1.
9-12. Cf. Milton, Comus, 'Wherefore did nature pour her
bounties forth | With such a full and unwithdrawing hand?' -
quo: why? unless for our enjoyment. Cf. Epp. 1. 5. 12, quo
mihi fortunam si non conceditur uti f This use of quo is made
clearer by the following quid. Cf. Ov. Met. 13. 516, quo ferrea
resto? quidve moror?   Cf. quo... cur, Verg. Aen. 12. 879.
9. ingens pinus: cf. 2. 10. 9. The pine is dark by implied
contrast with albus, as well as tall. Cf. on 3. 13. 6-7.
10. hospitalem: cf. 'Under the hospitable covert nigh I Of
trees thick interwoven' (Milt. P. R.); 'But now to form a shade
I For thee green alders have together wound I Their foliage'
(Words. River Duddon, 5). Cf. Plat. Phaedr. 230 B. and
Verg. G. 4. 24, obviaque hospitiis teneat frondentibus arbos. -
amant wavers between      poetic personification  and    Xho0hrt,
are wont.
11-12. Why does the huddling brook strive to bicker down its




256


NOTES.


winding way?   Cf. Epp. 1. 10. 21, quae per pronum trepidat cum
murmure rivum; Ov. Met. 1. 39, fluminaque obliquis cinxit
declivia ripis.
13. huc: hither bid bring. - vina: ace. plur. always in odes,
but vini, 1. 4. 18; vino, 1. 27. 5.
14. flores... rosae: cf. on 3. 29. 3. The rose has always
been the symbol of the brief 'bloom of beauty in the south' -
'Et rose elle a vecu ce que vivent les roses, I L'espace d'un
matin.' Cf. breve lilium  (1. 36. 16); cf. F. Q. 2. 12. 74-75;
Waller's 'Go, lovely rose'; Ronsard's 'Mignonne, allons voir si
la rose'; Auson. Idyll. 14; Herrick, 208; Anth. Pal. 11. 53.
15. res: thy fortune. - aetas: youth. Cf. 1.9. 17; 4.12.26,
dum licet. - sororum: sc. Parcarum, the Greek fates. Cf.
Lowell, 'Spin, spin, Clotho, spin, Lachesis twist and Atropos
sever'; Milton, Arcades, 'those that hold the vital shears';
Lycidas, 'comes the blind Fury with the abhorred shears I And
slits the thin-spun life'; Plato. Rep. 617 c; F. Q. 4. 2. 48,
'.. most wretched men whose days depend on threads so
vain'; Boileau, Epitre VI., 'mon esprit tranquille j Met a
profit les jours que la Parque me file.'
16. atra: darkened by association with death. Cf. nigrorum
(4. 12. 26); Stamina pulla (Martial, 4. 73. 4); but aurea in compliment to Domitian (6. 3. 5); 'whitest wool' (Herrick, 149.
17).
17. coemptis: bought up on all sides; cf. 1. 29. 13; and for
the laying of field to field, cf. Epp. 2. 2. 177.--saltibus: hill
pastures (Epp. 2. 2. 178); the 'high lawns' of Milton's Lycidas.
- domo is the city house.
18. villa: for villa by Tiber, cf. Propert. 1. 14.- flavus:
ef. 1. 2. 13. - lavit: laves, not lavat, washes, is the form used
in the odes.
19. cedes: thou shalt leave; pathetic anaphora. Cf. 3. 3.
18; 4. 4. 70, and for sentiment, 2. 14. 21.- exstructis: cf.
Epode 2. 43; Sat. 2. 3. 96, divitiis... quas qui construxerit.
20. heres: cf. on 2. 14. 25.
21-24. It matters not whether rich and sprung from ancient
Inachus, or poor and of the lowliest lineage, thou lingerest in the
light of day, (doomed) victim (that thou art) of unpitying Orcus.




BOOK II., ODE IV.


257


- Inacho: first mythical king of Argos, here typical of ancient
lineage. Cf. 3. 19. 1. n.; Verg. Aen. 7. 372.
23. sub divo: cf. 1. 18. 13; 3. 2. 5; r' alOdpt, Aesch.
Eumen. 368. - moreris: life is only a mora mortis, this world,
'this battered caravanserai I Whose portals are alternate night
and day,' is, as Epictetus and the Imitation tell us, an inn, not a
home. "Tis but a tent where takes his one day's rest IA
Sultan to the realm of death addrest' (Omar Khayyam); rapertLla aris ianrv 6 plos (Pseudo-Plat. Axiochus, 365 B); Commorandi enim natura deversorium nobis, non habitandi dedit
(Cic. Cat. Maior, 23. 84); Paulumque morati I serius aut citius
sedem properamus ad unam (Ov. Met. 10. 32). For commonplace of impartiality of death, cf. 1. 4. 12; 2. 18. 32; 4. 7. 23;
Job 3. 19; Pind. Nem. 7. 19; Simon. Fr. 38.
24. nil miserantis: mvXeds Jrop ex'w   (Hes. Theog. 456).
Cf. 2. 14. 6.
25. cogimur: driven as by a shepherd. So coerces, 1. 10. 18;
compulerit, 1. 24. 18.
26. urna: the lots of all men are shaken in an urn by
necessity. When a man's lot flies out, he must die. Cf. Verg.
Aon. 6. 432, quaesitor Minos urnam movet. Cf. 3. 1. 16 and
Sen. Horc. Fur. 193, recipit populos urna citatos.
27-28: 'When our lot leaps out it will put us on board
Charon's boat for everlasting exile.'- serius ocius: sooner
or later.
27. aeternum: note the suggestive hypermetron. Cf. 3. 29.
35.
28. exsilium: cf. Longfellow, Cemetery at Newport, 'The
long mysterious exodus of death'; Dante, Infern. 23. 117,
'disteso in croce I Tanto vilmente nel eterno esilio.' - cumbae:
cf. Translations from Lucian, Emily J. Smith, p. 119; Propert.
4. 17. 24, torvi publica cumba senis; Verg. Aen. 6. 303; Sen.
Here. Fur. 779, cumba populorum capax; Juv. Sat. 2. 151.
ODE IV.
Horace banters with heroic precedents a gentleman who has
fallen in love with a serving-maid. Xanthias of Phocis is as
real or unreal as Gyges of Cnidus (2. 5. 20); or Hebrus of Lipara




258                       NOTES.
(3. 12. 6); or Calais, the son of Ornytus of Thurium (3. 9. 14),
or the brother of Opuntian Megilla (1. 27. 10). For theme, cf.
Ov. Am. 2. 8. 9. Translations by Duke, Johnson's Poets, 9.
215; by Hamilton, ibid., 15. 638. Imitations, by Rowe, ibid.,
9. 471; by Smart, ibid., 16. 76. Cf. also Ronsard's pretty ode,
'Si j'aime depuis naguiere J nTe belle chambriere.'
1. ne sit: don't blush. Cf. 1. 33. 1; 4. 9. 1.
2. prius: you are not the first. Cf. Theoc. 13. 1-3. - insolentem: proud, as portrayed, A. P. 122, lura neget sibi nata
nihil non arroget armis.
3. Briseis: Hom. II. 1. 346, 9. 343. Cf. Landor, 'and never
night or day could be his | Dignity hurt by dear Briseis.' -
niveo colore: abl. instr. with movit. Cf. Theoc. 11.20, NevKorepa
lrarTas; supra, 1. 19. 5, Pario marmore purius. vY6eaava
'EXivq is quoted from Ion. Cf. also 'Her brow is like the
snawdrift'; Shakspeare's 'Hide, oh, hide those hills of snow';
'nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow' (Othello, 5. 2);
and F. Q. 2.1. 11,'Snowy breast'; and'The daisies... looked
dark against her feet; the girl was so white' (Aucassin and
Nicolette); Anth. Pal. 5. 84.
5. movit: cf. 1. 2. 5. - Telamone natum: TeXacAduos Afas
Cf. on 1. 7. 21 and 1. 15. 19.
6. captivae: app. with Tecmessae. Antithetic juxtalpsition
with dominum. - Tgcmessae: note Greek prosody. Tecmessa
was a Phrygian princess who was captured by the Greeks and
given to Ajax, son of Telamon. On her, cf. Soph. Ajax, 211.
7. Atrides: Agamemnon.
8. virgine rapta: Cassandra, from altar of Athena, by Ajax
Oileus, Verg. Aen. 2. 404. The syntax wavers between abl.
abs. and that of 3. 9. 6 and 4. 11. 33.
9. barbarae... turmae: the Trojans and their allies; so
frequently in Euripides and in Latin tragedy. Cf. Epp. 1. 2. 7,
Graecia barbariae lento collisa duello.
10. Thessalo victore: abl. abs., before their Thessalian conqueror. Achilles, Neoptolemus, or the Thessalians collectively,
according to the point of view. Achilles' slaughter of the
Trojans, in the later books of the Iliad, is probably meant. -




BOOK II., ODE IV.


259


ademptus Hector: the death of Hector. The concrete Latin
reserves the noun for the real thing or person, and denotes relations or aspects by limiting adjectives or participles, thus
avoiding the abstract verbals of English idiom. Cf. 1. 3. 29 -30, ignem... subductum; 1. 18. 9; 1. 36. 9; 1. 37. 13; 2. 9.
10; 3. 7. 17; 3. 8. 14; 4. 4. 38-39; Hasdrubal devictus, 4. 11. 7.
Cf. also n. on 3. 24. 42.
11. leviora tolli: cf. I1. 24. 243; Anony. Apud Sen. Suas,
2. 19, Ite triumphantes, belli mora concidit Hector, and Verg.
Aen. 9. 155.
12. Grais: with both tradidit and leviora tolli (epexegetic).
13. nescias an: Thou canst not know but that, i.e. very likely.
Contra 4. 7. 17, Quis scit an, who can feel sure that? - generum:
Horace playfully asks when he is to offer congratulations. -
beati: well-to-do, rich. Cf. 3. 7. 3.
14. flavae: cf. on 1. 5. 4. The fine lady in Juvenal, Sat. 6.
354 has flavam cui det mandata puellam.
15. regium: as who should say her sires were kings in the
Emerald Isle. - genus: with    maeret, no need to supply est.
She mourns her (lost) royal rank and the unkindness of her household gods.
17-18. Rest assured that in her thou hast not chosen a love
from the base plebeian throng.
17. scelesta: cf. the expressions infidum, profanum, malignum, volgus.
18. dilectam: with dat. 1. 21. 4.
19. aversam: perhaps playful, as the rapacity of her class
was proverbial.
20. pudenda: cf. 1. 27. 15, erubescendis.
21. teretes: shapely.
22. integer: heartwhole; Contactus nullis cupidinibus, Propert. 1. 1. 2. Cf. 3. 7. 22. - fuge: cf. 1. 9. 13.
23-24. octavum: Horace was forty years old B.C. 25. Cf.
4. 1. 6, about ten years later, circa lustra decem. The technical
phrase suggested and avoided is condere lustrum. Cf. condere
diem, 4. 5. 29. For thought, cf. Thackeray's Age of Reason:
'Then you know the worth of a lass I Once you have come to
forty year.' Landor lowers the danger line by eight years: 'I




260                        NOTES.
know those ankles small and round I Are standing on forbidden
ground; I So fear no rivalry to you I In gentlemen of thirtytwo.' - trepidavit: has all too quickly reached, i.e. is hovering
on the verge of. A favorite word. Cf. 2. 11. 4; 2. 3. 12; 2.
19. 5; 3. 27. 17; 3. 29. 32; 4. 11. 11.
ODE V.
Lalage is not yet ripe for love. Cf. 3. 11.9-12. The elaboration of the metaphors of the heifer and the unripe grape is
displeasing to modern taste. Cf. Anth. Pal. 5. 124.
1. valet: with inf., cf. on 1. 34. 12.
2. munia comparis aequare: draw even with her yoke-fellow,
lit., equal the labors of. Cf. 1. 35. 28.
5. circa... est: is busy with; cf. 1. 18. 2; in this sense
with animus, first in Horace, G. L. 416. 5.
5-7. So Silvia's pet deer alternates between the stream and
the bank (Verg. Aen. 7. 494-495).
6. iuvencae: for metaphor, cf. Judges 14, 18; Theoc. 11. 21;
Soph. Trach. 529. - fluviis: instrumental abl. with solantis.
9. praegestientis: so praetrepidans (Cat. 46. 7). - tolle: cf.
1. 27. 2 and Epp. 1. 12. 3, tolle querelas.
10. immitis: introduces a new metaphor. For the meaning,
unripe, cf. contra, mitibus pomis, ripe apples (Epode 2. 17).
- uvae: cf: rpe6' 6id6pa 8' edXacroKr o 5alAu&s (Aeschyl. Suppl.
998); 8poaq (Anth. Pal. 5. 20); 'no grape that's kindly ripe
could be I So round, so plump, so soft as she' (Sir John
Suckling). - lividos: dull blue; the curious distinguish three
grades of ripeness marked by livor, purpureus color, and niger.
Cf. one of the rare poetic lines in Juv. (Sat. 2. 81), uvaque conspecta livorem ducit ab uva; Ov. Met. 3. 484, ut variis solet uva
racemis I ducere purpureum, nondum matura, colorem; Cat. 17.
16, puella... adservanda nigerrimis diligentius uvis.
11. distinguet: will streak.
12. varius: epithet of effect transferred to cause. Cf. Tennyson's 'Autumn laying here and there I A fiery finger on the
leaves' (In Mem. 99).




BOOK II., ODE V.


261


13. sequetur: sc. Lalage. - currit: b 5' top-q Xaarcta' Xovoa
rpXet (Anth. Pal. 12. 29. 2; cf. 10. 81. 4). - ferox: ruthless.
Cf. invida aetas (1. 11. 7).
14. aetas: time. -  dempserit: has taken from; cf. Ovid's
deme meis annis et demptos adde parenti (Met. 7. 168). It is not
strictly logical here since the years added to Lalage are not
taken from the lover; but they are in a sense taken from his
prime as anni recedentes (A. P. 176). Cf. Soph. Trach. 547;
and Sir Charles Sedley, to Chloris: 'Age from no face took
more away I Than youth concealed in thine.'
15. adponet: cf. 1. 9. 15 and Persius, Sat. 2. 1-2, Hunc, Macrine, diem numera meliore lapillo I qui tibi labentes apponit candidus annos. - proterva: possibly continuing the image of the
heifer, but cf. 3. 11. 11. n.
17. quantum   non: more than. -Pholoe: cf. 1. 33. 7.fugax: cf. Pope, 'The sprightly Sylvia trips along the green, I
She runs, but hopes she does not run unseen'; and inter vina
fugam Cinarae maerere protervae (Epp. 1. 7. 28).
18. humero nitens: cf. 'Though my arms and shoulders
Dazzle beholders' (Rossetti, A Last Confession). Cf. 1. 2. 31.
19. pura: in cloudless sky. Cf. 1. 34. 7. - renidet: 2. 18. 2;
3. 6. 12; Epode 2. 66.
20. luna mari: cf. Herrick, 105, 'More white than are the
whitest creams, I Or moonlight tinselling the streames.' 'A
hand as white as ocean foam in the moon' (Tenn. Maud, 25. 2).
22. mire: with sagacis; cf. mire novus (Sat. 2. 3. 28).
Horace has in mind the story of Ulysses and Diomedes who so
cleverly detected Achilles hiding among the daughters of
Lycomedes. - falleret: would escape the notice of; cf. 1. 10. 16.
23. obscurum:     i.e. obscuratum. - solutis  crinibus:  instrumental abl. with obscurum. Cf. 3. 4. 62; Epode 11. 28.
Cf. long hair of boy in Juv. 15. 137.
24. So Statius, Achill. 1. 336, of Achilles says, fallitque
tuentes I ambiguus tenuique latens discrimine sexus. Cf. 1. 8.
16. Lalage is forgotten. Of this pretty picture Tyrrell (Latin
Poetry, p. 199) severely says, 'The runnel is exquisitely smooth,
but its shallow waters flow where they will from their natural
channel and end in a puddle.'




262                       NOTES.
ODE VI.
Septimius, ready if need be to go with me to the ends of the
world, may Tibur be the haven of repose for my old age, or,
failing that, Tarentum, loveliest nook of earth, in the land of
the olive and the vine. There, when the end comes, thou shalt
drop the tear thou owest on the ashes of thy poet friend. Cf.
Sellar, p. 147.
A Septimius is recommended to the good offices of Tiberius
(Epist. 1. 9); and the name recurs in a letter of Augustus cited
in Suetonius' life.
Imitation in Dodsley, vol. 4, p. 280.
1. Gadis: i.e. the pillars of Hercules, the proverbial limit of
the known world (2. 2. 11; Pind. Nem. 4. 69, and passim); now
Cadiz. Cf. 1. 34. 11, Atlanteus finis. -aditure: who would go;
sc. si opus sit. Cf. 4. 3. 20, donatura... si libeat, and 2. 3. 4.
n. 'Where thou goest I will go' was the conventional expression of friendship from the time of Pylades and Orestes. Cf.
Cat. 11. 1, Furi et Aureli comites Catulli I Sive in extremos
penetrabit Indos.
2. Cantabrum: tribe of N. W. Spain attacked by Romans
circa B.C. 29, rebelled and repressed by Augustus 27-25, finally
subdued by Agrippa 19. Cf. 3. 8. 21; 4. 14. 41; Justin, 44, 5.
8; Flor. 4. 12. 47. These facts hardly date the ode. - iuga:
the image is from oxen or horses. Cf. 2. 5. 1; 1. 33. 11; Pind.
Pyth. 2. 93; Soph. Antig. 291. It has become a literary commonplace. Shaks. Henry VI. 3. 3. 1, 'Yield not thy neck to
fortune's yoke'; Macaulay, Proph. of Capys, 22, 'Beneath thy
yoke the Volscian I Shall veil his lofty brow';' Lucan, 1. 19,
sub iuga iam Seres iam barbarus isset Araxes. Perhaps there is
a hint, too, of the 'passing the enemy under the yoke,' sub
iugum mittere (Caes. B. G. 1. 12).
3. Syrtis: 1. 22. 5; Verg. Aen. 4. 41, inhospita Syrtis. -
Maura: is accurate enough for poetry.
5. Cf. 1. 7; 1. 18. 2.- Argeo: 'Apyely. Cf. 3. 16. 12; 3. 3.
67; 4. 6. 25. - positum: Verg. Aen. 4. 211-212, urbem...
posuit.- colono: colonist, not ruris colono (1. 35. 6; 2. 14. 12).
6. utinam: 'A melancholy utinam of my own,' in Sir T.




BOOK II., ODE VI.


263


Browne's phrase. Cf. 1. 35. 38. - senectae: dative.        For
sentiment, cf. Martial, 4. 25. 7, vos eritis nostrae requies portusque senectae.
7. sit: cf. 1. 2. 5. n. - modus is felt first absolutely and then
with the genitives. - lasso maris: cf. fessi rerum (Verg. Aen. 1.
178); peregrino laborefessi (Cat. 31. 8); odio maris atque viarum
(Epp. 1. 11. 6). AXlVKiros. Cf. Anth. Pal. 9. 7. 5.      With
lasso understand mihi from meae senectae.
9-12. Tibur and Tarentum similarly coupled Epp. 1. 7. 45.
9. unde: sc. Tibure. - Parcae... iniquae: the unkindness of destiny. Cf. 2. 4. 10. n., and for iniquae, 2. 4. 16. -
prohibent: 1. 27. 4.
10. pellitis: covered with skins to protect their fine fleece, ne
lana inquinetur (Varro, R. R. 2. 2. 18). Hence the breed sometimes called tectae oves. Cf. Plin. N. H. 8. 189. For quality of
their wool, cf. Martial, 2. 43. 3; 5. 37. 2; 8. 28. 4. - ovibus:
dat. with dulce. - Galaesi: the river near Tarentum (Verg. G.
4. 126). The region was praised already by Archilochus as
KaX6s and Jlqepos.
11. petam: subj. perhaps, putting conclusion as wish.
12. Phalantho: the Spartan Phalanthus was said to have
founded Tarentum circa B.C. 707. Cf. Paus. 10. 10. 6; Strabo, 6.
278. For syntax, cf. 3. 29. 27, regnata Cyro Bactra, and Verg.
Aen. 6. 794.
14. angulus: with terrarum. Cf. angulus iste, of his Sabine
farm (Epp. 1. 14. 23). Sainte-Beuve wrote on the margin of
his Horace, "Heureux Horace! quel n'a pas 6t6 son destin!
quoi! parce qu'il a une fois exprim6 en quelques vers charmants
son bonheur champetre et dlcrit son coin de terre prdferd, voili
que les vers faits a plaisir pour lui seul et pour I'ami auquel il
les adressait, se sont depuis empar6s de toutes les m6moires,
et s'y sont si bien log6s qu'on n'en concoit plus d'autres, et
qu'on ne trouve que ceux-la dbs qu'il s'agit pour chacun de
c6lbrer sa propre retraite ch6rie." - ridEt: note quantity. -
Hymetto: a mountain near Athens famed for its honey.
"T/r4TTo77op  X  (Suidas) was proverbial (Otto, p. 169). Cf.
'And still his honied wealth Hymettus yields.' For Hymetto
= melli Hymettio (comparatio compendiaria), cf. 2. 14. 28.




264


NOTES.


15. decedunt: personifies, does not yield to, i.e. is not inferior
to. - viridi: cf. 'Thine olive green as when Minerva smiled'
(Byron); 'it is gray-green' (Ruskin); 'yXauvK6xpoos (Pindar).
16. baca: the olive. - Venafro: dat. (1. 1. 15. n.). Venafrum was a city in the north of Campania, noted for its olives.
Cf. Varro, R. R. 1. 2. 6, quod vinum (conferam) Falerno? quod
oleum Venafro? Cf. 3. 5. 55; Sat. 2. 4. 69.
17-18. Cf. ' Smooth life had flock and shepherd in old time, I
Long springs and tepid winters on the banks I Of delicate
Galaesus' (Words. Prelude).
17. tepidas: cf. Epist. 1. 10. 15, est ubi plus tepeant hiemes?
Pers. Sat. 6. 6, mihi nunc Ligus ora I intepet.
18. luppiter: cf. Epode    16. 56. - Aulon: probably      a
mountain slope well adapted for vineyards. - amicus: i.e.
dilectus. Cf. 1. 26. 1. Bentley reads apricus, Heinsius amictus,
i.e. clad with fertile vines. But for fertilis = giver of fertility,
cf. Ov. Met. 5. 642, dea fertilis. Cf. also Martial, 13. 125, and
Statius Silv. 2. 2. 4, qua Bromio dilectus ager, collesque per altos I
uritur et prelis non invidet uva Falernis.
22. arces: heights (cf. 1. 2. 3), but with a hint of the Epicurean sapientum templa serena (Lucret. 2. 8). Cf. Wordsworth,
'Students with their pensive citadels.' - calentem: cf. Verg.
Aen. 6. 212-228; Munro on Lucret. 3. 906-907; Stat. Silv. 2. 1.
2, et adhuc vivente favilla.
23. debita: cf. Shaks. Julius Caes. 5. 3, 'Friends, I owe more
tears I To this dead man than you shall see me pay'; Cowper,
Loss of Royal George, ' And mingle with the cup | The tear that
England owes.'
24. vatis: of. 4. 6. 44; 1. 31. 2. n.
ODE VII.
Welcome homi at last, dear old companion of my tent and
table, Pompeius! Together we made the campaign of Philippi,
when I lost my shield. Then Mercury snatched me away in a
Homeric cloud, while the withdrawing wave swept thee back
again to war. Come then and share the cask I have kept for
thee I I cannot drink too deep to thy home-coming.
Pompeius is unknown. The ode tells its own story.




BOOK II., ODE VII.


265


1. tempus in ultimum: extremest peril. Cf. Cat. 64. 151, 169,
supremo in tempore.
2. deducte... duce: note verbal play. Brutus was captain of the war (militiae duce) in the campaign of Philippi,
B.C. 43-42.
3. quis: no answer is needed, but the Jove of 1. 17 is meant
not without complimentary allusion to the clemency of his
vicegerent on earth (1. 12. 51), Augustus, who says of himself,
Mon. Ancyr. 1. 14, Victor omnibus superstitibus civibus peperci.
Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1. 19. - redonavit: cf. 3. 3. 33, where force of
re is different. - Quiritem: (the plural only, in normal prose)
(1) burgher in antithesis to miles; (2) to full citizenship, i.e.
not capite deminutus (3. 5. 42. n.). Cf. 'Ap'eos &v&pp a00s
(Aeschyl. Eum. 727).
4. Italo: cf.2.13.18; 3.30.13; 4.4.42; 4.15. 13.
5. Pompei: dissyllabic. Cf. Epp. 1. 7. 91. - prime: earliest,
or perhaps, in the enthusiasm of the hour, first and foremost.
So Catullus (9. 1) is not thinking of Calvus when he welcomes
Veranius back from    Spain, Verani omnibus e meis amicis j
antistans.
6. morantem: cf. 'The better part now of the lingering day I
They travell'd had' (F. Q. 1. 6. 345.
7. fregi: cf. Tenn. In Mem. 79, 'And break the livelong summer day I With banquet in the distant woods.'
8. malobathro: a perfume made from the leaf of the fragrant
laurel.  Construe witi nitentis. -  Syrio: Antioch was the
emporium of oriental trade. Cf. 1. 31. 12; 2. 11. 16, Assyria;
Cat. 6. 8, sertis ac Syrio fragrans olivo; Tibull. 3. 6. 63.
9. et celerem fugam: recurs 2. 13. 17.
10. sensi: I experienced. Cf. 3. 27. 22; 3. 5. 36; 4. 4. 25;
4. 6. 3. - relicta... parmula: Alcaeus (fr. 32, Herod. 5. 95),
Anacreon (fr. 26), and Archilochus (fr. 6). The jest to an ancient lay in the contrast between the awful sevrity of Spartan
feeling towards the 4Loaairt ['return with this or on it,' said
the Spartan mother] and the ingenuous avowal of Archilochus,
'Some Thracian strutteth with my shield, I For, being somewhat
flurried,  I left it by a wayside bush, | As from   the field I
hurried; |A right good targe, but I got off, I The deuce may




266                        NOTES.
take the shield; I I'll get another just as good I When next I go
afield.' The kind of folk that have no horror of a joke will
decline to discuss Horace's courage in this connection. Cf. De
Quincey's amusing diatribe, Works, Masson, Vol. XI., p. 121.
10-11. The headlong rout, the loss of the shield, and the
downfall of those who were so bold before the battle, are so
many indirect compliments to the prowess of Augustus. Horace
is 'reconstructed' and can afford to laugh at the 'terrible
whipping we got.' - fracta virtus: cf. Cic. ad Fam. 7. 3. 3,
integri... fractos.
12. solum: simply, were overthrown, or bit the dust. Cf. II.
2. 418. To take it as an allusion to the pitiful supplications of
the defeated (Caes. B. C. 3. 98) would make Horace indeed the
'valet-souled varlet of Venusia' of Swinburne.
13. Mercurius: the guardian of poets, 2. 17. 29.
14. denso... sustulit aere: bore away in a thick cloud;
mock-heroic imitation of those episodes in Homer in which
heroes are saved from the perils of battle by the intervention
of gods. Cf. Iliad, 20. 444; 3. 381; Verg. Aen. 1. 411.
15. in bellum: with both resorbens and tulit. Cf. Epp. 2. 2.
47, civilisque rudem belli tulit aestus in arma. The image is
perhaps primarily that of a shipwrecked sailor. Cf. dvapotrse?
(Odyss. 12. 105). But there is a suggestion of the commonplace
wave of war. Cf. Tyrt. 12. 22 Kcv^a lAdxqs; Lucret. 5. 1288,
1433; Aeschyl. Septem, 64; Arnold, Palladium, 'Backward
and forward roll'd the waves of fight.'
17. ergo: the conclusion of the whole matter, all's well that
ends well. With different force, 1. 24. 5. - obligatam: here
of the thing vowed and due, in 2. 8. 5 of the person bound and
due to penalties. - dapem: technical for feast accompanying
sacrifice.
18. longa: B.C. 44-317 -   latus: part for the whole; cf.
3. 27. 26 and corpora deponunt for se deponunt (Lucret.).
19. lauru: a shade tree, 2. 15. 9. 'Peace has its laurels,'
Horace slyly says.
21-28. Orders for the imaginary banquet. Cf. 2. 3. 13; 3.
19. 10. On difference of treatment of wine in Greek and Latin
poetry, cf. interesting remarks of Sellar, p. 126.




BOOK      II., ODE      VIII.


267


21. oblivioso: effect as epithet of cause. Cf. Alcaeus, fr. 41,
olvo... XaO..  La a; Shakspeare's 'insane root'; 'sweet oblivious
antidote'; 'all the drowsy syrups of the world'; Milton's
'sleepy drench' and 'oblivious pool'; Chaucer's 'sleepy
yerde' (the Caduceus of Mercury); Tennyson's 'The sound
of that forgetful shore' (In Mem. 35).
22. ciboria: in this rare word Biicheler sees an allusion to
Pompeius' service with Antony in Aegypt.     Cf. rA Alyrear
KLtpLta (Ath. 11, p. 477). - exple: cf. 'Fill high the bowl with
Samian wine.' - funde: sc. on your hair.
23. quis: i.e. which slave; rhetorical questions to work up
a Bacchanalian frenzy. Cf. 3. 19. 18; 3. 28. 1-4; 2. 11. 18-21.
Mrs. Browning, Wine of Cyprus, 6, 'Who will fetch from garden
closes i Some new garlands while I speak, | That the forehead,
crowned with roses, I May strike scarlet down the cheek?' -
udo: soft, lithe, rather than dewy. Cf. byp6s and Theoc. 7. 68,
ToXvyvdjT7Wr  7re ~eXLW.(.
24. deproperare: prepare with speed. Cf. properet, 3. 24. 62.
For intensifying de, cf. 3. 3. 55; 1. 18. 9; 2. 1. 35.
25. curatve: sees to; ci. 1. 30. 6. n. - quem: which one of
us. - Venus arbitrum: cf. 1. 4. 18. Venus, the best throw of
the four tali, showed four faces all different; Canis, the worst,
showed all four alike.
27. Edonis: i.e. Thracians. Cf. 1. 27. 2. A lost play of
Aesch., the Edoni, may have suggested the comparison. -
recepto: 4. 2. 47.
28. furere: cf. 3. 19. 18. n.
ODE   VIII.
A SONNET TO A COQUETTE.
Fair and faithless I might trust thee yet, had the gods punished
thy false oaths by marring one ivory finger nail or tarnishing one
tooth of pearl. But at lovers' perjuries they only laugh. Thy
beauty and the number of thy victims increase day by day.
Cf. Sellar, p. 169. For theme, cf. Ov. Amor. 2. 8. There is
an excellent translation by Sir Charles Sedley. Cf., also, Duke,




268


NOTES.


Johnson's Poets, 9. 216. The origin of name Barine is uncertain. Some think it 'the maid of Bari' (Barium).
1. iuris... peierati: perjury; perhaps a new coinage after
analogy of ius iurandum. pe is the pejorative per of perperam
and'peior.
3. dente, ungui: both ablatives of measure of difference with
turpior. - nigro, uno: both with each noun. For superstition
that perjury entailed bodily blemish, cf. Theoc. 9. 30; 12. 24,
and Ovid's ingenious elaboration of the idea (Am. 3. 3. 1 sqq.).
6. votis: dative, preferably, cf. Epode 17. 67; she has forfeited her head to the penalties (devotiunculis) invoked if she lie.
Cf. Tennyson's Vivien, 'May yon just heaven that darkens o'er
me send I One flash that, missing all things else, may make I
My scheming brain a cinder if I lie.' - enitescis: cf. 1. 5. 13;
1. 19. 5; Cat. 2. 5.
7. prodis: walkest abroad, the cynosure of all eyes. Cf. 3.
14. 6; Tibull. 3. 1. 3. So procedere, Propert. 1. 2. 1. So rpodaLu.
8. cura: technical, in love's vocabulary, of the object of
affection. Verg. Ecl. 10. 22, tua cura Lycoris. Propert. 3. 32.
9. Coventry Patmore, Angel in the House, 'And in the records
of my breast, I Red-lettered, eminently fair I Stood sixteen
who beyond the rest I By turns till then had been my care.'
9. expedit: it profits thee. - matris: cf. Propert. 3. 13. 15.
Ossa tibi iuro per matris et ossa parentis I Si fallo cinis, heu, sit
mihi uterque gravis. - opertos: i.e. sepultos (Verg. Aen. 4. 34).
10. fallere: swear falsely by. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 324. - taciturna: the eternal poetic contrast between the severa silentia
noctis, 'The silence that is in the starry skies,' and the agitation
of the human breast 'wherein no mighty calm can be.' Cf.
Theoc. 2. 38-39; Epode 15. 1; Catull. 7. 7, Aut quam sidera
multa cum tacet nox I furtivos hominum vident amores; 0. W.
Holmes, 'But when the patient stars look down | On all their
light discovers, I The traitor's smile, the murderer's frown, I The
lips of lying lovers': and Heine: ' Wenn junge Herzen brechen,
I So lachen drob die Sterne.'
11. gelida: 'Death lays his icy hand on kings' (Shirley).
'Barren rage of death's eternal cold' (Shaks. Sonnet 13).




BOOK      II., ODE      VIII.


269


12. carentis: cf. 3. 26. 10. n.
13. ridet: cf. Rom. and Jul. 2. 2, 'Yet if thou swear'st I Thou
mayst prove false; At lovers' perjuries, I They say Jove laughs';
Pseudo-Tibull. 3. 6. 49, periuria ridet amantum; Plato, Symp.
183 B; Callim. Epig. 27. 3; Anth. Pal. 5. 6. - inquam: I
repeat; ridet resumes the thought of expedit.
14. simplices: guileless, elsOe-s, faciles (Verg. Ecl. 3. 9).
14-16. Cf. the representation in ancient gems of Cupid turning the cos versatilis; the little loves sharpening their darts in
the corner of Correggio's Danae, and Thorwaldsen's Vulcan
forging arms for Cupid. Cruel Cupid bears 7rvplirvoa 6ta, and
his shafts are al.ar60vpra, dripping with hearts' blood. Cf.
Anth. Pal. 5. 180. 1.
16. cruenta: is transferred to cote from sagittas.
17. adde quod: the huc accedit quod of prose. Latin poetry
can hardly avoid an occasional prosaically explicit logical
juncture. Cf. 2. 18. 23; 3. 1. 41; 3. 11. 21; Ov. Pont. 2. 9.
47; Lucret. 4. 1121-1122 bis. - tibi crescit: cf. Sen. Here. Fur.
874, tibi (sc. morti) crescit omne I et quod occasus videt et quod
ortus.
18. servitus: to be thy slaves. Cf. Propert. 1. 5. 19.  Turn
grave servitium  nostrae cogere puellae I discere. -- priores: the
old lovers.
19. impiae: not necessarily because of her perjuries, but
because 'the slight coquette she cannot love.' Cf. Propert. 2.
9. 20; Ov. Met. 13. 301. Me pia detinuit coniux, pia mater
Achillem. - dominae: cf. 2. 12. 13. n.
20. minati: the lover's inability to execute such threats was
a commonplace of comedy. Cf. Ter. Eunuch. 1. 1; Hor. Sat.
2. 3. 262; Pers. Sat. 5. 161; Tibull. 2. 6. 13; Anth. Pal. 5. 254,
256. 5.
21-24. With this passage cf. Catull. 61. 51-55. See Ensor
in Hermathena XII (1903). 108.
21. iuvencis: for their sons, the image of 2. 5. 6. Cf. Lucret.
5. 1073.
22. miserae: from fear of Barine.
23. virgines: so puellae (3. 14. 11).
24. aura; attraction; cf. Propert. 3.23. 15, si modo damnatum




270                        NOTES.
revocaverit aura puellae; Ov. Am. 2. 9. 33, incerta Cupidinis
aura;   Eurip. Iph. Aul. 69, irvoal... 'Apposltis; 'The
young girls that brought an aura of infinity' (James, Psychol.
1. 233). There is no need to continue the metaphor of iuvencis
with the aid of Verg. G. 3. 251.
ODE    IX.
A poetic ' Consolation.' Nature shows not always her wintry
face, but thou, Valgius, art still mourning the loss of thy Mystes.
Even Nestor, the father of Antilochus, and the sisters of Troilus
were consoled at last. Leave thy womanish laments and let us
sing the triumphs of Caesar.
There is a translation by Dr. Johnson. Cf. Ronsard, A Mr.
Mellin, ' Toujours ne tempeste enragee I Contre ses bords la mer
Igee... Toujours l'hiver de neiges blanches I Des pins n'enfarine les branches,' etc.
C. Valgius Rufus, consul suffectus, B.C. 12, wrote elegies said to
be alluded to by Verg. (Ecl. 7. 22), medical and rhetorical works,
and an epic which Tibullus (?) thought ' Homeric.' Valgius:
aeterno propior non alter Homero (Tibull. 4. 1. 181). Verses
19 and 20 have been thought an allusion to the Eastern embassy of Tiberius, B.C. 20, but may refer to the Oriental envoys
sent to Augustus in Spain B.C. 27-25. Mon. Ancyr. 5. 51.
1. non semper: so 2. 11. 9. Cf. Otto, p. 113. For sentiment
and imagery, cf. Plut. Cons. ad Apoll. 5; Southwell, Time goes
by Turns, Ward's Poets, 1. 482; Herrick, Hesper. 726, ' Clouds
will not ever poure down rain; I A sullen day will cleere again. [
First, peales of thunder we must heare, I Then lutes and harpes
shall stroke the eare '; Theoc. 4. 43; Sen. Ep. 107, 108. -
hispidos: squalid, proleptic of the effect of the rain, and suggestive of the neglected beard and hair (hispida facies, cf. 4. 10.
5) of grief.
2. Caspium: a stormy sea. Cf. Milton, P. L. II.: 'As when
two black clouds, I With heaven's artillery fraught, come
rattling on I Over the Caspian.' But cf. 1. 1. 14. n.; 1. 26. 2.
3. inaequales procellae: either fitful blasts, Milton's 'gusty




BOOK II.,' ODE IX.


271


flaws,' or on analogy of inaequali tonsore, Epp. 1. 1.94, roughening
gales. Cf. Shelley's 'curdling winds,' and Shaks. Sonnet, 6:
'winter's ragged hand.' ' Ruffling winds,' Herrick, 721.
4. usque: cf. 1. 17. 4.- Armeniis: i.e. on Mount Taurus.
Cf. Xen. Anab. 4. 4.
5. stat: cf. 1. 9. 1.- iners: cf. 3. 4. 45; 4. 7. 12; 1. 22. 17,
pigris... campis.
7. Garganus is an exposed sea-girt promontory of Apulia.
Cf. Epp. 2. 1. 202, Garganum mugire putes nemus. - laborant:
cf. 1. 9. 3. Arnold, The New Sirens, 'saw the hoarse boughs
labor in the wind '; Shaks. M. of V. 41, 'forbid the mountain
pines I To wag their high tops and to make no noise ] When
they are fretted with the gusts of heaven'; Sappho, fr. 42,
&vedF P  Kar" 6pot 8pv6i2v iAreo-Sv.
8. viduantur: observe the cumulative touches that complete
the picture of desolation. Cf. Tenn. Lady of Shalott, Part IV.
init.
9. tu semper: emphasizing his disregard of the lesson of
nature, non semper. Cf. 2. 18. 17; 3. 29. 25. - urges: dwellest
on, insistest on. Cf. Propert. 5. 11. 1, desine, Paulle, meum
lacrimis urgere sepulcrum.
10. ademptum: cf. 2. 4. 10. n.
11. surgente: cf. Verg. G. 1. 440; Aen. 4. 352; Vesper of
course does not 'rise,' but becomes visible in the west after sunset. The same planet (Venus) as Phosphorus, the morning
star, at other times flees (vanishes in the light of) the swift
rising sun. Cf. Cat. 62. 35. Cf. Tenn. In Mem. 121, 'Sweet
Hesper-Phospher, double name ] For what is one, the first, the
last.' Cf. Plato's exquisite epigram, 'Aerr/p rp'v pv  'Xap/.rer dvl
pwoto'-t 'ETos, j vOv 68 Oavcbu Xd/~irets "Er'repoS dp /0Sqivois. 'Star of
the morning shinedst thou, I Ere life was fled, I Star of the
evening art thou now, I Among the dead.' - decedunt amores:
cf. Tenn. Mariana, 'Her tears fell with the dews at even, I
Her tears fell ere the dews were dried'; Verg. G. 4. 465, te
veniente die te decedente canebat; Helvius Cinna's lovely lines:
Te matutinus flentem conspexit Eous, I et flentem paullo vidi!
post Hesperus idem; Tasso, G. L. xii. 90, 'Lei nel partir, lei
nel tornar del sole I chiama con voce stanca, e prega e plora.'


I




272


NOTES.


12. rapidum: standing epithet of sol (Verg. G. 1. 424; 2.
321; cf. Ecl. 2. 10), perhaps from swift hot rays, or his rapid
movement among the constellations, or the swift sunsets and
sunrises of southern climes where twilight is short. Cf. Homer's
Oo- vbt, and Coleridge, 'At one stride comes the dark,' Anc.
Mar.
13. ter aevo functus: who lived three generations; Nestor,
tertiam iam aetatem hominum vivebat, Cic. Cat. Mai. 31; II. 1.
250; rpLiYpwP, Odyss. 3. 245.
14. Antilochum: son of Nestor, often mentioned in Iliad.
Alluded to in Odyss. 3. 112; 4. 187. Saves his father's life,
Pind. Pyth. 6. 28. Nestor at his funeral pyre, Juv. Sat. 10.
253; Propert. 3. 5. 46-50.
14-15. omnis... annos: the Homeric      Leara 7rdvra.
15-16. impubem... Troilon: son of Priam, slain by
Achilles. Verg. Aen. 1. 475, infelix puer atque impar congressus
Achilli. Like Antilochus a stock example in the literature of
consolations; Plut. Cons. ad Apoll. 24; Cic. Tusc. 1. 93.
16. sorores: Polyxena, Cassandra, etc. The wailing of
Phrygian women was proverbial; yet even they were consoled.
17. desine: with gen. as Xhyetv, ira6eaeOaz. Cf. 3. 27. 69. n.;
2. 13. 38.
19. cantemus takes four objects, tropaea, Niphaten, flumen
S.. volvere, and Gelonos... equitare, the last three defining
the first. - tropaea: for date, cf. Intr. and Sellar, p. 143.
20. rigidum: ice-bound, or rock-bound. - Niphates: was a
mountain in Armenia. Cf. Verg. G. 3. 30, addam urbes Asiae
domitas pulsumque Niphaten. Cf. Milton, P. L. III. in fine,
'Nor stay'd till on Niphates' top he lights'; Lucan, 3. 245;
Juv. Sat. 6. 409; Claudian and Silius speak of it as a river.
Hence Johnson's translation has, 'Niphates rolls an humbler
wave.'
21. Medum flumen: the Euphrates. Cf. 3. 4. 36, Scythicus
amnis; 4. 4. 38, Metaurum flumen. Cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 726,
Euphrates ibat iam mollior undis.
22. Cf. R. C. Trench, 'Alma, roll thy waters proudly,
Proudly roll them to the sea' (Page).
23. Gelonos: a Sarmatian or Scythian tribe. Cf. Herod.




BOOK II., ODE X.


278


4. 108; Verg. Aen. 8. 725; infra, 2. 20.19; 3.4. 35.- praescriptum: the limits set them.
24. exiguis': narrowed, in comparison with their former
liberty. - equitare: 1. 2. 51.
ODE X.
Of the mean and sure estate: A string of sententiae in praise
of the golden mean and philosophic acceptance of the vicissitudes
of fortune, frequently imitated. Cf. Sellar, p. 175; Surrey,
Praise of Meane and Constante estate, Tottel's Miscellany.
Arber, p. 27; ibid. p. 157; Cowper, Johnson's Poets, 18. 659;
Cotton, ibid. 18. 17; Beattie, ibid. 18. 558.
L. Licinius Murena, probably the son of the Murena of Cicero's
Pro Murena, was adopted into the Terentian gens by Terentius
Varro, and so became the adopted brother of Proculeius (2. 2. 2)
and of Terentia, the wife of Maecenas; 3. 19 is apparently
written to celebrate his cooptation into the college of augurs.
He appears in the Consular fasti for the year 23. In the same
year he was put to death for conspiring against Augustus. Cf.
Vell. Paterc. 2. 91; Dion. Cass. 54. 3; Suet. Tib. 8. It seems
unlikely that Horace would have published the first three books
of the Odes with these poems after that date. Cf. on 1. 3 and
2. 9. But see Verrall, Studies in Horace, 25 sqq.
1-4, 22-24. Life a Voyage. Cf. 1. 34. 3; 3. 29. 57; Epist.
2. 2. 201; Plato, Laws, 803 B, 8t& rou0 rXou ro6rov r^s ^rws;
Swinb. Prelude to Songs Before Sunrise, 16; Tenn. Crossing
the Bar, etc.; Anth. Pal. 10. 65; Marc. Aurel. 3. 3; Plato,
Phaedo, 85 D.
1. rectius: i.e. more wisely, sagely.
2. urgendo: ever making for.
2-3. dum... horrescis: would be rendered in Greek by
pres. part. Cf. Epist. 2. 3. 465; A. and G. 492.
3. premendo: hugging. Cf. radere, legere, amare, litus. Cf.
Epist. 2. 3. 28, tutus nimium timidusque procellae.
4. iniquum: cf. on 1. 10. 15; 1. 2. 47; 2. 4. 16; 2. 6. 9;
3. 1. 32.




274


NOTES.


5. mediocritatem: cf. Cic. de Off. 1. 25, mediocritatem illam. quae est inter nimium  et parum - the lCdov or gdrptov of
the Greek gnomic poets and tragedians, which Plato and Aristotle developed into the formal ethical doctrine that virtue 'is
seated in the mean.' Cf. irca r /lAr Tb KpdTro Oebs tracoev, Aeschyl.
Eumen. 529; Arist. Pol. 4. 11, rTy asov... flo,... flno-rov;
Otto, p. 216.
6. tutus caret: is safe and avoids.
7. sordibus: the squalor of a mean hovel. - invidenda: cf.
3. 1. 45. It suggests the 9<06vos of the Greeks (9-12).
9-12. ingens, celsae, summos are emphatic. For the sentiment, cf. Herod. 7. 10; Lucretius, 5. 1126, invidia quoniam ceu
fulmine summa vaporant; Ov. Trist. 3. 4. 6; Otto, 148. 352;
Dilmmler, Academica, p. 3 sqq.; Lucillius in Anth. Pal. 10. 122,
o6 Op6ov oi /aXdX-v &veb6s wrore rds U  6eyltraas ~ 8pas 7rXardvovs
o?5e Xa1cal Kardcyetv; Maecenas apud Sen. Epist. 19. 9, ipsa enim
altitudo attonat, summa; Wordsworth, The Oak and the Broom;
Lord Vaux, of the Mean Estate, 'The higher that the cedar
tree Into the heavens doth grow    The more in danger is the
top, I When stormy winds gan blow'; Campion, ed. Bullen,
p. 32, 'The higher trees the more storms they endure'; Dante,
Paradiso, 18, 'come vento | che le piui alte cime pii percote';
Shaks. M. for M. 2. 2; Herrick, Hesp. 484. 3; Spenser, Shep. Cal.,
July; Victor Hugo, Feuilles d'Automne, 4. The commonplace is often amplified in Seneca's Tragedies (Ag. 93 sqq.,
etc.); Seneca was imitated by Boethius, and hence, perhaps,
rather than from Aristotle's Poetics, arose the notion in mediaeval and renaissance literature that the one theme of tragedy
is the sudden fall of the great. Cf. Chaucer, Monke's Tale, 'I
will bewail in manner of Tragedie I The harm of them that fell
from high degree.' And see the choruses of Garnier, and Ferrex
and Porrex passim.
11. turres: cf. 1. 4. 14; Juv. 10. 105.
13-20: cf. Herrick, Hesp. 726, 'In all thy need, be thou
possest I Still with a well-prepared brest: 1... And this for
comfort thou must know, I Times that are ill wo'nt still be so. I
Clouds will not ever poure down raine (cf. 2. 9. 1); I A sullen
day will cleere again.'




BOOK II., ODE X.


275


13. infestis... secundis: neut. plur. used substantively;
dat. rather than the abl. abs.
14. alteram sortem: a change of lot, i.e. the other of two.
Cf. 1. 15. 29. n.
15. informis: hideous; beauty was 'form' to the ancients.
Cf. Dobson, 'A dream of form in days of thought'; Mimnermus, and Theog. 1021, &dop/ov yjpas; Verg. G. 3. 354, aggeribus
niveis informis terra; Juv. 4. 56, Stridebat deformis hiems;
Wither, 'Walks and ways which winter marred'; Shaks. Son.
5, 'For never-resting time leads summer on I To hideous winter
and confounds him there'; Lucian, Kp6vos 9, ol Xaetuwves &popool.
-reducit: for re-, cf. 1. 3. 7; 3. 1. 21; 3. 8. 9.
16. Iuppiter: cf. on 1. 1. 25 and Theoc. 4. 43; Theog. 25. -
idem: idiomatic, and likewise; cf. 22; 2. 19. 27; 3. 4. 67.
17. non denies the inference from nunc to olim. - male: cf.
3. 16. 43,bene est; Catull. 38. 1, male est, Cornifici, tuo Catullo. -
et: cf. Munro on Lucret. 3. 412. - olim: yon time, past or
future. Cf. on 4. 4. 5.
18. quondam: sometimes; cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 367.
19. suscitat: cf. Gray, Progress of Poesy, 'Awake, Aeolian
lyre, awake'; Pind. 0. 9. 51; Nem. 10. 21; Lucret. 2. 413,
expergefacta.
19-20. A familiar quotation generally employed in the sense,
'All work and no play,' etc. Here it points the moral of compensations -  Apollo who sends the shafts of pestilence (arcum
tendit) is also the god of music (cithara suscitat musam). Cf
C. S. 33. For a hint of the proverbial use, cf. Cic. de Senect.
11, intentum enim animum tamquam arcum habebat; Plut. de
Ed. Puer. 13, Kal 7-p r& r6ta Kal T&A Xdpar dvie/iev tva 'rvrevtPat
5vv-j"Ow^,ev; nec semper Gnosius arcum Destinat, Laus Pisonis, 142.
Cf. the habitual misapplication of Shakspeare's 'One touch
of nature.'
21. rebus angustis: in straitened circumstances; cf. on 3. 2. 1.
22. appare: show thyself. -  sapienter: cf. thou art wise. -
idem: cf. on 16.
23. contrahes: a frequent image in Greek drama. Cf. Ar.
Ran. 1220, 604doaL goC 5oKei$; Soph. El. 335; Cic. ad Att. 1. 16.
2, contraxi vela. Propert. 3. 19. 30; Ovid. Trist. 3. 4. 32, pro



276


NOTES.


positique, precor, contrahe vela tui. - secundo: from sequi, 'A
wind   that follows   fast'; Homer's ticfKevo  oipos. - nimium
secundo: too favorable.
24. turgida: cf. Epist. 2. 2. 201, tumidis velis aquilone
secundo; Verg. Aen. 3. 357, tumido austro; Pind. Pyth. 1. 92,
lorlo-riop &PeAe; Midsummer Night's Dream, 2. 1.
ODE XI.
Forget the cares of state, friend Quintius. Man wants but
little here below. Old age will soon have us in his clutch. The
changing face of nature warns us that nothing endures. Let
us drink and sport with Lyde while we may.
Cf. 3. 8. 17-27. Feeble imitation in Dodsley, 6, 255. Date
apparently B.c. 26-24; cf. 1. 1. Quintius Hirpinus is unknown.
Epp. 1. 16 is addressed to a Quintius.
1. Cantaber: cf. 2. 6. 2. n.-  Scythes: cf. 2. 9. 23.
2-3. Hirpine Quinti: cf. 2. 2. 3. n. - Hadria... obiecto:
like a shield - by the barrier of the Adriatic (cf. 2. 4. 10. n.),
which often checked barbarian incursions in later times.
3. remittas: as mitte, 1. 38. 3; omitte, 3. 29. 11, with further
suggestion of relaxing the mental strain; cf. also Ter. Andr.
827, nam si cogites remittas iam me onerare iniuriis. For thought
cf. 3. 8. 17-20; Theog. 763-764.
4. trepides in usum: worry about (take anxious thought for)
the wants. For force of trepidare cf. 3. 29. 32; Verg. Aen. 9.
114, ne trepidate meas, Teucri, defendere naves; where the complementary inf. takes the place of the prepositional phrase in
usum here. For in, cf. elt, Soph. 0. R. 980.
5. pauca: cf. for thought Lucret. 2. 20, ergo corpoream ad
naturam pauca videmus j Esse opus omnino; Manil. 4. 8. sqq.
- fugit: cf. the anni recedentes, A. P. 176.
6. levis: smooth-cheeked, cf. 4. 6. 28, and contra, hispidam,
4. 10. 5. - arida: cf. 4. 13. 9; Shaks. As You Like It, 4. 3,
'High top bald with dry antiquity,' Much Ado, 4. 1, 'Time
hath not yet so dried this blood of mine.' Plut. an Sen. ger.
rep. 9; tidtcXy -'yp, wizened.




BOOK II., ODE XI.                    277
7. lascivos: 1. 19. 3; 3. 15. 12; 4. 11. 23.
8. canitie: 1. 9. 17. - facilem: that comes easily; cf. 3. 21. 4.
9. non semper: So 2. 9. 1. Nature herself teaches mutability. Cf. 4. 7. 7. - honor: beauty's bloom. Cf. Epode 11. 6;
17. 18; cf. Martial, 6. 80. 5, tantus veris honos et odorae gratia
florae; cf. 1. 17. 16. n.
10. rubens: This blush is as conventional as that which
'paints' earth, flowers, berries, and dawn in Pope's pastorals.
But rubens may be simply bright, dyXa6s. Cf. Claudian, 29. 7,
aeterno sed veris honore rubentes. Propert..1. 10. 8, Et mediis
caelo Luna ruberet equis. Verg. G. 1. 431, Vento semper rubet
aurea Phoebe is not to the point.
For moon as type of change, cf. Juliet's '0 swear not by the
moon, the inconstant moon I That monthly changes in her circled
orb.' Ov. Met. 15. 196, nec par aut eadem nocturnae forma
Dianae I Esse potest umquam. Hence Spenser, Mutability, 7.
50, 'Besides, her face and countenance every day I We changed
see and sundry forms partake I Now horned, now round, now
bright, now brown and gray; I So that, as changeful as the moon
men used to say.' 'This Worlde's blisse That.changeth as
the moon.' Nutbrowne Maid.
11-12. aeternis... consiliis: 'long thoughts' (cf. 1. 11. 6;
4. 7. 7), 'thoughts that wander through eternity.'
12. consiliis: with bothfatigas and minorem (unequal to them).
13. cur non: abrupt transition in imagination to a simple
Anacreontic carouse in application of these principles of 'sober
sweet Epicurean life.' - vel... vel: the choice is indifferent.
-platano: 2. 15. 4.
14. pinu: 2. 3. 9; cf. Tenn. 'under plane or pine.' Fitzgerald, Rubaiyat, 12, 'A book of verses underneath the bough, I
A jug of wine, a loaf of bread and thou.' -  sic temere: thus
unprepared, i.e. just as we are. ovrws eticK, Plat. Gorg. 506 D.;
cf. Plat. Symp. 176 E; Verg. Aen. 9. 329, temere inter tela
iacentes. Munro on Lucret. 5. 970; supra, 1. 12. 7. The careless, easy-going phrase contrasts with Quintius's strenuous
mood.- rosa: cf. 1. 38. 3; Herrick, 583, 'Bring me my rosebuds, drawer, come; I So, while I thus sit, crowned; I Ile drink
the aged Cecubum, until} the roofe turne round.'




278


NOTES.


15. canos: Horace was praecanus. Cf. Epp. 1. 20. 24; Ode,
3. 14. 25. The Pseudo-Anacreon frequently alludes to his K6put
XevK/. Cf. further Lovelace, 'When flowing cups run swiftly
round, I With no allaying Thames, I Our careless heads with
roses crowned, I Our hearts with loyal flames.'
16. dum licet: 'Gather ye rose-buds while ye may,' Herrick,
208; cf. 4. 12. 26; 2. 3. 15. - Assyria: cf. 2. 7. 8; 1. 31. 12;
3. 1. 44. Martial, 8. 77. 3, si sapis Assyrio semper tibi crinis
amomo I splendeat, et cingant florea serta caput.
17. dissipat: cf. 1. 18. 4; 3. 21. 16. n.; 4. 12. 20; Theog. 883,
TO7 rivvw dv    xaXae rds (cKesdaes t MeXt~va, Eurip. Bacch. 280.
-Euhius: cf. 1. 18. 9. n.
18. edacis: cf. 1. 18. 4. n.--quis: cf. 2. 7. 23.--puer:
(slave) boy: cf. 0dp' v5wp 04p' olvov S ra?, Anacr. fr. 63, 64.
19. restinguet: will allay; cf. Shaks. Cor. 1. 1, 'A cup of hot
wine with not a drop of allaying Tiber in't.' - ardentis: cf.
Juv. Sat. 4. 138, cum pulmo Falerno arderet; 10. 27, et lato
Setinum ardebit in auro. Eurip. Ale. 758, 6X6F otpov. Plato,
Laws. 666 A.
21. devium  (living apart or by herself) with eliciet softens
the bluntness of scortum; lure the coy wench.
22-23. eburna: inlaid with ivory, \dXeavr68eros. Ar. Aves,
218. -dic age: 3. 4. 1. -dic... maturet: come, tell her
to hasten; 3. 14. 21.
23. in comptum: her hair bound back in (to) a neat knot in
the manner of a Spartan girl. Bentley, followed by several
editors, reads incomptam... comam... nodo, but this is
unnecessary. For Spartan coiffure, cf. Propert. 4. 13. 28,
est neque odoratae cura molesta comae. Ar. Lysist. 1316; Ov.
Met. 8. 318 (Atalanta). For motif, cf. 3. 14. 21.
Ronsard a son Page: 'Et dy a Barbe qu'elle vienne I Les
cheveux tors a la fagon ] D'une folatre Italienne.'
ODE XII.
You would not have me adapt to the lyre's strains the wars of
Rome and the mythical combats of Greece, O Maecenas. You
yourself will more fitly narrate in prose story the exploits of




BOOK II., ODE XII.                  279
Caesar. Me the muse bids sing of my lady Licymnia, her bright
eyes, her singing, her dancing, her kisses dearer to thee than all
the unspoiled treasures of Araby.
Licymnia is said to stand for the capricious wife of Maecenas,
Terentia (Schol. Sat. 1. 2. 64), as Lesbia for Clodia in Catullus,
Delia for Plania in Tibullus, Cynthia for Hostia in Propertius.
Cf. Apuleius Apol. 10; Prior, 'Euphelia serves to grace my
measure, I But Chloe is my real flame.' But the Latin poets
used metrical equivalents, as Pope did when he substituted
Atticus for Addison.
There is a translation in Dodsley's Poets, 4. 281.
1. nolis: thou wouldst not wish. - longa... Numantiae:
141-133 B.C., ended by Scipio Africanus Minor. For their
desperate defence and final suicide en masse, cf. Florus, 2. 18.
15; Cervantes's play; and Schopenhauer's epigram.
2. durum: so Mss.; note antithesis with mollibus. Many
read dirum. Cf. 3. 6. 36; 4. 4. 42; and Quintil. 8. 2. 9.
3. Poeno... sanguine: in first Punic war at Mylae, B.C.
260, and Aegates Insulae, B.C. 242. Cf. 3. 6. 34.- mollibus:
cf. 1. 6. 10, imbellisque lyrae.
5-8. Cf. Spenser's Vergil's Gnat, 5-6, 'For not these leaves
do sing that dreadful stound, I When giants' blood did stain
Phlegraean ground, I Nor how th' half horsey people, Centaurs
hight, I Fought with the bloody Lapithaes at board.'
5. Lapithas: cf. on 1. 18. 8.- nimium mero: drunken, lit.
too indulgent in wine; cf. Tac. Hist. 1. 35, nimii verbis; 1. 13.
10; 1. 36. 13.
6. Hylaeus: one of the Centaurs, cf. Verg. G. 2. 457, et
magno Hylaeum Lapithis cratere minantem. - Herculea manu:
cf. 1. 3. 36. The oracle had declared that the gods could subdue the earth-born giants (telluris iuvenes, yiyeve-s) only with
the aid of a mortal. Cf. on 3. 4. 42 sqq.
7. unde: whence =from whom, with periculum. Cf. 1. 12.
17; 2. 13. 16, aliunde; Sat. 1. 6. 12.
8. fulgens... domus: of. on 1. 3. 29; 3. 3. 33; Verg. Aen.
10. 101; Munro on Lucret. 2. 1110; F. Q. 1. 5. 19, 'That shining




280                       NOTES.
lamps in Jove's high house were light.' - contremuit: cf. 3. 4.
49; 2. 19. 21 sqq.
9. tuque: emphatic, and thou virtually = but thou rather.
Cf. que in 2. 20. 4. - pedestribus: prose; ireN  X6-yw.  Cf.
Plato, Sophist. 237 A.   See Norden in    Fleckeisens Jahrb.
Suppl. 18 (1891). 274 sqq. and in Antike Kunstprosa, 33. 3.
Horace is said to be the earliest Latin author to borrow the
expression. Cf. Sat. 2. 6. 17, satiris musaque pedestri.
10. proelia Caesaris: cf. Sat. 2. 1. 10; Epist. 2. 1. 250 sqq.
We cannot infer that Maecenas actually treated these themes
which Horace's modesty declines.
11. ducta: in triumph. Cf. 1. 12. 54; 1. 2. 49; 4. 2. 50.per vias: of Rome.
12. colla: cf. Cons. ad Liviam, 273, aspiciam regum liventia
colla catenis; Propert. 2. 1. 34, aut regum auratis circumdata
colla catenis, I Actiaque in Sacra currere rostra via. The whole
passage is in the vein of this ode. - minacium: sc. before the
battle. Cf. 2. 7. 11; 4. 3. 8, quod regum tumidas contuderit
minas.
13. me: cf. on 1. 1. 29; 4. 1. 29. - dulcis cantus: ace.dominae: domina under the empire came to = Mrs., madam,
my lady (as here). It also belonged to the lover's vocabulary
- my queen. A self-respecting Roman could use the term
where dominus would have been servile. - Licymniae: Terentia,
if she is meant, was the half-sister of L. Licinius Murena. Cf.
on 2. 10. Maecenas is apparently a bachelor in the Epodes,
but was married at the time of Murena's fall. Cf. Sueton. Aug.
66. A modern gentleman would hardly write in this style of
his friend's wife. But Terentia's coquetry was common gossip.
Cf. Dio. 54. 19; Sen. de Prov. 3. 10, morosae uxoris cotidiana
repudia.
14. lucidum: adverbial. Cf. 1. 22. 23; 2. 19. 6; 3. 27. 67.
So Homer, II. 2. 269.
15. bene: preferably with fidum. Cf. Cicero ad Att. 14. 7,
litterae bene longae. So in French bien long. Verg. Aen. 2. 23
has male fida.
17. ferre pedem: cf. Verg. G. 1. 11, ferte simul Faunique
pedem Dryadesque puellae. - dedecuit: litotes; it became her




BOOK II, ODE XII.                    281
well (Ov. Am. 1. 7. 12). A Roman lady might so condescend
at a religious solemnity. Cf. A. P. 232, ut festis matrona moveri
iussa diebus. Or she may have danced and sung in private
in the relaxation of the old Roman severity. Cf. on 3. 6. 21 sqq.
18. nec certare: recurs, 4. 1. 31.- ioco: in light talk. -
dare bracchia: movements of the arms were an important
feature in ancient dancing.
19. ludentem:  tralrovuoa. Cf. Verg. Eel. 6. 28. - nitidis:
in holiday attire. Cf. Tibull. 2. 5. 7, sed nitidus pulcherque veni.
- virginibus: dat. with dare.
20. Dianae celebris: lit. of thronged Diana, i.e. the day on
which Diana's temple is crowded. Cf. Tibull. 4. 4. 21, iam
celeber iam laetus eris; Ov. Met. 1. 446; Lucret. 5. 1166, delubra deum... festis celebrare diebus.
21. Achaemenes: eponymous ancestor of kings of Persia
(Herod. 7. 11). Cf. 3. 1. 44. Cf. on 3. 9. 4.
22. Mygdonias: a sonorous tautology for Phrygian, Mygdon
having been a prince of Phrygia. Cf. on 1. 17. 22; 3. 16. 41;
Homer, II. 3. 186. Midas, whose touch turned all to gold, was
king of Phrygia.
23. permutare velis: wouldst thou take in exchange. Cf.
Sappho, fr. 85; an old French poem in Molibre, Le Misanthrope,
1. 2, 'Si le roi m'avait donn6 I Paris, sa grand'ville,' etc.;
Aristaen. 1. 10; Catull. 45. 22. - crine: 'Beauty draws us
with a single hair,' but the singular is probably collective here.
Cf. 1. 32. 12.
24. Arabum: cf. 1. 29. 1-3; Verg. G. 2. 115; Propert. 3. 1.
16, et domus intactae te tremit Arabiae. - plenas: of. 4. 12. 24.
25. detorquet ad: so that they fall on her neck (Kiessling),
or on her mouth (Orelli) - non nostrum inter vos. For caesura,
cf. 1. 18. 16; 1. 37. 5.
26. facili saevitia: playful cruelty; oxymoron. Cf. on 3.
11. 35.
27. poscente magis: more than thou who dost beg for them,
Epist. 1. 17. 44, plus poscente ferent. - gaudeat: subj. as giving
reason for facili saevitia.
28. rapere: snatch. - occupet: of. on 1. 14. 2.




282


NOTES.


ODE XIII.
Humorously exaggerated imprecations on a tree of the Sabine
farm that barely missed the owner's head in its fall (1-12).
Death comes when least expected, and no man knows the shape
he will take (12-20). Narrowly has the poet escaped the dark
realm of Proserpina, where Aeacus sits in judgment, and Sappho
and Alcaeus sing strains that charm the shades to silence and
'stay the rolling Ixionian wheel, and numb the furies' ringlet
snake' (20-40).
For the incident, cf. 2. 17. 27; 3. 4.27; 3. 8. 7. The probable
date is B.C. 30. Of. on 1. 26. There is a translation by Richard
Crashaw.
1-4. ille...ilium: guide the curse.  He both planted thee
on an unlucky day, whoever (it was that planted thee) in the beginning, and with a wicked hand reared thee for the destruction
of posterity and the shame of the village.
1. quicunque: sc. posuit. - nefasto: technically used of
days on which the praetor could not hold court; cf. Festus'
remark concerning them, p. 165, nefas est praetori, apud quem
lege agitur, fari tria verba 'do dico addico'; hence unlawful;
from this was developed the popular meaning, exemplified by
this passage: unlucky.
2. sacrilega: in vague abusive sense.
3. in... perniciem:   final accusative, expressing  the
destiny of the tree; cf. 4. 2. 56.
5. et... et: both... and. - crediderim: perf. subj. of
cautious assertion, I should be inclined to believe.
6. fregisse cervicem: strangled. Cf. Epode 3. 1-2, parentis
olim si quis impia manu senile guttur fregerit; Sall. Cat. 55,
frangere gulam laqueo.
6-8. penetralia... nocturno... hospitis: aggravate the
horror.
8. Colcha: i.e. Colchica, which some read. We have to
choose between an exceptional hiatus, or an exceptional elision.
Medea, who came from Colchis, was proverbial for her skill in
concocting poisons. Cf. Epode 3. 10; 17. 35.




BOOK II., ODE XIII.                  288
10. tractavit: handled, dealt in (1. 37. 27). A slight zeugma.
Cf. Epode 3. 8; Shaks. As You Like It, 5. 1, 'I will deal in
poison with thee, or in bastinado, or in steel.' - statuit: set up.
11. triste lignum: sorry log. Cf. 3. 4. 27, devota arbor.--
caducum: ready or destined to fall. Cf. 3. 4. 44.
12. immerentis: cf. on 1. 17. 28; Epode 6. 1.
13. The special danger he should shun is never sufficiently
guarded against for man from hour to hour. - quid... vitet:
represents the direct quid vitem. - quisque: by Latin idiom
keeps close to the relative.
14. in horas: from hour to hour; after analogy of in dies.
The general proposition is followed by particular examples -
the sailor, the soldier, the Parthian. - Bosporum: a typical
dangerous strait. Cf. 3. 4. 30; 2. 20. 14.
15. Poenus: a typical navigator; but Thoenus - Thynus
has been conjectured.
15-16. ultra and aliunde: may be loosely pleonastic, or,
more probably, we may explicitly distinguish, that passed..
from any other quarter, i.e. after he has got through the strait,
he does not fear danger from any other source. The latter is
facilitated by Lachman's timetve, which removes the irregular
quantity timet, for which see 1. 3. 36; 2. 6. 14.
16. caeca: like caeca saxa, not caeca fortuna. Cf. 3. 27. 21.
17. miles: sc. Italus, Romanus. - sagittas: cf. Catull. 11. 6,
sagittiferosve Parthos; Shakspeare's 'darting Parthia.' -celerem fugam: cf. 2. 7. 9, 4. 8. 15 for the phrase, and 1. 19. 11
for the thought.
19. robur: prison, specifically the dungeon of the Tullianum
in Rome. - sed improvisa: emphatic, but 'tis the unexpected.
19-20. The conclusion in general terms.
20. rapuit rapiet: so it has been and so it will be.
21. quampaene: cf. Martial, 1. 12. 6; 6. 58. 3, 0 quam paene
tibi Stygias ego raptus ad undas. - furvae: a transferred epithet.
Cf. Propert. 5. 11. 5, fuscae deus audiat aulae. - regna: cf.
3. 4. 46. - Pr6serpinae: so Sen. Here. Fur. 549, vidisti Siculae
regna Pr6serpinae. Elsewhere Proserpina. Cf. 1. 28. 20.
22. For Aeacus (son of Zeus and Aegina and Eponym of the
Aeacidae) as judge of the dead, cf. Plato, Gorg. 524 A.




284                        NOTES.
23. discriptas: appointed, allotted; others prefer discretas,
the blest seclusion of the good. Cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 670, secretosque
pios. In the following picture of the world below, Horace
blends suggestions from many passages in Greek literature from
Pindar and Plato (Apol. 41) down.
24. Aeoliis: the dialect of Lesbos, the home of Alcaeus and
Sappho. -  querentem:    because  her young countrywomen
(puellae populares) did not return her affection. Sappho, fr.
41, and Swinburne's Sappho, 'singing I Songs that move the
heart of the shaken heaven, I Songs that break the heart of the
earth with pity, I Hearing to hear them.'
25. Sappho: Greek accus.
25-28. Cf. Ronsard, 'De l'61ection de son 86pulchre; I LI la
j'oirray d'Alcee I La lyre courroucee, I Et Sapphon qui sur tous i
Sonne plus doux.'
26. sonantem: so Ovid (?), Heroid. 15. 30, quamvis grandius
ille sonet.
26-27. aureo... plectro: Pind. Nem. 5. 24, Xpuvr rXcdKrpTy;
Quintil. 10. 1. 63, Alcaeus in parte operis aureo plectro merito
donatur. For the plectrum cf. on 1. 26. 11, and for Alcaeus, 1.
32. 5. n.
28. fugae: exile; but Herod. 5. 95 mentions his flight from
battle.
29. silentio: cf. Milton's 'Worthy of sacred silence to be
heard.' Cf. 3. 1. 2. - utrumque... dicere: depending on
mirantur; the participle dicentem would be more usual.
30. magis: the multitude prefers the themes of Alcaeus, his
invective against the tyrants in his araLwTucKd.c
31. exactos: cf. on 2. 4. 10.
32. densum umeris: shoulder to shoulder, so eager were they
to hear. Cf. spissa ramis, 2. 15. 9; spissae... coronae
('ring'), A. P. 381; Tenn. Morte D'Arthur, 'That all the decks
were dense with stately forms'; Tenn. Prin., 'a press I Of
snowy shoulders thick as herded ewes.' - bibit: cf. Propert.
4. 5. 8, suspensis auribus ista bibam; Ov. Trist. 3. 5. 14; and
Rosalind's 'I prythee take the cork out of thy mouth that I may
drink thy tidings'; Othello, 1. 3, 'with a greedy ear [ Devour
up my discourse'; Verg. Aen. 4. 359.




BOOK II., ODE xII.                   285
33. stupens: spell-bound.
34. denittit: droops.  Cf. xaXd(at of the plumage of the
eagle (Pindar, Pyth. 1. 6). - centiceps: Cerberus has three
heads generally, fifty in Hesiod, one hundred in Pindar. Possibly Horace is thinking of the hundred snakes that enwreathe
his head, 3. 11. 17. See Bloomfield, Cerberus, the Dog of
Hades, pp. 5 sqq.
35-36. intorti... angues: cf. Aeschyl. Choeph. 1048;
Catull. 64. 193; Verg. Georg. 4. 481, quin ipsae stupuere domus
atque intima Leti I Tartara caeruleosque implexae crinibus anguis
I Eumenides, tenuitque inhians tria Cerberus ora; Pope, Ode on
St. Cecilia's Day, IV., 'But hark! he strikes the golden lyre; I
And see! the tortured ghosts respire! I See shady forms advahcel
]Thy stone, O Sisyphus, stands still, I Ixion rests upon his
wheel, I And the pale spectres dance. I The Furies sink upon
their iron beds, I And snakes uncurled hang listehing round
their heads'; Dryden, 'Hear ye sullen powers below,' 'Music
for a while I Shall your cares beguile I... Till Alecto free the
dead l From their eternal bands; I Till the snakes drop from
her head, I And whip from out her hands'; Green: Dyce,
Vol. II., p. 237. - recreantur: are lulled to rest.
37. quin et: cf. 1. 10.13; 3. 11. 21. - Prometheus: Horace
here as in 2. 18. 35, Epode 17. 67, represents Prometheus as detained in Tartarus, contrary to all other versions of the myth.
- Pelopis parens: Tantalus; cf. 1. 28. 7; Epode 17. 65; Odyss.
11. 582; Sat. 1. 1. 68.
38. laborem decipitur: is beguiled (into forgetfulness) of his
toil; apparently a passive of decipere, fallere laborem. Many
read laboru/m, beguiled out of, away from, KXsr'rerau. Cf. on 2.
9. 17.
39. curat: cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 654, quae cura nitentes I pascere
equos, eadem sequitur tellure repostos. - Orion: the Greek Nimrod. In Odyss. 11. 573 he hunts over the meadow of Asphodel
the shades of the beasts he slew in the upper world.
40. lyncas: cf. 4. 6. 34.




