jil 5K< The Jewish Communal Register of New York City 1917-1918.. b y n. ehillah (ewish Commuity) of New York Cij',356 S...t U. NE Y WOB yto i 12S.9cg '<53 COPYURGHT, 1918 KEHILLAH (JEWISH COMMUNITY) OF NEW YORK CITY NE`W YORK, N. Y. LIPJIMTZ PRZSS so t"wTzrrZ BTREE NEW wO-o; N. Y. P R E FA CE. New York City is the heart of American Jewry. Hpre are gahrdamllion and a half Jews, oiie-half -of all the Jew's in this country. Here is a vast community growing vaster every year. Here is a community life, already rich in achievement, and growing more pro~rsing with every new object achieved. Ai~d yet the one essential to make perma~nent the gains thus far made, and to ensyre. prqgress; in the, future, is, sorely lacking-the community is n ot.sufficient1y cont scious of itself. The commuxity does not rp,&All knpw, itself", No person or group of persotis has thus: far -been able to present, A comprehensive account of 'the bewildering -num~ ber of,communal actixvit~ies oarried. on by the Jews ii -this, city. -No person or, group -of persons has thus far been,' able'to give an accurate statement of. the 'vast empenditurd, of money for these activities, and -certainly no, persoaor' group of persons has thus far, attempted, to makea cleat the Profound. meaning, fo the Jew -and, for, Auei aU, these! communal, efforts on the, part, of the' je~r~ o.f) the gr43test citry iu tke. world& What, then,, is the fIrst, duty of thos4e who wbnld brlhi order out-of chaos -in-the commuallife of the esh Now, 'York City?1, What, ~is the limmediate, 6bll~ftioi ox tliosd who arereager Wr point the Wi~ fdr, -a sou-b;tidA-i constructive policy, of, Jewish~ eorr-iiueld6eow 1nek~m t i the.yearg- to eopine? Their-first.-taaki it wo~ldS,'Atw, AWt 332201. COMMUNAL REGISTER To perform this indispensable service for the Jews of New York City, "The Jewish Communal Register" has been projected and published. Two principles have guided the editors in their work. A Jewish communal directory, to be of genuine service, must, on the one hand, present as complete a list as possible of Jewish communal activities. It must be, so to speak, a communal stock-taking, not only of all the communal enterprises that are being conducted, but also of the men and women who in a spirit of genuine public service, are devoting their thine and best energies to the successful maintenance and progress of Jewish work in this city. On the other hand, the Register must be more than a mere directory of names and addresses. It must interpret as well. If the vastarray of facts and figures gathered together with great labor is to be anything more than a mass of mean-; ingless stuff, it must be made to yield its meaning for Jew lh communal life in this city. Out of this material musbtbe iolded a comprehensive community program. It;id tcear that suah a program will 'be of inestimable Vtalue not only because through it- attention will be foctzse an tlhe more urgent needs of the. community, sand in general, an harmonious development of its activities, enaourged, but also because Jewish men and women e4g, to elp,, will be in a better position to determine fp thbyseles in what direction they could serv most effetiely.:Both of the requirements described, above hvboP oz4lyt patiay! met in this pubkliation. Only int}i e. wo tiWe will it.be posible' to publish a eom. plete mual Bgiste, To insire eomipltenesitmdiv iV ~ 1 v. ~ . PRE5ACH present conditions, all avitllable material, was Idiviided into nine parts, and -a systetm~Aie aftemhpt wwAs kade, through — every means of -investiigfion, -to vtrify ands Wmplete the data. These pwtartser~ PNrt I. Religiow4, Agencies. Part IIL Educational Agencies. Potrt IN. Reaerationat-CuUutra-i Agenaies. Part IV. Econom~ic Agencies. Part 'V. Philanthropic, Agencies. Part'VI. Correctional Agencews. Part WII. Rese'ar'ch and Cobirdinating Agenw~s.Part -VIII. Central and NatiowitdAgendies. Part IX. Ndti1onal and Interialicn*Zi Agancii&s To make the Register more than a dty direotory,,, large number of appropriate illustratiorts has- boon, included, together with introductory, articles to the~ -viious parts and sub-divisions, prepared by relsesmtv4Jo* ish workers in their respective fields. These, ~Oti4lps su~mmarize the general problems facing the Jew&U, iti'bs city, describe what has already been ackhieved, atid In. what direction future development is to proew&d Thene statements, taken together and as a unified-whole, a-ethe first attempt at a comprehensive interpetatiffon'd Jewish comunal liM in thset rdthe -rt sketch 6i9 a pla'i of community action. 'They make c~eir that tbe Jews of this city. form a community, that "'this i~~61nui,~ h-ag alrea0y developed a vast network of atvtia ~4 'these!C activities ca'n be fully understood onl ~ien vie*,ed as phases of "a u~nified communal life, and" A~fiuiall, th if these. activities are to grow' iin nsefulness and efficiency they must be coordinated from the -broa4d onn~ COMMUNAL REGISTER pdint of view, and new work he planned and started with.all the needs of the community in mind. The" Jewish Communal Register " will then serve two great purposes. It will help the individual Jew and the Jewish Community to see themselves as they really are in relation to each other, and will thus be the first step to a full realization of Jewish life in this city. It will add to the progress of the general community and of tthe country as a whole by furnishing the proper materials and the proper view-point for a. true understanding of the efforts the Jews in the foremost city of America are making to contribute their share to the fulfillment of the best ideals of American life. A final word of appreciation must be added. That the Jewish Communal Register for 1917-1918 has been completed' #neessfully, is due in a large measure to the splendid cooperation of the contributors of the special artioles, and particularly to the generous and tnremitting help, a labor of love in the truest sense of the phrase, of "Mr. Harry Sackler, Administrative Secretary of the Kehillah,, of Mr. Julius Drachsler, Secretary of The School for Jewish Communal Work, and of - Messrs. Alexander M. Dushkin, Samuel Oinzberg, Meir Iaacs, and Dr. $. Margoshes, all of the Bureau of Jewish ducation. Thanks are also due to Miss Lotta Leven8ohn, Miss Rebecca Aaronson, Miss Hajnalka Langer, Miss Leonora Hauser, and Miss Leah Klepper, who were 'good enough to read proof for the Register.!.;.. KEHILLAH (JEWISH COMMUNITY) Decettber Pith, 1917: of New York City. ' vi CONTENTS FRONTISPIECUEMap showing comparison between Jewish population of New York City and the combined populations of the countries of Western Europe, South America, Canada and Palestine. PREFACE - - iii CALENDARS - - - - - - - 17 A. Monthly and weekly calendar for the Jewish year 1917-1918 - - - - - - - - - - - - 19 B. Table showing dates on which Jewish holidays and festivals occur in 1915-16 to 1926-27 - - - 32 C. Anniversary and Bar Mitzvah Tables for the years 1870-71 to 1917-18 - - - - - - - - -34 D. Time of Sunset and Sunrise in the latitude of New York City - - - --------- 42 THE KEHILLAH (Jewish Community) - - - - 43 A. A Brief History of the Kehillah of New York City, by Harry Sackler, Administrative Sec'y of the Kehillah -: 45 B. Charter of the Kehillah, an Act passed by the Legisialature and approved by the Governor, April 5, 1914 - 57 C. Constitution adopted by the Kehillah on Feb, 28, 1909 t 59 D. Plan of representation and organization proposed and adopted at the Special Convention of the Kehillah on Sunday, January 13th, 1918 - - - -. 