286                       NOTES.
ODE XIV.
'For of all gods death only loves not gifts; I Nor with burnt
offering nor blood sacrifice I Shalt thou do aught to get thee
grace of him; | He will have naught of altar and altar-song, I
And from him only of all the lords in heaven I Persuasion turns
a sweet averted mouth' (Swinb. after Aesch., fr. Niobe).
In vain we shun the battlefield, the storm-tossed Adriatic, and
the fever-laden autumn breeze. 'Cocytos named of lamentation loud' we all shall see at l.ast. One day thou must bid
farewell to earth and the wife so dear, and of all the trees whose
growth thou watchest, only the 'Cypress funeral,' shall go with
thee to the grave. Then shall the 'hard heir stride about thy
lands,' and the spilth of thy hoarded Caecuban stain thy marble
floors.
Postumus is unknown: perhaps merely typical. Cf. Martial,
2. 23, non dicam, licet usque me rogetis, quis sit Postumus in meo
libello; Juv. Sat. 6. 28, uxorem, Postume, ducis; Propert. 4. 11
is addressed to a Postumus.
This ode with 4. 7 is Horace's consummate expression of the
eternal commonplace of death. Cf. 1. 4. 13; 1. 9. 17; 1. 11. 7;
1. 24. 15; 1. 28. 15; 2. 3. 5; 2. 3. 20; 2. 13. 20; 2. 18. 31;
3. 24. 8; 4. 7; 4. 12. 26; 3. 2. 15.
Students may choose between the admiration of Matthew
Arnold, who shortly before his death selected this as one of his
two favorite poems, and the censure of Buecheler (Rhein. Mus.
N. F. 37, p. 234), who thinks it is proved a youthful effort by
'den krass mythologischen Ton, die breiten griechischen Reminiscenzen, die Neigung zum Hyperbolischen, einige Sprachliche Hiirten  oder Verwegenheiten' (inlacrimabilis, enaviganda, carebimus, merum potius cenis). One would like to
hear his opinion of Gray's Elegy.
There is a translation by Edwin Arnold. Imitated by Congreve, Johnson's Poets, 10. 278, and by Sir Wm. Jones, ibid. 18.
445. Cf. also Austin Dobson's amusing skit, 'Ah! Postumus,
we all must go'; Villon's 'mort, j'appelle de ta rigueur';
Herrick, 337. 1-2, 'Ah Posthumus! our yeares hence flye, I
And leave no sound; nor piety, I Or prayers or vow I Can keepe
the wrinkle from the brow: I But we must on,' etc.; Locker,




BOOK II., ODE XIV.                   287
To My Old Friend Postumus, 'Ay, all too vainly are we screen'd
I From peril day and night; I Those awful rapids must be shot, I
Our shallop will be slight,' etc.
1. Postume, Postume: emotional repetition. Cf. on 3. 3.
18; 4. 4. 70.
2. labuntur: Ov. Fast. 6. 771, tempora labuntur tacitisque
senescimus annis. 'Le temps s'en va, le temps s'en va, ma
dame! Las! le temps non; mais nous, nous en allons.' The
'gliding' and the flight of time do not make a mixed metaphor
- 'my days are gliding swiftly by I And I... would not
detain them as they fly!' - pietas, etc.: cf. on 1. 24. 11; 4. 7.
24; Omar Khayyam, 71, 'The moving finger writes; and,
having writ, I Moves on: nor all your Piety nor Wit I Shall lure
it back to cancel half a Line, I Nor all your Tears wash out a
Word of it.'
3. instanti: cf. on 3. 3. 3; Mimnermus, 5. 6, rIppa...
irepKppreTaL; Sen. Praef. Q. Nat. L. 3, premit a tergo (premat ergo f)
senectus; Hamlet, 5. 1, 'But age, with his stealing steps, j Hath
caught me in his clutch.'
4. indomitae: i.e. indomabili. Cf. 1. 24. 7, incorrupta; the
ending -bilis is avoided. 'AdA/tao-ro (II. 9. 158), &XXt(ros (Anth.
Pal. 7. 643); inexorable, the Conqueror Death. Cf. nemo potest
impetrare a Papa bullam numquam moriendi (Imitat. Christi).
5. The meaning is three hecatombs a day. We need not
apply mathematics to the hyperbole. - eunt: 4. 5. 7; Epp. 2.
2. 55, anni... euntes.
6. Amice: 2. 9. 5. - places: conative, shouldst try to appease.
- inlacrimabilem: active; 4. 9. 26 passive.    Cf. 84Kpvtros,
flebilis, 4. 2. 21 and 1. 24. 9; tutela, 4. 14. 43 and 4. 6. 33. For
thought, cf. Milt. II Pens., 'drew iron tears down Pluto's cheek';
Sen. Here. Fur. 582, deflent et lacrimis difficiles dei.
7. ter amplum: rpwto'arov (Eur. Herc. Fur. 423); Lucret.
5. 28, tripectora tergemini vis Geryonai; Verg. 6. 289, forma
tricorporis umbrae.
8. Geryonen: Geryon, a giant with three bodies whom
Hercules slew; cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 201 sqq. Heywood, Love's
Mistress, 'Wert thou more strong than Spanish Geryon | That




288                       NOTES.
had three heads upon one man.'- Tityon; Tityos, who insulted Latona, was slain by her children, Apollo and Diana,
and in the lower regions covered nine acres of ground; cf. 3.
4. 77; 3. 11. 21; 4. 6. 2; Odyss. 11. 576; Verg. Aen. 6. 595 sqq.;
Tibull. 1. 3. 75, porrectusque novem Tityos per iugera terrae.
They were big and burly, but death was stronger.     Lucret.
3. 1030 sqq. points a similar moral with Xerxes, the Scipios,
and Homer. - tristi: Verg. G. 4. 479, inamabilis unda.
9. compescit: ipKet Homer II. 21. 63; Verg. G. 4. 480,
novies Styx interfusa coercet; Lucan, 9. 2, nec cinis exiguus
tantam compescuit umbram. - unda: 2. 20. 8; xi^' 'At8a, Pind.
Nem. 7. 31. - scilicet: the wave which must in very deed. -
omnibus: 3. 1. 16; 1. 28. 15; 2. 3. 25.
10. terrae munere: the bounty of (mother) earth. Cf. I1. 6.
142; Simon. fr. 5; 'The gods do not eat grain nor drink the
ruddy wine, wherefore also they are immortal,' says Homer.
For idea in munus, cf. Comus, 'Wherefore did Nature pour her
bounties forth I With such a full and unwithdrawing hand?'
11. enaviganda: an Horatian innovation - e, to the further
shore.
11-12. sive... sive: 2. 3. 5, 6.
11. reges: lords of lands, lords and masters, not necessarily
kings. (Cf. 1. 4. 14; Juv. Sat. 1. 135; 7. 45.) Contrasted with
coloni, tenant farmers (1. 35. 6). Cf. 2. 18. 33-4.
13. frustra: cf. 2. 13. 13 sqq.- carebimus: avoid; cf. on
2. 1. 36; 2. 10. 7.
14. fractis: 'the breaking waves dashed high.' -rauci: cf.
Arnold, 'saw the hoarse boughs labor in the wind.' 'Hoarse
torrent.'
15. autumnos: still dangerous at Rome, 3. 23. 8; Sat. 2. 6.
19; Epp. 1. 7. 5 sqq.; 1. 16. 16.
16. corporibus: with both nocentem and metuemus. -Austrum: the Sirocco from the Sahara. Cf. Shelley's 'windwalking pestilence.'
17. ater: cf. on 2. 3. 16; 2. 13. 34; 1. 28. 13; 4. 12. 26.--
flumine languido errans: etc., meandering with sluggish flow.
Cf. Verg. G. 4. 478; Aen. 6. 131. Pind. fr. 107, PXlXpol...
rTrasIol.




BOOK II., ODE XIV.


289


18. Danai genus: the Danaids, who killed their husbands
on their wedding night; cf. on 3. 11. 23 sqq.
19. longi: gen. of the sentence. G. L. 378. 3. For the
word, cf. on 3. 11. 38; 2. 16. 30. Eccles. 12. 5, 'Man goeth to
his long home.'
20. Sisyphus: Epode 17. 68. The crafty king of Corinth,
whose punishment in the lower world was to roll up a hill a
huge stone which invariably slipped from his hands before he
reached the top. Odyss. 11. 593 sqq.; F. Q. 1. 5. 35, 'And
Sisyphus an huge round stone did reel I Against an hill, ne
might from labor lin'; Longfellow, Masque of Pandora, chorus
of Eumenides; Pseudo-Plat. Axiochus, 371 E. Variously
moralized, Lucret. 3. 995 sqq.; Morris, Epic of Hades; Ruskin,
Queen of Air, 29.- Aeolides: 11. 6. 154.
21. linquenda tellus: cf. the exquisite dirge in Lucret. 3. 894
sqq.; the Earth Song in Hamatreya, Emerson. - Nero, 4, 7,
'Hither you must and leave your purchased houses, I Your
new-made garden and your black-browed wife: I And of the trees
thou hast so quaintly set I No one but the displeasant Cypress
shall I Go with thee.' Gray, 'Left the warm precincts of the
cheerful day.' - placens: dear; 3. 7. 24; Ov. A. A. 1. 42,
elige cui dicas 'tu mihi sola places.'
22. colis: Petronius about to end his life changed the position of his funeral pyre that it might not injure a favorite tree
(Tac. Ann. 11. 3).
23. invisas: hated, on account of their association with death
(1. 34. 10). Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 216; Epode 5. 18; Lucan, 3. 442;
Ov. Met. 10. 141; F. Q. 1. 1. 8; Browning, Up in a Villa,
"Except yon Cypress that points like death's lean lifted forefinger.' 'They brought a bier and hung it I With many a
Cypress crown' (Macaulay, Virginia).
24. brevem: short-lived; 6XAyoxp6vso, Lucian, Nigr. 33. Cf.
1. 36. 16; 1. 4. 15; 2. 3. 13; Macbeth, 5. 5, 'Out, out, brief
candle'; Shelley, Liberty, 19, ' As a brief insect dies with dying
day'; Tenn. 'Our brief humanities.' Man is 'sick for the
stubborn hardihood' of the tree that outlives him. See Tenn.
In Mem. 2.
25. absumet: cf. Epp. 1. 15.27. - heres: Ecclesiastes, 2.18,




290


NOTES.


'Yea, I hated all my labor which I had taken under the sun:
because I should leave it unto the man that shall be after me.'
For the perpetual moral of the'heir,' cf. on 4. 7. 19; 3. 24. 62;
2. 3. 20; Epp. 1. 5. 13; 2. 2. 175; 2. 2. 191; Pers. Sat. 6. 60 -65. --Caecuba: cf. on 1. 20. 9. - dignior: ironically pointing
the Epicurean moral - he knows the use of wealth. Cf 3.
24. 61. n.
26. centum: so 2. 16. 33; 3. 8. 14.
27. tinguet: will stain, Timon of Ath. 2. 2, 'when our vaults
have wept I With drunken spilth of wine'; Cic. Phil. 2. 105,
natabant pavimenta vino madebant parietes; Petron. 38.
28. pontificum: their banquets proverbially splendid, 1. 37.
2; Martial, 12. 48. 12. - potiore cenis: better than (that served
at) the banquets, comparatio compendiaria. Cf. 2. 6. 14; II. 17.
51, 'Locks like the Graces.'
ODE XV.
One of those diatribes against luxury which were a standing
commonplace in the rhetorical literature of the Romans. Cf.
Odes. 3. 6; Sail. Cat. 12, 13 and 20; Petron. Sat. 119; Manilius,
5. 374; Gratius Cyneget. 312 sqq.; Lucan. 1. 170; Tac. Ann.
3. 53; Martial, 3. 47. 58; Sen. Contr. 5. 5, Epist. 95. 14.
It was a cherished object of Augustus' policy to foster Italian
agriculture, ruined by latifundia, slave labor, the decay of the
peasantry, and the competition of Sicily and Africa. Cf.
Vergil's complaint, squalent abductis arva colonis (G. 1. 507),
and his alluring picture of the delights of the farmer's life (ibid.
2. 457-510). Horace is less successful in this perfunctory,
impersonal ode; but he can do better. Cf. 3. 1-6.
Palaces and fish ponds, useless shade trees, and flowery
parterres are displacing the vine and olive. Our fathers roofed
their homes with turf and built their temples of marble. But
we have changed all that.
1. iam: soon. Cf. 1. 4. 16.- regiae: regales, royal.
2. moles: piles. Ct. 3. 29. 10; The Deserted Village, 'Along




BOOK    II., ODE XV.                  291
the lawn where scattered hamlets rose I Unwieldy wealth and
cumbr'ous pomp repose.'
3. visentur: cf. 1. 37. 25; will meet the gaze. visere is often
more convenient metrically than videre.
4. stagna: fish ponds, piscinae. Horace says they are larger
than the Lucrine Lake (near Baiae) connected with Lake Avernus and converted into an artificial harbor, the Portus Julius,
by Agrippa. Cf. A. P. 63; So Sen. Controv. 5. 5, navigabilium
piscinarum freta. Cicero (ad Att. 1. 19. 6) uses piscinarios as
a nickname for the degenerate nobles. -platanus: 2. 11. 13;
it was a shade tree, fLfatXc0s.      Tennyson's 'thick-leaved
platan.' Cf. Nux Elegeia, 17, at postquam platanis sterilem
praebentibus umbram I uberior quavis arbore venit honos. Quintus Hortensius was said to water a favorite plane-tree with
wine. - caelebs: as contrasted with the ulmi maritatae, the
'vine-prop elm' (Epode 2. 10). Cf. on 4. 5. 30, and Martial,
3. 58. 3, vidua; Ov. Met. 10. 92, 95, 100; Quintil. 8. 3. 8,
sterilem platanum... maritam ulmum. Cf. 2. 11. 13.
5-8. Cambridge's version of this strophe (Johns. Poets, 18.
244) is a curiosity of literature: 'Now flowers disposed in various
groups I Dislodge those honors of your soups, j The tasteful
rich legumes.' - evincet: will drive out.
6. copia narium: store of (all that delights) the nostrils. The
reference is to the extensive flower gardens. Cf. Aelian's
6O0aCX\p^v vrav4-yvpLs and his pvOlv... els oprTv lqecs (V. H. 13.
1); Wordsworth's 'cups the darlings of the eye'; Juvenal,
gustus elementa (11. 14).
7. olivetis: abl. of place, over the olive grounds. Cf. 3. 18. 14.
The meaning is that flower beds and sweet-smelling plants will
take the place of the useful olive groves.
8. fertilibus: which were productive.
9. spissa ramis: cf. densum   humeris (2. 13. 32); umbrae
enormes... lauris (Pliny). - laurea: so. arbor = laurus.
10. ictus: the strokes, darts, rays of the sun.     Cf. Lucretius' lucida tela diei; PfoXats Xtov (Eurip. Phoen. 169).
11. praescriptum: sc. est. - intonsi: cf. on 1. 12. 41; Tibull.
2. 1. 34, intonsis... avis. - Catonis: the elder Cato, the
Censor, the type of old Roman austerity. Cf. 3. 21. 11.




292                        NOTES.
12. auspiciis: i.e. example; lit. chief command, guidance.
13-14. Now it is just the reverse. Sail. Cat. 52, publice
egestatem, privatim opulentiam.
13. privatus illis census: the list of their private possessions.
- brevis: short. Cf. exiguus (Epist. 1. 1. 43); tenuis (Epist.
1. 7. 56).
14. commune: the public wealth.
14-16. No private colonnade measured with ten-foot rods
received (took, lay in wait for, 3. 12. 12) the cool (shady) north
(ern breeze).  Privatis should be construed with decempedis.
Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1. 52, frigus captabis opacum; Juv. 7. 183, et
algentem rapiat cenatio solem. For similar complaints and
contrasts, cf. Demosth. Olyn. 3. 25; Cic. pro Flacco, 28, pro
Murena, 76, odit populus Romanus privatam luxuriam, publicam
magnificentiam diligit.
17. fortuitum: chance, the first that came to hand, die erste
beste, irporvx6v (Pind. Pyth. 4. 35). - caesptem: cf. Verg.
Ecl. 1. 68, congestum caespite culmen; or perhaps the reference
is to altars. Cf. on 1. 19. 13; Tibull. 2. 5. 100, caespitibus
mensas caespitibusque torum.
18. leges: Horace could hardly have cited chapter and verse.
The phrases publico sumptu and novo saxo are divided between the two parts of the sentence oppida (decorare) and
templa decorare, to each of which they both belong.
19. iubentes: the laws which bade.
20. novo: 3. 1. 45. Possibly fresh-hewn; more probably of
the marble, new and strange then, but familiar to modern luxury.
Cf. on 2. 18. 3. Possibly a compliment to Augustus, the restorer of temples. Cf. on 3. 6. 2; '" Brickwork I found thee
and marble I left thee," their emperor vaunted; | "Marble I
thought thee, and brickwork I find thee!" the tourist may
answer' (Clough); cf. Suet. Aug. 28.
ODE XVI.
Peace is the prayer of the storm-tossed sailor and of the
Thracian mad with battle - peace whose price is above purple
and fine gold. For the consul's lictor cannot dispel the mob of
passions that beset the soul. He only lives well who has 'the




BOOK H., ODE XVI.


293


art to live on little with a cheerful heart.' Vainly we strive
to forget 'in action's dizzying eddy whirled, the something that
infects the world.' We cannot escape ourselves nor the cares
that pursue us swifter than the east wind. When happy,
borrow no troubles of to-morrow, and temper adversity with
slow, patient smile. There is a law of compensation. Achilles
had glory and an early death. Long-lived Tithonus withered
slowly in the arms of Aurora. A hundred herds low for thee,
- me fate hath dowered with my Sabine farm, a breath of the
inspiration of the Greek, and the poet's scorn of scorn.
Translated by Otway, Cowper, Hamilton, Johnson's Poets, 15.
638; imitated by Jenyns, ibid. 17. 607, and Hughes, 10. 28.
Pompeius Grosphus is known only from Epistle 1. 12. 22-24,
a letter of introduction to the Iccius of Odes, 1. 29.
There was fighting in Thrace about B.C. 30. A plausible date
for the ode is 29 or 28.
1. otium: the Roman world was very tired and ready to
accept repose as the chief good in life and politics. Seneca says
of Augustus, de Brev. Vit. 5, omnis eius sermo ad hoc semper
revolutus est ut speraret otium. - 'Deus nobis haec otia fecit,'
says the Vergilian shepherd of the firm ruler, qui cuncta discordiis civilibus fessa nomine principis sub imperium accepit;
Tac. Ann. 1. 1. Cf. Renan, First Hibbert Lecture, Introd.
Pax was the sailor's word. Cf. Plaut. Trinum. 837; Lucret. 5.
1229, non divum pacem votis adit ac prece quaesit I ventorum
pavidus paces animasque secundas? - patenti: open.
2. prensus: i.e. deprensus, caught. Cf. Verg. G. 4. 421;
Lucret. 6. 429; Catull. 25. 13, deprensa navis in mari vesaniente
vento.- simul: cf. on 1. 9. 9.
3. condidit: so Verg. Aen. 6. 271, ubi caelum condidit umbra.
- certa: with steady light; cf. Tibull. 1. 9. 10, ducunt instabiles
sidera certa rates. Milton, Comus, 'Unmuffle, ye faint stars';
Tenn. Choric Song, 'Eyes grown dim with gazing on the pilot
stars.'
5. bello furiosa: dpetiavp4, sopL/av'4s. Thrace was Mavortia
terra (Verg. Aen. 3. 13). Cf. Gray, Progress of Poesy, 'On
Thracia's hills the Lord of War | Has curb'd the fury of his car.'
6. pharetra: cf. 3. 4. 35, pharetratus. - decori: adorned
with; 3. 14. 7.




294


NOTES.


7-8. non... venale: which cannot be bought; cf. 3. 14. 2,
and for meter, 1. 2. 19.
9. nec: is read for neque to remove the only case of elision in
the Adonic verse.
9-12. A favorite moral of Latin poetry.     Cf. Munro on
Lucret. 2. 25-50; Lucan, 4. 378; Sellar, p. 165.
10. summovet: clear away; technical of a lictor clearing a
path through a mob. - miseros tumultus mentis: continues
the metaphor; the sad riot of the heart.
11. laqueata: 2. 18. 2, paneled.
12. volantis: like bats or obscene birds. Cf. Theog. 729,
for wings of care.
13. vivitur: passive impersonal (cf. the vivere parvo of Sat.
2. 2. 1), ab eo bene vivitur, he lives well. Cf. Juv. 8. 9, coram
Lepidis male vivitur. - parvo: cf. Lucret. 5. 1118; Cic. de
Fin. 2. 28; Lucan, 4. 377; Claud. in Rufin. 1. 215; Tibull. 1.
1. 25, contentus vivere parvo.
14. salinum: almost proverbial. Cf. Pers. 3. 25, purum et
sine labe salinum; Valer. Max. 4. 4. 3; Sen. de Tranq. An. 1.
The family salt-cellar brightly polished is the one piece of silver
on the board of the man who knows, 'What and how great the
virtue and the art ITo live on little with a cheerful heart'
(Pope). - splendet: cf. Epist. 1. 5. 23. - tenui: frugal; cf.
Epist. 1. 20. 20; Herrick 337. 7, 'If we can meet, and so conferre, I Both by a shining salt-seller.'
15. levis somnos: 2. 11. 8, facilem; 3. 1. 22, lenis; Gray,
Ode on Eton College, 'The slumbers light that fly the approach
of morn.'- cupido: always masc. in Horace.
17. For sentiment, cf. Pind. Nem. 11. 43; Bion. Idyll. 7. 8;
Eurip. Bacchae, 395; Arnold, A Southern Night, 'We who pursue I Our business with unslackening stride,... and see all
sights from pole to pole, I And glance, and nod, and bustle by; I
And never once possess our soul I Before we die.' - fortes: undaunted. For juxtaposition of brevi fortes cf. on 1. 6. 9.iaculamur: aim at, attempt. So roTelwv.
19. sole: cf. Verg. G. 2. 513, atque alio quaerunt patriam sub
sole iacentem. Tenn. The Brook, 'Katie walks I Far off and
holds her head to other stars.' - mutamus: sc. patria; the




BOOK II., ODE XVI.                   295
accusative (terras) with mutamus here expresses what is received in exchange; cf. on 1. 17. 2. For moralizing on vain
restlessness of travel, cf. Sen. de Tranq. An. 2; Emerson. -
patriae: cf. Ovid Met. 9. 409, exul mentisque domusque, and
Milton's 'Heaven's fugitives.' Theoc. 24. 127, evy "Apyeos.
20. se quoque: cf. Epist. 1. 11. 27, caelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt. Sat. 2. 7. 112-116; Lucret. 3.
1060-1070; Sen. Dial. 9. 2. 14, sequitur se ipse et urget gravissimus comes. Epist. 28, tecum fugis. Milton, 'nor from hell
One step no more than from himself can fly I By change of
place.' Byron, To Inez, 'What exile from himself can flee?'
Emerson, Self-Reliance, 'I pack my trunk... and at last
wake up in Naples, and there beside me is the stern fact, the
sad self, unrelenting, identical, that I fled from.' - ffigit:
gnomic.
21-22. Cf. 3. 1. 39; Lucret. 2. 48 sqq. - vitiosa: carking,
fell; strictly, morbid; cf. Epist. 1. 1. '85, vitiosa libido. - nec.  relinquit: i.e. keeps up with.
23. Cf. Sen. Phaedra, 745, ocior nubes glomerante Coro.
Ocior Euro, etc. Proverbial. Cf. Otto, p. 366; Bfirger, Lied
vom braven Manne, 'Die Wolken flogen vor ihm her, Wie
wann der Wolf die Herde scheucht.'
25. laetus in praesens, (when) happy in the present, is, as it
were, the condition of oderit, an emphatic nolit. Cf. 3. 8. 27. -
quod ultra est, r& ir6Aw, futura.
26. amara: in contrast to laetus in praesens. - lento: cf.
lente ferre, etc., placid, patient.
27-28. The commonplace of Emerson's Essay on Compensation, to be illustrated in 29 sqq. - ab omni parte: cf. Quintil. 1.
2. 15, nam quid fere undique placet  Bacchyl. 5. 54.
29. clarum cita: Achilles says, II. 9. 412, 'If I abide here..then my returning home is taken from me, but my fame
shall be imperishable.' Cf. II. 1. 505, C&Kv1opdrarov v XXov.
30. Tithonum: he was made immortal, but not having been
given eternal youth withered away in extreme decrepitude; cf.
1. 28. 8; Mimnermus, fr. 4; Hom. Hymn in Ven. 220. As
type of old age, Aristoph. Acharn. 688; Otto, p. 349. - minuit:
cf. Tenn. Tithonus, 'I wither slowly in thine arms.' Gray,




296


NOTES.


' slow-consuming age.' But longa here = unending, as 3. 11.
38; 2. 14. 19.
31. et: and so.
32. porriget: half personifies the glad hour (7roXvy270s, I1. 21.
450) 'that in a gracious hand appears to bear a gift for mortals
old or young.' Cf. on 3. 29. 48 and 3. 8. 27.
33-34. greges... vaccae: virtually a hendiadys.
34. tibi tollit hinnitum: picturesque periphrasis for est tibi.
Cf. 2. 15. 15. For elision at end of line, cf. 2. 2. 18.
35. equa: mares were preferred for racing. Cf. Pind. Pyth.
2. 8; Verg. G. 1. 59; and if any one will try to write this strophe
with equus, he will find them metrically preferable. - te: cf.
Martial, 2. 43. 3, Te Lacedaemonio velat toga lota Galaeso. - bis.. tinctae: twice dipped, 8lpa<a. Cf. Epode 12. 21, muricibus Tyriis iteratae vellera lanae; Epist. 2. 2. 181; Spenser,
Vergil's Gnat, 'Ne cares he if the fleece which him arrays I
Be not twice steeped in Assyrian dye.' For the murex, cf.
Class. Dict. and 2. 18. 7. n.
37. parva rura: the Sabine farm. Cf. Bacchylides, fr. 28.
38. tenuem: as a term of literary criticism would mean refined, delicate (Epist. 2. 1. 225); but it seems to be used in
modest deprecation here: slight. Cf. Burns, Epist. to James
Smith, 'The star that rules my luckless lot | Has fated me the
russet coat, I And damned my fortune to the groat; I But in
requit, I Has blest me wi' a random shot 1 O' countra wit.'
39. non mendax: cf. C. S. 25, vosque veraces cecinisse Parcae.
Persius, 5. 48, Parca tenax veri. Buecheler fancifully takes it
'rightly named,' because sparing (parca) of her gifts.
40. spernere: the scorn of scorn. He is invidia maior.
Like rura and spiritum, spernere is a direct object of dedit.
ODE XVII.
Maecenas, though a valetudinarian tormented by fever and
insomnia, clung desperately to life (Pliny, N. H. 7. 17; Seneca,
Epist. 101). Horace, toying with the astrological superstitions
of the age to which Augustus and Maecenas were devoted (Sueton. Aug. 94; Dio. 52. 36), assures his friend that their horo



BOOK II., ODE XVII.                    297
scopes coincide, and that it is the will of Heaven that they be not
divided in their death. The poet's prayer, 'that we may die
the selfsame day,' was, in substance, granted. He died B.C. 8,
not long after Maecenas, who in his last days wrote to Augustus,
Horatii Flacci ut mei memor esto. The allusion to the fall of
the tree (27, cf. on 2. 13) makes it probable that the ode was
written soon after B.C. 30.
Cf. Tennyson's unfulfilled prayer (In Mem. 84): 'Thy spirit
should fail from off the globe I What time mine own might also
flee, I As linked with thine in love and fate.'
1. exanimas: so occidis saepe rogando (Epode 14. 5); Enicas
(Ter. And. 660); drocrelvetp (Eur. Hipp. 1064). Quintil. 8. 3.
32 seems to object to the word which is used by Cic. pro Mil. 93.
Cf.' Carcasses exanimate' (F. Q. 2. 12. 7); 'Be heir to those who
are now exanimate' (Sonnets from Port. 33).
2. amicum: the Homeric piXov e tva - their pleasure, will.
3. 6bire: cf. 3. 29. 11.
4. decus: cf. 1. 1. 2. - columen: cf. Tenn., 'the pillar of a
people's hope'; the 'pillar apostles'; Ter. Phorm. 287, columen
vero familiae; Catull. 64. 26; Homer's SpKco 'AXacuv; Callinus,
20, Tr6pyov; Archil. fr. 17, Ndov... K.lova; Alcaeus, fr. 23;
Theognis, 233; Pind. 0. 2. 7; Eurip. Alcest. 311, etc.
5. partem: cf. 1. 3. 8; Tenn. In Mem. 85, 'I, the divided half
of such I A friendship as had master'd time'; Minqc. Felix, 1. 3,
crederes unam mentem duobus fuisse divisam; Tickell on death
of Addison, 'Can I forget the dismal night that gave I My soul's
best part forever to the grave?'; and Villon's 'Deux estions et
n'avions qu'ung coeur; | S'il est mort, force est que devie.' -
rapit: 2. 13. 20.
6. maturior: premature, untimely. Cf. 1. 2. 48, ocior. -  vis:
2. 13. 20.
7. carus: sc. mihi ipsi. Cf. Epist. 1. 3. 29, si patriae volumus
si nobis vivere cari; Plato, Rep. 621 C, g~iU' abrois tlXo(, wrongly
rendered by Jowett, 'dear to one another.' - aeque: i.e. as
before.   So in Greek 6boliw. -  superstes: 3. 9. 12, Epode 1.
5, with both carus and integer.
8. utramque: of both of us.




298


NOTES.


9. ducet: not adducet, but dabit, faciet, will cause. Verg.
Aen. 2. 466, trahere ruinam. - non ego: both words are emphatic (cf. 2. 7. 26), but non goes with perfidum only.
10. dixi sacramentum: the technical term for soldier's oath
(Caes. B. C. 1. 23).
11. utcumque: temporal; cf. on 1. 17. 10.- supremum:
rzV vedrav 6&b, (Soph. Antig. 807).
12. carpere: Sat. 1. 5. 95, carpentes iter; Verg. Georg. 3. 142,
carpere prata fuga.
13. Chimaerae: 1. 27. 24; 4. 2. 16; Verg. Aen. 6. 288. -
igneae: rvprrveocrav (Eurip. Ion, 203). Cf. 1. 17. 2; 3. 3. 10.
14. si resurgat: were he to rise up to confront me from under
the superincumbent mountains. Cf. 3. 4. 69-73.- Gyas: a
giant, one of the sons of Heaven and Earth. The spelling of
the Mss. varies.    Editors generally read   rvhs, not r6-ys,
in Hes. Theog. 149. Cf. 3. 4. 69, and Ov. Trist. 4. 7. 18, centimanumque Gyan.
15-16. sic... placitum: cf. 1. 33. 10.
16. Iustitiae = AtK-y.  AIKy and Elpi-fq are sisters of the
Fates in Hes. Theog. 902-904. But Horace may be thinking
also of Themis and of Sophocles',VOLKOS rwv^ KdToC OeCW  AiK7j
(Antig. 451).
17-22. whether Libra or the Scorpion, shape of fear, or Capricornus, tyrant of the western wave, be the predominant aspect of
my natal hour., the stars of us twain consent in wondrous wise.
17. Scorpios: the influence of this sign was baleful; fighters
were born under it (Manil. 4. 220). For Libra, a propitious
sign, cf. Manil. 4. 548. - adspicit: present, because the influence of the constellation under which one is born continues
through life. The astrologers seem to have spoken technically
of the stars aspecting each other at the birth; but the notion
of the star looking down on the birth like a deity was a natural
development of this way of speaking. Cf. on 4. 3. 2.
18. pars violentior: probably this means simply 'as the
predominant,' not 'as the malign' which may be counteracted
by the more auspicious stars, such as Libra and Jupiter.
19. tyrannus: cf. 1. 3. 15. But here the reference is to the
assignment of particular constellations to particular quarters of




BOOK II., ODE XVII.                    299
the globe. Cf. Manil. 4. 791, tu, Capricorne, regis quidquid sub
sole cadente I expositum; Propert. 5. 1. 86.
21. nostrum: gen. plur. For caesura, cf. on 2. 12. 25.
22. consentit: cf. Persius' imitation, 5. 45, non equidem hoc
dubites amborum foedere certo I consentire dies et ab uno sidere
duci; Shaks. Hen. VI. 1, 'the bad revolting stars I That have
consented unto Henry's death'; Herrick, Hesp. 106, 'stars consenting with thy fate.' Hence probably, Wordsworth's 'Twice
seven consenting years.' - astrum: cf. Epist. 2. 2. 187, scit
genius natale comes qui temperat astrum. But Horace obviously
does not take it seriously.
23. tutela: of a deity. Cf. on 4. 14. 43.; Tibull. 2. 5. 113.
Technically of a constellation (Manil. 2. 334; 4. 698 et passim).
- Saturno: with both refulgens (cf. 1. 12. 28) and eripuit.
Saturn a malign star; Propert. 5. 1. 84, et grave Saturni sidus
in omne caput. - refulgens: shining in opposition, and so
counteracting the influence of.
24. volucris: with alas. - Fati: death.
25. alas: cf. Sat. 2. 1. 58, seu Mors atris circumvolat alis;
Eurip. Alcest. 260, 7rrepworbs "ALUa; Schol. Alc. 843; Gratius,
Cyneg. 343; Byron, 'The angel of death spread his wings on the
blast'; Matthew Arnold, 'death's winnowing wings'; Lessing,
'Wie die Alten den Tod gebildet.'
25-26. Cf. on 1. 20; Propert. 4. 9. 4, et manibus faustos ter
crepuere sonos.
26. crepuere: cf. on 1. 18. 5.
27. truncus: cf. on 2. 13. - inlapsus: cf. 'The swift illapse I
Of accident disastrous' (Thomson, Summer).
28. Faunus: the god of the woods and country. Cf. 1.
17. 2. The incident happened on the Sabine farm. Cf. 3. 16.
3. - sustulerat: The indicative is used to show how close he
was to actual death In 3. 4. 27 it is the Muses, in 3. 8. 7 Liber,
that saves the poet.
29. Mercurialium; cf. 1. 10 and 2. 7. 13. Horace playfully
wrests the word from its meaning of devotees of Mercury, god
of gain (Sat. 2. 3. 25), and uses it of poets, who were under the
protection of Mercury as god of eloquence and inventor of the
lyre (1. 10. 3, 6).




300


NOTES.


30. reddere: cf. on 2. 7. 17.
32. nos humilem: for similar contrast, cf. 4. 2. 53 and Ov.
Trist. 1. 10. 43, non facit ad nostras hostia maior opes.
ODE XVIII.
Rape, congere, aufer, posside: relinquendum est.
- Martial, 8. 44. 9.
I have no marble halls and train of prosperous clients. I am
content with my kindly poetic vein and my dear little Sabine
estate. You, with one foot in the grave, continue to rear your
seaside villas and evict your pauper tenants. But there is one
'who builds stronger than a mason, a shipwright, or a carpenter,'
- the builder of the house of death. The impartial earth opens
for pauper and prince alike.
For the sentiments, cf. 1. 31. 2-6; 2. 16. 33-40; 3. 1. 40-47;
3. 16. 17-43; 3. 29. 9-16; Bacchylides, fr. 28; Verg. Georg. 2.
461 sqq.; Tibull. 3. 3. 12 sqq.; Propert. 4. 1. 49 sqq., etc. For
free imitation of lines 1-8, see Crashaw, Description of a
Religious House, Ward's Poets, 2. 208.
1. ebur: of the eburnum lacunar (cf. 2. 16. 11), panels (of
the ceiling) adorned with ivory, rather than of ivory tables.
Cf. Propert. 4. 1. 50, nec camera auratas inter eburna trabes;
Bacchylides, fr. 27. 8, xpvro  5' 6 Xavrt re gappalpotrtv oIKOL;
Lucret. 2. 27, nec domus argento fulget auroque renidet.
3-4. No architraves of bluish-white marble of Mt. Hymettus
rest on columns of Numidian giallo antico in my atrium. Cf.
Martial, 5. 13. 5; 9. 75. 7-9.
3. Hymettiae: from Mt. Hymettus in Attica; cf. 'Where
with bright marbles big and future pomp, I Hymettus spread,
amid the scented sky, I His thymy treasures to the labouring
bee' (Thomson, Liberty).
5. Attali: of an Attalus, i.e. some rich man. Cf. 1. 1. 12.
6. ignotus expresses the surprise of the windfall, occupavi
the greedy haste of the heir.
7. Laconicas purpuras: i.e. wool dyed with Laconian purple;
cf. 3. 1. 42. 'Vast heaps of the shells of the murex brandaris




BOOK II., ODE XVIII.


301


in Cythera and on the neighboring Laconian coast... demonstrate to this day the importance of the sea to Phoenician
industry' (Holm, Hist. of Greece). Cf. on 2. 16. 36; Aeschyl.
Ag. 958; Juv. 8. 101, Spartana chlamys.
8. trahunt: spin, lanam   trahere.  Trahunt has also been
understood of trailing robes (lgariwov  9Xaet, a6pecv, traxitque per
pulpita vestem, A. P. 215). The meaning is, 'I am not so high
that my very clients are rich.' - honestae: well-born.
9. at: the other side of the medal. Cf. 3. 7. 22.
10. vena: the figure is probably taken from a vein of ore.
<Xp4, Xen. Vect. 2. 5. Cf. sine divite vena, Epist. 2. 3. 409.
But the Roman poets also thought of vena aquae. Cf. Ovid,
Trist. 3. 14. 33; Auson. Mosella, 448, ast ego quanta mei dederit
se vena liquoris. For benigna, cf. Tenn. Edwin Morris, 'But
you can talk, yours is a kindly vein.' Cf. "Ercles' vein,' etc.
- pauperemque dives: cf. on 1. 6. 9; Sellar, p. 176. The
Greeks rang the changes on the saying about the wise man
going to the doors of the rich. For me petit, cf. on 2. 20. 6.
12. amicum: Maecenas. Cf. nil amplius oro; Sat. 2. 6. 4.
13. flagito: importune.
14. satis beatus: cf. Catull. 23. 27; Epode 1. 31; Odes,
3. 7. 3. - unicis: cf. 3. 14. 5. - Sabinis: sc. praediis. Cf.
3. 4. 22. Cf. Martial, 4. 77, numquam divitias deos rogavi.
15. truditur: cf. on proterit, 4. 7. 9; urget, Epode 17. 25;
sic vita truditur, Petron. Sat. 45; Otto, p. 112.
16. And still (pergunt) the new moons only wax to wane. Cf.
4.7. 7.
17. tu: cf. on 2. 9. 9.
17-18. secanda... locas: allot to be cut - let the contract
for cutting (sc. to the redemptor, 3. 1. 35). The Romans affected
to regard as a reprehensible luxury the use of cut marble slabs
for paneling and wainscoting. Cf. Pliny, N. H. 36. 50. - sub
funus: on the verge of death; cf. on 1. 8. 14.
20. Bais: a famous Campanian watering-place near Naples.
Cf. 3. 4. 24; Epist. 1. 1. 83. For villas built out into the water,
cf. 3. 1. 33-38; Martial, 10. 30; Hare's Days near Rome. -
obstrepentis: cf. 3. 30. 10.
20-21. submovere litora: to push out the shore line.




302


NOTES.


22. parum... ripa: not rich enough with the shore of the
mainland. Cf. Livy, 44. 28, continenti litori.
23. quid quod: nay more, a prosaic transition. Cf. on adde
quod, 2. 8. 17; 3. 1. 41; 3. 11. 21. - usque: still, with reference to the persistence of the encroachment. Cf. 1. 17. 4.
24. revellis: a picturesquely strong moves. The sanctity of
landmarks in primitive times is well known. Cf. Proverbs, 22.
10, 11, 'Remove not the old landmarks, and enter not into the
field of the fatherless'; Plato, Laws, 843 A. In Roman inscriptions curses are invoked on those who disturb the landmark.
Terminus was a god.- et ultra: so 4. 11. 29.
25. clientium: fraus innexa clienti was the most heinous of
crimes in Roman eyes. Patronus si clienti fraudem fecerit,
sacer esto (Twelve Tables).
26. salis: cf. on revellis, supra.
26-28. A picture of an eviction.
27. in sinu: cf. Tac. Ann. 1. 40, incedebat... perfuga ducis
uxor parvulum sinu filium gerens.
29-31. But no hall awaits the rich lord more surely than the
appointed bourne of greedy Orcus.   Fine (fem. Epode 17. 36)
is a virtual synonym of aula which could not well be repeated,
with the further implication that 'the vasty hall of death' (cf.
3. 11. 16; Eurip. Alcest. 259) is our final home, mors ultima
linea rerum est, Epist. 1. 16. 79; Oavdrozo reTXevr. It is quite
unnecessary to construe destinata with auld, or with auld
understood, and to interpret fine 'by the limit set by' or 'in
the confines of.' For the thought, cf. Butler, 'Our noblest
piles and stateliest rooms I Are but outhouses to our tombs';
Longfellow, 'For thee was a house built I Ere thou wast born.'
30. rapacis: Tibull. 1. 3. 4; Catull. 3. 13, malae tenebrae
Orci quae omnia bella devoratis; Callim. Ep. 2, ApraKrhp.
32. ultra: cf. 3. 29. 31, 'beyond the finis Orci'; beyond the
little that life requires; more generally, why strive to 'pass
beyond the goal or ordinance'? - aequa: cf. on 1. 4. 13.
33. recluditur: opens; 1. 24. 17. n.
34. pueris: the resolution qug pie in lyric iambics has been
questioned. Dogmatism is out of place. - satelles * 3. 16. 9,
Charon. The force of nec is felt with auro captus as well as with




BOOK II., ODE XIX.


303


revexit. Cf. Epist. 2. 2. 178, si metit Orcus I grandia cum parvis
non exorabilis auro; Theog. 727-728.
35. Promethea: cf. on 1. 16. 13; 2. 13. 37.- callidum:
VroLKt0X/'LrT771.
36. revexit: sc. across 'the unpermitted ferry's flow.'--
hic: Orcus.
37-38. Tantali genus: Pelops, Atreus, Agamemnon, etc.
Cf. 1. 28. 7; 1. 6. 8; 2. 14. 18, Danai genus.
38. coercet: cf. 2. 14. 9; Verg. Aen. 6. 439, noviens Styx
interfusa coercet. - levare: with both vocatus and audit. -
functum: cf. 2. 9. 13; 4. 15. 29; Epist. 2. 1. 22, suisque temporibus defuncta; abs. Tac. Agric. 1, narraturo vitam defuncti
hominis.
39. For sentiment, cf. Aeschyl. fr. 255; Soph. O. C. 1220;
Burns, 'Man was made to mourn': 'O Death, the poor man's
dearest friend'; Praed, The Chant of the Brazen Head: 'I think
poor beggars court St. Giles I Rich beggars court St. Stephen; I
And Death looks down with nods and smiles, I And makes the
odds all even'; F. Q. 2. 1. 59,' "Palmer," quoth he, "death is
an equal doom I To good and bad, the common inn of rest."'
- laboribus: life's labors, with functum.
40. audit: consents. Cf. Shaks., 'hearkens my brother's suit.'
ODE XIX.
Horace pretends to have caught sight of Bacchus and his train
on the lonely hillside. He affects the poetic frenzy of the dithyramb, and, with many allusions to Greek poetry and legend,
affirms his right and inspiration to sing the attributes and exploits of the God of wine and song.
Cf. 3. 25; Ovid. Met. 4. 17 sqq.; Propert. 4. 16; Ovid. Trist.
5. 2; and Fletcher's 'God Lyaeus ever young.'
1. remotis: cf. 2. 3. 6. Bacchus and his train haunted
solitary mountain tops. Cf. Soph. O. T. 1105, Antig. 1126;
Dyer, Gods in Greece, pp. 112, 113; Anacreon, 2.
2. docentem: even as Apollo teaches his choir the nine Muses.
Cf. Pater, Study of Dionysus, pp. 10-11.--credite posteri;
Epode 9. 11, posteri negabitis.




304


NOTES.


3. nymphas: his nurses and playmates in Greek poetry. Cf.
1. 1. 31; Soph. O. C. 678; Anacr. fr. 2.
4. capripedum: cf. Lucret. 4. 580, haec loca capripedes Satyros
nymphasque tenere I finitimi fingunt; Tenn. Lucretius, 'Catch
her, goatfoot.' Pan is rpa'ybrous, Simon. fr. 133, and    the
attribute is transferred by Roman poets from the Panisci to
the Satyrs. Cf. Pater, Study of Dionysus, pp. 9-10. - acutas:
pointed; cf. Hawthorne's Marble Faun.
5. euhoe: i.e. eboi, the cry of the devotees of Bacchus.
Cf. 1. 18. 9, euhius; Juv. Sat. 7. 62, Satur est cum dicit Horatius
euoe; Shelley, Prom., 'Like Maenads who cry loud euoe, euoe';
Verg. Aen. 7. 389, euoe Bacche fremens. - trepidat: with the
excitement of the vision. Cf. II. 20. 131; Verg. Aen. 4. 279
sqq.
6. pleno: cf. 3. 25. 2; Ovid, Fasti, 6. 537. - turbidum: reOoXwE vov: adverbial; cf. on 2. 12. 14; 3. 27. 67.
7. parce: the enthusiast at once courted and dreaded the
maddening presence of the god. Cf. Catull. 63. 91-93; Verg.
Aen. 6. 77 sqq.
8. metuende: cf. 1. 12. 23. - thyrso: the thyrsus of Bacchus
was a pole, the top of which was surmounted with a fir-cone or
with vine or ivy leaves. Its touch inspired frenzy. 'And our
fingers must beware of the thyrsus, tossed about so wantonly
by himself and his chorus. The pine-cone at its top does but
cover a spear-point! and the thing is a weapon - the sharp
spear of the hunter Zagreus' (Pater, Greek Studies, p. 60). Cf.
Eurip. Ion, 216. But gravi probably refers to the madness
caused by its touch: dread.
9. fas: the vision brings authentic inspiration. Cf. Ov.
Fasti, 6. 7, Fas mihi praecipue voltus vidisse deorum, etc. -
pervicacis: untiring, persistent. Cf. 3. 3. 70; Epode 17. 14. -
Thyiadas: from 06w, to rave, the Bacchantes, the women who
celebrated the orgies of the god. Other synonyms are Maenad,
Bassarid, Euiad, etc.
10-12. For similar miracles of Bacchus, cf. Eurip. Bacchae,
141, 708; Plato, Ion, 534 A; Propert. 4. 16. 20 sqq.; Fletcher,
'From thy plenteous hand divine I Let a river run with wine.'
Cf. Exod. 3. 8; Hesiod, Works, 232; Verg. Eclog. 4. 30.




BOOK II., ODE XIX.                   305
12. iterare: rehearse, tell, renew the fact in speech.
13. beatae: deified. - coniugis: Ariadne. Cf. Apoll. Rhod.
3. 1002, darep6eLs TTCLavOS T6v Te KXdovuc' 'Aptd8vs; Mrs. Browning's How Bacchus comforts Ariadne (from Nonnus), 'But I
will wreathe thee, sweet, an astral crown I And as my queen and
spouse thou shalt be known'; Ov. Fasti, 3. 459; Heroides, 6.
115; Sen. Here. Fur. 18; Propert. 4. 16. 8; Ov. Met. 8. 176;
Verg. G. 1. 222.
14. honorem: her crown, which was transformed into a
constellation. Verg. Aen. 7. 814, regius... honos. - Penthei: the Bacchae of Euripides describes the punishment of
King Pentheus of Thebes for his impious resistance to the introduction of the worship of the new god. His palace was
thrown down by an earthquake (663), and he was torn in pieces
by his mother and sisters in their Bacchic frenzy (Theoc. 26).
Cf. Pater, Greek Studies, pp. 68, 74. Horace moralizes the
tale (Epistle 1. 16. 73). Cf. Ov. Met. 3. 511.
15. non leni: 1. 24. 17; 1. 18. 9.
16. Lycurgi: a king of Thrace who attempted to suppress
the worship of Bacchus in his kingdom; cf. Homer, II. 6. 130
sqq., 'Nay moreover even Dryas' son mighty Lykurgos was not
for long when he strove with heavenly gods, he that erst chased
through the goodly land of Nysa the nursing-mothers of frenzied
Dionysos.... Then Dionysos fled and plunged beneath the
salt sea-wave.... But with Lykurgos the gods that live at
ease were wroth, and Kronos' son made him blind, and he was,not for long, because he was hated of all the immortal gods.'
Cf. Soph. Antig. 955; Propert. 4. 16. 23. Aeschylus wrote a
play on the theme.
17. fiectis: tamest avoids zeugma with mare. --amnis: he
dried the Hydaspes and the Orontes, by the touch of his thyrsus,
in the expedition to India. - mare: cf. Sen. Herc. Fur. 907,
adsit Lycurgi domitor et rubri maris (the Indian Ocean).
18. separatis = remotis.--uvidus: cf. 1. 7. 22; 4. 5. 39;
Eurip. El. 326, PpexO0es.
19. viperino: cf. Catull. 64. 258, pars sese tortis serpentibus
incingebant.
20. Bistonidum: the Bistones were a tribe of Thrace.




306                        NOTES.
Bistonides is the plural of the feminine Bistonis. - sine fraude:
i.e. without harming them. Cf. C. S. 41; an archaism found in
Twelve Tables (se fraude) and in Livy (1. 24. 5), and imitated
by Milton several times; e.g. 'To draw the proud king Ahab
into fraud.'
21-32. His defence of heaven against the giants (a postHomeric legend), and his descent into hell to fetch his mother
Semele.
21. parentis: Jove; 1. 12. 13. - regna: the plural magnifies
(1. 4. 18; 2. 13. 21; 3. 4. 46), but is resorted to largely metri
gratia (4. 14. 26).
22. scanderet: Pindar, fr. 162, actually speaks of a ladder,
Cf. on 2. 12. 7 and 3. 4. 42 sqq.
23. Rhoetum: a giant whose name is selected for alliterative
effect. Cf. 3. 4. 55.
24-25. He assumed the form of a lion, as in Hymn. Hom. 7.
44. Cf. also Eurip. Bacch. 1019. Porphyrio refers the words
leonis unguibus horribilique mala to Rhoetum. This is done also
by Stier and by Trendelenburg, who emend horribilique to
horribilemque. It is true that we have no other reference to
Bacchus' transformation into a lion in the battle of the gods
and giants, and on the Pergamene frieze a giant is represented
with a lion's head and claws.
25. quamquam: with ferebaris, of which aptior dictus gives
the reason. For Liber fit for war, cf. 1. 12. 21. n.
27. sed idem: idem is the predicate; construe, but in the
midst of peace and of war thou wast the same.
29. insons: harmless, to thee.
30. cornu: the reference is rather to the golden horn of wine
with which he propitiates Cerberus and the beasts than to the
horns often attributed to him by the poets (Tibull. 2. 1. 3;
Propert. 4. 16. 19; Orphic Hymn 52. 2).
30-31. atterens caudam: ualcpv, adulans, wagging.      Cf.
Gildersleeve on Pind. 0. 4. 4; Theoc. 6. 30.
31. trilingui: triple-headed and triple-tongued is all one
reckoning, 'save the phrase is a little variations.'
32. tetigitque: for que, cf. on 1. 30. 6.




BOOK II., ODE XX.                     307
ODE XX.
Horace prophesies in a somewhat artificial poetic frenzy his,kwn immortality. He is to be translated into a 'tempestcleaving swan of' Italy, and will be known to all the peoples
of the earth. Let no one weep for him or celebrate vain obsequies.
For motif, cf. 3. 30; 4. 3; Alcman, fr. 118. For transformation of poet to swan, cf. Plato's Repub. 620 a; Eurip. fr. 911.
For bard = bird, cf. 1. 6. 2; Pind. 01. 2. 96; Theoc. 7. 47; Verg.
Ecl. 9. 35, and 4. 2. 25. n. Ben Jonson's 'Sweet swan of Avon.'
1. non usitata: on no common, with reference to his claim
of having introduced Greek lyric measures into Rome. Cf.
Epode 5. 73. Cf. Milton's 'adventurous song, I That with
no middle flight intends to soar.' For the boast of originality,
cf. 3. 1. 2; 3. 30. 10 sqq. - tenui: weak.
2. biformis: swan and poet is the obvious meanifig; blt
Porphyrio says quod et lyrica scribat et hexametros, and some
moderns follow him on the ground that Horace would be
wholly transformed into the bird. But this is to consider it too
curiously. - liquidum: cf. Verg. G. 1. 404. Clear as contrasted
with udam... humum, 3. 2. 23, or yielding as Milton's
'buxom   air'; Pind. Nem. 8. 41, 7rpbs iypbv [ alCpa.
3. vates: cf. 1. 31. 2.
4. invidia maior: cf. Tac. Agr. 8. 3, extra invidiam; Callim.
Ep. 23, Kpetlrova PaaKravic s. Cf. on 4. 3. 16 and 3. 24. 32.
5. urbis: concretely picturesque. Cf. 1. 35. 10; 3. 4. 46.
5-6. pauperum... sanguis: Horace never disavows his
humble birth. Cf. 2. 18. 10; 3. 30. 12; Sat. 1. 6. 46, quem
rodunt omnes libertino patre natum.
6. vocas: invitest (to thy board, or simply companionship).
Cf. Catull. 44. 21, qui tur vocat me. If any dignity is lost, it is
recovered by dilecte. Cf. Gildersleeve on Pindar's q/lkos addressed to Hieron (Pyth. 1. 92). In 2. 18. 11, he says dives
me petit. The interpretation of 'dilecte' as direct quotation
of Maecenas' words is generally abandoned.
8. unda: cf. 2. 14. 9.




308                       NOTES.
9-12. Tyrrell, Latin Poetry, p. 198, comments on the bad
taste of these details.
9. iam iam: Epode 17. 1. He begins to feel the 'feathery
change' come over him like Arnold's Philomela. - cruribus
usually taken as abl. of place; conceivably dat. Cf. residunt in
partem (Verg. Aen. 9. 539). - asperae: the skin wrinkles and
roughens as it shrinks and settles into place.
11. superng: so Lucret. 2. 1153, 6. 544, 597; A. P. 4.lves: antithesis with asperae.
13. Daedaleo: cf. 1. 17. 22. n. -notior: many Mss. read
ocior with harsh hiatus. Cf. Ov. Amor. 1. 9. 40, notior in caelo
fabula nulla fuit. Bentley proposed tutior, which H. doubtless
meant, but perhaps did not need to say. Cf. on 4. 2. 2; cf.
Martial, 1. 1. 2, Toto notus in orbe Martialis.
14-20. Cf. Sargeant's lines, 'But on strong wing, through
upper air, I Two worlds beneath, the old and new, I The Roman
swan is wafted where I The Roman eagles never flew.'. 14  visam: cf. 2. 14. i.- gementis: cf. Iliad, 16. 391, 23.
330; Odyss. 12. 97, aydorovos; Aeschyl. Prom. 712; Soph. Ajax,
674, arhvovra 7r6vrov; Tennyson, 'the moanings of the homeless sea' (In Mem.); 'The deep I Moans round with many voices'
(Ulysses); Christina Rossetti, 'Why does the sea moan evermore?'- Bospori: 3. 4. 30.
15. Syrtis: 1. 22. 5; 2. 6. 3. - Gaetulas: African.canorus: of Swan Song, Verg. Aen. 7. 700; cf. 4. 3. 20. n.
16. Hyperboreos: lit., beyond Boreas, i.e. in the far north;
cf. Swinb., 'Beyond the north wind lay the land of old, I Where
men dwelt blithe and flawless clothed and fed I With joy's
bright raiment and with love's sweet bread, I The happiest
flock of earth's maternal fold.' Cf. Pind. 01. 3. 16; Pyth. 10.
30-44; Aeschyl. Choeph. 373; Pliny, N. H. 4. 89; Bacchyl. 3.
59.
17. Colchus: the Colchians lived east of the Black Sea.dissimulat: masks his fear.
18. Marsae: the Marsi were one of the bravest of the Latin
peoples. - Dacus: cf. on 1. 35. 9.
19. Geloni: 2. 9. 23. - peritus: the learned Spaniard.
Spain had some literary culture even in Horace's time, and the




BOOK II., ODE XX.                   309
next generation gave the Senecas and Quintilian to Rome.
A distinction seems to be drawn between the culture of the
provinces (Spain and Gaul) that shall learn the poet, and the
outer barbarians (Colchians, Dacians, and Gelonians) that
shall come to know of him. Cf. Statius, Theb. 12. 814, lam te
(sc. his poem) magnanimus dignatur noscere Caesar, | Itala iam
studio discit memoratque iuventus.
20. potor: vivid for accola, i.e. the Gaul. Cf. 3. 10. 1; 4.
15. 21; Hom. II. 2. 825; Pind. 01. 6. 85; Verg. Eclog. 1. 63.
21-24. Cf. Epitaph of Ennius, Cic. Tusc. 1. 34, nemo me
lacrumis decoret nec funera fletu I faxit I cur  Volito vivus per
ora virum.
21. inani: a cenotaph - sine corpore funus.-- neniae: properly the hired mourner's wailing dirge.
22. turpes; disfiguring: the gashing of cheeks and beating of
breast. - querimoniae: of friends and kin.
23. clamorem: the conclamatio or clamor supremus (Lucan,
2. 20; Verg. Aen. 4. 665, 674).
24. mitte: 3. 8. 17.- supervacuos: the Ciceronian supervacaneus would be. unmanageable in Horace's verse. Maecenas
had written cynically, ne.tumulum curo, sepelit natura relictos.
But Horace means that his monument is his poetry.




BOOK Ill.


The first six odes of the third book were read by Porphyrio
as an v5ý multiplex per varios deducta sertsus - an ode
sequence whose unity, like that of the sonnet sequences of
modern poetry, depends' on identity of meter and general
similarity of moral purpose and aesthetic effect 'subsisting
amid much diversity of detail.
Like 2. 15, 2. 18, and 3. 24, these odes are addressed not to
any individual, but to all patriotic citizens. The first, beginning
with an unusually solemn proclamation of the poet's mission,
proceeds to preach the familiar doctrine that power, wealth,
and the curious inventions of modern luxury cannot restore
lost sleep or free us from the black care that sits behind the
horseman. The Sabine farm is better than burdensome riches.
In the second the Roman youth are admonished to preserve
their vigor in the stern schools of poverty and war. Death for
the fatherland is sweet. Virtue opens the very heavens to
those who have merited such immortality. Fidelity, discretion,
silence, also have their sure reward.
The third opens with the famous picture of the upright and
dauntless man, firm of purpose - type of the old Roman
virtues that won apotheosis for Romulus and Augustus, and
world-wide empire for Rome. The glories of that empire are
prophesied by Juno urging upon the gods in council assembled
the final destruction of Troy. Troy shall become a lair of wild
beasts - it shall never be restored. But in the West a greater
than Troy shall rise.
The first half of the fourth ode is an address to the Muses who
watched over Horace's infancy when he strayed a poetic babe
in the woods of Mt. Voltur, who rescued him from the rout at
Philippi, from the fall of the accursed tree, and from shipwreck
in Sicilian seas. They will keep him safe though he visit the
fierce tribes 'of Britain, or those of Spain that yet engage Caesar's
310




BOOK III.                       311
arms. When Caesar himself dismisses his war-worn legions
and seeks refreshment from cares of state, 'tis to them he turns.
They give him counsels of gentleness, and delight in his magnanimity. Then, with seemingly abrupt transition, the poet
passes to a covert warning against the folly and wickedness of
rebellion against Caesar's gentle rule. The second half of the
ode depicts in flattering allegory the warfare of the giants
against Jupiter, Apollo, and the bright Olympian deities, their
defeat and final overthrow.
The parallel, Jove in heaven, Augustus on earth, is made
explicit in the fifth ode. Augustus will be a very present god
when he shall have added the Britons and the Persians (Parthians) to our empire. Ah, the shame of it! The defeat of
Crassus is still unavenged, and his soldiers have taken barbarian brides and serve in the ranks of our foes, forgetful of
the name of Rome and the eternal fire that burns on Vesta's
hearth. Not such the temper of the men who made Rome
great--of Regulus, for example, whose story occupies the
remainder of the ode.
It is the decay of religion, the sixth ode continues, that has
brought this disgrace upon us and almost delivered us as a spoil
to the Dacian and the Aethiopian amid our dissensions. The
sanctity of the family has been polluted too. 'The maiden
fancies wallow in the trough' of Ionian licentiousness. Not
from such mothers as these sprang the youths who struck down
Pyrrhus, and Antiochus, and Hannibal. They were a hardy
yeoman soldiery inured to toil by the severe discipline of stern
Sabine matrons.
On these odes, cf. further, Sellar, p. 153 sqq.; Pliiss, Horaz
Studien, p. 185 sqq.; Mommsen, Reden und Aufsatze, 168
sqq.; Corssen, Zur Erklarung der Romeroden des Horaz, Neue
Jahrbiicher 19 (1907). 582 sqq.
They seem to have been written in the years 28-26. The
title Augustus in 3. 11 probably dates that ode after Jan.,
B.C. 27. Cf. on 1. 2. Ode 6 appears to have been written under
the still fresh impression of the war of Actium, and while the
restoration of the temples and the moral reforms undertaken
in the year 28 were still in contemplation or progress.




312                        NOTES.
ODE I.
1-4. 'Hence, ye profane; I hate you all; I Both the great
vulgar and the small. I To virgin minds, which yet their native
whiteness hold... these truths I tell' (Cowley's Paraphrase
(Of Greatness)).
Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 258; Aristoph. Frogs, 353 sqq.; Callim.
Hymn. Apoll. 2. 2.
1. profanum: profanus is applied to anything that is outside the temple; here uninitiated, of the multitude who were
not in a position to profit by the poet's teaching. The metaphor
of the sacred mysteries of poetry begun by profanum is kept up
in favete linguis and Musarum sacerdos.
2. favete linguis: lit., be propitious with your tongues, i.e.
speak only words of good omen, but as ill-omened words could be
surely avoided only by silence, keep sacred silence; Verg. Aen.
5. 71, ore favete; Ov. Am. 3. 13. 29; Propert. 5. 6. 1; Tibull.
2. 2. 1; eidnAedre, Aristoph. Frogs, 354, Thesm. 39; Acharn.
237. Cf. Pater, Marius, Cap. 1. ' There was a devout effort
to complete this impressive outward silence by that inward
tacitness of mind, esteemed so important by religious Romans
in the performance of their sacred functions.' Quintil. Decl.,
Templum in quo verbis parcimus, in quo animos componimus,
in quo tacitam etiam mentem custodimus; Sen. Dial. 7, hoc
verbum non, ut plerique existimant, a favore trahitur, sed imperatur silentium, ut rite peragi possit sacrum nulla voce mala ob-,
strepente. - non prius audita: the claim to originality is based
primarily on the content and tone of these odes rather than
upon the employment of the Alcaic meter. But cf. 2. 20. 1. n.;
3. 30. 13. n.; Epp. 1. 19. 23, 32.
3. sacerdos: cf. Vergil's pii vates and Musae quarum sacra
fero (G. 2. 475); Milt., 'Smit with the love of Sacred Song';
Ov. Am. 3. 8. 23, ille ego Musarum purus Phoebique sacerdos;
Theoc. 16. 29. Ancient critics thought of the poet as a teacher;
Epp. 2. 1. 126 sqq.; Aristoph. Frogs, 1054; Jebb, Gk. Poetry,
p. 226.
4. virginibus puerisque: a formula and familiar quotation;




BOOK III., ODE I.                    313
Ov. Trist. 2. 369, Fabula iucundi nulla est sine amore Menandri,
Et solet hic pueris virginibusque legi; Martial, 9. 68. 2, calls a
schoolmaster, invisum pueris virginibusque caput. Cf. 3. 69. 7;
Horace sings to the unspoiled 'jeunesse des 6coles'; it is in the
rising generation that he places his hopes.
5. regum, etc.: "'Twixt kings and subjects ther's this mighty
odds, I Subjects are taught by men; kings by the Gods' (Herrick, 25); 'But hear ye this, ye sons of men! 1 They that bear
rule and are obey'd,. Unto a rule more strong than theirs I
Are in their turn obedient made' (Arnold, The Sick King in
Bokhara); SoXot paa-wv eirolv 6 fpaorleis Oeuv, Philemon; Suet.
Caes. 6; Sen. Thyest. 607 sqq.- timendorum: dread. With
regum timendorum supply imperium est from the next line.
- in: the authority and awe go out to; translate over.     Cf.
4. 4. 2, regnum in avis; Plaut. Men. 1030, siquid imperist in te
mihi; Propert. 4. 10. 18, inque meum semper stent tua regna
caput; Ov. Fast. 3. 316. -greges: in the tone rather of Seneca's
ignoti servorum domino greges (Contr. 2. 1. 26) than of Homer's
kindly 7roves \awv, shepherds of the people.
7. Giganteo: 2. 12. 7; 2. 19. 22; 3. 4. 50; ryavrox&wp
(Lucian, Tim. 4).
8. supercilio moventis: the phrase is a development from the
Olympus-shaking nod of Zeus in Homer, II. 1. 528-30; Verg.
Aen. 9. 106; Catull. 64. 204; Ov. Met. 1. 180; 'His black eyebrow whose doomful dreaded beck    Is wont to wield the world
unto his will' (Spencer, Mutability, 6. 22); Dion. Orat. 12. 383
R., rot, 8tvcav1rL5Tos 6 vXIYp e6caTL rTwiV 6Ap6wOv 7bP -l/rarra "OXvigrov;
Mart. 1. 4. 2, terrarum  dominum    pone supercilium; Tenn.
Princess, 'The lifting of whose eyelash is my lord.'
9-17. Men differ in wealth, birth, and honor, but the necessity
of death makes the odds all even.
9. est ut: (it) is (true) that; A. G. 569. 3; G. L. 553. 3. 4;
H. 571; Ter. Phor. 925, sive est ut velis manere illam apud te;
Epp. 1. 12. 2, non est ut; Eppi. 1. 1. 81, esto aliis alios rebus
studiisque teneri. - viro  vir:  one man... than   another;
frequent juxtaposition.- latius: i.e. has a larger estate;
2. 2. 9; 2. 15. 2. - ordinet: cf. Quintilian's directi in quincuncem ordines, and Pope's 'rank my vines.'




814                        NOTES.
10. arbusta; the trees to which the vines were wedded;
Verg. Ecl. 3. 10; G. 2. 416; 2. 289, ausim vel tenui vitem committere sulco. - generosior: of more noble birth.
11. descendat: literally from the hills on which the palaces
of the nobility stood; metaphorically as competitor into the
political arena. - Campum: the voting booths, saepta, were
in the Campus Martius. The forms of popular election were
preserved by the policy of Augustus, Tac. Ann. 1. 15, Turn
primum (at accession of Tiberius) e Campo comitia ad patres
translata sunt.
13. turba: in his anteroom at the morning reception (Salutatio, Epode 2. 7, 8. n.) or in his train at the Forum, - a point
of honor with ambitious Romans. Cf. Martial, 11. 24. 11, ut
tibi tuorum I Sit maior numerus togatulorum, and passim; Cic.
Muren. 34 (70).
14. aequa: impartial. 1. 4. 13; 2. 18. 32. n., 'Sceptre and
crown I Must tumble down, I And in the dust be equal made I
With the poor crooked scythe and spade' (Shirley). -Necessitas: 1. 3. 32; 1. 35. 17; 3. 24. 6.
15. sortitur: decides by lot the fate of; Verg. Aen. 3. 375, sic
fata deum rex I Sortitur. - insignis: 1. 34. 13.
16. urna: 2. 3. 26. n.
17. destrictus ensis: for the story of the proverbial hairsuspended sword of Damocles, see Cic. Tusc. 5. 61; Pers. 3. 40.
Here it symbolizes the terrors of conscience. Cf. Ronsard, Au
Sieur Bertrand, 'Celuy qui sur la teste sienne l Voit 'esp~e
sicilienne, I Des douces tables l'appareil i N'irrite sa faim, ny
la noise I Du rossignol qui se desgoise I Ne luy rameine le
sommeil'; Shelley, Prom. 1, 'Like the Sicilian's hair-suspended
sword I Which trembles o'er his crown.' - cui: (ei) cui = cuius.
--impia: transferred, 1. 37. 7. n.
18. cervice: Cic. uses plural. - Siculae: proverbially luxurious (Otto, s.v.; Athenae. 12. 3; Plat. Rep. 404 D); has also
a special reference to the fact that Damocles was a Sicilian.
19. dulcem elaborabunt saporem: acquire (for him) sweetness of taste, the verb implying the pains bestowed upon their
preparation.
20. avium, etc.: for aviaries of singing birds in Roman




BOOK     III., ODE      I.


315


palaces, see Pliny, N. H. 10. 72, 17. 6; Rutil. 1. 111; Varro,
R. R. 3. 5. Maecenas suffered from insomnia and was said to
seek sleep, per symphoniarum cantum ex longinquo lene resonantium; Sen. Dial. 1. 3. But Horace would hardly allude
to that. Cf. further Epode 2. 28. n.; Epp. 1. 2. 31; Tibull.
1. 2. 77; Tenn. Choric Song, 'Music that brings sweet sleep
down from the blissful skies.'
21-22. reducent: re, back, with reference to the sound sleep
which he used to enjoy. - agrestium... virorum: felt with
domos, though on account of the position of non... non
to be construed with somnus. For the thought, cf. Epp. 1. 7.
35, somnum plebis laudo; Eccles. 5. 12; Anacr. fr. 88; Teles
in Stob. 93. 31; King Henry's Soliloquy; Hen. IV. 2. 3. 1;
Dekker, 'Art thou poor, yet hast thou golden slumbers? I 0
sweet content!' Greene, 'The homely house that harbors quiet
rest.' Sir John Denham, 'Morpheus the humble god that
dwells 1 In cottages and smoky cells.' See also Statius' beautiful invocation to Somnus, Silv. 5. 4.
24. tempe: 1. 7. 4. n.; here generalized for any beautiful
valley; Verg. G. 2. 469; Catull. 64. 35; Theoc. 1. 67.
25. desiderantem, etc.: on the concrete effect of the participle,
cf. Sellar, p. 194. The golden slumbers of sweet content serve
as a transition to moralizing on the blessedness of content
generally. - quod satis est: and nothing more; recurs.3. 16.
44; Epp. 1. 2. 46; Publ. Syr. 677, quod volt habet, qui velle quod
satis est potest.
26. sollicitat: cf. 3. 29. 26; Epode 2. 6, and the expansion
of the thought in Merchant of Venice, 1. 1,' Your mind is tossing
on the ocean,' etc.
27. Arcturi cadentis: i.e. in October. Anth. Pal. 7. 495;
Plaut. Rudens, Prol. 70, Nam Arcturus signum sum omnium
unum acerrimum. I Vehemens sum exoriens quom occido vehementior.
28. impetus: rush, referring to the storms which occurred
at this season. - orientis Haedi: the rising of the Haedi, about
the middle of October, was also accompanied by storms.
Theoc. 7. 53; Verg. Aen. 9. 668, pluvialibus Haedis; Ov. Trist.
1. 11. 13.




316                        NOTES.
29. verberatae: cf. 3. 12. 3. n., 3. 27. 24. n.; Shelley, The
Cloud, 'I wield the flail I Of the (f)lashing hail.' - grandine:
Epp. 1. 8. 4, haud quia grando I contuderit vitis; Herrick's
Christian Militant (324), who is more Horatian than Christian,
is a man that ' Feares not the fierce sedition (tumultus 1) of the
Seas: | That's counterproof6 against the Farm's mishaps.'
30. mendax: deceitful, because it does not yield as much
as it promised; the word slightly personifies. But the thought
was a commonplace. Cf. 3. 16. 30; Epp. 1, 7. 87, spem mentita
seges; Verg. G. 2. 460, iustissima tellus; Ov. Met. 5. 480, arvaque iussit I fallere depositum; Cic. de Offic. 1. 15; Pliny, Letters,
9. 37; Philemon, rT 7y SavelaetY Kpe^'TTr6 &-TL r  pporo&'s; Tibull. 2. 3.
61; Ov. Fast. 4. 645; Hosea 9. 2 (Vulgate), et vinum mentietur eis;
Habakkuk 3. 17, mentietur opus olivae. The feigned millionaire
in Petron. 117 talks of aurum et argentum, fundosque mendaces
et perpetuam terrarum sterilitatem.
30-31. arbore... culpante: keeps up the personification;
the tree (probably the olive tree) offers excuses for the smallness of its yield.
30. aquas: sc. caelestis, 3. 10. 20. n.
31. torrentia: drought was attributed to the influence of
the Dog-star. Cf. Epode 16. 62.
32. sidera: cf. do-rpoRX4ra... ovrd; Theophrast, C. P. 5. 9. 1.
- iniquas: Arnold, Strayed Reveller, ' Worms I In the unkind
spring have knawn I Their melon harvest to the heart'; cursum
mutavit iniquum frugibus amnis, A. P. 67.
33. contracta... aequora: the narrowing of the sea, on
account of the substructures of villas extended into it: cf. 2.
18. 21. n.; 3. 24. 3. n.; Manil. 4. 262; Petron. Bell. Civ. 88,
expelluntut aquae saxis; Lucan. 2. 677, sic ora profundi I arctantur casu nemorum. The hyperbole is perhaps more in Lucan's
manner than in that of Horace.
34. iactis: the technical word; Sen. Thyest. 459, retro mare |
iacta fugamus mole; Verg. Aen. 9. 710-12. - molibus: the
massive foundations of stone. - frequens: probably frequens..  cum... famulis, with a throng of laborers rather than
frequens redemptor, many a contractor. Cf. Shelley, Alastor,
'Halls | Frequent with crystal column.' Cf. Verg. Aen. 6.




BOOK III., ODE I.                   317
359, cum veste gravatum; Ter. Andr. 1. 1. 80, cum illis...
aderat frequens; Soph. O. R. 750, cdxpeL fPacs.
35. caementa: rough stones to fill interstices in foundations. - redemptor: cf. 2. 18. 18. n. - demittit: lets down.
36. dominus: the owner who is present in person, urging on
the work. - terrae: with fastidiosus (2. 18. 22; Sen. Epist.
89. 21, nec contenti solo, etc.).
37. minae: threatening shapes conjured up by his anxious
forebodings.
38. scandunt: 2. 16. 21. - neque: so at end of line, 1. 3.
38; 1. 18. 3; 2. 7. 19, nec; 3. 29. 46.
39. aerata: 2. 16. 21; Tenn., 'The thunder of the brazen
prows I O'er Actium's Ocean rung.' But this is a private
trireme (priva triremis, Epp. 1. 1. 93), and not a ship of war.
40. atra Cura: 3. 14. 13; 4. 11. 35; 'Old Dives there rolls in
his chariot, but mind I Atra Cura is up with the lackeys behind'
(Locker, Vanity Fair; cf. Thackeray passim); 'Jove, what a
day, black care upon the crupper I Nods at his post and slumbers in the sun' (Dobson); 'Sorge sie steiget mit dir zu Ross,
sie steiget zu Schiffe' (Goethe, Vier Jahreszeiten, Sommer);
'Le chagrin monte en croupe et galope avec lui' (Boileau,
epitre 5).
41. quod si: 1. 24. 13. n. - dolentem: i.e. me, i.e. (my) pain
- Latin concreteness. For the thought, cf. Lucret. 2. 48,
where quodsi is more suitable, summing up a long impassioned
argument.- Phrygius lapis: colored     marble of Synnada,
pavonazetto, used in some of the columns of the Pantheon.
Cf. 2. 18. 3; Stat. Silv. 1. 5. 36; Martial, 6. 42. 13.
42. purpurarum: 2. 18. 8; 2. 16. 36. - sidere clarior: II.
6. 295, darrop 6' Ws dirFXa/irev (the irirXos).
43. usus: for periphrasis, cf. Verg. G. 2. 466, nec casia liquidi
corrumpitur usus olivi. Clarior is transferred. Cf. 1. 37. 7. n.
44. Achaemenium: Persian; 2. 12. 21; Epode 13. 8.costum: 2. 3. 13; 2. 7. 23; 2. 11. 16.
45. invidendis: sure to arouse envy; 2. 10. 7; Tibull. 3. 3. 20;
Martial, Liber Spect. 2. 3, invidiosa feri radiabant atria regis
(of- Nero's Golden House); Shaks. Tim. of Athens, 3. 4, 'Who
can speak broader than he that hath no house to put his head




318


NOTES.


in?  Such may rail against great buildings.' Does this explain
Milton's 'th' Almighty hath not built I Here for his envy,'
which puzzles editors?
46. sublime: Ov. Met. 2. 1, regia solis erat sublimibus alta
columnis. - novo riLu: in the new style, adverbial with moliar
but by position felt rather with sublime. - moliar: build; the
word points to the massiveness of the structure. It is a moles
to build a moles, 2. 15. 2; 3. 29. 10; Verg. Aen. 1. 33. - atrium:
luxury still displays itself in the large hall, corresponding to
the Roman atrium, 2. 18. 1-4; cf. Herrick, 'Low is my porch
as is my fate; I Both void of state.'
47. permutem: 1. 16. 26. n.; 1. 17. 2. - Sabina: cf. Epode,
1. 32. n.
ODE II.
There is an imitation in Dodsley, 6. 159. Paraphrase by Pitt,
Johnson's Poets, 12. 388. Lines 13 to end translated by Swift,
ibid. 11. 402.
1. angustam: straitened; 2. 10. 21; Epp. 1. 5. 20, contracta..paupertate; Juv. 3. 165, res angusta domi; Milt. P. R. 2,
'bred up in poverty and straits at home.' - amice... pati:
take kindly to, endure gladly, almost welcome as a friend. Cf.
lente ferre, aegre ferre, cdyarnyrc7 ^OEpew, and the like. - pauperiem pati: the phrase recurs 1. 1. 18; 4. 9. 49. Horace passes
from the vanity of riches (3. 1. 41-48) to the fostering of the
old Roman virtues in the stern but salutary school of poverty.
Cf. 1. 12. 43; 3. 24. 42-63; 4. 9. 45-52. For praise of poverty,
cf. further 3. 29. 55. n.; Eurip. fr. Alex. 55; Aristoph. Plut.
510, 558; Theoc. 21. 1; Dante, Paradiso, 11.
2-4. robustus, and eques metuendus: are felt predicatively
as cobrdinate parts of the wish, and not as mere attributes:
may he (grow) hardy (and) learn... (be) a formidable cavalryman (and) harass.
2. acri: 1.29. 2; 6ý.v "Ap7a (11.2.440); saevam (Epp. 1. 18.
54).- militia: with robustus probably. Cf. Cic. Cat. 2.. 20,
genus exercitatione robustum. - puer: 1. 2. 41. n.




BOOK III., ODE II.