63 Diagram showing plan of Kehillah Organization and Representation - - - - - - facing 'p. 64 E. Members of the Executive Committee of the Kehillah - ' 2 JEWISH POPULATION OF NEW YORK CITY - - - 75 A. A Statistical Study of the Jewish Population of New York City, by Alexander M. Dushkin, Head of Department of Study and Appraisal, Bureau of Jewish Education - - - - -. - 75 B. Map of New York City showing division into Districts and Neighborhoods as basis of representation and administration of the Kehillah (Jewish Community), of New York City - - - - facing p. 75 C. Map of New York City showing density of Jewish \ 1 population by Districts and Neighborhoods of the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York City, facing p. 81 JEWISH COMMUNAL AGENCIES IN NEW YORK CITY - - - - - - - - - - - 91 A. How the Jewish Communal Register was Compiled, by Meir Isaacs, Bureau of Jewish Education - - 91 B. Table showing number of organizations per 10,000 Jews in the eighteen Districts of the Kehillah (Jewish Community), New York City, and the Classification of these organizations into Religious and Cultural, Philanthropic and Correctional,' Economic and Mutual Aid, and Miscellaneous - - - - - - - - - 99 Graph showing the above - - - - - - 101 C. Table giving an estimate of the approximate amount of money which Jewish Communal Agencies in New York City spend for Jewish purposes - - - - 103 Graph showing the above - - - - 105 Graph showing how every dollar spent by the Jewish Community is distributed among the various communal activities - - - - - - - - - 107 D. Table giving salient facts of 2,000 biographical notes of presidents of Jewish organizations in New York 'City --- —-- - - - - - facing p. 108 BEI[GIOUS AGENCIES 1- - - 109 Introductory Remarks on Religious Agencies, by J. L. Magnes, Chairman, Executive Committee of * the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York - 111 A. TlItE SYNAGOGUE - - 117 Affiliation with the Synagogue, by M. M. Kaplan, Professor of Homiletics, Jewish Theological Seminary of America - 117 Table showing the distribution and salient characteristics of Synagogues in the eighteen Kehillah Districts -- - - - - -faing p. 31J8 Graph showing proportion of seats available during 'holidays for every one hundred Jews (excluding chil'dreh and'invalids) for whom Synagogue seats should be provided in the various Districts of the Kehillah 123 Illustrations of Synagogues - - ----— 125 Table of Provisional Synagogues - - - facing p. i44 ' List of Congregations in Manhattan and the Bronx - 145 'List of Congregations in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond - - -. -- 251 2 B. RELIGIOUS FUNCTIONARIES - 287 The Va'ad Horabbonim, by Rabbi J; Eskolsky, Secretary. - 287 Members-of the Va 'ad Horabbonim - - - - 292 The New York Board of Jewish Ministers, by Rev. Dx. D. de Sola Pool, Former President - - - 294 Members of the New York Board of Jewish Ministers 298 The Cantors and Their Problem, by Rev. N. Abramson, President, Jewish Cantors' Association of America - 301 Jewish Cantors' Association of America - - - 305 Members of Jewish Cantors' Association of America residing in New York City - - - - - - 305 List of Shochetim - - - - - - - - - 308 C. RITUAL INSTITUTIONS - - ---. 312 A Few Remarks -on Kashruth - - - - 312 The Milah Board of the Jewish Community, by Rev. Dr. M. Hyamson, Chairman - - - - 321 Agudath Hamohelim - -------— 328 List of Licensed Mohelim (Members of the Agudath Hamohelim) - ------ - - - - 328 The Jewish Sabbath Association, by Rev. Dr. BeTnard Drachman, Chairman- - - ----- - 330 List of Free Burial Societies in New York City - - 334 List of Jewish Cemeteries in New York City - - - 336 Illustration of Jewish Cemetery on West 21st Street - 339 D. CHASSIDISM IN THE NEW WORLD, by Isaac Even 341 EDUCATIONAL AGENCIES - - - - - -347 A. JEWISH RELIGIOUS SCHOOLS Present Status of Jewish Religious Education in- New ' York City, by S. Benderly, Director, Bureau of Jewish Education - - - -- * -. - - - 349 Table ], showing number of children receiving Jewish instruction - - - - - 358 Graph showing the same - - 359 Table II, showing types of Jewish school accommodation - - - - - - -; 360 Graph showing the same - - - - 361, Table III, showing the size of the Jewish Schools - 362 Graph showing the same -- - - - 363 Table IV, showing auspices under which Jewish; instruction is given -.. - '- 364 Graph showing the same. - - - 65 3 9 Graph showing proportion of children receiving instruction in Jewish schools in the eighteen Districts of the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York City - - - - - - 366 Prefatory Notes on the Jewish Educational Agencies of New York, by Alexander M. Dushkin, Head of Department of Study and Appraisal, Bureau of Jewish Education - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 367 Supplementary Weekday Instruction -- 368 List of Weekday Communal Schools in Manhattan and the Bronx - - - - - 370 List of Weekday Communal Schools in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond - - - -- - - - 377 List of Congregational Weekday Schools, Manhattan and Bronx - - - - - - 380 List of Congregational Weekday Schools in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond - - - - - - 384 List of Institutional Weekday Schools, Manhattan and Bronx - - - - - - 386 List 6f Institutional Weekday Schools, Brooklyn - 387 List of Private Weekday Schools, Manhattan, Bronx and Brooklyn - - - - 388 Sunday School Instruction - - - - 389 List of Congregational Sunday Schools in Bronx and Manhattan - - - - - 390 List of Congregational Sunday Schools in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond - - - - - - 391 Parochial Education - - - - - - - -394 List of Parochial Schools - - - - 395 Cheder Instruction - - - - - ----- 396 Private Instruction in the Home - - - - - 399 Illustrations of Jewish School Work - - - - - - 401 B. TEACHERS' TRAINING SCHOOLS AND ASS'NS - - 451 Teachers' Institute of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America - ---- - - 451 Teachers' Institute of the Mizrachi - - - - 452 Hebrew Teachers' Union (Agudath Hamorim) - - 454 New York City Members of the Hebrew Teachers' Union - - -. -.. -. 455 Jewish Teachers' Association - - - - - - 459 Members of the Jewish Teachers' Association - - 459 Jewish Religious School Union - - 461 AIebrew Principals' Association - - 462 Members of the Hebrew Principals' Association - -462 4 RECREATIONAL AND CULTURAL AGENCIES - - 467 Recreation in the Jewish Oommunlty of New York City, by Julius Drachsler, Secretary of the Faculty, School for Jewish Communal Work ---- 467 A. THE WORK OF YOUNG MEN'S HEBREW AND * KINDRED ASSOCIATIONS IN NEW YORK CITY, by I. E. Gold wasser, Chairman, Advisory Committee of the National Council of Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations - -- -- --- 475 List of the Young Men's Hebrew Associations - 483 List of Young Women's Hebrew Associations - - 486 List of Settlbments - - - - - - - - - - 487 Young Men's Hebrew Association, 92nd Street and Lexington 'Avenue - - - - - - - - - - - 489 Illustrations of Y. M. H. A. - - - - - - - 491 Young Women's Hebrew Association, 31 W. 110th St. 503 Illustrations of Y. W. H. A. - - - - - - - 505 Educational Alliance, E. Broadway and Jefferson St. 529 Illustrations of Educational Alliance - - - - - 531 Hebrew Educational Society, Hopkinson and Sutter Avenues, Brooklyn - 547 Illustration of Hebrew Educational Society - - 549 List of Professional Workers in Young Men'si Hebrew and Kindred Associations - - - -- - I-.- * - - 551 List of Social and Literary Societies - +. - - 557 List of Jewish Clubs - - - - - -.- - - 562 Hebrew-Speaking Clubs in America, by Z. Scharfstein, Bureau of Jewish Education- - - - - - - -.64 List of Hebrew-Speaking Societies in New York City 571 B.\ THE YIDDISH THEATRE, by David Pinski - - 572 ' List of Yiddish Theatres - - - - - - 577 Illustration of Grand Street Theatre - - - - 579 C. YIDDISH LITERATURE (IN THE OLD WOILD AND THE NEW), by Joel Enteen - - - - - -. 