319


3. condiscat: 4. 11. 34. Cf. con-, 1. 37. 28; 4. 2. 33. - Parthos: 1. 2. 22. n.; 1. 2. 51.
4. vexet: so 4. 14. 23. - eques: Augustus reestablished
and fostered Roman cavalry. Hence perhaps the allusions of
Horace and Vergil to horsemanship (Verg. Aen. 5. 549-602;
Odes 1. 8. 6; 3. 7. 25; 3. 24. 54).
5, 6. sub divo: 1. 1. 25; 2. 3. 23; 1. 18. 13. -trepidis in
rebus: cf. 2. 19. 5; 3. 27. 17; 4. 11. 11; amid alarums (all'
arme). Cf. Verg. Aen. 9. 14; Livy, 4. 17. 8; Tibull. 2. 3. 21,
saepe duces trepidis petiere oracula rebus.
6. ilium: emphatic, and saves formal transition. Cf. 2. 2. 7;
2. 13. 5; 3. 3. 33; 4. 3. 3; illam (3. 15. 11); non ille (3. 21. 9);
etc. - ex moenibus hosticis, etc.: cf. I1. 3. 154, and 22. 463,
where Andromache sees Hector trailed in the dust from Achilles'
chariot; Verg. Aen. 11. 475; Hesiod, Scut. Her. 242; Eurip.
Phoeniss. 88; Stat. Theb. 7. 240; Tenn. Oriana, 'She stood
upon the castle wall, Oriana: She watched my crest among
them all, Oriana'; Andrew Lang, 'The daughter of the Lesbian
king I Within her bower she watched the war,' etc. The
bellans tyrannus is the besieged king (e.g. Priam); the sponsus
regius perhaps a young allied prince, to whom he has promised
his daughter's hand (e.g. Coroebus, Verg. Aen. 2. 343). The
position of matrona makes suspiret ne, etc., felt only with
adulta (nubilis) virgo.
9, 10. eheu: the girl's sigh. - ne... lacessat: depends
on suggestion of fear in suspiret, or, what amounts to the same
thing, is an imitation of the Homeric half-independent wish
with 4J.
9. rudis agminum: inexperienced in warfare; cf. rudem
belli (Epp. 2. 2. 47); Verg. Aen. 11. 151, belli... dura rudimenta (cruel initiation); Milton's Latinism, 'lay down the
rudiments I Of his great warfare' (P. R.).
10, 11. lacessat: i.e. needlessly, recklessly challenge. Cf. 1.
35. 7. - asperum tactu: 1. 37. 26, asperas... tractare. Cf.
1. 23. 9. The Greeks say of the dead Hector (II. 22. 373) that
he is softer to handle, /AaXa&cdnepos 4ca$sdoae0ac, than when he
hurled fire on their ships.
11. leonem: so often of warrior in Homer (II 5. 136;




320


NOTES.


20. 164). - cruenta: transferred from leonem, which has its
epithet.
12. per medias: cf. 4. 14. 24. - rapit ira: 0dperat Adve (II.
20. 172).
13. dulce, etc.: and if he (the young Roman lion) dies, why
'how can man die better?' Cf. 4. 9. 52; Tyrt. fr. 10; Eurip.
Tro. 386; Cic. Phil. 14. 31, 0 fortunata mors, quae naturae debita
pro patria est potissimum reddita
14. mors: emphatically resumes mori, and spares formal
transition. - et: also; persequitur qui non desinit sequi (Donatus). - fugacem: ovyb/aXov, as 2. 1. 19. For the thought, cf.
Simon. fr. 65, 6 5' as OdPvaros KlXe Kal Tbv,fvy6,iaXov; Callin. fr. 1.
13-15; Curtius, 4. 14; Otto, p. 229.
16. poplitibus, etc.: Livy, 22. 48. 4, tergaque ferientes ae
poplites caedentes. For the shame of wound in the back, cf.
II. 8. 95; Tyrt. fr. 11. 19, 20; Pind. Nem. 9. 26; Macaulay,
'And in the back false Sextus I Felt the good Roman steel.' -
timido: shrinking.
17. virtus: 2. 2. 19. n. Horace takes for his text the Stoic
paradox that only the virtuous sage is praetor, consul, or king
in the truest sense. Cf. 4. 9. 39. n.; Epp. 1. 1. 107; Sat. 1. 3.
136. - repulsae... sordidae: the disgrace of defeat. Repulsa
is technical for defeat of candidate for office (Epp. 1. 1. 43,
turpemque repu'sam); sordidae, disgraceful, humiliating, in popular esteem. Cf. Cicero's remarks, Tusc. 5. 54 and Sen. Ep.
104. 30, in repulsa, in accusatione, etc. - nescia: suggests a soul
too lofty even to be aware of vulgar losses. Cf. Seneca, on Cato
ignoring an injury, maiore animo non agnovit quam ignovisset.
18. intaminatis: as if from    tamino, i.e. incontaminatis.
Political honors (1. 1. 8) are not always unsullied. - fulget:
3. 16. 31. Virtue 'by her own radiant light' shines brighter
than the 'bright honor' of Lucretius (3. 76, claro qui incedit
honore) and Hotspur, Hen. IV. 1. 1. 3. Cf. Cic. pro Sest. 60,
Splendetque per sese semper, etc.
19. securis: the fasces of the lictors. Macaulay, Virginia,
'He stalked along the Forum like King Tarquin in his pride: I
Twelve axes waited on him, six marching on a side'; ibid., 'The
axes and the curule chair, the car, and laurel crown.'




BOOK      III., ODE      II.


321


20. aurae: 1. 5. 11; 2. 8. 24; 1. 1. 7, mobilium; Epp. 1. 19.
37, ventosae plebis suffragia; Verg. Aen. 6. 817, nimium gaudens
popularibus auris; Cic. harusp. resp. 43; pro Cluent. 130, ventus
popularis.
21. recludens: opening; but for the multitude aequa tellus
recluditur, 2. 18. 32. - immeritis mori: to those who have
deserved immortality; o06 reCOva   Oav6vres, Anth. Pal. 7. 251,
of the heroes of Thermopylae. 'Some few who ne'er shall
be forgot, I Shall burst the bondage of the grave.' It is the
'subjective' immortality of 3. 3. 9-16, the only one known to
Horace.
22. negata: i.e. to the majority; 1. 22. 22; Sen. Phaedr.
229, solus negatas invenit Theseus vias (to Hades).  Virtus as
subject of temptat = the virtuous man by a natural shift. Cf.
Lowell, Commem. Ode 25, 'Virtue treads paths that end not
in the grave.' For temptat, cf. 3. 4. 31.
23. udam: dank, misty, in contrast with the liquidum
aethera (2. 20. 2. n.), 'Regions mild of calm and serene air I
Above the smoke and stir of this dim spot, J Which men call
earth' (Milt. Comus).
24. spernit: 'Soaring the air sublime I With clang despised
the ground' (Milt. P. L. 7).
25-32. The virtues of silence and discretion which Horace
would wish to claim for Maecenas as counselor of Augustus,
and for himself as confidant of Maecenas. - Let not the revealer of holy mysteries share my hearth or ship. For the
divine judgment oft confounds the innocent with the guilty, and
Justice, though she limps, comes up with the wicked at last.
25. est, etc.: a translation of Simon. fr. 66, said to have been
a favorite maxim of Augustus, m rt Kal ovyas &iKlViPUvov ypas (Plut.
Moral. 207 D). Cf. Aesch fr. 188; Soph. fr. 78; Verg. Aen. 3.
112, fida silentia sacris; Sat..1. 3. 95; 1. 4. 84, commissa tacere I
qui nequit: hic niger est; Odes. 1. 18. 16. An allusion to Maecenas' betrayal to his wife Terentia of the discovery of the conspiracy of Murena is extremely improbable; Suet. Aug. 66.
Horace shows his own discretion by stoutly asseverating that
Maecenas confides to him only trifles, quae rimosa bene deponuntur in aure (Sat. 2. 6.46). So Swift of himself and Harley.




822


NOTES.


26. merces:   reward. - Cereris sacrum:    the Eleusinian
mysteries, or secret Roman rites of Ceres and Liber, or any
mysteries; Cic. in Verr. 5. 187; Soph. 0. C. 1051.
27-28. sub isdem... trabibus: 65gop6otos (Antiphon. 5. 11);
rap&TrOs (Soph. Antig. 372); 6fi.6roLxos (Callim. Cer. 113).
28. sit:  depends   on   vetabo. - fragilem:  conventional
epithet; but emphasizes the risk. Cf. 1. 3. 10, fragilem
ratem.
29. solvat: Epode 10. 1, soluta navis; 1. 32. 7, religarat..
navem. For the naive notion that the guilty facilitated the
divine vengeance when they exposed themselves at sea, cf. Ov.
Her. 7. 57, nee violasse fidem temptantibus aequora prodest;
Book of Jonah, 1. 7-8; Aesch. Sept. 602; Eurip. Elect. 1354,
fr. 852; Xen. Cyr. 8. 1. 25; Schmidt, Ethik der Griechen, 1.
66. - Diespiter: 1. 34. 5.
30. neglectus: a vague word covering a multitude of sins.
So Di... neglecti, 3. 6. 7; integrum: 1. 22. 1. n. For the
idea that the gods destroy the innocent in the company of the
guilty, cf. supra on 29; Aesch. Eumen. 285.
31-32. 'The thought itself of these lines is familiar enough to
Homer and Hesiod; but neither Homer nor Hesiod... could
possibly have so complicated its expression as Horace complicates
it, and purposely complicates it, by his use of deseruit' (Arnold,
On Trans. Homer, p. 208). This complication misled the
legendary fourth-form boy into the rendering: 'Rarely has
a Carthaginian lady abandoned her criminal antecedent.'
32. Poena: in 4. 5. 24. Culpam Poena premit comes. The
image of her lame pursuit may have been suggested by the
parable of the Litae in Homer, II. 9. 503, or by the ^brep6irovs
NIeots, or 67rO-6rovS ALKI of the Greeks. The thought is a
commonplace. Cf. Plutarch, De sera       numinum   vindicta;
Solon, fr. 4. 16, 13. 25 sqq.; Aesch. Ag. 58; Choeph. 383; Eurip.
fr. 969; I1. 4. 162; Tibull. 1. 9. 4, sera tamen tacitis Poena venit
pedibus; Juv. 13. 100, ut sit magna tamen certe lenta ira deorum
est; Sen. Here. Fur. 389; Gratius, Cyn. 455; George Herbert,
' God's mill grinds slow but sure'; Milt. P. L. 10, 'Justice divine
mends not her slowest pace I For prayers or cries'; Browning,
Cenciaja, 'God's justice tardy though it prove perchance I




BOOK      III., ODE      III.


323


Rests never on the track,' etc.; Swinb., 'I am the queen
of Rephaim. I God, that somewhile refraineth him, j Made
in the end a spoil of me,' etc.
ODE III.
Imitated by Walsh, Johnson's Poets, 8. 417. Translated by
Addison, ibid. 9. 544; by Hughes, ibid. 10. 25; by Fenton, ibid.
10. 422.
1-4. ' No wrath of Men or rage of Seas I Can shake a just man's
purposes: J No threats of Tyrants, or the Grim I Visage of
them can alter him; I But what he doth at first entend, I That
he holds firmly to the end' (Herrick, 616). These lines were
recited by Cornelius de Witte on the rack, and their repetition
nerved Frederick the Great in his desperate struggle with all
Europe (Ste.-Beuve, Causeries, 3. 202). Socrates, who withstood the ardor civium in the trial of the generals of Arginousae,
and ignored the threats of the instans tyrannus under the Thirty
(Plato, Apol. c. 20), is the perfect type of that virtue of 'constancy' which Horace here celebrates as the tradition of the
makers of Rome.
propositi: purpose; Epp. 1. 13. 11, victor propositi. Caesar
Bell. Civ. 1. 83, has tenere propositum.
2. prava: evil measures.--iubentium: suggesting the technical use, senatus decrevit populusque iussit.
3. voltus: cf. rb 6v beas dta rp6aorov (Soph. O. T. 448), where
Jebb comments, 'the blind man (Teiresias) speaks as though he
saw the vultus instantis tyranni.' Cf. Gray, The Bard, her 'awecommanding face' (of Elizabeth), and the biblical use of 'face.'
Instans Tyrannus is the title of one of Browning's poems. For
the urgency of instans, cf. 2. 14. 3, and Sat. 2. 6. 39, 'Si vis,
potes,' addit et instat.
4. mente: is abl. of respect or specification (A. G. 418; B.
226; G. L. 397; H. 480), but the analogy of KTrXTrretv, Aesch.
Prom. 360, suggests excutit, shakes, dislodges from.
4. solida: at least an incipient image, which is developed,
Sen. de Const. Sap. 3, quemadmodum proiecti in altum scopuli




324                       NOTES.
mare frangunt, ita sapientis animus solidus est. So Herrick felt
it, 390, 'A just man's like a Rock that turns the wroth I Of all
the raging Waves into a froth.'    Cf. Tenn. Princess, 'The
roar that breaks the Pharos from his base I Had left us rock.'
See also Tenn., Will. I.
5. dux... Hadriae: 1. 3. 15. n.; 2. 17. 19.
6. fulminantis: when he thunders = his thunderbolts; not so
nearly a mere epithet as tonantem, 3. 5. 1.
7-8. 'Should the whole frame of Nature round him break, [
In ruin and confusion hurled, I He, unconcerned, would hear
the mighty crack, I And stand secure amidst a falling world'
(Addison). 'If (though) the heavens fall' is proverbial. Cf.
Theogn. 869, and the boast of the Celts to Alexander that they
feared naught else; Ter. Heaut. 719. See Otto, p. 61. Heywood's 'When the skie falth we shall have Larkes' is matched
in French and German proverbs. Fiat iustitia ruat caelum is
modern. - orbis: vault of heaven.
8. impavidum: 1. 15. 23. -ruinae: 1. 16. 12, ruens; Verg.
Aen. 1. 129, caelique ruina; Milt. P. L. 6, 'hell saw I Heav'n
ruining from heaven.'
9. hac arte: sc. constantia. But cf. 4. 15. 12, artis; ars is
as vague as res, ratio, causa, status. Cf. Ter. Andr. 32, nil istac
opus est arte ad hanc rem quam paro, I sed eis quas semper in
te intellexi sitas, I fide et taciturnitate; Marvell, Horatian Ode
on Cromwell, 'The same arts that did gain I A power must it
maintain.' - Pollux: as an ideal type, Aristotle, fr. 6. 9, Bgk.;
Pind. Nem. 10. 65-90; Epp. 2. 1. 5, cum Castore Pollux, etc.
Cf. 1. 12. 25; 3. 29. 64. -vagus: roX67Xary/ro7, of his travels in
the service of man (Verg. Aen. 6. 801, nec vero Alcides tantum
telluris obivit; Eurip. Here. Fur. 1196; Pind. Isth. 4. 55).
For Hercules, as theme of Stoic moralizing and servant of humanity, see Munro on Lucret. 5. 22; Sen. de Const. Sap. 2;
Dio Chrys. Orat. 1, in fine; Browning, Balaustion. The whole
passage interprets the apotheosis of the ancient religion in the
sense of a conception of "subjective immortality" akin to that
expressed in George Eliot's 'Choir Invisible'; cf. Epp. 2. 1.
5-12. Pliny, N. H. 2. 7, Deus est mortali iuvare mortalem; et
haec ad aeternam gloriam via. Hac proceres iere Romani. This




BOOK III., ODE III.                   825
is the thought that underlies the conventional imagery of compliment.
10. enisus: struggling up and on; Tac. Ann. 1. 70, in editiora
enisus. - igneas: starry or of the aether. Cf. Ov. Met. 15. 858,
arcis... aetherias; Trist. 5. 3. 19. But ignis = stars, 1. 12.
47. Cf. Ovid's siderea arx, Am. 3. 10. 21. Statius to Domitian,
Silv. 4. 3. 155, ibis qua vagus Hercules et Euhan (Bacchus) I
ultra sidera flammeumque solem. On the "stars" in the conventional rhetoric of immortality, cf. Cic. Somn. Scip. 16 sqq.;
Rohde, Psyche, p. 672.
11. Augustus: he received the title B.C. 27, which seems to
date the ode; cf. on 1. 2. - recumbens: at table, Epp. 1. 5. 1;
cf. Verg. Ecl. 1. 1, recubans sub tegmine fagi.
12. purpureo: rosy, with reference to the eternal youth of a
God. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 590; 2. 593, roseo... ore. - bibet,
the reading of some Mss., predicts, as does Verg. G. 1. 24-42,
and may be thought to save Horace from sinking to the level
of Martial, 4. 8. 9, et bonus aetherio laxatur nectare Caesar.
Bibit visualizes. On the imperial apotheosis and this form of
flattery, cf. 4. 5. 35. n.; 4. 15. Gaston Boissier, Relig. Rom.
1. 109 sqq.
13. hac: abl. of cause with merentem, sc. caelum; cf. Ov.
Trist. 5. 3. 19, to Bacchus: ipse quoque aetherias meritis invectus es arcis. His travels and labors follow, ibid. 20-24.
-Bacche pater: 1. 18. 6. n.
14. vexere: sc. ad caelum. - tigres: the Roman poets seem
to have substituted the Armenian tiger for the panther of
Bacchus. Verg. Aen. 6. 805. Ov. Am. 1. 2. 48. Ars. Am. 1.
550. But Propert. 4. 16. 8 has lyncibus ad caelum vecta Ariadna
tuis; cf. Keats, 'not charioted by Bacchus and his pards.' The
tamed tigers may symbolize his civilizing power.
15. hac: for syntax see note on hac (13); construe hac
Quirinus (merens caelum) fugit. For the disappearance of
Romulus (Quirinus) in a storm, and the legend of his translation to heaven in the chariot of Mars, cf. Livy, 1. 16; Plut.
Rom. 28; Ov. Fast. 2. 496, Hinc tonat, hinc missis abrumpitur
ignibus aether: 1 fit fuga. Rex patriis astra petebat equis.  Met.
14. 820.




326                        NOTES.
16. Acheronta fugit: Pind. fr. 120 ropObv p'reoevy6bres 'AxIpovros. Theoc. 17. 46.
17-68. The Roman instance provides Horace with a transition to his central theme, the destiny of the Roman State foretold
by Juno in a speech addressed to the assembled gods deliberating on the reception of Romulus among the immortals. The
treatment of the myth gives the ode a Pindaric cast (cf. 3.
11; 3. 5; 4. 4; 1. 12; 3. 27).
The vehemence of Juno's protest against any attempt to
rebuild Ilium has been taken as an allusion to some design of
the Emperor to remove the Capitol to an Eastern site (cf.
Sueton. Jul. Caes. 79). Others fantastically interpret it as an
allegory of the rule of the Optimates which passed away forever at Pharsalia and Actium, or of the vices and luxury of the
old Empires of the East which must not be permitted to corrupt Rome. It is more simply taken as a dramatic keeping up
the character of Juno. In accepting Romulus and consenting to
join with Jupiter in cherishing the people of the toga (Verg.
Aen. 1. 280), she still remembers the spretae iniuria formae, and
is careful to explain that she abates not one jot or tittle of her
just hatred for perjured Troy. Cf. Verg. Aen. 12. 824 sqq.
The motif of the deorum concilium was borrowed from Ennius,
who represents Jupiter as promising Mars before the foundation
of Rome the apotheosis of Romulus; unus erit quem tu tolles in
caerula caeli I templa; cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 254 sqq. In Eurip.
Hel. 878, there is an allusion to a similar consultation.
17. gratum: they were pleased at her yielding to the general
desire. - elocuta... Iunone:    ablative  absolute. - consiliantibus: in council.
18. Ilion, Ilion: anadiplosis of strong feeling. Cf. Dante's
St. Peter, Paradis. 27. 22, 'quegli chi usurpa in terra il loco
mio ] il loco mio, il loco mio'; Aesch. in Ctes. 133, 9^,aL 8U, O^fpa&.
19. fatalis: fateful. Hecuba, the mother of Paris, dreamed
that she had brought forth a firebrand (Eurip. Tro. 919; Verg.
Aen. 7. 319 sqq.; also A6o-rapts Alv67rapts). - incestus: corrupt,
in taking a bribe; the reference is not to his lust (cf. 3. 2. 30),
though that was his bribe. (II. 24.30, /axXoo-66,; Tenn. Oenone,
'I promise thee I The fairest and most loving wife in Greece.')




BOOK III., ODE III.                327
--iudex: Catull. 61. 18, venit ad Phrygium Venus I iudicem;
Verg. Aen. 1. 27, iudicium Paridis; Tenn. 'Hear all, and see
thy Paris judge of gods.' The judgment of Paris, first mentioned II. 24. 28-30 (if genuine), was told in the Cypria
and is frequently alluded to by Euripides (Hec. 629; Iph. Aul.
1300; Troad. 925; Hel. 23; Andr. 284) and often represented
on vases. In Eng. lit. it is the theme of poems by Greene,
Beattie, Parnell, Tennyson, etc. (Lang, Helen of Troy, 1. 49 -57).
20, 21. mulier: Juno disdains to name Helen. Cf. 'the
strange woman' of the Bible. - vertit in pulverem: d/parvee.
- ex quo: from the day when, dating damnatum, forfeited. -
destituit: defrauded. - deos: Apollo and Poseidon served a
year with King Laomedon, and one or both (the legend varies)
built the walls of Troy. 'But when the joyous seasons were
accomplishing the time of hire, the redoubtable Laomedon
robbed us of all hire and sent us off with threats' (Il. 21. 450
(Lang)). Cf. Il. 7. 453; Verg. G. 3. 36, Troiae Cynthius auctor;
Tenn. 'Like that strange song I heard Apollo sing I When
Ilion like a mist rose into towers.'
22. mihi: for dat., cf. classis Teucro damnata Quirino
(Propert. 5. 6. 21-24).
23. castae: 1. 7. 5.
24. fraudulento: Verg. Aen. 4. 541, necdum I Laomedonteae
sentis periuria gentis?  Pind. Isth. 5. 29, AaoCe8ovreta^ bt7rip
adrXaKLav; Aen. 5. 811.
25. splendet: 1. 15. 13; 4. 9. 13-15; Il. 3. 392, KdXXel re
orltXpiv Kal etgalt; Eurip. Tro. 991; Iph. Aul. 74. - adulterae:
preferably dat. Cf. 1. 5. 12. For death of Paris, cf. Quint.
Smyr. 10. 235; Tenn. Death of Oenone; Lang, Helen of Troy,
5. 54-68.
26. famosus hospes: Paris was the notorious and infamous
example of violated hospitality (1. 15. 2. n.; II. 13. 626).
27. periura: perhaps alluding also to the violation of the
oath (II. 4. 157 sqq.). - pugnacis:] 4. 6. 8. n.
28. Hectoreis: 2. 4. 10, 11. n. - opibus: might. Cf. 1.
6. 15; 4. 4. 60. - refringit: beats back.
29. ductum: protracted (trahere bellum, Sail.) by our quarrels.




328                         NOTES.
Cf. Ov. Trist. 1. 2. 5, Mulciber in Troiam, pro Troia stabat
Apollo: I Aequa Venus Teucris, Pallas iniqua fuit.
30. resedit: from resido; the storm of war has abated, the
winds and waves subside. Cf. 2. 7. 15, 16. n.; Verg. Aen. 7. 27;
6. 407; Tenn. 'Sea was her wrath, yet working after storm.' -
protinus: so now, henceforth (since Troy is punished), Juno renounces her wrath and her hatred of her grandson Romulus, the
son of Mars and Rhea Silvia or Ilia (1. 2. 15. n.; Verg. Aen. 1.
273, 274).
32. Troica... sacerdos: Juno does not deign to mention
Rhea Silvia's name.
33. redonabo: 2. 7. 3. n. Here virtually= condonabo, give
up. There is a slight zeugma in its use with both iras and
nepotem. In Petron. 31 the angry master, pardoning a slave
at intercession of friends, says, 'dono vobis eum.' - ilum: 3.
2. 6. n. - lucidas: 1. 10. n.; 'OXt4irov japapp6ecraav atyXav, Soph.
Antig. 610.
34. ducere: quaff (1. 17. 22; 4. 12. 14). Many Mss. read
discere, grow wonted to the strange draught.
35, 36. adscribi... ordinibus: almost technical, be listed,
enrolled.
35. quietis: the gods who live at ease. Cf. on 1. 34; Sat. 1.
5. 101; Verg. Aen. 4. 379, ea cura quietos I sollicitat; Tenn.
Lucret., 'aught they fable of the quiet gods'; Arnold, Emped.
'The rest of immortals, I The action of men.' The rhythm of
quietis here seems to match the sense. Cf. 1. 31. 7.
36-68. Rome may grow great beyond the seas and become a
dreaded name, but Troy must not revive: occidit occideritque
sinas cum nomine Troia (Verg. Aen. 12. 828); 'It shall never be
inhabited.... But wild beasts of the desert shall lie there;
and their houses shall be full of. doleful creatures; and owls
shall dwell there,' etc. (Isaiah, 13. 20, 21); 'But where I sought
for Ilium's walls, The quiet sheep feeds and the tortoise crawls'
(Byron, Don Juan, 4. 77); Lucan, 9. 969, etiam periere ruinae.
37. inter saeviat: the position produces the illusion of a compound. Cf. 3. 27. 5. This may have suggested to Herrick his
quaint' intertalkt' (264) and'superlast' (406).
38. exsules: slightly spiteful, and with beati a faint oxymoron.




BOOK     III., ODE      III.


829


40. busto: Vergil's iacet ingens litore truncus, etc. (Aen. 2.
557) was not yet published to preoccupy the imagination.
41. insultet, etc.: r6qp3y drL0pdCrKwv, II. 4. 177; Eurip. El. 327;
'They say the Lion and the Lizard keep | The Courts where
Jamshyd gloried and drank deep; I And Bahram, that great
Hunter - the Wild. Ass I Stamps o'er his Head, but cannot
break his sleep' (Omar Khayyam, 18); 'et les tombeaux des
rois sont des trous a panthbre' (Victor Hugo, Zim-Zisimi); Lamartine, Le L6zard sur les Ruines de Rome; Pope, Windsor Forest,
'The fox obscene to gaping tombs retires, I And savage howlings
fill the sacred quires.'
42. inultae: 1. 2. 51. n. - stet: 1. 9. 1. n.; may stand, subjunctive of consent. - Capitolium: 1. 37. 6; 3. 30. 8. n.; 3.
24. 45; 4. 3. 9.
43. fulgens: in splendor; with stet predicatively. It had
been gilded when rebuilt by Catulus after the conflagration of
B.C. 83. Cf. fastigatis supra tectis auro puro fulgens praelucet
Capitolium (Sen. Contr. 1. 6. 4). Cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 347, Capitolia... I aurea nunc, olim  silvestribus horrida dumis. -
triumphatisque: lit., triumphed over, subdued. English prose
idiom would turn the participle by a clause coordinate with
dare iura. 'Subdue and impose her laws upon.' - possit:
in her might.
44. ferox: 1. 35. 10. - dare iura: i.e. exercise sovereignty
over. Cf. 4. 15. 22; Verg. Aen. 3. 137; Liv. 1. 8. 1. - Medis:
1. 2. 22, 51. n.
45. horrenda late: dreaded far and wide; horreat Aeneadas
et primus et ultimus orbis (Ov. Fast. 1. 717); Macaulay, Capys,
31,'... Where Atlas flings his shadow I Far o'er the western
foam, I Shall be great fear on all who hear I The mighty name
of Rome'; Tibull. 2. 5. 57-60. But nomen is quasi-technical;
4. 15. 13.
46. medius liquor: at Straits of Gibraltar. For medius, cf.
Verg. Aen. 3. 417.
47. secernit: Europam Libyamque rapax ubi dividit unda,
cited Cic. Nat. D. 3. 24. 'The narrow seas, whose rapid interval I Parts Afric from green Europe' (Tenn. Timbuctoo). -
Afro = Afris= Africa.




330                        NOTES.
48. qua tumidus rigat arva Nilus: 'As when old father
Nilus gins to swell I With timely pride above the Egyptian
vale, ] His fatty waves do fertile slime outwell, I And overflow
each plain and lowly dale' (F. Q. 1. 1. 21); Verg. G. 4. 292;
'The higher Nilus swells, I The more it promises' (Ant. and
Cleop. 2. 7).
49-56. aurum, etc.: Horace here is speaking through Juno.
- sic melius situm, etc.: a well-worn moral; Sen. Nat. Quaest.
5. 15. 3; Manil. 5. 276; Tac. Ger. 5; Boeth. Cons. Phil. 2. 5,
pretiosa pericula fodit; Ov. Met. 1. 140; F. Q. 2. 7. 17; Milt.
P. L. 1, 'with impious hands I Rifled the bowels of their mother
earth I For treasures better hid.'
50. spernere: it is pettifogging to object that the gold cannot be spurned while yet inrepertum. - fortior: showing fortitude
more. Cf. Plato, Laches, 191 D; Verg. Aen. 8. 364, aude hospes
contemnere opes; F. Q. 2. 6. 1.
51. cogere: collecting (it). - humanos in usus: with rapiente primarily. Fortior expresses a condition of the prophecy
tanget.
52. omne: 1. 3. 25. n. - sacrum: generally, and also more
specifically of the gold which the gods have hidden in the earth
and which it would be wrong to disturb; 'the hid treasures in
her sacred tomb I With sacrilege to dig' (F. Q. 2. 7. 17).
53. obstitit=oppositus est; obstitisse (obsisto) = obstare.
54. visere: 1. 2. 8; 1. 37. 25; 4. 13. 26; 2. 15. 3.
55. debacchentur: revel unchecked (1. 25. 11. n.); 'Like us
the lightning-fires I Love to have scope and play' (Arnold,
Emped.). For de, cf. 1. 3. 13; 1. 9. 11; 1. 18. 9; 2. 1. 35. For
the whole, cf. 1. 22. 17-22; Verg. G. 1. 234-236.
56. pluviique rores: mist and rain. So 8p6ros.
57. fata... dico: cf. fatidicus; fatum (fari) = quod semel
dictum est (C. S. 26); in declaring their destinies she ratifies
them.
58. lege: condition, namely, ne... velint. - pii: the piety
of a colony towards the Metropolis, and ancestral home (avitae).
In an old Roman poet the soldiers of Scipio Asiaticus on first
beholding Troy exclaim, 0 patria, 0 divom domus Ilium et
incluta bello I Pergama.




BOOK III., ODE IV.


331


59. fidentes: 3. 4. 50.
61. Troiae: 'Should Troy revive in evil hour, her star again
should set in gore' (after Conington). English cannot reproduce
the transference of renascens to fortuna, and the double application of fortuna to the new city and the old. - alite: 1. 15. 5. n.
63. ducente: as in Verg. Aen. 2. 612-614.
64. Verg. Aen. 1. 47; II. 16. 432.
65. ter: the conventional number (Verg. G. 1. 281). -
murus aeneus: II. 21. 447, Appvqcros. The phrase is conventional (Epp. 1. 1. 60). So ot6Sdpeov rEiXo, dajdvrWvov rExos.
Cf. 1. 33. 11, iuga aenea.
66. auctore Phoebo: cf. 1. 21-22. n.; Pind. 0. 8. 31. - meis:
1. 7. 8. n.
67. excisus: razed; exscissus, which some read (cf. Verg. Aen.
2. 177), would be cacophonous.
Argivis: abl.; the agent is an instrument. Cf. Juv. 10. 155,
Poeno milite portas I frangimus (which, however, is conceivably abl. abs.). Others take it dat. agent.
69. non hoc, etc.: for the sudden check, cf. 2. 1. 37. n. and
1. 6. 10. - iocosae: forgets the claim of musarum sacerdos (3.
1. 3). So Tennyson affects to rebuke his muse for darkening
'sanctities with song' (In Mem. 3. 7). Cf. Herrick, 2,. To his
Muse, 'Whither, mad maiden, wilt thou roame?' Ronsard, Au
Sieur Bertrand, 'Taisez-vous, ma lyre mignarde, I Taisez-vous,
ma lyre jazarde, I un si haut chant n'est pas pour vous.'
70. pervicax: 2. 19. 9.
72. tenuare: cf. 1. 6. 12, and Milton's 'Who can extenuate
thee?'-parvis: modestly; cf. 4. 2. 31, parvus; 3. 25. 17.
Perhaps also contrasting the Alcaic with the versus longi of Epic.
ODE IV.
1. descende caelo: the Muses dwell in heaven (Il. 2. 484,
491). Porphyrio is wrong in understanding it as a descent
from the sermones deorum (3. 3. 71). dic age: 1. 32. 3; 2. 11.
22.--tibia: 1. 1. 32; 1. 12. 2.
2. regina: as revered goddess (3. 26. 11) and for the time
ruler of his soul. - longum: this is in fact the longest of the




332                       NOTES.
Odes, but we need not take it so literally. - Calliope: Tenn.
Lucretius, 'Poetlike, as the great Sicilian called I Calliope to
grace his golden verse'; Lucret. 6. 94; Emped. 383; Hes.
Theog. 79; Alcman, fr. 45; Auson. Idyll 20. 7, carmina Calliope
libris heroica mandat. But cf. 1. 12. 2. n.; 1. 1. 33; 1. 24. 3;
3. 30. 16; and the simple Musa (1. 17. 14; 2. 1. 9; 2. 12. 13;
3. 3. 70).
3, 4. seu...seu: 1. 4. 12. The expression is confused.
There seem to be three choices: song to the accompaniment of
pipe, song alone, song to the accompaniment of a stringed
instrument, either the lyre (fidibus) or the cithara, of which
Apollo was said to have been the inventor.
5. auditis: he fancies he hears the muse singing; is it real
or does the poet's ecstasy 'Pipe to. the spirit ditties of no tone'?
- amabilis: charming.
6, 7. insania: the Oeta cjavla (Plat. Phaedr. 245) of 'the
lunatic, the lover, and the poet.' - videor: sc. mihi. Cf. 2.
1. 21; 'I seem through consecrated walks to rove, I hear soft
music die along the grove: I Led by the sound, I roam from
shade to shade By godlike poets venerable made' (Pope,
Windsor Forest, 267-270). - pios... lucos: Mov a-v vdi'rac
(Plato,. Ion, 534 A). Cf. 1. 1. 30. n..8. subeunt: lit. enter, approach; but more etymologically
here, beneath whose covert glide. Slight zeugma with aurae.
9-12. me: i.e. for I have been the Muses' prot6g6 from the
cradle. - fabulosae... palumbes: the storied doves that
carry ambrosia to Zeus (Odyss. 12. 62), and fed Semiramis.
Similar tales were told of Pindar, Stesichorus, Aeschylus, Plato,
and others. Cf. Tenn. Eleanore, 2; Pind. 0. 6. 54; Pliny, N. H.
10. 82; Aelian, V. H. 10. 21, 12. 45. - Apfilo... Apfiliae:
the variation of the quantities makes a serious difficulty.
See Thesaurus Linguae Latinae s. v. Perhaps we should
read limina Pulliae with an ingenious German, who thinks
fabulosa Pullia, the story-telling nurse Pullia, a good pendant
to plagosus Orbilius (Epp. 2. 1. 71), the birch-loving pedagogue. If the text is kept, Mt. Voltur must be supposed to
bestride the boundaries of Apulia and Lucania. Horace speaks
of himself as Lucanus an Apulus anceps (Sat. 2. 1.34). Emenda.




BOOK     III., ODE      IV.


333


tions are countless: altricis limina villulae; patriae; limina. sedulae; Volture in avio, abdito, arduo, etc.
11. fatigatumque: the trajection of que (1. 30. 6. n.) brings
out, if not intended to mark, the slight zeugma: spent with play
and (overcome by, buried in) sleep. Cf. Il. 10. 98; Pausan. 9. 23.
2, K6rOS Kal Tirvos, etc.
12. nova: 4. 1. 32. n.
13-20. mirum quod foret (quod = ut id, tendency or result of
me... texere (Epode 2. 28))... ut (how)... dormirem... ut premerer: epexegetic of quod mirum. Cf. Epode 16.
53, pluraque... mirabimur: ut; 1. 9. 1.
14. quicumque: i.e. all the dwellers rourid about, picturesquely amplified by the Homeric descriptive epithets applied
to the little towns Acherontia (now Acerenza), Bantia (Banzi),
and Forentum (Forenza). - celsae... nidum: Cic. de Or.
1. 196; Macaulay, Horat. 3, 'From many a lonely hamlet, I
Which, hid by beech and pine, I Like an eagle's nest, hangs
on the crest I Of purple Apennine'; Browning, Sordello, 'The
hamlets nestled on the Tyrol's brow.'
15, 16. saltus: the 'high lawns' (Milt.). - arvum    pingue:
the fat 'well-tilled lowland.'
17. atris: deadly (1. 37. 27; Verg. G. 1. 129, ille malum virus
serpentibus addidit atris). Cf. 1. 17. 8. n. But the viper was
black.
18. premerer: covered; Epode 1. 33. For the picture, cf.
Swinburne's imitation of Pindar, O. 6. 54, 'Violets I fair as
those that in far years... hid the limbs of Iamus'; Wordsworth, The Brownie's Cell, ' Where bud and bloom and fruitage
glowed I Close-crowding round the infant-god'; Arnold, Merope;
Tenn. Eleanore, 2; Philostr. Imag. 2. 12. - sacra: the laurel
to Apollo, the myrtle to Venus.
20. non sine dis: ob O6ewv Arep (Pind. Pyth. 5. 102); oiK 0deet
(Ody. 18. 353). Cf. II. 5. 185. - animosus: the child's courage
is attributed to the favor of the gods.
21. vester... vester: since he is a dedicated spirit and
Movarwv Oepdtrwv from the cradle, he is theirs everywhere.
22. tollor: climb, with a faint hint of 'soar'; 2. 7. 14; 2. 20.
1. He is 1v Mooaacrt rwrorav6s in every sense (Pind. Pyth. 5. 114).




334


NOTES.


22-23. frigidum  Praeneste: it was high and cool. Verg.
Aen. 7. 682; Juv. 3. 190; Horace is there, Epp. 1. 2. 2, with
Homer for summer reading.
23. Tibur: 1. 7. 13; 2. 6. 5. - supinum: the slopes of. Juv.
3. 192, proni Tiburis.
24. liquidae: of the air; cf. 2. 20. 2. n.; Verg. G. 4. 59, per
asstatem liquidam; Gray, Ode on Spring, 'And float amid the
liquid noon'; Kiessling takes it of the waters. - Baiae: 2. 18.
20. n. Horace there, Epp. 1. 15. 2 sqq.
25. amicum: because I was dear to (1. 26. 1. n.).-fontibus:
1. 26. 6; Hes. Theog. 3; 3. 13. 13.
26. Philippis: 2. 7. 9. Abl. of place with extinxit. - versa
acies retro: rout.
27. devota: sc. dis inferis, accursed (Epode 16. 9), 'To destruction sacred and devote' (Milt.). - arbos: cf. on 2. 13;
2. 17. 27.
28. Nothing is known of Horace's escape from shipwreck near
the Lucanian promontory of Palinurus named from Aeneas'
pilot (Verg. Aen. 6. 381).
29. utcumque... eritis: whensoever, i.e. if only you be
with me. Cf. 1. 17. 10. n.
30. insanientem: cf. 3. 7. 6. n.; Tibull. 2. 4. 9, insanis...
ventis; Propert. 1. 8. 5; 4. 6. 6; Arnold, Scholar-Gipsy, 'Where
the Atlantic raves I Outside the western straits'; Verg. Ecl. 9.
43.- Bosporum: 2. 13. 14. - navita: opposed to viator, 32.
31. temptabo: 1. 28. 5.- urentis: cf. 1. 22. 5. n. Some
read arentis.
32. Assyrii = Syrii = Eastern. Cf. 2. 11. 16.
33. Britannos: 1. 35. 30; Catull. 11. 11, ultimosque Britannos; Verg. Ecl. 1. 66; Tac. Ann. 14. 30, represents them as
savages.
34. Concanum: a Spanish tribe. See on 2. 6. 2; Verg.
G. 3. 461, attributes the drinking of horse's blood and milk to
the Geloni.
35. Gelonos: 2. 20. 19.-pharetratos: cf. Milton's 'quiver'd
nymph' (Comus).
36..Scythicum... amnem: the Tanais (Don). Cf. 3.
10. 1; 3. 29. 28, and, for the periphrasis, 2. 9. 21.




BOOK III., ODE IV.


335


37. vos: returning to the leading thought, the Muses and
their gracious influence. - simul = simul ac.
38. abdidit: i.e. withdrew from public view the vast armies.
Cf. Epp. 1. 1. 5, latet abditus agro. The Mss. vary; reddidit
assigned to and addidit, apparently the technical term for enlarging a colony by a settlement of veterans (Tac. Ann. 13. 31),
are read. The disposition of the 120,000 veterans cost Augustus
enormous sums (Mon. Ancyr. 3. 22), necessitated widespread
confiscations, and led to the founding of new towns whose names
indicate their origin, as Emerita Augusta (Aosta Merida),
Caesar Augusta (Saragossa). Cf. Merivale, 4. 65.
39. finire: 1.7. 17; Sat. 2. 3. 263. -  labores: his own and
those of the Roman world. Cf. 2. 16. Intr.; also 4. 15. 9.
40. Pierio... antro: figurative, of literary leisure. Pieria,
in Thrace, was said to have been a haunt of the Muses. Cf.
Herrick, 1124, 'After thy labour take thine ease, I Here with
the sweet Pierides'; Pind. Pyth. 6. 49, bv     vxoi'tL IHtepl8wv;
Martial, 12. 11. 3, Pimpleo... antro. For Augustus' literary
studies, cf. Suet. Aug. 84, 85, and the lives of Horace and Vergil.
41. lene: the gentle muses are AeAtLXX6ovXoL, and Augustus,
who accepts the counsel they rejoice to give, is iacentem I lenis
in hostem; C. S. 52.- consilium: trisyllabic. Cf. 3. 6. 6. -
dato: sc. consilio.
42. scimus: the drift seems to be: Augustus is a benign
ruler, but those who rebel against his easy yoke and attempt
to throw the Roman world back into the chaos of civil war will
meet the well-known fate of the blind Titanic powers that
sought to overthrow the fairer order established by Zeus and
the bright Olympian deities. Horace blends the various Greek
legends in one composite picture.
44. sustulerit: overthrew, crushed; the subj. is (ille) qui, 45.
Keep the Latin order: were struck down by the bolt (from the
hands) of him who, etc. - caduco: 2.13. 11; (swift) descending;
xarat#cijST  (Aesch. Prom. 359).
45-47. All-embracing antitheses: the brute earth (1. 34. 9),
the heaving wind-swept sea, the cities of the living and the
dolorous realm of death, the (quiet) gods, and the agitations of
man.




336


NOTES.


45. temperat: 1. 12. 16. n.
46. regna: 2. 13. 21. -tristia: Milton's 'dolorous mansions'
(Nativity, 14). Cf. II. 20, 64; Verg. Aen. 8. 245.
49. terrorem: cf. 2. 12. 7; F. Q. 7. 6. 15. It is inconsistent
with the calm omnipotence of 45-48; but even in Aeschylus and
Milton the mythology is sometimes imperfectly harmonized
with the religion.
50. fidens: presumptuous. - horrida: i.e. horrens bracchiis,
TretptKvia. - iuventus: the Hecatoncheires (Centimanus, 69),
Briareus (II. 1. 402), Gyas, and Cottus, the first brood of Uranus
and Gaea (Apollod. 1. 1; Hes. Theog. 149). In Hesiod Uranus
confines them beneath the earth. Zeus releases them, and they
help him to defeat the Titans, whom they afterwards guard in
Tartarus (Theog. 617 sqq.; 730 sqq.).
51. fratres: the Aloidae, Otus and Ephialtes. Odys. 11.
308; Verg. G. 1. 280; Aen. 6. 582; Pind. Pyth. 4. 89; not in
Hesiod. - opaco: Homer's elvooalvXXov (cf. 1. 21. 6-7. n.),
which Vergil, G. 1. 282, renders frondosum. So Juvenal's
opaci Tagi (Sat. 3. 55) is put back into Greek by Jebb (Bologna
Ode), as /AeXa/aXXoto Tdyoto. Homer picturesquely puts the
'forest-rustling mountain' on top; but the meter often places
Horace's epithets. With the whole cf. Ov. Met. 1. 151-155.
52. imposuisse: cf. 1. 1. 4. n.; 3. 18. 15.
53. Typhoeus: in Hesiod, Theog. 820, the latest born monstrous offspring of earth, who, after the defeat of the Titans,
wages war alone against Zeus; cf. also II. 2. 782; Verg. Aen.
9. 716; Aesch. Prom. 354; Pind. Pyth. 1. 16, with Arnold's
imitation in 'Empedocles.' Milt. Nativity, 25, 'Typhon huge
ending in snaky twine.' P. L. 1. 'As whom the fables name of
monstrous size, I Titanian, or Earthborn, that warred on Jove, I
Briareus, or Typhon, whom the den I By ancient Tarsus held.'
--Mimas: in Hes. Scut. Her. 186, a centaur (?). In Eurip.
Ion, 214, a giant repelled by Pallas. Apoll. Rhod. 3. 1227.
54. Porphyrion: king of the giants, Pind. Pyth. 8. 17; cf.
Aristoph. Birds, 1252; cf. Keats's list, Hyper. 2; 'Coeus, and
Gyges, and Briareus, I Typhon, and Dolor, and Porphyrion.'
55. Rhoetus: 2. 19. 23. - truncis... iaculator: 'thrower
with' by analogy of 'throw with.'




BOOK III., ODE IV.                   337
56. Enceladus: Verg. Aen. 3. 578; Eurip. Ion, 209.
57-58. contra... (possent) ruentes: of. ruit, 65; Pallas,
the type of heavenly wisdom and Jove's most powerful ally,
is put first. - sonantem: II. 17. 595.
58. hinc, etc.: cf. Clough, Amours de Voyage, 1. 8; 'Eager
for battle here I Stood Vulcan, here matronal Juno, I And with
the bow to his shoulder faithful I He who with pure dew laveth
of Castaly I His flowing locks, who holdeth of Lycia I The oak
forest and the wood that bore him, I Delos' and Patara's own
Apollo.' The monotonous enumeration is relieved by a picture;
cf. on 1. 12. 29 sqq. - avidus: both as devouring element (cf.
Lucret. 2. 1066, Milton's 'huge convex of fire I Outrageous to
devour') and XLXata61eos ioXgloo; cf. Verg. Aen. 9. 661, avidum
pugnae.' Tac. Hist. 4. 71; Ann. 1. 51; F. Q. 1. 8. 6, 'And at
him fiercely flew, with courage fill'd, | And eager greediness
through every member thrill'd.'
60. arcum: cf. 1. 21. 11; Eurip. Alcest. 40.
61. Castaliae: Pind. Pyth. 1. 39; 'O Phoibos, lord of Lykia
and of Delos, who lovest the Spring of Castaly on thy Parnassos'
(Myers). - lavit: cf. 4. 6. 26; 2. 3. 18. n.
63. natalemque: cf. 1. 21. 10.
64. Patareus: of Patara in Lycia, where he spent the six
winter months. Serv. on Verg. Aen. 4. 143-4. Ov. Met. 1.
516.
65. vis: force. The moral of the myth in a Pindaric sententia;
cf. Pyth. 8. 15; Euenus, fr. 4; F. Q. 3. 10. 2, 'Might wanting
measure moveth     surquedry' (presumption, ~Ppts); Eurip.
fr. 732; Milton, Samson Ag. 53. -mole sua: from its own
weight. - ruit: falls in ruin.
66. temperatam: when controlled; cf. Milton's 'temper'd
awe,' Comus.
67. idem odere: but they likewise hate. Cf. 2. 10. 15, 22; 3.
12. 10; Eurip. Hel. 903.
68. omne: cf. 3. 3. 52. n.
69. testis: in Pindar's manner; cf. fr. 146, reKalpoPaL. 0. 2.
24; 9. 105; cf. paprvpe' r  in tragedy. - Gyas: 2. 17. 14. n.
70. notus: well-known. - integrae: 1. 7. 5, intactae.
71. temptator: assailant; only here; a rendering of retpav




338


NOTES.


(not retpdretv as eds. say). Pind. Nem. 5. 30; 'In part she is to
blame that has been tried,' Lady Mary Montagu; cf. F. Q. 1. 5. 35,
'tempt the queen of heaven,' etc. -Orion: 2. 13. 39. The
legends varied. Horace follows that found in Cic. Arat. 420.
Hygin. astr. 2. 34.
72. domitus sagitta: Bacel 6t ary. Cf. Pind. Pyth. 4. 90,
'moreover, Tityos was the quarry of Artemis' swift arrow sped
from her invincible quiver' (Myers).
73. iniecta: vasta giganteis iniecta est insula membris, Ov.
Met. 5. 346. The material earth groans with physical oppression (o-ropaxtrero... arewvo/yv7, Hes. Theog. 160), the poetically
personified earth mourns her offspring (the Giants), as she does
in the Pergamene frieze.
74. luridum: the realm of 'flickering spectres lighted from
below I By the red race of fiery Phlegethon' (Tenn.).
75. nec peredit: his punishment endures. Fire eats already
in Il. 23. 182. It 'devours with angry jaws,' Aesch. Prom. 368.
76. impositam... Aetnam: the legends varied. Cf. Claud.
de R. Pros. 1. 152, Aetna giganteos (over the giants, cf. 3. 1. 7)
numquam tacitura triumphos; Verg. Aen. 3. 578, Callim. Hymn.
Del. 141-143; Arnold, Empedocles, 'Typho only, the rebel o'erthrown, j Through whose heart Etna drives her roots of stone.'
77. incontinentis: lustful.- Tityi: cf. 2. 14. 8. n.; Pind.
Pyth. 4. 90; Spenser, Vergil's Gnat, 48, 'And there is mournful
Tityus mindful yet I Of thy displeasure, O Latona fair.'
78. ales: the vulture that preyed on his liver (Verg. Aen. 6.
597). - nequitiae: technical, like peccare. Cf. 3. 15. 2; Ov.
Am. 2. 1. 2, Ille ego nequitiae Naso poeta meae. - additus: set,
a guard that can't be shaken off. Cf. Vergil's Teucris addita
luno (Aen. 6. 90); so rrpocaKelt/Jos, Plato, Apol. 30 E.
79, amatorem: ironical; not amantem. Cf. the jealous wife
in Plautus, surge, amator, i domum; some detect a hint of
Antony, who 'kissed away kingdoms.' - trecentae: 2. 14. 5, 26.
80. Pirithoum: cf. 4. 7. 28. n.; with Theseus he attempted
to carry off Proserpina.




BOOK III., ODE V.                    3839
ODE V.
Of this poem Landor (Pentameron) says, 'in competition with
which ode, the finest in the Greek language itself has to my ear
too many low notes and somewhat of a wooden sound.'
See, also, Lang, Letters to Dead Authors, p. 209: 'We talk of
the Greeks as your teachers. Your teachers they were, but
that poem could only have been written by a Roman! The
strength, the tenderness, the noble and monumental resolution
and resignation, - these are the gifts of the lords of human
things, the masters of the world.'
1. caelo: with regnare. Cf. 1. 12. 57-58. - tonantem: both
epithet (Lex. s. v. II. B), and cause of credidimus; Lucret. 5.
1187-93.
2. praesens divus: a god on earth; cf. 1. 35. 2; 4. 14. 43; Epp.
2. 1. 15; Ov. Trist. 2. 54, per te praesentem conspicuumque deum;
Veget. R. M. 2. 5, imperator... tamquam praesenti et corporali
deo.
3. adiectis: i.e. cum adiecerit. - Britannis: 1. 35. 30. n.
4. imperio: 1. 2. 26. n. - gravibus... Persis: i.e. the
Parthians; cf. 1. 2. 22. The mention of their name affords a
transition to the indignant lines that follow.
5. Crassi: Thousands of Romans had been taken prisoners
after the defeat of Crassus' army by the Parthians at Carrhae
in Mesopotamia in 53 B.c. Some of them had married Parthian
women and served in the Parthian armies. - coniuge barbara:
abl. abs. motivating turpis maritus. But 'husband by a wife'
= 'husband of a wife' is a possible construction. For the shame,
cf. Vergil's nefas, Aegyptia coniux (Aen. 8. 688).
6. vixit: closely with maritus, endured to live as.
7. pro: interjection. - curia, that Senate (house) which
the envoy of Pyrrhus pronounced an assembly of kings, whose
elders, refusing to abandon Rome, had awaited, each on his
curule chair, the approach of the victorious Gauls (Livy, 5. 41).
Cf. Cic. pro Plancio, 71, stante urbe et curia. - inversi: with
both curia and mores.
8. consenuit: more than twenty-five years had passed since




340                       NOTES.
the defeat of the Roman army at Carrhae. - socerorum: cf.
3. 11. 39. n. For pl., cf. I1. 3. 49. - in armis: Bentley would
read in arvis, on the ground that Roman soldiers would never
have served in an enemy's army.
9. The good old Italian names in invidious juxtaposition
with the hateful name of king and Mede. Cf. 1. 37. 7. n.
10. Cf. Macaulay, Regillus, 38, 'Hail to the great Asylum!
Hail to the hill-tops seven! Hail to the fire that burns for aye, I
And the shield that fell from heaven.'- anciliorum: instead
of ancilium. The sacred shields (ancilia), upon the preservation of which the safety of the state was supposed to depend,
were in the charge of the Salii, priests of Mars. - nominis:
civis Romanus sum   - togae: the national dress; cf. Verg.
Aen. 1. 282, Romanos, rerum dominos gentemque togatam.
11. Vestae: Macaulay, Capys, 15, 'And there, unquenched
through ages, I Like Vesta's sacred fire, I Shall live the spirit of
thy nurse, I The spirit of thy sire.' Virginesque Vestales in
urbe custodiunto ignem foci publici sempiternum (Cic. de. leg.
2. 20).
12. incolumi love: i.e. salvo Capitolio. Cf. 3. 30. 8. n.
13. hoc: note effective Latin order, "twas just this... he
guarded against... in his forethought... did Regulus
when he,' etc: "Twas this that Regulus foresaw, I What time
he spurn'd' (Conington). - Reguli: Consul, 256, captured
in Africa by Carthaginians, 255 (Polyb. 1. 34). Sent by them
to Roman Senate, 250, to treat for peace, or, failing that, for
an exchange of prisoners, he advised the Senate (auctor...
fuit) to reject both propositions (Livy, Epit. XVIII). A
favorite text; cf. Cic. de Or. 3. 109; de Off. 1. 39; 3. 99.
14. condicionibus: the terms of peace; dative.
15. exemplo: the precedent of ransoming soldiers that had
not known how to die. Cf. Livy, 22. 60. - trahentis: so Mss.;
with Reguli: drawing from such precedent (a presage of) ruin for
future time. The precedent is defined by si non periret.  Ovid
has traxit in exemplum, Met. 8. 245. Eds. generally read trahenti with exemplo, which they construe with dissentientis.
16. veniens: Lucan, 7. 390, populos aevi venientis. Cf.
I'avenir, and the 'To-come' in Tenn. and Shelley.




BOOK III., ODE V.


341


17. perir6t: cf. 1. 3. 36. n. But the ictus does not fall on
the lengthened syllable here, and some read perires or perirent.
Or we may say that Horace permits himself the Greek form
18. signa: Horace wishes the reader to think of the standards of Crassus in Parthia. Cf. 4. 15. 6. - ego: his own eyes
have seen the shame during his five years' captivity.
20-21. militibus sine caede... derepta: with cumulative
irony. Cf. Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, chap. 2, 'If he had
allowed his soldiers to interfere - their rifles (might have been)
taken from them... with bloodshed'; Verg. Aen. 11. 193,
spolia occisis derepta Latinis.
21. civium: yes, civium Romanorum.
22. retorta (in) tergo: cf. Epp. 2. 1, mox trahitur manibus
regum fortuna retortis. An ingenious commentator has recently
taken it not of the Roman captives but of the Carthaginians
strolling peacefully with hands clasped behind their backs! -
libero: a liberty they had not known how to guard like the
freeman. Cf. 4. 14. 18. For the transfer, cf. 3. 2. 16, timido
tergo.
23. portas: of Carthage no longer fearing the Romans, cf.
A.. P. 199, apertis otia portis. Cf. Lang, Helen of Troy, 6. 9.
23-24. arva... coli: for syntax, cf. 2. 9. 19-22. n.
24. Marte populata nostro: which had been laid waste by
our soldiery.
25. Cf. Livy, 22. 60, speech of T. Manlius Torquatus against
ransoming the captives of Cannae, pretio redituri estis eo unde
ignavia ac nequitia abiistis? - scilicet: doubtless, ironical.
26. flagitio: the disgrace of their cowardice.
27. damnum: the injury to the morale of the Roman army
hinted at in scilicet acrior, and explained in 26-36. Others
take it naively of the 'damnation of the expense,' a satiric
(Sat. 2. 2. 96) but hardly an heroic thought. Cf. The Tempest,
4. 1, 'There is not only disgrace and dishonor in that, monster,
but an infinite loss'; Eurip. (?) Rhes. 102.
27-32. neque... nec... si... erit: two allegorical
parallels illustrating the thought that valor, like chastity, is
irrecoverably forfeited by a single lapse. For this scheme of




342


NOTES.


expression by paratactic simile, cf. Aesch. Sept. 584; Suppl. 226,
443 sqq.; Ag. 322; Eumen. 694; Choeph. 258; Pind. 0. 10.
13, etc.
27. colores: i.e. its native hues, the simplex ille candor of
Quintil. 1. 1. 5.
28. refert: recovers. - medicata: dyed with false hues. So
capztkda'oeLv.
29. semel: 1.24. 16. n.
30. curat: with inf. 2. 13. 39.- deterioribus: dat., the loss
(excidit) makes them so. Homer could never have so complicated his simple, 'Whatever day I Makes man a slave, takes
half his worth away'; Od. 17. 392 (Pope).
33. perfidis: cf. 4. 4. 49. n.; with credidit, cf. 3. 7. 13; 3. 27.25.
34. Marte: as in 24, war; cf. 1. 7. 22. n. - altero: a second
"= another = some future.
36. iners: helpless, submissively, tamely. Cf. inertiae, 4. 9.
29; Epp. 1. 5. 17, ad proelia trudit inertem.
37. unde... sumeret: represents dubitative unde sumam.
Forgetting that the soldier must keep his life with the sword, he
confounds war with peace (and tries to buy it?)
40. ruinis: by the, instr. abl., but virtually above the, towering
over.
41. fertur: 'still is the story told' how, etc. Note the modulation from the passion of Regulus' peroration to the quiet,
awestruck description of his heroic self-sacrifice. Lines 41-56
are translated by Thomson, Liberty, 3, 'Hence Regulus the
wavering fathers firmed j By dreadful counsel never given
before; (45, 46)... On earth his manly look I Relentless
fix'd, he from a last embrace, I By chains polluted, put his wife
aside,' etc. - pudicae: 4. 9. 23.
42. capitis minor: caput is status; capitis deminutio is total
or partial loss of civic rights. Cf. Livy, 22. 60, sero nunc desideratis, deminuti capite, abalienati iure civium, servi Carthaginiensium  facti. With   heroic Roman     pedantry   Regulus,
applying this technicality to himself, declined to speak from
his place in the Senate (Cic. de Off. 3. 27) or to claim the rights
of a paterfamilias. The genitive capitis with minor is on the
analogy of such genitives as integer vitae, etc. Cf. 1. 22. 1. n




BOOK    III., ODE   VI.


343


44. torvus: grimly.
45-46. donec... firmaret: may be taken as determined by
the dependence on fertur; but 'while he was' blends with 'until
he could' (get through with the hard duty). Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 5.
46. auctor: by the weight of his authority; but cf. Livy,
cited on 1. 13. - alias: before or after.
48-51. egregius... exsul: cf. 3. 3. 38. n.; 3. 11. 35. n.properaret and dimovit may express the alacrity of duty done,
or his impatience of distressing importunity, and desire to
'have it over.'
49. atqui: and yet, calrot. Cf. 3. 7. 9; 1. 23. 9; Cic. Off. 3.
27, neque vero turn ignorabat - he knew all the while.
50. tortor: completes the legend (Cic. Off. 3. 27; Gell. 7. 4),
but has no historical authority. The whole story is unknown
to Polybius.
50-53. non aliter... quam si: with like unconcern -as
though, Con.
51. dimovit: pushed aside.
52. reditus: -um -um -em would have been cacophonous. Cf.
Epode 16. 35.
53. longa: tedious. For this burdensome duty of a great
Roman towards his clients, cf. Epp. 2. 1. 104; 1. 5. 31.
54. diiudicata: it does not appear whether he is conceived
as counsel or judge (arbitrator). - relinqueret: were leaving;
rura suburbana indictis... ire Latinis, Epp. 1. 7. 76, is an
anachronism for the age of Regulus; but the picture is timeless. Cf. Homer, Odyss. 12. 439.
55. Venafranos: Venafrum and Tarentum are mentioned as
typical holiday resorts; 2. 6. 16.
56. Lacedaemonium: 2. 6. 12-13. n. Note the quiet, idyllic
close. Cf. Sellar, p. 184.
ODE VI.
Horace apparently sets out to celebrate the moral and religious
reforms of Augustus, but lapses into pessimistic reflections on
modern degeneracy, from which he fails to return to the more
cheerful theme.




344                       NOTES.
Cf. on 3.24; 2. 15; 4.5.20-25; 4. 15. 10-15; C. S. 17-20, 45.
Translation in Dodsley, 3. 18; by Roscommon, Johnson's
Poets, 8. 271.
1. maiorum: especially the generation of the civil wars, 88 -31. - immeritus: cf. 1. 17. 28. n.; here not generally guiltless;
but innocent of the 'sins of the fathers,' which are visited upon
them. Cf. Solon, fr. 13. 29-32; Eurip. fr. 980; Exod. 20. 5;
Ezek. 18. 2.
2. Romane: so sing., Sat. 1. 4. 85; Verg. Aen. 6. 851;
Macaul., 'Thine, Roman, is the pilum.' - refeceris: restore;
cf. aedis sacras vetustate conlapsas aut' incendio absumptas
refecit (Suet. Aug. 30). Cf. Mon. Ancyr. 4. 17; Ov. Fast. 2. 63,
templorum sancte repostor.
3. aedis and templa are synonymous here. - deorum et:
3. 3. 71.
4. fumo: from   the fires which had injured the temples.
5, 6. dis, etc.: even Greek skeptics commended the Roman
religion as.a social and political safeguard (Polyb. 6. 56; Gaston
Boissier, Relig. Rom. 1. 28-36). Cf. Propert. 4. 10. 64, haec di
condiderunt haec di quoque moenia servant; Cic. N. D. 3. 5. -
te geris: bearest thyself. - minorem: 1. 12. 57; 'walkest humbly
with thy gods.'
6. hinc: from them; a verb corresponding to refer is felt, but
not 'supplied.' Cf. hinc illae lacrimae. - principium: as 3.
4. 41. Cf. Liv. 45. 39, maiores vestri omnium magnarum rerum
et principia exorsi ab dis sunt et finem statuerunt. - huc: to
them.
7. neglecti: expressing the cause of dederunt, etc., 3. 2. 30.
Liv. 3. 20, sed nondum haec quae nunc tenet saeculum neglegentia
deorum venerat.
8. Hesperiae: 2. 1. 32; 1. 36. 4.
9. 'Let Crassus' ghost and Labienus tell I How twice in
Parthian plains their legions fell. I Since Rome hath been so
jealous of her fame, J That few know Pacorus' or Monaeses'
name' (Roscommon, Essay on Translated Verse). - bis: three
defeats are known: that of Crassus at Carrhae, B.C. 53; that of
Decidius Saxa by Pacorus, son of the Parthian king Orodes,




BOOK III., ODE VI.                   345
B.C. 40; avenged by Ventidius, B.c. 38 (cf. Ant. and Cle. 3. 1);
the disastrous repulse of Antony, B.C. 36. A Monaeses is mentioned (Dio, 49. 23. 24) as an exiled pretendant to the Parthian
throne, supported by Antony. Horace cared as little for the
historical details as we do. - manus: 4. 11. 9; Epode 16. 4.
10. non auspicatos: inauspicious; probably refers to the dire
auspices under which Crassus set out (Vell. 2. 46; Cic. Div. 1.
29).-- contudit: crushed; 4. 3. 8.
11. adiecisse: 1. 1. 4. n. - praedam: our rich spoils, contrasted with exiguis.
12. torquibus:  necklaces, decorations conferred   by  the
Persian king for bravery or conspicuous merit; cf. the arperroi
and #A'ta mentioned as insignia of honor (Xen. Anab. 1. 2. 27;
Cyrop. 8. 2. 8). - renidet: 2. 18. 2; grins with delight, beams
with joy,=gaudet, hence inf.
13. paene: with delevit.- seditionibus: dissensions.
14. Dacus: i.e. the tribes of the north with Antony (Dio, 51.
22; Verg. G. 2. 497, descendens Dacus ab Histro). - Aethiops:
the Egyptian fleet of Cleopatra (Verg. Aen. 8. 687 sqq.).
17 sqq. The fountain-head of evil is the corruption of the
pure family life of old Rome. Cf. 3. 24. 20-24; 4. 5. 21-24;
C. S. 17; Juv. Sat. 2. 126, 0 pater urbis I unde nefas tantum
Latiis pastoribus?
18. inquinavere: Epode 16. 64.--genus: the race.
19. fonte: source.
21. motus... Ionicos:  'skirt-dances' will serve. Cf.
Athen. 14. 629 E; Plaut. Pseu'd. 1274; Stich. 767. The Ionic
dance was especially voluptuous. With motus cf. Epp. 2. 2.
125, movetur; A. P. 232, moveri. Roman moralists were as
severe censors of dancing as Byron. Cf. Sail. Cat. 25, psallere
et saltare elegantius quam necesse est probae.
22. matura: 'the rare ripe maid' (Gildersleeve). - fingitur:
trained in. - artibus: of the coquette.
23. iam nunc: before marriage. Cf. mox, 25.
24. de tenero... ungui: Ji 4raXW^v v6Sxov, i.e. from  the
quick, means in every fiber, with all her soul, through every nerve,
to the finger-tips. Cf. Anth. Pal. 5. 129; 5. 14; Plut. de lib.
educ. 5; Plaut. Stich. 759, usque ex unguiculis. It is appar



346


NOTES.


ently also used in the sense from infancy (Lyd. de Magg. 2
26; Cic. ad Fam. 1. 6).
29. coram: openly; with iussa.
30. institor: pedlar, whose trade gave him access to the
women of the house.
31. magister: captain.
32. pretiosus: spend-thrift.
33. non... parentibus: not from such fathers and mothers
sprang the youth who, etc.
34. infecit aequor: 2. 12. 3; sc. in the great naval battles of
the first Punic war.
35. Pyrrhum: at Beneventum, B.C. 275. Cf. 1. 12. 41. n. -
ingentem: i.e. magnum, Antiochus the Great, defeated at Magnesia, B.C. 190.
36. dirum: 2. 12. 2. n.; 4. 4. 42; 'the dreaded name of
Hannibal' (Martin); 'Forced even dire Hannibal to yield, I
And won the long-disputed world at Zama's fatal field' (Roscommon).
37. The hardy offspring of a yeoman soldiery.
38. Sabellis: cf. 1. 31. 9. The Sabines type the old Italian
virtue (Verg. G. 2. 532, hanc olim veteres vitam coluere Sabini).
Cf. Livy, 1. 18. 4.
39. severae: cf. Lucret. 5. 1357, agricolae... severi.
41-44. portare fustis: after field work was done they must
still hew and fetch fagots, at the command and to the contentment of (ad arbitrium) the stern matron. - sol... curru: a
quiet evening idyl. Cf. Tenn. In Mem. 121, 'The team       is
loosened from the wain, I The boat is drawn upon the shore,' etc.
41-42. ubi... mutaret: subjunctive because dependent
on an infinitive clause; others explain it as a subjunctive of
repeated action; mutaret: lengthened.
42. umbras: Verg. Ecl. 1. 84, maioresque cadunt altis de
montibus umbrae. - iuga demeret: cf. povXvr6s; Verg. Eel. 2.
66, aspice, aratra iugo referunt suspensa iuvenci. In Hesiod,
Op. 581, dawn 7roXXoTir  8' -rl 'vy& poval r16jqo&t; El. in Maec.
99-100.
43. amicum: welcome; 'Oh Hesperus, thou        bringest all
things good.'




BOOK III., ODE VII.                   347
44. agens abeunte: faint oxymoron. For agens, cf. Verg.
Ecl. 8. 17.- curru: Epp. 1. 16. 6, sol... discedens curru
fugiente. Cf. Car. Saec. 9-10. n.
45. damnosa: note effective position: (alas/) the ravages of
time.  imminuit: has and does.
46. peior avis: than (that of) our grandfathers; cf. 2. 14. 28. n.
47. daturos: ef. 2. 3. 4. n. Without this fut. part. Horace
could hardly have packed four generations in three lines. But
cf. Arthur C. Benson's lines 'To my father'--who 'Didst
nurse and kindle generous fires I That as the old earth forward
runs I May fit the sons of hero sires 1 To be the sires of hero
sons.' Cf. Arat. Phaen. 123.
ODE VII.
The best commentary on this pretty idyl which comes to
relieve the severity of the preceding odes is Austin Dobson's
charming imitation, 'Outward Bound.' Cf. also Sellar, p. 170.
There is a coarse imitation by Stepney, Johnson's Poets, 8.
360.
Weep not, Asterie, for thy absent lover Gyges. He will
remain constant despite the arts of his hostess Chloe and the
naughty mythological precedents quoted by her emissaries.
But thou 'On thy side forbear I To greet with too impressed an
air,' the gallant Enipeus who witches the world with noble
horsemanship on the Campus Martius.
'Without a trace I Of acquiescence in your face I Hear in the
waltz's breathing space I His airy chatter. I If when you sing you
find his look I Grow tender, close your music book, I And end
the matter.'
1. Asterie: the name is significant. Cf. on sidere pulchrior,
3. 9. 21; Anacreon's 'Ao-repts and Plato's'Ao-rp. - candidi: i.e.
brightening. Epithet, fr. effect. Cf. on 1. 5. 7; 1. 7. 15; 2. 9. 3.
Swinburne, 'Rolls under the whitening wind I Of the future the
wave of the world.'
2. Favonii: cf. on 1. 4. 1; 4. 12. 2.
3. Thyna== Bithyna here. Cf. Claud. Eutrop. 2. 247; Thyni
Thraces arant quae nunc Bithynia fertur. - merce: cf. 1. 35. 7;




348


NOTES.


Epp. 1. 6. 33, Bithyna negotia. - beatum: enriched; Manil. 4.
758, Bithynia dives; Catull. 31. 5.
4. fide: archaic gen.
5. Gygen: note position. For the name, cf. rT6yjv 6rox\xpvaos (Archil. fr. 25). - Oricum: Gyges has been driven into the
harbor of Oricum in Epirus by autumn storms, and there impatiently awaits the opening of the next season's navigation
to cross the Adriatic to Italy. Cf. Propert. 1. 8. 19, Ut te
felici post laeta Ceraunia (cf. on 1. 3. 20) remo \ accipiat placidis
Oricos aequoribus; cf. on 4. 5. 9-12.
6. insana: on account of the storms it was supposed to
cause. Cf. on 3. 4. 30; 3. 29. 19. - Caprae: its rising was
end of Sept., its setting end of Dec., signum pluviale Capellae
(Ov. Fast. 5. 113).
7. non sine: cf. on 1. 23. 3.
9. atqui: 1. 23. 9; 3. 5. 49; Epode 5. 67. - sollicitae: sc.
amore, as in Sat. 2. 3. 253. - hospitae: i.e. Chloe, at whose
house he lodges.
10-11. tuis... ignibus uri: subtly blends Gyge and Gygis
amore. Chloe burns for Asterie's 'flame' with a fire of love such
as Asterie feels. Cf. Ov. Am. 3. 9. 56, vixisti dum tuus ignis
eram; cf. 1. 27. 20. And for the internal 'flame,' cf. 1. 19. 5;
4. 1. 12; 3. 19. 28. In this sense meis ignibus is like meos sentire
furores (Propert. 1. 5. 3); tuis of course is the indirect report
of the poet. - mille vafer modis: in a thousand artful ways
(Martin).
12-20. Chlob's messenger tells of the Josephs of antiquity,
Bellerophon (II. 6. 155 sqq.) and Peleus (Pind. Nem. 4. 56,
5. 26; Plato, Rep. 391 C; Aristoph. Clouds, 1063). Bellerophon
rejected the advances of Anteia, the wife of his host Proetus;
thereupon she slandered him to her husband, who endeavored
to compass his death. The story of Peleus and Hippolyte,
wife of Acastus, king of Magnesia in Thessaly, is similar.
13. ut: how. - perfida credulum: cf. on 1. 6. 9.
16. maturare necem: note force of verb; inflict untimely
death. - refert: tells, i.e. the nuntius (9).
17. datum... Tartaro: cf. leto dare. - datum Pelea: cf.
on 2. 4. 10.




BOOK III., ODE VII.                  349
18. Magnessam: as distinguished from the Amazon Hippolyte.
19. peccare: technical. Cf. 1. 27. 17; Propert. 3. 30. 51,
quam facere ut nostrae nolint peccare puellae.
20. movet: recounts, lit. starts.  Cf. mentionem   movere.
Some read monet.
21-22. frustra: cf. 3.13.6. ' In vain. Let doubts assail the
weak. J Unmoved and calm as "Adam's Peak" I Your "blameless Arthur" hears them speak' (Dobson). - scopulis surdior.. audit: cf. Epode 17. 54; Verg. Aen. 6. 471; and for the
oxymoron Eurip. Medea, 28. - Icari: probably the island, cf.
1. 1. 15.
22. integer: 2. 4. 22. - at tibi: 'But Laura, on your side,
forbear' (Dobson). Cf. on 2. 18. 9; Epode 2. 29.
23. vicinus Enipeus: thy neighbor Enipeus; the name is
taken from a Thessalian river, the chider, brawler. Cf. Hebri,
3. 12. 6.
24. plus iusto: so plus aequo in Ovid's cur mihi plus aequo
flavi placuere capilli
25. flectere equum: cf. Tac. Ger. 6, variare gyros. Shaks.
Hen. IV. 1, 'Turn and wind a fiery Pegasus'; F. Q., 'and
under him a gray steed he did wield.' Verg. Aen. 9. 606,
flectere ludus equos.
26. gramine Martio: cf. Epp. 2. 3. 162, gramine Campi.
28. Tusco alveo: the Tiber; 1. 20. 6. n. - denatat: for
the swim in Tiber, cf. 1. 8. 8. n.; 3. 12. 7. The word is found
only here.
29-30. Cf. Ov. Am. 2. 19. 38, Incipe iam prima claudere nocte
forem; and Shylock's admonition to Jessica, M. of V. 2. 5,
'Lock up my doors, and when you hear the drum I And the vile
squealing of the wrynecked fife, I Clamber not you up to the
casements then.' - sub cantu, i.e. during the serenade; contrast sub with ace. 1. 9. 19. - querulae: plaining. - despice:
not despise, but look down.
32. duram: cruel; Catull. 30. 2; Verg. Aen. 4. 428.-- difficilis: obdurate; cf. 3. 10. 11.




350


NOTES.


ODE VIII.
You are puzzled, learned friend Maecenas, by a bachelor's
sacrificing on the ladies' Kalends. 'Tis the day of my escape
from the falling tree. Come, quaff a hundred cups to the preservation of your friend.   Dismiss your cares of state, 'and
what the Mede intends and what the Dacian.' Our foes have
yielded to Roman prowess or are wrangling among themselves.
Forget for once that you are a public personage, cease to borrow
trouble, and enjoy the gifts of the passing hour.
The date is fixed by 17-23. Maecenas is in fact, if not in title,
urbis custodiis praepositus (Vell. 2. 88. 2; cf. Tac. Ann. 6. 11), in
the absence of Octavian, who returned to Rome in the summer
of B.c. 29. There was fighting against the Dacians, who had
helped Antony, in B.C. 30-28. Rome perhaps heard of the
contest between Phraates and Tiridates for the throne of Parthia
in January, B.C. 29. Cf. on 1. 26. The dramatic date, then,
is March 1st, 29, and the fall of the tree occurred March 1st,
B.C. 30. Cf. on 2. 13. But Friedrich, Horatius, p. 74, argues
for date of March, B.C. 26.
1. Martiis... Kalendis: the femineae Kalendae of Juvenal
(9. 53), on which the Matronalia were celebrated near Maecenas'
house on the Esquiline in honor of Juno Lucina. Cf. Ov. Fast.
3. 245 sqq.; Martial, 5. 84. 10.
2. velint: mean.- flores: Ov. 1. 1. 253, ferte deae flores.
4. caespite: 1. 19. 13. n.
5. docte: Epp. 1. 19. 1, Maecenas docte. - sermones: in the
lore, the literature. - utriusque: only Greek and Latin count.
Cf. utriusque linguae auctoribus, Suet. Aug. 89; Plut. Lucull. 1;
Cic. Off. 1. 1; Plin. N. H. 12. 11; Stat. Silv. 5. 3. 90, gemina.. lingua. Friedrich, op. cit., p. 75, thinks Latin and Etruscan are the two tongues.
6. voveram: sc. prior to these preparations and your wonder.
- dulcis: dainty. - album: victims offered to the di superi,
of whom Bacchus was one, were white; those offered to the
di inferi were black.
7. Libero: the poet's protector, though Faunus warded off
the blow, 2. 17. 28. - caprum: the enemy of the vine was ap



BOOK III., ODE VIII.                  351
propriately sacrificed to the vine god. Verg. G. 2. 380; Ov.
Fast. 1. 357 = Anth. Pal. 9. 75; 9. 99. 5-6; Mart. 3. 24. 2.
9. anno redeunte: with the returning season. Cf. Sat. 2.
2. 83, Sive diem festum rediens advexerit annus; 3. 18. 10; 3.
22.6. - festus: 3. 14. 13.
10-12. In order to mellow the wine, the storeroom (apotheca) was placed so as to receive the smoke of the furnaces.
This necessitated careful sealing (with pitch). Cf. Columell.
1. 6. 20; Ov. Fast. 5. 518, promit fumoso condita vina cado.
11. bibere: to smoke is 7rlvev KaOrv6v in modern Greek.institutae: set or placed (so as) to; others, taught.
12. consule Tullo: a Tullus was consul in B.C. 66 and in 33.
Horace probably served something better than Sabine Ordinaire
on this occasion. Cf. 3. 21. 1. n.; Tibull. 2. 1. 27.
13-14. amici sospitis: (in honor) of your friend's escape. As
n 3. 19. 9 the toast is given in the genitive.
14. centum: used loosely for a large number. - vigiles:
cf. Anth. Pal. 5. 197, jcXd-ypvrvov XUXvov. Cf. 3. 21. 23-24.
15. perfer: endure.  Vigiles is a transferred epithet: 'wake
with the lamps till dawn.' - procul, etc.: it is to be verecundus
Bacchus, 1. 27. 3, not a noisy revel. Cf. Ody. 1. 369, /CA
17. mitte, etc. Cf. the defense of Maecenas' Epicureanism
in El. in Maec. 93, sic est, victor amet, victor potiatur in umbra, I
victor odorata dormiat inque rosa. The victors of Actium had
earned the right to take their ease. But Horace does not mention Actium.- civilis: political.- super: 1. 9. 5; 1. 12. 6.
18. occidit: 1. 28. 7; 4. 4. 70. - Cotisonis: Cotiso, king of
the Dacians, was defeated by Augustus' lieutenant Lentulus.
Cf. Introd. and Suet. Aug. 63.
19. infestus: sc. Romanis, our enemy the Mede. - sibi: best
taken primarily with luctuosis, but felt with infestus and perhaps with dissidet, which, however, may be used absolutely.
22. Cantaber: 2. 6. 2. n. Spain was the first province entered by the Romans, but the last to be finally subdued (Livy,
28. 12). - domitus: referring to the successes of Statilius
Taurus and Calvisius Sabinus, B.c. 29-28.
23. Scythae: 2. 9. 23; 4. 14. 42.




352


NOTES.


25. neglegens ne: as if nec... legens, not taking anxious
thought lest.
26. parce: i.e. noli.
27. dona... horae: cf. 2.16. 32; 3.29.48. n. Cf. Milton to
Cyriac Skinner, 'For other things mild Heav'n a time ordains, I
And disapproves that care, though wise in show, I That with
superfluous burden loads the day, I And, when God sends a
cheerful hour, refrains.'
ODE IX.
Horace (?) and Lydia, or the lovers' quarrel. Amantium irae
amoris integratio est (Ter. Andr. 555; cf. Plaut. Amphitr. 940 -944). ' And little quarrels often prove I To be but new recruits
of love' (Butler). 'Blessings on the falling out, which all the
more endears' (Tenn.).
This is one of the odes which Reitzenstein refers to in his
discussion of the relation of Horace to Hellenistic lyric poetry.
With the words multi Lydia nominis Romana vigui clarior Ilia
he compares an Epigram of Asklepiades (IX. 63): Avs5 Kcal 7yos
el/l KCa ovopJa, 7WV' a" lrb K65pov repfJvordpiq raao'v el/tu 81 'AVri4LacXov.
See Neue Jahrbticher 21 (1908), 83-84.
A general favorite. Translations or imitations, by Ben
Jonson, Herrick (181), Austin Dobson, Edwin Arnold, Alfred
de Musset, Ponsard (who expands it into a charming little
drama), etc.
Cf. also Rowe, Johnson's Poets, 9. 472; Somervile, ibid. 11.
206; Boyse, ibid. 14. 542; Jenyns, ibid. 17. 616; Cambridge,
ibid. 18. 294; Dodsley's Poems, 2. 49; Davidson's Poetical
Rhapsody (ed. Bullen), Vol. 1, p. 87; ibid. Vol. 2, p. 181.
2. potior: preferred. Cf. Tibull. 1. 5. 69, At tu, qui potior
nunc es, mea fata timeto.
3. dabat: i.e. circumdabat.
4. Persarum rege: proverbial for happiness (2. 2. 17; 2. 12.
21); in Elizabethan version, 'King of Spain.'
5-6. alia... arsisti: burn with love for another. Cf. 2.
4.7.




BOOK III., ODE IX.                   353
6. Lydia: cf. 1. 8. 1; 1. 13. 1; 1. 25. 8. - Chloe: cf. 1. 23.
1; 3. 7. 10; 3. 26. 12.
7. multi nominis: lit. of much name; gen. of quality; roXv&dw/os, ý/-yaevAX os; his verses spread  her name and fame
abroad. Cf. 1. 36. 13; 4 'rLrT6yros (Anth. Pal. 5. 150; 7. 345).
8. Ilia: 1. 2. 17; 3. 3. 32.
10. docta... modos: cf. docte sermones (3. 8. 5). Cf. 4.
6. 43; 3. 11. 7; 4. 11. 34. - citharae sciens: 1. 15. 24.
12. animae: animast amica amanti (Plaut. Bacch. 191);
'Soul of my soul,' Ant. to Cleopatra (Tenn.); 'HXeoS&pav | 1vUX
'rjs '/v^s (Anth. Pal. 5. 155).- superstiti: proleptic, to survive
me.
13. mutua: 4. 1. 30.
14. Thurini, etc.: the details lend verisimilitude. Cf. 1. 27.
10-11; 3. 12. 6. There may be a hint of the luxury of Thurii,
a city in Lucania on the site of old Sybaris.
15. bis: so in Vergil's eclogues the respondent strives to
outbid the expression of the first singer; 5ls Oaveiv (Eurip. Orest.
1116).
17. redit Venus: cf. Dobson,' Love comes back to his vacant
dwelling, I The old old love that we knew of yore.'
18. diductos: (now) parted. - cogit: 2. 3. 25; 3. 3. 51.iugo... aeneo: 1. 33. 11; 1. 13. 18. Merchant of V. 3. 4.,
'whose souls do bear an equal yoke of love.'
19. flava: 1. 5. 4; 2. 4. 14. - excutitur: faintly suggests
excutere collo iugum; ' Admit I Chloe put away I And love again
love-cast-off Lydia' (Herrick).
20. ianua: metaphorical; Lydiae is dative. To cite 3. 15.
9 is to insult Lydia. But cf. Anth. Pal. 5. 164. For metaphor,
cf. Much Ado, 4. 1, 'For thee I'll lock up all the gates of love.'
21. sidere pulchrior: cf. 3. 19. 26; 11.6. 401; ' And like a star
upon her bosom lay I His beautiful and shining golden head'
(Hobbes); 'Fair as a star when only one I Is shining ipthe sky'
(Wordsworth); ' Whereon the lily maid of Astolat I Lay smiling
like a star in blackest night' (Tenn. Lan. and Elaine).
22. levior: lighter, i.e. unstable, fickle. - improbo: unruly.
23. iracundior: Horace says of himself, irasci celerem, tamen
ut placabilis essem. - Hadria: 1. 33. 15.




854


NOTES.


24. tecum, etc.: Tibull. 1. 1. 59, Te spectem, suprema miht
cum venerit hora, I Te teneam moriens deficiente manu; 'Then
finish, dear Chloe, this pastoral war; I And let us, like Horace
and Lydia, agree: I For thou art a girl as much brighter than her, |
As he was a poet sublimer than me' (Prior, A Better Answer).
ODE X.
An imitation of the r7apaKXav0lOvpov, or lament of the excluded
lover before the door of his mistress. Cf. 1. 25. 7; Anth. Pal. 5.
23; Propert. 1. 16; Ov. Am. 2. 19. 21; Burns, '0 Lassie, art
thou sleeping yet?'
Rendered as Rondeau by Austin Dobson, 'Not Don's barbarian maids I trow | Would treat their luckless lovers so.'
A Lyce grown old is addressed in 4. 13.
1. Tanain... biberes: cf. on 2. 20. 20; 4. 15. 21.
2. saevo: a part of the supposition, for Scythians punished
infidelity with death, 3. 24. 24. - asperas: cf. Epode 11. 21.
non amicos... postis.
3. porrectum: stretched out, prone; Epode 10. 22. - obicere:
with plorares. - incolis: native, i.e. to Scythia. Cf. 1. 16. 6.
5. nemus: probably the trees planted in the inner court
(peristylium), of the house. Cf. Epp. 1. 10. 22, nempe inter
varias nutritur silva columnas.
6. remugiat: cf. 3. 29. 57; Epp. 2. 1. 202; Verg. Aen. 12.
722; Martial, 1. 49. 20.
7. ventis: abl. cause, or more prettily dat. with remugiat. -
ut: so 1. 9. 1. The zeugma audis... remugiat... glaciet
(hearing for seeing) is too common to need further illustration.
Cf. on 1. 14. 3-6; Aeschyl. Prom. 22. - positas... uppiter:
how Jupiter in cloudless majesty glasses with ice the fallen snow
(Smith).
8. Iuppiter is in a sense the sky. Cf. on 1. 1. 25. - numine
is the divinity and 'operation' of a god, Verg. Aen. 4. 269; puro
numine combines as no English phrase can the ideas of cloudless
sky and divine power. Cf., however, Tennyson's 'Once more
the Heavenly Power makes all things new I And domes the red



BOOK III., ODE XI.                   355
ploughed hills With loving blue'; numine luppiter recurs 4.
4. 74.
9. pone = depone. - superbiam: cf. 3. 26. 12; Anth. Pal. 5.
280. 8; and the Hippolytus of Euripides, which turns wholly
on Venus' displeasure at this kind of 'pride.'
10. ne, etc.: an overstrained virtue will break, and great will
be the fall. 'Lest the wheel fly back with the rope' seems to be
a Greek proverb (Lucian, Dial. Mer. 3; Aristid. Panath. 118,
Jebb): the handle of a windlass with which one is raising a
weight slips, and wheel and rope run back. retro: with both
currente and eat.
11. Penelopen: the type of wifely virtue. - difficilem: 3. 7,
32.
12. Tyrrhenus: individualizing, with a suggestion of Tuscan
luxury. She is anything but an austere Scythian.
13. quamvis: in 3. 11. 18, with subj.
14. tinctus viola pallor: the lover is proverbially pale and
wan; Sappho, fr. 2, XXwporTpa crolas; Shelley's 'Naiad like Lily of
the Vale [ Whom youth makes so fair and passion so pale';
Tibull. 1. 8. 52; Verg. Eel. 2. 47, pallentis violas of the pale
yellow violet XevK6bov.
15. Pieria: i.e. Thessalian; cf. Thressa Chloe, 3. 9. 9.saucius: 1. 14. 5; sc. volnere amoris. Cf. Lucret. 1. 34; Verg.
Aen. 4. 1. The lover urges the husband's infidelity as in a
'scrofulous French novel.'
16. curvat: flectit; the image is continued in rigida. - supplicibus: i.e. if human motives fail to move thee, spare thy supplicant as a goddess.
18. Mauris: cf. 1. 22.2. For the snakes of the Libyan desert,
cf. Lucan, 9. 700 sqq.; pestiferos ardens facit Africa, ibid. 729.
19-20. aquae caelestis: so Epp. 2. 1. 135, of rain.
20. latus: he is lying on the doorstep; Epode 2. 11. 22.
ODE XI.
Yield me a strain, 0 my lyre, to which obdurate Lyde, shy as
any colt, may lend an ear. Thou canst charm tigers and
Cerberus, keeper of the gate of hell; thou didst soothe the anguish
of the damned and madest the daughters of Danaus forget to




356


NOTES.


fill their urns. Let my Lyde mark the tale of their crime and
the late punishment that awaits girls who sin against love.
They slew their husbands, - all save one who nobly false to
her perjured sire said to her young lord: Arise and escape from
thy wicked cousins. Me my father may punish as he will;
but thou depart - night and Venus be thy speed - and carve
a plaint for me upon an empty tomb.
Lyde (the name, 2. 11. 22; 3. 28. 3) merely supplies a motive
and setting for Horace's pretty treatment of the more pleasing
side of the myth.
Danaus, descendant of 1o the daughter of Inachus, returned
with fifty daughters from Egypt to his ancestral home, Argos.
Constrained to marry his daughters to their cousins, the sons
of Aegyptus, who had pursued them from Egypt, he bound
the girls to assassinate their husbands on the bridal night.
Hypermnestra alone spared her husband Lynceus, and became the ancestress of the line of Danae, Perseus, and Hercules.
Cf. Pind. Nem. 10. 6; Aesch. Prom. 853-869; Supplices
passim, and the lost play the Danaids; Apollod. 2. 1. 5; Ovid,
Heroides, 14, an Epistle from Hypermnestra to Lynceus, should
be compared throughout. Also Chaucer, Legend of Good
Women.
Horace's readers were familiar with the statues of the Danaids
that stood between the columns of the porticus of the temple of
Apollo on the Palatine. Cf. on 1. 31. 1; Propert. 3. 29. 3, Tota
erat in speciem Poenis digesta columnis, I inter quas Danai
femina turba senis; Ov. Trist. 3. 1. 61, signa peregrinis ubi sunt
alterna columnis I Belides et stricto barbarus ense pater.
1. nam: motivates invocation of Mercury, the author of the
lyre (1. 10. 6). Cf. Epode 17. 45; Hom. II. 24. 334; Verg.
Aen. 1. 65, Aeole namque tibi; 1. 731; Milton, P. L. 3, 'Uriel,
for thou,' etc. - docilis: with   te magistro, teachable and
taught -an apt pupil.
2. Amphion: he reared 'the song-built towers and gates'
(Tenn. Teires.) of Thebes. Cf. A. P. 394, Dictus et Amphion
Thebanae conditor arcis I saxa movere sono testudinis; Tenn.
Amphion. See on 1. 12. 12.




BOOK III., ODE XI.                    357
3. testudo: cf. on 1. 32. 14; 4. 3. 17, ' Upon an empty tortoise
shell He stretched some chords and drew     Music that made
men's bosom swell I Fearless, or brimmed their eyes with dew,'
Lowell, The Shepherd of King Admetus; Gray, 'enchanting
shell'; Shelley, Trans. Hymn to Mercury, 5. 6. 7-9. - septem:
Hymn Mere. 51; Pind. Pyth. 2. 70; Nem. 5. 24; Terpander,
fr. 5, boasted that he first rejected the four-stringed lyre for
that of seven strings; Ion. fr. 3, boasts a lyre of eleven strings.
4. callida: cf. on 1. 10. 7.
5. loquax: Sappho, fr. 45, "A'ye (56) XAv 6dU wi I  veoderra
ydoto; Odyss. 17. 270, )rdei.  Note Latin poverty (3. 13.
15, loquaces). Cf. X&Xos, XdXto. - nunc et: cf. 4. 13. 6.
Elsewhere Horace elides final et. Cf. 1. 7. 6; 1. 3. 19; 1. 9. 13;
1. 35. 11; 2. 6. 1, 2; 2. 13. 23; 2. 15. 5; 2. 16. 37; 3. 1. 39; 3.
3. 71; 3. 4. 59; 3. 6. 3; 3. 8. 27; 3. 26. 9; 3. 27. 29; 3.27. 46;
3. 27. 22; 3. 29. 3; 3. 29. 7; 3. 29. 9; 3. 29. 49. He avoids it
in the fourth book. Cf. on 4. 6. 11.
6. mensis: 1. 32. 13; Odyss. 17. 270; Shelley, ut supra,
'King of the dance, companion of the feast'; Ronsard, A Sa
Lyre, 'Toy qui jadis des grands rois les viandes I Faisois
trouver plus douces et friandes.' The nurse in Eurip. Medea,
201-203, censures the custom, but II Trovatore still sweetens
the viands at the 'Grand Hotel.' - templis: cf. on 1. 36. 1;
4. 1. 23; Dionys. Hal. 7. 32.
9, 10. Cf. Anacr. fr. 75; Theog. 257; Eurip. Hippol. 547;
Aristoph. Lysistr. 1308; Lucil. 30, 61; Ronsard, Amours de
Marie, 'Mais tout ainsi qu'un beau poulain farouche,' etc.;
Tenn. Talking Oak, 'Then ran she gamesome as the colt,' etc.
Cf. also on 1. 23. 1; 2. 5. 6; 3. 15. 12.
9. trima: colts were broken in fourth year (Verg. G. 3. 190).
10. ludit exsultim: frisks and frolics. Exsultim occurs only
here; cf. exultare of horses, and Anacreon's a-Kprwwoa ralrs. -
metuit... tangi: cf. on 2. 2. 7; 4. 5. 20; Catull. 62. 45,
sic virgo, dum intacta manet.
I 11. protervo: cf. on 2. 5. 15; 'And he may be rude, and yet
I may forgive' (Lady Mary W. Montagu).
12. cruda: 2. 5. 10; 3. 6. 22, matura.
13, 14. Cf. on 1. 2 and 1. 12. 7 sqq.--que: cf. on 1. 30. 6.




358


NOTES.


15-24. Cf. on 1.24. 13; 2.13. 33-40; Verg. G. 4.510, mulcen.
tern tigris.
15. immanis: 3. 4. 43; 4. 14. 15; preferably with aulae, ianitor being sufficiently characterized in next strophe. Cf. Sil. 2.
552, insomnis lacrimosae ianitor aulae. For aulae, cf. on 2.
18. 31. Verg. Aen. 6. 400 has ingens ianitor; 6. 417-418, Cerberus... recubans immanis in antro. - blandienti: 1. 12. 11;
1. 24. 13.
17-20. Cerberus, etc.: cf. on 2. 13. 34, belua centiceps.
17. furiale: fury-like. Cf. 2. 13. 36.
18. angues: F. Q. 1. 5. 34, 'Before the threshold dreadful
Cerberus I His three deformbd heads did lay along, I Curlbd with
thousand adders venomous'; Verg. Aen. 6. 419, horrere videns
iam colla colubris; Callim. fr. 161,    t8va^cov... 8aKCer6. -
eius: may be made emphatically demonstrative by a comma
after caput.  Cf. 4. 8. 18. But Vergil avoids the word altogether, Ovid uses it about twice, and so some critics reject the
strophe as unworthy of Horace.
20. trilingui: 2. 19. 31; Verg. Aen. 6. 417, trifauci.
21. quin et: cf. 1. 10. 13. n.; 2. 13. 37.-Ixion: F. Q. 1. 5.
35, 'There was Ixion turnbd on a wheel, I For daring tempt the
queen of heaven to sin'; Pind. Pyth. 2. 21; Soph. Philoct. 671;
Sen. Herc. Fur. 752; Verg. G. 4.484, Atque Ixionii vento (cantu?)
rota constitit orbis; Ov. Met. 10. 42, stupuitque Ixionis orbis;
Tenn., 'And stay'd the rolling Ixionian wheel'; 'On stept the
bard. Ixion's wheel stood still' (Landor, Orpheus and Eurydice), Browning, Ixion in Jocoseria. He is not found with
Tantalus (2. 13. 37), Sisyphus (2. 14. 20), and Tityos (2. 14. 8;
3. 4. 77; 4. 6. 2), in Homer's Hades.
22. risit: cf. 1. 10. 12. - invito: on account of their tortures
they were but little inclined to smile. - urna: the pitcher
which each used in carrying water to the leaky jar (dolium).
Phaedr. App. 1. 5. 10, Urnis scelestae Danaides portant aquas I
Pertusa nec complere possunt dolia. This form of punishment,
alluded to by Plato (Gorg. 493 B) and Bion (Diog. Laert. 4. 7.
50), is first specifically appropriated to the Danaids in PseudoPlat. Axiochus, 371 E. It appears on Italian vases of the 3d
century B.c. Moralized, Lucret. 3. 1007-1010.




BOOK III., ODE XI.


359


25. notas: the scelus also is notum, of course.
26. lymphae: with inane, gen. 'plenty and want.'
27. dolium: Horace puts the leak in the larger jar. Cf.
supra, on urna, and the illustration in Harper's Class. Dict.
s.v. - fundo: by (way of). - pereuntis: etymologically, running out by. Cf. on 4. 4. 65.  But cf. Odyss. 11. 586 (in diff.
connection), 85wp &irWcAoKero; Lucret. 1. 250, pereunt imbres.
28. sera: though late; cf. on 3. 2. 32; Verg. Aen. 6. 569,
distulit in seram commissa piacula mortem.
29. sub Orco: sc. rege, editors say, citing 3. 5. 9, 2. 18. 30, on
the doubtful ground that Horace always personifies Orcus.
Cf. 1. 28. 10; 2. 3. 24; 3. 4. 75; 3. 27. 50; 4. 2. 24; Epp. 2.
2. 178. But brb xOovb, KarT ya^ (Pind. 0. 2. 65) is the meaning
wanted.   Cf. Aesch. Eum. 175, 6r6 re yav q6vyTv o6 ror'
A~evOepoOrat.
30, 31. impiae: cf. 3.27. 49, 50. - potuere: in 30 of physical
or logical, in 31 of moral, possibility= rkoicav, had the heart to.-duro: cruel; Homer's vqXgl XaXKP. Cf. saevis, 1. 45.
33. una: one only, Hypermnestra. Cf. Aesch. Prom. 865.
8lav  t ralnv; Pind. Nem. 10. 6, Pov6'aoov... Vos.. - face:
of Hymen. Cf. Milt. L'Allegro, 'There let Hymen oft appear I
In saffron robe with taper clear.'
34. periurum in parentem: to her perjured father, i.e. Danaus,
who in binding his daughters by oath to murder their husbands,
broke the faith he.had plighted at their betrothal.
35. splendide mendax: cf. Tac. Hist. 4. 50, egregio mendacio;
Cic. pro Mil. 72, mentiri gloriose; Aesch. fr. 301, d&rdT7rs 8Lalas;
Soph. Antig. 74; Eurip. Hel. 1633; Sen. Ep. 95. 30, gloriosum
scelus; Tasso, Ger. Lib. 2. 22, magnanima menzogna; Ruskin,
'splendid avarice'; Tenn., 'bright dishonour'; 'His honour
rooted in dishonour stood,' etc. For oxymoron in Horace, cf.
1. 18. 16; 1. 33. 2; 1. 34. 2; 1. 22. 16; 1. 33. 14; 2. 12. 26;
3. 4. 5-6; 3. 20. 3; 3. 24. 59; 3. 5. 48; 3. 27. 28; 3. 3. 38; 3.
6. 44; 3. 8. 1; 3. 16. 28; 3. 25. 18; 3. 27. 25-26, etc. On the
ethical question, cf. Jacobi, cited by Coleridge; the quaint
'Christian Horace,' published for young Catholics at Lyons,
eliminates the dangerous suggestion, reading: digna crudelis
fera iussa patris I iure contempsit.




360,


NOTES.


37. surge: Ov. Her. 14. 73, surge age, Belide, de tot modofratribus unus: 1 nox tibi ni properas, ista perennis erit.
38. longus somnus: cf. 1. 24. 5, perpetuus sopor; the passage
is parodied by Ausonius (Ephemeris, 18-19). For poverty of
vocab., note use of longus, 2. 14. 19; 4. 9. 27; 3. 3. 37; 2. 16. 30;
3. 27. 43; 3. 5. 53, etc. Or is it restraint? -unde = (inde) unde:
from a quarter whence.
39. socerum: my father; avoid -in-law.
40. falle: Xd0e; 1. 10. 16; postico falle clientem, Epp. 1. 5.
31, elude. - sorores: cousins. Danaus and Aegyptus were
brothers.
41. nactae: that have seized. - leaenae: as in II. 5. 161.
42. singulos: suum quaeque maritum; Aesch. Prom. 862,
Vyuv 7&p &v8p' gKaarov. - lacerant: the lions, blending image
and thing compared as usual. For the details, cf. Ov. Her.
14. 35.
43. intra claustra: imprisoned.
44. tenebo =retinebo.
45. In Ov. Her. 14. 3, she writes, clausa domo teneor gravibusque coercita vinclis. Cf. Pausan. 2. 19. 6 for her trial!
46. clemens misero: cf. on 1. 6. 9.
47. me: 'as for me, he may do his worst, I will not regret
having spared thee'; Ov. Her. 14. 13-4, non tamen ut dicant
morientia 'paenitet' ora, I efficiet. - extremos: 3. 10. 1; Epp.
1. 1. 45; Catull. 11. 2.
48. classe: vvalv &ywv, I. 21. 41. - releget: suggesting the
technical relegatio, banishment.
49. pedes et aurae: an all-including formula. Cf. Epode 16.
21. Those who choose may take it literally, - to the coast on
foot and then back to Egypt by sea.
50. Venus: who prompted her to spare him (Aesch. Prom.
865), and by whose intervention she was saved in Aeschylus'
lost Danaids, fr. 43.
51. nostri: i.e. mei, of me, as 3. 27. 14; Tibull. 3. 5. 31; 3.2.
25.
52. querellam: in Ov. Her. 14. 128, she composes it, exul
Hypermnestra, pretium pietatis iniquum, I quam mortem fratri
(cousin) depulit, ipsa tulit. In the age of Trajan, a Cook's




BOOK III., ODE XII.


361


tourist, who knew her Horace, scrawled on the Pyramid of
Gizeh: et nostri memorem luctus hanc sculpo querelam.
Unlike Pindar, Horace closes with the myth, and Lyde is
forgotten.
ODE XII.
Monologue of love-lorn Neobule (the name is from Archilochus), who cannot spin for thinking of the bright beauty of
young Hebrus, horseman, athlete, hunter.
The pure Ionic meter, one of Horace's 'metrical experiments,'
is identical with that of a line of Alcaeus preserved by Hephaestion: UMe 8elXav jm?rracrav KaKorT7rdv i reSxowav (fr. 59).
For the theme, cf. Sappho (fr. 90) yXKELa Ija7rep o~7ro USvafac
KpxKYjV rTb ftr70  7r60  5/E 8ptca eazios PLpaGivav It' 'Acp6TraLr; als6
Landor's pretty imitation, 'Mother, I cannot mind my wheel, |
My fingers ache, my lips are dry.' Seneca, Hippol. 104.
1. miserarum: not that she herself desires the solace of the
wine cup. She merely contrasts the narrow lot of woman with
the distractions open to men. Cf. the soliloquy of a girl in
Agathias, Anth. Pal. 5. 297. - dare ludum: faintly suggests
dare operam. But dare ludum is used by Plautus in sense of
humor, give free play to, Bacch. 1082. Cf. ludere, 3. 15. 12.
2. lavere: cf. on 2. 3. 18, and eluere, 4. 12. 20. -aut: or
else, i.e. if we do them.  Cf. 3. 24. 24. So f, Plat. Theaetet.
205 A and often.     exanimari: 2. 17. 1. - metuentis: the
shift from the gen. to the acc. with inf. is natural.
3. patruae: the proverbial cruel paternal uncle of the
ancients. Cf. Sat. 2. 3. 88, ne sis patruus mihi. - verbera: cf.
3. 1. 29; 3. 27. 24. Verba and verbera were easily associated.
Cf. Ter. Heaut. 2. 3. 115, tibi erunt parata verba huic homini
verbera. But the metaphor is a commonplace. Cf. verberari
convicio. Shaks. King John, 2. 2, 'He gives the bastinado with
his tongue; I Our ears are cudgelled.' Tam. Shrew, 1. 2, 'And
do you tell me of a woman's tongue, I That gives not half so
great a blow to the ear?'
4. tibi: she addresses herself, as often in monologue. Cf.




862                       NOTES.
Catull. 8. 1, and examples in Orelli. Some less aptly make the
poet the speaker throughout. -  qualum: work-basket. - ales:
i.e. alatus; Love is so represented in the oldest works of art.
Cf. 'The first born love out of his cradle leapt I And clove dun
chaos with his wings of gold' (Shelley, Witch of Atlas, 32, after
Aristoph. Birds, 697).
5. operosae Minervae studium: interest in works of Minerva,
i.e. spinning, weaving, etc. Athena ipydcr. 'But farther:
Athena presides over industry as well as battle; typically over
women's industry, that brings comfort with pleasantness.'
Ruskin, Queen of the Air. Cf. Moore, 'Thus, girls, would you
keep quiet hearts, [ Your snowy fingers must be nimble: I The
safest shield against the darts I Of Cupid is Minerva's thimble.'
6. Liparaei: of Lipara. The specific local epithet merely
individualizes. Cf. on 1. 27. 10. Lipara was a small volcanic
island on the north coast of Sicily. Cf. Arnold, 'To Aetna's
Liparaean sister fires.' There is a possible suggestion of Xirap6s
sleek, shining. - nitor Hebri: with puer the subject of aufert.
Love, the lover, and the lover's bright beauty are 'all one
reckoning.' - nitor: 1. 19. 5; Anth. Pal. 16. 77, gpapapvyuy v. -
Hebrus' name is derived from the river in Thrace.
7. simul (ac)... lavit: after he, etc.; closely with nitor
Hebri rather than with eques, which is better taken in opposition
with nitor Hebri = Hebrus. - unctos: they rubbed themselves
with oil before their exercise and bathed afterwards; cf. 1. 8. 8.
Sat. 2. 1. 7, ter uncti I transnanto Tiberim somno quibus est opus
alto. Cf. the   crrOea arlXpovra which   took  the maiden's
eyes in Theoc. 2. 79; note lavit. - Tiberinis: Roman details
with Greek names, as often.
8. eques: cf. on 3. 5. 25. - Bellerophonte: from n. Bellerophontes. Cf. 3. 7. 15.   Bellerophon rode the winged horse
Pegasus.
9. segni pede: i.e. because of sloth of foot..Cf. nulla..
fuga segnis equorum; Verg. Aen. 10. 592. Some equivalent of
segni is implied with pugno.
10-11. catus: 1.10.3. - idem: also; 2.10.22; 2.19.27.per apertum: across the open. - agitato... grege: with
fugientis. - celer: with inf. 1. 15. 18.




BOOK III., ODE. XIII.                 363
11-12. arto... fruticeto: dense covert. Homer's &v 6Xyv
irvKLPv. Odyss. 19. 439.
12. excipere: intercept. Cf. Epp. 1. 1. 79; Verg. Eel. 3. 18.
ODE XIII.
A mediaeval document mentions a fons Bandusinus near Horace's birthplace, Venusia, and tradition or Horace himself may
have transferred the name to the fons rivo dare nomen idoneus
(Epp. 1. 16. 12; cf. Sat. 2. 6. 2) on his Sabine estate.
There is an interesting description of the locality, together
with an account of the theories of antiquarians, in Ancient
Classics for English Readers, 'Horace.' See also Scribner's,
July 1890; Wochenschrift fur Klassische Philologie, 1898, 1238.
Cf. Epode 1. 31, 32. n.
The occasion of the poem may have been the festival of the
Fontanalia, October 13, when, according to Varro, L. L. 6. 22,
et in fontes coronas iaciunt et puteos coronant. Cf. Ruskin,
Aratra. Pentel. 88, for this feeling of the ancients; also 1. 1. 22.
It has been a general favorite. Cf. Sellar, p. 187. Cf. Dobson's
version as a Rondeau; Ronsard, A la Fontaine Bellerie; Warton
in Johnson's Poets, 18. 99; ibid. 167; Beattie, ibid. 18. 559;
Wordsworth, River Duddon, 1, 'Not envying Latian shades -
if yet they throw I A grateful coolness round that crystal spring
I Blandusia, prattling as when long ago I The Sabine Bard was
moved her praise to sing.'
1. Bandusiae: possibly a corruption of HIavSoo la. Nymph and
fount blend as in Pindar. - vitro: cf. on 1. 18. 16; 4. 2. 3. Ov.
Met. 13. 791 has splendidior vitro of Galatea. Cf. Verg. Aen. 7.
759. Lucret. 4. 211 has splendor aquai.
2. The wine was poured into the fountain with the flowers.
Cf. Varro, supra. - non sine: 1. 23. 3.
4. cui frons: 'A qui l'une et l'autre corne [ Sortent du front
nouvelet' (Ronsard). For the description of the victim, of. 3.
22. 7; 4. 2. 55.
5. destinat: marks him for, presages.,
6, 7. frustra: cf. 3. 7. 21; the nequicquam of ruthless destiny




364


NOTES.


in Lucretius and Vergil. - gelidos and rubro: suggest as 'complementary colors' calido and limpidos. Cf. 2. 3. 9.
6. inficiet: cf. 3. 6. 34. For the practice, cf. II. 23. 148, Is?nryds; Ov. Fast. 3. 300; Martial, 6. 47, where a porca is
offered.
8. lascivi: 3. 15. 12.
9-12. Cf. Wordsworth, Near the spring of the Hermitage,
'Parching Summer hath no warrant | To consume this crystal
well'; Proctor, Inscript. for a Fount., 'Whosoe'er shall wandei'
near | When the Syrian heat is worst, I Let him hither come nor
fear I Lest he may not slake his thirst'; Ronsard, 'Ton ombre
est espaisse et drue | Aux pasteurs venans des parcs, Aux
boeufs las de la charrue, I Et au bestial espars'; cf. Anth. Pal.
16. 228.
9. hora: season (Epp. 1. 16. 16); A. P. 302, sub vernitemporis
horam. - Caniculae: Dog-star; cf. on 3. 29. 18; 'L'ardeur de
la canicule | Ton verd rivage ne brule' (Ronsard).
10. frigus: i.e. cool shade. Cf. 3. 29. 21; Verg. Ecl. 1. 52.
hic, inter flumina nota I et fontis sacros, frigus captabis opacum.
11, 12. fessis... vago: cf. Ronsard, supra.
13. nobilium: famous, one 'of those we read about.' 'Such,'
says Nauck, naively, 'were Arethusa, Castalia, Dirce, Hippocrene,
and is now near Schulpforte die Klopstocksquelle.' - fontium:
partitive genitive.
14. me dicente: I singing of. Et me fecere poetam I Pierides
is Horace's feeling. - impositam: 4. 14. 12. For the picture,
cf. on 3. 25. 10.
15. unde: cf. II. 2. 307, 860e, etc. - loquaces: Anth. Pal.
16. 13. 3, KaeXdlov(TL... c. vd.a. Cf. Leigh Hunt, Rimini,
'There gushed a rill I Whose low sweet talking seemed as if it
said I Something eternal to that happy shade'; Words. 'Or
when the prattle of Blandusia's spring I Haunted his ear, he
only listening'; Ronsard, 'L'eau de ta source jazarde I Qui
trepillante se suit.' The 'prattle' is perhaps suggested by the
repeated l's. Contrast taciturnus amnis (1. 31. 8).
16. desiliunt: cf. Epode 16. 48.




BOOK III., ODE XIV.                  365
ODE XIV.
The conquering hero returns. Go forth to greet him, Livia,
Octavia, and ye mothers and brides of our young soldiers. I
too will celebrate the glad day, fearing nought while Caesar rules
the world. Go, page. Fetch chaplets and old wine and bid
Neaera join me. If the surly porter will not admit you - give
it up. Yet I had not been so patient in my hot youth when
Plancus was consul.
In honor of the return of Augustus, B.c. 24, from an absence of
three years in the West, where he had been engaged in subduing
the Cantabrians and settling the affairs of the Provinces. For
some months before his return he had been ill at Tarraco, and
much anxiety had been felt at Rome (Dio, 53. 25). He declined
a formal triumph (Justin. 2. 53). For the theme, cf. 4. 2 and
4.5.
1. Herculis ritu: after the manner of Hercules; cf. 3. 3. 9. n.
For the comparison with Augustus, cf. 3. 3. 9; 4. 5. 36; Verg.
Aen. 6. 802. Hercules too had returned victor from Spain. -
modo dictus petiisse: who recently was said to have sought. -
plebs: the people generally; not in its special political sense.
2. morte venalem: cf. emit morte immortalitatem, Quintil. 9.
3. 71; Aesch. in Ctes. 160; Isoc. 6. 109; Verg. Aen. 5. 230; 9.
206; Pind. Pyth. 6. 39; 'He came and bought with price of
purest breath | A grave among the eternal' (Shelley, Adonais,
7); Hen. VI. 2. 3. 1, 'Or sell my title for a glorious grave.' -
venalem: 2. 16. 7.
3-4. Hispana... ora: the west coast of Spain. Cf. 3.
8. 21.
5. unico: cf.1. 26. 5; 2.18. 14. It suggests unice amare, etc.
He is her all in all. Others take it peerless, comparing Catull.
29. 11, unice imperator. - mulier: the empress Livia. See
Merivale, 3. 218; 4. 124.
6. operata: the present and the past force of this participle
need hardly be distinguished. She has been and is engaged in
the religious offices of the day. Translate, making sacrifice.
7. soror: Octavia. - et decorae: cf. 1. 10. 3; 2. 16. 6.




366                       NOTES.
8. supplice vitta: there was probably a supplicatio in place
of the declined triumph. This special vitta may have been
something more elaborate than that ordinarily worn by freeborn women.
9-12. Virginum and puellae both refer to the wives of the
young soldiers (cf. 3. 22. 2; 2. 8. 23). The matrons are to take
part in the ceremonies; while the young soldiers and their
wives will be merely among the spectators and so are urged not
to disturb the rites by words of ill omen. Bentley reads non
virum expertae which gives three classes: the matrons, the
young soldiers and their wives, and the boys and girls.
10. sospitum: 1. 36. 4. It is felt with virginum also.
11-12. iam virum expertae: cf. 2. 8. 22 nuper virgines nuptae.
- male ominatis: to cure the hiatus nominatis, a supposed
equivalent of &vowvpiots, is read in some Mss. Bentley conjectured inominatis (Epode 16. 38), male being intensive (1. 9.
24).- parcite: refrain from; cf. Ep. 17. 6. The meaning is
favete linguis (3. 1. 2).
13 sqq. The poet shares the public rejoicing. Cf. 1. 37; 4.
2. 45; Epode 9. 1. - vere: with festus, which is taken predicatively. Cf. 3. 8. 9. - atras: 3. 1. 40; 4. 11. 35.
14. tumultum: insurrection; cf. on 4. 4. 47.
15. mori per vim: a violent death. - metuam: with inf. 2.
2. 7; 4.5. 20. - tenente: 3.17.8. For the thought, cf. 4. 15. 17,
and Nux Elegeia, 143, sed neque tolluntur nec dum regit omnia
Caesar, I incolumis tanto praeside raptor erit.
17 sqq. Cf. the sudden orders for the carouse in 2. 3. 13;
2. 11. 17; 3. 19. 9. - puer: cf. 1. 19. 14.
18. cadum: 3.29. 2; 4. 11. 2. - Marsi: the Marsic or Social
War, B.C. 90-89. Spartacus and his gladiators (Epode 16. 5)
plundered Italy in 73-71. Cf. Juv. 5. 31, calcatamque tenet bellis
socialibus uvam (dives). Sir Thomas Browne, Urne Burial, 'The
draughts of consulary date were but crude unto these'; Tenn.
'Whether the vintage, yet unkept, I Had relish fiery-new, I Or,
elbow-deep in sawdust, slept, I As old as Waterloo.' Cf. also
Martial, 3. 62. 2; 7. 79. 1.
19. si qua: if haply. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 18, si qua fata sinunt.
- vagantem: roving.




BOOK III., ODE XV.


367


21. dic... properet: cf. Epp. 1. 7. 60, dic I ad cenam
veniat. - argutae: sweet-voiced; teyeta, 4. 6. 25. n. - Neaerae:
borrowed perhaps from     Parthenius.   Cf. Gildersleeve, A.
J. P. 18. 1, p. 122. Cf. Milton, Lycidas, 'Or with the tangles
of Neaera's hair.' For the motif, cf. 2. 11. 21.
22. mutreum: as fragrant as myrrh, rather than chestnut.--
nodo cohibere: i.e. to dress it simply and so quickly.
25. lenit: cf. Epp. 2. 2. 211, lenior et melior fis accedente
senecta? The line was quoted by Fox on a famous occasion. -
albescens: Horace was forty-one, but prematurely gray, praecanus; Epp. 1. 20. 24. Cf. Anth. Pal. 11. 25, j arvvert pTKrdwwv
d'r7eraL fWl"//rEpwv.
26. protervae: 2. 5. 15.
27. non ego: 2. 7. 26; 2. 17. 9; 2. 20. 5. - hoc: the porters
refused to admit the messenger. - ferrem: for tense, cf. on 1.
2. 22; Ennius, Medea, nam numquam era errans mea domo
ecferret pedem.
28. L. Munatius Plancus was consul in B.C. 42, the year of the
campaign of Philippi. The fever in Horace's blood has cooled
with that in the body politic.
ODE XV.
The unpleasant theme of 1. 25; 4. 13; Epode 8; Turpe senilis
(still more anilis) amor.
2. nequitiae: technical. Cf. 3. 4. 78; Propert. 1. 6. 26.fige modum: the forcible word fige suits the impatience of
tandem. Cf. 1. 16. 2; 1. 24. 1.
3. famosis: in bad sense. Cf. Epp. 2. 3. 469, where it is
neutral or ironical. - laboribus: love is 'sweating labor' for
her as it was for Cleopatra, Anth. and Cle. 1. 3.
4. maturo: her death would not be immatura.
5. inter: cf.3.3.37; 3.27. 51.-ludere: 4.13.4. So ralrev.
6. nebulam: 'Nor fling thy hideous shadow o'er I Their pure
and starry graces' (Martin).
7. non si: cf. 4. 9.5; 2. 10. 17. - Pholoen: 2.5.17; 1.33.7.
- satis (sc. decet): 1. 13. 13. She may more fitly sport, hers is
the lasciva decentius aetas; Epp. 2. 2. 216.




868                       NOTES.
8. et te: thee also. - filia: i.e. Pholoe.
9. expugnat: storms, in the revel or comus, reversing the
relation of 3. 26. 7. To prove it possible, editors quote Sen.
Praef. Nat. Quaest. 4. 6. They might as well quote Congreve,
Double-Dealer, 1. 1.
10. pulso... tympano: like Bacchante roused by the beating
of the tambourine. - pulso: cf. on 2. 4. 10. - Thyias: cf. on
2. 19. 9; Horn. Hym. Cer. 387. - tympano: 1. 18. 14.
11. Nothi: for any rou6.
12. lascivae: cf. 3. 13. 8, and Epp. 2. 2. 216, cited on line 7.
-similem: so 1. 23. 1.
13-14. Spinning is the fit occupation of the old woman. Cf.
Tibull. 1. 6. 77. Luceria in Apulia was famous (nobilis) for
the quality of its wool. Cf. Plin. N. H. 8. 190.
15. flos rosae: cf. 3. 29. 3; 4. 10. 4. -purpureus: cf. on
4. 1. 10.
16. poti: drained, pass. with cadi; 4. 13. 5, active.--
vetulam: with te, a hag like thee. Cf. 4. 13. 25. Note the
effectiveness of reserving it to the end. -faece tenus: &irb rpvyls,
is rp6,ya, cum faece, 1. 35. 27.
ODE XVI.
The myth of Danae as a symbol of the power of gold and a
preface to moralizing on the superior happiness of contented
competency. Cf. 2. 2; 2. 16; 3. 1.
Acrisius, king of Argos, fearing the fulfillment of an oracle
that his grandson should slay him, shut up his daughter Danae
from all suitors. But Jupiter found access to her in a shower
of gold, and she became the mother of Perseus.
Cf. II. 14. 319 (where there is no brazen tower); Apollod. 2. 4;
Pausan. 2. 23. 7; Simon. fr. 37 (the exquisite lament of Danae),
Pind. Pyth. 12. 16; Is. 6. (7) 5; Jebb. on Soph. Antig. 945; The
fragments of Naevius' Danae; Ter. Eun. 585-590; Spenser, F.
Q. 3. 11. 31; Herrick, 284, 15; 298, etc.; John Fletcher,' Danae
in a brazen tower I Where no love was loved a shower'; Prior,
An English Padlock, 'Miss Danae when fair and young I (As




BOOK III., ODE XVI.


869


Horace has divinely sung) I Could not be kept from Jove's
embrace, By doors of steel and walls of brass.'
Cf. also Correggio's Danae, and Tennyson's beautiful line,
'Now lies the earth all Danae to the stars.' The conceits of
Cowley's quaint and subtle paraphrase of this ode are interesting (Essays, Of Avarice).
Horace's cynical interpretation of the myth seems to have
been a commonplace. Cf. Anth. Pal. 5. 31. 6; 5. 33. 5. 217;
Ovid, Amores, 3. 8. 33; Petronius, Le Maire Poetae Minores, 2.
120; Pind. fr. 269.
1. inclusam: the captive Danae. - turris aenea: for aenea,
cf. on 3. 3. 65. But the prehistoric (Mycenaean) bronze-plated
walls may be meant. Cf. Soph. Antig. 946, v XaXaKosdTrat acfXas;
Ov. Am. 2. 19. 27, si numquam Danaen habuisset aenea turris;
Herrick, 298, 'Rosamund was in a bower I Kept as Danae in a
tower'; id. 284, 'It be with Rock, or Walles of Brass I Ye
Towre her up, as Danae was.'
2. robustae: of oak. Cf. 1. 3. 9; 2. 13. 19 (?).
3. tristes: surly, grim. Cf. Propert. 2. 6. 39; Ov. A. A. 3.
601, tristis custodia servi. - excubiae: 4. 13. 8; Verg. Aen. 9.
159.- munierant: cf. on 2. 17. 28, they had and would still
have si non. - satis: well.
4. adulteris: 1. 33. 9. n.
5. si non: 3. 24. 34.
6. pavidum: he feared the oracle, like Pelias in Pind. Pyth.
4. 97.
7-8. risissent: 'But Venus laughed to see and hear him sleep I'
(Cowley). - fore enim, etc.: their thought in indirect disc.
Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 444; F. Q. 3. 11. 31, 'Vain was the watch, and
bootless all the ward, I Whenas the god to golden hue himself
transfar'd.' The unpicturesque pretium, perhaps the best word
his vocabulary supplied (cf. 3. 19. 5; 3. 24. 24; 4. 8. 12), serves
Horace to introduce the rationalization of the myth. Cf. Ov.
Am. 3. 8. 33; Marlowe, Ed. 2. 3. 3, 'like the guard I That
suffered Jove to pass in showers of gold To Danae.' - deo:
probably dative.
9. aurum, etc.: that 'every door is barred with gold and




370


NOTES.


opens but to golden keys' has always been a commonplace. Cf.
Pind. fr. 222; Shaks., 'saint-seducing  gold'; Menander's
Xpvob 6' civol-yet rdvra Kal a5ov r6X\as. - satellites: guards; cf. 2.
18. 34.
10. amat: gaudet and solet. Cf. 2. 3. 10. n. - perrumpere:
cf. on 1. 3. 36. - saxa: walls of stone.
11-12. ictu: cf. on 1. 8. 9. - auguris Argivi: the Argive seer;
Amphiarius, whose wife Eriphyle was bribed by Polynices with
the necklace of Harmonia to constrain her husband to join the
expedition of the Seven against Thebes, in which he met the
death he had foreseen. Their son, Alcmaeon, slew Eriphyle to
avenge his father, and was haunted by the furies of his mother
like Orestes. The 'house' was thus like that of Pelops (1. 6. 8),
a theme of tragedy. Cf. Ody. 11. 326-327; Plato, Rep. 590 A;
Apollod. 3. 6; Ov. Met. 9. 406; Stat. Theb. 2. 267; Arnold,
Frag. of an Antigone, 'nor... his beloved Argive seer would
Zeus retain I From his appointed end'; Frazer, Pausanias, III.
608, 5. 30.
13. demersa: possibly a hint of Amphiaraus' end, swallowed
up by the earth (Pind. 0. 6. 16). - exitio: 1. 16.17. - difftdit:
with bribes, as with the cleaving ax or thunder-bolt. - urbium:
as Potidaea, Olynthus, Amphipolis.
14. vir Macedo: Philip of Macedon, father of Alexander the
Great; Demosthenes' MaCKE68b daYp (Phil. 1. 10); Milton's
'Macedonian Philip.' For his briberies, cf. Plut. Aem. Paul.
12; Juv. 12. 47, callidus emptor Olynthi; his saying that any
fortress could be taken that could be reached by an ass laden
with gold, Cic. ad Att. 1. 16. The oracle of Delphi bade him
'fight with silver spears.' - subruit: undermined.
14, 15. aemulos... reges: his rivals for the throne of
Macedon (Diodor. 16. 3), and others.
15. munera: Ov. A. A. 3. 653, munera, crede, mihi, capiunt
hominesque deosque. Hence Spenser, F. Q. 5. 2. 9, quaintly personifies munera (as if fem. sing.) as daughter of Pollente, 'Her
name is Munera, agreeing with her deeds.' Note resumption of
aurum (1. 10) by lucrum, munera, and pecuniam.
15, 16. navium... duces: possibly an allusion to Menodorus or Menas, the faithless admiral of Sextus Pompey. Cf.




BOOK III., ODE XVI.                  371
Dio, 48. 45; Suet. Oct. 74; Epode 4; Shaks. Ant. and Cle. 2. 7.
With the whole, cf. Andrew Lang's Ballade of Worldly Wealth,
'Money taketh town and wall I Fort and ramp without a blow.'
17. crescentem, etc.: but for all its power, the sage will desire
it in moderation. Cf. 2. 2; 2. 16. 9-12; 2. 18. 12; 3. 1. 47;
3. 24. 1-5; 3. 29. 56-60.
18. maiorum: neuter, greater possessions. - fames:    cf.
Epp. 1. 18. 23; Vergil's auri sacra fames (Aen. 3. 57); Odes 2.
2. 13; 3. 24. 63; Juv. 14. 139, crescit amor nummi quantum ipsa
pecunia crevit; Theoc. 16. 64. - perhorrui: diripplya.  So
Emerson often states his counsels of perfection in the first
person indic.
19. conspicuum: proleptic. - tollere verticem: 1. 18. 15.
20. Maecenas: an example of sage restraint. Cf. on 1. 1. 1,
1. 20. 5, and Propert. 4. 8. 2.
21-22.. plura: in worldly goods. - plura: in real goods.
23. castra, etc.: the image of the two camps may have been
suggested by Grantor's famous comparison of wealth and
virtue. Cowley ingeniously expands, 'From towns and courts,
camps of the rich and great, I The vast Xerxean army, I retreat,
I And to the small Laconic forces fly I Which hold the straits of
poverty.' - nudus: i.e. unincumbered by the impedimenta of
riches. Cf. the philosopher's boast, omnia mea mecum porto;
Job, 1. 21, 'Naked came I out of my mother's womb, and naked
shall I return thither.'
25. contemptae: despised by the millionnaire. Cf. Cic.
Paradox, 6. 47, meam pecuniam contemnis, etc. - dominus
splendidior: more glorious as the owner, in the eyes of the sage
who uses the words rightly (2. 2. 19). - rei: estate.
26. arat: i.e. the produce of the plow. For quantity, cf.
1. 3. 36. n. - impiger: cf. Epode 2. 42. For fertility of Apulia,
see Strabo, 6. 284. But any other name would serve.
27. occultare: i.e. condere, 1. 1. 9. - meis: so proprio, 1. 1.
9. Cf. mea in the periphrasis for riches, Epode 1. 26. - dicerer:
wealth so great as to be a theme of rumor.
28. inter opes inops: oxymoron arising from the contrast of
the popular and the philosophic point of view. Cf. Epp. 2. 18.
98, semper inops... cupido; 1. 2. 56, semper avarus eget;




372


NOTES.


Claud. in Ruf. 1. 200, semper inops quicumque cupit; Herrick,
106, 'Those who have the itch I Of craving more are never rich.'
29. rivus, etc.: see the descriptions of his own farm, Epp. 1.
16. 12; 1. 18. 104; 1. 14. 1; and Odes, 1. 22. 9.
30. fides: reliance; cf. 3. 1. 30. n.; Lucan, 1. 647.
31, 32. fulgentem... beatior: is a truer happiness than
the glittering lot of the lord of fertile Africa, though he knows
it not; lit. escapes him (his notice) (being) happier in lot, in
imitation of the Greek XavOdvie 6XApt&repop 6v. The want of
d' makes the Latin awkward. The great proconsul of Africa
may be meant. Cf. sors Asiae, the proconsulship of Asia (Tac.
Ann. 3. 58). But fertilis and the context make 'lord of great
African estates' more probable. Cf. Sat. 2. 3. 87; Odes, 2. 2.
10-12; Anth. Pal. 5. 31. 6.
33-36. Cf. 1. 31. 5. n.; 2. 16. 33 sqq. n.
33. Calabrae... apes: honey of Tarentum; 2. 6. 14; 4.
2. 27 (?).
34. Laestrygonia: Formian; Formiae is said to have been
the capital of the Laestrygones. Cf. on 3. 17 and 1. 20. 11.
35. languescit: mellows (3. 21. 8, languidiora vina). - pinguia: the Greek could say 8ao<r6caXXot. - Gallicis: Cisalpine
Gaul, renowned for fine white wool (Pliny, N. H. 8. 190).
37. importuna: (4. 13. 9) the pinch of poverty, distressful poverty. Cf. Epp. 2. 2. 199, immunda pauperies. Not the 5eAtX
or obXogdv? 7reviv& of Theogn. 351, Hes. Theog. 593. Poverty
in itself Horace commends (1. 12. 43; 3. 2. 1; 3. 29. 56).
38. Cf. 2. 18. 12; Epode 1. 31.
39. contracto, etc.: cf. 2. 2. 9; Plato, Laws, 736 E; Lucret.
5. 1118; Cowley, 'The most gentlemanly manner of obliging
him, which is not to add anything to his estate, but to take
something from his desires' (after Epicurus); Sen. Epist. 21. 7;
Min. Felix, 36. 5, omnia si non concupiscimus possidemus.
39-40. vectigalia porrigam: I shall increase my revenues.
Sat. 2. 2. 100, ego vectigalia magna divitiasque habeo; Cic. Rep.
4. 7; Paradox. 6. 49, quam magnum vectigal sit parsimonia.
Cf. Hamlet's use of 'revenues.' - porrigam: Sen. Epist. -89.
20, quousque arationes vestras porrigetis.
41. quam si: 2. 2. 10. - Mygdoniis: Phrygian, 2. 12. 22. -




BOOK III., ODE XVII.


373


Alyattei: Bentley's reading of the hopelessly confused Mss.
Horace's readers would think of Croesus, recalling Herod. 1. 6;
'Croesus was a Lydian and son of Alyattes.' Cf. Croesi regia
Sardes (Epp. 1. 11. 2). The longer sonorous name helps the
meter. Cf. on 1. 17. 22-23. Bacchyl. 5. 40, 'AXvd []ra 86bw&.
For form of gen., cf. 1. 6. 7.
42. campis: preferably dat. - continuem: Livy, 34. 4 has
ingens cupido agros continuandi; Isaiah, 5. 8, 'Woe unto them
that join house to house, that lay field to field.'
43. bene est: almost colloquial. Cf. Epist. 1. 1. 89; Catull.
14. 10; 38. 1, male est; Cowley, 'Thrice happy he I To whom the
wise indulgency of Heaven, I With sparing hand but just enough
has given.'
44. quod satis est: 3. 1. 25.
ODE XVII.
To L. Aelius Lamia, the friend of 1. 26, and probably the consul of A.D. 2. Under the empire the Lamiae became types of
ancient nobility. Cf. Juv. Sat. 4. 154; 6. 385. Lamia apparently is at his seaside villa. Horace playfully traces his friend's
pedigree back to Homer's cannibal king Lamos, and bids him,
since a storm is brewing, get in his firewood and prepare to
'loaf and invite his soul.'
2. quando: since, motivates ducis. As all the Lamiae are
descended from Lamos, you too must derive your lineage from
the founder of Formiae (which Cicero, ad Att. 2. 13, identifies
with Homer's Laestrygonia; Odyss. 10. 82); the parenthesis
ends with tyrannus, 1. 9. - hinc denominatos: derived their
name from him; cf. unde (1. 12. 17); hinc (Verg. Aen. 1. 21).
4-5. memores fastos: recording registers; cf. on 4. 14. 4.
The reference here is to family records. The Lamiae do not
appear in the consular fasti till A.D. 2.- auctore: cf. 1. 2. 36. n.
--ducis originem: trace thy origin.
7. innantem: the quiet Liris (1. 31. 7) near its mouth overflows in marshes at Minturnae, where the Italian nymph Marica
(sometimes identified with Circe) was worshiped.




374                       NOTES.
9. late tyrannus: e"pvlKpedov.  Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 21, late
regem; Epp. 1. 11. 26; Pliny, Epp. 3. 7, latissime victor.
10. inutili: cf. on 3. 24. 48. Here proverbially worthless.
Cf. vilior alga (Sat. 2. 5. 8; Verg. Eel. 7. 42).
12. aquae... augur: Vr6~y.A s. Cf. 3. 27. 10; Lucret. 5.
1086 = Verg. G. 1. 388. - sterrit. bestrew. Cf. 4. 14. 32.
13. annosa: cf. 4. 13. 25; Hes. fr. 183; Arat. Phaen. 1022;
Lucret. 5. 1084. Tennyson's 'many-wintered crow': Bryant's
'century-living crow.'
14. genium: the ghost, spiritual double, inner animistic self,
birth-spirit, or guardian angel of anything. Under the influence
of the Platonic doctrine of the Daimon or Guardian Angel and
higher self, this conception of the popular Roman religion was
deeply moralized in later literature and poetry. Cf. Plato, Tim.
90 A; Rep. 619 E; Boissier, Religion Romaine, Vol. II., p. 145;
Schmidt, Ethik der Griechen, 1. 153; Hor. Epp. 1. 7. 94; 2. 2.
187; 2. 1. 144; 2. 3. 210; Petron. 62; Ter. Phorm. 44; Pers.
Sat. 2. 3; F. Q. 2. 12. 47-48; Shaks. Jul. Caes. 2. 1, 'The genius
and the mortal instruments'; Ant. and Cleop. 2. 3, with Macbeth, 3. 1; Matthew Arnold, Palladium, Scholar-Gipsy, 'To
the just-pausing genius we remit I Our well-worn life, and are -
what we have been'; Mrs. Browning, Son. fr. Port. 42, 'my
ministering life-angel.' Phrases like indulge, care for, propitiate your genius, etc., were used colloquially like our 'be
good to yourself,' 'invite your soul,' etc.
16. operum solutis: cf. on 2. 9. 17; 3. 27. 69. For solutus
with abl., cf. Sat. 1. 6. 129.
ODE XVIII.
To Faunus, guardian of the flocks. The Faunalia occurred on
the 13th of February (Ov. Fast. 2. 193). Horace here seems to
speak of a local festival in December. Cf. 1. 17. 1-8.
There is a charm in the Epicurean poet's kindly affectation of
sympathy with the rustic faith of his neighbors. Cf. on 3. 23;
also the beautiful lines of Lucret. 4. 580 sqq.; Probus ad Verg.
G. 1. 10, Rusticis persuasum est incolentibus ear partem Italiae
quae suburbana est saepe eos (sc. Faunos) in agris conspici;




BOOK III., ODE XVIII.


375


Herrick, Hesp. 106, 'While Faunus in the Vision comes to
keep, I From rav'ning wolves the fleecie sheep'; Ronsard, Pour
Hedlne: 'Faunes, qui habitez ma terre paternelle,.- Qui menez
sur le Loir vos dances et vos tours, I Favorisez la plante et lui
donnez secours, I Que l'est6 ne la brusle et l'hyver ne la gelle.'
There is a translation by Warton, Johnson's Poets, 18. 99.
1. amator: by identification with the Greek Pan (1. 17. 2).
Cf. Ov. Met. 1. 701 sqq.; Shelley's Pan, 'Singing how down the
vale of Maenalus I pursued a maiden'; Thomas Warton, Hecatompathia, 'If country Pan might follow nymphs in chase';
Browning, The Bishop orders his Tomb: 'Those Pans and
nymphs ye wot of.' For 'Dan Faunus' as lover of the nymphs,
cf. F. Q. 2. 2. 7.
3. Note chiastic order. - lenis: Pan's wrath was dreaded
(Theoc. 1. 16). - aequus: with good will.
4. alumnis: yeanlings, tender young. Cf. 3. 23. 7.
5. si: the purely formal condition in prayers. - pleno anno:
at the close of the year, i.e. in December; exactos (3. 22. 6). -
cadit: as a victim, sc. tibi.
6. Veneris sodali: in apposition to craterae. Love and wine
are often associated. Cf. Sine Libero et Cerere friget Venus;
Aristoph. fr. 490, o1vos 'Apol8rfls ydaXa.
7-8. vetus: possibly an old altar which Horace found on the
estate. Note the asyndeton. - multo... odore: cf. 1. 30.
3, multo ture.
9-16. The suggested image of the festival develops into a
description. Cf. the festival of Anna Perenna (Ov. Fast. 3.
523 sqq.).
10. tibi: emphatic; thy.
12. pagus: the village, Mandela, now Bandela. Cf. Ov. Fast.
1. 669, pagus agat festum.
13. audacis: Shelley's 'dreadless kid.'
14. spargit: the December 'fall of the leaf' (Epode 11. 5,
December... silvis honorem decutit) is by a pretty personification taken as a OvXXofoXla, in honor of the god. Cf. Pind. Pyth.
9. 134, 'Many the leaves and wreaths they showered on him';
Verg. Ecl. 5. 50; Tenn. Princess, 'Shall strip a hundred hollows




376


NOTES.


bare of spring | To rain an April of ovation round.' - tibi: in
thy honor.
15. invisam: because of the toil she exacts. - pepulisse:
cf. 1. 4. 7; 1. 37. 2; and, for the tense, 1. 1. 4; 3. 4. 52. -
fossor: delver, slave working in chains on great estates (Martial,
9. 22. 4). Here, generally, peasant.
16. Note the adaptation of sound to sense, and cf. the rustic
"jollity in Lucret. 5. 1401-2, atque extra numerum procedere
membra moventes j duriter et duro terram pede pellere matrem. -
ter: cf. tripudium. Cf. 4. 1. 28; seu cantare iuvat seu ter pede
laeta ferire I gramina (carmina?) nullus obest sings the shepherd
in Calpurnius, Eclog. 4. 128.
ODE XIX.
'You prate of Inachus and ancient history,' Horace cries to a
learned prosy friend, 'when the question is what brand of Chian
shall we procure, and at whose house shall we dine together tonight.' Then, transferring himself in imagination to the
carouse, he takes the chair as arbiter bibendi, gives out toasts,
orders the mixing of the wine and water and bids them wake
the echoes till envious old January, ill-mated with beauteous
May next door, hears their revelry.
Or we may conceive the whole scene, the inopportune antiquarian talk and the jovial interruption to take place at the
banquet.
If the Murena of 1. 11 is the Murena of 2. 10, the date can
hardly be later than his conspiracy against Augustus, B.C. 23
(Vell. 2. 91; Suet. Octav. 19. 66; Sen. de Clem. 9; Dio, 54. 3).
1. quantum distet: how long a period separates. - Inacho:
cf. on 2. 3. 21; F. Q. 2. 9. 56, 'The wars he well remembered
of King Nine, I Of old Assaracus and Inachus divine.'
2. Codrus: semi-mythical last king of Athens according to
the later form of the myth. In war with Dorians he provoked
his own death because of prophecy that the enemy would win
if they spared the life of the Athenian king (Cic. Tusc. 1. 116).
- timidus; so 4. 9. 52.




BOOK III., ODE XIX.


877


3. narras: colloquial, almost slangy, like French 'Qu'est-ce
que tu chantes?' The lexicons do not bring this out. Cf. Sat.
1. 9. 52; 2. 7. 5; Martial 3. 46. 7; 4. 61. 16; 3. 63. 13; 4. 37.
6; 8. 17. 3, etc.; Propert. 3. 7. 3; Petron. Sat. 44; Sen. de
Morte Cl. 6; Persius, 1. 31, quid dia poemata narrent, where
this force is necessary to the point. - genus Aeaci: Zeus,
Aeacus, Peleus, Achilles, Neoptolemus, Telamon, Ajax, and
Teucer.
4. pugnata... bella: cf. on 4. 9. 19; Epp. 1. 16. 25, bella
ibi terra pugnata marique. - sacro: "IXMos lpi. For gender
see 1. 10. 14.
5-7. Apparently the feast [is 'to be a ovAPoXJ, where each
contributes his part and one lends his house and provides the
hot water. - Chium cadum = a cask of Chian. Cf. Sabina
diota, 1. 9. 7. The Chian was prized. Cf. Epode 9. 34; Mrs.
Browning, Wine of Cyprus, 7, 'Go! let others praise the Chian.'
6. aquam temperet: for the wine. Sat. 1. 4. 88, qui praebet
aquam is the host.
7. praebente domum: in Sat. 2. 8. 36 he is playfully called
parochus, the purveyor. - quota (sc. hora); at what hour.
8. Paelignis: the Paeligni, high in the Apennines, were proverbially cold (Ov. Fast. 4. 81). - taces: what you speak-of
you can be-silent-of. Cf. 4. 9. 31.
9. da: sc. cyathos, vinum. - lunae, noctis, auguris: for the
use of the genitive to express the toast, cf. 3. 8. 13; Anth. Pal.
3. 136; 5. 110; 5. 137; Theoc. 14. 18. -novae: the month
was originally lunar, and the Kalends would be conventionally
the new moon. Cf. 3. 23. 2.
10. noctis: 3. 28. 16. - mediae: they won't go home till
morning. - auguris: apparently Murena has recently been
chosen into the college of augurs.
11, 12. The cups shall contain a mixture of 3 cyathi of wine
and 9 of water, or 9 of wine and 3 of water. Fractions were
reckoned in twelfths of the as or the sextarius by unciae and
cyathi respectively. Anacreon drank 10 water to 5 wine (fr.
64). Cf. Athenae. 10. 426 sqq.
12. commodis: at your choice; cf. 4. 8. 1. Others render
just or full.




378                       NOTES.
13. imparis: they were nine.
14. ternos ter: 9 wine, the stronger mixture. - attonitus:
cf. Lex. s.v. B, of~y rvyKepavvwOEtes opvas (Archil. fr. 74).
15. tris... supra: probably more than three (the weaker
mixture), suited to him who sacrifices to the Graces. It has
been taken the three beyond (9); that would make it unmixed
wine. Cf. Ov. Fast. 3. 813, altera tresque super.
16-17. metuens: with gen. (3. 24. 22). - Gratia, etc.: cf.
on 1. 4. 6; 4. 7. 5.- nudis: until the third century B.c. art
showed them clothed. Cf. Frazer on Pausan. 9. 35. 6.
18. insanire iuvat: cf. on 2. 7. 28. - Berecyntiae: cf. 1. 18.
13; 4. 1. 22; Epode 9. 5, 6. The tibia was orgiastic.
19. cessant: cf. on 1. 27. 13; 3. 27. 58. -flamina: XWroV
rrvepara (Eurip. Phoen. 788).
20. pendet: harps and lyres conventionally hang when not in
use (Odyss. 8. 671; Pind. O. 1. 17; Scott, Prelude, L. of L.,
'Harp of the north! that mouldering long hast hung,' etc). -
fistula: 4. 1. 24; 1. 17. 10. Tacita with both nouns.
22. sparge rosas: cf. 1. 36. 15; Epp. 1. 5. 14, potare et spargere
flores; Herrick's and Martial's 'Now raignes (regnat) the rose.'
The hand that scattered winter roses would not be niggardly.
Cf. Martial, 4. 29. 3; 6. 80; Lucian, Nigrin. 31; Pater, Marius,
Chap. 12, sub fin., 'And at no time had the winter roses from
Carthage seemed more lustrously yellow and red,' - audiat,
etc.: Propert. 4. 8. 9, dulciaque ingratos adimant convivia
somnos. [ publica vicinae perstrepat aura viae.
23-24. Lycus: some old man who lived near the scene of the
revel. There is a neighbor AMKOS in Theoc. 14. 24.       For
the invidious repetition (Lycus... Lyco) cf. on 1. 13. 1-2.
24. vicina: Lycus' young wife. - non habilis: not tempestiva (27).
25. spissa: no 'thin and icy crown.' - nitidum: cf. on 2. 12.
19, 'well-groomed.' But cf. Pind. Nem. 1.68, pactsaav... K6pav.
Tenn. El., 'Her bright hair blown about the serious face.'
26. puro: i.e. in a clear sky. Cf. 2. 5. 19; 3. 10. 8; 3. 29. 45.
-similem... vespero: cf. on 3. 7. 1; 3. 9. 21. -Telephe:
1. 13. 1- 4. 11. 21.
27. tempestiva: suited to thee; cf. 1. 23. 12; 4. 1. 9; and




BOOK III., ODE XX.                    379
non habilis above. - petit: 1. 33. 13. - Rhode: 'whose name
and fame are of roses' (Symonds).
28. me: Epode 14. 15. - lentus: 1. 13. 8; Tibull. 1. 4. 81
lento me torquet amore. - Glycerae: 1. 19. 5; 1. 30. 3; 1. 13. 2.
- torret: 1. 33. 6; 4. 1. 12. It is a smoldering fire. Theoc. 3.
17, 5s je KaracITOXwv.
ODE XX.
Have a care, Pyrrhus. Thy furious rival will rush upon thee
as the Homeric lioness robbed of her whelps charges the hunt.
Meanwhile Nearchus, the object of your strife, stands unconcerned, the breeze fanning his perfumed locks, a Greek marble,
fair as Nireus or Ganymede.
1. non vides: you don't see? nonne vides (1. 14. 3): don't you
see? - moveas: KveYp, disturb.
2. Gaetulae: 1. 23. 10.
3. post paullo: so Epist. 1. 6. 43. The usual paullo post
would   be intolerably  prosaic. - inaudax:   apparently  an
Horatian coinage for droX/Aos; with raptor it forms a slight
oxymoron.
5-10. The imagery is Homeric. Cf. II. 18. 318; per obstantis catervas recurs in a martial setting, 4. 9. 43; here the expression is a mock heroic equivalent of the OaXepol altol, the
lusty warriors of the Homeric host.
6. insignem: he is easily known by his beauty. Cf. 1: 33. 5;
Verg. Aen. 7. 762, Virbius insignem quem mater Aricia misit.
7. grande certamen: apposition with sentence. Cf. Verg.
Aen. 6. 223, and Shaks. 'Hangs one that gathers samphire -
dreadful trade.'
8. illi: so the Mss.; maior must then be rendered rather. Of
course, strictly speaking, the prize falls to one or the other, and
there is no greater or less portion. But provided the meaning
be clear, poets are quite ready to sacrifice this kind of logic to the
rhythm or the desired turn of phrase. Modern editors generally
read illa and render maior, superior, i.e. victorious..
10. haec dentis acuit: still Homeric. Cf. II. 13. 474; 11.
416, of the boar. The clause is coordinate with the preceding
and is introduced by dum.




880                       NOTES.
11. arbiter: Nearchus, who is prize and judge in one.---
posuisse: his foot is planted on it. - nudo: helps the picture.
Cf. Tenn. (Enone, 'From the violets her light foot 1 Shone rosy
white'; cf. 4. 1. 27.
12. palmam: of victory, 1. 1. 5.
13. leni recreare vento umerum: let the gentle breeze blow
over his shoulders. Cf. 4. 10. 3. n.
15. Nireus: 'Nireus was the fairest man that to fair Ilion
came' (Chapman), II. 2. 72. - aquosa: cf. on 2. 2. 15; Tennyson's 'many-fountained Ida'; cf. II. 11. 183.
16. raptus: Ganymede; cf. 4. 4. 4; II. 20. 233.
ODE XXI.
To a wine-jar born with Horace in the year 65, and now to be
opened in honor of (M. Valerius Messala) Corvinus.
Messala was a student at Athens, B.C. 42, with Horace and
Marcus Cicero. After Philippi, he declined the leadership of the
remnant of the republican party and joined the triumvirs. At
the time of the peace of Brundisium, he left the service of Antony for that of Octavian, on whose side he was found at Actium.
He was consul B.C. 31, and was granted a triumph for victories
over the Aquitanians B.c. 27. Henceforth he devoted himself
to his law practice and lettered ease. His eloquence is praised
and compared with that of Asinius Pollio by Quintil., 10. 1. 113.
He was the Maecenas of the circle of Tibullus. Servius (on
Verg. Aen. 8. 310) reports a symposium graced by the presence
of Maecenas, Horace, and Vergil, cum ex persona Messallae de
vi vini loqueretur - the theme of this ode.
Paraphrase by Rowe, Johnson's Poets 9. 472.
1. L. Manlius Torquatus was consul B.c. 65. Cf. Epode 13. 6.
2. querellas... geris: some men ont le vin triste; others,
gai. For the fancy that the bottle contains its effects, cf.
Heine, Buch Le Grand, V.,' Gestern bei Tische horte ich jemand
eine Thorheit sprechen die anno 1811 in einer Weintraube
gesessen, welche ich damals selbst auf dem Johannisberge
wachsen sah.' So Emerson, 'there is much eloquence in a cup
of tea.'




BOOK III., ODE XXI.                   381
3. 1. 13. 10-11; 1. 17. 25. Or cf. 1. 27. 4; 1. 18. 8.
4. facilem... somnum: cf. 2. 11. 8; 3. 1. 20-21. n. - pia:
faithful to its charge (servas, 7, cf. Anth. Pal. IX., 232, <po..
pooDvrv trLarcr). Or it may be felt merely as a half-humorous
fondling epithet of the 'dive bouteille.'- testa: 1. 20. 2; 3.
14. 20; Epp. 1. 2. 70.
5. quocumque... nomine: strictly a figure from bookkeeping, on whatever account. - lectum... Massicum: gathered (grapes of) Massic, i.e. Massic vintage. Or, choice Massic.
6. moveri: cf. Epode 13.6, tuvina... move. For inf. pass.
with dignus, cf. Sat. 1. 3. 24. It is common in silver prose.
7. descende: from the apotheca, which was in the upper part
of the house. Cf. 3. 8. 11. n.; 3. 28. 7.
8. promere: cf. 1. 36. 11; 1. 37. 5. -languidiora: cf. 3. 16.
35.
9. non ille: cf. 4. 9. 51; non ego, 1. 18. 11. -madet: he is
steeped in Socratic discourse, but has no churlish (horridus)
aversion to other steepings. Cf. madidus homo, uvidi, 4. 5. 39,
'a wet night,' and the like. For the metaphor, cf. Martial, 7.
51. 5, iure madens; 1. 39. 3, si quis Cecropiae madidus Latiaeque
Minervae.
11-12. prisci: stern old, good old. Cf. 2. 3. 21; 4. 2. 40;
Epode 2. 2; Catull. 64. 159, saeva quod horrebas prisci praecepta
parentis; Epp. 2. 2. 117, priscis... Catonibus atque Cethegis.
- Catonis: cf. 2. 15. 11. n., and for the periphrasis with virtus,
cf. 1. 3. 36. n.; Sat. 2. 1. 72, virtus Scipiadae et mitis sapientia
Laeli.
13-20. For similar praises of wine, cf. 1. 18. 3-6. n.; 4. 12.
19-20; Epp. 1. 5. 19; Bacchylides, fr. 27; Ovid, A. A. 1. 237 -242, an imitation of this passage; Cotton, Ode upon Winter;
Herrick, 197, 'The Welcome to Sack'; 773, A Hymn to Bacchus;
Burns, 'Scotch drink,' John Barleycorn, sub fin., The Holy Fair,
'Leeze me on drink! it gies us mair I Than either school or
college; | It kindles wit, it waukens lair, | It pangs us fu' o'
knowledge'; Agnes Repplier, Atlantic Monthly, Oct., 1896.
13. tormentum: rack, spur, pressure. Bacchyl. fr. 27,
yX\LKEV dtY&cKa; Epp. 2. 3. 435, torquere mero; with lene an
oxymoron.




382


NOTES.