581 D. THE JEWISH PRESS IN NEW YORK CITY, by Samuel Margoshes, Bureau of Jewish Education - - 596 Table I, showing radius of influence of New York Yiddish Dailies - - - - - 617 Table II, showing the complexion of the Jewish Press in New York City - - - - - 618 List of Jewish periodicals published in New York City previous to 1917 - -.- - - - --.- 0619 List of Jewish periodicals appearing in New York City in 1917 - - - - -.. - - - - 628 Composite picture of the headings of the principal Jewish newspapers and periodicals published in New York City - - - - - - - - 633 ECONOMIC AGENCIES - - - - - --- - 635 The Industrial Problem of the Jew in New York City, by Paul Abelson, Director, Bureau of Industry - - - - - - - - - 637 A. NON-COMMERCIAL EMPLOYMENT BUREAUS IN THE JEIWISH COMMUNITY OF NEW YORK CITY, by Joseph Gedalecia, Manager of the Communal Employment Bureau for the Handicapped - - - - - 641 Table showing the number of placements made by the Jewish Non-Commercial Employment Bureaus in the course of one year - - 646 List of Jewish Non-Commercial Employment Bureaus in New York City - - - - - 647.-B. VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS ESTABLISHED AND MAINTAINED BY THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN NEW YORKi by J. Ernest G. Yalden, Superintendent, Baron de Hirsch Trade School - - - - - - - - 648 List and Description of Vocational Schools Maintained by the Jewish Community of New York - 653 Hebrew Technical Institute (for Boys) - - 653 Hebrew Technical School for Girls - - --- -654 Baron de Hirsch Trade School - -- - - - 655 Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls -.- - 656 1llustrations of activities of above schools -- - 657 -'C. FREE LOAN SOCIETIES, by Samuel Seinfel, Manager, Hebrew Free Loan Society - - - - - - - 689 List of Free Loan Societies - - - - -— 691 Illustration Hebrew Free Loan Society Building - - 695 D. JEWISH LABOR ORGANIZATIONS, by Frank F. Ro-seinbatt, Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research - - - - - - - - - - - 697 List df Local Jewish Labor Organizations.700 Fur Industry - - - - - - - - -700 Garment Industry - - - - - - - 701 Men's Clothing - -.- - - - --— 701 Women's Clothing - 704 Headgear Industry - 707. Miscellaneous- - - - - - - - - - 708 E. EMPLOYERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN JEWISH TRADES, by Paul Abelson, Director Bureau of Industry - - - 716 List of Employers' Associations - -718 8 List of Trade Associations - 722 List of Professional Workers in Economic Agencies - 724 MUTUAL AID AGENCIES - - 725 A. THE CREDIT UNION MOVEMENT AMONG THIE JEWS OF NEW YORK CITY, by Hyman Kaplan, formerly of the Bureau for Jewish Philanthropic Research - - - - - - - - - - -- 727 List of Jewish Credit Unions in New York City - 730 Table giving Main Features of Transactions of Jewish Credit Unions in New York City - facing p. 730 B. MUTUAL 4ID ORGANIZATIONS, by Frank F. Rosenblatt, Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 732 Table of Mutual Aid Societies 35 List of Mutual Aid Societies in Manhattan and the Bronx --- —- - - - 736 List of Mutual Aid Societies in Brooklyn and Queens 856 C. JEWISH FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS, by Leo Wolfson, First Vice-Grand Master (in New York), Independent Western Star Order - - - - - - - 865 Table showing Salient Features of Jewish Orders in New York City - - -- - - 869 Arbeiter Ring - -- 871 List of Branches in New York City - - - 872 Independent Order B'nai B'rith - ---- 885 List of Lodges in New York City - - - - - 886 Independent Order B'rith Abraham - - - - - 888 List of Lodges in New York City - - - - - 888 Independent Order B'rith Shqlom, - - - - - - 935 List of Lodges in New York City - - - - - 935 Independent Order Free Sons of Israel - - - - 950 List of Lodges in New York City - - - - 950 Independent Order Sons of Benjamin -- - ' -- 956 List of Lodges in New York City — - - -- 956 Independent Order of True Sisters - - - - -957 List of Lodges in New York City - - -957 Independent Western Star Order - - - - — 958 List of Lodges in New York City -. - 958 Jewish Nationaf Workers' Alliance of America - - 961 List of Lodges in New York City - -962 Order B'rith Abraham: - ----— 965 List of Lodges in New York City - - - " - -965 Order Sons of Zion - - - -. - - 980 List of Camps in New York City - - - - -., - 980 T. Order of the United Hebrew Brothers - - 984 List of Lodges in New York City - - 984 PHIIiANTHROPIC AGENCIES - - -- - - - 987 Jewish Philanthropy in New York City, by Morris D. Waldman, Executive Director, Federated Jewish Charities of Boston -.. - - - 989 A. RELIEF SOCIETIES -- ---- 984 United Hebrew Charities of the City of New York and Subsidiary Relief Agencies, by Abraham Oseroff, Executive Secretary - - - - -944 Illustration of United Hebrew Charities Building - 997 List of Jewish Relief Societies in New York City - 999 The Federation of Sisterhoods, by Abraham Oseroff, Executive Director, United Hebrew Charities - - - 1012 -. HOSPITALS List of Jewish Hospitals, Sanitaria and Convalescent Homes - - - - - - - - - 1014 Illustrations of Jewish Hospitals - - - - - - 1025 C. JEWISH DAY NURSERIES IN NEW YORK CITY, by Abraham Oseroff, Executive Director, United Hebrew Charities - - - - - - - - - - - 1033 Table giving Salient Facts of Jewish Day Nurseries 1037 List of Jewish Day Nurseries in New York City - - 1039 Illustrations of activities in the Day Nurseries - - 1045 D. PRESENT STATUS AND NEEDS OF JEWISH CHILD CARE IN GREATER NEW YORK, by Ludwig B. Bernstein, Superintendent, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, Pleasantville, New York - - - — 1051 List and description of Orphan Asylums in New York City ----- - - - - - - - -1057 Tllustrations of activities in the Orphan Asylums - 1065 E. THE JEWISH HANDICAPPED, by Rabbi A. J. Amateau, Manager of the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf - - - - -- - - - - - 1089 List of Institutions for Defectives - - 1095 Illustrations of Activities of the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf - - - --- - - -1099 'i. HOMES FOR THE AGED, by Albert Kruger, Superintendent of Home of the Daughters of Jacob - - - 1109 List of Homes for the Aged - - 1112 Illustrations of Building and Synagogue of the Home of the Daughters of Jacob - - - 1115 ' List of Professional Workers in Philanthropic Agencies - - - - - - -. --- - 1119 8 CORRECTIONAL AGENCIES - - -1131 Problem of Delinquency in the Jewish Community of New York City, by Alexander H. Kaminsky, Managing Director, Jewish Big Brother Ass'n - - 1133 List and Description of Jewish Correctional Agencies in New York City - - - --- - 1136 List of Professional Workers in Correctional Agencies - - - - - - - - - - - 1143 COORDINATING, STANDARDIZING AND RESEARCH AGENCIES - - - -1147 Coordinating, Standardizing and Research Institutions in New York City, by Julius Drachsler, Secretary of the Faculty, School for Jewish Communal Work - - - - - - - - - 1149 The Bureau of Jewish Education - --- - 1153 The Council of Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations - - - - - - - - -. - -1156 The Bureau of Industry - - - - - - - - 1158 The Bureau of Philanthropic Research - -1160 The Bureau of Jewish Statistics and Research - - 1162 The School for Jewish Communal Work - - - - 1163 The Association of Jewish Communal Students - - 1164 Professional Workers in Research Institutions - - - 1165 CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS HAVING CONSTITUENCIES IN,NEW YORK CITY - 1167 A. RELIGIOUS The Central Conference of American Rabbis, by Rev. Dr. Samuel Schulman - - - - - - - 1169 List of Members of the Central Conference of