14. plerumque: cf. 1. 34. 7.
14-16. Cf. Odyss. 14. 463-466, 'Wildering wine that sets
even a wise man on to sing aloud, and to laugh merrily, and
uttereth a word that were better left unsaid.' - iocoso: cf.
4. 15. 26.- Lyaeo: Deliverer, i.e. from care; cf. 1. 7. 22. n.
The Romans associated Liber (Xel3?) with liber, free. Cf.
Sen. Dial 9. 17. 8, Liberque non ob licentiam linguae dictus est
inventor vini, sed quia liberat servitio curarum animum, etc.
17. spem, etc.: cf. 4. 12. 19; Epp. 1. 5. 17; 1. 15. 19.
18. virisque: que connects reducis and addis. - cornua:
courage; cf. 2. 19. 30. n., Lex. s.v. II.; Coleridge, Biographia
Literaria, p. 208; 1 Sam. 2. 1.
19-20. 'Inspiring, bold John Barleycorn! [ What dangers
thou can'st mak' us scorn' (Burns, Tam o'Shanter).
19. post te: cf. 1. 18. 5, post vina. - iratos: transferred
epithet or hypallage. Cf. 3. 1. 42-43. - trementi: transitive.
20. apices: tiaras; cf. 1. 34. 14.
22. segnes... solvere: loath to loose. - nodum: of twining arms. Cf. 1. 4. 6. n.; 3. 19. 17.
23. vivae: cf. 3. 8. 14. - producent: prolong, keep up. So
cenam producimus (Sat. 1. 5. 70); noctem producere vino (Martial,
2. 89. 1); Tibull. 1. 4. 5. - lucernae: the lamps are personified
with the rest.
24. dum... fugat: For image, cf. 'And Phoebus in his
chair I Ensaffroning sea and air I Makes vanish every star'
(Drummond of Hawthornden); 'Wake! For the Sun who
scatter'd into flight I The Stars before him from the Field of
Night,' etc. (Omar Khayyam, I.).
ODE XXII.
Dedication of a pine, at the poet's villa, to Diana Nemorensis.
1. For Diana, Queen of the Woods, etc., cf. on 1. 21. 5; Catull.
34. 9.
2. In   this  function, "Aprep/s - Diana - was   identified
with Juno Lucina. Cf. Catull. 34. 9, Tu Lucina cjolentibus I
luno dicta puerperis, I tu potens trivia et notho es I dicta lumine




BOOK III., ODE XXII.                    383
luna. - puellas: here used of young married women; so Ov.
Am. 2. 13. 19, tuque laborantis utero miserata puellas.
3. ter: 1. 28. 36.
4. Diva triformis: as Luna, Diana, Hecate. Cf. Catull.,
supra; Verg. Aen. 4. 511, tergeminamque Hecaten, tria virginis
ora Dianae; Ov. Met. 7. 94, per sacra triformis I ille deae. Her
image at the crossways had three faces. Ov. Fast. 1. 141, ora
vides Hecates in tres vertentia partes, I servet ut in ternas compita
secta vias. Modern poetry variously symbolizes it: 'Goddess
whom all gods love with threefold heart, I Being'treble in thy
divided deity' (Swinb. Atalanta, init.); 'Thro' Heaven I roll my
lucid moon along; I I shed in Hell o'er my pale people peace, I
On Earth,' etc. (Browning, Artemis Prologuizes); 'Goddess
triform I own thy triple spell: I Queen of my earth, Queen too
of my heaven and hell' (Lowell); 'With borrowed light her
countenance triform I Hence fills,' etc. (Milton). Cf. the quaint
old Latin distich, Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, luna, Diana, I
ima, suprema, feras, sceptro, fulgore, sagitta.
5. imminens... esto: let the pine that overhangs my
villa be sacred to thee. With tua cf. Verg. Aen. 10. 423, tua
quercus,
6-8. quam verris sanguine donem: to which I may make offering
with the blood of a boar,
6. per exactos annos: at the close of each year, 3. 18. 5; Verg.
Aen. 5. 46, annuus exactis completur mensibus orbis. - laetus:
the libens merito of votive inscriptions.
7. obliquum: on account of the position of its tusks the boar
strikes sidewise; Homer's XiKptql dltas (Od. 19. 451; II. 12.
148). Cf. Ov. Her. 4. 104, obliquo dente timendus aper; Met. 8.
344, et obliquo latrantis (the dogs) dissipat ictu. For the periphrastic description of the victim, cf. 3. 13. 4; 4. 2. 54.- meditantis: that the victim was to be a domesticated boar has been
shown by Heinze. The picture, however, obliquum meditantis
ictum, is borrowed from a boar hunt in which the animal is
killed just as he is making ready to strike. There is no indication of age in meditantis.




384


NOTES.


ODE XXIII.
Horace, Epicurean and Student of Greek Philosophy, 'tells
the farmer's little girl that the Gods will love her, though she
has only a handful of salt and meal to give them' (Ruskin,
Queen of the Air, 48).
Translated, as a sonnet, by Austin Dobson. Cf. Lang, Letters
to Dead Authors, p. 210. For Horace's religion, cf. on 1. 34,
3. 18; Sellar, pp. 159-160.
1. caelo: dat. Cf. manusque susum ad caelum sustulit suas
rex; &varelvats oppavc  xeZpas (Pind. Is. 5. 41). -  supinas: like
07OToS, of upturned palms (Aesch. Prom. 1005; Verg. Aen.
4. 205).
2. nascente luna: on the first day of each (lunar) month. Cf.
3. 19. 9. - Phidyle:   detio0at, the sparing, thrifty one.
3. ture: Tibull. 1. 3. 34, reddereque antiquo menstrua tura
Lari; Herrick, 334, To Larr. - horna: this year's; Epode 2.
47; a sheaf or garland of the new grain as first fruits. Tibull.
1. 10. 22, seu dederat sanctae spicea serta comae.
4. Laris: cf. Harper's Class. Diet. s.v. - avida: the homely
proprium lends a touch of intimacy. Cf. Keats' 'small gnats,'
Vergil's exiguus mus. - porca: Tibull. 1. 10. 26. Cf. 3. 17. 15;
Sat. 2. 3. 165, porcum Laribus. Servius, on Verg. Aen. 8. 641,
says that female victims are more efficacious. Quintilian, 8.
3. 19, thinks that the form porco would have destroyed the
Vergilian elegance of caesa iungebat foedera porca. See Postgate, Preface to Br6al's Semantics, p. 12.
5. Africum: 'sirocco.' 'Afric bane' (Dobson).
6. fecunda: forppv6e, thick-clustered. -  sterilem: withering,
active, as sterilis Sirius (Verg. Aen. 3. 141).
7. Robigo: blight was regularly worshiped as a deity to be
propitiated (Ov. Fast. 4. 907).- alumni: 3. 18. 4.
8. pomifer autumnus (4. 7. 11) is 'season of mists and mellow
fruitfulness,' as well as of the nocentem Austrum (2. 14. 15). -
grave: sickly; Liv. 3. 6, grave tempus et... pestilens annus. -
anno: season; Epode 2. 29. 'The sick apple-tide' (Dobson).
9. Algido: 1. 21. 6; 4. 4. 58; Macaulay, Horat., 'When




BOOK III., ODE XXIII.                   885
round the lonely cottage | Roars loud the tempest's din, j And
the good logs of Algidus 1 Roar louder yet within.'
10. Constriue nam    victima  quae, devota, pascitur, etc. -
devota: doomed to death; Milton has ' to death devote.' Cf. 4.
14. 18.
11. crescit: cf. 4. 2. 55. - Albanis: in the pastures assigned
to the temples for the purpose (Dionys. 3. 29).
13. te: for similar contrast, cf. 4. 2. 53. - attinet: it concerns thee not, thou hast no need.
14. temptare: try, besiege, importune. Cf. 1. 2. 26, fatigare;
2. 18. 12, lacesso. - bidentium: of full-grown victims; properly
two-year-old sheep, which are called bidentes from the two
prominent teeth which appear in their lower jaws at that age.
15-16. parvos... deos: Ov. Fast. 5. 130, signaque parva
deum; the little images of the Lares; in her case of wood.
17-20. immunis, etc.: If there is no guilt in the hand that touches
the altar, it doth not appease the estranged Penates more acceptably
with costly sacrifice than with pious grain and crackling salt. -
mollivit: gnomic perfect, hath not, doth not. Immunis, in
Horace, usually means without a gift. Cf. 4. 12. 23; Epp. 1.
14. 33. Here it has the force of immunis scelerum, innocent.
In this sense it would seem to require a genitive. Cf. Ovid's
immunis caedis habere manus. But the absolute use is no
harsher than that of acervos in 2.2. 24. In any case, the thought
is the religious commonplace that Heaven prefers innocence
and the pauper's mite to the splendid offerings of the rich.
Immunis is the emphatic word; the rendering without a gift
merely says that the small offering is as acceptable as the great,
and misses the main point of the utterance. Cf. Gildersleeve,
on Persius, 2. 75; Psalms 69. 31; Eurip., frs. 946, 327, Nauck;
Isoc. 2. 20. But see Postgate, Classical Quarterly IV (1910),
106 sqq.
18. sumptuosA: if we could read sumptuosd blandior, assuming that Horace allowed the form -, - %, hostia could be the
subject of mollivit, and the sentence would run smoothly enough.
19. aversos: cf. Epode 10. 18. But they are not positively
hostile in Phidyle's case. Cf. 1. 36. 2. n.
20. Cf. Pliny, N. H. Praef., mola tantum salsa litant qui non




386


NOTES.


habent tura; Lev. 2. 13, 'with all thine offerings thou shalt offer
salt'; Herrick, 106, 'Making thy peace with heav'n, for some
late fault, I With Holy-meale, and spirting-salt'; Swinb. At
Eleusis, 'Faint grape-flowers and cloven honey-cake I And the
just grain with dues of the shed salt'; Tibull. 3. 4. 10, Et natum
in curas hominum genus omina noctis I Farre pio placant et
saliente sale. - saliente: that crackles in the blaze.
ODE XXIV.
Villas by the sea and all the wealth of Araby or Ind cannot
deliver thee from death or the fear of death. Better the rude
virtues of the nomad Scythian than our luxury and vice. Who
will prove the true father of his country and curb this license?
Posterity will give him the honors that envious contemporaries
grudge. But of what avail are laws or complaints when our
manners recognize no disgrace save poverty? Away with our
gems and pernicious gold. Our youths must be trained in a
sterner school. What marvel if the son cannot keep his saddle
and prefers dicing to the hunt, when his perjured sire defrauds
his associate and still piles up gold for an unworthy heir?
The moralizing is in the vein of 3. 1. 14-45, 3. 2. 1-7, 3.6, 2. 15,
with the fervid rhetoric of Epode 16. In 4. 5. 21-25 and 4. 15.
10-15 the savior of society here invoked is found in Augustus.
Cf. Sellar, p. 156; Sueton. Octav. 34. 89; and the boast of
Augustus, Mon. Ancyr. 2. 12-14, Legibus novis latis complura
exempla maiorum exolentia iam ex nostro usu reduxi et ipse
multarum rerum exempla imitanda posteris tradidi.
The date may be approximately that of 3. 6, - B.c. 28-27.
1. intactis: unrifled (cf. on 1. 29. 1); 'richer than the treasures' is a natural brachylogy (cf. on 2. 14. 28; 1. 8. 9).
2-3. Indiae: 1. 31. 6. n. -caementis: 3. 1. 35.
4. Tyrrhenum... Apulicum: All Mss. read Tyrrhenum.
For Apulicum many have publicum. The text can be defended
only as a loose hyperbole for 'every coast.' Lachmann's ingenious terrenum... et mare publicum is not really proved, as
German editors affirm, by Porphyrio's non terram tantum, verum
etiam maria occupantem, etc., which might be said, whatever the




BOOK III., ODE XXIV.                  387
text here, by any one familiar with 2. 18. 22 and 3. 1. 36. Mare
publicum, it is true, prettily brings out the special force of
occupes, and the quantity of upulicum lacks support. See on
3. 4. 9. Cf. 3. 1. 40.
5. figit: cf. 1. 3. 36. n. - adamantinos: cf. Plat. Rep. 616 C;
L. and S. s.v. 4cd4ias.  Older English writers use 'diamond.'
Cf. 'nails of diamond,' 1. 35. 17. n.
6. summis verticibus: the image will not square with matterof-fact logic. The meaning seems to be, 'You build, but the last
nail will be driven by destiny.' Cf. on 2. 18. 29-31; 1. 35. 17.
Summis verticibus will then be in (or into) the topmost gable. It
has also been taken 'up to the heads' (of the nails), and, somewhat grotesquely, 'into the heads' (of men).
8. laqueis: 0. T. passim, e.g., Psalms, 18. 5, 'the snares of
death prevented me'; Stat. Silv. 5. 155, undique leti I vallavere
plagae. The Hindoo death-god Yama flings a noose. Aeschylus is fond of the 'net of doom' (Ag. 361, 1048, 1376; Prom.
1078). Milton has 'tangled in the fold I Of dire necessity'
(Sams. Ag.); Shelley, Cenci, 'a net of ruin.'
9. campestres: of the plains (steppes). Cf. 3. 8. 24; 1. 35. 9.
- melius: Tac. Ger. 19, melius quidem adhuc eae civitates, etc.
10. vagas: not proleptic, but a poetic oxymoron with domos.
Cf. Pind fr. 105, c/zaoo0b6pTrov ofKoV; Arnold, Strayed Reveller,
'They see the Scythian I On the wide steppe, unharnessing I His
wheel'd house at noon'; Sen. Here. Fur. 537, intravit (Hercules)
Scythiae multivagas domos. Cf. also Aesch. Prom. 709; Milton,
P. L. 3, 'the barreh plains I Of Sericana where Chineses drive I
With sails and wind their cany waggons light.' --rite: after
their manner (Verg. Aen. 9. 252).
11. rigidi: frozen (2. 9. 20), or stern and rude, severe; Epp.
1. 1. 17, virtutis verae custos rigidusque satelles; Epp. 2. 1. 25.
12. immetata... liberas: the land is undivided and its
produce common, as in the golden age. Verg. G. 1. 126, ne signare quidem aut partiri limite campum I fas erat: in medium
quaerebant; Ov. Met. 1. 135; Claud. in Rufin. 1. 380.
13. Cererem: cf. 1. 7. 22. n.; Epode 16. 43.
14. culturl... annui: i.e. they stay only a year in one
place, and only a part of the tribe is detailed to raise the year's




888


NOTES.


crops. So Caesar, B. G. 4. 1, relates of the Suevi, and Tac. Ger.
19, of the Germans.
15. defunctum: of the year's labors here; in 2. 18. 38,
functum, of all life's labors. Cf. Br6al, S6mantique, 170.
16. recreat: relieves. - sorte: abl. manner, on like terms.
17. illic: there among those children of nature all the
virtues flourish for Horace's imagination, as they did for Tacitus
(Germania), for the Greek rhetors of the empire (Dio Chrysost.
Or. 69), and for Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Goldsmith in China,
Persia, or Peru.
18. temperat: spares (deals kindly with) the motherless stepchildren. The cruelty of the iniusta noverca was proverbial.
Cf. Epode 5. 9; Otto, s.v. - innocens: wronging them not,
perhaps etymologically not nocens. Cf. on 4. 4. 65.
19. nec dotata: dowries are unknown. By the Greek proverb, 'a dowerless woman cannot speak her mind.' The richly
dowered apparently could (Plaut. Men. 759; Aul. 526; Martial,
8. 12). The dower had to be returned if the husband divorced
her.
20. nitido: spruce, dandified. Cf. 3. 19. 25.--fidit: coniunx,
rather than dotata coniunx, is felt as the subject.
21. dos... magna: a moral or metaphorical dower. Cf.
Plaut. Amphitr. 839; Anth. Pal. 9. 96. 6.
22-23. Cf. Tennyson's daintier expression '.. The laws
of marriage character'd in gold I Upon the blanched tablets of
her heart... crown'd Isabel... The queen of marriage, a
most perfect wife.' - metuens: that shrinks from; cf. 3. 19. 16,
3.11. 10.- certo foedere: cf. 1. 13.18. Loose characterizing abl.
24. et peccare nefas: editors generally supply illic est. It
can be more idiomatically taken as the third part of the dowry,
which consists of (1) honorable birth, (2) sensitive purity, (3)
the stern tradition of Scythian morality. The idiom is an
extension of that of ademptus Hector (2. 4. 10), which young
students cannot take too much pains to master. Cf. Lucan, 2.
656, where Roma... capi... facilis is one third of the
subject; Juv. 10. 110, summus nempe locus nulla non arte petitus
the unscrupulous pursuit of power. - peccare: cf. 3. 7. 19. n.
- aut: 3. 12. 2. n. - pretium: a vox media. Cf. Juv, 13.




BOOK III., ODE XXIV.                   889
105, ille crucem sceleris pretium tulit, hic diadema; so pur06s
(Aesch. Ag. 1261); Spenser, 'Bold Procrustes' hire' (punishment). Or oxymoron.
25. 0 quisquis: returning to wicked Rome and the hope of
reform.- impias: 1. 35. 34-35. n.
26. rabiem: Epode 7. 13.- civicam: 2. 1. 1. n.
27. pater urbium: a variation on pater patriae. Cf. 1. 2. 50.
n.; Cic. ad Q. Fr. 1. 1. 31, parentem Asiae; Stat. Silv. 3. 4. 48,
pater... urbis. Augustus appears in an inscription as parens
coloniae. The provinces and cities of Asia took the lead in the
apotheosis of the emperor. Hence conceivably urbium is to be
taken with statuis. Some editors print PATER URBIUM, but it
is to be taken predicatively with subscribi.
29. refrenare: cf. Tennyson's etymological 'trade refrain the
powers.' For the image, cf. 4. 15. 10; Cic. de Or. 3. 41, validae
legum habenae (quotation); Cic. de Div. 2. 20; Shaks. Hen. V.,
5. 3. 3, 'What rein can hold licentious wickedness I When down
the hill he holds his steep career?' Hen. IV., 2. 4. 4, 'For the
fourth Harry from curb'd license plucks I The muzzle of restraint.'
30. post genitis: posteris, 6iry6vots, posterity, found only here.
- quatenus: in so far as, inasmuch as, since. G. L. 538. n. 5.
It motivates post genitis. The thought is elaborated, Epp. 2. 1.
10-20, 86-89, whence Pope's imitation, 'These suns of glory
please not till they set.' Cf. Menander, Stob. 125. 3; Veil. 2.
92; Propert. 4. 1.22; Ov. Am. 1. 15. 39; Phaedr. Fab. 5 Praefat.
Mart. 5. 10. 12, 5. 13. 4; Herrick, 624, 'I make no haste to have
my numbers read: I Seldome comes Glorie till a man be dead';
Tenn., 'neither count on praise: I It grows to guerdon afterdays'; Ruskin, Pref. Modern Painters, 2d ed.- heu nefas:
4. 6. 17.
31. incolumem: in the living, 1. 3. 7, 3. 5. 12, 4. 5. 27.
32. quaerimus: i.e. requirimus, miss. Cf. Mart. 5. 10. 5,
sic veterem ingrati Pompei quaerimus umbram.
33. tristes: dismal, austere, not sad. Cf. 3. 16. 3.
34. reciditur: in Sat. 1. 3. 122, of pruning (furta) falce recisurum. In Ov. Met. 1. 190, the metaphor is surgical: sed immedicabile vulnus I ense recidendum ne pars sincera trahatur.




390                       NOTES.
35-36. leges sine moribus vanae: the words relnforce each
other as in the phrases, coram a praesentibus, ignari casu aliquo,
palam ante oculos. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 392. For thought, cf. 4. 5.
22; Tac. Ger. 19, plus ibi boni mores valent quam alibi bonae
leges.
36-41. For thought, cf. 1. 3, Intr.
37. pars: 3. 3. 55. - inclusa: shut in (away) from man -
domibus negata, 1. 22. 22. Cf. Lucret. 5. 204, inde duas porro
prope partis fervidus ardor I adsiduusque geli casus mortalibus
aufert.
38. latus: 1. 22. 19.
39. solo: i.e. (in) solo.
40. mercatorem: the thought of 1. 3 (Intr.), The restless
merchant seeks unnatural gains. Cf. 1. 1. 16; A. P. 117; Sat. 1.
1. 6, 29; Epp. 1. 1. 46, per mare pauperiem fugiens; Pers. 5. 55,
132 sqq.; Herrick, 106, 'Thou never plow'st the Ocean's foame I
To seek and bring rough pepper home.' - horrida callidi: man's
cunning pitted against nature. Cf. on 1. 6. 9; Soph. Antig. 335
sqq.; 'And skilful shipmen flout the horrors of the deep'
(Martin). With this clause and the next supply si.
42. Cf. on 1. 24, for Latin and English idiom.
43. quidvis: cf. 1.3.25. n.; 3.3.52, omne. Cf. Sat. 2. 3. 91 -92; Lucian de Mere. Cond. 717, 7revlav 7rdvra TroLEv Kal rdXeiLv
dvacrelaovaav; Eurip. El. 375; Shaks. R. and J. 5. 1, 'My poverty
but not my will consents.'
44. virtutis viam: rv V1' dperis 66dv, Xen. Mem. 2. 1. 21. It is
proverbially steep. Hamlet, 1. 3, 'Show me the steep and
thorny way to heaven'; Hes. Op. 289; Simon. fr. 58; Tenn.
Ode on Duke of Well. 8; Stat. Theb. 10. 8. 45, ardua virtus.
Cf. iter, 3. 2. 22. - deserit: the felt subject is pauper.
45. Horace, in the r61e of a Savonarola, calls for a 'bonfire of
vanities,' so to speak.
45-47. vel... vel: the method is indifferent, so the end
be attained.
45. in Capitolium: sc. feramus latent in mittamus (50), to
dedicate them to Jupiter amid the plaudits of the crowd, clamor
et turba (46), as in a triumph. For the enormous treasures deposited there by Augustus una donatione, cf. Suet. Octav. 30.




BOOK III., ODE XXIV.                    391
47. proximum: cf. on fortuitum, 2. 15. 17.
48. gemmas et lapides: the separate application of these
terms to pearls, cut gems, and precious stones generally, is disputed. - inutile: not as 1. 14. 13, unavailing, or (3. 17. 10)
worthless, but by litotes, baneful. So Cic. Phil. 1. 19, iniquum
et inutile.
49. materiem: substance; wealth is not merely the root but
the constituent matter of evil, or perhaps the fuel that feeds the
fire. Cf. Sall. Cat. 10, igitur primo pecuniae, deinde imperi
cupido crevit: ea quasi (so to speak) materies omnium malorum
fuere.
50. si bene paenitet: if our repentance is sincere.
51-52. eradenda... elementa: if Horace felt elementa here
as letters, the figure is that of making tabula rasa; if he felt it as
seed-germs (root ol, 'grow'), we must think of the gardener's hoe.
Probably he did not go back of the faded generalized meaning,
beginnings.
55. haerere: apparently the normal word. Cf. Cic. pro
Deiot. 28, haerere in eo (sc. equo); Ov. Met. 4. 26, pando non
fortiter haeret asello. - ingenuus: heightening    the  shame.
'But chiefly skill to ride seems a science I Proper to gentle blood'
(F. Q. 2. 4. 1).
56. doctior: scornful antithesis to rudis.
57. trocho: the Greek name invidiously (Juv. 3. 67) for the
effeminate sport (hoop-trundling, KpLKnriavrla) opposed to the
manlier exercises of Rome. Cf. Sat. 2. 2. 9; Epp. 1. 18. 49.
For the vogue of the trochus, cf. A. P. 380; Ov. Trist. 2. 486;
Martial, 14. 169.
58. mAlis: not malis -   vetita: nominally, Cic. Philip. 2.
56; Ov. Trist. 2. 471.
59-60. cum... fallat:  cf. Hale, Cum-Const., p. 191;
'Faithless faith such as Jove kept with thee' (Shelley, Prom. 3.
3).
59. fides: 1. 5. 5. n.; 1. 18. 16. n.
60. consortem socium: his associate in business, partner.
Sors is the capital of the business.
61. indigno: contrast the irony of 2. 14. 25, dignior.
62. properet: trans.; cf. 2. 7. 24. - scilicet: yes, truly, 'Let




392


NOTES.


us hear the conclusion of the whole matter.' - improbae: 3. 9.
22, unconscionable, transferred from the man who is never
satisfied to the object of his insatiate greed. Cf. Verg. Aen. 2.
356; Lucret. 5. 1006.
63. crescentem: 3. 16. 17; 3. 16. 42.
64. curtae: every estate is incomplete; it always falls short
of the owner's growing desires. Epp. 1. 6. 34-35; wealth is an
d7retpov, Ar. Eth. Cf. Solon, fr. 13. 71 sqq. - rei: 3. 16. 257
ODE XXV.
A dithyramb. Horace affects the Bacchic inspiration in order
to set the name and fame of Caesar among the stars. The new
theme, recens (1. 7), may possibly be the overthrow of Cleopatra
(cf. 1. 37, Epode 9), or more probably the bestowal of the title
Augustus upon Octavian, B.C. 27.
On the apotheosis of Augustus, cf. 3. 3. 16. n.; 4. 5. 35. n.;
Sellar, p. 156. With the whole, cf. the ode to Bacchus, 2. 19.
1. Cf. Herrick, 416, 'Whither dost thou whorry (hurry) me, |
Bacchus, being full of thee?'
2. plenum: cf. on 2. 19. 6.- quae: (in) nemora, etc. Cf.
Verg. Aen. 6. 692, quas ego te (per) terras et quanta per aequora
vectum.
3. mente nova: with changed feelings.
4. antris: by what grots; as dat. rather than loc. abl. per
sonifies grots as listeners and avoids tautology with in specus
- egregii: 1. 6. 11. n.
5. aeternum: perhaps proleptic. - meditans: used of composing aloud, and so here attempting to celebrate;   e\erCWv.
Cf. Verg. Eel. 1. 2; 6. 82.; Milton's, 'strictly meditate the
thankless muse.' -decus: direct object of meditans.
6. stellis inserere: Tac. Dial. 10, et nomen inserere possunt
famae; Tenn., 'Not this way will you set your name I A star
among the stars'; Id. Last Tournament, 'The knights I glorying
in each new glory set his name I High on all hills and in the signs
of heaven'; Lucret. 5. 329. Inserere is a complementary infinitive with meditans.




BOOK III., ODE XXV.                   893
7. insigne: cf. 1. 12. 39.
8. indictum: Epp. 1. 19. 32, non alio dictum prius ore.
8-12. non secus... ut: soaeque... ut (1. 16. 7-9). Ac
mihi after ac pede (11) would have been a horrible cacophony.
Non secus (2. 3. 2). Horace compares his sensations to those
of the Maenad, as she looks out on the panorama of the Thracian
plain, the river Hebrus, and the snow-capped summit of Mt.
Rhodope in the distance.     Exsomnis, alvros, pervigil, must
mean sleepless (all the night). The Maenads reveled through
the night (Soph. Ant. 1152).
8. in iugis: cf. Anth. Pal. 6. 74, pacarapli... Ko'reXop6pbpos;
Verg. Aen. 3. 125; Sil. 4. 776; Lucan, 1. 674, qualis verticePindij
Edonis (cf. 2. 7. 27) Ogygio decurrit plena Lyaeo.
9. stupet: is amazed. Ov. Trist. 4. 1. 42, dum stupet Edonis
exululata iugis. - Euhias: cf. on 2. 19. 7; 2. 11. 17.
10. Hebrum: in Thrace; it is the river of Orpheus, Verg.
G. 4. 524. - prospiciens: a picture like the Ariadne of Catullus
(64. 61) on the seashore straining her gaze for Theseus, quem
procul ex alga maestis Minois ocellis I Saxea ut effigies Bacchantis
prospicit eheu. Or rather, the spirit of a Greek marble is caught
by the poet. Cf. 3. 20. 11-14. - nive candidam: 1. 9. 1.
11. Thracen: 2. 16. 5.- barbaro: a wild desolate scene;
or merely Phrygian, Thracian, by Greek usage.
12. lustratam: cf. Vergil's virginibus bacchata Lacaenis I Taygeta. English poets render lustrare by 'trace.' Cf. Milton,
Comus, 'May trace huge forests and unharbour'd heaths.' -
Rhodopen: a mountain in Thrace. Cf. Milton, P. L. 7. init.,
'But drive far off the barbarous dissonance I Of Bacchus and
his revellers, the race I Of that wild rout that tore the Thracian
bard I In Rhodope.' - devio: in my wanderings.
13. ripas: so absolutely, 3. 1. 23; 4. 2. 31. - nemus: 1. 1. 30.
14-20, Cf. Arnold, The Strayed Reveller, 'And sometimes,
for a moment, I Passing through the dark stems I Flowingrobed, the beloved, I The desired, the divine, I Beloved Iacchus';
cf. ibid. Bacchanalia, I., too long to quote.
14. potens: 1. 3. 1. Cf. 2. 19. 3.
15-16. valentium... vertere: as they do in Eurip. Bacch.
1109. - vertere: evertere. For inf. with valeo, cf. 1. 34. 12.




394


NOTES.


17. parvum: 3. 3. 72. - humili modo: lowly, raTrei6v, ser.
mones... repentes per humum, Epp. 2. 1. 250.
18. mortale: Milton, P. L. 7, when his muse descends from
heaven, says: 'Standing on earth not rapt above the pole, I
More safe I sing with mortal voice.' But Horace is resolved to
be 'rapt.' - dulce periculum: oxymoron. Cf. 'sweet sorrow,'
KaX6s 6 KlvSvvos. For the danger, cf. on 2. 19. 5 sqq.; Homer,
II. 20. 131; Judges 13. 22.
19. Lenaee: 0 God of the wine-press; cf. Orph. Hymn. 50,
Acvate (Xuv6s, a wine-press).
20. Cf. on 4. 8. 33. cingentem: probably with the subject
of sequi, i.e. the poet (cf. on 1. 1. 29); possibly of the god (cf.
Milton's 'ivy-crowned Bacchus'; Pindar's KcLi-o5TraV Oedv, fr.
75. 9).
ODE XXVI.
Horace is no longer fit 'to trail a pike under love's colours'
(Chapman), and he dedicates to Venus his useless arms, the
lover's lute, the torch that lights him to his lady's door, the
' portal-bursting bar' (Dobson) that wins him admission. His
one prayer is that the goddess may - give that disdainful Chloe
one touch of her uplifted lash.
The sixth book of the Anthology is full of serious or playful
dedications of arms or implements by superannuated warriors,
craftsmen, or coquettes.  See Reitzenstein, Horaz und die hellenistische Lyrik, Neue Jahrbticher 21 (1908). 91.  Cf. Epp.
1. 1. 4; Sat. 1. 5. 65.
Paraphrased by Austin Dobson, Rondeau of Villon.
1. vixi: 'tis over. Cf. 3. 29. 43, and Dido, Verg. Aen. 4. 653.
--idoneus: 4. 1. 12; 2. 19. 26.
2. militavi: cf. 4. 1. 2; Ov. Am. 1. 9. 1, militat omnis amans
et habet sua castra Cupido; A. A. 2. 233; Propert. 1. 6. 29, non
ego sum laudi non natus idoneus armis. I Hanc me militiam fata
subire volunt; 'Love calls to war, I Sighs his alarms, I Lips his
swords are, [ The field his arms' (Chapman); Herrick, 873;
Tibull. 1. 1. 75. - non sine: cf. 1. 23. 3. n.
defunctum bello: finished its service.




BOOK III., ODE XXVI.


395


4. barbiton: the barbiton of Anacreon. Cf. on 1. 6. 10.
5. laevum: why the left side does not appear. Possibly as
of good omen; perhaps a particular temple is meant. -
marinae: goddess of the sea; 4. 11. 15; 1. 3. 1; Eurip. Hippoly.
415, 56orotpa iropria K6rpc; Anth. Pal. 5. 11; ibid. 5. 17. 6.
Ovid's explanation will do, Her. 15. 24, in mare nimirum ius
habet orta mari. 'It is through Cyprus that the religion of
Aphrodite comes from Phoenicia to Greece.... First of all,
on the prows of Phoenician ships, the tutelary image of Aphrodite Euploea, the protectress of sailors, comes to Cyprus - to
Cythera; it is in this simplest sense that she is primarily Anadyomene' (Pater, Greek Studies, p. 229). The 'Science of
Mythology,' of course, has many other explanations.
6. ponite: 1. 19. 14.
7. funalia: torches, of rope or tow dipped in wax or resin.
Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 727. And for their use here, Theoc. 2. 128.
They are by nature lucid, though not burning, as soiled garments
in Homer are resplendent, and the midday heavens starry. -
arcus: if genuine, is best understood of Cupidinis arcus, transferred, by loose association of ideas, to the lover. The bow
would hardly help to burst in a door. Bentley read securesque.
9. beatam: blest, by its wealth, prosperity, and the favor of
the goddess. - tenes: 3. 4. 62. n.
10. Memphin: Herod. 2.112, speaks of a worship of ýelvm 'A*poSir- there. Bacchylides, fr. 39, calls it Axdcearros. -  carentem
S.. nive: these periphrases with careo show the poverty of
the lyric vocabulary at Horace's service. Cf. 1. 28. 1, numero
carentis, dv'pt8Oios; 1. 31. 20, cithara carentem, dKl0apLs, &dvpov,
d& 6pl.iKTos; 2. 8. 12, morte carentes, 4divaros; 3. 24. 17, matre
carentibus, dLrwITp, 6p/avos; 3. 27. 39, vitiis carentem. - Sithonia:
1. 18. 9; Verg. Ecl. 10. 66, Sithoniasque nives; Ov. Am. 3. 7. 8.
For the use of the epithet here, cf. on 4. 2. 27.
11. regina: 1. 30. 1. - sublimi: 1. 1.36. We see the lash in
air. - flagello: for the image, cf. Pind. Pyth. 4. 219; Nonnus,
4. 177; Tibull. 1. 8. 6; Martial, 6. 21. 9.
12. For the surprise, cf. 4. 1. 33.




396                      NOTES.
ODE XXVII.
Bad omens for the bad. All good omens go with thee, Galatea,
since go thou must; be happy and forget me not. I know the
terrors of the wintry Adriatic; but may the wives and children
of our foes tremble at them - even as Europa trembled; and
with this forced transition Horace passes to his real theme, the
rape of Europa (25-34), her self-reproachful soliloquy far from
home on the Cretan shore (34-66), her consolation by Venus
(66-76).
Galatea (the name Theoc. 6 and 11, Callim.) is a pretext. The
ode (in this unlike Pindar) closes with the myth, one aspect of
which is chosen for detailed lyric treatment. Cf. the structure
of 3. 11 ahd 3. 5. But in 4. 4. 72 and 1. 12. 49, Horace returns
after the myth (history) to the person honored.
For propempticon to a lady, cf. Ov. Am. 2. 11; Propert. 1. 8.
For legend of Europa, cf. II. 14. 321; Mosch. Idyll. 2; Ov.
Met. 2. 836; Fast. 5. 605; Lucian, Dial. Mer. 15; Anacreontea,
35. It had been treated also in lyric by Stesichorus, Bacchylides, and Simonides. Cf. further Spenser, Muiopotmos, F. Q.
3. 11. 30; Landor, Europa and her Mother; Tenn. Palace of Art.
There is an amusing travesty of the myth by Buirger. It has
been a favorite theme of art in ancient and modern times.
1. impios: the wicked, emphatic, as hostium (21), in antithesis
with ego (7). The powers of evil are to spend their malice on
the wicked; I will invoke the good to guard thee. - parrae:
unknown; owl will do. - recinentis: probably of insistent
droning repetition. 'The moping owl does to the moon complain.' Cf. 1. 12. 3. The omens mentioned are 'signs seen on
the way,',v66tot o-tgFoXoX (Aesch. Prom. 487).
2. ducat: attend.
3. rava: Epode 16. 33, ravos leones, tawny, fire-eyed. Lanuvium lay on a height (decurrens), about a mile east of the Appian Way, the route to Brundisium and Greece.
5. rumpat: it is quibbling to object that the same journey
cannot be attended and broken off by bad omens. If Galatea
was superstitious, she would turn back and start with happier
auspices. Gaston Boissier, Religion Romaine, 1. 15.




BOOK    III., ODE XXVII.                 897
6. per obliquum: i.e. darting athwart. - similis sagittae:
Aeschylus, Eumen. 181, calls the arrow irrvi'by dpyVTo-rTv 6L<v.
Dante, Inferno, 25, Come il ramarro... Folgore par, se la via
attraversa; ibid. 8. 13; Verg. G. 4. 313.
7. mannos: Gallic ponies, Epode 4. 14. n. - cui: i.e. ei cui
timebo... suscitabo (11).
8. providus: far-seeing.
9-12. In writing Sapphics it is often necessary to choose between giving nothing or an entire strophe to the expression of
an idea. Hence perhaps this awkward expansion of the simple
thought, 'I will prevent (anticipate) bad omens with good.' -
stantis: stagnant. Or does it suggest the dead lull before the
shower? For the signs of rain, cf. Arat. Phaen. 949; Verg.
G. 1. 388. - repetat: shall revisit.
10. divina: prophetic of. The avis is the crow; cf. 3. 17. 12;
Lucret. 5. 1083; A. P. 218, divina futuri; Milton, P. L. 9, 'Yet
oft his heart, divine of something ill'; ibid. 7, (birds) that
'wedge their way intelligent of seasons.' Verg. G. 1. 415 denies
that it is quia sit divinitus illis 1 ingenium.
11. oscinem: technically oscen was a divining bird from
whose notes auguries are taken, as opposed to praepes, one
whose flight was significant.
12. solis ab ortu: the lucky quarter. As the augur faced
the south, the east was on his left; hence laevus = lucky. Cf.
26. 5. Generally, however, the Augustan poets follow Greek
usage, according to which the right is the lucky side, the left
unlucky, e.g. laevus, 15, boding ill. Cf. Verg. Ecl. 9. 15,
sinistra cornix. With solis ab, 4. 15. 16.
13. sis: optative. - licet - per me licet, parenthetic, so far
as I am concerned. Cf. Propert. 1. 8. 17, sed quocumque modo
de me periura mereris, 1 Sit Galatea tuae non aliena viae. The
smooth sweetness of this strophe seems intentional.
14. memor nostri: a formula. Cf. 3. 11. 51. n.
16. vaga: on the wing - to the pools (10). Cf. 4. 4. 2. n.
18. pronus: setting. Cf. 1. 29. 11, 4. 6. 39, for other uses
of the hardworked word. - Orion: 1. 28. 21. n. -  quid sit ater
Hadriae sinus: all about Hadria's black gulf, i.e. the Adriatic.
Galatea's itinerary apparently was along the Appian Way (cf.




398


NOTES.


Lanuvino, 3) to Brundisium and then across to Greece. For
this use of quid sit cf. Sat. 1. 6. 15; Epp. 1. 11. 7. Ater refers
to the darkness of the storm.      Cf. 2. 16. 2; Macaulay
cited on 1. 3. 20, and    Regillus 36, 'So comes the squall
blacker than night I Upon the Adrian main'; or, when its
waves blacken under the wind (1. 5. 7. n.; Verg. Aen. 3. 195),
so contrasting with the bright sky overhead (albus lapyx,
1. 7. 15).
19. novi: from experience; he had crossed to Greece. Cf.
also 2. 6. 7; 3. 4. 28. - sinus: Epode 10. 19; Catull. 4. 9,
trucemve Ponticum sinum; F. Q. 2. 7. 14, 'And in frail wood on
Adrian gulf doth fleet.'
19-20. quid... peccet: his misdeeds; possibly his treachery.
Cf. Lucret. 2. 557.
20. Iapyx: 1. 3. 4.
21. hostium: hostibus eveniat was almost proverbial. Cf.
Ov. A. A. 3. 247; Propert. 4. 7. 20; Verg. G. 3. 513. See 1. 21.
13-16; Apoll. Rhod. 4. 448, 8va1ev;wv ie l racurtv. - caecos: un(fore)seen, i.e. squalls. Cf. 2. 13. 16, caeca... fata; Verg.
Aen. 3. 200, caecis erramus in undis, 'where no way appears';
cf. Tenn. Talking Oak, 'those blind motions of the spring, |
That show the year is turned.'
22. sentiant: 2. 7. 10; 4. 4. 25. - orientis: surgentis normal
of wind. Cf. Verg. Aen. 3. 481, surgentis Austros.
23. nigri: 1. 5. 7. n. Note the r-sounds. Cf. Pope, 'But
when loud surges lash the sounding shore I The hoarse, rough
verse should like the torrent roar.'
24. verbere: cf. 3. 1. 29; 3. 12. 3; Verg. Aen. 3. 423 et
sidera verberat unda; Ov. Trist. 1. 4. 8; Procl. Hymn. 6, Ku/Aa I
7rdpTra roXvlXolao3oLrtv Ios jeOpocrv lp4cc'aov. The wind lashing the
waves is more common. Cf. Anth. Pal. 5. 180. 5; 7. 696;
Lucret. 6. 115.
25-26. doloso credidit: see 1. 6. 9. n.; 3. 5. 33.
26. latus: 2. 7. 18.
26-27. scatentem beluis: 1. 3. 18; 4. 14. 47.
27. medias fraudes: the perils that surrounded her. She had
come into the midst of dangers.
28. palluit audax: but now so bold, paled with fear at. So




BOOK III., ODE XXVII.                  399
expalluit trans., Epist. 1. 3. 10. Contrast the oxymoron of
3. 20. 3. Cf. Ov. Met. 2. 860, metuit contingere primo; 868-869,
ausa est... tergo considere tauri; 873, Pavet haec, litusque
ablata relictum I respicit.
29. nuper: pointing the contrast between the picture in
29-30 and that in 31-32. - studiosa: puellari studio, Ov. Met.
5. 393, of Proserpina in like case.
30. debitae: 1. 36. 2; 2. 7. 17.
31. sublustri: glimmering; Verg. Aen. 9. 373, sublustri noctis
in umbra; Shaks. M. N. Dream, 2. 1, 'Didst thou not lead him
through the glimmering night?' These two lines follow Moschus, 2. 127. Cf. Spenser, Muiopotmos 'But (Lord!) how she
in every member shook, I When as the land she saw no more
appear, I But a wild wilderness of waters deep: 1 Then 'gan she
greatly to lament and weep.'
33sqq. The bull vanishes, and Venus consoles the consciencestricken maid, pending the return of the god in his
proper shape. Moschus, 2. 158, and Lucian, Dial. Mar. 15,
are more direct.
33. simul: 1. 9. 9. n.- centum, etc.: Homer's KprTy gKar6FLroXts, II. 2, 649, was a literary commonplace; Epode 9. 29; Verg.
Aen. 3. 106; Sen. Tro. 830, urbibus centum spatiosa Crete; 'In
the hundred cities of Crete such glory was not of old,' Swinb.
Ode on Insurrection in Candia.
34. pater: in Homer, I1. 14. 321, Phoenix; in Ovid and
Lucian, Agenor.
35. filiae: genitive, she breaks off incoherently: 'Father -
nay, I have renounced the name of daughter.' Cf. Andromache's
cry, Il. 22. 477,"EKrop, -yc 5rT7-pos; Eurip. Medea, 166. Note
the nominatives in exclamation.
36. victa: Ov. Met. 13. 663, victa metu pietas.
37. unde quo: the eager Greek double interrog. of excitement, ris r6fOev, and the like; Verg. Aen. 10. 670, quo feror,
unde abii. But there may be also a hint of the Greek, drb
otas...  ocav (Thucyd. 7. 75), i.e. from that flowery mead to
this desolate shore. - una mors: seems quasi-proverbial, like
Greek 'die many times.' Cf. Propert. 5. 4, 17, et satis una malae
potuit mors esse puellae




400


NOTES.


38. virginum: a maiden's; the plural generalizes and softens.
- culpae: dat.; see 3. 6. 17.- vigilans, etc.: do I wake, or
am I innocent, and is it all a dream?
39. vitiis: suggests and avoids vitio.
40. ludit: 3. 4. 5; Verg. Aen. 1. 408.
41. vana quae: cf. nota quae, 1. 2. 10; proxima quae, Verg.
Aen. 3. 397. Others, vana, quae against rhythm and idiom. -
eburna: the ivory gate of false dreams is well known from
Verg. Aen. 6. 898; Odyss. 19. 562.
42. meliusne: self-taunting irony.
42-43. fluctus... longos: not Homer's K6/ara WaKpd, but
the r6apv &Xa of Moschus, 2. 153. Cf. 3. 3. 37, longus pontus.
43. recentis: cf. 4. 1. 32. n.
45. siquis: Horace's familiarity with Greek makes it safe to
say that this is a wish passing into a condition. The bull has
disappeared.
46. lacerare: cf. 1. 71; the big words, frangere, enitar, express the impotens ira of the petulant girl.
47. modo... amati: she had twined its horns with flowers.
Ov. Met. 2. 868; Kal K6c0ce ra0pov Mosch. 96.
49. impudens: cf. 3. 11. 30, impiae.
50. Orcum moror: to keep death or Charon waiting is a
familiar expression in Greek. Eurip. Alcest. 255. Cf. 1. 58,
quid mori cessas? Stat. Theb. 7. 364.
52. nuda: may, but need not, mean defenseless. With
the whole cf. Catull. 45. 6, Solus in Libya Indiaque tosta I caesio
veniam obvius leoni; Shaks., All's Well, 3. 2, 'better 'twere I I
met the ravin lion when he roared I With sharp constraint of
hunger.'
53. decentis: cf. 1. 4. 6. n.
54. sucus: she was still, like Sir John Suckling's 'Bride,' and
the girl in Terence, corpus solidum et suci plenum (Ter. Eun.
318). Cf. arida, 2. 11. 6; 6irbs 8jfs, Anth. Pal. 5. 258.
55. tenerae praedae: with self-pity she so designates herself; dative with defluat, from. - speciosa: still fair. A solicitude avowed by Sir John Falstaff ('a death that I abhor; for
the water swells a man') may be permitted a coquettish girl.
But the feeling is a 'survival' of primitive beliefs. Cf. Odyss.




BOOK II., ODE XXVII.


401


11; Verg. Aen. 6. 494; Soph. Antig. 817; Stat. Silv. 2. 1. 154;
Chariton, 1. 5. 7, Odq&w~ev KaXXLtAPP6 9r E  KaXCV; F. Q. 1. 10. 42,
'Ah, dearest God, me grant, I dead be not defoul'd '
57. pater urget: his stern image pursues her; but the words
that follow belong still to her soliloquy. For urget, cf. 1.22.20;
Ep. 17. 25; Milton, P. L. 1, 'but torture without end I still
urges.'
58-59. potes hac... zona: everything is ready.
59. bene: to good purpose; bitter irony. Cf. non bene, 2.
7. 10. The zone was the symbol of maidenhood. Odyss. 11.
245; Catull. 2. 13.
60. laedere collum: perhaps intentional understatement.
But we must not overinterpret. The prosaic elidere fauces
would be hard to manage. Cf. 2. 13. 6. n. The heroines of
Greek tragedy choose hanging as method of suicide.
61. sive: 1. 15. 25. - rupes, etc.: the cliffs and the jagged
rocks below sharp for thy death. Cf. Io in Aesch. Prom. 748.
62. te... crede: commit thyself. - procellae: the gale
that will waft her out and down.
63. erile: set by a mistress. So erilis filius, master's son.
64. carpere pensum: to card the stint of wool, and aid the
mistress in spinning, was the traditional task of the bond
maiden. II. 6. 456; Propert. 4. 5. 15.
65. regius sanguis: emphasizing the ignominy. So Creusa,
Verg. Aen. 2. 785-786, non ego... Graiis servitum matribus
ibo I Dardanis et divae Veneris nurus. For sanguis, cf. 2. 20. 6;
4. 2. 14. - tradi: to her mercies. Cf. the treatment of Andromache by Hermione, Eurip. Andr.
66-67. barbarae: not Greek or Latin, 1. 29. 6. Europa herself is 'barbarian.' But Horace has the plaints of Greek tragedy
in mind. Cf., however, 3. 5. 49; 4.12.7, 'cruel.' - paelex: and
hence an object of jealousy, 3. 10. 15; Epode 3. 13. - aderat:
dramatically - we see her approach with mocking smile while
the heroine declaims. -perfidum: cf. 1. 22. 23; 2. 12. 14.
67-68. remisso... arcu: his bolt was shot. Somewhat
differently Tenn. Eleanore, 7, 'His bow-string slacken'd,
languid Love, I Leaning his cheek upon his hand, I Droops both
his wings, regarding thee.'




402


NOTES.


69-70. lusit: sc. Venus. - irarum: see 2. 9. 17; 4. 9. 38
for gen.
71. cum: tunc cum. - laceranda, etc., mocking repetition of
45.
73. uxor... esse: by Greek idiom for te uxorem esse. But
disce, below, favors 'knowest not how to comport thyself as.'
74. mitte: 3. 8. 17.
75. sectus orbis: half the world, which some divided into two
parts (Sall. Jug. 17; Varro, L. L. 5. 31; Isoc. Pan. 179; Pliny,
N. H. 3. 5); others into three (Pind. Pyth. 9. 8; Cic. de Nat.
Deor. 2. 165; Ov. Fast. 5. 617).  In Moschus, she dreams that
two continents contend for her.
76. nomina: 4. 2. 3. n.; Ov. Met. 15. 96, nomen.--ducet:
take, so Sat. 2. 1. 66, duxit... nomen.
ODE XXVIII.
A summons to Lyde to celebrate the festival of Neptune (Neptunalia, July 23), not in the company of the picnicking mob, but
with good old Caecuban wine and amoebean song at home.
1-2. A happy thought. Cf. Tibull. 2. 1. 29, non festa luce
madere j est rubor errantes et male ferre pedes.
2. prome: 1. 36. 11. -reconditum: 1. 20. 3; 2. 3. 8; Ep.
9. 1.
3. strenua: we shall not attempt to determine the controversy which rages in Germany as to whether Lyde is the severe
housekeeper at the Sabine farm (like the 'Lyddy' of Felix Holt),
or a casual flute girl. The former supposition seems to suit
the situation better. - strenua: adverbially with prome, be
quick and draw.
4. munitae... sapientiae: storm the fort of thy reason.
Apparently Lyde did not approve of drinking bouts, and her
strongly fortified (munitae) principles could only be broken
down by force. Cf. F. Q. 2. 11. 1,' What war so cruel, or what
siege so sore I As that which strong affections do apply I Against
the fort of reason evermore.' Cf. 3. 21. 14; 4. 12. 28, for the
moral. For the image, cf. further, Munro on Lucret. 2. 7,




BOOK III., ODE XXVIII.                 403
bene quam munita tenere | edita doctrina sapientum templa
serena.
5. inclinare: cf. inclinato iam in postmeridianum tempus die
(Cic. Tusc. 3. 3. 7); sol meridie se inclinavit (Livy, 9. 32. 6);
sol inclinat (Juv. 3. 316); inclinabat dies (Tac. Ann. 12. 39. 2);
8eGeXLvbP KXtvovros birb 6dq<ov heXloto (Apoll. Rhod. 1. 432). The
whole heaven revolves, carrying the sun and stars with it. Cf.
Lucret. 2. 1097, 5. 510; Verg. Aen. 2. 250; Milton. P. L. 4, 'for
the sun j Declined was hasting now with prone career I To the
ocean isles, and in th' ascending scale I Of heaven the stars that
usher evening rose.'
6. et: and yet.-stet volucris: cf. on 1. 6. 9; 1. 11. 7; 4.
13. 16.
7. deripere: hurry down; cf. 3. 21. 7, the strong word like the
reproachful parcis expresses impatient haste. - horreo: i.e.
the apotheca. Cf. on 3. 8. 11.
8. cessantem: cf. on 3. 27. 58; 1. 27. 13. To his impatience
it seems to linger.- Bibuli: the faineant consul with Caesar,
B.C. 59, when the wits dated their letters lulio et Caesare consulibus. The name Bibulus is ominous. For dating of wine,
cf. 3. 21. 1; 3. 8. 12.
9. nos: I, as opposed to tu (11). - invicem: in my turn.
10. viridis: cf. on 1. 17. 20; Epode 13. 16. Sea-goddesses
wear the hues of 'the pale-green sea-groves' (Tenn. The Merman).
11. curva: 1. 10. 6. -recines: 3. 27. 1; 1. 12. 3
12. Cf. 1. 21. 3; 1. 15. 17; 1. 12. 22; 1. 21. 2.
13. summo carmine: at the end of the hymn. -  quae: understand cantabimus eam. For summo, cf. Epp. 1. 1. 1, summa
dicende Camena. - Cnidon: cf. on 1. 30. 1.
14. tenet: cf. 3. 4. 62. - Cycladas: cf. on 1. 14. 19-20;
Verg. Aen. 3. 126.
15. iunctis... oloribus: so 4. 1. 10. In Sappho, Aphrodite's car is drawn by rorpovOol, sparrows. Statius, Silv. 1. 2.
141, Silius, 7. 440, assign her a team of swans. So Ov. Met. 10.
708, 718. English poets vary. Spenser, Prothal. 63, 'that
same pair (of swans) j Which through the sky draw Venus'
silver team'; Shaks. R. and J. 2.,5, 'Therefore do nimble



404                       NOTES.
pinioned doves draw love.' Cf. Tempest, 4. 1, 'dove-drawn';
Marlowe, Hero and Leander, 'and then God knows I play, I
With Venus' swans and sparrows all the day'; 'His mother's
doves and team of sparrows' (Lyly, Cupid and Campaspe). -
iunctis: 'like Juno's swans I Still they went coupled and inseparable' (Shaks.).
16. nenia: not a dirge, as 2. 1. 38, but a sweet and low,
plaintive good-night song.
ODE XXIX.
Come, Maecenas, to the wine and roses that await you at the
Sabine farm. Linger no more amid the smoke and din of Rome,
gazing longingly from the cloud-capt towers of your gorgeous
palace towards Tusculum and Tibur. Luxury palls at times.
Come, ' give thy soul a loose, and taste the pleasures of the poor.'
The dog-star rages; the midsummer midday quiet holds the hill.
'Tis better up in a villa than down in the city. A truce to cares
of state. God veils the future from us. The course of our life is
"a rushing stream. To-day only is ours. The well-filled hour is
"a gift which, once granted, God himself cannot withdraw. Cruel
Fortune loves to sport with the life of man; but I will be no stop
for her finger to play what tune it will. If she smile, 'we smile
the lords of many lands'; and if she frown, 'we smile the lords
of our own hands.' When the Southwester descends on the Aegean
and the wealthy merchant grovels in prayer lest he be driven to
' enrobe the roaring waters with his silks,' my little life-boat and
the great Twin Brethren shall bear me safely through the storm.
Lines 25-28 point to the date of Augustus' absence in the
West, B.C. 25 and 26.
There is a translation by Sir John Beaumont (Johnson's Poets,
6. 19). Dryden's Pindaric Paraphrase is a classic. See also
the Sargent prize translation, Scribner's Magazine, vol. 8, p. 683.
1. Tyrrhena regum progenies: offspring of Tuscan kings;
cf. 1. 1. 1. n. For the hypallage, cf. Epode 10. 12. n.; Munro
on Lucret. 1. 474; 4. 734.
2. verso: tipped, decanted, broached. The cadus held about
five gallons. - lene: mellow. Cf. 3. 21. 8; Epp. 1. 15. 18.
3. flore... rosarum: 2. 3. 14; 3. 15. 15; 4. 10. 4; Simon.




BOOK III., ODE XXIX.


405


fr. 148, c68wv dd-roLs; Browning, Fra Lippo Lippi,'Flower o' the
rose, | If I've been merry what matter who knows?'
4. tuis: cf. 2. 7. 20, tibi destinatis. - pressa balanus: oil
of 'ben nut,' lit., pressed 'ben nut.' The balanus grew in
Arabia; it is sometimes called 'Arabian Dew.' Cf. Herrick,
201, 'Now raignes the Rose, and now | Th' Arabian Dew
besmears I My uncontrolled brow, I And my retorted haires.'
5. iamdudum: he has been waiting. So Epp. 1. 5. 7, iamdudum splendet focus et tibi munda supellex.
6. ne semper contempleris: and do not always (merely) gaze
at; lit., lest, a clause of purpose. The places mentioned in this
strophe could be seen from the tower of Maecenas' palace on
the Esquiline. Horace thinks that Maecenas should sometimes
visit them instead of being contented with a distant view.
Some Mss. read nec. - udum: 1. 7. 13; 4. 2. 30; Ov. Fast.
4. 71, et iam  Telegoni iam moenia Tiburis udi Stabant. -
Aefulae: Aefula was a town in the hills between Praeneste and
Tibur. Formerly misspelled Aesula (Livy, 26. 9. 9). Cf. Clough,
Amours de Voyage, 'Seen from Montorio's height Tibur and
Aesula's hills.'
8. Telegoni iuga: Tusculum, founded by Telegonus, son of
Circe and Ulysses, who traveled in search of his father and unwittingly slew him in Ithaca. Arist. Poet. 14; Hygin. Fab.
127; Epode 1. 29.
9. fastidiosam: 3. 1. 37, that palls, cloys; Propert. 1. 2. 32,
taedia dum miserae sint tibi divitiae. For this Roman ennui,
cf. Lucret. 3. 1060 sqq.; Victor Hugo, Odes et Ballades, 4. 8.
10. molem: pile (2. 15. 2), his palace on the Esquiline. See
Sat. 1. 8. 14; Lanciani, Ancient Rome, p. 67; Platner, Topography of Ancient Rome, 443. Merivale, 4. 119; Epode 9. 3.
From its tower, the turris Maecenatiana, Nero was said to have
watched Rome burn (Suet. Nero, 38).
11. 6mitte: 1. 16. 19, st~tere; Epp. 1. 18. 79, omitte tueri. -
beatae: 1. 4. 14; 3. 26. 9.
12. A famous line. Cf. Tenn. In Mem. 89,'The dust and din
and steam of town.' To Rev. F. D. Maurice, 'far from noise and
smoke of town'; Stat. Silv. 1. 1. 65, Septem per culmina caelo I
itfragor et magnae vincit vaga murmuraRomae; Arnold, Resigna



406


NOTES.


tion, 'Here, whence the eye first sees, far down I Capp'd with
faint smoke the noisy town.'
13. gratae: sc. sunt. - vices: change (Quint. 1. 12. 5).
14. mundae: 1. 5. 5; Sat. 2. 2. 65; Epp. 2. 2. 199.-sub
lare: i.e. beneath the humble roof. Cf. 1. 5. 3; 1. 12. 44.
15. aulaeis: tapestries. - ostro: the purple of tapestries
and upholstery (Lucret. 2. 35-36).
16. explicuere: gnomic. Sat. 2. 2. 125, explicuit vino contractae seria frontis.
17. clarus occultum: 1. 6. 9. n.; Epist. 1. 12. 18, obscurum.
Cepheus, King of Aethiopia, the father of Andromeda, was
said to have become a constellation near the Little Bear. It
begins early in July to show bright the light hidden before.
18. ostendit: Catull. 62. 7, nimirum Oetaeos ostendit noctifer
ignes. - Procyon: (lit. antecanis) the minor dog-star rises in the
morning, July 15, about eleven days before Sirius the 'dog of
Orion.' - furit: Pope, 'the dog-star rages'; Dryden, 'The
Syrian (sic) star I Barks from afar.'
19. stella... Leonis: Regulus, a Leonis, rises July 30.vesani: the word, A. P. 455; the thing, Epp. 1. 10. 16, et rabiem
Canis et momenta Leonis: Mart. 9. 90. 12, etfervens iuba saeviet
leonis. Cf. insana, 3. 7. 6.
20. siccos: also in sense of 4. 12. 13.
21-24. A summer picture. Cf. Tenn. (Enone, 'For now-the
noonday quiet holds the hill'; Theoc. 7. 22; Tibull. 1. 1. 27;
Sellar, p. 180; Odes, 2. 5. 6; 3. 13. 9-12; and the idyl of
spring, 4. 12. 9-12.
22-23. horridi: shagged, the god of the bush is bushy. Cf.
4. 5. 26. n. - Silvani: Epode 2. 22. n.
23-24. caret... ventis: 'No stir of air was there, I Not
so much life as on a summer's day I Robs not one light seed from
the feathered grass' (Keats, Hyperion).
25. tu: 2. 9. 9. n. - status: policy, constitution. As vague a
word as ratio, res, causa. Maecenas had been chief counselor in
the establishment of the new constitution of the Empire. Dio,
52. 16. He would feel the burden of responsibility in Augustus'
absence. For the tone of the strophe, see 2. 11. 1-4; 3. 8.
16-20.




BOOK III., ODE XXIX.


407


26. urbi: with times preferably -  Urbi et Orbi, of course.
27. Seres: 1. 12. 56; 4. 15. 23, ironical hyperbole. - regnata: 2. 6. 11. - Cyro: 2.2. 17. n.
28. Bactra: Xen. Cyr. 1. 1. 4, Jpe 8 Kal BaKTrpIov. A Greek
Bactrian kingdom existed circa 250-125 B.c. The remotest
Parthian province is put for the Parthian Empire. Propert. 4.
1. 16, qui finem imperii Bactra futura canent. - Tanais: i.e.
Tanain propeflumen orti (4. 15. 24), the Scythians. Cf. 2. 9. 21;
2. 20. 20. - discors: and so less dangerous to us. 3. 8. 19.
29. prudens: 1. 3. 22. n.- futuri temporis exitum: the
issue of the future. For the commonplace, cf. Pind. 0. 12. 7-9;
Solon, fr. 17; Isoc. 13. 2; Eurip. Alcest. 785; Thucyd. passim;
Benn, Greek Philosophers, 1. 46; 2. 126; Peele, 'But things
to come exceed our human reach I And are not painted yet
in angel's eyes'; Pope, Essay on Man,' Heaven from all creatures
hides the book of fate I All but the page prescribed the present
state'; Emerson, Experience, 'God delights to isolate us every
day, and hide from us the past and the future....  He draws
down before us an impenetrable screen,' etc. Cf. Bacchyl. 16.
32, 10. 45.
30. caliginosa: Juv. 6. 556, et genus humanum damnat caligo
futuri; Theog. 1077, "pe/vn yd&p 7rTarai. - premit: 1. 4. 16.
31. ridet: 'The gods laugh in their sleeve j To watch man
doubt and fear' (Arnold, Emped.); 'But God laughs at a man
who says to his soul, " Take thy ease" ' (Cowley, Of Myself); 'And
how God laughs in heaven when any man I Says "Here I'm
learned, this I understand" ' (Mrs. Browning). Cf. also, Psalms,
2. 4; Aesch. Eumen. 560; Milt. P. L. 8, 'perhaps to move I His
laughter.' - mortalis: emphasizing the Ovyrh opoveri of the
Greeks. Cf. 2. 16. 17; 1. 4. 15; 1. 11. 6; 4. 7. 7.
31-32. ultra fas: 1. 11. 1.
32. trepidat: is solicitous; 2. 11. 4; 2. 3. 12. We need not
take it definitely of unlawful pryings into futurity, but merely
of man's vain agitations - l'homme s'agite.
32-33. quod adest... componere: adjust the matter in
hand; rb 7rapbv OdfOat KaXws, 'Improve the present hour, for
all beside (cetera) I Is a mere feather on the torrent's tide'
(Cowper, On Bill of Mortality, 1788).




408


NOTES.


32. memento: 1. 7. 17; 2. 3. 1.
33. aequus: with tranquil mind; 2. 3. 1. n. - cetera: the
future; 1. 9. 9.
33-34. fluminis ritu: 3. 14. 1; A. P. 62; Sat. 2. 3. 268, tempestatis prope ritu. For comparison of life to personified river,
cf. Words. River Duddon, 9, 32, 33; Arnold, Sohrab and Rustum, in fine; Shelley, Alastor, etc.
34. medio: cf. 4. 7. 3-4; 1. 2. 18.- alveo: 3. 7. 28.
35. cum pace: A. G. 248; B. 220; G. L. 399; H. 419. III.
The line too flows peaceably. - Etruscum: for elision, cf. 2. 3.
27.
36. adesos: for wave-worn pebbles, cf. Theoc. 22. 49.
37-41. For river in flood, cf. 4. 14. 28; Ov. Met. 1. 285;
Lucret. 1. 281; Verg. G. 1. 481; Aen. 2. 496, 12. 523; F. Q.
2. 11. 18.
39. clamore: Il. 17. 165; Verg. Aen. 3. 566.
40. diluvies: flood; 4. 14. 28; Lucret. 5. 255, 6. 292, ad
diluviem revocari. Diluvium normal. - quietos: sc. before.
Cf. occultum, 17. Cf. 1. 31. 7, quieta.
41. inritat: cf. Milton's 'vexed the Red Sea coast'; Tenn.,
'vext the dim sea.' - amnis: its waters, or possibly the minor
tributary streams. ~ See Pliny, Epp. 8. 17. -potens sui: e'yKpars
JavroU, aTrdpK7)s. 'This man is freed from servile bands I Of hope
to rise, or fear to fall; I Lord. of himself, though not of lands; I
And having nothing, yet hath all' (Sir H. Wotton). Cf. Epp.
1. 16. 65.
42. in diem: Sat. 2. 6. 47 - with dixisse; in diem vivere is to
live from hand to mouth.
43. vixi: see Seneca's sermon on this text, Epist. 12; Cowley,
Of Myself, 'But boldly say each night, I To-morrow let my sun
his beams display I Or in clouds hide them - I have lived today'; Emerson, Works and Days, 'so that I shall not say...
" Behold, also an hour of my life has gone" - but rather, "I
have lived an hour." '- cras: cf. Martial, 2. 90. 3; 1. 15. 11,
non est, crede mihi, sapientis dicere 'vivam'; I Sera nimis vita
est crastina; vive hodie; Herrick, 656, 'Drink wine, and live here
blithefull, while ye may: The morrow's life too late is, Live
to-day.' But that is rather the lighter vein of 1. 11. 8. Stoic




BOOK III., ODE XXIX.


409


and Epicurean unite in the faith that respect for the present
hour is the only wisdom.
44. polum: 1. 28. 6.- pater: 1.2. 2.
45. puro: 3. 10. 8. n. - inritum: void; diffinget, 1. 35. 39,
recast, reshape; infectum, undone, are cumulative expressions of
the old thought: 'But past who can recall, or done undo? I Not
God omnipotent, nor Fate' (Milt. P. L. 9). Cf. Pind. 0. 2.
18-20; Theog. 583; Simon. fr. 69; Agathon in Aristot. Eth. 6. 2;
Tenn. In Mem. 85, 'The all-assuming months and years I Can
take no part away from this'; Pliny, N. H. 2. 27; Plato, Protag.
324 B.
48. fugiens: 1. 11.7. n. -hora vexit: some insist that vexit =
avexit into the past because of semel (1. 24. 16). But semel can
mean what is once (for all) mine as well as what is once past;
and the hours (seasons) as bringers of gifts are a tradition of
poetry; translate, has once brought. Homer, II. 21. 450; Theoc.
15. 104; Spenser, Epithal. 'But first come ye fair Hours,' etc.;
Mrs. Browning, Son. fr. Port. I., 'I thought once how Theocritus had sung I Of the sweet years, the dear and wished-for
years, I Who each one in a gracious hand appears I To bear a
gift for mortals, old or young'; Congreve, Mourning Bride,
1. 1. 7; Tenn. Love and Duty, 'The slow, sweet hours that
bring us all things good, I The slow, sad hours that bring us all
things ill.' See also 3. 8. 27, dona - horae, and for vexit, Verg.
G. 1. 461, quid vesper serus vehat; Lucret. 3. 1085, pcsteraque
in dubiost fortunam quam vehat aetas.
49-56. Fortuna, etc.: see Dryden in Lyra Elegantiarum, 87.
49. saevo laeta: 1. 6. 9. n.; Boeth. Cons. Phil. 2. 1, genitus
dura quos fecit ridet; sic illa ludit, sic suas probat vires.
50. ludum: 2. 1. 3. n.; Sat. 2. 8. 62; 1. 34. 15-16; 1. 35;
Tenn. Enid's Song in Geraint and Enid; Anth. Pal. 10. 64, 10.
80; Juv. 6. 608; F. Q. 3. 7. 4, 'That fortune all in equal
lance (scales) doth sway   And mortal miseries doth make
her play.'
53. laudo manentem, etc.: 'I can enjoy her while she's kind; I
But when she dances in the wind, I And shakes her wings and
will not stay, I Ipuff the prostitute away: I The little or the
much she gave, is quietly resigned: I Content with poverty my




410


NOTES.


soul I arm; I And virtue, tho' in rags, will keep me warm'
(Dryden). - manentem: a rare coin of Commodus is inscribed
FORTUNAE MANENTI. Plutarch (de Fort. Rom. c. 4) said that
Fortune laid aside her wings when she came to the Romans.
So the Greeks worshiped a Wingless Victory.
54. pennas: cf. 1. 34. 15. Cf. Fronto, Orat. p. 157, ed. Naber.
Fortunas omnes cum pennis, cum rotis, cum gubernaculo reperias.
- resigno: so Epp. 1. 7. 34. Apparently a commercial term =
rescribo (Festus), I make an entry on the opposite side, and so
cancel the debt, repay, resign.
55. virtute... involvo: in the cloak of my virtue. So the
women in Plato, Rep. 457 A, are clothed in virtue, as Tennyson's
Godiva is 'clothed on with chastity.'
56. sine dote: choosing Poverty for a bride, like St. Francis
in Dante.
57. non est meum is sermo familiaris, 'tis not my way. Cf.
Plaut. As. 190. - mugiat: etc. 3. 10. 6. n.; 1. 14. 5-6.
58. miseras: craven, abject, groveling.
59. decurrere: Verg. Aen. 5. 782, preces descendere in omnes;
Herod. 1. 116, Karafvpavew. - votis pacisci: with vows to bargain,
contemptuously of the mercantile conception of prayer.
1. 31. 1; Plato, Euthyphro, 14 E.
60-61. merces addant: M. of V. 1. 1, 'dangerous rocks I
Which, touching but my gentle vessel's side, I Would scatter all
her spices on the stream, I Enrobe the roaring waters with my
silks.'
61. avaro... mari: 1. 28. 18, avidum; Shaks. Hen. V. 1. 2.
'And make your chronicles as rich with praise I As is the ooze
and bottom of the sea I With sunken wreck and sumless (sunless?) treasuries'; Rich. III. 1.4, 'unvalued jewels I All scattered
in the bottom of the sea.'
62. biremis: two-oared, not bireme with two banks of oars.
The scapha is a light skiff, or life-boat, attached to a larger vessel.
If we press the image, Horace escapes in this from the wreck of
the merchantman without lamenting the wealth he abandons.
But that is perhaps an over-curious interpretation, and the
figure may be merely the voyage of life.
63. Aegaeos: 2. 16. 2. - tumultus: 3. 1. 26.




BOOK III., ODE XXX.                   411
64. geminusque Pollux: cf. Catull. 4. 27, gemelle Castor et
gemelle Castoris; Epode 17. 42. See also, 1. 3. 2. n.
ODE XXX.
Epilogue to the three books of the Odes, circ. B.C. 24-23.
'There are but two strong conquerors of the forgetfulness of
men, Poetry and Architecture' (Ruskin, Lamp of Memory).
Horace boasts that he has built 'A forted residence 'gainst the
tooth of time and razure of Oblivion.'
For similar utterances of ancient poets, cf. Sappho, fr. 32;
Propert. 4. 1. 55; Ov. Am. 1. 15. 41; Met. 15. 871 sqq.; Phaedr.
Epil. bk. 4; Martial, 7. 84. 7. Cf. also Spenser's Epilogue to
Shepherd's Calendar; Cowley on the Praise of Poetry; and F. T.
Palgrave, Ancient and Modern Muse, 'The monument outlasting
bronze I Was promised well by bards of old; I The lucid outline
of their lay I Its sweet precision keeps for aye, I Fix'd in the ductile language gold.' 'Wonderful it seems to me... that an infirm and helpless creature, such as I am, should be capable of
laying thoughts up in their cabinets of words which time as he
moves by, with the revolutions of stormy and eventful years,
can never move from their places' (Boccaccio, in Landor's
Pentameron).
1. exegi: have completed; Ov. Met. 15. 871, iamque opus
exegi. Cf. Ruskin's phrase, 'I think the Dunciad is the most
absolutely chiseled and monumental work 'exacted' in our
country.' - aere: statues and brazen tablets.
2. regali: cf. regiae, 2. 15. 1. - situ: loosely for structure,
pile.  Others, less probably, crumbling magnificence, citing
Martial, 8. 3. 5. - pyramidum: cf. Spenser, Ruins of Time, 'In
vain do earthly Princes then, in vain, I Seek with Pyramides,
to heaven aspired I... To make their memories for ever live,'
etc.; cf. Herrick, 201, 'Trust to good verses then; they onely
will aspire, When Pyramids as men, Are lost, i' th' funerall fire';
cf. 211, 'His Poetrie His Pillar.' The last poem of the Hesperides is quaintly printed as a pillar of fame. Cf. Milton's Epitaph
on Shakspere, 'Under a star-y-pointing Pyramid.'




412


NOTES.


3-5. edax: corroding; cf. Ov. Met. 15. 234, tempus edax
rerum; nec edax abolere vetustas (Met. 15. 872). Cf. Burns, On
Pastoral Poetry, 'The teeth o' Time may gnaw Tantallan, I
But thou's forever.' For tooth of time, cf. further Shaks. Son.
19, 'Devouring Time'; Otto, p. 113,; Simon, fr. 176. For
imber, cf. Pindar, Pyth. 6. 10. - impotens: cf. on 1. 37. 10. -
fuga: cf. 2. 14. 1; 3. 29. 48.
6. non omnis: Herrick, 367, 'Thou shalt not All die.' -
pars: cf. Ovid's parsque mei multa superstes erit (Am.. 1. 15. 41).
and his parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis I astra ferar
(Met. 15. 875; Sen. Tro. 382).
7. Libitinam: deaths were registered in the temple of Lilbitina; here her name is used by metonymy for death, or rather
to avoid tautology with moriar, the rites of death. - usque:
still, with crescam. - postera: of after-days, i.e. posterorum,
" It grows to guerdon after-days,' says Tennyson of 'praise.'
8. crescam: i.e. his fame. Cf. Propert, 4. 1. 34, posteritate
suum crescere sensit opus. - recens: cf. Epist. 2. 1. 53, Naevius
in manibus non est et mentibus haeret I paene recens?
8. Capitolium: the symbol of the eternity of Rome. Cf. 3.
3. 42; 1. 2. 3. n.; Verg. Aen. 9. 448; Ov. Trist. 3. 7. 51.
Cf. Sergeant, cited on 2. 20. 14.
9. scandet, etc.: there is a doubtful tradition (Lydus, de mens.
4. 36) that the Pontifex Maximus and the chief Vestal (virgo
maxima) went up to the Capitol on the Ides of March to pray
for the welfare of the State. But Horace's impressive picture
is symbolical.
10. dicar... princeps... deduxisse: it will be told how
I was the first to compose, lit., I shall be said to have first composed. - qua: with dicar rather than with princeps... deduxisse; but it is virtually the same to be remembered as one
who from a humble birthplace attained the poet's fame, and
to be remembered as a poet in that humble place. - obstrepit:
brawls. Cf. 2. 18. 20; 4. 14. 48; Aufidus: 4. 9. 2; 4. 14. 25.
It was subject to freshets.
11. pauper aquae: parched; cf. Epode 3. 16, siticulosae
Apuliae. - Daunus: a mythical king of Apulia; 4. 14. 26;
1. 22. 14. - agrestium: cf. 3. 16. 26; 4. 14. 26-27.




SBOOK III., ODE XXX.                      413
12. regnavit populorum: Pind. 0.6. 34, d&vSpp'vApKd5w v &vaavae.
Greek gen.; cf. G. L. 383. 1. 3; H. 458. 3. - ex humili potens:
cf. So h. O. T. 454, TrvXs K 5e50opKc6To, and Milton's 'speakable
of m  te.' Horace always anticipates the sneers at his humble
origin. Cf. 2. 20. 5; Epist. 1. 20. 20. - potens: with the subject cf dicar, i.e. Horace himself; cf. 4. 8. 26, potentium vatum.
13- 14. Horace's claim to originality is that he first introduced
Greel lyric meters into Latin literature. He ignores the few
experiments of Catullus. Cf. Sellar, p. 118, and Epist. 1. 19.
19-32.--Aeolium: cf. 1. 1. 34; 2. 13. 24; 4. 3. 12; 4. 9. 12.
14. deduxisse: the figure is derived from     spinning. Cf.
such 3hrases as tenui deducta poemata filo, Epp. 2. 1. 225 and
mille die versus deduci posse, S. 2. 1. 4.- sume superbiam:
oppo, ite of pone superbiam, 3. 10. 9. - modos: loosely, the
measures, the strains, the sounds and special laws of the Latin
tongue.
15. Delphica: Apollinari, 4. 2. 9; Phoebi Delphica laurus
(Lucrst. 6. 154).
16. volens: so Owv, O4Xovra (Pind. and Aeschyl.), graciously.
Serv. ad Aen. 1. 731, Sic enim dicunt: Volens propitiusque sis.
Cf. Livy, 7. 26; 1. 16.- Melpomene: 1. 24. 3; 4. 3. 1; 1. 12.
2. n.




BOOK    IV., ODE I.
Collecting at the age of fifty this little aftermath of occasional
poems, the chief of which were written in the quasi-official
capacity of poet laureate at the request of Augustus, Horace in
phrases reminiscent of the earlier odes gracefully warns the
friendly reader that he must no longer be regarded as the light
singer of the loves. Cruel Venus shall spare him. He is too
old for Cupid's wars. Paulus Maximus, young, handsome,
eloquent, all accomplished, will grace her service more. Horace
has ceased to dream that 'two human hearts can blend in one.'
And yet..
For the main occasion of the book, see the introductions to 4,
5, 14, and 15. Ode 2 is a second deprecatory preface - Horace
does not claim to be a Pindar. Odes 3,6,8, 9 proclaim the poet's
proud consciousness of his own fame and the power of poetry.
Ode 11 shows him still loyal to the old friendship for Maecenas.
Odes 10 and 13 recall old erotic motifs. Ode 7 is an exquisite
summary of his gentle Epicureanism tinged with poetic melancholy.
There is a translation of this ode by Jonson, Works, 3. 385;
by Rowe, Johnson's Poets 9. 472; by Hamilton, ibid. 15. 639.
It is imitated by Pope and by Prior (Cantata).
1. intermissa: with bella.  Again! after so long a respite.
2-3. bella: cf. on 3. 26. 2. -moves: cf. on 1. 15. 10.parce: 2. 19. 7. - non sum qualis eram: I am not the man I
was; cf. 3. 14. 27; Epp. 1. 1. 4.
4. regno: metaphorical. Cf. regit, 3. 9. 9. - Cinarae:
apparently the only creature of flesh and blood among all
Horace's Lydes and Lydias. Cf. on 4. 13. 21; Epp. 1. 14. 33,
1. 7. 28.
5. = 1. 19. 1. The love Leitmotiv is faintly heard again.
4-5. dulcium... saeva: cf. Sappho's yXvK7riLKpov, and Catull.
414




BOOK IV., ODE I.