American' Rabbis residing in New York City --- - 1175 Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis, by Rev. Dr. Joseph Silverman, President - - - - - - --- 1177 List of Members of the Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis residing in New York City - - - - 1178 Agudath Horabbonim (Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada), by Rabbi 'M. S. Margolies, President - - - ^ 1180 List of Members of the Agudath Horabbonim, reiiding in New York City - - - - - - 1187~ Agudath Horabbonim Hamatiffim (Jewish Ministers' 9 Association of America), by Rabbi S. L. Hurwitz,.Secretary - - - - - - -— 1189 List of Members of the Agudath Horabbonim Hamatiffim, residing in New York City - - - - - 1191 Cantors' Association of America --- - - - -1192 Union of American Hebrew Congregations - - - 1193 Constituent Synagogues in New York City - - 1193 Department of Synagogue and School Extension - 1194 Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations - - - 1195 Constituent Synagogues in New York City - - 1195 United Synagogue of America ---- - - -1196 Constituent Synagogues in New York City - - 1196 B. EDUCATIONAL The Bureau of Jewish Education - - -- - - - 1197 The Board of Jewish School Aid - - -- - - - 1197 The Jewish Theological Seminary of America - 1198 The Rabbinical College of America - -- - - - 1201 The School for Jewish Communal Work- - - -1203 (G SOCIAL AND CULTURAL The Jewish Board for Welfare Work, by Chester J. Teller, Executive Secretary ----- - 1204 The Council of Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations - - - - -- - - 1210 Inberollegiate MenoraHl Association - - - - - - 1211,LEst of Menorah societies in New York City - - - 1213 The Hebraic Movement in America and the Histadruth Ibrith in New York, by Reuben Brainin - - - - - 1214 The Society of Jewish Social Workers of Greater New York - - ---------- - 1221 List of Members - - - - - --- - - 1222 The National Association of Jewish Social Workers - 1228 List of Members residing in New York City - - -1228 National Council of Jewish Women - -- - - 1231 D. ECONOMIC The Baron de Hirsch Fund - - - -- - 1233 National Jewish Immigration Council - - - - 1235 Jewish-Immigrant Work, by Samuel Joseph - - -.- 1237.. The Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society of Arperica - - - - - - - - - - - 1241 I iustration, Building of Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society - - - - - - - - 1243 Ngtutraliatiofn Aid League - - - - - - - 1245 10 "I The Iadustrial Removal Office - - - - - -- 1246 Institutions for Promotion of Agriculture Among the Jews in the United States, by J. W. Pineus, Secretary, Federation of Jewish Farmers - - - -- - - -1248 List of agricultural societies - - - -- - - -1254 The Jewish Socialist Federation of America, by Frank F. Rosenblatt, Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research - - - - - - ---- - - 1256 List of Branches in New York City - - 1262 Young People's Socialist League - - - -1263 List of Circles in New York City - - -- - - 1263 Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, by Joseph Schlossberg, General Secretary ---- - - -1264 List of locals in New York City — - - - -1268 International Fur Workers' Union of United States and Canada --- —---- - - - - -1269 List of locals in New York City - - - - -1269 International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, by Benjamin Schlesinger, President --- - - - -1270 List of locals in New York City --- - - -1275 The United Cloth Hat and Cap Makers' Union of America --- —----- - - - - 1276 List of locals in New York City — - - - -1276 The United Hebrew Trades, by Frank F. Rosenblatt, Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research - - 1277 List of locals in New York City - -- - - 1279 E. MUTUAL AID - --- - - - - - - 1280 Federation of Jewish Coiperative Societies of America 1280 List of Constituents in New York - - - - - 1280 F. PHILANTHROPIC Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York City, by I. E. Goldwasser, Executive Director - - - - - - - - 1281 List of constituent societies ----- - -1294 The Federation Drive for Increased Membership (Jantiary 14th to January 27th, 1918) --- - - -1304 Brooklyn Federation of Jewish Charities - - -1312 List of constituent societies - - - 1312 National Conference of Jewish Charities - - - - 113 List of constituent societies in New York City - - 1314 National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods - - - 1316 List of constituent societies in New Yirk' City. - 1317 The Jewish Consumptives' Relief Society (ptex. Sanitarium) - - - -, - - - - 1317 Family Desertion as a Community Problem tan& Its, 11 t Treatment, by Charles Zunser, Acting Secretary, and Counsel, National Desertion Bureau ---- 1318 National Desertion Bureau - - - - - - - - 1327 'O. LANDSMANNSCHAPT ORGANIZATIONS The Verband Movement in New York City, by Samuel Margoshes, President, Federation of Galician and Bucovinean Jews of America - - - - - - - - - 1328 American Union of Roumanian Jews - - - - - 1337 Federation of Bessarabian Organizations - - - - 1337 Federation of Galician and Bucovinean. Jews of America - - - - - - - - 1337 Federation of Oriental Jews of America - - - - 1339 Federation of Roumanian Jews of America - - - - 1339 Federation of Russian-Polish Hebrews of America - - 1339 H. ZIONIST ORGANIZATIONS Federation of American Zionists, by Louis Lipsky, Chairman, Executive Committee - - - - - - - 1340' List of constituent organizations in New York City - 1344 Zionist Council of Greater New York - - - - - 1344 The Mizrachi, by Dr. Meyer Waxman - - - - - 1350 List of constituent organizations in New York City 1357 The Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization, by Lotta Levensohn - - - ----- 1359 Order Sons of Zion - - - - - - - - - - - 1373 The Poal-Zion Movement, by A. Kretchmer-Isreeli - - 1374 The Jewish Socialist Labor Organization, Poale Zion 1384 List of constituent organizations in New York City - 1384 The Socialist Territorialist Labor Party, by A. Glanz, Member of the Central Committee - - - - - - 1386 List of constituent organizations in New York City - 1394 Intercollegiate Zionist Association - - - - - - 1394 List of constituent organizations in New York City - 1394 Young Judea, by Joshua H. Neumann, Editor of "Young Judaean" - -- - - - - - - - -1396 List of Circles in New York City - - - - - - 1402 AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED WITH INTERNATIONAL JEWISH AFFAIRS - - - - 1411 A.- The American Jewish Committee, by Louis Marshall, President - - - - - - - - - 1413 List of members of the American Jewish Committee residing in New York City - - - - - - - 1426 B. The American Jewish Congress, by Bernard G. Richards, Executive Secret*y - - - - - - - 1429 12 t List of Delegates to the American Jewish Congress, elected in New York City - - -. 1443 C. National Workmen's Committee on Jewish Rights, by Frank F. Rosenblatt, Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research - - 1445 Central Verband of the Bund Organizations of America 1455 D. Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs, by Jacob de Haas, Secretary - - - 1456 Jewish National Fund Bureau for America - - - - 1461 E. The Jews of New York in the Relief Work, by Henry Goodman - - - - -------— 1462 Central Committee for the Relief of Jews Suffering through the War --- —-- - - - -1473 American Jewish Relief Committee - - - - - 148 Jewish People's Relief Committee of America - - 1474 The Joint Distribution Committee of the American Funds for Jewish War Sufferers - - -- - 1475 F. THE FIVE MILLION DOLLAR CAMPAIGN Appeal by Jacob H. Schiff - - --- - - 1479 l Copy of Cablegram received by the State Department 1481 Cartoon: "Will the Finger of Scorn Point You Out?" - - - - - - -1483 Report in the "New York Times," Sunday, December 16, 1917 --- —---- - - - 1485 List of Teamr with their Captains - - - - - 1491 MISCELLANEOUS - - - - - - - - - - - List of Books and Articles on the Jews of New York, compiled by Samuel Margoshes, Bureau of Jewish E&ucation - - - - - - - - - - - 1503 INDEX- ------- - - -- 1525 13 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS OF SPECIAL ARTICLES IN THE JEWISH COMMUNAL REGISTER. ABELSON, PAUL, Director, Bureau of Industry. Employers' Associations in Jewish Trades........... 716 The Industrial Problem of the Jew in New York City.. 637 ABRAMSON REV. N., President, Jewish Cantors' Association of America. The Cantors and Their Problem..................... 301 AMATEAU, RABBI A. J., Manager of the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf. The Jewish Handicapped............................ 1089 BEIDERLY, S., Director, Bureau of Jewish Education. The Present Status of Jewish Religious Education in New York City................................. 349 'BERNSTEIN, LUDWIG B., Sup't, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, Pleasantville, New York. Present Status and Needs of Jewish Child Care in Greater New York............................. 1051 BRAININ, REUBEN. The Hebraic Movement in America and the Histadruth Ibrith in New York............................ 1214 DE HAAS, JACOB, Secretary. Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs........................................ 1456 DRACHMAN, REV. DR. BERNARD, President. The Jewish Sabbath Association..................... 330 DRAC ER, JULIUS, Secretary of the Faculty, School for Jewish Communal Work. Coordinating, Standardizing and Research Institutions in New York City.............................. 1149 Recreation in the Jewish Community in New York City. 467 DUSHKIN, ALEXANDER M., Head of Department of Study and Appraisal, Bureau of Jewish Education. A Statistical Study of the Jewish Population of New York City................................ 75 Prefatory Notes on the Jewish Educational Agencies of New York............................... 367 Supplejnentary Weekday Instruction................ 368 Sunday School Instruction........................ 389 Parochial Education...........................394 Cheder Instruction.............................. 396 Private Instruction in the Home...................... 399 14 ENTEEN, JOEL. Yiddish Literature (In the Old World and the New)... 581 ESKOLSKY, RABBI J., Secretay. Va'ad Horabbonim............................. 287 EVEN, ISAAC. Chassidism in the New World........................ 341 GEDALECIA, JOSEPH Manager of the Communal Employment Bureau for the Handicapped. * Non-Commercial Employment Bureaus in the Jewish Community of New York City................... 641 GLANZ, A., Member of Central Committee. The Socialist Territorialist Labor Parby.............. 1386 GOLDWASSER, I. EDWIN, Executive Director. Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York.......................... 1281 The Work of Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations in New York City...................... 475 GOODMAN, HENRY. The Jews of New York in the Relief Work:........... 1462 HURWITZ, RABBI S. L., Secretary. Agudath Horabbonim Hamattifim (Jewish Ministers' Association of America)..................... 1189 HYAMSON, REV.1DR. M., Chairman. The Milah Board of the Jewish Community.......... 321 ISAACS, MEIR, Bureau of Jewish Eddcation. How the Jewish Communal Register Was Compiled.... 91 JOSEPH, SAMUEL. Jewish Immigrant Work............................ 1237 KAMINSKY, ALEXANDER H., Managing Director, Jewish Big Brother Association. The Problem of Delinquency in the Jewish Community of New York City.......................... 1133 KAPLAN, HYMAN, formerly of the Jewish Bureau of Philanthropic Research. The Credit Union Movement Among the Jews of New York City................................. 727 KAPLAN, M. M., Professor of Homiletics, Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Affiliation with the Synagogue..................... 117 KRETCHMAR-ISREELI, A. The Poal-Zion Movement......................... 1374 16 KRUGER, ALBERT, Sup't, Home of the Daughters of Jacob. Homes for the Aged................................ 1109 LEVENSOHN, LOTTA. Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization.......... 1359 LIPSKY, LOUIS, Chairman, Executive Committee. The Federation of American Zionists................. 1340 MAGNES, J. L., Chairman, Executive Committee of the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York City. Introductory Remarks on Religious Agencies.......... 111 MARGOLIES, RABBI M. S., President. Agudath Horabbonim (Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada)..................... 1180 MARGOSHES, SAMUEL, Bureau of Jewish Education. The Jewish Press in New York City................. '596 List of Books and Articles on the Jews of New York... 1503 The Verband Movement in New York City........... 1328 MARSHALL, LOUIS, President. The American Jewish Committee..................... 1413 NEUMANN, JOSHUA H., Editor of "Young Judaean." Young Judea.................................... 1396 OSEROFF, ABRAHAM, Executive Director, United Hebrew Charities. Federation of Sisterhoods.......................... 1012 Jewish Day Nurseries in tew York City.............. 1033 United Hebrew Charities of the City of New York and Subsidiary Relief Agencies.................... 994 PINCUS, J. W, Secretary, Federation of Jewish Farmers. Institutions for Promotion of Agriculture Among the Jews in the United States....................... 1248 PINSKI, DAVID. The Yiddish Theatre.................................. 572 POOL, REV. DR. D. De SOLA, former President. The New York Board of Jewish Ministers............ 294 ROSENBLATT FRANK F., Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Researec. Jewish Labor Organizations........................ 697 Mutual Aid Organizations.......................... 732 The Jewish Socialist Federation of America.......... 1256 The United Hebrew Trades......................... 1276 16 RICHARDS, BERNARD G., Executive Secretary, Executive Committee for an American Jewish Congress. The American Jewish Congress...................... 1429 SACKLER, HARRY, Administrative Secretary of the Kehillah. A Brief History of the Kehillah...................... 45 SCHARFSTEIN, Z'VI, Bureau of Jewish Education. Hebrew Speaking Clubs in America.................. 564 SCHLESINGER, BENJAMIN, President. The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union... 1269 SCHLOSSBERG, JOSEPH, General Secretary. Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America........... 1254 SCHULMAN, REV. DR. SAMUEL. The Central Conference of American Rabbis.......... 1169 SEINFEL, SAMUEL, Manager, Hebrew Free Loan Society. Free Loan Societies................................ 689 SILVERMAN, REV. DR. JOSEPH, President. Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis................... 1177 TELLER, CHESTER J., Executive Secretary. Jewish Board for Welfare Work.................... 1204 WAXMAN, DR. MEYER. The Mizrachi..................................... 1350 WALDMAN, MORRIS D., Executive Director, Federated Jewish Charities of Boston, Mass. Jewish Philanthropy in New York City............... 989 WOLFSON LEO, First Vice-Grand Master (in New York), Iadependent Western Star Order. Jewish Fraternal Organizations..................... 865 YALDEN, J. ERNEST G., Sup't, Baron de Hirsch Trade Sohool. Vocational Schools Established and Maintained by the Jewish Community in New York.................. 648 Hebrew Technical Institute (for Boys)............... 648 Hebrew Technical School for Girls................... 