415


68. A. 17, dea... quae dulcem curis miscet amaritiem; Theog.
1353; cf. 1. 27. 11. n.
6. circa: the prepositional phrase without pronoun (me) or
participle is somewhat harsh. Latin has no definite article or
pres. part. of sum. - lustra decem: Horace was 50, B.c. 15.
Cf. on 2. 4. 24. - flectere: to try to sway; 3. 7. 25. - mollibus:
antithesis with durum.
7. imperils: dat. with durum rather than abl. with flectere.
So durus ad and durus with complementary inf.
9. tempestivius: cf. tempestiva, 3. 19. 27.
10. Paulus Fabius Maximus, consul B.C. 11, a friend of Ovid
(ex Ponto, 1. 2; 2. 3. 75) and of Augustus (Tac. Ann. 1. 5). -
purpureis: little more than bright. Cf. El. in Maec. 62, Bracchia
purpurea candidiora nive; Vergil's lumenque iuventae purpureum (Aen. 1. 590); Gray's 'purple light of love,' etc.--ales:
winged, i.e. charioted by. Venus' chariot was drawn by swans.
- oloribus: of. on 3. 28. 15.
11. comissabere: K   I/drfelV, hie with joyous revelry. Hence
in domum, like K. els or Irort.
12. torrere: 1. 33. 6, 3. 19. 28. - iecur: 1. 13. 4. - quaeris
with inf., 3. 24. 27.
13 sqq. et... et: the polysyndeton draws out the list of
his qualities. Cf. 2. 1. 1-5; 3. 11. 25 sqq.; 1. 36. 11 sqq., neu.
- nobilis: Ov. ex Ponto, 1. 2. 1, Maxime qui tanti mensuram
nominis imples.
14. Cf. 2. 1. 13; Ov. Pont. 1. 2. 118. non tacitus: cf. Intr.
15. centum: 2. 14. 26. - artium: accomplishments; of.
Catull. 12, 8, est enim leporum disertus puer ac facetiarum.
16. signa feret: of. Merry Wives, 3. 4, 'I must advance the
colors of my love.'
17-20. And when by the grace of Venus he shall have smiled
in triumph over the gifts of a lavish rival, he will dedicate her
marble image in a shrine (possibly at his villa), by the lovely
lakes of the Alban Hills. - quandoque: cf. 4. 2. 34; A. P. 359.
18. muneribus: 3. 10. 13. Abl. comp. with potentior.--
riserit... potentior: like risit... viduus, 1. 10. 12.
19. See description of the Lago d' Albano and the Lago di
Nemi in Hare's Days Near Rome.




416


NOTES.


20. ponet: cf. Sat. 2. 3. 183, aeneus ut stes; Verg. Ecl. 7. 31.
So in Gk. lrTdo~ v. - citrea: cedar. The Romans misapplied
the name citrus (Vergil's Medic apple) to the African cedar.
Cf. Hehn, Kultur Pflanzen, p. 431. Milt. P. R. 4, 'Their sumptuous gluttonies and gorgeous feasts I On citron tables.'
21-29. The worship of Venus in the temple of the Poet's imagination. Cf. the Temple of Augustus, Verg. G. 3. 13; of Venus,
Chaucer, Knightes Tale, 1939 sqq.; of Pysche in Keats' Ode.
22. duces: so ducere aerem, spiritum. - tura: 1. 19. 14,
1. 30. 3.- lyrae... tibiae: gen. with carminibus (strains).
--Berecyntiae: 1. 18. 13; 3. 19. 18.
24. fistula: 1. 17. 10; 3. 19. 20.
25-26. At morning song and even song. - teneris: 1. 21. 1
27. candido: the naked foot gleams white in the dance, as in
Homer. Cf. on 3. 20. 11.
28-29. Salium: 1. 36. 12.--ter: 3. 18. 16. -hiumum: 1.
4. 7, 1. 37. 2. -me: cf. on 1. 1. 29.
30 sqq. Cf. Sellar, p. 173. - credula: 1. 5. 9. - mutui: 3. 9.
13. Cf. Arnold, To Marguerite, 'And love, if love, of happier
men. I Of happier men, for they at least I Have dreamed two
human hearts might blend I In one, and were through faith
released I From isolation without end.'
31. certare: like femina, puer, spes and vincire, subject of
iuvat; 2. 12. 18; certare mero, Epp. 1. 19. 11. Cf. 1. 36. 13.
32. vincire: 1. 7. 23; 1. 4. 9.- novis: of spring, 1. 4. 10;
or fresh-plucked, 3. 4. 12. Cf. 3. 27. 43, recentes.
33-40. The playful inconsistency of 3. 26. 11.
33. Ligurine: the imaginary personage of 4. 10.
34. rara: cf. 1. 13. 6, furtim; contrast plurima lacrima (Epp.
1. 17. 59). Or can it be, as a German editor suggests, that years
have dried the source? Cf. Tenn. The Grandmother, 'Nor can
I weep for the rest; I Only at your age, Annie, I could have
wept with the best.'
35-36. Cf. Epode 11. 9; Catull. 51. 9, lingua sed torpet; Dido
in Verg. Aen. 4. 76, incipit effari, mediaque in voce resistit. -
decora... inter: synapheia. Cf. 3. 29. 35.
40. aquas: cf. on 3. 7. 26. - volibilis: cf. Epp. 1. 2. 43,
labitur et labetur in omne volubilis aevum.




BOOK -IV., ODE II.


417


ODE II.
To vie with Pindar is to essay an lcarus flight. Like a river
in flood his lawless verse rushes on through Dithyramb, Paean,
Epinikian, or Dirge. He is the tempest-cleaving swan of Dirce.
I am the laborious bee that gathers honey from flower to flower.
'Tis thou, friend Jullus, that must sing in lofty strain the pomp
that shall wind down the Sacred Way and the people's joy at
Caesar's vouchsafed return. Thou wilt sacrifice ten bulls in
honor of the glad day. A young calf will be a fit offering for me.
Apparently composed, like 5, about B.C. 14 in anticipation of
Augustus' return from the west, whither he had gone in B.C. 16
after the defeat of M. Lollius (cf. on 9) by the Sygambri. Julius
Antonius may have suggested that Horace should celebrate the
achievements of the emperor in Pindaric strain. Or the ode may
be a deprecatory preface to 4 and 14. The failure to mention
the victories of Drusus, does not prove that it was written later.
Jullus Antonius, the son of the triumvir and Fulvia, was
brought up by his stepmother Octavia and treated as a member
of the Julian house by Augustus, who married him to Marcella
the daughter of Octavia, and raised him to the consulship B.C.
10. He was the author of an Epic in twelve books, - the
Diomedea. On the discovery of his intrigue with the emperor's
daughter, Julia, he was put to death, B.C. 2. Cf. Vell. 2. 100;
Dio. 35. 10.
For the influence of Pindar upon Horace, see Arnold, Griechischen Studien des Horaz, p. 102 sqq; cf. also notes on 1. 12.
1; 2. 1. 37; 3. 3; 3. 4. 69; 3. 11; 3. 27; 4. 4. 18 and 73.
On the technical conformity of this ode with the type of the
recusatio see Lucas, Festschrift f. Joh. Vahlen, 323-4; and Reitzenstein, Neue Jahrbticher 21 (1908). 84.
Cowley's Praise of Pindar (Johnson's Poets, 7. 129) is an imitation of this ode.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the 'Pindaric
Ode' was a recognized and very quaint literary type. Cf.
Gosse, English Odes, Intr.; Garnett, Ital. Lit., p. 278.
1-4. Cf Quintil. 10. 1. 61, Horatius eum [Pindarum] merito
credidit nemini imifabilem. Yet he smilingly encourages (Epist.




418                       NOTES.
1. 3. 9) his young literary friend Titius, j Pindarici fontis qui
non expalluit haustus. - aemulari: rival.
2. lulle: found in inscriptions as a praenomen. See Rhein.
Mus. 44. 317; and Mommsen, Hermes 24, 155. The use of the
praenomen is familiar, but 'Julian' is always complimentary in
the Augustan poets. lulius a magno demissum nomen lulo
(Verg. Aen. 1. 288). 'Valerius smote down Julius I Of Rome's
great Julian line' (Macaulay, Reg.). - ceratis: wax-joined. -
ope: 1. 6. 15. - Daedalea: cf. on 1. 3. 34; Ov. Met. 8. 189.
3. nititur: soars; cf. nisus (4..4. 8); Verg. Aen. 4. 252, paribus nitens Cyllenius alis. - vitreo: cf. on 3. 13. 1; and Wordsworth's 'glassy sea'; Arnold's 'clear, green sea'; Milton, 'On
the clear hyaline, the glassy sea.' - daturus: cf. on 2. 3. 4.
4. nomina: cf. 3. 27. 76; Ov. Trist. 1. 1. 90, Icarus aequoreis
nomina fecit aquis; Stat. Theb. 12. 625, casurum in nomina
ponti. That the plural is merely for metrical convenience
appears from Trist. 3. 4. 22, Icarus immensas nomine signet
aquas.
5 sqq. Cf. Cowley, Praise of Pindar, 'So Pindar does new
words and figures roll I Down his impetuous dithyrambic tide,
Which in no channel deigns to abide, | Which neither banks nor
dikes control.' - decurrens: cf. Lucret. 5. 946, montibus e
magnis decursus aquai. - amnis: Cicero has flumen ingenii,
flumen orationis.  Cf. Tenn. 'full-flowing river of speech';
Dante, 'quella fonte, | che spande di parlar si largo flume.'
6. Cf. King John, 3. 1, 'Like a proud river peering o'er his
bounds'; Mids. Night's Dr. 2. 1, ' Have every pelting river made
so proud, I That they have overborne their continents.' - notas;
cf. 1. 2. 10; Ov. Met. 1. 370, ut nondum liquidas sic iam vada
nota secantes; Milt. II Pens., 'while Cynthia checks her dragon
yoke I Gently o'er the accustomed oak.' - aluere: cf. Tenn.,
'full-fed river'; Homer, II. 15, 621, K6/ard re rpob6evra.
7. fervet: cf. Sat. 1. 10. 62, rapido ferventius amni ingenium.
- immensus ruit: like vroXb je?. The language of the image
is retained in the application to the poet. The whole expresses
the beatissima rerum verborumque copia of Quintilian (10. 1. 61).
7-8. profundo... ore: i.e. deep-mouthed. Not the mouth
of the river, but the os magnum (Ov. Pont. 4. 16. 5); the os




BOOK IV., ODE IL


419


magna sonaturum (Sat. 1. 4. 43); the os rotundum (A. P. 323)
of the poet.
9. laurea: 3. 30. 16.- donandus: worthy to be presented
with; the conclusion of seu... seu... sive, etc. The
'fut. pass.' part is only less convenient than the fut. act. (cf.
on 2. 3. 4). Horace employs it with special frequency in this
book. Cf. 45; 47; 4. 68; 9. 4; 9. 21; 11. 3; 11. 14; 11. 34;
14. 17. Cf. also on 11. 30. - Apollinari: cf. 3. 30. 15. n.; Ov.
Met. 1. 357-565.
10. audacis: bold metaphors and compounds were characteristic of dithyrambic poetry. Cf. Cope, on Aristotle's Rhet. 3.
3. Boileau in his Discours Sur L'Ode, prefixed to his Ode sur
la Prise de Namur, naively says, 'A l'exemple des anciens po8tes
dithyrambiques j'y ai employ6 les figures les plus audacieuses,
jusqu'a y faire un astre de la plume blanche que le roi porte
ordinairement ' son chapeau.'
11. devolvit: cf. volventis, 3. 29. 38; Tenn. A Character,
'devolved his rounded periods'; 'Devolving through the maze
of eloquence I A roll of periods' (Thomson, Autumn).
12. lege solutis: soluta oratio normally means prose. One is
legibus solutus who is not bound by a law. Pindar's difficult
measures may have seemed lawless to Horace, or he may mean
merely poems not composed in strophes. Cf. Klopfstock
(Nauck), 'Willst du zu Strophen werden, O Haingesang?
Willst du gesetzlos?' etc.; Cowley, Liberty, 6, 'The more heroic
strain let others take, I Mine the Pindaric way I'll make: ] The
matter shall be grave, the numbers loose and free.' On the
error of this view of Pindar's poetry, cf. Jebb, Greek Class.
Poetry, p. 141. It is as old in Greek lit. as Himerius (Orat. 3.
1). But in the school of Statius' father the boys were taught
qua lege recurrat I Pindaricae vox flexa lyrae (Silv. 5. 3. 151).
13-16. The hymns and Paeans.
13. reges: not the historical kings, Hieron, Theron, etc.,
celebrated in the Epinikian odes, but the legendary heroes,
Pirithous, Theseus, Bellerophon.
14. sanguinem: cf. 3. 27. 65.- quos: the reference is to
Theseus and Pirithous.
15-16. Centauri: cf. on 1. 18. 8; Pind, fr. 143. - tremendae:




420


NOTES.


4. 6. 7; 4. 14. 12.- Chimaerae: killed by Bellerophon; 1.
27. 24; 2. 17. 13.
16-20. The Epinikian hymns.
17. Elea... palma: Olympia was in Elis; the palm of
Elis is typical of the four great games. Cf. on 4. 3. 3. For
palma see note on 1. 1. 5.
17-18. domum... caelestis: the triumphant home-bringing of the victor is everywhere emphasized by Pindar, who
warns him that he must not strive to become as a god and that
he cannot scale the brazen heavens. Cf. 1. 1. 5.
18. pugilemve equumve: in partitive apposition with quos;
the boxing and riding here stand for all athletic contests. Cf.
Epp. 2. 3. 83. Pindar does not forget the horse (0. 1. 18), but
equum here is probably used for metrical convenience.
19. centum  potiore signis: better than a hundred statues;
cf. the expansion of the thought 4. 8; also, Find. Nem. 4. 81;
Agathias, Anth. Pal. 4. 4. 9.
21-24: The lost Dirges (Opi^yoc). Horace seems to have a
particular poem in mind.
21. flebili: cf. on 1. 24. 9.
22-23. Note hypermetra. Cf. 3. 29. 35.
23. aureos: cf. 'golden lads' (1. 5. 9. n.). - astra: 3. 25. 6.
---nigro: cf. on 1. 24. 18.
24. invidit Orco: cf. 3. 2. 21; 4. 8. 27, caelo musa beat.
25. Cf. Denham, On death of Cowley, 'On a stiff gale (as
Flaccus sings) I The Theban swan extends his wings, I When
through th' ethereal clouds he flies; I To the same pitch our swan
doth rise.' - Dircaeum: for fountain Dirce, cf. Lex. - cycnum:
cf.on 4. 3. 20; 2. 20. Gray, Progress of Poesy, describes Pindar
as the Theban eagle 'sailing with supreme dominion I Through
the azure deep of air.'
27. apis: cf. Epp. 1.3.21; 1.19.44; Pind.fr.152; Pyth. 10.
54; Bacchyl. 10. 10; Plat. Ion, 534. A; Aristoph. Birds, 749;
Erinna, Anth. Pal. 7. 13. 1.- Matinae: 1. 28. 3.
28. more modoque: mere alliterative formula.   Cf. A. G.
412. b.
29. per laborem: cf. per dolum (1. 10. 10); per vim (3.14. 15).
30. plurimum: with laborem rather than with nemus. Cf.




BOOK IV. ODE II.                    421
De Quincey (Masson, 11. 379), 'There are single odes of Horace
that must have cost him a six weeks' seclusion from the wickedness of Rome'; Tenn. In Mem. 65, 'And in that solace can I
sing, I Till out of painful phases (phrases?) wrought I There
flutters up a happy thought I Self-balanced on a lightsome
wing.'- circa: 1. 18. 2 - uvidi: 1. 7. 13.
31. operosa: cf. Ruskin's Queen of the Air, 48, 'I, little thing
that I am, weave my laborious songs as earnestly as the bee
among the bells of thyme on the Matin mountains.' See the
whole passage. Cf. 3. 1. 48; 3. 12. 5; and Philips' 'operose
Dr. Bentley.'
33. concines: the transition is abrupt, but pronouns and
adversative particles were not easy to manage in Latin Sapphics.
Cf. 1. 20. 10. - maiore poeta plectro: thou a poet of loftier
style. Cf. on 2. 1. 40; 2. 13. 26.
34. quandoque: cf. on 4. 1. 17. - trahet: will drag (in
triumph). This is the natural phrase. Cf. Epp. 2. 1. 191. But
in the order of the triumph the captives preceded. Cf. 1. 12. 54.
35. sacrum clivum: the part of the Sacred Way from the
Arch of Titus to the Forum. Cf. Epode 7. 8; Martial, 1. 70. 5,
sacro... clivo; Macaulay, Proph. of Capys, 30, 'Blest and
thrice blest the Roman I Who sees Rome's brightest day, I
Who sees that long victorious pomp | Wind down the Sacred
Way   And through the bellowing Forum, j And round the
Suppliants' Grove, I Up to the everlasting gates I Of Capitolian
Jove.' - decorus: cf. 3. 14. 7; 2. 16. 6.
36. fronde: the wreath of laurel. - Sygambros: they. had
defeated the legate Lollius (cf. Intr.), but hastened to make
peace with Augustus. Cf. 4. 14. 51.
37-40. Augustus is heaven's last best gift to man. The
phrase suggests Cic. Acad. Post. 1. 7, and Plato, Tim. 47. b.
For the flattery, cf. Epp. 2. 1. 17; Ov. ex Pont. 1. 2. 98; Sellar,
p. 157, 'In the odes of the 4th book the ideal is supposed to be
realized; but there is less perhaps of the ring of genuine sincerity
in the celebration of its triumph. The tone of the poet is more
distinctly imperial than national.... The adulation which
was the bane of the next century begins to be heard.' Cf. on
4. 15. 4; 3. 3. 16.




422                       NOTES.
38. boni: cf. 4. 5. 1.
39. aurum: i.e. tempus aureum (Epode 16. 64).
40-41. priscum: cf. Epode 2. 2. - laetos: festos.
42. ludum: the technical phrase is ludos, but Horace prefers to
vary familiar formulas, and, like Tennyson, would almost rather
sacrifice the sense than bring two s's together, though, like Tennyson, he sometimes does, e.g. 1. 2. 27; 1. 25. 19; 3. 18. 6; 4. 7.
17; 4. 9. 10. Cf. on 3. 5. 52. - super: on account of.- impetrato: vouchsafed in answer to our prayers. There are coins
of B.C. 16 inscribed S. P. Q. R. V. S. (vota suscepta) Pro S.
(salute) ET RED. AVG. Cf. also Dio, 54. 19.
44. litibus orbum: the closing of the courts, iustitium. For
orbum, cf. Lucret. 5. 840, orba pedum; Pind. Isth. 3. 26, 56p/avoL;pLtov.
45 sqq. The Augustan poets frequently describe themselves
as humble spectators of the emperor's triumphs. Cf. Proper.
4. 3; Cons. ad Liv. 273 sqq. In this case Augustus declined
the triumph and entered the city by night. The ludi took place
in the year 14 (Dio, 54. 27). - audiendum: worth hearing.
46. bona pars: i.e. my voice shall freely swell the acclaim.
46-47. Sol pulcher: cf. 4. 4. 39. - recepto: 2. 7. 27.
49. teque: with dicemus; personifies the Triumph itself, as
in Epode 9. 21. But see Ensor, Hermathena 12 (1903). 108.
51-52. civitas omnis: in apposition with the subject of
dicemus. - dabimus: at the totam delubra per urbem (Verg.
Aen. 8. 716).--tura: 4. 1. 22.
53-54. te (i.e. Antonius)... me: cf. 2. 17. 30-32.
54. solvet: will release, i.e. from  his vow. - relicta...
matre: weaned.
55-60. Quiet, homely or idyllic ending. Cf. 2. 19. 29-32;
3. 5. 53-56. So Tennyson closes Walking to the Mail, Edwin
Morris, and The Golden Year.
55. iuvenescit: is growing up. - herbis: cf. 3. 23. 11.
56. in: i.e. to pay.
57-58. The phrasing is suggested by the familiar expression,
cornua lunae. Cf. C. S. 35; Claudian de Rapt. Pros. 1. 129,
(vitula) nec nova lunatae curvavit germina frontis. - tertium... ortum: of the moon at her third rising, lit., bringing back her




BOOK IV., ODE III.                   423
third rising. Cf. 3. 29. 20. The new moon shows a slight
sickle, or crescent, on the third evening. Shelley, Hellas, 'The
young moon has fed I Her exhausted horn.'
59-60. Cf. Homr. II. 23. 454, 'A chestnut all the rest of him,
but in the forehead marked with a white star.' Cf. XevKOATwrors.
Cf. Moschus, 2. 84. Cf. 'The glory of the herd, a bull I Snowwhite, save 'twixt his horns one spot there grew; ISave that
one stain, he was of milky hue.' (?)
59. notam duxit: is marked; so ducere... colorem (Ov.
Met. 3. 484); Juv. 2. 81, uvaque conspecta livorem ducit ab uva;
Verg. Ecl. 9. 49.
ODE III.
The propitious eye of Melpomene upon the natal hour makes
of the poet a dedicated spirit who has no part in the labors,
ambitions, and rewards of ordinary men. Such a spirit Rome
now recognizes in Horace, the voice of Envy is silenced, and the
poet thanks the sweet Muse to whom he owes his inspiration
and power to please.
The poem celebrates the realization of the aspirations of 1. 1.
Cf. Sellar, p. 190; Andrew Lang's pretty Ballade of the Muse;
Ronsard, A sa Lyre. There is a good translation by Bishop
Atterbury. Cf. also Pitt, Johnson's Poets, 12. 388.
1-2. Quem... videris: him upon whose birth thou, Melpomene, once hast looked with eyes of favor. - Melpomene: cf.
3. 30. 16. n.-semel: 1. 24. 16; C. S. 26. nascentem...
videris: not astrological, as adspicit (2. 17. 17). Cf. Hes.
Theog. 82; Pind. 0. 7. 11; Boileau, A. P. 1; Lessing, To his
brother, 'Auch dich hat, da du wardst geboren, Die Muse
lachelnd angeblickt.'
3. Isthmius: typical, as Olympicum (1. 1. 3), Elea (4. 2. 17).
-labor: r6vos (Pind. 0. 5. 15, et passim). Cf. 4. 2. 18.
4. pugilem: as a pugilist.
5. Achaico: simply Greek. The glory of the Greek chariot
race is compared with the grandeur of a Roman triumph.
6. res bellica: achievement in war; cf. res ludicra, comedy




424


NOTES.


(Epp. 2. 1. 180).-- Deliis: of Apollo. Cf. 4. 2. 9; 3. 30. 15.
A branch of laurel was borne by the triumphator. Cf. F. Q. 1.1.9.
8. regum... minas: cf. 2. 12. 12. - tumidas: Sat. 1. 7.
7. - contuderit: has crushed; cf. 3. 6. 10; Verg. Aen. 1. 263;
Cons. ad Liv. 17, Ille genus Suevos acre indomitosque Sicambros \
contudit inque fugam barbara terga dedit.
9. ostendet Capitolio: cf. on 4. 2. 35, and Propert. 4. 3. 13.
10. Tibur: his own favorite retirement put typically for the
Muse's 'green retreats.' Cf. on 1. 1. 30; 1. 7. 13 sqq. - praefluunt: flow past; so 4. 14. 26 for praeterfluunt.
11-12. spissae: 3. 19. 25. - nemorum comae: cf. on 1. 21.
5; 4. 7. 2. - fingent...nobilem: will make him famous. -
Aeolio: 3. 30. 13.
13. Cf. 4. 14. 44; Epp. 1. 7. 44, regia Roma.
14. suboles: the children, i.e. the people.
15. ponere: cf. inserere (1. 1. 35); ponetur (Epp. 2. 1. 43).
16. dente: cf. Epode 6. 15; Sat. 1. 6. 46, quem rodunt omnes;
Sat. 2. 1.77; Epist. 2. 1. 151; Pindar, Pyth. 2. 53; Ov. Trist. 4.
10. 123; ex Ponto, 3. 4. 74; Phaedr. Prol. 5; Martial, 5. 28. 7;
Anth. Pal. 9. 356; 16. 265. 5; Shaks. Jul. Caes. 2. 3. 'My heart
laments that virtue cannot live I Out of the teeth of emulation';
Gray, Eton College, 'Or jealousy with rankling tooth.'
17. testudinis: 3.11.3; 1. 32.14. - aurea: cf. on 2. 13.26;
Pind. Pyth. 1. 1, Xpva-ua 06p/Aet.
18. dulcem: with strepitum, a slight oxymoron. Or it is conceivably proleptic. - strepitum: Epp. 1. 2. 31; fiodp, Pind. O.
3. 8; Pyth. 1. 13; Nem. 5. 38; Homer, II. 18. 495; YXvKbv aCXWCd
Tro3ov (Soph. Ajax, 1202); 'How they seemed to fill the sea and
air I With their sweet jargoning' (Col. Anc. Mar.); 'La noise du
rossignol' (Ronsard); 'That melodious noise' (Milton, At a
Solemn Music); 'For all their groves, which with the heavenly
noises I Of their sweet instruments were wont to sound' (Spenser,
Tears of the Muses). - Pieri: Muse of Pieria. A Muse is
called Pieris as here, and more frequently the Muses are called
Pierides, from Pieria, a region of Macedonia connected with
their cult. - temperas: dost govern, modulate. Cf. on 1. 24.
14, moderere; Propert. 3. 32. 80.
19. mutis: traditional epithet. Cf. \XXorEs, XXol, dvavuo, in




BOOK IV., ODE III.                   425
Greek Lex. The scarus was thought the only exception. Cf.
Anth. Pal. 10. 16. 13; Oppian, Hal. 1. 134. But the trout of the
river Aroanius in Arcadia were believed to sing (Pausan. 8.
21. 2). 1xvy &dgpwv6repoL was a proverb. Cf. Troilus and Cress.
3. 3, 'He is grown a very land-fish, languageless'; Shelley,
Hellas, 'Joy waked the voiceless people of the sea'; Swinb.
Erech., 'tongueless waterherds.' After Aeschyl. Persae, 577.
- quoque: even.
20. donatura: who couldst give; of. on 2. 3. 4. - efcni:
cycnum (4.2. 25). For swan's song, cf. 2. 20. 15; Plato, Phaedo,
84. E; Aeschyl. Ag. 1445; Ov. Her. 7. 1; Callim. Hymn. Del.
252; Wordsworth's Sonnet, 'I heard (alas! 'twas only in a
dream)'; Byron, 'There, Swani-like, let me sing and die' (Don
Juan, 3. 86. 16); Shaks. Merch. of V. 3. 2; King John, 5. 7;
Othello, 5. 2; Hale's Folia Literaria, p. 231 sqq.; Ael. Var.
Hist. 1. 14, Jyd 8 h8ovror K6KVOV o0K KcOVTCa, tOws 5 ot  &XXos.
rerlo-reura 8' oOv 6rt i8e&. Frazer, Paus. 2. 395.
21. totum... tuist: this is wholly thy gift, predicative
genitive. Cf. Ov. (Trist. 1. 6. 6) to his wife, siquid adhUc ego
sum, muneris omne tui est.
22. Proverbial. Cf. Pers. 1. 28; Lucian, Herod. 1, Somnium
11; Aeschyl. Ag. 1332; Tac. Dial, 7; Martial, 9: 97. 3; Cic.
Tuse. 5. 36, etc.  Sometimes it signifies finger of scorn (Ov.
Am. 3. 1. 19).
23. fidicen is Latin (ef. Epp. 1. 19. 32); lyrae: Greek (cf. 4.
6. 25-27).
24. quod spiro: that I have inspiration; cf. 2. 16. 38, 4. 6. 29;
Epp. 2. 1. 166; Pind. 0. 13. 22, Mor' &36rvoos; Ronsard, A sa
Lyre, 'Par toy je plais, et par toy je suis leu: c'est toy qui fais
que Ronsard soit esleu Harpeur Frangois, et quand on le rencontre, Qu'avec le doigt par la rue on le monstre,' etc. - tuumr
est: but cf. 4. 6. 29, Apollo; 2. 16. 39, Parca; 3. 30. 15, meritis.
ODE IV.
Like a new-fledged eagle swooping down on its quarry, like a
fresh-weaned lion rending its first victim, - in such guise have
the Vindelici beheld young Drusus waging war beneath the Raetian Alps. Subdued at last, those fierce tribes have been taught




426


NOTES.


what the sons of the Neros, bred at the hearth of Augustus, can
achieve. What Rome owes to the house of Nero let the battle
of the river Metaurus bear witness, the overthrow of Hasdrubal,
and the first day of hope that dawned on Italy after all the
years in which Hannibal rode like a storm wind or forest fire
over her fields. That was the beginning of the end. Hannibal
knew it, and said: 'We are like deer that madly turn upon
their natural pursuers. The indomitable race that issued
from burning Troy grows stronger through hardship and defeat,
and renews itself like the hydra of Hercules. Never again
shall I send proud heralds of victory to Carthage. All is lost
with the fall of Hasdrubal.' Such were the deeds of the Claudians. And what may they not do, guarded by Jupiter and
guided by sagacious counsels?
The campaign celebrated in this ode was undertaken in order
to give Rome control of the eastern passes of the Alps and put a
stop to the incursions of the unruly Alpine tribes. " P. Silius
engaged these tribes in 738, and worsted them. The year following... Drusus, the emperor's younger stepson, now in his
twenty-third year, took the command of the legions from Silius,
overthrew the Rhaetians in the Tridentine Alps, traversed the
Brenner pass, and defeated the Breuni and Genauni in the valley
of the Inn. It is... probable that he turned westward to
effect a junction with his brother Tiberius, who had been dispatched at the same time to attack the Vindelicians in the rear.... Tiberius penetrated the gorges of the Upper Rhine and
Inn in every direction; and at the conclusion of a brilliant and
rapid campaign, the two brothers had effected the complete
subjugation of the country of the Grisons and the Tyrol,"
which with adjacent territory were constituted the province of
Rhaetia. " The free tribes of the Eastern Alps appear then for
the first time in history, only to disappear again for a thousand
years."  (Abridged from Merivale, 4. 160. Cf. Dio, 54. 22;
Strabo, 4, p. 206; Ferrero, 5. 117.)
Tiberius (afterwards emperor), born 713, and Drusus, born
716, sons of the empress Livia by her divorced husband Tiberius
Claudius Nero, were adopted by Augustus. Drusus was the
emperor's favorite (Suet. Claud. 1), and is, with some partiality,
celebrated not only in this ode, but in the fourteenth, which
treats of the exploits of Tiberius.




BOOK IV., ODE IV.


427


Horace often professes that he is unapt to sing of war. Cf. 1.
6. 5, 4. 2. 30 sqq.; Sat. 2. 1. 12 sqq. This ode, and indeed the
fourth book generally, was written, Suetonius tells us, at the
express command of the emperor. Scripta quidem eius usque
adeo probavit mansuraque perpetua opinatus est, ut non modo
Seculare carmen componendum iniunxerit sed et Vindelicam
victoriam Tiberii Drusique, privignorum suorum, eumque coegerit
propter hoc tribus carminum libris ex longo intervallo quartum
addere. Horace evades the difficulty by a Pindaric treatment,
the long historical digression 37-73 representing the myth.
Translation by Lyttleton, Johnson's Poets, 14. 182. Prior's
Ode to the Queen (1706) is a feeble imitation.
1. The construction is qualem... propulit (6)... vernique
S.. docuere (8)... mox... demisit (10)... nunc... egit
(12)... qualemve... vidit (13. 16)... (talem) videre (17).
In translating follow the Latin order: like the, etc.--ministrum:
flammigerum, lovis armiger (Verg. Aen. 5. 255); in apposition
with alitem, which is the object of propulit, but we translate
winged minister. The eagle clasping the thunderbolt is found
on coins.
2. regnum: olwv^rv PaaSXta (Pind. 01. 13. 21). Cf. Pyth. 1. 7;
Isth. 5.50. Bacchyl. 5.17 sqq. 'Sailing with supreme dominion through the azure deep of air.' - in: cf. on 3. 1. 5.vagas: iepo<olrovs. Cf. 3. 27. 16, vaga cornix.
3. permisit: Lex. s.v. II. B. 2.- expertus: etc., having
found him faithful in (the case of).
4. Ganymede: cf. 3. 20. 16; Verg. Aen. 5. 255; Tenn. Pal. of
Art, 'Or else flushed Ganymede, his rosy thigh I Half-buried in
the eagle's down, I Sole as a flying star shot thro' the sky I Above
the pillar'd town.' The eagle is post-Homeric. Cf. I1. 20. 233 -235. - flavo: cf. on 1. 5. 4.
5. olim: once. Olim, mox, nitnc (11), mark the stages in
the growth of the young eagle, which is, of course, no longer the
particular bird that carried off Ganymede. First it essays its
wings, then swoops down on the folds, then does battle with
serpents.
6. propulit: 'gnomic' aorist of simile.




428


NOTES.


7. vernique: the fact that eagles are hatched in late spring
and are not full-fledged till autumn need trouble us no more
than Pindar's golden-horned doe, Keats' 'Stout Cortez' on Darien or his 'warm gules' in the moonlight, or the singing of
Tennyson's female nightingale. Cf. Aristotle, Poetics, 1460. b.
31-33. - nimbis: storm-clouds (of winter).
8. nisus: sc. pennarum = labores, efforts. Cf. 4. 2. 3, nititur
pennis, and Lucretius, 5. 911, pedum nisus.
9. mox: 1. 1. 17; 2. 1. 10; 4. 14. 14.
10. vividus impetus: vigorous swoop.
11. dracones: snakes; serpentes would not fit the meter, and
the poetical Greek word suggests the combat of eagle and
snake in Homer (Il. 12. 200 sqq.). Cf. Verg. Aen. 11. 751;
Shelley, Revolt of Islam, 1. 8.
13. laetis: luxuriant; 'laetas segetes' etiam  rustici dicunt
(Cic. de Or. 3. 38). But there is a suggestion of the joy of the
new-born flocks, as in Lucretius' pabula laeta (1. 257).
14. fulvae matris ab ubere: from his tawny mother's udder,
referring to the lion. For eagle and lamb, cf. Macaulay, Regillus, 15.
15. iam lacte depulsum: just weaned; the technical term.
Cf. Verg. Ecl. 7. 15;   0X\os.
16. peritura: it looks up... into the jaws of death. Cf.
on 2. 3. 4. - Raetis: i.e. Raeticis. So Heinsius for Raeti
of Mss. 'The Vindelici saw... at foot of Raetian Alps' is
equivalent to 'the Vindelici and Raeti saw.'
-. f-22. quibus... omnia: I have deferred inquiring from
what source (is) derived the immemorial (per omne tempus) custom
(which) arms their right hands with Amazonian axe, lit., whence
derived the custom... arms, deductus being a participle and
unde mos obarmet a dependent question. This inopportune
archaeological digression has been much discussed. It may
be a mere failure of Horace's*art, an attempted Pindarism, or,
as has been conjectured, a sly allusion to some contemporaneous
pedantry, e.g. in the Amazonis of Domitius Marsus. The
scholiast is ready with a theory to account for the Amazonian
battle ax in the hands of the Vindelici. Ovid calls Amazons
securigeras puellas (Her. 4.117). Cf. Class. Dict. s.v. securis,
and Xen. Anab. 4. 4. 16.




BOOK IV., ODE IV.


429


21-22. obarmet: coined     by Horace. - sed:     ' ov, resumptive.
24. consiliis: Cicero renders orpartyl/Aa by consilium imperatorium. - revictae: long victrices, now defeated in their turn.
But cf. refringit, 3. 3. 28.
25. sensere: 2. 7. 10; 4. 6. 3.
25-26. rite... nutrita: go with both mens and indoles,
mind and heart.
26. sub: cf. sub lare, 3. 29. 14. - penetralibus: cf. Velleius,
2. 94, innutritus (sc. Tiberius) caelestium praeceptorum disciplinis.
28. in: cf. 2. 2. 6. - Nerones: Neronis... quo significatur
lingua Sabina fortis ac strenuus (Suet. Tib. 1).
29. Brave are the offspring of the brave and good. Not the
brave are born of sires brave and good. Cf. Shaks. Cymbeline,
4. 2, 'Cowards father cowards, and base things sire base';
Pindar, Pyth. 8. 44; Plato, Menex. 237 A; Theog. 537. Fortis
et bonus is a formula, cf. Epp. 1. 9. 13.
30-32. 'Even the homely farm can teach us there is something in descent' (Tenn. Locksley Hall Sixty Years After).
31. imbellem feroces: cf. on 1. 6. 9.
33. sed: concede what we will to nature, nurture too plays its
part. Cf. Pind. 01. 10. 20; Eurip. Iph. Aul. 557; Cic. Tusc. 2.
5. 13; Poet Archias, 15; Quintil. 2. 19. 2.
34. cultus: cf. Bacon's Georgics of the Mind; and Cic. Tusc.
2. 5. 13. - roborant: we say 'hearts of oak' but 'steel the
breast.'
35. utcumque: when once. Cf. 1. 17. 10; 1. 35. 23; 2. 17.
11. - mores: i.e. recta morum disciplina.
36. indecorant: Some editors read dedecorant; so Epist. 2.
1. 245.--bene nata: what is good by nature; the neuter generalizes (cf. 1. 34. 12), but metrical convenience may determine
its use.
37. quid debeas: From this point on Horace celebrates the
praises of the Claudian princes by recalling the famous achievement of their ancestor, C. Claudius Nero, to whose audacity the
defeat of Hasdrubal at the river Metaurus B.C. 207 was mainly
due. He, leaving half his army in camp before Hannibal in
southern Italy, marched with the remainder the whole length of




430                       NOTES.
the peninsula to reinforce his colleague, M. Livius Salinator (ancestor of Drusus on the mother's side) to whom the northern
province had been assigned, and returned victorious with the
head of Hasdrubal before Hannibal had discovered his absence.
See the spirited account in Livy, 27. 43 sqq.; Polyb. 11. 1.
38. testis: cf. Catull. 64. 357. - Metaurum flumen: somewhat differently, 2. 9. 21, Medum flumen.
38-39. Hasdrubal devictus: cf. on 2. 4. 10.
39. pulcher: cf. 4. 2. 47.
40. Latio: abl. with fugatis rather than dat. with risit.
41. risit: cf. 4. 11. 6. n. - adorea: victory; an archaic,
metrically convenient, and sonorous synonym of victoria.
42. dirus: cf. 2. 12. 2; 3. 6. 36. - ut: since. Cf. Epode, 7,
19. Ov. Trist. 4. 6. 19, ut patria careo bis frugibus area trita
est.
43. ceu: only here in Horace.
44. equitavit: cf. 1. 2. 51. Afer is the grammatical, flamma
or, rather, Eurus, the felt, subject. Cf. Eurip. Phoen. 211,
ZceXlas Zeq5pov rvoais l rreto'avros.
45. post hoc: Cicero (Brutus, 3) dates the turn of fortune
from the battle of Nola, posteaque prosperae res deinceps multae
consecutae sunt. - usque: cf. on. 1. 17. 4; 3. 30. 7. - secundis... laboribus: prosperous enterprises. For labor, cf. 4. 3. 3;
and the Greek ir6vos = battle; II. 6. 77; Theog. 987.
46. pubes: 3. 5. 18. - crevit: waxed strong. Cf. 3. 30. 8. -
impio: they pillaged the temples.
47. tumultu: of the distress and confusion of a home or
border war. Horace slightly extends the technical force of the
word as seen in tumultus Italicus, tumultus Gallicus. Cf. Cio.
Phil. 8. 1.
48. rectos: upright, and righted. Cf. deiecta simulacra;
1 Sam. 5. 3, 'Dagon was fallen upon his face to the earth...
And they took Dagon, and set him in his place again.'
49. perfidus: perfidia plus quam Punica, Livy, 21. 4. 9. Cf.
on 3. 5. 33; Livy, 9. 3, Romano in perfidum Samnitem pugnanti;
Martial, 4. 14. 4.
50 sqq. Cf. Livy, 27. 51, Hannibal... agnoscere se fortunam
Karthaginis fertur dixisse.- cervi: cf. I1. 13. 101 sqq. - lupo



BOOK IV., ODE IV.                    431
rum: Macaulay, Horatius, 43, 'Quoth he, "The she-wolf's
litter I Stands savagely at bay."'
51. ultro: beyond what is reasonable or natural, actually.
Cf. Verg. Ecl. 8. 52, nunc et ovis ultro fugiat lupus. - opimus
suggests the technical spolia opima.
52. Slight oxymoron, as also is 53. - fallere: 1. 10. 16; 3.
11. 40.
53 sqq. The central idea of the Aeneid, which everybody had
been reading. Cf. Juno's complaint, 7. 295, Num capti potuere
capi, num incensa cremavit Troia viros medias acies mediosque
per ignes, I invenere viam. Cf. 3. 3. 40. - cremato fortis ab
Ilio: bravely from the ashes of Ilium.
54. iactata: preferably with sacra. Gens is sufficiently described. Cf. iactatus, Aen. 1. 3; Victosque Penatis, ibid. 1. 67.
57-60. Cf. Thomson, Liberty, 'This firm Republic, that
against the blast I Of opposition rose; that (like an oak, I
Nursed on feracious Algidum, whose boughs I Still stronger
shoot beneath the rigid axe) I By loss, by slaughter, from the
steel itself I Even force and spirit drew.' He uses the same
image in Rule Britannia, 'Still more majestic shalt thou rise, I
More dreadful from each foreign stroke; I As the loud blast
that tears the skies I Serves but to root thy native oak.'
58. nigrae: cf. on 1. 21. 7; Verg. Eclog. 6. 54, ilice sub nigra.
-Algido: 1. 21. 6; 3. 23. 9.
59. caedis is equally applicable to lopping a tree and cutting
up an army.
61-62. This image applied to Rome is attributed to Cineas,
the counselor of Pyrrhus, in Plutarch, Pyrrh. 19. Cf. also Flor.
Epit. 1. 18; Ov. Met. 9. 74, crescentemque malo domui; Verg.
Aen. 8. 300; Eurip. Here. Fur. 1274. The first symbolic
literary use of the image is Plato, Repub. 426. E.
63. submisere: put forth; the Roman soldiers spring up like
the fabled brood of the dragon's teeth sown by Jason at Colchi
or Cadmus at Thebes. Cf. Lucret. 1. 7,daedala tellus submittit
flores.
64. Echioniae: (city) of Echion. Echion was one of the survivors of the Theban Dragon brood, and, by marriage with the
daughter of Cadmus, ancestor of the Theban kings. Any person




432                       NOTES.
associated with a place in Greek mythology may supply the
Latin poet with a sonorous epithet for the place. Cf. 1. 17. 22,
23. n.
65. merses: hortatory (imperative) subj. as virtual protasis
to evenit. For the word, cf. 3. 16. 13; Verg. Aen. 6. 512; Lucan,
1. 159, quae populos semper mersere potentes. - profundo: abl.
- evenit: used here in its primary etymological, not in its secondary sense. Cf. on 1. 5. 8; 3. 11. 27, pereuntis; 1. 36. 20,
ambitiosior; 2. 1. 26, impotens; 3. 24. 18, innocens; Epode
17. 67, obligatus; 3. 3. 51, cogere; 3. 7. 30, despice; 4. 2. 7,
immensus? Epode 2. 14, feliciores.
66. luctere: so Aristophanes boasts of the Athenians, that if
they ever chanced to take a fall they wiped off the dust and
denied it. Eq. 571-572.
66-67. multa... cum laude: amid loud acclaim. But cf.
Catull. 64. 112.
66. integrum: the victor would be unscathed, dKpacuqps. -
proruet: the shift to the fut. need trouble nobody.
68. coniugibus: either those Roman wives of the enemy,,cf. Catull. 64. 349, illius... claraque facta I Saepe fatebuntur
gnatorum in funere matres; II. 8. 157), or in fireside talks. Cf.
Macaulay, Horatius, 70. For Roman constancy in defeat, cf.
Livy, 9. 3, ea est Romana gens quae victa quiescere nesciat; Livy,
27. 14; Justin, 31. 6.
69. Cf. the story in Livy, 23. 12, of the three bushels of gold
rings, taken from Roman knights, poured out on the floor of the
Carthaginian senate.
70. Cf. Isaiah, 20. 9, 'and he answered and said: "Babylon
is fallen, is fallen "'; Dryden, Alexander's Feast, 'He sang
Darius great and good I By too severe a fate I Fallen, fallen
fallen, fallen, I Fallen from his high estate'; Tenn. Princess,
'Our enemies have fallen, have fallen.'
73-76. Closing reflections after the myth in Pindaric manner.
74. numine luppiter: 3. 10. 8.
75. curae: possibly, their own sagacity; more probably, that
of Augustus balancing Jupiter, as often in the Augustan poets.
Cf. also 4. 14. 33, te consilium.
76. expediunt: bring safely through; disengage. Cf. Verg.




BOOK IV., ODE V.                    433
Aen. 2. 633. - acuta belli: possibly metaphorically of dangerous rocks. But cf. subita belli, Livy, 6. 32; 33. 11, aspera belli;
Tac. Hist. 2. 77, 4. 23, proeliorum incerta, fortuita belli; Homer,
Il. 4. 352, 64v "Apia. Also, Lucan, 7. 684, prospera bellorum;
Catull. 63. 16, truculentaque pelagi.
ODE V.
Too long absent, great guardian of the race of Romulus, restore the light of thy countenance to thy people, who yearn for
thee as a mother longs for a son detained beyond seas by contrary winds. Bounteous harvests, seas freed from pirates,
faith, chastity, justice at home, the barbarian cowed abroad, -
such are the blessings of thy reign. After a busy day among
his vines the husbandman pours his after-dinner libation to
thee as to his household gods, and invokes thy name as grateful
Greece invokes her mythic benefactors.
The three years following the defeat of Lollius by the Sygambri (B.C. 16; cf. 4. 2. 36), Augustus spent in the West, partly
with a view to restoring order in Gaul and Spain, partly, as was
said (Dio, 55. 19), in order, like Solon, to escape by absence
the odium aroused by his measures of reform. In this carefully polished official utterance the Poet Laureate expresses
the loyalty of the growing class who gratefully recognized that
'l'empire c'est la paix.' Cf. Sellar, p. 189, and Velleius, 2.89.
The ode follows the praise of Drusus in 4, as 15 follows the
praise of Tiberius in 14.
1. divis.. bonis: abl. abs. (cf. Sat. 2. 3. 8, iratis natus dis);
when the gods were kind. The birth of Augustus was a gift of
boni divi (4. 2. 38).- Romulae: as adj. Cf. C. S. 47. But
Catull. 34. 22 has Romuli... gentem. The oblique cases of
R5mtilus have to be replaced by those of Remus in hexameters, but he comes to his own in lyric.
2. custos: 1. 12. 49; 4. 15. 17.
4. sancto: august; a standing epithet of Senatus. Cf. Verg.
Aen. 1. 426.
5. lucem: the Homeric qdos. Cf. Aeschyl. Persae, 300;




434


NOTES.


Verg. Aen. 2. 281. -  tuae: emphatic. -  dux bone: cf. 37, and
3. 14. 7. He is the war-lord and captain to whom allegiance is
due.
6. instar: usually of quantity, as in Vergil's instar montis
equum. - veris: cf. Shelley, Revolt of Is. Ded. 7. 2, 'Thou
friend, whose presence on my wintry heart I Fell like bright
spring upon some herbless plain.'
7. it dies: cf. 2. 14. 5, quotquot eunt dies.
8. soles: for poetry, as for Heracleitus, the sun is vios "' iuppy.
Cf. 4. 2. 46.
9-14. Editors cite, for the image, Oppian, Hal. 4. 335. Kiessling suspects that the mother is substituted here for some lovelorn heroine (of Callimachus) waiting like Asterie (3. 7) for her
lover.
9. mater iuvenem: note juxtaposition; the details may
follow. - invido: so the river that keeps Ovid's lover from his
tryst is 'invidious,' and the first rays of the dawn that is to
sever Romeo and Juliet are 'envious streaks.' - Carpathii:
1. 35. 8.
11. longius annuo: navigation has closed, and he must pass
the winter in the East, as Gyges (3. 7. 5) in Oricum.
13. Cf. Livy, Pref. 13, cum bonis potius ominibus votisque et
precationibus, etc. She makes vows, consults the omens, and
offers prayers in her impatience.
14. curvo: winding, a standing epithet. Cf. Epode 10. 21;
Verg. Aen. 3. 223, etc.
15. icta: l1Adpy irerXryCdvos. Cf. Lucret. 2. 360, desiderio perfixa iuvenci. - desideriis: pl. mainly metri causa.
16. quaerit: cf. 3. 24. 32.- patri Caesarem: cf. 9.
17 sqq. Cf. Ov. Fast., 1. 701-704, Gratia dis domuique tuae,
religata catenis I lampridem  vestro sub pede bella iacent. I Sub
iuga bos veniat, sub terras semen aratas, I Pax Cererem nutrit,
pacis alumna Ceres; Germanicus, Aratea, 9, Si non parta quies
te praeside puppibus aequor I cultorique daret terras.
17. tutus: cf. 1. 17. 5. - perambulat: grazing in conscious
security. Others, walks before the plough.
18. rura: the fields which. Horace repeats and dwells on the
image with complacency. The contrast with the picture in




BOOK IV., ODE V.


435


Verg. G. 1. 506-508 would flatter Augustus. - Faustitas: found
only here. There was a Fausta Felicitas. Cf. Aýjala (Hdt.
5. 82), At46, and OaXXc.
19. pacatum: from pirates by defeat of Sextus Pompey, B.C.
36. Cf. Ant. and Cleop. 1. 4, 'Menecrates and Menas famous
pirates I make the sea serve them.' Augustus boasts (Mon.
Ancyr. 5. 1), mare pacavi a praedonibus. Cf. also Suet. Oct.
98; Epode 4. 19.- volitant: cf. Vergil's pelagoque volamus
(Aen. 3. 124); Epode 16. 40; Catull. 4. 5; Homer, Odyss.
11. 125, 23. 272; Hes. Op. 626; Verg. Aen. 1. 224, mare velivolum; Lucret. 5. 1442; Eurip. Tro. 1086; Hippol. 752; Aeschyl.
Pers. 565; Prom. 468; Tenn. In Mem. 9; Merchant of Ven.
1. 1, 'As they fly by them with their woven wings,' etc.
20. metuit: cf. 3. 11. 10; 2. 2. 7. - fides: commercial, as in
3. 24. 59.
22. mos et lex: 3. 24. 35. - lex: the leges luliae de adulteriis
et pudicitia (B. C. 18). Cf. C. S. 18-20. - edomuit: e, completely. 'The publication of the Ars Amandi a few years later,
and the career of the two Julias, afford an impressive commentary on these lines' (Sellar, p. 155).
23. simili prole: for, or rather by, the resemblance of the child
(to the father). Cf. Hes. Op. 235; Catull. 61. 226, sit suo similis
patri, etc.; Martial, 6. 27. 3; Shaks. Winter's Tale, 1. 2; Pater,
Marius, chap. 13.
24. premit: follows close upon. Punishment no longer limps
with tardy foot (3. 2. 32). For premit comes, cf. Sat. 2. 7. 115.
25-28. Cf. 3. 14. 15; 4. 15. 17; and the fine epigram of Crinagoras (Anth. Pal. 9. 291).
26. horrida: suggests Germany silvis horrida, Tac. Ger. 5.
Cf. Verg. Aen. 9. 382.
26-27. quos... fetus: the brood which; German fecundity.
Cf. Milton's 'A multitude like which the populous North I
Poured never, from her frozen loins to pass I Rhene or the
Danau'; oba' jv repavlrlP 'Pjvov d.arr' fa l (Crinagoras). -
incolumi: 3. 5. 12.
28. Hiberiae: cf. on 2. 6. 2; 4. 14. 50.
29. condit: passes; cf. cantando... condere soles (Verg.
Eclog. 9. 52); Georg. 1. 458; Munro on Lucret. 3. 1088, condere




436                       NOTES.
saecla. - collibus: 1. 20. 12; Verg. Georg. 2. 521-522, et alte I
mitis in apricis coquitur vindemia saxis. - suis: emphatic;
his own vine and fig tree, as it were.
30-31. viduas: [i.e. unwedded. Cf. on 2. 15. 4; Epode 2. 10.
- ducit: cf. 'or they led the vine I To wed her elm; she spoused
about him twinesI Her marriageable arms' (Milton, P. L. 5);
Catull. 62.49; Shaks. Com. of Err. 2. 2, 'Thou art an elm, my
husband, I a vine'; F. Q. 1. 1. 8, 'The vine-prop elm'; Gray's
letters from Italy, ' Very public and scandalous doings between
the vine and the elm trees, and how the olive trees are shocked
thereat'; Juv. 8. 78; Martial, 3. 58. 3, etc. - redit: sc. domum.
31-32. alteris... mensis: at dessert; 'across the walnuts
and the wine.' This second course, mensae... secundae (Verg.
Georg. 2. 101), was prefaced by libations to the household Lares,
with whom, by popular feeling and express decree of the Senate,
Augustus' name was associated. Cf. Merivale, chap. 33; Dio,
51. 19; Kirkland on Epist. 2. 1. 16; Ov. Fast. 2. 633.
32. adhibet: cf. Verg. Aen. 5. 62, adhibete Penatis... epulis.
33. te: for stylistic effect of the repetition, cf. 4. 14. 41 sqq.
- prosequitur: honors.
34. defuso: cf. 1. 31. 2-3, de... fundens. For Latin concreteness here, cf. on 2. 4. 10.
35. miscet: unites.
35-36. The genitives are construed with numen, but felt also
with memor. For the popular feeling towards Augustus, cf.
further Epist. 2. 1. 16; Renan, Hibbert Lectures, p. 15; Boissier,
Religion Romaine, 1. 141; Ov. Fast., 2. 633 sqq.
37. o utinam: 1. 35. 38. - ferias: 'vacation' is peace.
38. Hesperiae: cf. on 2. 1. 32. - integro: when the day is
still intact and wholly ours. Cf. Pater, 'Marius,' p. 132, 'that
youth the days of which he had already begun to count jealously
in entire possession.'
39. sicci: 1.18.3. - uvidi: 1. 7.22; 2. 19. 18; 3.21. 9; Sat.
2. 6. 70, uvescit; Sat. 2. 1. 9, irriguum.
40. Quiet close; cf. 4. 2. 55-60. n.




BOOK IV., ODE VI.                   437
ODE VI.
A prelude addressed to the chorus of noble youths and maidens
who were to sing the carmen saeculare (q.v.).
Apollo that didst punish Niobe and Tityos and overthrow even
Achilles (4-12), who else would have left alive no child of Troy
to found Rome under happier auspices (12-24), thou inspirer of
the Grecian muse, uphold to-day the honor of Latin song. And
you, noble maids, mark well the measure of this sacred chant.
Happy matrons, one day you will boast that on the great festival
day you learned and sang the strains of Horace the Bard.
1. Dive: lines 5-23 are a digression suggested by Achilles;
and the verb of the prayer is defende (line 27). Apollo slew
Achilles and so made possible the escape of Aeneas and the
founding of Rome. - proles Niobea: the children of Niobe;
cf. Tenn. 'a Niobean daughter'; II. 24. 608, 'for that Niobe
matched herself against fair-cheeked Leto, saying that the
goddess bare but twain, but herself many children: so they,
though they (Apollo and Diana) were but twain, destroyed the
others all'; Ovid, Met. 6. 135; Jebb on Soph. Antig. 823;
Landor's Niobe; and the famous group of statues at Florence.
2. linguae: a big tongue is Greek for boastful tongue. Cf.
Soph. Antig. 127; Verg. Aen. 10. 547; Swinburne, Erechtheus;
Dante (Purg. 12) cites Niobe among the examples of punita
superbia. This moral significance of the myth was first emphasized in a lost play of Aeschylus. It was also represented
in the reliefs carved on the throne of the Olympian Zeus.
Horace had seen a Niobe group at Rome. Cf. Plin. N. H. 36.
28, Par haesitatio est in templo Apollinis Sosiani Niobae liberos
morientes Scopas an Praxiteles fecerit. The relation of this
group to the one now at Florence is uncertain. Cf. Anth. Pal.
16. 129-134. - Tityos: cf. on 2. 14. 8; 3.11.21; 3.4. 77; Ody.
11. 576; Pind. Pyth. 4. 90.- raptor: sc. Latonae. Cf. An rc
ydIp 1Kr-Te.
3. sensit: cf. 4. 4. 25. -prope victor: by slaying Hector
(cf. on 2. 4. 11), who dying prophesies his death by the hand of




438


NOTES.


Apollo (II. 22. 359). Cf. Quint. Smyrn. 3. 62.- altae: cf. 1.
16. 18; II. 13. 773, "IXlos alretvp; Verg. Aen. 1. 7; 1. 95; 10.
469.
5. impar: cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 475, impar congressus Achilli.
6. filius quamvis Thetidis... quateret: son of Thetis
though he (was and) shook. - marinae: cf. 1. 8. 13; Pind. Nem.
3. 35, rovrlav OdrLv.
7. tremenda: see its description, II. 16. 140-144.
8. pugnax: participial effect of adj. Cf. Livy, 22. 37. 8, pugnacisque alias missili telo gentes; Simonides, aixpytral rpb 7rr6Xos.
9. mordaci: cf. Macaulay, Regillus, 8,' Camerium knows how
deeply the sword of Aulus bites'; Arnold, Strayed Reveller,
'They feel the biting spears I Of the grim Lapithae'; Shaks.
Merry Wives, 2. 1,'I have a sword and it shall bite upon my
necessity'; Aeschyl. Sept. 399; Eurip. Cycl. 395, IreXVKe(wv 'yvOoms.
- icta: Verg. Aen. 6. 180, icta securibus ilex.
10-11. Cf. II. 5. 560; 16. 483; Macaulay, Horatius, 46, 'And
the great Lord of Luna I Fell at that deadly stroke I As falls on
Mount Alvernus I A thunder-smitten oak'; Catull. 64. 105-109
10. impulsa: cf. Juv. Sat. 10. 107, et impulsae praeceps immane ruinae.
11. late: Homer's gdlyas ge-aXwotri (Od. 24.40); but the fallen
tree is still present to the mind. Cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 466, Danaum
super agmina late I incidit; Macaulay, ut supra, 'Far o'er the
crashing forest I The giant arms lie spread.'
13. ille non: cf. non ille (4. 9. 51). The stratagem of the
Wooden Horse is familiar from Verg. Aen. 2. - Minervae: perhaps with both equo and sacra.
14. sacra mentito: which pretended to be an offering; Verg.
Aen. 2. 17, votum pro reditu simulant. - male feriatos: it was
a luckless holiday for them. Cf. Aen. 2. 248; Eurip. Tro. 516;
Lang, Helen of Troy, 6. 8 sqq.
16. falleret:  virtually = the metrically inconvenient fefellisset.
17. palam: with captis, antithesis to falleret. He would
have taken his enemies openly, not by stratagem.- gravis:
papds.- heu: 1. 15. 9, 19. - heu nefas: 3. 24. 30.
18. nescios fari: infantes; v5rta TrKVa (I1. 22. 63).




BOOK IV., ODE VI.                    439
19. latentem, etc.: cf. II. 6. 58.
21. ni: freely used in the Satires and by Vergil (Aen. 1. 58).
Elsewhere in odes, nisi.
22. vocibus: by the entreaties. - pater: cf. 1. 2. 2; 1. 12. 13;
Verg. Aen. 1. 254, 10. 2. - adnuisset: vouchsafed; cf. on 3. 1. 8.
Horace by this time knew the scene in Verg. Aen. 1. 257.
23. rebus Aeneae: to the fortunes of Aeneas; cf. rerum (2.
17. 4) and Vergil's res Troiae (Aen. 8. 471).
23-24. potiore... alite: melioribus auspiciis. Cf. on 1.
15. 5; and for thought, C. S. 41-44.
23. ductos: traced rather than built up. Cf. Verg. Aen.
1. 423, ducere muros, and ducere vallum, etc.
25. Argivae: some read argutae, Xryetas. Cf. on 3. 14. 21.
The reading Argivae brings out more clearly the antithesis between the Greek Thalia and the Italian Camena. Horace is
Romanae fidicen lyrae (4. 3. 23)..
26. Cf. on 3. 4. 61. The Lycian Xanthus is meant.
27. Note alliteration. - Dauniae: 2. 1. 34.
28. levis: unshorn. Cf. on 1. 21. 2; Callim. Hymn Apoll. 36.
- Agyieu: an epithet of Apollo, guardian of the ways (Aeschyl.
Ag. 1081), used more for its pretty Greek sound than for the
sense.
29. spiritum: cf. on 2. 16. 38.
30. poetae: elsewhere in Odes vates, etc.
31. He addresses the boys and girls who made up the chorus.
32. orti: 4. 5. 1.
33. tutela: wards; maids are Dianae..     in fide (Catull.
34. 1). The word is passive here as in Ovid, Trist. 1. 10. 1,
flavae tutela Minervae. For active use, cf. 4. 14. 43; Juv. Sat.
14. 112; Dekker's Lullaby,' Care is heavy, therefore sleep you, I
You are care, and care must keep you.' - fugacis: 2. 1. 19.
34. cohibentis: her shafts stay their flight. Diana has "a
hand I To all things fierce and fleet that roar and range I Mortal,
with gentler shafts than snow or sleep" (Swinburne). Callim.
Hymn Dian. 16.
35. Lesbium: Sapphic. Cf. on 1. 1. 34.
36. pollicis: marking time or, perhaps, assuming the time described by Lesbium pedem, touching the lyre to guide the melody




440                       NOTES.
like Greek Xopo8LtSdoKaXos, to whom, in imagination, Horace likens
himself.
37. rite: duly, meetly. It was a solemn function performed
ex ritu maiorum.
38. crescentem: rnot of shape. Cf. Milton's 'Astarte, queen
of heaven with crescent horns.' - face: light; Orph. Hymn, 9.
3, 8q8ouxe. - Noctilucam: VUKTreza's. The archaic word has
a hieratic effect. Luna had a temple on the Palatine under
the name. Cf. Varro, L. L. v. 68.
39. prosperam: bringing prosperity to. Cf. C. S. 29, fertilis
frugum. Connected with spes, as spero and old form speres
show. Cf. spem mentita seges; Tennyson's 'lead through prosperous floods his holy urn ' (In Mem. 9); and the 'prosperous
flight' of Jeremy Taylor's lark. - pronos: swift; cf. 1. 29. 11;
Tennyson's 'cherish my prone year' and his 'I heard the watchman peal the sliding season,'
40. volvere: cf. Verg. Aen. 9. 7, volvenda dies; 1. 269, volvendis mensibus. - mensis: cf. Shelley, Witch of Atlas, 4, 'the
mother of the months' the moon; Hymn Orph. 9. 5 (8!a oeXvr?) Xp6vov th7ryp 9epdKap're; Catull. 34. 17.
41. nupta: one, as often, represents the chorus, and the old
teacher naturally addresses the girls of the class. - iam: with
nupta, idiomatically; presently, i.e. you will soon find yourself
already married and looking back on your girlhood. Not
'many years hence.' Cf. on iam, 4. 4. 14.
42. saeculo... luces: when the century brought back the
festal days; cf. C. S. Introd. - referente: cf. 3. 29. 20; C. S.
22.--luces: so 4. 15. 25.
43. reddidi: rendered; cf. 4. 11. 35.- modorum: cf. on
1. 15. 24-25; 3. 9. 10. - docilis: trained in.
44. vatis: cf. on 2. 6. 24.
ODE VII.
Spring is here once more. The seasons come and go, and
come again; but man goes, and comes again no more.
For sentiment, cf. 1. 4.
For Torquatus, cf. Epp. 1. 5. The date is not known.
There is a translation by Johnson.




BOOK IV., ODE VI.                    441
1. diffugere: cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 399; and for expansion of
metaphor, Wordsworth, ' Like an army defeated I The snow
has retreated And now doth fare ill I On the top of the bare
hill.' - campis: 'whither' and 'for whom' dative blended.
2. comae: cf. on 1. 21. 5; 4. 3. 11.
3. mutat... vices:  undergoes  her  annual  changes, -
'the season's difference.' Mutat may be intransitive. For
vices, cf. 1. 4. 1; Epode 13. 8; and the imitations of later Latin
poets in Orelli. Cf. Milton's 'rule the day I in their vicissitude'
and Gray's Ode on Vicissitude. Cf. also Rossetti, House of
Life, 83, 'Once more the changed year's turning wheel returns';
Tenn., 'Once more the Heavenly Power j Makes all things new.'
- terra: tersa, the dry land. - decrescentia: subsiding, no
longer nive turgidi (4. 12. 4).
4. praetereunt: not as in 1. 2. 19 or 4. 2. 6.  So Jonson,
Underwoods,'The rivers in their shores do run, I The clouds
rack clear before the sun.'
5-6. The three Graces.  Cf. on 3. 19. 16 and 1. 4. 6.  Spenser, Shepherd's Cal. 6. 25.
7. immortalia: neuter plural for English abstract. So also
in Homer. - monet: is the warning of; 1. 18. 8. - annus: the
revolving year, TepLr\6ýwvos pvtavr6s.- almum: kindly, cheerful.
Cf. C. S. 9; Verg. Aen. 5. 64.
8. hora: cf. on 3. 29. 48.
9-12. The March of the Seasons is a favorite motif of
Poetry. Cf. Lucret. 5. 737; Ov. Met. 15. 206; Claudian, 1.
269; Spenser, Mutability, 7. 28; Shelley, Revolt of Islam, 9.
21; Tenn. In Mem. 85; Herrick, 70, 'The Succession of the
Foure Sweet Months'; Burns, Bonnie Bell, 'The flowery spring
leads sunny summer, j And yellow autumn presses near, IThen
in his turn comes gloomy winter, I Till smiling spring again
appear.' Dobson, A Song of the Four Seasons.
9. Zephyris: cf. on Favoni, 1. 4. 1.--proterit: tramples
down; the heat destroys the vegetation of spring. Others
translate, treads on the heels of; cf. Romeo and Juliet, 1. 2,
'Such comfort as do lusty young men feel I When well-apparelled April on the heel I Of limping winter treads'; Tenn.
Poets and Cities, 'Year will graze the heel of year'; supra,
2. 18. 15, truditur dies die.




442                       NOTES.
10. interitura: cf. on 2. 3. 4.
11. pomifer: cf. 3. 23. 8; Epode 2. 17. Keats' Autumn conspires with the maturing sun 'To bend with apples the mossed
cottage trees.' - effuderit: suggests the horn of plenty (Epist.
1. 12. 29, aurea fruges | Italiae pleno defundit Copia cornu. But
fundo is regularly used by Lucretius of the production of crops.
Cf. Verg. Georg. 2. 460.
12. iners: cf. on 1. 22. 17; 2. 9. 5.
13-16. Cf. Arnold on Translating Homer, p. 207, '" The losses
of the heavens," says Horace, "fresh moons speedily repair;
we, when we have gone down where the pious Aeneas, where the
rich Tullus and Ancus are, - pulvis et umbra sumus." He
never actually says where we go to; he only indicates it by
saying that it is that place where Aeneas, Tullus, and Ancus are.
But Homer, when he has to speak of going down to the grave,
says definitely, "The immortals shall send thee to the Elysian
plain."'
13. reparant: cf. Milton, Lycidas, 'So sinks the day-star in
the ocean bed, [ And yet anon repairs his drooping head'; P. L.,
'roses which the morn repaired'; Ov. Met. 1. 11; Lucret. 5. 666,
solis reparare nitorem.
14. decidimus: cf. Epist. 2. 1. 36; Ov. Met. 10. 18, where the
word suggests the falling into the pit, abysm, or 8aowrXjs Xdpv/p3s
(Simonides), of death.
15. quo pius Aeneas, quo dives Tullus et Ancus. Pius: his
usual epithet in the recently published Aeneid. All his piety
could not save him. - dives Tullus: for King Tullus' glory and
wealth, cf. Livy, 1. 31. - Ancus: a consecrated example. Cf.
Epp. 1. 6. 27; Lucret. 3. 1023= Ennius, Ann. 151, lumina sis
(suis) oculis etiam bonus Ancus reliquit.
16. pulvis: 'Two handfuls of white dust shut in an urn of
brass' (Tenn.); 'At5a r&v 6XIyav aro8iv (Erinna). -umbra: in
lower world, Verg. Aen. 6. 264; Soph. Electra, 1159, aro86v re
Kal TKtp&V dywOeXMI; Anth. Pal. 5. 85, 6T-ra Kal aroL5j. Herond.
fr. 1.
17. quis scit: cf. on nescias an, 2. 4. 13; also 1. 9. 13; and
for thought, Eurip. Alcest. 783; Sen. Thyest. 619; Herrick, 170.
-summae: cf. 1. 4. 15.




BOOK IV., ODE VII.


443


19-20. So in Epist. 1. 5. 15, Horace tells Torquatus that it is
folly to stint yourself for your heir. Cf. Persius, Sat. 6. 60 sqq.
For the 'heir' as a poetical memento mori, cf. on 3. 24. 62; 2. 14.
25. Horace was a bachelor. - amico animo: dat. Horace
speaks as if the animus had an individuality distinct from that
of the person to whom it belongs; it is represented here as being
made friendly and contented by indulgence. Cf. indulgere
genio, genio bona facere, #Xl-y 4vxi XaplteorOac; Simon. fr. 85.
11; Aeschyl. Pers. 840. Cf. on 3. 17. 14.
21. semel: cf. on 1. 24. 16. - splendida: transferred from
Minos, whose state is described Odyss. 11. 568, to his august
decrees.  For Minos, cf. note on 1. 28. 9.- occideris: so Catull.
5. 4, in Jonson's imitation, 'Suns that set may rise again I
But if once (semel) we lose this light 'Tis with us perpetual
night.' For sentiment here and supra (10-15), cf. also Ronsard,
A Sa Maitresse, 'La lune est coustumiere [ De nestre tous les
mois: Mais quand nostre lumiere j Est esteinte une fois, I
Sans nos yeux reveiller I Faut long temps sommeiller'; Herrick,
337. 3, 'We see the seas, I And moons to wain; I But they fill
up their ebbs again: I But vanisht, man I Like to a Lilly-lost,
nere can, I Nere can repullulate, or bring I His dayes to see a
second spring,' etc.; El. in Maecen. 113, redditur arboribus
florens revirentibus aetas I et ver non homini quod fuit ante redit;
Moschus, Epitaph. Bion. 109 sqq.; Herrick, 185.
23-24. Cf. Martial, 7. 96. 5, quid species, quid lingua mihi
quid profuit aetas; Landor, Rose Aylmer, 'Ah! what avails the
sceptred race, I Ah! what the form divine!'
23. facundia: the lawyer's eloquence (Epist. 1. 5. 15) avails
nothing at that bar. -pietas: cf. on 2. 14. 2; 1. 24. 11.
25-26. Hippolytus was the son of Theseus. His death was
caused by the fury of a woman scorned, - his step-mother
Phaedra, who, when repulsed, denounced him to his father.
During his life he had been devoted to the service of Diana.--
neque... liberat: this is the form of the myth in the Hippolytus of Euripides. In the legend followed by Vergil (Aen.
7. 761 sqq.), Ovid (Met. 15. 533 sqq.), and Browning (in Artemis
Prologuizes), Diana restores him to life, and transfers him,
under the name of Virbius, to her grove at Aricia.




444                       NOTES.
27. valet: cf. on 1. 34. 12; 3. 25. 15.
28. Pirithoo: cf. on 3. 4. 80. Theseus, who shared P.'s punishment, was freed by Hercules, but could not free his friend.
There were other versions of the legend. Cf. Frazer, Paus. 5.
381. Cf. Chaucer, Knightes Tale, 'So well they loved as olde
bokes sain I That when the one was dead, sothely to tell | His
felawe went and sought him down in hell.' These mythological
examples merely exemplify the general truth, non te restituet.
ODE VIII.
Marbles and bronzes are not mine to give, friend Censorinus,
nor do you want them. In song thou delightest, and my
present is a song.
'Who will not honor noble numbers when
Verses out-live the bravest deeds of men?I'
- Herrick.
C.'Marcius Censorinus, consul B.C. 8, is known only by this
poem - which thus fulfils its boast - and by Velleius' mention
of him (2. 102) as virum demerendis hominibus genitum.
Imitations by Jenyns, Johnson's Poets, 17. 608, and by Mason,
ibid. 18. 418.
For the theme, cf. on 3. 30 and 4. 9; Cowley, Praise of
Poetry; Martial, 10. 2. 9-12; Eleg. in Maecen. 37. Statius,
Silvae, 5. 1. 1-10, expands the first few lines. Cf. also Propert.
4. 1. 57.
A great deal of literature has accumulated about this ode.
The chief points which have appeared in the controversy are
the following: (1) the apparent identification in 11. 15-19 of
Scipio Africanus Maior, who conquered Hannibal at Zama in
202 B.c., with Scipio Africanus Minor, who destroyed Carthage
(incendia Karthaginis) at the end of the Third Punic War in
146 B.C.; (2) the absence of caesura in the line non incendia
Karthaginis impiae; and (3) the fact that the ode, which
contains thirty-four lines, does not conform to "Meineke's
canon," according to which the number of lines in all of Horace's
odes is a multiple of four. Measures more or less heroic have
been adopted by editors to remove these difficulties. For




BOOK IV., ODE VIII.


445


incendia the emendations impendia and stipendia have been
suggested. Various omissions have also been proposed; e.g.
11. 15 non-19 rediit and 11. 28 and 33 by Lachmann and Haupt;
14-17 by Peerlkamp; 15-20 by Verrall. Bentley rejected
1. 17, in which he has been followed by some modern scholars
(cf. Heinze in Berl. Phil. Wochen., XXVIII (1908), 1341).
Lehrs rejected the whole ode, as does Gow. See Postgate's
Corpus, Vol. I, p. 227; Earle, Rev. de Philol. 29 (1905), 306 sqq.
The results of Elter's elaborate treatise (Donarem Pateras, Bonn,
1907), so far as the interpretation of the poem is concerned, are
negligible. The difficulties of the ode have indeed been much
exaggerated. It is certainly unreasonable to omit verses in
order to bring about conformity with a law of such doubtful
validity as Meineke's alleged canon; and even in regard to the
historical difficulty we may assume that Horace mingled the
glories of the two Scipios and meant the phrase, eius qui domita
nomen ab Africa, etc., to apply to both, as it conceivably may,
regardless of the fact that Ennius did not live to sing the
younger.
1. donarem: probably as presents on the occasion of the
Saturnalia (Dec. 17-19). - commodus: if the gifts are grata,
the giver is complaisant, prdvenant. Cf. Epp. 2. 1. 227; 1. 9. 9,
Odes 3. 19. 12.
2. aera: vasa Corinthia, bronzes.
3. tripodas: cf. Pind. Isth. 1. 18, 'And at the games they
entered oftenest for the strife, and with tripods and caldrons and
cups of gold they made fair their houses' (Myers); Hesiod,
Works, 656; Homer, Odyss. 13. 13.
5. ferres: i.e. auferres. - divite me scilicet: that is, if I were
rich, protasis to donarem. - artium: 'works of art; so r4xV
frequently in Pausanias.
6. Parrhasius: the great painter of the close of the fifth century B.C. In an epigram in Athenaeus (12. 543. C) he boasts
that he had attained the limits of art. - Scopas: the great
sculptor of the first half of the fourth century. protulit: created,
invented. Cf. Tibull. 1. 10. 1, quis fuit horrendos primus qui
protulit enses?




446


NOTES.


7. liquidis: suggests as complement the hard stone. Cf.
3. 13. 6. n.
8. ponere: represent; used both of painting and sculpture.
9. vis: i.e. I have not the power (to give them). Hederae
vis (4. 11. 4), a quantity of, is not parallel.
10. egens: with res, he is rich and could buy them; with
animus, his desires are not set on such 'curios.'
12. pretium dicere: tell the worth; a slight variation on pretium ponere or statuere, set a price, Sat. 2. 3. 23.
13-20. Not inscribed marbles, nor all the deeds of Scipio,
confer so sure an immortality of fame as the Calabrian muse
(of Ennius). For discussion of the passage, see last paragraph
of the introduction to the ode.
13. 'The marbles cut by the letters' is more plastic than the
'letters cut in or into the marbles' would be. There is a possible
allusion to Augustus' design of setting up, in the portico of his
Forum, statues of the great Roman generals, with inscriptions
recounting their deeds. Cf. Suet. Octav. 31; Gell. N. A. 9.
11.
14. spiritus et vita: cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 847, imitated in Macaulay's 'The stone that breathes and struggles, I The brass that
seems to speak' (Proph. of Capys, 28).
15. celeres fugae: the abandonment of Italy or the flight
from the field of Zama, or both. Editors query the force of
the plural. The nom. sing. would not give the rhythm. Cf.
celerem fugam (2. 13. 17; 2. 7. 9).
16. minae: cf. 4. 3. 8. The threats of ' Hannibal at the gates'
of Rome were hurled back at Carthage by Scipio after Zama.
17. impiae: cf. 4. 4. 46.
18. Cf. Sat. 2. 1. 66, qui duxit ab oppressa meritum Karthagine nomen; Milton, P. R., 'How he surnamed of Africa dismissed I In his prime youth the fair Iberian maid.' - eius:
cf. on 3. 11. 18.
19. lucratus: a purposely low word. In Val. Max. 3. 8. 1,
Scipio boasts that he has gained nothing from the subjugation
of all Africa but a cognomen.
20. Calabrae Pierides: the Muse of Ennius, who was a native
of Rudiae in Calabria. Nos sumus Romani qui fuvimus ante




BOOK IV., ODE IX.


447


Rudini, he boasts. He had celebrated Scipio, both in his
Annals and in a special poem.
21. chartae: so 4. 9. 31. - sileant: transitive, cf. 3. 19. 8. n.
22. Iliae: cf. on 1. 2. 17.
23-24. puer: cf. 4. 6. 37. - invida: cf. on 4. 9. 33; 4. 5. 9.
25. Aeacum: cf. on 2. 13. 22.
26. virtus: his virtue. Cf. 3. 2. 21, and Pind. Isth. 8. 24. -
favor: popular acclaim. - potentium: the power of which
Corneille boasts when he cries to a young beauty, 'Vous ne
passerez pour belle I Qu'autant que je l'aurai dit.' Cf. Shaks.
Sonnet 55, 'Not marble, not the gilded monuments, I Of
princes shall outlive this powerful rhyme.'
27. divitibus= beatis. Cf. 1. 4. 14. - insulis: loc. abl. For
Islands of Blessed, cf. on Epode 16. 42.
28-30. Cf. Sellar, p. 181. Horace is-not careful to distinguish
the immortality of mythical or imperial apotheosis, that of the
'choir invisible,' and that conferred by poetry. Cf. on 3. 3.
9-12.
28-29. Cf. Bacchyl. 3. 92. - sic: i.e. by the power of song.
Cf. hac arte, resuming what precedes, 3. 3. 9.
30. optatis: it was the goal of his striving. Cf. Epp. 2. 3.
412. So Hercules frequently points the moral in Pindar.
31. Cf. 1. 3. 2; 1. 12. 27.
32-33. quassas: cf. 1. 1. 18. - 33. Cf. 3. 25. 20.
34. vota... ducit: like interest and eripiunt is a concrete
expression of the general idea of deification. Cf. Verg. Eclog.
5. 79.
ODE IX.
Scorn not the lyre! The Greek lyrists have their place after
Homer. The heroes of Troy were not the first who loved and
fought. Brave men were living before Agamemnon, but their
fame is lost in the dark backward and abysm of time because
they lacked the sacred bard. But my song shall guard thee,
friend Lollius, from the iniquity of oblivion. Thine is a statesman's soul, - sagacious, steadfast, upright.    Thou art the
Stoic sage, consul not for one year only, but whenever the right
prevails. Happy he who uses wisely the gifts of heaven, and
fears not poverty, or death for friends and fatherland.




448


NOTES.


M. Lollius, a trusted minister of Augustus, was consul in B.c.
21, and governor of Gaul, where he was defeated by the Sygambri, B.C. 16. He died in the East, B.C. 1, while acting as tutor
and adviser of the Emperor's grandson, Gaius Caesar. Velleius
(2. 97; 2. 102) accuses him of cupidity and -hypocrisy. There
seems a note of loyal defiance in Horace's defense of his friend.
But a man is not on oath in an ode any more than, according
to Dr. Johnson, in a lapidary inscription. Velleius was possibly
prejudiced by the dislike of his patron Tiberius for Lollius
(Tac. Ann. 3. 48; Sueton. Tib. 12. 13).
The ode is partly translated by Pope. There is a deliciously
naive imitation by Ronsard. Lines 35 to end are freely rendered by Swift, 'To Archbishop King.'
Cf. also Stepney, Johnson's Poets, 8. 361; Somerville, ibid. 11.
192.
1. ne... credas: the purpose of the statements, non...
latent, etc. Cf. on 1. 33. 1; 2. 4. 1.
2. longe sonantem: cf. 3. 30. 10; 4. 14. 25; Catull. 34. 12,
amniumque sonantum; Hes. Theog. 367; Aristoph. Clouds, 283;
Lucret. 5. 946; II. 18. 576.
3. Cf. on 3. 30. 13. There is a suggestion also of 3. 1.
1-4.
4. socianda chordis: lyric, as distinguished from the iAdc of
epic poetry. Cf. Ronsard, A Sa Lyre, 'de marier aux cordes les
victoires'; Epp. 2. 2. 86, verba lyrae motura sonum; ibid. 143,
verba sequi fidibus modulanda Latinis.
5. non, si: cf. 3. 15. 7; 2. 10. 17. - Maeonius: 1. 6. 2.
7. Ceae: 2. 1. 38. -Alcaei: cf. on 1. 32. 5; 2. 13. 30.minaces: 'what new Alcaeus fancy-blest I Shall sing the sword
in myrtles drest?' (Collins, Ode to Liberty); 'Nor such the
spirit-stirring note When the live chords Alcaeus smote,
Inflamed by sense of wrong' (Wordsworth); 'L'audacieuse
encre d'Alcee' (Ronsard).
8. Stesichori: a Greek poet. of Himera in Sicily; a contemporary of Alcaeus; cf. on 1. 16. -graves: epici carminis
onera lyra sustinentem (Quintil. 10. 1. 62). He treated long
myths in lyric form, and is an important link, in the develop



BOOK IV., ODE IX.


449


ment of Greek legends, between Homer and Pindar. -Camenae:
2. 16. 38.
9. lusit: cf. on 1. 32. 2.- Anacreon: a Greek lyric poet,
born at Teos, one of the Ionian cities of Asia Minor; cf. 1. 17.
18; Epode 14. 10. Horace may be thinking of the Anacreontea,
- pretty trifles bearing Anacreon's name but belonging to the
Alexandrian period. They are known to English,readers in
Moore's version.
10. spirat adhuc amor: cf. her words in Swinburne's Anactoria, 'I, Sappho, shall be one with all these things, I With all
high things forever... and... my songs once heard..
cleave to men's lives.'
11. vivunt: cf. spiritus et vita (4. 8. 14). - commissi: i.e.
'with this key' Sappho unlocked her heart. Cf. Sat. 2. 1. 31,
credebat libris.
12. Aeoliae puellae: Sappho; cf. on 2. 13.24. Construe with
fidibus.
13-16. Cf. on 3. 3. 25 and 1. 15. 20.
13. arsit probably governs crines directly; but we forget this
flash of passion in the long admiring gaze that follows, and feel
mirata with crines as well as with the other three accusations.
14. crinis: cf. 1. 15. 20. - illitum: cf. oblitus (Epp. 2. 1.
204); Verg. Aen. 3. 483, picturatos auri subtemine vestis; Milton,
'grooms besmear'd with gold.'
15. cultus: 1. 8. 16.
16. Helene Lacaena: i.e. the 'Heaven-born Helen, Sparta's
Queen,' of song and story. Cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 601; Ronsard, Au
Sieur Bertrand, ' HBlne Grecque estant gaignee D'une perruque bien peign6e'; and, for the sentiment, Landor, 'Past ruined
Ilion Helen lives, I Alcestis rises from the shades: Verse calls
them forth; 'tis verse that gives I Immortal youth to mortal
maids.'
17. Teucer: cf. 1. 7. 21. The best archer of the Achaeans (I1.
13. 313). Cydonio: Cydonian, Cretan. Cydonia was a city
of Crete. The Cretans were famous for their archery; cf. 1.
15. 17.
18. non semel Ilios vexata (est): to be interpreted generically: not once only has a Troy been harassed. The reference is




450


NOTES.


not to the various legendary sieges of Troy, but to the infinite
possibilities of the unknown past. Many cities have been
besieged and destroyed, but their stories are unknown to us
because no poet has celebrated them. Cf. Plato, Laws, 676 B,
'and have not thousands upon thousands of cities come into
being in this (boundless) time, and as many been destroyed?'
Shelley, Queen Mab, II.; the final Chorus in Hellas; and Verg.
Ecl. 4. 36.
19. ingens: 1. 7. 32. n.
19-21. pugnavit... proelia: cf. pugnata bella (3. 19. 4).
20. Idomeneus: leader of the Cretans in Homer. - Sthenelus: 1. 15. 24.
22. vel: =ve. Mainly metri gratia.
22-23. Cf. A dromache's lament for Hector (II. 24. 729).
Deiphobus was brother of Hector. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 494;
Ronsard, naively, 'Hector le premier des gendarmes.'
23. excepit: sustained. - pudicis: 3. 5. 41; altolys (II. 6.
250).
25. A familiar quotation. Cf. Byron, Don Juan, 1. 5, 'Brave
men were 'living before Agamemnon.... But then they
shone not on the poets' page.' Cf. also, Ben Jonson's elaborate
imitation, The Forest, 12; Boileau, Itpltre, 1; and, for the
general idea, Sat. 1. 3. 107; Pind. Nem. 7. 12. For immortality
of poetry, cf. further on 3. 30; 4. 8; Theognis, 237; Tibull.
1. 4. 65; Propert. 4. 1. 23; Theocr. 16. 48; Sappho, fr. 68,
'Thou shalt die and be laid low in the grave, hidden from
mortal ken I Unremembered, and no song of the muse waken
thy name again. I No Pierian rose brightens thy brow, lost in the
nameless throng, I Thy dark spirit shall flit forth like a dream,
bodiless ghosts among.'
26. inlacrimabiles: passive here; active, 2. 14. 6. Cf.
Wordsworth's 'incommunicable sleep.'
27. urgentur: cf. on 1. 24. 6; 1.4. 16.- longa: cf. 3. 11. 38;
Propert. 3. 7. 24, nox tibi longa venit nec reditura dies.
28. sacro: cf. on 3. 1. 3; Lucan, 9. 980, 0 sacer et magnus
vatum labor, omnia fato I Eripis, et populis donas mortalibus
aevum.
29. Cf. Herrick, 460, 'Vertue conceal'd (with Horace youql




BOOK IV., ODE IX.


451


confesse,) Differs not much from drowzie slothfulnesse.' Cf.
also iners (3. 5. 36). Sepultae and celata are felt with both nouns.
30. non ego te: cf. on 1. 18. 11.
31. chartis: 4. 8.21; Sat. 1. 4. 36; 1. 4. 139. - inornatum:
proleptic.
32. labores is taken by some editors as a hint that his efforts
were not achievements.
33. carpere suggests tooth of envy. Cf. 4. 3. 16. - lividas:
cf. 4. 8. 24; Shaks. 'envious and calumniating time'; Temporum
iniuria; 'Soon I Oblivion will steal silently the remnant of its
fame,' Shelley, Queen Mab; 'The iniquity of oblivion blindly
scattereth her poppy,' Sir Thomas Browne, Urn Burial.
34. est animus: for the turn of phrase, cf. Verg. Aen. 9. 205,
est hic, est animus lucis contemptor, etc.
35. rerum prudens: cf. rerum inscitia (Epp. 1. 3. 33); rerum. prudentia (Verg. G. 1. 416).
36. dubiis: virtually adversis. - rectus connotes both firm
and upright. Cf. mentes rectae quae stare solebant (Ennius, Ann.
208).
37-38. He punishes cupidity in others and is abstinent
himself, abstinens... pecuniae: cf. on 3. 27. 69 n.
38. ducentis ad se: the irresistible attraction of money.
Cf. on 3. 16. 9; Epist. 1. 1. 52; and Vergil's auri sacra fames. -
cuncta: 2. 1. 23; 3. 1. 8.
39. The Stoic sage was pedantically affirmed to be the only
true consul or king. His judgment is supreme, not for one year
only but always. Cf. on 2. 2. 21; 3. 2. 17. Popular etymology
may help here, qui recte consulat, consul cluat.   Cf. Martial,
4. 40. 4, pauper eras et eques sed mihi consul eras. 'John Bradshaw,' says Milton, 'appears like a consul from whom the fasces
are not to depart with the year; so that not on the tribunal
only, but throughout his life, you would regard him as sitting
in judgment upon kings.'
40-44. Confused lines, variously interpreted. Horace is
shifting from animus to Lollius and from Lollius to the ideal
sage, whose authority is displayed whenever he prefers the right
and triumphs over wrong. Rendering iudex as a judge, we
refer it explicitly to Lollius, who may have been a iudex selectus




452


NOTES.


or may have exercised judicial functions in the senate. It
seems best to make explicuit... victor the apodosis of quotiens
praetulit (et) reiecit.
41-42. honestum... utili: honor... to expediency; the
KaX6v and avlAqpov of Greek ethics. - dona nocentium: i.e.
bribes of the guilty.
43-44. The language is metaphorical. The upright man is
represented as fighting his way like a soldier through bands of
evil-doers. Cf. 3. 5. 51. - explicuit: cf. expediunt (4. 4. 76).
45. non... vocaveris: you would not rightly call blessed.
The thought of 2. 2. 17-20. Cf. Sellar, p. 167; Epist. 1. 16. 20.
46. occupat: cf. on 1. 14. 2; 4. 11. 21.
49. callet: cf. on 1. 10. 7. - pauperiem pati: 1. 1. 18.
50. peiusque leto: cf. on 1. 8. 9; Epp. 1. 17. 30, cane peius et
angui.
51. non ille: cf. 3. 21. 9; Verg. Aen. 5. 334, 6. 593; ille non
(4. 6. 13).
52. Cf. 3. 19. 2; 3. 2. 13.
ODE X.
To the beautiful boy Ligurinus (cf. 4. 1. 33). Youth's a stuff
will not endure.
For the vein of sentiment, cf. Anth. Pal. 12. 186, 12. 35, and
Shakspere's Sonnet,' When forty winters shall besiege thy brow.'
and his 'Look in thy glass and tell that face thou viewest.' Old
translation in Musarum Deliciae, Vol. I. p. 181.
1. muneribus: Homer's gifts of Aphrodite (II. 3. 54).
2. insperata: unexpected. - pluma: apparently down, of
the first beard. Bentley's bruma would be prettily illustrated
by Heine's 'Es liegt der heisse Sommer Auf deinen Wangelein;
Es liegt der Winter, der kalte, In deinem Herzchen Klein.
Das wird sich bei dir Andern, Du Vielgeliebte meins! Der Winter
wird auf den Wangen, Der Sommer in Herzen sein' (Nauck).
3. umeris involitant: the long hair usually shorn on the
assumption of the toga virilis (cf. Juv. 3. 186). Cf. 3. 20. 14;
2. 5. 23; Epode 11. 28; and Pindar's Jason, Pyth. 4. 82, 'nor




BOOK IV., ODE XI.


453


were the bright locks of his hair shorn from him, but over all
his back ran rippling down.' - deciderint: i.e. under the
scissors.
4. flore... rosae:  cf. on  3. 29. 3.- est... prior:
outvies.
5. Some editors read Ligurine, taking verterit as intransitive.
- hispidam: cf. on 2. 9. 1; the opposite of levis, 4. 6. 28.
6. speculo: by means of - in. Cf. Lais' 'dedication of her
mirror,' Anth. Pal. 6. 1. - alterum: changed; cf. Ronsard,
'Jeune beaute, mais trop outrecuidee [ Des presens de Venus, I
Quand tu voirras ta peau toute rid6e J Et tes cheveaux chenus,
] Contre le temps et contre toy rebelle, j Diras en te tangant: I
Que ne pensois-je alors que j'estois belle I Ce que je vay pensant?' Cf. also Auson. Ep. 13. 5; Herrick, 62, 164.
8. incolumes: fresh, unwrinkled. Cf. Shaks. Son. 68, 'Thus
is his cheek the map of days outworn.'
ODE XI.
Come, Phyllis, and help me keep Maecenas' birthday, dearer
than my own. Telephus is a youth out of thy star. Fling
away ambition; by that sin fell - Phaethon and Bellerophon.
Come, last of my loves, and learn a song to drive dull care away.
Cf. the motif of 3. 28.
Maecenas w s out of favor at court, during the last years of
his life, and is not elsewhere mentioned in this book devoted
especially to Augustus.
2. Albani: in Sat. 2. 8. 16, Maecenas is given his choice of
Albanian or Falernian. Cf. Juv. 13. 214, Albani veteris pretiosa
senectus.
3. nectendis: dat. of purpose. Cf. gerundive in legal expressions (A. G. 505. b; G. L. 429).- apium: cf. 1. 36. 16; 2.
7. 24. But see Sargeaunt, Class. Rev. 16. 121,
4. vis = copia is Ciceronian. Nauck doubts multa vis, and
construes multa with fulges.
5. qua: with fulges only. - religata: cf. 2. 11. 24.fulges: present of fulgeo rather than future of fulgo.




454                        NOTES.
6. ridet: cf. II. 19. 362; Hes. Theog. 40; Lucret. 2. 326, aere
renidescit tellus; Catull. 64. 284; Milton's 'pleased with the
grateful smell, old ocean smiles'; splendet (Epist. 1. 5. 7). -
ara: of turf, caespite vivo.
7. verbenis: cf. on 1. 19. 14. - avet: faint personification.
8. spargier: archaic inf. pass. only here in odes. In Sat. 1.
2. 35, 78; 2. 8. 67; Epist. 2. 1. 94; 2. 2. 148.
9. manus: band; as Verg. Aen. 6. 660. Cf. 3. 6. 9. Cf. the
bustle of preparation for the guest in Juv. 14. 59.
10. cursitant: developing festinat. - pueris: dat.
11. sordidum: sooty, alaX6evra. -  trepidant: bicker, quiver
with eagerness; personifying, as avet.
11-12. rotantes vertice: whirling in eddies. Cf. Homer's
weXto-o/A.d  7rept KaTiv (Ii. 1. 317); Apoll. Rhod. 1. 438, X\yv, \p
ropqfvpacs AIKO'iov  atfLV ov t 'toa'ovoac av; Lucret. 6. 202; Milt. P. L.
6, 'smoke to roll j In dusky wreaths reluctant flames;' Herrick,
871. 18, 'And (while we the gods invoke), I Reade acceptance
by the smoake.'
13. ut tamen noris: cf. Epp. 1. 12. 25, ne tamen ignores.
14. Idus: thought to be derived from iduare, to divide; cf.
findit.
15. Veneris marinae: cf. 1. 4. 5; 3. 26. 5.
16. Aprilem: perhaps, because of false etymology, d&p&S,
"Aq5po81,tl.
17. sollemnis==anno redeunte festus (3. 8. 9). - mihi: more
closely with sanctior. Cf. Tibull. 4. 5. 1, qui mihi te, Cerinthe,
dies dedit hic mihi sanctus I atque inter festos semper habendus erit.
19-20. ' " This is the birthday of Maecenas" is expressed by
words which should mean " from this day forth Maecenas revises
the calendar,"' says Tyrrell captiously (Latin Poetry, p. 197).
19. adfluentis: the years that flow to us on the stream of
time; not quite the venientes anni of A. P. 175. Cf. Tennyson's
'There's somewhat flows to us in life'; Persius, Sat. 2. 1-2,
Hunc, Macrine, diem numera meliore lapillo I qui tibi labentis
apponit candidus annos. Or it may be the rich or bounteous
years.
21, Telephum: cf. 1. 13. 1; 3. 19. 26. - occupavit: cf. on
1. 14. 2.




BOOK IV., ODE XI.


455


22. non tuae sortis: of a higher station in life, with iuvenem.
23-24. grata compede: cf. 1. 33. 14.
25-29. The tone is mock heroic.
25. ambustus Phaethon: cf. SSags 'adcOwv (Apoll. Rhod. 4.
598); Catull. 64. 291, flammati Phaethontis. Shakspere also
uses the myth to symbolize a too ambitious love: 'Why,
Phaeton (for thou art Merop's son), Wilt thou aspire to guide
the heavenly car, And with thy daring folly burn the world?
Wilt thou reach stars because they shine on thee?' (Two Gent.
3. 1). Cf. Rich. II. 3. 3, 'Down?  Down I come; like glistering
Phaeton Wanting the manage of unruly jades'; Marlowe,
'Clymene's brain-sick son l That almost brent the axle-tree
of heaven'; Ov. Met. 2. 1-328.
28. Bellerophonten: cf. on 3. 12. 8; 3. 7. 15. Pindar first
made the myth a symbol of vaulting ambition (Isth. 6. 44):
'Thus did winged Pegasus throw his lord Bellerophon, when he
would fain enter into the heavenly habitations and mix among
the company of Zeus. Unrighteous joyance a bitter end
awaiteth.' Pegasus opened the fountain Hippocrene with
his hoof, and is called HIetptvawo IIAXos by Eurip. (El. 475). This
and Persius' Prologue would readily suggest the conception
of him as the poet's steed. It has not been traced back of the
Spanish poet Juan del Enzina, who uses it in a poem of the
year 1497. See Mustard, Modern Language Notes, 23 (1908),
p. 32. Spenser has it (Ruins of Time): 'Then who so will with
virtuous deeds assay I To mount to heaven on Pegasus must
ride, I And with sweet poets' verse be glorified.'
29-31. semper ut... vites: this is pure prose, with all the
logical links exposed. Exemplum praebet-= monet... ut sequare... et putando= putans... (ut) vites. For the form,
cf. Pindar, Pyth. 4. 90, 'Yea, and the swift shaft of Artemis
made Tityos its prey in order that men may set their desires
on permitted loves.' For the general sentiment disparem vites,
cf. the proverbial KySeOoac KOa' Javr6v of the Greek (Aeschyl.
Prom. 890).
30. putando: for this use of the abl. of gerund, cf. A. G.
507; G. L. 431. n. 3; Cf. also Propert. 1.1. 9; 1. 4. 1.
32. finis: cf. Propert. 1. 12. 20, Cynthia prima fuit, Cynthia
finis erit.




456                        NOTES.
33. calebo: cf. 3. 9. 6; 1. 4. 19.
34. condisce: cf. on 3. 2. 3. - modos: this ode, or any other
song.
35. reddas: cf. 4. 6. 43.--atrae: cf. 3. 1. 40; 3. 14. 13.
ODE XII.
The swallow and the spring zephyrs are here again. 'Tis a
thirsty season. Come, Vergilius, and quaff a cup with me.
But you must pay for your wine. An alabaster box of your
precious nard will lure forth a cask from the Sulpician cellars.
Come, let be the pursuit of gain, forget the funeral pyre. 'Tis
sweet to relax in season.
The phrases iuvenum nobilium cliens and studium lucri hardly
fit Vergil the poet, who, for the rest, had been dead six years
when this book was published. The scholiasts sagely conjecture
that an unguentarius, a mercator, or medicus is meant. A
physician dispensed his own drugs and would charge well for
the precious nard.
There is a translation by Lord Thurlow. For the spring
motif, cf. 1.4 and 4. 7.  For the jocose invitation, cf. Catull. 13.
Cf. also Herrick, Hesperides, 643, 'Fled are the frosts and now
the fields appear I Reclothed in fresh and verdant Diaper. I
Thaw'd are the snowes and now the lusty spring I Gives to
each Mead a neat enameling. J The palms put forth their
Gemmes, and every Tree I Now swaggers in her Leavy gallantry. I
The while the Daulian Minstrell sweetly sings I With warbling
notes, her Tyrrean (qy. Terean?) sufferings'; Anth. Pal. 9.
363, 10. 5, 10. 14, and passim; Sellar, p. 197.
1. Iam: cf. Catull. 46. 1, lam ver egelidos refert tepores; Anth.
Pal. 9. 363. 9, j17S 8U wXdovLvy gr Bt pdia KtpaTra vara~ c t  rvo &d7r'IhdrVYT  Zeq5pou XIva KoXrdaavros. - temperant: soothe, calm. Cf.
on 1. 12. 16; 2. 16. 27; 3. 4. 45.
2. impellunt: cf. Tenn. Maud, 'when the far-off sail is blown
by the breeze of a softer clime'; Seneca, Thyest. 126, nives...
aestas veliferis solvit Etesiis. - Thraciae: cf. 1. 25. 11; Epode
13. 3. Probably the Zephyrs are meant. Homer (II. 9. 5)




BOOK IV., ODE XII.


457


makes both Zephyr and Boreas blow from Thrace, and Zephyrus,
as the parallel passages show, is the conventional spring wind.
Cf. Lucret. 1. 11; 5. 737-738; Chaucer, Prologue, 5.
3. prata: cf. 1. 4. 4. - rigent: rigidum Niphaten, 2. 9. 20. -
fluvii: 4. 7. 3-4. - strepunt: cf. on 3. 30. 10.
4. Cf. on 4. 7. 3-4.
5-8. Itys was theson of Tereus, a Thracian king, and Procne,
an Athenian princess. Pretending that Procne was dead,
Tereus betrayed Philomela, her sister. When Procne heard
this, she killed Itys and served him up at Tereus' table.
Procne and Philomela then fled and were only saved from
Tereus' vengeance by transformation into birds. According
to one form of the myth Procne became a nightingale, Philomela a swallow; according to another, Procne became a swallow and Philomela a nightingale. Tereus himself was changed
into a hoopoe. Ovid, Met. 6. 424 sqq.; Matthew Arnold's
Philomela; Swinburne's Itylus; and the allusive summary
of the tale in the spring chorus in 'Atalanta,' 'And the brown
bright nightingale amorous I Is half assuaged for Itylus, I
For the Thracian ships and the foreign faces, I The tongueless
vigil and all the pain.'
It is probable that Horace adopts the second form of the
legend and that the bird which moans for Itys is the swallow.
For though Sappho calls the nightingale, in Ben Jonson's
paraphrase, 'the dear good angel of the spring' (Jpos &y7eXor lfjep6b&ovos &?vc&p)), the swallow is the regular poetical harbinger of spring. Cf. Homeric(?) Elpeno-iLy, 11; Hes. Works,
564; Simon. fr. 74; Aristoph. Eq. 419; the popular song,
X\' 'XOe, xeksh(v; Hor. Epist. 1. 7. 13, cum zephyris...
et hirundine prima; the proverb, 'one swallow does not make
a spring,' Aristotle, Eth. 1. 7. 16; Ovid, Fasti, 2. 853, veris
praenuntia; Anth. Pal. 10. 14. 5, ol r4(vpot rvetovrt inrp6pet 86
XekXsr8v I Kdpbe~r& KoXXr\TbP ivafds Y  0dXca&ov; Verg. Georg. 4. 306;
in Gray's Ode to Spring, 'The Attic warbler pours her throat';
Cicero's XaXayeOora, ad Att. 9. 18.
6. et connects infelix and opprobrium. - Cecropiae: Attic;
cf. on 2. 1. 12. Procne and Philomela were the daughters of
Pandion, the third mythical king of Athens.




458


NOTES.


7. male: i.e. with excessive cruelty.
8. regum: the plural generalizes. Cf. on 3. 27. 38.
9. dicunt: sing. Cf. on 1. 6. 5. - tenero: it is early spring
'when all the wood stands in a mist of green I And nothing
perfect' (Tenn.). Later it would be in tenaci gramine (Epode
2. 24).
10. fistula: cf. on 1. 17. 10; abl. instr.
11. deum: Pan; cf. Verg. Ecl. 10. 26, Pan deus Arcadiae;
ibid. 2. 33, Pan curat oves oviumque magistros. - nigri: cf.
on 1. 21. 7.
12. placent: cf. C. S. 7.
14. pressum  Calibus: cf. on 1. 20. 9; 1. 31. 9.-ducere:
cf. 1. 17. 22.
15. iuvenum nobilium: patrons with whom Vergil sometimes dined.
16. merebere: fut.= colloquial imperative. - nardo: cf. on
2. 11. 16. - vina: cf. on 1. 18. 5.
17. eliciet: suggests personification. Cf. 2. 11. 21 and
descende (3. 21. 7).
18. We can only guess whether Horace bought or stored his
wine at the Sulpician vaults or storehouses, which later scholiasts
and inscriptions place at foot of the Aventine; see Platner,
Topography of Ancient Rome, 397.
19. donare... largus: cf. Intr., p. xv, note b.
19-20. amara... curarum: cf. on 4. 4. 76. For thought,
cf. 3. 21. 17.
21. gaudia: cf. 4. 11. 14. -properas: not physical hurry.
Cf. Sat. 1. 9. 40; Epp. 1. 3. 28.
22. merce continues the jest of merebere, if it is a jest. - non
ego te: cf. 1. 18. 11; 4. 9. 30; 1. 23. 9.
23. immunem: do-6poXop, 'without paying your scot.' Cf.
Ter. Phorm. 339; Epist. 1. 14. 33, immunem Cinarae placuisse
rapaci.
24. tinguere: soak; cf. Alcaeus'-r7yye ~ver~tuovas ot(vp; IpdXetw,
madidus, irriguus mero, 'a wet night,' and similar phrases. -
plena: cf. 2. 12. 24.
25. verum: only here in odes. - pone moras: cf. 3. 29. 5,
eripe te morae.




BOOK IV., ODE XIII.                   459
26. Cf. Lucretius, 3. 913-915; and Tennyson, Maud, 'O, why
should Love, like men in drinking songs, I Spice his fair banquet
with the dust of death?' - nigrorum...ignium: the fires of
the funeral pyre are conventionally 'dark.' Cf. Verg. Aen. 11.
186; 2. 3. 16,fila atra; Lucretius, 2. 580, funeris atri. - memor:
cf. Sat. 2. 6. 97; Martial, 2. 59. 4. - dum licet: cf. Sat. 2. 6. 96;
Epist. 1. 11. 20; also, Odes, 2. 3. 15-16; 2. 11. 16.
27. consiliis: dat. For thought, cf. 3. 28. 4.
28. A familiar quotation, 'A little nonsense now and then
Is relished by the wisest men.' - in loco: in season; ixcarp4.
Cf. Ter. Adelph. 216, pecuniam in loco neglegere.
ODE XIII.
The old age of the wanton. The unpleasant theme of 1. 25
and 3. 15. For the motif, cf. Anth. Pal. 5. 21, 5. 27, 5. 271, 5.
273; and Swinburne, 'The Complaint of the Fair Armouress,'
after Villon.
There is an imitation by Gilbert West in Dodsley's Poems, 2,
p. 318.
1-2. Lyce: perhaps meant for the Lyce of 3. 10, though line
21 is against it. For anaphora, cf. 3. 5. 18; 3. 11. 30; 4. 6. 37.
1. vota: i.e. devotiones, imprecations, as 2. 8. 6.
4. ludis: cf. on 2. 12. 19; 3. 15. 5.
5. pota: cf. 3. 15. 16 n.
6. virentis: cf. 1. 9. 17; and, for contrast with aridas (9), cf.
on 1. 25. 17-19. - et: cf. 3. 11. 15.
7. doctae: cf. 3. 9. 10.- Chiae: cf. Delia and Lesbia, likewise named from places.
8. excubat: keeps watch; cf. 3. 16. 3. -in genis: cf. Jebb
on Soph. Antig. 783; Rom. and Jul. 5. 3,'beauty's ensign yet I
Is crimson in thy lips and in thy cheeks.'
9. importunus: a vague word; not conducive, distressful,
ruthless. Cf. 3. 16. 37, and F. Q. 2. 6. 29, 'And with importune
outrage him assailed.' - aridas: cf. on 2. 11. 6. - transvolet:
"Epcos... apriraat (Callim. Ep. 32).
10. luridi: cf. livido dente (Epode 5. 47).




460


NOTES.


11. te: with turpant.
12. capitis nives: Quintil. 8. 6. 17, censures the image as
far-fetched, sunt et durae, id est a longinqua similitudine ductae
translationes ut capitis nives. Cf. Anth. Pal. 6. 198, 7roXL4 yh/pa'
vtPL6AheJov; Catull. 64. 309, niveo... vertice; Ronsard, 'Ja cinquante et six ans ont neige sur ma teste'; Carew, 'or if that
golden fleece must grow I Forever free from aged snow';
Donne, 'Ride ten thousand days and nights I Till age snow
white hairs on thee'; Tenn. Pal. of Art, 'A hundred winters
snowed upon his breast I From cheek and throat and chin';
Herrick, 164, 'And time will come when you shall weare
Such frost and snow upon your haire.'
13. Coae: a costly gauzy silk affected by the demi-monde
and often alluded to by Roman poets. Cf. Sat. 1. 2. 101;
Tibull. 2. 3. 56.
14. cari lapides: sc. gems. Cf. Ovid, A. A. 3. 129, caris aures
onerata lapillis. Others read clari. - semel: cf. on 1. 24. 16.
- notis: known and accessible to all. - condita: laid away,
recorded.
16. volucris dies: cf. 3. 28. 6; and Eurip. Troad. 847, Tras
XevKcorrpov d.ýpas.
17. venus: charm, grace.
18. illius: of her; for the repetition, cf. 3. 26. 6.
19. spirabat: cf. on 4. 9. 10.
20. surpuerat: surripuerat, syncope. Cf. on 1. 36. 8 and
Sat. 2. 3. 283. For thought, cf. Catull. 51. 6, eripit sensus mihi;
and, on a higher plane, Tennyson's 'Smote the chord of self
that trembling passed in music out of sight.'
21-22. The meaning seems to be, happy (as a reigning belle)
next to Cinara (cf. on 4. 1. 4) and a face (beauty, aspect, "vision
of delight".) well known, too, for arts of pleasing. For genitive,
cf. on 2. 2. 6.
24. servatura: cf. on 2. 3. 4.
25. cornicis: cf. on 3. 17. 13.-ut: we need not distinguish
purpose and result. - fervidi: 'Let temple burn or flax: an
equal light I Leaps in the flame from cedar-plank or weed: I
And love is fire' (Sonnets from the Portuguese, 10). But Lyce
is a burned-out torch, axX6s (Anth. Pal. 12. 41). Cf. Tenn. Mer



BOOK IV., ODE XIV.


461


lin and Vivien, 'the lists of such a beard I As youth gone out
had left in ashes'; Shaks. Rom. and Jul. 4. 1, 'The roses in thy
lips and cheeks shall fade I To paly ashes.'
27. non sine: cf. on 1. 23. 3.
28. dilapsam: crumbled to; delapsam would mean fallen into
the ashes. - in cineres: cf. Vergil's considere in ignis (Aen. 2.
624; 9. 145).
ODE XIV.
Augustus, first in war. Under thy auspices Drusus has overthrown the fierce tribes of the Alps, and Tiberius descended
upon the Raeti as Auster descends on the storm waves or
Aufidus in flood time on the fertile fields. For three lustres,
since the day when Alexandria opened to thee her harbor and
her deserted palaces, fortune has crowned with success all thy
campaigns. All the peoples of the earth bow beneath thy
yoke, from India to Britain, from the Nile to the Tigris and the
Danube.
For the events alluded to, cf. 4.4. Intr. and Sellar, pp. 156-157.
There is an imitation, in the form of an ode to Queen Anne, in
Dodsley's Poems, 1, p. 69.
1. Poetic variation of the official formula, Senatus populusque
Romanus.
2. plenis: iustis, adequate. - honorum: magistracies.
3. in aevum: forever; cf. on 3. 11. 35-36; Epist. 1. 3. 8.Auguste: cf. on 1. 2. 52; 3. 3. 11; 3. 5. 3.
4. titulos: inscriptions. Cf. notis publicis (4. 8. 13). - memoresque fastos: recording annals; cf. on 3. 17. 4; Claudian,
1. 279, Longaque perpetui ducent in saecula fasti.
5. aeternet: perpetuate; ae(vi)ternet (with aevum as ludum
ludere, 3. 29. 50), a rare archaic word. Cf. F. Q. 1. 10. 59, 'in
the immortal book of fame to be eternized'; Milton, 'their
names eternize here on earth'; Dante, 'Come 1' uom si
eterna.'
5-6. habitabilis... oras: j oltovF Vf.
6. maxime principum: i.e. maxime princeps. Cf. on 1. 2. 50.
7-9. quem... didicere... quod... posses: the Greek




462


NOTES.


construction, 'I know thee who thou art.' Cf. Tennyson's
'Hast thou heard the butterflies, I What they say between their
wings? '
7. legis expertes: i.e. as yet unsubdued.
8. didicere: cf. 4. 4. 25, sensere.
10. Drusus: son of Livia and step-son of Augustus. -
Genaunos: one of the tribes of the Raeti. They lived in the
valley of the Inn. - implacidum: first found here. -genus:
cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 40, Hinc Gaetulae urbes, genus insuperabile
bello.
11. Breuni: a Raetian tribe. Their name survives in the
"Brenner Pass."
10-13. Cf. Crinagoras, Anth. Pal. 9. 283.
12. impositas: 3. 13. 14; Sat. 1. 5. 26; Epist. 2. 1. 253.
13. deiecit: a slight zeugma with Breunos and arcis. Cf.
Epist. 2. 2. 30, praesidium regale loco deiecit. - plus vice simplici: with more than simple requital, i.e. inflicting heavier loss
than he suffered.   For plus, cf. Lex. s.v. multus II. A. 8;
for vice, cf. on 1. 28. 32.
14. maior Neronum: Tiberius, brother of Drusus and afterwards emperor (A.D 14-37.). His name is not mentioned
here because it is a nomen, 'quod versu dicere non est.' Cf. on
4. 4. 28; Cons. ad Liviam, 149, Nec quom     victorem  referetur
adesse Neronem, I Dicere iam potero 'maior an alter adest'? -
mox: the attack of Tiberius from the north came a little later.
Cf. the description of the campaign in Vell. 2. 95, and Dio, 54.
22.
15. immanis: cf. 3. 4. 43; 3. 11. 15. For their cruelty, cf.
Strabo, 4. 6. 8.
17-19. spectandus... fatigaret: cf. on 7-10.
17. Note absence of normal caesura. Cf. 1. 37. 14.
18. devota: cf. 3. 4. 27; 3. 23. 10; Wordsworth, 'the guardian Pass, I Where stood, sublime, Leonidas I Devoted to the
tomb.' - morti... liberae: death in freedom's cause.
20. indomitas: slightly personifies the waves. Literally, the
Raeti were not 'unsubdued,' but their tempers were as tameless
as the waves. - prope seems a rather prosaic limitation. Cf.
Sat. 2. 3. 268; Epist. 2. 2. 61 (?). Perhaps Horace is trying




BOOK IV., ODE XIV.


463


to reproduce the Greek Xev6 rn. -  qualis... Auster: like
Auster when.
21. exercet: frets; cf. Epod. 9. 31; Milt. P. L. 2, 'Pain of
unextinguishable fire 1 Must exercise us without hope of end.' -
Auster: cf. 3. 3. 4. - choro: cf. Propert. 4. 5. 36, Pleiadum
spisso cur coit igne chorus.
22. scindente nubis: cf. Tennyson's 'WhenI Thro' scudding
drifts the rainy Hyades I Vext the dim sea.'
22-23. impiger... vexare: cf. on 4. 12. 19.
23. vexare: cf. 3. 2, 4. - turmas: cf. 2. 16. 22.
24. per ignis: the fires of the burning villages, if the fire of
battle is thought too sudden a plunge into metaphor. Bentley
read per ensis. Cf. Silius, 14. 175, per medios ignis mediosque
per ensis.
25-28. Cf. Macaulay, Regillus, 36, 'So comes the Po in floodtime I Upon the Celtic plain'; Iliad, 5. 87 sqq.
25. tauriformis: ravp6lpopqoo. Cf. triformis (3. 22. 5). For
the most part Horace avoids the picturesque compounds of
Greek and early Latin poetry. Diespiter (1. 34. 5), noctilucam (4. 6. 38), homicidam (Ep. 17. 12) are archaic or legal.
Naufragus, locuples, and sacrilegus were in common use.
Otherwise he does not often venture beyond compounds with
numerals or prepositions, e.g. centimanus (2. 17. 14). Greek
art and poetry represent the genii of rivers with head and horns
of a bull, symbolizing, perhaps, the roar of the rushing stream.
Cf. II. 21. 237, ewvKiPc itvre ravpor; Verg. Georg. 4. 371; Jebb
on Soph. Trach. 507. - Aufidus: cf. 3. 30. 10; 4. 9. 2.
26. Dauni: cf. 1. 22. 14; 3. 30. 11.--praefluit: cf. on
4. 3. 10. It is on the boundary.
28. diluviem: cf. 3. 29. 40. -meditatur: plans; some Mss.,
minitatur.
29. Claudius: Tiberius. Cf. on 14, supra, and Epist. 1.
3.2.
29-30. Cf. Homer's fpp-e Xdi  ayyca, and Tennyson's 'clad
in iron burst the ranks of war.'
30. ferrata probably refers to the use of mail (cf. Tac. Ann.
3. 43. 3).
31. metendo: cf. on 4. 11. 30. For image, cf. II. 11. 67,




464


NOTES.


19. 223; Catull. 64. 353-355; Verg. Aen. 10. 513; Aeschyl.
Suppl. 637; Gray, The Bard, 'And thro' the kindred squadrons
mow their way'; Macaulay, Regillus, 23, 'Like corn before the
sickle I The stout Lavinians fell';  Swinburne, Erectheus,
'Sickles of man-slaughtering edge I Ground for no hopeful
harvest of live grain'; Shaks. Tro. and Cress. 5. 5, 'And there
the strawy Greeks ripe for his edge I Fall down before him like
the mower's swath.'
32. stravit: cf. 3. 17. 12.- sine clade: maiore cum periculo
quam damno Romani exercitus (Vell. 2. 95. 2). Cf. Shaks.
Much Ado, 1. 1, 'A victory is twice itself when the achiever
brings home full numbers.'
33-34. I.e. (ductu) atque auspiciis tuis. Cf. on 1. 7. 27.
34. quo die: from the day when, rather than on the anniversary of the day. Alexandria was taken and the civil wars
ended B.C. 30, in the month Sextilis, to which the name Augustus was given by decree of the Senate B.C. 8.
36. vacuam: cf. on 1. 37. 25. Abandoned by Cleopatra.
37. lustro... tertio:  through  three lustrums, perhaps,
rather than at the expiration of the third lustrum. This effect
is helped by the position of prospera between lustro and tertio.
The continued favor of fortune through fifteen years is the
point. - prospera: cf. on 4. 6. 39.
39-40. laudem... adrogavit: and has associated with the
accomplishment of thy imperial commands the glory and honor
that was coveted. With optatum cf. 4. 8. 30; Epp. 2. 3. 412.
Imperiis is dat. with arrogavit, which is virtually equivalent to
addidit.
41-52. The subject nations, victae longo ordine gentes (Verg.
Aen. 8. 722). For a similar imperial theme, cf. Oscar Wilde's
Ave Imperatrix, 'The brazen-throated clarion blows I Across
the Pathan's reedy fen, I And the high steeps of Indian snows 1
Shake to the tread of armed men.... The fleet-foot Marri
scout who comes I To tell how he hath heard afar I The measured
roll of English drums I Beat at the gates of Kandahar.'
41. Cantaber: cf. 2. 6. 2; 3. 8. 22. -non ante: 1. 29. 3.
42. profugus: cf. 1. 35. 9; 3. 24. 9. - Medus: cf. on 1. 2. 22.
- Indus: cf. Suet. Aug. 21; Mon. Ancyr. 5. 5.




BOOK IV., ODE XV.


465


43-44. Cf. Cons. ad Liv. 473; Martial, 5. 1. 7 (of Domitian),
0 rerum felix tutela salusque. As Lucan says, 5. 385, Namque
omnes voces per quas iam tempore tanto I mentimur dominis haec
primum repperit aetas. Cf. on 3. 3. 11.
43. tutela: cf. 2. 17. 23; 4. 6. 33. - praesens: cf. 1. 35. 2;
3. 5.2.
44. dominae: cf. on 4. 3. 13, and Martial, 1. 3. 3; 10.
103. 9.
45. A commonplace of classical poetry. Tibull. 1. 7. 23;
Lucan, 10. 193. Cf. Swift, Apollo's Edict, 'No simile shall be
begun  With rising or with setting sun, I And let the secret
head of Nile I Be ever banished from your isle.'
46. Nilus: the Aethiopians (Mon. Ancyr. 108). - Hister:
the Dacians (4. 15. 21; Verg. Georg. 2. 497). - Tigris: cf.
on 2. 9. 21.
47. beluosus: cf. on 1. 3. 18; 3..27. 26; Milton, Lycidas,
'Where thou perhaps under the whelming tide I Visit'st the
bottom of the monstrous world.'  Cf. Homer's pyaKicrvs (Od.
3. 158), commonly interpreted 'monster-teeming.'
48. obstrepit: 2. 18. 20; 3. 30. 10.- Britannis: cf. on 1.
35. 30.
49. The Romans imagined that the teaching of the Druids
kept the Gauls from fearing death. Cf. Caesar, B.G. 6. 14. 5;
Lucan, 1. 459; Arnold on Celtic Lit., p. 38.
51. Sygambri: cf. on 4. 2. 36.
52. Resembles, in metrical structure, 1. 9. 20.
ODE XV.
Augustus, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen. When I would sing of wars, Phoebus rebuked me. (But
I may tell how) thy age, O Caesar, has brought back the
harvests to our fields, recovered our standards from the Parthians, curbed licentious wickedness, and renewed the old
Roman virtue that built up the empire. No fear of civic strife
or external foe disturbs us now. But lingering over the wine
with wife and child, after due prayer to the gods, we will sing
in old time fashion the great captains of the past and the scion
of Venus and Anchises.




466


NOTES.


The poem has been read as a continuation of the preceding.
It is, in any case, its complementary antithesis. It is 'I'envoi'
to Augustus, and affirms the fulfillment of the hopes expressed
in 1. 2 and elsewhere, as 3. 24, 3. 1-6.
1-2. Cf. Verg. Eclog. 6. 3; Propert. 3. 3. 25. Lyra is probably to be construed with increpuit, rebuked me with his lyre.
The god is represented as sounding his lyre in warning. The
position of the word is in favor of this interpretation, which
is supported also by Ovid, A. A. 2. 493, Haec ego cum canerem
subito manifestus Apollo I movit inauratae pollice fila lyrae.
Some editors, however, following the scholiasts, construe
loqui lyra. For thought, cf. on 1. 6. 5; 3. 3. 70; Epp. 2. 1.
251 sqq.
3. For the metaphor, cf. Propert. 4. 2. 22; 4. 8. 4, quid me
scribendi tam vastum mittis in aequor? I Non sunt apta meae
grandia vela rati; Verg. Georg. 2. 41; Ovid, Trist. 2. 329; Shaks.
Sonnet, 86, 'Was it the proud full sail of his great verse?'
Dante's 'la navicella del mio ingegno'; and Cowley's quaint
Pindarique Ode to Mr. Hobbes, 'The Baltic, Euxine, and the
Caspian, I And slender-limbed Mediterranean I Seemed narrow
creeks to thee and only fit I For the poor wretched fisher-boats
of wit. I Thy nobler vessel the vast ocean tried'; Boileau, ipitre
I., Au Roi, ' Cette mer oi tu cours est celbbre en naufrages,' etc.
- Tyrrhenum: cf. on 1. 16. 4.
5. Cf. on 4. 5. 17-18. Observe polysyndeton of et, corresponding to anaphora of non in lines 19-24.
6. The recovery, by Augustus' diplomacy in B.C. 20, of the
standards lost to the Parthians by Crassus at Carrhae (cf. 3. 5.
5; 3. 6. 9) was regarded as a triumph by the court poets. Cf.
August. in Mon. Ancyr. 40; Epp. 1. 18. 56, 1. 12. 27; Verg.
Aen. 7. 606, Parthosque reposcere signa; Propert. 4. 4. 48;
Ferrero, Greatness and Decline of Rome, 5. 34. - nostro...
Iovi: i.e. Jupiter Capitolinus, in whose temple on the Capitol
the standards seem to have been first deposited. They were
afterwards placed in the temple of Mars Ultor, dedicated B.c.
2. Cf. Mon. Ancyr. 5. 40, and supra on 1. 2. 44.
8. vacuum: proleptic. - duellis: cf. on 3. 5. 38.




BOOK IV., ODE XV.


467


9. Ianum Quirini: the Gateway of Quirinus, the Sabine wargod identified with Mars. The usual phrase seems to have been
lanum Quirinum. Cf. Mon. Ancyr. II. 42, where the probable
reading is (lanum) Quirin(um), and where the Greek translation
has r6Xq 'EvvdXtos; and Suet. Oct. 22, lanum Quirinum semel
atque iterum a condita urbe clausum. The gates of the covered
arcade passage in the Forum, commonly called the temple of
Janus, were closed only in time of peace by the institution of
Numa. Cf. Livy, 1. 19. 2. They were shut once in the reign
of Numa, once at the end of the first Punic war, and thrice by
Augustus, in 725, 729, 746. Verg. Aen. 7. 607, 1. 294; Ovid,
Epist. Ex Ponto, 1. 2. 126, clausit et aeterna civica bella sera.
ordinem rectum evaganti: swerving from the straight course.
10. frena: cf. on 3. 24. 29, and Sat. 2. 7. 74, lam vaga prosiliet frenis natura remotis.
12. artis: cf. on 3. 3. 9; and, for thought, Verg. Georg. 2.
532-535, and Gratian, Cyneget. 320 sqq.
13-14. Note the three stages of the growth of the empire.
13. nomen: cf. on 3. 3. 45.
14. imperi: cf. on 1. 2. 26.
15. maiestas: sovereign power. - ortus: some read ortum.
Cf. 3. 27. 12.
16. Cf. Sall. Cat. 36; Dion. Chrysost. orat. 1, p. 13, dr' dvl'Xorros iJlov ldXpt 8vo/dvov rdtajs 2JpXe '^s.
17-18. Cf. on 3. 14. 15.
17. custode: cf. 4. 5. 2.
18. exiget: used normally of persons (cf. 2. 13. 31), slightly
personifies. Some read eximet. For personification in procudit, cf. Aeschyl. Choeph. 647; Soph. Ajax, 1034.
19. ira: cf. 1. 16.
20. miseras: proleptic, to their sorrow. - inimicat: new
coinage of Horace, as apprecati, 28.
21. qui... bibunt: cf. on 2. 20. 20; Crinagoras, Anth. Pal.
16. 61. 5, olTev 'Apdir7s j Kal 'Pivos, o0~Xots5 rOeoa 7rtLv6/evot.
22-24. Cf. C. S. 51-56.
22. edicta... Iulia: the ordinances of Augustus; not to
be taken technically, though it suggests the leges luliae. -
Getae: cf. 3. 24. 11.




468


NOTES.


23. Seres: cf. 1. 12. 56.- Persae: cf. 1. 2. 22. - infidi: cf.
perfide Albion, Graecia mendax, Punica fides, Parthis mendacior
(Epp. 2. 1. 112), perfidus Hannibal (4. 4. 49), and similar international amenities.
24. The Scythians.
25. nosque: emphatic.- profestis: cf. Sat. 2. 2. 116, profesta luce; working days plus holidays are all days.
26. Cf. on 4. 5. 31-32. - munera Liberi: cf. 1. 18. 7. -
iocosi: cf. 3. 21. 15.
29-32. It was the policy of Augustus to foster the sentiment of historic patriotism.. Cf. Suet. Aug. 31, and supra on
3. 1-6.
29. virtute functos: whose valorous deeds are over, a variation
on vita functus, laboribus functus (2. 18. 38). Cf. aevo functus
(2. 9. 13). - more patrum: with canemus, cf. Cic. Tusc. 1. 3,
est in Originibus (Cato's Origins) solitos esse in epulis canere
convivas ad tibicinem de clarorum hominum virtutibus.
30. Lydis: perhaps 'soft Lydian airs' suited the wine (cf.
Plato, Rep. 398 E), perhaps the epithet is used merely for
poetic specification. - remixto: a rare word. Cf. A. P. 151,
veris falsa remiscet.
31. almae: cf. 4. 5. 18; Lucretius, 1. 2, alma Venus.
32. progeniem: sc. Augustus. Cf. 4. 5. 1, and C. S. 50.
CARMEN SAECULARE.
The ten years that had passed since the reorganization of the
government in 27 B.c. had been marked by peace and prosperity.
The efficiency and prestige of the administration, the contentment of the citizens and the standard of social purity established by the recent marriage laws tended to show that a new
era had come, and to celebrate it Augustus decided to institute
a festival such as no man then living had ever seen before or
ever would see again. It was, however, in keeping with his
conservatism that the festival which he organized was not a new
one. It had been the custom from Republican times to hold
secular festivals - the ludi Terentini, so called from the spot
in the Campus Martius (Terentum) where they were held.




CARMEN SAECULARE.                     469
These celebrations had taken place at somewhat irregular
intervals and the basis of calculation was a matter of dispute
among antiquarians.   According to some a saeculum - the
longest term of a man's life - consisted of one hundred years,
according to others of one hundred and ten years. We find
mention of a celebration of these ludi Terentini in 249 and of
another in 146. The college of the Quindecimviri, however,
which took the leading part in the preparations for the festival,
placed the date of the first celebration in 456 B.C. Working
on the basis of a saeculum of 110 years they pointed out that
Augustus' festival was the fifth, being held one year before
it was due.
Subsequent celebrations took place in 47 A.D. (Claudius),
88  (Domitian),   147  (Antoninus   Pius), 204   (Septimius
Severus), and 248 (Philip).
The festival began on the night before June 1 and lasted for
three nights and three days. The nocturnal sacrifices and
ceremonies - to the Parcae on the first night, to the Ilithyiae
on the second, and to Tellus on the third - were performed
at Terentum, which is near the river bank below the Ponte San
Angelo. The ceremonies held by day were in honor of the
heavenly gods - Jupiter, Juno, and especially Apollo and
Diana - and were performed at their temples.
The historian Zosimus of the fifth century has left us an
account of the ceremonies (2. 5), and we have besides the official
inscription which was discovered in Rome, September, 1890.
The inscription has been edited by Mommsen, Monumenti
Antichi... della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, 1891, Ephemeris Epigraphica, 1891, p. 222-274.    See also  Lanciani,
Atlantic Monthly, February, 1892; Mommsen, die Nation,
December, 1891; Gaston Boissier, Revue des Deux Mondes,
March 1, 1892; M. Slaughter, Transactions of the American
Philological Association, 1895; Walter Dennison in Roman
Historical Sources and Institutions, p. 49-66   (University
of Michigan Studies, Humanistic Series, Vol. I); Ferrero,
Greatness and Decline of Rome, 5. 76-103; Harper's Classical
Dictionary, p. 974 sq.; Diels, Sibyllinische Blitter, pp. 14, 91.
Carmen composuit Q. Hor(at)ius Flaccus are the words of




470


NOTES.


the inscription that chiefly concern us. Horace was thus
virtually recognized as the laureate of the new empire, a position won by such odes as 1. 2; 1. 12; 3. 1-6; and sustained by
4. 4, 5, 14, and 15. Something of his pride in this official
recognition is reflected in 4. 6. 25-44, and 4. 3. The poem
itself is an extremely polished formal official production marked
by the dignity and by something of the stark rigidity of the
tables of the old law. The vague mystic humanitarian inspirations which Vergil's fourth eclogue (circa B.C. 40) draws
from the thought of the world's great age beginning anew are
wholly wanting. From Vergil, however, is derived the one
central poetic idea (37 sqq.) standing out amid the prescribed
formulas of the ritual - the idea of the imperial destiny of
Rome embodied in the recently published Aeneid. To be just
we must remember the ceremonial character of the poem,
composed, not to be studied in the closet, but to be chanted
before a vast concourse in the open air. Horace's unfailing tact
recognized that the austere simplicity of Roman ritualistic
language was more consonant with the dignity of the occasion,
than any elaborate prettiness of phrase, or imitation, of the
splendid lyric diction of the Greeks that it was in his power to
achieve.
The sapphics are finished with the utmost care. Notable
is the frequent lilt of the feminine caesura, 11. 1, 14, 15, 18, 19,
35, 39, etc.
The poem was sung on the third and last day of the festival
by a choir of twenty-seven boys and twenty-seven girls before
the temple of Apollo on the Palatine. Sacrificioque perfecto
pueri [X] XVII quibus denuntiatum    erat patrimi et matrimi
(whose fathers and mothers were still living) et puellae totidem
carmen cecinerunt; eodemque modo in Capitolio. The natural
meaning of the last words is that the rendering of the ode was
repeated on the Capitol. There has been some idle debate as to
whether the repetition was prearranged or, an encore. Mommsen chooses to suppose that the ode was sung as the procession
moved from the Palatine to the Capitol and back; and exercises
his ingenuity in determining the precise point at which each




CARMEN SAECULARE.


471


group of stanzas was chanted. The distribution of the strophes
between the youths, the maidens, and the ensemble has been
endlessly debated.
1. Phoebe: Actian and Palatine Apollo, the patron deity of
the emperor and the empire, is fittingly invoked first. Cf. 1.
31.1.n.; 1.21; 3.4. 60 sqq. -  silvarum potens: cf. 1. 21. 5. n.;
1. 3. 1. n.
2. caeli decus: as sun and moon, cf. 9. 36; Verg. Aen. 9. 405,
Astrorum decus et nemorum Latonia custos; Sen. Hippol. 408.
2-3. colendi... culti: ever worthy of adoration and ever
adored, a worshipful fullness of expression. Cf. Ov. Met. 8.
350, si te coluique coloque; ibid. 726; Odes 4. 2. 38, donavere... dabunt; Epp. 1. 1. 1, prima dicte mihi summaque dicende
Camena.
5. quo: with dicere (8). - Sibyllini... versus: oracles
in Greek hexameter verse said to have been composed in the
time of Solon at Gergis on Mt. Ida. They were brought to
Cumae and afterwards some of them were purchased by the
last Tarquin and placed by him in the Capitol. These were
burned with the Capitol, B.C. 83. Augustus as Pontifex, B.C.
12, deposited a revised collection in the temple of Apollo Palatinus. The extant collections are late forgeries. The thirtyseven Greek hexameter verses prescribing the order of the
ceremonies preserved in Zosimus were compiled or invented
by the Quindecimviri who organized the festival for Augustus.
6. lectas... castos: both epithets felt with each noun. Cf.
4. 6. 31.
7. dis: the guardian deities generally, Oeots roXto6xoLs. -
septem: Verg. Georg. 2. 535; Martial, 4. 64. 11, septem dominos
videre montes; Macaulay, Regillus, 38, 'Hail to the hill-tops
seven.' -placuere: were and still are dear. 'Cf. 3. 4. 24, 4. 12.
12; Propert. 4. 10. 64, Haec di condiderunt, haec di quoque
moenia servant.
9-10. Alme: cf. 4. 7. 7. -   Sol:   o^pfloso 'Ar6XXwb P & are Kal
hdX9os KLKXh'aKeTra, the Orac. 16. -  curru... celas: cf. 3. 6.
44. n. Also Mayor on Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 19. 49; Jebb on Soph.
Ajax, 674.




472


NOTES.


10. alius et idem: another and yet the same; similarly Catullus, 62. 34-35, of Venus, identical as morning star and evening
star.
11. possis: optative subjunctive.
12. visere: sc. in thy course; but cf. 1. 2. 8. n. -maius: cf.
Verg. Aen. 7. 602, maxima rerum I Roma; Goethe, Elegien XV.,
'Hohe Sonne du weilst und du beschauest dein Rom. I Grosseres sahest du nichts und wirst nichts grosseres sehen, I Wie
es dein Priester Horaz in der Entziickung versprach.'
13-14. rite... aperire.. lenis: in   fulfillment of  thy
office gently bring to issue. Lenis is part of the prayer (cf.
fertilis, 29, and 3. 2. 2) and is felt again with the imperative
tuere. With aperire lenis, cf. 1. 24. 17. n.
14. Ilithyia: the birth goddess identified with uno Lucina
(15). According to the inscription, consecrated cakes were
offered, Deis Ilithyis, on the second night.  Cf. Orac. 9, ElXetOvias cpaaoa cu ra7coT6Kovs.
15-16. sive... seu: the scrupulous care of the ancient
religion to propitiate the god by the apt epithet is reflected in
this usage of the poets. Cf. Aesch. Ag. 160; Catull. 34. 21, sis
quocumque tibi placet I sancta nomine; Milt. P. L. 3. 7, 'or hear'st
thou rather,' etc.; Sat. 2. 6. 20, Seu lane libentius audis.
16. Genitalis: only here as name; perhaps imitation       of
revErvXXI.
17-20. Pure prose. - producas: rear, as Kovporp6bpo.   Cf. 2.
13. 3. - subolem: 4. 3. 14; 3. 13. 8. - patrum... decreta:
the lex lulia de maritandis ordinibus, B.C. 18, encouraged
marriage and imposed pains and penalties on celibacy. Horace,
a bachelor of fifty, celebrates it with a somewhat artificial ardor.
Cf. Ferrero, 5. 58; Merivale; 4. 39, Chap. 33; Suet. Aug. 34;
Livy, Epit. 59; Dio. 54. 16. Cf. 3. 6.
18. super: on.
20. lege marita: so Propert. 5. 11. 33, facibus maritis, the
torch of marriage.
21-24. 'That so this festival may not fail (certus) to be kept
by joyous throngs at each returning saeculum of 110 years' is
the meaning.
22. orbis: cycle. - referatque: cf. 1. 30. 6. n.




CARMEN SAECULARE.


473


24. frequentis: with ludos. Certus and frequentis emphasize
by position the main idea.
25. veraces cecinisse: whose prophecies have been ever true.
The infinitive is complementary to the adjective; its tense points
to past prophecies. With veraces cf. 2. 16. 39. n.; Catull. 64.
306; Arnold, Mycerinus, 'Fell this dread voice from lips that
cannot lie, J Stern sentence of the Powers of Destiny.' -
Parcae: 2. 17. 16. n.; 2. 3. 15. n. The sacrifices of the first
night were to them. They are the MotpaL of the Orac. 9, lep...
Molpals &pvas re Kal a?"yas.
26. quod semel dictumst -fatum (cf. 3. 3. 57-58. n.), in
this case the 'manifest destiny of Rome.' Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 257,
manent immota tuorum fata tibi, etc. - quod serves both as
the subject of dictum est and as the object of servet. - semel:
cf. 4. 3. 1; 1. 24. 16. n.
26-27. rerum terminus: cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 614, hic terminus
haeret. The phrase suggests the god Terminus whose refusal to
yield to Jupiter was taken as an omen of the stability of Roman
power. Livy, 1. 55; Ov. Fast. 2. 667.
27. servet: optative subjunctive--a sudden, somewhat
illogical transition to prayer that the fate be accomplished.
Servat is also read. - peractis: 4. 14. 39.
29. fertilis frugum: so Livy, 5. 34. 2, Gallia... frugum
hominumque fertilis fuit. Cf. 4. 6. 39; and, for the blessings
invoked, cf. Aesch. Suppl. 689-692; Eumen. 924-926, 938 sqq.;
Psalms 94. 13. - tellus: a black sow was offered to Terra
Mater on the third night.
30. spicea... corona: cf. Ayo? r ^ <rraXvuooTe0d(<., Anth.
Pal. 6. 104. 8; cf. Tibull. 1. 1. 15, flava Ceres tibi sit nostro de
rure corona I Spicea. (At the Ambarvalia, see Pater, Marius,
Chap. I.). Cf. Warton, First of April 'Fancy... see Ceres
grasp her crown of corn I And Plenty load her ample horn';
Hamlet, 5. 2, 'As Peace should still her wheaten garland wear.'
31-32. cf. Catull. 62. 41, (flos) quem mulcent aurae, firmat sol,
educat imber. - lovis: cf. 1. 1. 25. n.; Epode 2. 29. - fetus:
here crops.
33-34. condito... telo: putting away thy weapon,, i.e.
storing thy arrows in thy quiver, not showering the shafts of




474


NOTES.


pestilence as in Homer, II. 1. 45 sqq., but gracious and benign
as represented in the Palatine temple. Cf. 2. 10. 19; 3. 4.
60.
35. siderum regina: cf. 1. 12. 47. n. - bicornis: cf. 4. 2. 57;
Anth. Pal. 5. 123. StKipw( ZeXVn; ibid. 5. 16. XpvuTKepws; Milt.
P. L. 1, 'Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians call'd I Astarte, queen
of heaven, with crescent horns.'
37-44. si: cf. 3. 18. 5.   If, as the Aeneid had recently
brought home to every Roman, the world-empire of Rome was a
divine dispensation, the gods should cherish their own handiwork.
38. litus Etruscum: i.e. Lavinia litora. See note on 1. 2. 13 -14. - tenuere: won their way to.
39. iussa pars: and if it was by divine command that a part
of them. Cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 346, Italiam Lyciae iussere capessere
sortes. - pars: i.e. the companions of Aeneas; apposition with
turmae.
41. per ardentem: cf. Verg. Aen. 7. 296, mediosque per ignis
invenere viam. - sine fraude: unharmed; cf. 2. 19. 20. n.
42. castus: i.e. pius. Cf. incestus, 3. 2. 30. - patriae: so
mihi, Epode 5. 101.
43. munivit: made; cf. Lucret. 5. 102.- daturus: cf. 2. 3.
4. n.
44. plura relictis: Rome is more than Troy. Cf. Propert.
5. 1. 87, Dicam, Troia cades, et Troica Roma resurges.
45-46. docili and placidae are proleptic.
47. Romulae: cf. 4. 5. 1. n.; 1. 15. 10, Dardanae.-- prolemque: hypermetron - the cup runs over.
49. quaeque: object of veneratur, entreats of, here construed
as a verb of asking with two accusatives. Cf. Sat. 2. 6. 8;
Cic. Fam. 6. 7. 2. - bobus... albis: white bulls were sacrificed
by Augustus and Agrippa to Jupiter Capitolinus on the first
day, white cows to Juno Regina on the second. Cf. the Orac. 12.
For white bulls as victims, cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 146; Macaulay,
Horatius, 7; Capys, 29; Epode 9. 22.
50. Anchisae Venerisque sanguis: cf. on 4. 15. 32.
51-52. Perhaps meant as a quotation of the famous parcere
subiectis, etc. (Verg. Aen. 6. 853). With the following, cf. Aen.




CARMEN SAECULARE.


475


6. 792. With iam, etc., 54 sqq., a favorable answer to the
prayer is assumed.
53-56. Cf. 4. 14. 41-52. n.; 4. 15. 6-8, 20-24. The civil wars
are ignored.
54. Albanas: i.e. Roman. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 7.
55. Scythae: cf. 2. 9. 23; 4. 14. 42; 3. 8. 23. - responsa
petunt: as from a god, an oracle, or declarer of the law. Cf.
Verg. Ecl. 1. 45; Aen. 7. 86, Hinc Italae gentes... in dubiis
responsa petunt.
57-60. The empire means peace, plenty, and the old Roman
virtues. Cf. 4. 5. 17; 4. 15. 5, 10-13.
57. Fides, etc.: cf. 1. 24. 6-7. n.; 1. 35. 21. -Pax: Peace
had an altar at Athens, and is called fairest of the gods by
Euripides (Orest. 1682).- Honor: Marcellus dedicated a
temple Honori et Virtuti (Livy, 27. 25).
58. priscus: Verg. Aen. 6. 879, heu prisca fides.
60. copia: cf. 1. 17. 14. n.; Epp. 1. 12. 28.
61-75. Concluding prayer to Apollo, prophet, musagetes,
and healer, and to Diana.
61. augur: cf. 1. 2. 32. - fulgente: with silver (II. 1. 37) or
gold (Pind. 0. 14. 10).
62. Cf. Arnold, Empedocles, "Tis Apollo comes leading
His choir the nine.'
63-64. Cf. 1. 21. 13-14.
65. si: if, as he surely does. - aequus: cf. 1. 28. 28; 1. 2.
47. n. - aras: the special altars on which the sacrifices were
offered before the temple. Arcis, which is read by some editors,
is not so well attested and is less appropriate to the occasion.
66. rem Romanam: cf. Verg. Georg. 2. 498, res Romanae;
Ennius, Ann. 479, qui rem Romanam Latiumque augescere voltis.
- -que.. -que: both... and. - felix: the prosperity of
Latium. Others take.it with lustrum.
67. lustrum: cf. 2. 4. 24. The imperium conferred on Augustus for ten years, B.C. 27 (cf. on 1. 2), was renewed, B.c. 17,
for five years. - semper: i.e. from  lustrum  to lustrum. Cf.
Tibull. 1. 7. 63, At tu natalis multos celebrande per annos
candidior semper candidiorque veni; Ov. Fast. 1. 87.
68. prorogat: the indicative expresses the confidence with




476


NOTES.


which the chorus speak. They no longer implore but feel the
presence of the deity. Cf. Epp. 2. 1. 134.
69. Aventinum: for the great Latin temple of Diana there,
cf. Livy, 1. 45. - Algidum: 1. 21. 6.
70. quindecim, etc.: the quindecimviri sacris faciundis were
one of the four great priestly colleges of Rome. They stood to
the foreign religions much as the Pontiffs to the national cult.
They were said to have been instituted by Tarquin to guard
the Sibylline verses (cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 72). They took charge
of the ceremonies under the presidency of Augustus and
Agrippa.   Pro conlegio  XV   virorum  magister conlega M.
Agrippa ludos saeculares feci (Mon. Ancyr. 4. 36).
71. puerorum: includes the girls. Cf. Naevius' Cereris puer
Proserpina.
73-74. haec... sentire: that this is the feeling of, depends
on spem reporto. Haec refers to the content of the last three
strophes. For reporto sing., as in Greek chorus, cf. 4. 6. 41. n.
75. doctus: cf. 4. 6. 43.
EPODES.
Epode in later Greek meant the shorter verse, or iambic
dimeter, of an Archilochian couplet following as a refrain the
longer iambic trimeter (cf. Liddell and Scott, s.v.). The grammarians gave the name to these poems of Horace composed
mainly in that measure. Horace himself called them iambi
with reference both to the prevailing iambic meter and the
satirical tone (laigLKuc l1da. Cf. Od. 1. 16. 3, 24. n.; Epod. 14.
7; Epp. 1. 19. 23).
They seem to have been written in the decade following
Philippi, B.c. 41-31, and were published contemporaneously
with the second book of Satires about B.c. 30 (cf. Epode 9 with
Ode 1. 37). They have little of the mellow charm of the Odes,
but are of interest as enabling us to watch the origin and growth
of Horace's lyric style. Odes 1. 4 and 4. 7 are composed in an
Archilochian epodic measure, and Epodes 1, 9, 13, and 14
would be equally in place among the odes of the first book.
Epodes 2 and 16 display a youthful exuberance of expression




EPODE I.                       477
which Horace's maturer judgment would have pruned. The
harsh and sometimes indecent invective of 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12,
17 may reflect Horace's mood in the hard years of his early
manhood when he was still seeking his way, or it may be merely
a scholastic imitation of the manner of Archilochus. For a
discussion of the relation of the epodes to the writings of
Archilochus, see Leo, De Horatio et Archilocho; and Hauvette,
Archiloque, Paris, 1905, pp. 258-266.
EPODE I.
To Maecenas, about to accompany Augustus in the campaign
of Actium. Maecenas probably was not present at Actium, but
returned from Brundisium to take charge of the government of
Italy (cf. Sen. Epist. 114. 6; Dio. 51. 3). The author of the
Eleg. in Maec. (45) however affirms Maecenas' presence at the
battle, and the vividness of Epode 9 is sometimes alleged as
proof that Horace was with him.
Horace, though unapt for war, will accompany his friend.
He will fear less so. No hope of gain impels him.  Maecenas'
bounty has already filled his cup to' overflowing.
1. ibis: can it be that you are going, etc. So Tibull. 1. 3. 1,
Ibitis Aegaeas sine me, Messalla, per undas.- Liburnis: in
the Liburnian galleys; abl. instr. Cf. on 1. 37. 30. The light
Liburnian galleys of Octavian are contrasted with the ponderous battlemented ships of Antony (alta navium propugnacula) in all descriptions of the battle. Cf. Verg. Aen. 8.
691; Ferrero 5. 101; Merivale, 3. 252; Shaks. Ant. and Cleop.
3. 7, 'Their ships are yare, yours heavy.'
4. tuo: sc. periculo, i.e. to share.
5. With te si superstite supply vivitur. For the sentiment,
cf. 2. 17. 5-9; Catull. 68. 160, Lux mea, qua viva vivere dulce
mihi est.
7. utrumne: is said not to occur before Horace. - iussi:
as ordered, submissively. - persequemur otium: seek ease. Cf.
Cic. de Off. 3. 1, otium persequemur. - otium: Verg. Georg.
4. 564, studiis florentem ignobilis oti.




478


NOTES.


9-10. laborem: sc. persequemur. - mente... viros: intending to bear it with such determination as becomes brave men.
12. inhospitalem... Caucasum: cf. 1. 22. 6. n.     For
thought, cf. 2. 6. 1.
13. sinum: cf. Verg. Georg. 2. 122, India... extremi sinus
orbis.
15. roges: A. G. 521. b; H. 573. II.- labore: laborem
of the Mss. violates the meter.
16. Homer's dirr6XAAo Kal &vaOXKIS. But firmus parum refers to
his health.
18. qui: sc. metus. - maior: adverbially.
19. adsidens: brooding, but not actually on the nest.
20. serpentium adlapsus: Il. 2. 308; Aesch. Sept. 290;
Moschus, 4. 21; Verg. Aen. 2. 225, lapsu... dracones.
21. relictis: dat. Cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 729, comitique onerique
timentem; or abl. abs. - ut adsit: concessive, even if she were
with them. A. G. 440.; G. L. 608; H. 586. II. 3.
22. latura: cf. 2. 3. 4. n. - praesentibus: cumulative resumption of adsit by frequent Latin usage. Plaut. Pseud.
1142; Ter. Adelph. 393; Verg. Aen. 4. 83.
23-24. militabitur bellum: cf. 3. 19. 4, pugnata bella.
25-28. Cf. 1. 31. 3-5.- nitantur: struggle, suggesting the
richness of the loamy soil. - meis: the main idea, of mine. -
pecus, etc.: in summer cattle were driven from Calabria to
pastures on the highlands of Lucania. For the case usage with
mutet, cf. note on 1. 16. 25; 1. 17. 2.
29-30. Perhaps a contrast is suggested between the heights
of Tusculum crowned with the villas of Cicero, Lucullus,
Hortensius, etc., and the poet's humbler retreat, 'Folded in
Sabine recesses the valley and villa of Horace' (Clough). The
villas of Frascati still gleam white against the dark foliage.
Cf. Hare, Days near Rome. - Circaea: founded by Telegonus,
son of Circe and Ulysses. Cf. 3. 29. 8.
31. satis superque: cf. 17. 19; Sat. 2. 6. 4, nil amplius oro. -
benignitas: generosity. The Sabine farm, 'the fittest gift ever
made by a liberal man of fortune to a needy man of parts,' was
given to the poet by Maecenas about B.c. 34, the time of the
publication of the first book of Satires. To the dignity and




EPODE II.