649 Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls............. 650 Baron de Hirsch Trade School....................... 1851 ZUNSER, CHAS., Acting Secretary and Counsel, National Desertion Bureau. Family Desertion as a Community Problem and its Treatment.................................... 1318 17 I a Calendars Ir tI 19 1917, Sept. 17-Oct. 16] TISHRI 30 DAYS fl"y~i,N,1il Day tbit Cli cia v Da J.rh SABBATHS, FESTIVALSs FASTS Month of t' Month Week yinwn Film Sept. Tirhri 17 M. 1 New Year:I W 18 T 2 New Year 2 19 W 3 Fast of Gedaliah M'5 1 3 20 Th 4.1 4 21 F 5 5 22 S 6 6 n 6 23 S 7 N 7 24 M 8 8 25 T 9 9 26 W 10 Day of Atonement 10 27 Th 11 M 11 28 F 12 1 12 29 S 13 T1fK? 13 30 S 14 K 14 Oct. 1 M 15 Tabernacles nlnon 'I a 15 2 T 16 Tabernacles:nn I' ~ 16 3 W17 17 4 Th 18 1 18 65 F 19 1 1 19 6 S 20 19 7 S 21 N:1 11 1in Km - 21 8 M 22 Eighth of the Feast rlrinv:1 22 9 T 23 Rejoicing the Law rril31 IIn v 23 10 W 24 M 1 10M 1 24 11 Th 25;, 25 12 F 26 26 13 S 27 -11rn nl,rnc?/kNts t 27 14 s 28 K 28 15 M 29 3 29 16 T 30 New Moon Vulln WWII 'K 1 30. Adapted, witb Permission,'from American lewwish Year Book, 1917494i - 20 1917, Oct. 17-Nov. 15] HESHVAN 30 DAYS n"yrn,tlrn (n"t3),n5,,;nimW oiv D Jof i SABBATHS, FESTIVALS, FASTS Z31 nm Oct Hem lln 17 W 1 New Moon 'ln Ws'Kl 'I n 1 18 Th 2, 2 19 F 3 1 3 20 S 4 n1 t 4 21 S 5 ~ 5 22 M 6 Z 6 23 T 7 J 7 24 W 8 1 8 25 Th 9 9 26 F 10 1 10 27 S 11 15 t 11 28 S 12 K 12 29 M 13 3 13 30 T 14 f 14 31 W 15 15 Nov. 1 Th 16 n 16 2 F 17 1 17 3 S 18 18 4 S 19 K 19 5 M 20 20 6 T 21 f 21 7 W 22 1 22 8 Th 23 n 23 9.F 24 1 24 10 S 25 rinn b r nl,n'lw. n t 25 11 S 26 K 26 12 M 27- 27 13 T 28 2 28 14 W 29 2 29 15 Th 30 New Moon w'ln Urq 'K.... 30:.......,............... 21 1917; Nov. 16-Dec. 15] KISLEV 30 DAYS f"3)f,'~'f (r1"11) 191015W Civil Day j.wie; h SABBATHS, FESTIVALS, FASTS rn' fl" Mouth @1 the Mouth i m'nrm Week Nov. Kiulev 16 F 1 New Moon Wr ' 1 17 S 2 __ _ _ _ _ _ _ r 2 18 S 3 x 3 19 M 4 3 4 20 T 5 5 21 W 6 6 22 Th 7 r 7 23 F 8 ' 8 24 S 9 KNy'? 9 25 S 10 K 10 26 M 11 2 11 27 T 12 1 12 28 W 13 1 13 29 Th 14 1 14 30 F 15 1 15 Dec. 1 S 16? 16 2 S 17 K 17 3 M 18 Z 18 4 T 19 19 5W 20 l1 20 6 Th 21.I 21 7 F 22 1 22. 8 S 23 Wilril.111l1,fl11? 23 9 S 24 K 24 10 M 25 Hannukah, Feast of Dedicationj-j'l~h 25 11 T 26 3 26 12 W 27 27 13 Th 28 28 14 F 29; 29 15 S '30 New Moon t7'K'V` 'K,?i'I?tt 30 1917, Dec. 16-1918, Jan. 13] TEBET 29 DAYS "yin ^,nt (,"W3) nUD>W,,ntlW civil Da7 Jewi s' D' MeCl oft Jioush SABBAIHS, FESTIVALS, FASTS trll Week Dec. Tebet n 2 -16 S 1 New Moon t'ln Wt'll ': & 1 17 M 2 Eighth Day of Hannukah 3 2 18 T 3 3 3 19 W 4 4 4 20 Th 5 n 5 21 F 6 1 6 22 S 7 t 7 23 S 8 K '8 24 M 9 3 9 25 T 10 Fast of Tebet nt I3 y;llP Y 10 26 W 11 n 11 27 Th 12 1 12 28 F 13 l 13 29 S 14 tl T 14 30 S 15 K 15 31 M 16 l 16 Ju. 1 T 17, 17 2 W 18 1 18 3 Th 19 n 19 4 F 20 1 20 5. S 21 nttD' t 21 6 S 22 K 22 7 M 23 3 23 8 T 24 ] 24 9 W 25 1 25 10 Th 26 n 26 11 F 27 1 27 12 S 28 t nn DtlW 1:,^Kt' t 28 13 S 29 K 29 23 1918, Jan. 14-Feb. 12] SHEBAT 30 DAYS. "3piFl, CigI D%7 jewish i i Moth Of onh SABBATHS, FESTIVALS, FASTS Month Month: Jan. Shebat Mir 14 M 1 New Moon WqqTI WKII: 1 15 T 2 ~ 2 16 W 3 q' 3 17 Th 4 n 4 18 F 5 i 5 19 S6 6. 6 20. S 7 K 7 21 M 8 ' 8 22 T 9 ~ 9 23 W 10 i 10. 24 Th 11 n 11. 25 F 12 ~ 12 26 S 13 rrn' nnv n5vz t 27 s 14 K 14 28 M 15 New Yearfor Trecs rfl~iK' l vm'K 14 28:11 15 29 T 16. 16 30 W 17 ' 17 31 Th 18,q 18 Feb. 1 F 19, 1.9 2 S 20 vlnq ~ 20 3 S 21 K 21 4 M 22: 22 5 T 23 ~ 23 6 W 24 1 24 7 Th 25 n 25 8 F 26 26 9 S 27 V-Inr' iz j'y, I5 o Minsv t 27 10 S 28 Kt 28 11 M 29 a 29 12 T 30 New Moon v'1im ~11 'K:1 30 24 1918, Feb. 13-Mch. 13] ADAR 29 DAYS l"yrIn,"*1Ki of thDa Wih SABBATHS, FESTIVALS, FASTS t" 1' W k Month t"Im Fb. Ad"r 13 w 1 New Moon s''I '= 1 14 Ti 2 r 2 15 F 3 3 16 S 4?1If 7 4 17 S 5 K 18 M 6 6 19 T 7 7 7 20 W 8 8 21 Th 9 tl 9 22 F 10 I 10 23 S 11 1lT fl'iv 11 24 S 12 K 12 25 M 13 Fast of Esther 'I10H y: 13 26 T 14 Purim, Feast of Esther 131Vi1D 14 27 W 15 Shushan Purim Dil IV 15 28 Ti 16, 16 March 1 F 17 17 2 S 18 intnl txKvfl'l t 18 3 S 19 K 19 4 M 20 1 20 5' T 21 1 21 6 W 22 11 22 7 Th 23,I 23 8 F 24 24 9 S 25 n"inn,n'inn niri,liiinp5jru1 r 25 10 S 26 K.26 11 M 27 2 27 12 T 28 28 13 WY 29. 29 25' 1918,Uch. 14-ApI. 12] NISAN 30 DAYS m1"rin PTw' m.~civi Dae j*ejjh SABBATHS, FESTIVALS, -FASTS til 1 Week March Nisan 14 Th 1 Now Moon. H'In i'1 n 1 15 F 2 2 16 S 3 K~1 t 3 17 S 4 K 4 18 M 5 5 19 T 6 6 20 W 7 1.7 21 Th 8 on, 8 22. F 9 1 9 23 S 10 51fm, j)w IY t 10 24 25 26 27 28 30 29 31 April 1 2 3; 4.5 6 S M T W Th F S S T Th F S 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Passover mn, Is r Passover, First Day ot 0vaer f PassovK Passover 11 - 12 13 14 15 16..17 18 '19 20~ 21 22 23. 24 8 -11 SI Im T w Th F 25 26 27 28 29 30 II 26.28 29 ~; r 30 I Ne-T'-w Moon - ' flfljr?t'K1-1 'K I...... I. 26 1918, ApI. 13-May 11] IYAR 29 DAYS 7V'Y~,t of Dhe JOWL SABBATHS, FESTIVALS, FASTS ' " Iyar K 13 S 1 New Moon nl".rlzjv'niyn-yviln 7 -.14 S 2 K 2.15 M 3 3 116 T 4 4 17 W 5 5 18 Th 6?~ 6.19 F 7 7 20 S 8 I-r I IrI 8 218s 9 K 9 22 M 10 10 23 T 11 11 24 W 12 b, 12 25' Th 13 fl 13 26 F 14 11 Mor 14 27 S 15 1tK. 15 28 S 16 K 16 29 M -17 2 17 30 T iS8 33d Day of Omer 11W.V' $IC 18 may, 4.W 19 19 -2Th 20 ill 20.3 F 21. 21 '4 S 22. IrI-MII Ml 22,5 8,3. K 23,6 M 24 24 7 T 25 25 8.W 26 26,.9 Th 27 n 27 10 F 28 's 28 ~1 S 29 -IM 3= 11iz2 27 1918, May 12-June, 10] SIVAN 30 DAYS IV' Vii,IVD0 MCuth Da JewMish SABBATHS, FESTIVALS, FASTS al l Week May Sivan 11 12 S 1 NewMoon v"11J rt'c K 1 13 M 2 2 -14 T 3 1 3 15 W' 4 ~l 4 16 Th 5 5 17 F 6 Feast of Weeks Is ' 6 18 S 7 Feast of Weeks y 1' 1 '~T 7 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3, 4 -5 6 7 8 S M T w Th F S S M T w Th F S S. M T w Th F S S M 8 10 11 13 14 15 16 1? 18 19 20 M 11O K I 8 9 10 11 12 13.14 21 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ljl.Vllll vilml, tvrinn '15 115V K 15~:I 16 17 11 18 I" 19 'I 1 20 t 21 K 22 2 23 3 24 I 1 25 n1 26 ti 27 Kt 29 3 - 3 0 1 1.New Moon nit wbr WKT 'K I 0I 0I 0 m / 28 1918, June 11-July 9] TAMMUZ 29 DAYS fl"y~,,mj ciaDay jwt ~t M Rot Of w mut SABBATHS, FESTIVALS, FASTS ~ Jumo Tamuz ~1113n 11 T 1 New 'Moon vni mr'WVl In 1 12 W 2 bi 2 13 Th 3 11 3 14 F 4 4 15 S 5 r~ 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Jul 1., L2 3 I4 5 6 S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F ~f 6 7 8 9 - 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 216 19 IP5Z-npmr K I, *1 I t I 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 if ast of Tammuz?VTit~l I"'l D1n Drvn -1 I. I S M W Th F S 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 t"ImIll Wnilin 'IyDn-rilun -7 S 27 K 27 i8,M 28 a 28 9 ),T 29, 1 29 29 1918, July 10-Aug. 8] AB 30 DAYS fl"y~n, Civil!f.Jewish F1 1 moth eMouth SABBATHS, FESTIVALS, FASTS rinm 1"Irm week July Ab 10 W 1 New Moon W111f U'K11 ~I 1 11 Th 2;i 2 12 F 3 r 3 13 S 4 tJim m1',:, N1 t 4 14 S 5 K 5,15 M 6 a 6 16 T 7 7 17 W 8 1 8 18 Th 9 Fast of Ab nz flyt'1 un1 l'l 9 19 F 10 I 10 20 S 11 Ir=t flt ',t~lNm t 11 21 S 12 K 12 22 M 13 1 13 23 T 14 f 14. 24 W 15 %I 15 25 Th 16 ri' 16 26 F 17 1 17 27 S 18 P? 18 28 S 19 K -U 29 M 20 2 20 30 T 21 3 21 31 W 22 1 22 Aug. 1 Th 23 r 23 2 F 24 ' 24 3 S 25 U13 Ill W 25 4 S 26 K 28 5 M 27 1 27 6 T 28 28 7 W 29.- I 29 8 Th 30 New Moon tvrlh1 WPK1 'K Jn l 30 30 1918, Aug. 9-Sept. 6] ELUL 29 DAYS n rl"'n,'5K D(n" ) jDaW,yntOl M. of Mth SABBATHS, FESTIVALS, FASTS Aug. Ehl ul 9 F 1 New Moon w'1ln tWR ' 1l 1 10 S 2?Dt t 2 11 S 3 K 3 12 M 4 2 4 13 T 5 ~ 5 14 W 6 * 1 6 15 Th 7, 7 16 F 8 1 8 17 S 9 ' K]q t 9 18 S 10 K 10 19 M 11: 11 20 T 12 J 12 21 W 13 1 13 22 Th 14 n 14 23 F 15 1 15 24 S 16 Kqn l t 16 25 S N K 17 26 M 18 si. T 19. 19 28 W 20 1 20 29 Th 21 n 21 30 F 22 1 22 31 S 23 7_-___] T 23 1 S 24 Selihot nln5PD5 tDD wt3n b 24 2 M 25 ~ 25 3 T 26... 26 4 W 27 1 27 6 Th 28. 28 6. F 29,ni"In WtKR:n1Y 1 29 31 1918, Sept. 7 —Oct. 6] TISHRI 30 DAYS 0")1fr,I1i'f (~"rn) rr'lr,JVV21lY?3 Civi Day Jewish Month of the Month SABBATHS, FESTIVALS, FASTS Week Sept. Tishri 7 S 1 New Year V wi n tKi 'K? 1 8 S' 2 New Year 41 )V'l 's K 2 9 M 3 Fast of Gedpliah 2 I.2 3 10 T 4 4 11 W 5 I 5 12 Th 6 ri 6 13 F 7 i 7 14 S 8 8. 8 15 S 9 K 9 16 M 10 Day of Atonement 71E3: 21 10 17 T 11, 2 11 18 W 12 1 12 19 Th 13 r 13 20 F 14 1 14 21 S 15 Tabernacles rl 'K I ____ 15 22 S 16 Tabernacles 1fltr '2 K 16 23 M 17 2 17 24 T 1818 25 W 19 { b, 26 Th 20 ri 20' 27 F 21 K W1,1 1 21 28 S 22 8th Day of the Feast nY1T3Y. ') n 1 22 29 S. 23 Rejoicing of the Law irnn nnc~' K 23 30 M 24 Z 2IMM a 24 Oct. 1 T 25 25 2 W 026 v 26 3 Th 27 I 27 4 F 28 1 28 5 S 29 V11ri'i W.131 212, 4VI'K12 1 29 6 S 60 New Moon Tivfl- V'flf V'r 1'K 14 30; TABLE SHOWING DATES tN WHICH JEWISH HOLIDAYS, FESTIVALS AND FASTS OCCUR IN 1915-16 TO 1926-27 ZESTIVALS 1915-16 1916-1? 1917-18 1918-i9 1919-20 1920-21 Hebrew Date AND FASTS niml Olin 711y,111 MI'virl tollrnri Min x"IDp1: eY ear........... Tibri 1 Sept. 9, T). Sept.2h Th.Sept. 17, M. Sept. 7, St. Sept.25, Th. Sept.13, M. 1, 1 N flZ W FM* eEGedalash..... 3Sni 3 Sept.,I1, SePt.30,It, Sept. 19, W. Sept. 9, M. Sept.27, St. Sept. 15, W. I vurn '.I Day of Atomsment.. Tisui 10 Sept.18, St. Oct. 7,St. Sept 26, W. Sept. 16M. Oct. 4,St. Sept, 22. W. ~iWZ.f10Z O1' Tabrnarcesllt Day Tiari 15 Sept.23, Th. Oct. 12, Th.OCt. 1, M. Sept, 21,St. Oct. 9Th.Stept.27, M. l"IM2 V't ni'l~ 'K abnamcles, 8th Day Tiari 22 Sept.30, Tb. Oct. 19, Tb. Oct. 8, M. Sept.28, St. Oct. 16, Th. Oct. 4, 1. vrlri mi1 Zj11P13o Reiamg ofthe LtawTiri 23 0ct 1,F. Oct. 20,F. Oct,T. fspt.29,S Oct. 17,F. Oct. 5, T. 'Im.1"Z I1IfI Z*Wltnv Haunwksia.......K e 25 Dec. 2, Th. Dec.20, W. Dec. 10, 14. Nov.29, F. Dec. 17, W. Dec. 6, M. 1oS n '0Z 061213t i t Fast dTebet....... Tebet l0jDec. 17, Fr. Jan. 4,Th. Dec. 25, T. aDec13, F. Jan. 1, Th. Dec. 21, T. r1i " Is ticB 1-vivy C317 PA 14............Ada- 14...........Mh. 8,Th. Feb. 26, T........... Mch. 4, Th.............V7K I" Peim (LapYear)... Adar Sheni 14 Mch.19, St....................... Mch.16, 8........... Mch.24, Th.:W 'Il k " ('T", l r'wa) O'TI8 Pamvar, lot Day... Nisan 15 ApL 18, T. ApL 7, St. Mch.28, Th. ApL 15, T. ApL 3, St. Apl. 23. St. 1 0 "1?12or "91 Paumovr, 7th Day... Nisan 21iApL 24,M. ApI. 13, P. Ap. 3, W. ApA. 21, M. Apf. 9, F. ApL 29, F. joll M"I 1M8 5' lp7'v Pamsove, last Day... Niuai 22 ApL 25, T. ApL. 14, St. ApL 4, Tt. ApI. 22, T. ApL. 10, St. ApI. 30, St. l1D)1 1" not 5ty 117W not Peawt of weei,.... Siren IJune 7, W. May 27, S. May 17, F. June 4, W. May 23, St. June 12,S. VI'D I Fast of Tammus..... Tammua 17 July 18, T. July 7, St. June27, Th. July 15, T. July 3, St. July 23, St. liojn *t I? "u) C Fast of Ab.. Ab 9 Aug. 8,T. July 29,S, July 18, Th.Aug. 5, T. July 24,St. Aug.13, St. *It 'II *291r ftal? 1 -If on a Sabbath, the FIat ia kept on Sunday. TABLE SHOWING DATES ON WHICH JEWISH HOLIDAYS, FESTIVALS AND FASTS OCCUR IN 1915-16 TO 1926-27 FESTIVALS 1921-22 1922-23 1923-24 1924-25 1925-26 1926-27 AND FASTS Hebrew Date n /fi *Xn >eint f"Dnn n>Xn r>tnn rt~n New Year........... Tisri 1 Oct. 3, M. Sept.23, St. Sept.l, T. Sept.29, M. Sept. 19 St. Sept 9,Th. tt N n ti t tn Ft of Gedaliah...... lTihri 3 Oct. 5, W. Sept. 25, M. Sept. 13, Th. Oct. 1, W. Sept.21, M. ept. ll, St. Day of Atonement... Tishri 10Oct. 12, W. Oct. 2 M, Sept.20, Th. Oct. 8,W. Sept.28, M. Sept.18, St. t ' 8o 131t Tabernacle, lt DayTahri 15Oct 17, M. Oct. 7, St. Sept.25, T. Oct. 13, M. Oct 3, St. Sept.23, Th. [ tYn 1"t 1l1Dl 'N Tabernace, 8th Day Tishri 22 Oet. 24, M. Oct. 14,St. Oct. 2, T. Oct. 20, M. Oct. 10, St. Sept.30, St. 'ltn:1". nrt^ j w Rejoicing d the La Tishri 23 Oet. 25, T. Oct. 15,. Oct. 3, W. Oct. 21, T. Oct. 11,. Oct. 1, S.,'n, " n."n nntl a ab.h........... Kidev 2 De. 26, M. Dec 1,. De. 3, M. Dec. 22, M. Dec. 12, St. De. 1, W. SD3 i" n15n * 'K Fact of Tebet....... Tebet 10Ja 10, T. Dec. 29, F. Dec. 18, T. Jan. 6, T. Dec. 27, S. Dec. 15, W. n:l t.s nnt DI Purim.............. Adar 14Mch.14,T. Mch. 2, F.......... Mch.10, T. Feb. 28,............. 'TK '7"t i, Purim (Leap Year).. Adar Shei 14.................. Mch.20, Th....................... Mh. 18, T. W t ' 17 t" (11i nm ) 7l Passover, 1st Day... Nisan 15 ApL 13, Th.Apl. 1,8. Ap. 19, St. Apl. 9, Th. Mch.30, T. ApL 17, S. TD1 t"t nDio 'Kt Pamover, 7thl Day... Nisan 21 Apl. 19, W. ApL 7, St. Apl. 21, F. ApL 15, W. ApL 5, M. Api. 23, St, K"Z n1D r tti W Pasover, last Day... Nin 22 ApL 20,Th. Ap 8,. Apl. 22,8. Apl. 16, Th. ApL 8, T. Apl. 24,. S D'1 2" " nDD 51t -1it Feut of Weeks...... Sivan 6 Jue 2,F. F May 21, M. June 8,. May29, F. May19, W. June 6, M. It'D '1 nlt FartofTammu....Tammus 17July 13, Th.July 1,S. July 19, St. July 9, Th. June29, T. July 17,8. nt1n tUs *twin? t", M1T Fat of Ab.........Ab 9 Aug. 3, Th.July 22, S. Aug 9, StJu 30, T. July 20, T. Aug. 7,8.:i* t' *::l rivnytn 1 - If a s Sabbath, the Fast i kept on Sunday. ANNIVERSARY AND BARMITZVAH TABLES cro Me, "n lun -Ihn rTl n5in ri~5i'' No. of days n in Jewish 5631 5632 5633 5634 5635 5636 month 187071 1871-72 1872-73 1873-74 1874-75 1875-76 S Tishri 1..... 30 Sept. 26Sept. 16 Oct. 3 Sept. 22 Sept. 12 Sept. 30 30 'nt 1 Heshvan..... 29 Oct. 16 Nov. 2 -- Oct. 12 29 ]tan 1 Beshvan 1..... 30 Oct. 26 - - Oct. 22 -- Oct. 30 30 Iltn 1 Kislev 1..... 29 - Nov. 14 - Nov. 10 - 29 1 lev 1..... 30 Nov. 25 -- Dec. 1 Nov. 21 -- Nov.29 30 1:3 1 Teblt 1.... 29 Dec. 25 Dec. 13 Dec. 31 Dec. 21 Dec. 9 Dec. 29 29 Na m 1 Shebat 1..... 30 Jan. 23 Jan. 11 Jan. 29 Jan. 19 Jan. 7 Jan. 27 30 Gus 1 Adar 1..... 29 Feb. 22 Feb. 18 Feb. 28 - Feb. 26 29 fK 1 Adar 1..... 30 Feb. 10 - Feb. 6 - 30 T 1 Adar Sheni 1.... 29 Mch. 11 - Mch. 8 - 29 t ' 1 Nisn..... 30 Mch. 23 Apl. 9 Mch. 29 Mch. 19 Apl. 6 Mch.26 30 ID"' I Iyar.... 29 Apl. 22 May 9 Apl. 28 Apl. 18 May 6 Apl. 25 29 ~,1" 1 Sivan..... 30 May 21 June 7 May 27 May 17 June 4 May 24 30 wlc 1 Tammuz..... 29 June 20 July 7 June 26 June 16 July 4 June 23 29 rnn I Ab 1..... 30 July 19 Aug. 5 July 25 July 15 Aug. 2 July 22 30 x 1 Elul 1..... 29 Aug. 18 Sept. 4 Aug. 24 Aug. 14 Sept. 1Aug. 21 29 t S 1 Given a Jewish date, in order to find the equivalent date in the common calendar, first, find the column with the heading of the year; second, find the column with the Jewish months; third, find the desired Jewish month in this column; fourth, draw a horizontal line from this month to the year column. The date found is the date corresponding to the first day of the Jewish month desired. From this date calculate to the desired date. (See also note on following page.) ANNIVERSARY AND BARMITZVAH TABLES (continued) No. of days "tn tn >n t"n rn in Jewish 5637 5638 5639 5640 5641 5642 a n month 187677 1877-78 1878-791879-801880-81 1881-82 r; Tishri 1..... 30 Sept. 19 Sept. 8 Sept. 28 Sept. 18 Sept. 6 Sept. 24 30 Ein 1 Heshvan 1.... 29 Oct. 19 - -- Oct. 18 Oct. 6 - 29 n 1 Heshvan 1.... 30 Oct. 8 Oct. 28 -- - Oct. 24 30 1Wn 1 Kislev 1.... 29 - Nov, 4 29 l 1 Kislev 1.... 30 Nov. 17 Nov. 7 Nov. 27Nov. 16 - Nov. 23 30 17:I 1 Tebet 1..... 29 Dec. 17 Dec. 7 Dec. 27 Dec. 16 Dec. 3 Dec. 23 29 ntl 1 Shebat 1..... 30 Jan. 15 Jan. 5 Jan. 25 Jan. 14 Jan. 1 Jan. 21 30 Gtt 1 Adar 1 29 Feb. 14 Feb. 24 Feb. 13 Feb. 20 29 I7I 1 Adar 1..... 30 - Feb. 4 -- Jan.3 3130 T Adar Shbni 1..... 29 - Mch. 6 - -- Mch. 2 - 29: ':" 1 Nisan 1..... 30 Mch. 15Apl. 4 Mch. 25 Mch. 13 Mch. 31 Mch. 21 30:', 1 Iyar 1..... 29 Apl. 14 May 4 Apl. 24 Apl. 12Apl. 30Apl. 20 29 1I 1 Sivan 1..... 30 May 13 June 2 May 23 May 11 May 29 May 19 30 1'OD i Tammuz 1..... 29 June 12 July 2 June 22 June 10 June 28 June 18 29 Fltz 1 Ab 1..... 30 July 11 July 31 July 21 July 9 July 27 July 17 30 1 Elul 1..... 