479


the tranquillity it brought into Horace's life we probably owe
the Odes. Horace describes it lovingly, Epp. 1. 16. 1-17,
and often contrasts his beloved retreat with the smoke and din
and fever of Rome. Cf. Sat. 2. 6. 1-4; Epp. 1. 10. 8; 1. 14. 1;
1. 7. 1-15; Odes, 1. 17; 1. 22. 9; 2. 16. 37; 2. 18. 14; 3. 1. 47;
3. 4. 22; 3. 13?; 3. 18; 3. 29. There is an interesting account
of it in Blackwood's Horace for English readers (Martin), p.
69. Cf. also Gaston Boissier's delightful chapter in his Nouvelles Promenades Archeologiques.
32. paravero: note exactness of Latin tense. The acquisition must precede the use.
33. Chremes: apparently the typical miser of some comedy
not extant.
34. discinctus: for 'loose girdled' metaphorically as 'dissolute,' cf. Sulla's warning about Caesar, Sueton. Caes. 45, ut
male praecinctum   puerum   caverent. - perdam: some Mss.
read perdam ut.
EPODE II.
The praise of country life in the manner of Vergil (Georg.
2. 458 sqq.), with touches resembling, if not suggested by, the
idyllic passages in Aristophanes (Pax, 569; N^iro, 1). 'The
profusion of detail is a mark of Horace's earlier muse' (Sellar);
but the poem is very beautiful, and is converted into a satire
only by the Heinesque surprise at the close. Cf. Sellar, pp.
126-127.
It has been often imitated or translated. Cf. Tibull. 1. 1;
Martial, 1. 49, in same meter; also 3. 58; Ben Jonson, The
Forest, 3; Works, Vol. 3, p. 264; ibid. Vol. 3, p. 384. A translation is appended to Cowley's Essay of Agriculture. There are
also translations by Dryden (Johnson's Poets, 9. 160), and by
Somervile (ibid. 11. 208). Cf. Herrick, 106, 663, The Country
Life; Klopstock, Der Kamin.
1. beatus: cf. Pope, Solitude, 'Happy the man whose wish
and care I A few paternal acres bound'; Verg. Georg. 2. 458, 0
fortunatos nimium, etc. - negotiis:    from  business. With




480


NOTES.


procul negotiis, cf. 'AraXX7ycdvra rcwV icar" &yopy rpacyLdTrwv,
Aristoph. Na-ot; 'Far frbm the madding crowd's ignoble strife.'
2. prisca: cf. 3. 21. 11; 'Like the first golden mortals'
(Cowley); Hanc olim veteres vitam coluere Sabini (Verg. Georg.
2. 532).
3. exercet: Verg. Georg. 1. 99, exercetque frequens tellurem,
atque imperat arvis. Cf. 4. 14. 21.
4. faenore: usury. He is neither a borrower nor a lender.
Anticipatory hint of 67.
5. miles: as a soldier. Cf. Verg. Georg. 2. 539; Tibull. 1.
1. 4, Martia cui somnos classica pulsa fugent.
6. horret: cf. 1. 1. 15-17; Sat. 1. 1. 6.
7. forum: law and politics. Verg. Georg. 2. 501, nec ferrea
iura j insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit.
7-8. superba... limina:   the  morning    call  (salutatio)
which clients made upon their rich patrons. It is this function
which Vergil describes so magnificently (Georg. 2. 461), and
Martial found so burdensome.
9..ergo: and so, being free. - adulta: after three years'
growth. - propagine: sets, layers, slips.
10. altas: the tall slim branchless poplar (Il. 4. 482) and the
elm were especially suited for this. - maritat: cf. on 2. 15. 4;
4. 5. 30; Cato, R. R. 32, arbores facito ut bene maritae sint.
11. in reducta valle: 1. 17. 17. - mugientium: mugitusque
bourn (Verg. Georg. 2. 470). 'The lowing herd winds slowly
o'er the lea.' Cf. balantum, sheep (Verg. Georg. 1. 272);
natantum, fishes (ibid. 3. 541); Lucret. 1. 887, lanigerae. And
on such appellations of animals generally, see Classical Review,
November, 1894.
12. errantis: 3. 13. 12, pecori vago.
13-14. Pruning and grafting. Cf. Verg. Georg. 2. 69, 81.
14. feliciores: more fertile. Cf. femina, ftcundus. Cf. 4. 4.
65. n.
15. pressa: cf. Verg. Georg. 4. 140, spumantia cogere pressis
mella favis. More properly of wine (Epode 13. 6).
16. infirmas: the standing epithet. Cf. Ov. Ib. 44; Lucret.
1. 260.
17. vel: the choice of another aspect of country joys to con



EPODE II                        481
template. Aut is merely disjunctive.   Que (13) must be given
the force of ve, which some would read.
17-18. For Autumn personified, cf. on 4. 7. 11; 3. 23. 8.
17. mitibus: cf. immitis (2. 5. 10).
18. agris: local ablative.
19. ut: how. Cf. 1. 61; 1. 11. 3. - decerpens: cf. carpsit
(Verg. Georg. 2. 501). Normal prose would use inf. with
gaudet. Cf. Greek, ieraTdL pircwv.
20. purpurae: with the purple (dyes of art). Cf. 2. 5. 12.
And, for dat., 2. 2. 18; 1. 1. 15.
21. Priape: the Hellespontic god of fertility, a wooden
image of whom was commonly placed in gardens. He is the
subject of the poems in the licentious collection known as the
Priapeia. -pater: cf. on 1. 18. 6; Verg. Georg. 2. 494, Panaque
Silvanumque senem.
22. Silvane: cf. 3. 29. 23. Old Italian wood god, and so
perhaps tutor finium as guardian of the bounds of the primitive
farmers' clearing. Cf. Preller-Jordan, Ri5m. Myth.
23. iacere: 1. 1. 22; 2. 7. 19; 2. 11. 14.
24. tenaci: matted (Dryden). Cf. on 4. 12. 9.
25. altis... ripis: brimming, to the height of their banks
apparently. Cf. Lucret. 2. 362, summis labentia ripis; Quintil.
12. 2, 11, ut vis amnium maior est altis ripis multoque gurgitis
tractu fluentium, etc. Others, with Bentley, take it of the
height of the banks brought out by the low water of summer.
Some Mss. and eds. read rivis.
26. queruntur: cf. on 4. 12. 5; Ov. Am. 3. 1. 4, et latere ex
omni dulce queruntur aves; Verg. Ecl. 1. 59.
26-27. 'Though haply you should fall asleep I To clink of
silver waters' (Mrs. Browning).
27. lymphis: somewhat tautological instr. abl. - obstrepunt: absolutely as 3. 30. 10. Markland's conjecture frondes
is tempting. The foliage then murmurs to the waters, as in
Propert. 5. 4. 4, multaque nativis obstrepit arbor aquis, and
slumber distils down through the rustling leaves, as in Sappho's
exquisite fragment, alOvaao-rdowv 84 Ui6XXwv I Ku^la Karappe?. Cf. 3.
1. 21; Theoc. 8. 79; Verg. Georg. 2. 469; Sen. Phaedr. 508, an
imitation of the whole passage.




482                       NOTES.
28. quod: its antecedent is the cognate acc. felt with obstrepunt, a sound such as to. - levis: 2. 16. 15.
29. at: a corresponding winter scene. Cf. on 3. 7. 22; 3.
18. 9.- tonantis: the standing epithet (cf. on 3. 5. 1) has
special fitness here. - annus: cf. on 3. 23. 8.
31 sqq. Cf. Herrick, 663: 'To these, thou hast thy times to
goe And trace the Hare i' th' treacherous snow; I... Thou
hast thy Cockrood, and thy glade I To take the precious pheasant made: I Thy Lime-twigs, Snares and Pit-falls then    To
catch the pilfring birds, not men.'
31. trudit: a stronger agit. Cf. 2. 18. 15. -hinc et hinc:
5. 97. - multa: so Verg. Aen. 1. 334 multa... hostia.
32. plagas: 1. 1. 28; 3. 5. 32. Lex. s.v. 3.
33. Amite levi: the smooth pole, by means of which the net
was spread and held. - rara... retia: wide-meshed. So
Verg. Aen. 4. 131.
34. turdis: Martial, 3. 58. 26, Sed tendit avidis rete subdolum
turdis. - dolos: apposition with retia.
35. Note the two anapests and the tribrach.  But some get
rid of that in the fifth foot by taking laqueoi as a dissyllable by
synizesis. Cf. 1. 79, and 11. 23.- advenam: migratory. Milt.
P. L., 'So steers the prudent crane 1 Her annual voyage, borne
on winds.'
37. malarum   quas amor curas habet = malarum     curarum
quas, etc. Curas is attracted to rel. clause for metrical convenience probably.
39-60. quod si... mulier iuvet... exstruat (43)
siccet (46)... adparet (48) form the protasis; non me iuverint,
etc. (49 sqq.), the apodosis. Non... descendat, etc., is not
felt as a part of the apodosis, but as an independent development of the thought - that far-fetched and dear-bought
luxuries would give less pleasure than the unbought joys of
a simple country home.
39. in partem: she plays her woman's part -eh &tov o0e vw in
the words of Electra, Eurip. El. 71; cf. the picture of chaste
domestic happiness, Verg. Georg. 2. 523-524.
41. Sabina: cf. 3. 6. 37 sqq. - the type of antique virtue -
haud similis tibi Cynthia, as Juvenal says. Cf. the imitation of




EPODE II.                        483
the passage in Stat. Silv. 5. 1. 122 sqq. - perusta: tanned,
i41bKavoTro; Arnold, Empedocles, 'His hard-task'd, sunburnt
wife, His often laboured fields.' - solibus: cf. on 4. 5. 8;
Verg. Georg. 1. 66, maturis solibus; Lucret. 5. 251, perusta
solibus adsiduis; Epode, 16. 13.
42. pernicis: cf. impiger, 3. 16. 26.
43-44. The details of in partem    iuvet. Cf. Gray's Elegy,
'For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn, j Or busy
housewife ply her evening care'; Tibull. 1. 10. 42.
43. sacrum: to the Lares. Cf. 3. 23. 15; 4. 5. 34; Herrick,
334, to Larr, 'Go where I will, thou luckie Larr stay here, |
Warme by a glit'ring chimney all the year.' - vetustis: hence
dry.
44. sub: against.
45. textis cratibus: rnCKos, wattled folds. - laetum: cf. on
4. 4. 13; Verg. Georg. 2. 144, armentaque laeta.
47. horna: 3. 23. 3. - dolio: wines were generally kept in
large earthen jars (dolia) until fermentation took place, then
they were poured into amphorae. Poor people, however, not
only drew their wine directly from the dolia but did so even
before it had fermented, hence dulci.
48. inemptas: cf. yXvKa KiddnTava (Aristoph. Pax, 593); Verg.
Georg. 4. 132, dapibus mensas onerabat inemptis; Martial, 4. 66.
5, etc. In imitation of this usage of the Latin poets, English
writers of the eighteenth century employ the expression freely
as a laudatory term. Cf. Burke's famous characterization of
chivalry: 'The unbought grace of life, the cheap defence of
nations.'
49. Lucrine oysters were much prized. Cf. Juv. 4. 140;
Martial, 6. 11. 5; Milt. P. R. 2, 'All fish from sea or shore...
for which was drain'd    Pontus and Lucrine bay, and Afric
coast.' For the Lucrine bay, cf. 2. 15. 3.
51-52. The scar was supposed to be driven into Roman
waters from the Eastern Mediterranean by storms. Ennius,
Heduphagetica (8), calls it cerebrum lovis paene supremi. For
the rhombus, cf. Juv. Sat. 4. 39-43.
52. intonata: thundering upon.
53. Afra avis: Numidian hen, guinea-fowl.




484                        NOTES.
54. attagen: heathcock?    Martial, 13. 61.
55. pinguissimis: what bears fat olives should itself be fat.
57. gravi: costive. Cf. Martial 10. 48. 7.
58. malvae, etc. cf. on 1. 31. 16.
59. Terminalibus: the festival of the god Terminus, VII Kal.
Mart. (Ov. Fast. 2. 655, spargitur et caeso communis Terminus
agno). The rustic tastes meat only when it is provided by a
sacrifice or an accident.
60. lupo: Martial, 10. 48. 14, haedus inhumani raptus ab ore
lupi. There was a belief that the wolf selected the best, and
that rT XvKx6pwra were most toothsome (Plut. Sympos. 2. 9).
63-64. At the end of the day's work the plow was reversed,
the share being placed on the yoke and the pole dragging on
the ground. In this way it could be drawn home most easily.
Cf. on 3. 6. 42; Verg. Ecl. 2. 66, aspice, aratra iugo referunt
suspensa iuvenci; Ov. Fast. 5. 497.
65. The swarm of homebred slaves, a sign of rustic opulence,
sit at supper near the fire in the atrium, while the wooden images
of the Lares, polished and gleaming in the firelight, seem to
smile upon the scene. Cf. Sat. 2. 6. 66, quibus... ante
Larem proprium vescor vernasque procacis I pasco libatis dapibus;
Tibull. 2. 1. 23, turbaque vernarum, saturi bona signa coloni;
Martial, 3. 58. 22; 4. 66. 10.
67. Alfius: apparently a traditional type like many of the
names in the Satires. Cf. Columella, 1. 7. Dryden substitutes
'Morecraft.'
68. iam iam: ironically emphasizing his eagerness.
69-70. redigere and ponere are the technical terms for calling
in and placing loans. For Ides and Kalends as settling days,
cf. Cic. Cat. 1. 4; Hor. Sat. 1. 3. 87.
EPODE III.
Horace has eaten at Maecenas' table a dish perhaps intentionally (iocose, 20) overseasoned with garlic, and relieves his
feelings by mock-heroic imprecations.
1. olim: ever. Cf. on 4. 4. 5.
2. guttur fregerit: cf. 2. 13. 6.




EPODE III.                      485
3. edit: let him eat; archaic subj. for edat. Cf. Sat. 2. 8. 90.
- cicutis: the hemlock, employed in the execution of Socrates.
Cf. Epp. 2. 2. 53.
4. messorum: garlic as an ingredient in the food of reapers
is mentioned also by Virgil. Cf. Ecl. 2. 10, Thestylis et rapido
fessis messoribus aestu I alia serpyllumque herbas contundit olentis.
5-6. veneni: with quid, what poison is this which, etc. -
viperinus: 1. 8. 9.
7. fefellit: without my knowledge.     Cf. 3. 16. 32. -
malas: Verg. Aen. 2. 471, coluber mala gramina pastus. Cf.
mala cicuta (Sat. 2. 1. 56).
8. Canidia: cf. Epodes 5 and 17 for this poisonous witch. -
tractavit: handled, had a finger in. Cf. 2. 13. 10.
9. ut: when. Cf. 5. 11. - praeter omnis: with mirata est.
-candidum: 1. 8. 11.
10. Medea: the typical venefica of mythology. - ducem:
Jason. - mirata: cf. 4. 9. 15.
11. ignota: insueta, cf. 4. 2. 6; they were not accustomed to
the yoke. For the story, cf. on 4. 4. 63.
12. perunxit: cf. 1. 5. 2, perfusus. A potent drug may be
poison or antidote. Medea annointed Jason to preserve him
from the fire-breathing bulls which he was required to yoke
in order to plow the furrows for the dragon's teeth. Cf. Pind.
Pyth. 4. 220, 'Then speedily she showed him the accomplishment of the tasks her father set, and many drugs withal gave
him  for his anointment, antidotes of cruel pain.' -hoc:
emphatic.
13. paelicem: so in Seneca's play Medea names Creusa
(Glauce), the young Corinthian princess for whom Jason abandons her, and whom she slays by the gift of a poisoned robe,
escaping, at the end of the play, in a chariot drawn by winged
dragons. Cf. Epode 5. 61 sqq.; Eurip. Medea.
15. siderum: the dog star is meant. Cf. 16. 61; 3. 29. 18. -
insedit: cf. Sen. Oed. 47, sed gravis et ater incubat terris vapor.
- vapor: heat, as in Lucret. 1. 663.
16. siticulosae: 2. 41; 3. 30. 11; Eurip. Alcest. 560 8tilav
X06pa.
17. munus: the sacrificial robe steeped in the poisoned blood




486


NOTES.


of the Centaur Nessus, which jealous Deianira sent to Hercules
as a love charm. Cf. 17. 31; Ov. Met. 9. 130; Milt. P. L. 2,
'As when Alcides from Oechalia crown'd I With conquest felt
th' envenomed robe, and tore I Through pain up by the roots
Thessalian pines'; Soph. Trach. - efficacis: for all his mighty
deeds reduced to sob like a girl, as he says in Soph. Trach. 1071.
19. at: in imprecations, as 5. 1.
EPODE IV.
A bitter invective againkt a typical parvenu of those troublous
times. Still scarred with the brands of slavery, he struts down
the Sacred Way, farms huge Apulian estates, sits in the knights'
place at the theater, and commands the soldiers of Rome.
Variously referred by scholiasts and moderns to Menas or
Menodorus, the freedman of Sextus Pompey, who twice deserted to Augustus (cf. on 3. 16. 15, and Merivale, 3. 194);
and to a Vedius Rufus supposed to be the magnus nebulo of
Cic. ad Att. 6. 1. 25.
Cf. Anacreon, fr. 21.
1. sortito: by nature, allotted to each through the operation
of the law of nature. * The enmity of wolves and lambs was
proverbial from II. 22. 263. Cf. Ov. Ibis, 43.
3. Hibericis: thongs of Spanish broom used for whips. -
peruste: scarred.  Cf. 0dXros, and Epp. 1. 16. 47, loris non
ureris; Sat. 2. 7. 58, uri virgis; Martial, 10. 12. 6, colla perusta
iugo; Anth. Pal. 5. 254, /dTTLt Kcaraol.uy7.
4. dura: Tibull. 1. 7. 42, crura licet dura compede pulsa
sonent.
5. ambules: strut. Cf. 5. 71; Odes, 4. 5. 17.
7. Sacram... viam: the fashionable lounge. Cf. Sat. 1. 9.
1, ibam forte via Sacra sicut meus est mos; 4. 2. 35. n. - metiente
striding along, pacing; Ov. Met. 9. 447; Lucan, 5. 556; Wordsworth, 'the sailor measuring o'er and o'er I His short domain
upon the vessel's deck.'
8. bis trium ulnarum: three yards wide. Most Mss. read
ter.




EPODE IV.                        487
9. ut: cf. 1. 9. 1. - vertat: the scholiast and Nauck interpret ' averts'; Kiessling, 'changes their color, makes them flush
with anger.' Cf. Sat. 2. 8. 35, vertere pallor tur... faciem.
Others, 'plucks all gaze your way.' Cf. Epp. 2. 1. 196, vulgi
converteret ora. The last is the most probable.   When people
see a bit of parade upon the street, they neither turn away
nor flush with anger. They turn and look at it. For huc et
huc with euntium we should expect hue et illuc. Cf. hinc et
hinc (2. 31).
11 sqq. The expression of the liberrima indignatio. Cf.
libera bilis (11. 16).
11. sectus: a stronger caesus. - triumviralibus: the triumviri capitales inflicted summary     punishment on slaves,
foreigners, and the lower classes.
12. praeconis ad fastidium: till the crier was weary. It was
the duty of the praeco to proclaim the nature of the offense
during the whipping. Cf.. Plato's Laws, 917 D.
13. 'Plows' is a poetical 'possesses.' Cf. 1. 26.
14. 'In his cool hall with haggard eyes I The Roman noble
lay. I He drove abroad in furious guise I Upon the Appian way'
(Arnold, Obermann). - mannis: 3. 27. 7; Lucret. 3. 1061,
currit agens mannos ad villam praecipitanter. The Appian
Way led to the Falernian vineyards. - terit: cf. Martial, 11.
13, quisquis Flaminiam teris viator; Statius, Silv. 2. 2. 12,
Appia longarum teritur regina viarum.
15-16. He snaps his fingers at the famous law of L. Roscius
Otho, Tribune of the people 67 B.C., which reserved for the
equites the fourteen rows of seats in the theater next to the
senators, who occupied the orchestra. Cf. Epp. 1. 1. 58, and
Juvenal and Martial passim.
15. magnus: with scornful irony.
S17. quid attinet: what is the use of sending ships against the
runaway slaves of Pompey's piratical fleet, when we ourselves
make military tribunes out of slaves?
17-18. ora rostrata navium: virtually equals navis rostratas.
20. hoc, hoc: this angry repetition frequent in epodes. Cf.
5. 53; 6. 11; 7. 1; 14. 6; 17. 1; 17. 7.




488                       NOTES.
EPODE V.
Canidia, the venomous witch, in company with three grewsome hags, is about to torture to death a young boy in order to
prepare from his liver and marrow a love philter (37-38) for
her faithless paramour, old Varus (73). The scene of the horrid
drama is a house in the Subura at Rome, not Naples, as has
sometimes been inferred from 43. Lines 1-10 contain the
pitiful appeals of the child, dimly aware of the fate in store for
him. From 15 to 24 Canidia casts into the magic flames ingredients resembling those of the witches' caldron in Macbeth.
Lines 25-28 briefly depict Sagana sprinkling the house with unholy water. In 29-40 Veia digs the pit in which the naked
child is to be planted up to the chin, there to die with starving
eyes fixed on food beyond his reach. Lines 41-46 tell of the
presence, affirmed by the gossips of Neapolis, of lewd Folia,
who can draw down the moon and stars like a Thessalian witch;
49-82 repeat Canidia's invocations of the powers of darkness,
her objurgations of her disreputable old lover still unaffected
by her conjurations, her dark hints of yet more dreadful spells
to which she may resort. Thereupon, 83-102, the despairing
child breaks out into open imprecations, and threatens that
his ghost will haunt her.
The whole is a genre picture, a dramatic study of the hideous
superstitions that flourished in the teeming lower life of the cosmopolitan capital. Cf. Ov. Am. 1. 8; Cic. Vat. 14; Apuleius,
Apol. 47; C. I. L. VI. 19747, an inscription on a boy supposed to have been similarly done to death by a witch.
That Canidia was a mistress of Horace with whom he had
quarreled, that her real name was Gratidia, and that to her
is addressed the Palinode of 1. 16, are unverified fancies of the
scholiasts. Epode 17 is a mock recantation of this poem and
an appeal for mercy by the poet. There are further allusions
to her in Epode 3. 8; Sat. 1. 8; Sat. 2. 1. 48; 8. 95.
1-2. Nay by all the gods. - at: cf. Epode 3. 19; Verg. Aen.
2. 535. - quidquid: so Lydorum quidquid, etc.,'all the Lydians'
(Sat. 1. 6. 1).




EPODE V.


489


3. fert: imports, means.
4. voltus in: 1. 2. 40.
5. te: Canidia.
6. Lucina: C. S. 15. - veris: the insinuation is that, in
spite of her claims, she never had had a child of her own. The
sneer is not wholly appropriate in the mouth of the child. Cf.
17. 50.
7. The purple hem of the toga praetexta of childhood ought
to protect him, but does not; hence inane.
8. improbaturum: litotes.
11-14. The child is stripped by the witches. - insignibus:
the bulla (anulet) and praetexta. - corpus: apposition with
puer.        '                                          '!
15-16. A Medusa-like head. Cf. furiale caput (3. 11. 17).
17. caprificos: often mentioned as growing on tombstones
and abandoned walls; Juv. 10. 145; Martial, 10. 2. 9, marmora
Messalae findit caprificus; Tenn. Princ. 'And the wild fig-tree
split 1 Their monstrous idols.'
18. funebris: cf. 2. 14. 23.
19-20. Construe: ova strigis uncta (2. 1. 5) sanguine ranae
(cf. Lex. s.v. rubeta) plumamque (strigis).
21. Iolcos: a town in Thessaly, which was notorious for its
witchcraft. Cf. 1. 27. 21. n. - Hiberia: a country of Asia near
Colchis the land of Medea. Cf. Verg. Ecl. 8. 95, haec Ponto mihi
lecta venena. With the whole, cf. the witches' scene in Macbeth,
and Propert. 4. 5. 27-30.
24. Colchicis: 2. 13. 8. n.
25. expedita: succincta. Her dress was girt up so as to give
her freedom of movement. - SAgAna: the tribrach expresses
the lightness of her movements.
26. Avernalis: Lake Avernus was an entrance of hell, and its
waters were appropriate in the rites of the infernal deities. Cf.
Verg. Aen. 4. 512.
29. abacta... conscientia: excluded from no complicity,
i.e. admitted to full knowledge of their guilty secrets; so Hardie,
Class. Review, 20 (1906), 115, rightly takes it. - conscientia:
is not our 'conscience.' It is the knowledge of the guilty secret,
complicity.




490


NOTES.


30. duris: perhaps suggests her hard heart. Cf. 3. 11. 31. -
humum: of the atrium.
32. quo: with infossus.
33. longo: lengthened by torture. - bis terque: often, repeatedly; cf. 'once and again'; bis terve, two or three times at
most. - mutatae: shifted to whet his desire.
34. inemori: pine to death at, with     dat., an expressive
coinage.
35. cum promineret: is equivalent to a participle of attendant circumstance.
36. suspensa mento, etc.: i.e. swimmers.      Cf. Macaulay,
Horat. 62, 'And our good father Tiber I Bore bravely up his
chin.', 37. exsecta: exsucta is also read. - iecur: the seat of passion. The boy's liver dried with unsatisfied longing for food
would communicate the property of awakening desire to the
philter. For this development of the idea similia similibus, cf.
J. S. Mill, Logic, 1. 3. 8, and the advertisements of patent medicines.
39. interminato: forbidden. - cum semel: cf. 4. 7. 21.
41. defuisse: she would have been missed! Cf. 2. 1. 10. n.
43. otiosa: idle, gossipy. Cf. Ov. Met. 15. 711, in otia natam |
Parthenopen.
44. omne, etc.: every village and villa on the luxurious bay
of Naples.
45-46. F. Q. 3. 3. 12, 'For he [Merlin] by words could call
out of the sky I Both sun and moon, and make them him obey.'
Cf. Epode 17. 5; Verg. Ecl. 8. 69; Aristoph. Clouds, 748; Propert. 1. 1. 19; Tibull. 1. 2. 43; Plat. Gorg. 513 A.-voce Thessala: by Thessalian spells. For Thessala see note on Iolcos, 21.
47. hic: here (upon), then. - inresectum: unpared, as befits
a fury. Cf. 1. 6. 18.
48. rodens: in her rage. Cf. Propert. 2. 4. 13, et saepe immeritos corrumpas dentibus unguis; Martial, 4. 27. 5.
49. dixit... tacuit: probably merely the familiar idiom
of dicenda tacenda locutus, Epp. 1. 7. 72, pr& Kcal dpp-Tra. But
tacuit has been rendered 'or rather thought,' as if even she
would not venture to give such thoughts utterance.




EPODE V.


491


50. arbitrae: witnesses. Cf. Milton's ' overhead the moon sits
arbitress.'
51. Diana: of the crossways - Hecate; cf. Medea in Ov.
Met. 7. 194, tuque triceps Hecate quae coeptis conscia nostris,
etc. - silentium: a condition of magic as of holy rites.
53. hostilis: belongs to the formula of ancient prayers. Cf.
1. 21. 15; 3. 27. 21.
55-56. Cf. the description of night in Verg. Aen. 4. 522.
57-60. She prays that the dogs of the Subura may bark and
so give her notice of the perfumed old dandy's approach to her
door (cf. Verg. Ecl. 8. 107). quod omnes rideant: closely with
senem... adulterum. People laughed to see so old a man
pursuing his amours in the Subura. - Suburanae: the Subura
was a densely populated district of Rome situated in the valley
between the Quirinal, the Viminal, and the Esquiline. It was
in one of its slums that Canidia's house was. - nardo perunctum: Canidia had sent him this unguent in the hope that its
magic properties would bring him to her.
61 sqq. Why have her spells failed? - minus... valent:
not strong enough, i.e. fail. Cf. 1. 2. 27.
62. venena Medeae: the unguents she had used were identical with those of Medea. In the Medea of Euripides, Jason
abandons Medea in order to marry the daughter of King Creon
of Corinth. The forsaken wife sends the new bride a poisoned
robe, which corrodes her flesh and causes her to die in exquisite
torture. Medea t en slays her own children and escapes in a
car drawn by winged dragons to Athens.
65. munus: apposition with palla.
66.. abstulit: 2. 16. 29.
67-70. She has missed no herb required for the philter. And
yet he sleeps in his perfumed bed oblivious of every mistress
(including Canidia).
71-72. I have it -the spell of some more potent witch
frees him. ambulat: Epode 4. 5.
73-78. No ordinary potion, no mere Marsic spell will I employ to bring thee back.
74. caput: 1. 24. 2. n.
76. For Marsic spells, cf. Epode 17. 29; Verg. Aen. 7. 750.




492


NOTES.


77. maius: sc. aliquid
78. fastidienti: sc. me.
79. inferius: scanned inferyus.
81-82. uti bitumen: cf. Verg. Eel. 8. 82.- atris: sooty,
smoky.
83. sub haec: thereupon.
84. lenire: historical infinitive.
85. unde: i.e. with what words. He cannot for the moment
think of words strong enough to express his anger. Cf. Dido's
quae quibus anteferam (Verg. Aen.).
86. Thyesteas: such imprecations as Thyestes utters in the
play when he learns that he has been made to devour the flesh
of his own children, Aesch. Ag. 1600 sqq.; Enn. fr. 309; Cic.
Tusc. 1. 107, in Pis. 43; Sen. Thyest.
87-88. venena... vicem: philters cannot reverse the mighty
law of right and wrong to suit a human turn (with Granger in
Class. Rev. 24 (1910), p. 48). Humanam vicem is an accusative of manner. The passage is obscure and may be corrupt.
For magnum of the Mss. some editors read maga non. With
fas nefasque convertere, cf. Verg. Georg. 1. 506 fas versum atque
nefas.
89. detestatio: my solemn curse.
90. Cf. 1. 28. 34.
91-93. Cf. Dido's threat, Verg. Aen. 4. 385, et cum frigida
mors anima seduxerit artus I omnibus umbra locis adero.
93. quae vis: such is the power of. Cf. Livy, 3. 58, on the
manes of the murdered Virginia.
95. adsidens: like an incubus.
97 sqq. You, foul hags, will be stoned by the mob and your
bodies cast to the vultures of the Esquiline; my parents alas,
not I, will see it.
100. Esquilinae: the Esquiline was the "Potter's Field"
of Rome until Maecenas converted it into villa grounds. Cf.
Sat. 1. 8. 14; Lanciani, Ancient Rome, p. 67; Platner, Topography of Ancient Rome, p. 424.




EPODE VI.


493


EPODE VI.
Invective against a cowardly defamer, a hound who snaps at
the wayfarer and flees the wolf. But Horace is a faithful
shepherd-dog who can bite back, a bull with sharp horns for
his enemies, a second Archilochus or Hipponax, who will not
tamely submit to insult.
Leo (De Horatio et Archilocho, p. 9) compares Archilochus,
frag. 65 (Bergk): "Ey 5' 7riTTraJ.c /dya rbv KaKio KS  8pwTva BSLvois
dira.elf3eoaOac KaKOTS.
1. hospites: passers by. So in epitaphs, and, perhaps, Catull.
4. 1, phaselus ille quem videtis hospites.
3. quin: Verg. Eel. 2. 71, quin tu... paras? But here it
is more of a direct question. -- potes: virtually audes. Cf. 3.
11. 31.
4-5. remorsurum: who will bite back, cf. on 2. 3. 4. For
Molossian and Spartan hounds, cf. Verg. Georg. 3. 405; Mids.
Night's Dream, 4. 1, 'they bay'd the bear I With hounds of
Sparta.'
6. vis: Lucret. 6. 1220, fida canum vis; Verg. Aen. 4. 132,
odora canum vis; Theoc. 5. 106, KdovV  Xoorol/vpos.
7. agam: the image and the thing compared are blended. -
sublata: arrecta.   Cf. demittit auris (2. 13. 34). - nivis: 2.
30; 1. 37. 19.
8. fera: attracted to case of quaecumque.
9-10. His bark is terrible, but a morsel of meat contemptuously flung to him (proiectum) stays his bite. Cf. Cerberus (Verg.
Aen. 6. 422).
12. cornua: cf. the proverbial faenum habet in cornu (Sat.
1. 4. 34) of a vicious bull. Fritsch takes it differently, giving
cornua the meaning " bow" and maintaining that the reference
is to the shafts of satire.
13. Lycambae... infido: Lycambes promised Archilochus
(the Greek lyric poet of -the seventh century B.c.) the hand of
his daughter, Neobule, and then broke faith, whereupon Archilochus assailed him with such bitter satire that both he and
Neobule committed suicide. - spretus... gener: scorned as
a son-in-law.




494


NOTES.


14. acer: fierce against, with dat. - hostis: Hipponax, a
Greek iambic poet who flourished in the sixth century B.c.
By his stinging and merciless lines he drove to suicide Bupalus
and another sculptor who had caricatured him.
15. an: cf. 17. 76. - atro: cf. Epp. 1. 19. 30, versibus atris;
Martial, 5. 28. 7,' robiginosis cuncta dentibus rodit. - dente: cf.
on 4. 3. 16; Epp. 2. 1. 150, doluere cruento I dente lacessiti.
16. inultus: probably with subject of flebo, not with puer;
but cf. order in 1. 34.
EPODE VII.
Hold your fratricidal hands! Too much of Latin blood has
been spilt in wars that bring no triumphs. When wolf spares
wolf, what curse is this that sets Roman against Roman? The
curse of a brother's blood that stained Rome's first walls.
Perhaps written in B.C. 38 on the prospect of a renewal of
hostilities with Sextus Pompeius; of., however, Ferrero, 4. 72.
There is an imitation (addressed to the English) by Duke
(Johnson's Poets, 9. 222).
1. quo quo: cf. 4. 20. n. - scelesti: cf. 1. 2. 29; 1. 35. 33;
2. 1. 5. - ruitis: cf. 1. 3. 26. -dexteris: dat. with aptantur. Cf.
2. 12. 4.
2. conditii sheathed after Philippi. Cf. C. S. 33.
3. parumne fusumst Latini sanguinis? has not enough Latin
blood been shed
5. non ut: the preceding rhetorical question is virtually an
affirmation. For the thought, cf. Lucan, 1. 10, cumque superba
foret Babylon spolianda tropaeis.... Bella geri placuit nullos
habitura triumphos? - invidae: cf. Sal. Cat. 10. 1, Carthago
aemula imperi Romani.
6-7. arcis: 2. 6. 22. - intactus: cf. 3. 24. 1. The hasty
invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar is ignored. Cf. 3. 5. 3;
1. 35. 30.
7-8. descenderet... via: cf. on 4. 2. 35.
8. catenatus: cf. Jul. Caesar, 1. 1, 'wherefore rejoice? I What
conquest brings he home? I What tributaries follow him to
Rome, I To grace in captive bonds his chariot wheels?'




EPODE IX.


495


9. secundum vota: in accordance with the prayers; the natural
feeling of an enemy. Cf. 2. 1. 31; II. 1. 255. - sua: cf. 16. 2.
11-12. neque... feris: neither wolves nor lions, fierce as
they are, have ever had such a custom except against another kind.
The thought is a commonplace. Cf. Plin. N. H. 7. Praef. 5;
Seneca, Controv. 2. 9; Sen. Ep. 95. 31; Juv. 15. 159.
13. Blind madness, some stronger power, or conscious guilt f -
caecus: Verg. Aen. 2. 244, caecique furore. - vis acrior: i.e.
fate; apparently a variation of the legal phrase, vis maior quam
Graeci Oeoi filav... appellant (Gaius); 'the act of God.'
Cf. the vis abdita quaedam of Lucretius, 5. 1231, and supra, 2.
17. 6, maturior vis.
15. To attain greater dramatic effect the poet turns from
the Romans whom he has been arraigning and appeals to the
bystanders. - albus... pallor: so Tasso, 'bianca pallidezza.'
17. sic est: it is fate determined by guilt, as in the Greek
drama. - agunt: so sdKeti of avenging furies. Cf. 5. 89.
18. fraternae: i.e. of Remus, cf. Lucan, 1. 95, fraterno primi
maduerunt sanguine muri.
19. ut: since; cf. 4. 4. 42. - in terram: cf. Aesch. Choeph.
401; Eumen. 261; Genesis 4. 10, 'And he said, What hast thou
done? the voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the
ground.' So strong was the feeling that the ground was sometimes covered to prevent the victim's blood from reaching it.
Cf. Frazer, Golden Bough, 1. 181.
20. sacer: a curse to.
EPODE IX.
A song of triumph on the receipt of the news of the victory of
Actium, September, B.C. 31. The direction of Antony's flight
is still unknown (29-32). Cf. on 1. 37, Epode 1, and Sellar,
p. 124; Ferrero, 4. 259.
1. repostum: reserved. For the syncope, cf. 1. 36. 8; 4. 1. 3.
20. - ad: for.
3. sub: 1. 5. 3. --alta domo: Maecenas' palace; cf. 3. 29. 10.
4. beate: generally rich and happy (1. 4. 14), especially
happy to-day.




496                        NOTES.
5. mixtum: for the blending of wind and stringed instruments, cf. II. 18. 495; Pindar, 0. 7. 12.
6. barbarum = Phrygian, as opposed to Dorian. Cf. 3. 19.
17; 4. 1. 22; 2. 4. 9; Catull. 64. 264.
7. nuper: after the defeat of Sextus Pompeius at Naulochus,
B.c. 36.- actus: cf. agam (6. 7); sc. fugatus (in) freto (Siculo).
- Neptunius: Sextus Pompeius called himself the Son of
Neptune (Appian, B. C. 5. 100).
8. ustis: cf. 1. 37. 13; Appian, 5. 121.
10. servis: with detraxerat grammatically, but by scornful
implication also with amicus. Cf. 4. 19. n.
11. Romanus is felt by itself (3. 6. 2; Verg. Aen. 6. 851), and
miles is felt in separate antithesis to spadonibus, but we need
not commit the construction to a comma before or after miles.
- posteri: cf. 2. 19. 2.
12. emancipatus: the bond slave of. The schol. on Aen. 8.
696 says Antony bade his legions obey Cleopatra. Cf. Shaks.
Ant. and Cleop. 3. 7, 'so our leader's led I And we are women's
men.'
13. vallum: three or four stakes, to be used in fortifying
the camp, formed part of a Roman soldier's load on the march.
- spadonibus: cf. on 1. 37. 10; Plut. Ant. 60; Shaks. Ant.
and Cleop. 3. 7, 'and 'tis said in Rome, I That Photinus an
eunuch and your maids, I Manage this war.'
14. rugosis: cf. Ter. Eun. 689. -potest: 3. 11. 31.
16. sol: from Homer down, the sun, who oversees and overhears all things (Il. 3. 277), has been invoked as a witness of
shameful deeds. Cf. Aesch. Choeph. 986.- conopium: mosquito net, from K(bvwot; then canopied couch.  Cf. Propert. 4.
10. 45, foedaque Tarpeio conopia tendere saxo.
17. ad hunc: this is the best attested reading; hunc refers
to sol. The neighing of the horses to the sun is an augury of
Octavius' victory. For other examples of this omen, cf. Herod.
III. 84-86; Tac. Germ. 10. This is the interpretation of Ussani
in his note on the passage. Two thousand Galatians deserted
to Octavius (Plut. Ant. 63). - frementis: with equos; cf. 4.
14. 23. Note vertirunt.
18. canentes: cf. Verg. Aen. 7. 698, ibant aequati numero,
regemque canebant.




EPODE IX.                       497
20. sinistrorsum  citae: leftward urged, the precise interpretation of which would demand more knowledge of the
topographical details than we possess. See, however, Cartault,
Revue de Philologie XXIII (1899), 249-253.
21. Triumphe: the personified (as in 4. 2. 49) and eagerly
awaited triumph seems to delay its own progress.
22. intactas: uncontaminated by human service, - unyoked. Vergil's intacta totidem cervice iuvencas (Georg. 4. 540).
They were white and richly adorned for sacrifice. Cf. Plut.
Aem. 33; Macaulay, Capys. 29, 'And deck the bull, Mevania's
bull, I The bull as white as snow.'
23-26. Octavius is greater than Marius, who subdued Jugurtha, and than Scipio Africanus, who overthrew Carthage.
24. reportasti: didst bring home.
25. neque Africanum: nor (so great a captain) in that
(Scipio) Africanus for whom, etc. Exact parallelism   would
require 'nor from the Punic war,' but Horace varies the expression. Scipio, of course, was not buried at Carthage, but
her destruction was his monument, as Velleius (1. 12. 4) says.
27. hostis: Antony. He (the poet's imagination tells him)
has exchanged the general's purple paludamentum for a common soldier's cloak. So Pompey, after Pharsalia. Cf. Caes.
B. C. 3. 96.
28-29. mutavit: cf. on 1. 17. 2. - centum: cf. on 3. 27. 33.
30. non suis: unfavorable. Suus ventus is a favorable wind.
Ignoranti quem portum petat nullus suus ventus est (Sen. Ep.
71. 3).
31. exercitatas: cf. 4. 14. 21, exercet.- Syrtis: 1. 22. 5; 2.
6. 3.
32. incerto: i.e. incertus, aimlessly.
33. capaciores: cf. 2. 7. 21-23; Catull. 27.
34-35. Chian and Lesbian were sweet Greek wines which
would be sickening in excess. Hence vel, or rather, the dry,
tonic Caecuban.
35. nauseam: the sickness caused by excessive drinking;
the ancients were painfully frank. Buecheler, to save Horace's
taste, argues that he was actually at sea, returning from Actium
(cf. on Epode 1), and feared seasickness.




498


NOTES.


36. metire: wine and water with the cyathi (3. 19. 12).
37. metum Caesaris rerum: fear for Caesar's affairs.
38. Lyaeo: 1. 7. 22; 3. 21. 16.
EPODE X.
Propempticon to an enemy, the counterpart of 1. 3; cf.
Swinburne's 'Launch of the Livadia.'
That Horace was influenced in the composition of this epode
by the Greek poem, a fragment of which is preserved in the
Strassburg papyrus (Sitzungsber. d. Berl. Akad. 1899, 857) and
which in all probability is a work of Archilochus, is the plausible
theory of Reitzenstein in the article just cited and of Leo, De
Horatio et Archilocho.
The poetaster Maevius is damned to everlasting fame by
Vergil's qui Bavium non odit amet tua carmina, Maevi (Ecl. 3.
90).
1. mala... alite: cf. on 1. 15. 5. -soluta: 3. 2. 29.
2. olentem: merely abusive, loathsome. But cf. Sat. 1. 2. 27.
3. ut: as in colloquial and older Latin, ut illum di perdant;
memento is parenthetical. - verberes: cf. on 3. 27. 24. - latus:
1. 14. 4.
4. Auster, etc.: contrast 1. 3. 4.
5. niger: cf. on 1. 5. 7. - inverso: Verg. Aen. 1. 43; 1. 84 -85.
6-7. differat: cf. 5. 99. - quantus: as fierce as when.
8. frangit... ilices: Lucret. 5. 1096; Homer, II. 16. 769.
10. qua: it is to be not only a starless night, but the proverbially stormy night of Orion's setting. Cf. 1. 28. 21; 3. 27. 18;
Epode 15. 7. - tristis: 1. 3. 14.
11. feratur: sc. Maevius.
12. Graia victorum manus: for this' derangement of epitaphs,'
as Mrs. Malaprop would say, see Munro on Lucret. 1. 474;
Gildersleeve on Pind. Pyth. 4. 149; and Pind. fr. 112, AdKaLva
7rapOvwov d-yXa, 'a Spartan bevy of maids.'
13-14. cum Pallas: Oilean Ajax insulted Cassandra in the
temple of Pallas and as a punishment the goddess destroyed the




EPODE XIII.


499


ship in which he was sailing home from Troy. Cf. Verg. Aen.
1. 39 sqq.; Homer, Odys. 4. 499 sqq. - usto: cf. cremato, 4. 4.
53. - impiam: because of the rape of Cassandra from her
temple, Verg. Aen. 2. 404.
15. instat: cf. adest, 1. 15. 9.
16. luteus: Homer's XXwpbv Udos, the yellow paleness of the
olive southron. Cf. 3. 10. 14, and Tibull. 1. 8. 52.
17. ilia: deictic, 'hear him'; or perhaps his (customary). -
eiulatio: Cic. Tusc. 2. 55, ingemescere nonnumquam viro concessum est idque raro, eiulatus ne mulieri quidem.
18. aversum: cf. 3. 23. 19., aversos Penatis.
19. i6nius sinus: the lower Adriatic. Maevius, like Vergil
in 1. 3, is going to Greece. - udo: cf. Verg. Georg. 1. 462,
umidus Auster; Ov. Met. 1. 264, madidis Notus evolat alis. -
remugiens: 3. 10. 6. - sinus: 1. 33. 16; 3. 27. 19.
21. opima... praeda: cf. Macaulay, Capys. 25, 'And
Apennine's gray vultures I Shall have a noble feast.' - curvo:
4. 5. 14.
22. porrecta: as a corpse. Cf. 3.10. 3.- mergos: generally
for birds of prey (as in Pers. 6. 30). They do not, however,
touch corpses. - iuverit: cibo iuvare is not uncommon. -
iuveris is the conjecture of a painfully explicit mind.
23. libidinosus... caper: the victim is humorously suited
to the person, olentem (2).
24. agna: Tempestatibus agnam I Caedere deinde iubet (Verg.
Aen. 5. 772).
EPODE XIII.
Without the winter rages. Let us banish care with wine and
song and cheerful discourse. Such was the Centaur Chiron's
teaching: 'Great Thetis' son, thou wilt not return from Troy.
Solace all thy troubles there with song and wine.'
Cf. Odes, 1. 9.
1. contraxit: 'has drawn the clouds down close about the
earth.' There is a suggestion of contractae frontis (Sat. 2. 2.
125), the scowling face of heaven.




500                        NOTES.
2. deducunt lovem: bring down the sky-god. The storm is
so heavy that the heavens themselves seem to descend. For
the identification of Jupiter with the sky cf. 1. 1. 25. n.; Verg.
Eel. 7. 60, luppiter et laeto descendet plurimus imbri; Anacr. fr.
6 (?). -siluae: 1. 23. 4.
3. Threicio: OpOLKIt~. Cf. 1. 25. 11. Note hiatus.
4. de die: i.e. 'which the day presents,' with a further complicating suggestion of the phrases de die bibere, de die convivia
facere, etc. - virent: 1. 9. 17. n. - genua: Homer notes that
the weakness of old age is felt first in the knees. Cf. Verg. Aen.
5. 432.
5. obducta: clouded. -  senectus: (the moroseness of) age. Cf.
1. 9. 18.
6. Cf. 3. 21. 1. n.
7. cetera: 1. 9. 9; 3. 29. 33. But there is more definite reference here to the recent anxieties and losses of the civil wars.mitte: 1. 38. 3. - deus haec, etc.: for thought, cf. 2. 10. 15-17.
Haec is our present troubles, and possibly the gloomy weather
which types them.
7-8. benigna... vice: generous compensation. Cf. 1. 4. 1;
4. 14. 13.
8-9. Achaemenio: 3. 1. 44. - perfundi: 1. 5. 2. - Cyllenea:
i.e. of Mercury. Cyllene was a mountain of Arcadia on which
Mercury was born. Cf. 1. 10. 6.
11. grandi: i.e. of heroic stature. - cecinit: as an oracle. -
Centaurus: Chiron, the tutor of Achilles. Cf. II. 11. 832;
Pind. Nem. 3. 43.    Xelpwvors broOjKal,.the counsels of Chiron,
is the title of a gnomic poem attributed to Hesiod. Cf. Dodsley's Poems, 1. 172.
12. invicte: may be a noun, as Verg. Aen. 6. 365. - mortalis
dea: cf. 1. 6. 9. n.
13. temanet: cf. 16. 41, nos manet. -Assaraci: i.e. of Troy.
Assaracus was of the royal house of Troy. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 284.
13-14. Cf. Catull. 64. 357, where the fates prophesy of
Achilles, testis erit magnis virtutibus unda Scamandri, etc.
13. frigida: with reference to the cold spring at its source (II.
22. 151); or general, like Tennyson's 'flow down, cold rivulet,
to the sea.' - parvi: it is i-'yas in II. 20. 73.




EPODE XIV.


501


14. findunt: cf. Tenn. (Enone, 'river-sundered champaign.'
- lubricus: 'smooth-sliding.' Cf. Lucret. 5. 947.
15. unde: with    reditum. -  subtemine:   abl. instr. with
rupere. The web or spinning of the Fates is or fulfills destiny.
Catull. 64. 327, currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi; Tibull.
1. 7. 1. Cf. 2. 3. 16. n.
16. caerula: cf. 3. 28. 10. n.
17. illic: at Troy. The supplicatory embassy finds him singing to the lyre (II. 9. 186).
18. adloquiis: irapiyyoplats (?); perhaps slightly personifies
aegrimoniae. Cf. Catull. 38. 5, qua solatus es adlocutione
EPODE     XIV.
Love's languors will not let Horace complete the promised
volume of epodes. So burned Teian Anacreon.     Maecenas, too,
knows the flame - but more happily.
1. cur... diffuderit depends on rogando (5).
1-2. imis... sensibus: so Verg. Eel. 3. 54, sensibus haec
imis... reponas.
3. Lethaeos: cf. 4. 7. 27; Plato, Rep. 10. 621; Verg. Aen.
6. 714; Keats, Ode to a Nightingale, 'My heart aches, and a
drowsy numbness pains [ My sense, as though of hemlock I had
drunk, I Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains I One minute
past, and Lethe-wards had sunk.' - ducentia: cf. 3. 1. 21;
Tibull. 1. 2. 79, soporem ducere; Epp. 1. 2. 31.
4. traxerim: a stronger ducere; 1. 17. 22; 4, 12. 14. Cf.
\XKEi.
5. candide: so Epp. 1. 4. 1, he calls Tibullus nostrorum sermonum candide iudex. Cf. Sat. 1. 5. 41, and the frequent use of
candid and candour in eighteenth-century English. - occidis:
cf. 2. 17. 1. n. It belongs to the sermo familiaris. Cf. Plaut.
Men. 922, occidis fabulans.
6. deus: the god, i.e. Cupid. - nam: 'you slay me with your
questions, for I tell yo.u.'
7. carmen: apposition with iambos. For position, cf. Verg.
Eel. 2. 3, inter densas, umbrosa cacumina, fagos. For promissum,




502                        NOTES.
cf. promissi carminis auctor (A. P. 45). - iambos: the epodes,
Cf. Epp. 1. 19. 23; 2. 2. 59.
8. umbilicum: the roller to which the last page of a strip of
papyrus was fastened; hence ad umbilicum adducere, to bring to
an end, to finish. Martial, 4. 89. 1, Ohe iam satis est, ohe libelle, i
iam pervenimus usque ad umbilicos.
9. arsisse: 2. 4. 7; 3. 9. 6.
10. Teium: 1. 17. 18.
11. flevit: flebiliter cecinit.
12. non elaboratum ad pedem: in simple rhythm. The
poems to Bathyllus are not preserved. The reference is probably to the simple glyconic measures.
13. quod si: but since. Maecenas' lady-love is said to be
fairer than Helen, who caused the destruction of Troy. -
ignis: equivocally of the fire of love, its object, and 'The fire
that left a roofless Ilion' (Tenn. Lucret.). Cf. Lucret. 1. 474,
ignis Alexandri Phrygio sub pectore gliscens; Marlowe, 'the face
that launch'd a thousand ships, i And burnt the topless towers
of Ilium.'
15-16. uno contenta: the standing phrase. Cf. Catull. 68.
95.
16. macerat: 1. 13. 8.
EPODE XV.
Thou didst swear eternal faith to me, Neaera, beneath the
moon and stars. Now thou are another's. But he, too, be he
rich as Midas, wise as Pythagoras, beautiful as Nireus, shall
weep thy changed faith.
There is a paraphrase by Somervile (Johnson's Poets, 11. 205).
2-3. inter: etc.: cf. 1. 12. 47.- cum: so-called cum inversum (G. L. 581). - laesura: (soon) to do violence to, by perjury. Cf. quo numine laeso (Verg. Aen. 1. 8).
4. in verba, etc.: technically of repeating the military oath,
sacramentum, at dictation. For another metaphorical use, of.
Epp. 1. 1. 14, nullius addictus iurare in verba magistri.
5-6. 'More closely than the clinging vine I About the wedded
tree, I Clasp thou thine arms, oh, mistress mine, I About the




EPODE XV.                        503
heart of me' (Lang, A la belle Helbne; after Ronsard). Cf. 1.
36. 20; Catull. 61. 33. - artius atque: m'ore closely than.
7-8. Of the parallel phrases pecori (infestus) lupus and nautis
infestus Orion, only the latter is furnished with a predicate
(turbaret hibernum mare). From this, however, we may supply
an appropriate predicate for lupus. See Housman in Class.
Rev. 15 (1901), 404-406, who suggests " terreret ovilia or what
you will." A similar brachylogy is cited from Sat. 2. 2. 11-13.
For wolf and lamb cf. Epode 4. 1. For Oiion, 1. 28. 21.
9. intonsos: cf. on 1. 21. 2. For the terms of the oath, cf.
Verg. Eel. 5. 76; Aen. 1. 607.
10. hunc: my, 'this of ours.'--mutuum: 4. 1. 30.
11. dolitura multum: destined to suffer deeply; Catull. 8.
14, at tu dolebis. - virtute: explained by viri, etc. (12). If
she be not fair to him, he will be too much of a man to endure
her caprices longer. Cf. Ter. Eun. 154, eu, noster, laudo,
tandem perdoluit; vir es.
13. potiori: to one more favored; 3. 9. 2.
14. et: English idiom expects an adversative. - parem: one
whose soul *doth bear an equal yoke of love. Cf. on 1. 33. 10;
Propert. 1. 1. 32.
15. offensi: sc. Flacci from Flacco (12). When I have once
taken offense and the iron has entered into my soul, my resolution will not give way to your beauty. Offensi is Bentley's
conjecture for offensae, which can be construed with formae,
thy beauty once grown hateful (a stone of offense) to me.
16. si... dolor: he postpones the ultimatum; the door is
not yet shut; nondum perdoluit.
17. et tu: he addresses his rival; cf. Tibull. 1. 2. 88, at tu,
qui laetus rides mala nostra, caveto; Id. 1. 5. 69, At tu, qui
potior nunc es, mea fata timeto.
18. superbus incedis: the complacent strut of the successful
rival. Cf. 4. 5.
19. sis...  licebit: rare for sis licet. So Sat. 2. 2. 59.
20. tibi: 2. 16. 34.-Pact6lus fluat: as for Midas, XVyeraU a
rory rb v HnaKcTw6c X XpvUabv Aeora (Schol. Aristoph. Plut. 287).
21-22. Pythagorae: cf. on 1. 28. 10. - arcana: the secret
or esoteric doctrines. - Nirea: 3. 20. 15.




504                       NOTES.
24. ast: archaic form used in Sat. 1. 6. 125, 1. 8. 6, and by
Vergil. - risero: the fut. perf. which represents the thing as
good as done, expresses confidence or colloquial emphasis.
So in Greek.
EPODE XVI.
A second generation is wearing away in civil strife, and Rome,
that no foreign foe availed to harm, will be made a desert by her
own impious offspring (1-14). What resource remains for those
who would choose the better part? Let us abandon our city
like the Phocaeans of old, and swear a mighty oath not to return
till stones shall swim and the lion lie down with the lamb (15 -38). Somewhere in the western seas the fabled islands of the
blest await us, reserved by Jupiter for the saving remnant of
the golden age in an age of iron.
Cf. Epode 7. The poem may have been written at the outbreak of the Perusine war, B.C. 41. At any rate it represents
Horace's feelings in the years immediately following Philippi,
before he became the friend of Maecenas and accepted the rule
of Octavian. Cf. Sellar, p. 120, 'Horace seems to express the
feelings of the losing side before the peace of Brundisium;
Vergil [Eel. 4], those of the winning side after its conclusion.'
See Hardie, Lectures on Classical Subjects, p. 124 sq.
The motif of the Fortunate Isles may have been suggested to
Horace by the tradition that Sertorius after his defeat purposed
to take refuge in the Canary Islands. Plut. Sert. 8; Sallust,
fr. 1. 61. For the islands of the Blest in Greek literature, cf.
Rohde, Psyche, p. 68, 504 sqq.; Odyss. 4. 365; Hes. Works
and Days, 170; Pind. 01. 2. 78, etc. In modern poetry cf.
inter alia, Shelley, Epipsychidion; Tenn. Voyage of Maldune;
Teires. in fin. after Pindar, Ulysses; Dennis Florence McCarthy,
The Voyage of St. Brendan, pt. 6; Andrew Lang, Fortunate
Islands.
The youthful ardor and luxuriant imagery of the poem have
made it a general favorite. 'Dean Berkeley used to apply the
same description to Bermuda, and his sch me of going thither,
and was so fond of the epode... that he got Mr. Pope to
translate it into English' (Spence's Anecdotes). Berkeley's




EPODE XVI.                       505
famous poem, 'On the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning
in America' ('Westward the course of empire takes its way'),
witnesses to this admiration.
1. altera: the first generation was that of Marius and Sulla
(B.C. 88). - aetas: 1. 9, and 1. 35. 35; 3. 6. 46.
2. Cf. 7. 10; Odes, 3. 4. 65; Livy, Praef., ut iam magnitudine
laboret sua, and Lucan's nec se Roma ferens (1. 72) express a
slightly different shade of thought.
3. Marsi: the leaders in the Social war, B.C. 91 (cf. 3. 14. 18),
the avowed object of which was to destroy Rome and make
Corfinium the capital of Italy.       *
4. Porsinae: 'Lars Porsena of Clusium I By the nine gods he
swore I That the great house of Tarquin should suffer wrong no
more' (Macaulay, Horatius). The legend of Horatius was
perhaps invented to hide the fact that the Etruscans took Rome.
For Porsena, cf. Silius, 8. 391, 480 and 10. 484, 502; also Macaulay's preface. In Vergil (Aen. 8. 646) the form is Porsenna.
5. Capuae: the Romans never forgave Capua for going over
to Hannibal after Cannae and aiming at the hegemony of Italy.
Cf. Livy, 23. 6; Cic. de Leg. Agr. 2. 87.- Spartacus: 3. 14. 19. n.
6. novis rebus: in time of revolution (treason). The story is
familiar from Cic. in Cat. 3. 4; Sall. Cat. 40 sqq.
7. The invasion of the Cimbri and Teutones, B.C. 102-101. -
caerulea: blue-eyed. Cf. Juv. 13. 164; Tac. Ger. 4.
8. parentibus abominatus: cf. 1. 1. 24.
9. Cf. 1. 35. 34. - devoti: accursed; 7. 20; Odes, 3. 23. 10.
10. feris, etc.: cf. 3. 3. 40-41. n.
11. barbarus: cf. 3. 6. 14.
12. eques: with barbarus, but not necessarily in translation;
cf. Ezekiel 26. 11, ' With the hoofs of his horses shall he tread
down all thy streets.'
13. carent... solibus: are hidden from wind and sun.
Though Romulus was rapt to heaven in the chariot of Mars
(3. 3. 15. n.), his grave was shown post Rostra. For an account
of the monuments unearthed in this part of the Forum during the excavations of 1899-1900, see Platner, Topography of
Ancient Rome, pp. 233-240.




506                        NOTES.
15-16. forte... laboribus:  perhaps  you   ask - all   of
you or the better element among you - what is the best course,
in order to be rid of these grievous hardships. Expediat depends
upon quaeritis; carere is an infinitive of purpose with expediat.
17. hac: sc. (quam) ire (21). - Phocaeorum, etc.: the
inhabitants of Phocaea, on the west coast of Asia Minor,
abandoned their city in B.C. 534, rather than submit to Harpagus, the general of Cyrus. Cf. Herod. 1. 165.
18. exsecrata: having bound themselves by imprecations.
4wKawv ipdi seems to have been proverbial (Herod. 1. c. iTrolcravTro la-xvp& Kardpas, etc.).
19. agros... Laris: with profugit. Some take them with
exsecrata or with reliquit.
19-20. habitanda... reliquit, etc.: cf. 3. 3.- 40.
21. Cf. 3. 11. 49.
22. vocabit: cf. Catull. 4. 19, laeva sive dextera   Vocaret
aura.- protervus: cf. 1. 26. 2.
23. sic placet: suggesting the legal placetne? placere Senatui,
and the like.
23-24. secunda... alite: cf. 10. 1.
25. in haec (verba): 15. 4. n. One M5tvarov sufficed the Phocaeans. They sunk a mass of iron, and swore not to. return till
it came to the surface. The rhetorical Roman elaborates the
conceit: the river Po shall wash      the mountain tops, the
Apennine shall extend into the sea, animals shall join in monstrous unions, and the shaggy goat grow smooth and inhabit
the salt sea. For this rhetoric of impossibles (d48iara), cf.
II. 1. 234; Archil. fr. 74; Verg. Ecl. 1. 59-64; 8. 27; Odes, 1.
33. 7; Herrick, 154, 198. - renarint: 2 Kings 6. 6, 'and the
iron did swim'; Swinb., the Bloody Son, 'When chuckie-stanes
shall swim in the sea, O dear mither'; Plut. Aristeid. 24.
28. matina: cf. 1. 28. 3. n.
30. monstra: the unnatural union makes them 'prodigious.'
32. miluo: dat., trisyllable.
33. credula: proleptic. - ravos: 3. 27.3.
35. haec: obj. of exsecrata. -  et quae: and whatever else. -
reditus: pl. mainly metri causa, cf. 3. 5. 52; 3. 27. 76. - dulcis:
Homer's eXt76rs or -yXvKepb V60T7ro (Od. 11. 99; 22. 323).




EPOPE XVI.                       507
36. Cf. 1. 18.
37. pars: cf. 1. 15.
37-38. The unteachable mob, the weakling and the faintheart, may remain. - exspes: 'We judge of a man's wisdom
by his hope' (Emerson).
38. inominata: only here; but cf. 3. 14. 11. n.
39. virtus, muliebrem: cf. 1. 6. 9. n. - tollite: cf. 2. 5. 9.
40. Etrusca: of Etruria, supposing them to follow the coast.
- praeter: 3. 27. 31.
41. nos: the bard and the melior pars whom he no77 addresses. - manet: cf. Milt. P. L. 9, 'Me of these nor skilled
nor studious, higher argument I Remains.' - circumvagus:
coined by Horace, perhaps for Homer's Stream of Ocean returning upon itself, 64i6ppoog. Cf. circumfluus (Ov. Met. 1. 30).
This merges in the idea of the all-surrounding ocean, Aesch.
Prom. 138; Bryant, Thanatopsis, 'and, poured round all, I
Old Ocean's gray and melancholy waste.' Porphyrio construed circum with arva, and, though that is not the construction, the idea is suggested. Cf. Pind. 0. 2. 79; Shelley,
Hellas, 'where the stream I Of ocean sleeps, around those foamless isles'; Swinb. Atalanta: 'Lands indiscoverable in the unheard-of west, I Round which the strong stream of a sacred
sea I Rolls without wind forever,' etc.
41-42. arva... arva: cf. 4. 5. 17-18, rura.. rura.
43. reddit: cf. on 1. 3. 7, 1. 9. 20, 3. 1. 21, 4. 1. 8. - Cererem:
cf. 1. 7. 22. n. - inarata: Verg. Ecl. 4. 39-40; Ronsard, 'La
terre sans labeur de sa grasse mammelle ] Toute chose y produit.'
45. numquam    fallentis: cf. 3. 1. 30. n.
46. suam: i.e. not grafted. Cf. Verg. Georg. 2. 82, non sua
poma. - pulla: dark, ripe.
47. mella, etc.: cf. Ov. Met. 1. 112 (the golden age), Flavaque
de viridi stillabant ilice mella. - montibus altis: cf. ut nune
montibus e magnis decursus aquai (Lucret. 5. 946).
48. desilit pede: 3. 13. 16. Cf. Lucret. 5. 272, liquido pede
detulit undas. Words. 'No fountain from     its rocky cave
E'er tripped with foot so free.'
49. iniussae: cf. Verg. Eel. 4. 21, Ipsae lacte domum referent
distenta capellae ubera.




508                        NOTES.
51. vespertinus: cf. 1. 15. 19. n.
52. intumescit alta: swells and heaves with.    Others take
alta of the deep soil, and intumescit of the snakes swollen with
wrath.
53. Some editors plausibly transfer 11. 60-61 to this place. -
ut: cf. 3. 4. 17. n.
54. Aquosus: cf. 2. 7. 21. n.; 2. 2. 15. n.; Propert. 3. 8. 51,
Aquosus Orion. - radat imbribus: cf. 2. 9. 1. n.
55. urantur: cf. Verg. Aen. 3. 141, sterilis exurere Sirius
agros.
56. utrumque: either (extreme), i.e. of moist or hot. - temperante: cf. 1. 12. 16. n.
57-60. For vein of sentiment, cf. on Odes, 1. 3.
57. pinus: so Catullus' description of the voyage of the ship
Argo begins, Peliaco quondam prognatae vertice pinus (64. 1).
Cf. 1. 14. 12.
58. impudica Colchis: Medea, who left her home with Jason
in the Argo. Cf. 3. 27. 49, impudens.
59. Sidonii: The Phoenicians of Tyre and Sidon were the
first great navigators. - cornua: the ends of the sail-yards;
Verg. Aen. 3. 549.
60. laboriosa: cf. 17. 16. Tenn. Lotos-Eaters, 'Most weary
seem'd the sea, weary the oar, I Weary the wandering fields of
barren foam.'
61-62. Cf. 53. n. - contagia: Verg. Ecl. 1. 50-51. - astri:
i.e. Sirius. Cf. 3. 29. 18; Alcaeus fr. 40, rb 7y&p Acrpopv reptrAXerat.
62. impotentia: cf. 1. 37. 10. n.; 3. 30. 3.
63. secrevit: set apart.
64. inquinavit: alloyed.
65. aere: cf. 1. 2. 4. n. - dehinc ferro: Hesiod's five ages are
gold, silver, bronze, age of Trojan heroes, iron (Works and
Days, 109 sqq.). Cf. Ov. Met. 1. 89. sqq.;- Juv. 13. 30. -
quorum: with piis the melior pars. Others take it with fuga,
an escape from which.
66. secunda: cf. 1. 23.




EPODE XVII.


509


EPODE XVII.
An ironical palinode to Canidia. Cf. Epode 5.
1. iam iam: cf. Catull. 63, 73, iam iam dolet quod egi. - do
manus: as a captive yields his hands to the fetter; yield.
3. non movenda: not to be disturbed (vexed) with impunity,
inviolable.
4. libros: of magic. So Prospero says, 'And deeper than did
ever plummet sound, I I'll drown my book.'
5. refixa... devocare: unfasten and call down; refixa is
proleptic. They are nailed to the spangled'vault of heaven.
Cf. 1. 28. 11. - With devocare cf. 5. 45-46 n.
6. sacris: may mean one thing to Canidia and another to
Horace. Cf. 7. 20. n.
7. For the rhombus, or 'bull-roarer,' a small board whirled
at the end of a string in magic rites, cf. Lang, Custom and Myth,
p. 29; Propert. 4. 5. 26; Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 4. 5. - citum
(ciere; cf. 9. 20): proleptic with retro.  Reversing the motion
unbinds the spell.
8-18. Three mythological instances of supplication and relentment. (1) Telephus, king of Mysia, wounded by Achilles,
was told by the oracle that he could be healed only by the rust
of the spear that bit him. Achilles took pity on him. (2) The
body of Hector was withheld from burial by Achilles 'Till
Priam did what no man born hath done, I Who dared to pass
among the Argive bands, I And clasp'd the knees of him that
slew his son, I And kiss'd his awful homicidal hands' (Lang,
Helen of Troy, 5. 30). Cf. 1. 10. 14. n. (3) Ulysses constrained
rather than implored Circe to restore his companions, transformed into swine by her spells (Odyss. 10. 320 sqq.).
8. nepotem: Thetis was daughter of Nereus.
11. unxere in the style of the Epodes may stand for the rites
of burial. Others, luxere, lamented, with reference to the dirges
in II. 24. 719 sqq. - addictum: (once) destined; so Achilles had
vowed in his grief and wrath at the death of Patroclus (II. 23.
180).
12. homicidam: divpop6vos, 'kill-man,' is Hector's standing
epithet.




510


NOTES.


14. heu: Macaulay could not read the passage of the Iliad
without tears. Cf. Trevelyan's Life.
16. laboriosi: epithet of the much-enduring Ulysses.
17. sonus: speech.
20. amata... multum: in ironical compliment. - institoribus: 3. 6. 30.
21-36. Mock heroic description of his sufferings.
21. et verecundus color: and its modest blushes.
22. reliquit: has left behind; the subject is color, or the general notion iuventas et color.
23. tuis odoribus: by thy perfumed ointments.
24. reclinat: relieves.
25. urget: cf. 3. 27. 57; Shelley, Adonais, 21, 'As long as
skies are blue and fields are green, I Evening must usher night,
night urge the morrow.' Cf. 2. 18. 15. - neque est: and (but)
it is not (possible).
26. tenta praecordia: my laboring breast. Cf. Archil. fr. 9. 4,
ol8aXdovs 8'd&' 68G6vy' "XO/ev ir 've6,ovCas.- spiritu: by breathing.
27. negatum: i.e. quod negaveram.
28. Sabella: for Sabine witchcraft, cf. Sat. 1. 9. 29. - increpare: confuse, i.e. by their clamor.
29. dissilire: splits.
31-32. Cf. Epode 3. 17. n. - fervida: with flamma.
34-35. ventis: dat. agent. -  cales: dost glow; literally, and
with eagerness. Cf. Epp. 2. 1. 108, calet uno scribendi studio. -
officina: she is a whole laboratory of poisons in herself. -
Colchicis: 2. 13. 8.
36. stipendium: tribute.
38. expiare: to do penance.
38-39. seu... sive: gives her a choice of two methods.
39. mendaci: ambiguously referring either to what he has
said or to what he promises to say. The irony is transparent.
40. sonari: others read sonare, construed with paratus. -
tu pudica, etc.: cf. Catullus' mock apology (42. 24), Pudica et
proba, redde codicillos.
42-44. Stesichorus was blinded by Castor and Pollux for
insulting Helen in his verse. He wrote a Palinode, and recovered
his sight. Cf. Odes, 1. 16. intr.




EPODE XVII.


511


42. infamis Helenae vicem: on behalf of the slandered Helen,
cf. meam vicem, for my sake.
46-52. He heaps insults upon her by affecting to deny them,
- she is no daughter of a squalid hovel, no ghoulish graveyard
witch, - her generous hospitality to all men, her happy motherhood, are well known.
46. obsoleta: cf. 2. 10. 6, 7.
48. novendialis: newly buried. The last ceremonies connected with the funeral were held on the ninth day after the
death.
50. venter: i.e. child. Similarly hBts, Aesch. Ag. 1418.
52. fortis: implying that the indisposition was feigned, and
the child supposititious.
53-81. The reply of Canidia.
54. non saxa... surdiora: English idiom presents the relevant aspect of the fact: the rocks are not more deaf when, etc.;
Latin idiom presents the material fact: Neptune lashes the
rocks (not more deaf). - nudis: i.e. shipwrecked.
56. 'What! Think, unpunished, to deride' (Martin). For
this use of ut, cf. A. G. 462. a; G. L. 558; H. 559. 5- Cotyttia:
the rites of  Cotytto.  The worship of this goddess was of
Thracian origin and was notorious for the debaucheries with
which it was celebrated; Milt. Comus, 'Dark-veiled Cotytto,
t' whom the secret flame I Of midnight torches burns; mysterious dame,' etc.
57. volgata: cf. 3. 2. 27.
58-59. Sat. 1. 8, burlesques her foul rites on the Esquiline.
pontifex, high-priest, is a sneer at Horace for undertaking the
r6le of Grand Inquisitor. - venefici: of the magic rites.
60. quid proderit: i.e. what profits my skill if it cannot procure me revenge? - Paelignas anus: her teachers in sorcery.
61. velocius: with toxicum.
62 sqq. But no swift poison shall end his miseries. The
lingering tortures of Tantalus, etc., await him. - votis: sc. tuis.
63. in hoc: for this purpose, further defined by ut... suppetas.
64. laboribus: cf. 2. 13. 38, 2. 14. 20. Some Mss. read doloribus.




512


NOTES.


65. infidi: Catull. 64. 346, periuri Pelopis. He hurled into
the sea Myrtilus, Oenomaus' charioteer, by whose aid he had
won the race with Oenomaus for the hand of Hippodamia.
Soph., Electr. 504-515, traces the curse of the house of Pelops
to this crime.
66. benignae: in tantalizing abundance. Cf. 1. 9. 6. n.
67-68. obligatus: cf. 4. 4. 65. n. - Sisyphus: cf. 2. 14. 20. n.
70-74. Thou wilt essay all modes of suicide.
71. Norico: 1. 16. 9.
72. vincla: noose, rope.
73. fastidiosa: 3. 29. 9.
74-75. A form of humiliation; she will ride him and spurn
the earth in her pride. Cf. the scene in Plautus, Asinaria, 698
sq., where a slave rides his master.
76. an, etc.: cf. 6. 15. - movere cereas imagines: to animate
waxen images, as she did in the magic rites on which he spied
(curiosus) in Sat. 1. 8. 30. Cf. Verg. Ecl. 8. 81; Theoc. 2. 28;
Rossetti, Sister Helen, 'Why did you melt your waxen man
Sister Helen?'
78. deripere Lunam: 1. 5, and 5. 46. n.
80. desideri... pocula: cf. 5. 38.
81. plorem, etc.: i.e. 'bewail the failure of my arts on thee,'
in thy case.




INDEX TO FIRST LINES


Aeli vetusto nobilis, 3. 17.
Aequam memento, 2. 3.
Albi, ne doleas, 1. 33.
Altera iam teritur, Epod. 16.
Angustam  amice pauperiem,
3.2.
At, o deorum, Epod. 5.
Audivere, Lyce, 4. 13.
Bacchum in remotis, 2. 19.
Beatus ille qui procul, Epod. 2.
Caelo supinas, 3. 23.
Caelo tonantem, 3. 5.
Cum tu, Lydia, Telephi, 1. 13.
Cur me querellis, 2. 17.
Delicta maiorum, 3. 6.
Descende caelo, 3. 4.
Dianam tenerae dicite, 1. 21.
Diffugere nives, 4. 7.
Dive, quem proles Niobea,
4.6.
Divis orte bonis, 4. 5.
Donarem pateras, 4. 8.
Donee gratus eram tibi, 3. 9.
Eheu fugaces, 2. 14.
Est mihi nonum, 4. 11.
Et ture et fidibus iuvat, 1. 36.
Exegi monumentum, 3. 30.
Extremum Tanain si biberes,
3. 10.
Faune, Nympharum, 3. 18.
Festo quid potius die, 3. 28.


Herculis ritu modo dictus,
3. 14.
Horrida tempestas, Epod. 13.
lam iam efficaci, Epod. 17.
Iam pauca aratro, 2. 15.
Iam satis terris, 1. 2.
Iam veris comites, 4. 12.
Ibis Liburnis inter alta navium, Epod. 1.
Icci, beatis nune Arabum, 1.
29.
Ille et nefasto te posuit die,
2. 13.
Impios parrae recinentis, 3.
27.
Inclusam Danaen, 3. 16.
Intactis opulentior, 3. 24.
Integer vitae, 1. 22.
Intermissa, Venus, diu, 4. 1.
Justum et tenacem, 3. 3.
Laudabunt alii claram Rhodon, 1. 7.
Lupis et agnis, Epod. 4.
Lydia, die, per omnis, 1. 8.
Maecenas atavis, 1. 1.
Mala soluta navis, Epod. 10.
Martiis caelebs, 3. 8.
Mater saeva Cupidinum, 1. 19.
Mercuri, facunde nepos, 1. 10.
Mercuri, nam te docilis, 3. 11.
Miserarumst neque amori, 3.
12.
Mollis inertia cur, Epod. 14.


513




514


INDEX


Montium custos, 3. 22.
Motum ex Metello, 2. 1.
Musis amicus tristitiam, 1. 26.
Natis in usum laetitiae, 1. 27.
Ne forte credas, 4. 9.
Ne sit ancillae tibi amor, 2. 4.
Nolis longa ferae bella, 2. 12.
Nondum subacta ferre, 2. 5.
Non ebur neque aureum, 2. 18.
Non semper imbres, 2. 9.
Non usitata nec tenui ferar,
2. 20.
Non vides quanto, 3. 20.
Nox erat et caelo, Epod. 15.
Nullam, Vare, sacra vite, 1. 18.
Nullus argento color, 2. 2.
Nune est bibendum, 1. 37.
O crudelis adhuc, 4. 10.
O diva, gratum quae regis,
1. 35.
O fons Bandusiae, 3. 13.
O matre pulchra filia, 1. 16.
O nata mecum consule, 3. 21.
O navis, referent in mare, 1.
14.
O saepe mecum, 2. 7.
O Venus, regina Cnidi, 1. 30.
Odi profanum volgus, 3. 1.
Otium divos rogat, 2. 16.
Parcius iunctas, 1. 25.
Parcus deorum cultor, 1. 34.
Parentis olim siquis, Epod. 3.
Pastor cum traheret, 1. 15.
Persicos odi, puer, 1. 38.
Phoebe silvarumque potens,
C. S.
Phoebus volentem, 4. 15.
Pindarum quisquis, 4. 2.
Poscimur. Siquid, 1. 32.


Quae cura patrum, 4. 14.
Qualem ministrum, 4. 4.
Quando repostum Caecubum,
Epod. 9.
Quantum distet ab Inacho,
3. 19.
Quem tu, Melpomene, semel,
4.3.
Quem virum aut heroa, 1. 12.
Quid bellicosus Cantaber, 2.
11.
Quid dedicatum poscit, 1. 31.
Quid fles, Asterie, 3. 7.
Quid immerentis hospites,
Epod. 6.
Quis desiderio sit pudor, 1. 24.
Quis multa gracilis te puer,
1.5.
Quo me, Bacche, rapis, 3. 25.
Quo, quo scelesti ruitis, Epod. 7.
Rectius vives, Licini, 2. 10.
Scriberis Vario, 1. 6.
Septime, Gadis aditure, 2. 6.
Sie te diva potens Cypri, 1. 3.
Solvitur acris hiems, 1. 4.
Te maris et terrae, 1. 28.
Tu ne quaesieris, 1. 11.
Tyrrhena regum progenies, 3.
29.
Vlla si iuris tibi, 2. 8.
Vxor pauperis Ibyci, 3. 15.
Velox amoenum, 1. 17.
Vides ut alta, 1. 9.
Vile potabis modicis, 1. 20.
Vitas hinuleo me similis, 1. 23.
Vixi puellis nuper idoneus,
3. 26.




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