29 Aug. 10 Aug. 30 Aug. 20Aug. 8 Aug. 26 Aug. 16 29 515 1 Given a date in the common calendar, in order to find the corresponding date in the Jewish calendar, first, find the column with the appropriate year heading; (note that the second part of the common year is found in the upper part of the column and the first part the succeeding year is in the lower part of that column); second, in that column find the nearest date preceding the date desired; third, calculate the number of days between the date found and the date desired: add one and this gives the day of the Jewish month; fourth, draw a horizontal line to the month column, finding the Jewish month in' which the desired date occurs. ANNIVERSARY AND BARMITZVAH TABLES (continued) Klemn 'l vain n"Ionn 1" rin 11on11 rn 6i No. of days a in Jewish 5643 5644 5645 5646 5647 5648 n month 1882-83 1883-84 1884-85 1885-86 1886-87 1887-88 g Tishri 1.... 30 Sept. 14 Oct. 2 Sept. 20 Sept. 10 S ep t. 30 Sept. 19 30 Heshvan 1..... 29 Oct. 14 Nov. 1 - Oct. 30 Oct. 19 29 1tn 1 Heshvan 1..... 30 - - Oct. 20 Oct. 10 -- 30 ( lln 1 Kislev 1..... 29 Nov. 12 -- - Nov. 17 29 15Z: 1 Kislev 1..... 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 19 Nov. 9 Nov. 28 - 30 S 1 Tebet 1..... 29 Dec. 11 Dec. 30 Dec. 9Dec. Dec. 28 Dec. 16 29 nt 1 Shebat 1..... 30 Jan. 9 Jan. 28Jan. 17Jan. 7Jan. 26Jan. 14 30 Wtt 1 Adar 1..... 29 Feb. 27 Feb. 16 Feb. 25 Feb. 13 29 TK 1 Adar 1..... 30 Feb. 8 Feb. 6 - -- 30 T 1 Adar Sheni 1..... 29 Mch. 10 - Mch. 8 - - 29,w TN1 1 Nisan 1..... 30 Apl. 8 Mch. 27 Mch. 17Apl. 6 Mch. 26 Mch. 13 30 lD1 1 Iyar 1..... 29 May 8 Apl. 26 Apl. 16 May 6 Apl. 25 Apl. 12 29 / 1. ' 1 Sivan 1..... 30 June 6 May 25 May 15 June 4 May 24 May 11 30 l 1 Tammuz 1..... 29 July 6 June 24 June 14 July 4 June 23 June 10 29 In 1 Ab 1..... 30 Aug. 4 July 23 July 13 Aug. 2 July 22 July 9 30 ax 1 Elul 1..... 29 Sept. 3 Aug. 22 Aug. 12 Sept. Aug. 21 Aug. 8 29 515 1 ANNIVERSARY AND BARMITZVAH TABLES (continued) No. of days|n, n N ewids 5649 5650 5651 5652 5653 5654 n in Jewish month 1888-89 1889-90 1890-91 1891-92 1892-93 1893-94 1 Tishri 1..... 30 Sept. 6 Sept. 26 Sept. 15 Oct. 3 Sept. 22 Sept. 11 30 f'n 1 Heshvan 1..... 29 -- Oct. 26 Oct. 15 - Oct. 22 -- 29 tln 1 Heshvan 1..... 30 Oct. 6 Nov. 2 -- Oct. 11 30 ViH 1 Kislev 1..... 29 - - Nov. 13 29 1 Kislev 1..... 30 Nov. 10 30 1ED 1 Tebet 1..... 29 Dec. 5 Dec. 24 Dec. 12 Jan. 1 Dec. 20 Dec. 10 29 n:l 1 Shebat 1..... 30 Jan. 3 Jan. 22 Jan. 10 Jan. 30 Jan. 18 Jan. 8 30 A: 1 Adar 1..... 29 - Feb. 21 - Feb. 29 Feb. 17 - 29 1K Adar 1..... 30 Feb. 2 Feb. 9 F- - eb. 7 30 1 Adar Sheni 1..... 29 Mch. 4 Mch. 11 - - Mch. 9 29 W 7T 1 Nisan 1..... 30 Apl. 2Mch.22 Apl. 9 Mh. 29 Mch. 18 Apl. 7 30 1 Iyar 1..... 29 May 2 Apl. 21 May 9 Apl 28 Apl. 17 May 7 29 VAK 1 Svan 1..... 30 May 31 May 20 June 7 May 27 May 16 June 5 30 1' 1 Tammuz 1..... 29 June 30 June 19 July 7 June 26 June 15 July 5 29 Tizn 1 Ab..... 30 July 29 July 18 Aug. 5 July 25 July 14 Aug. 3 30 an 1 Elul 1..... 29 Aug. 28 Aug. 17 Sept. 4 Aug. 24 Aug. 13 Sept. 2 29 51KX 1 ANNIVERSARY AND BARMITZVAH TABLES (continued) No. of daysn Iln,.n a in Jewi 5655 5656 5657 5658 5659 5660 in'Jewish month 1894-95 1895-96 1896-97 1897-98 1898-99 1899-00 Tiahri 1... 30 Oct. 1 Sept. 19 Sept. 8 t. 27. 17 Sept. 5 30,n 1 Heshvan 1...... 29 Oct. 31 - Oct. 8 - Oct. 17 Oct. 5 29 p1rn 1 Heebvan..... 30 -- Oct. 19 -- Oct. 27 - - 30 n 1 Kislev 1..... 29 Nov. 29 - - -- Nov. 15 29' 1 Kislev 1.... 30 - Nov. 18 Nov. 6 Nov.26 Nov.. 3 30 SD3 1 Tebet 1.... 29 Dec. 28Dec. 1De. Dec 26Dec. 14 Dec. 3 29 n 1 Shebat 1.... 30 Jan. 26 Jan. 16 Jan. 4 Jan. 24 Jan. 12 Jan. 1 30 tt, 1 Adar 1.... 29 Feb. 25 Feb. 15 - Feb. 23Feb. 1 - 29 'U 1 Adar... 30 -- - Feb. 3- - Jan. 31 30 -~ 1 Adar Sheni 1.... 29 - -- Mch. 5 Mch. 2 29 ':Wr T 1 Nisan 1..... 30 Mch. 26 Mch. 15 Apl. 3 Mh.24Mch. 24 Mch. 31 30 lD' 1 Iyar 1..... 29 Apl. 25 Apl. 14 May 3 Apl. 23 Apl. 11 Apl. 30 29 "In 1 Sivan 1..... 30 May 24 May 13 June May 22 May 10 May 29 30 *' o 1 Tammuz 1..... 29 June 23 June 12 July June 2June 9 June 2 29 tnn 1 Ab 1..... 30 July 22Juy July 30 July 20 July 8 July 27 30 tK 1 Elul 1..... 29 Aug. 21 Aug. 10 Aug. 29Aug. 1Aug. 7 Aug. 26 29 ',NK 1 ANNIVERSARY AND BARMITZVAH TABLES (continued) No. of days n Jewi8h 5661 5662 5663 5664 5665 5666 in Jewish rmonth 1900-01 1901-021902-03 1903-04 1904-05 1905-06 Tis 1..... 30 Sept. 24 Sept. 14 Oct. 2 Sept. 22 Sept. 10Sept. 30 30 ntn 1 eshvan 1..... 29 -- Oct. 14 - Oct. 22 - 29 \tn 1 eshvan 1..... 30 Oct. 24 - Nov. 1 Oct. 10 Oct. 30 30 Jtn 1 Xislev 1..... 29 Nov. 12 - - -- 29 t 1 Kislev 1..... 30 Nov. 23 -- Dec. 1 Nov. 20Nov. 9 Nov. 29 30 l%3 1 Tebet 1..... 29 Dec. 23 Dec. 11 Dec. 31 Dec. 20 Dec. 9 Dec. 29 29 n 1 Shebat 1.... 30- Jan. 21 Jan. 9 Jan. 29 Jan. 18 Jan. 7 Jan. 27 30 ct 1 Adar..... 29 Feb. 20 Feb. 28 Feb. 17 -- Feb. 26 29 1!K 1 Adar 1..... 30 -- Feb. -- -- Feb. 6 -- 30 IK i Adar Sheni 1..... 29 -- Mch. 10 - Mch; 8 - 29 I:w T 1 Nisan 1.. '30 Mch. 21Apl. 8Mch.29Mch. 17Apl. 6 Mch.27 30 ]Q: 1 yar 1..... 29 Apl. 20 May 8Apl. 28Apl. 16 May 6 Apl. 26 29 K 1 Sivan 1..... 30 May 19 June 6May 27 May 15 June 4 May 25 30 Ilt 1 Tammuz 1.... 29 June 18 July 6June 26 June 14 July 4June 24 29 Tin 1 Ab 1..... 30 July 17 Aug. 4 July 25 July 13 Aug. 2 July 23 30 3k 1 Elul -..... 29 Aug. 16 Sept. 3 Aug. 24 Aug. 12 Sept 1 Aug. 22 29 St 1..,. 0 ANNIVERSARY AND BARMITZVAH TABLES (continued) No. of days 'n ln D, ra in Jewish in Jewish 5667 5668 5669 5670 5671 5672 n month 1906-07 1907-08 1908-091909-10 1910-11 1911-12 f Tishri 1... 30 Sept. 20 Sept. 9 Sept. 26 Sept. 16 Oct. 4 Sept. 23 30 Intn 1 Heshvan 1..... 29 Oct. 20 Oct. 9 - Oct. 16 Nov. 3 - 29 pln 1 Heshvan 1..... 30 - - Oct. 26 - -- Oct. 23 30 iwn 1 Kislev 1..... 29 Nov. 7 - Nov. 14 - - 29 50 1 Kislev 1..... 30 Nov. 18 - Nov. 25 - Dec. 2Nov. 22 30 1Do 1 Tebet 1..... 29 Dec. 18 Dec. 6 Dec. 25 Dec. 13 Jan. 1 Dec. 22 29 nru 1 Shebat 1.. 30 Jan. 16 Jan. 4 Jan. 23 Jan. 11 Jan. 30 Jan. 20 30 at 1 Adar 1..... 29 Feb. 15 - Feb.22 Mch. Feb. 219 29 1~7 Adar 1.... 30 Feb. 3 - Feb. 10 — 30 TK Adar Sheni 1..... 29 - Mch. 4 - Mch. 12 -- — 29 ' TK 1 Nisan..... 30 Mch. 16Apl. 2 Mch.23 Apl. 10Mch.30Mch.l9 309 to, Iyar 1... 29 Apl. 15 May 2 Apl. 22 May 10 Apl. 29 Apl. 18 29 Vl 1 Sivan 1..... 30 May 14 May 31 May 21 June 8 May 28 May 17 30 1p'D 1 Tammuz 1..... 29 June 13 Ju June June 20 July 8 June 27 June 16 29 tmrn 1 Ab 1.... 30 July 12 July 291July 19 Aug. 6 July 26 July 15 30 Km 1 Elul 1.... 29 Aug. Au 28ug. Sept. 5 Aug. 21 Aug. 14 29 55 1 ANNIVERSARY AND BARMITZVAH TABLES (continued)... No. of days in Jewish month 5673 5674 5675 5675 5676 1915-16 n567 5677 5678 1912-13 1913-14 1914-15 1916-17 1917-18 - ---— I --- — I --- —------- I --- —------ Tiabri Heshvan Heshvan.Kislev Kislev Tebet Shebat Adar Adar Adar- Sheni Nixon Tammuz Ab Elul 1..... 1.......... 1.... 1.... 1.......... 1..... 1... 1..... 1..... 1.... 1.... 1.... 1.... 1... 30 29 30 29 30 29 30 29 30 29 30 29 30 29 30 29 Sept. 12 Oct. 12 Nov. 11 Dec. 11 Jan. 9 Feb. 8 Mch. IC Apl. 8 May 8 June 6 July 6 Aug. I 4 Sept. 3 Oct. 2 Nov. 1 Nov. 30 Dec. 30 Jan. 28 Feb. 27 Mch. 28 Apl. 27 May 26 June 25 July 24 Aug. 23 Sept. 21 Oct. 21 Nov. 19 Dec. 18 Jan. 16 Feb. 15 Mch. 16 Apl. 15 May 14 June 13 July 12 Aug. 11 Sept. 9 Oct. 9 Nov. 8 Dec. 8 Jan. 6 Feb. 5 Mch. 6 Apl. 4 May 4 June 2 July 2 July 31 Aug. 30 Sept. 28 Sept. 17 Oct. 28 - -- Oct. 17 Nov. 26 Dec. 26 Jan. 24 Feb. 23 Mch. 24 Apl. 23 May 22 June 21 July 20 Aug. 19 Nov. 16 Dec. 16 Jan. 14 Feb. 13 Mch. 14 Apl. 13 May 12 June 11 July 10 Aug. 9 11 n r i30 29 30 29 30 29 30 29 30 29 30 29 30 29 30 29 I 11 trnn pen win 15D3 150M nitt 3tol 1t1H ASK~ IMF 117H 13ty T7 1D "IK Tiann OK SAhi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1.. I-. 42 TIME OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET Latitude 40~ North (For Southern New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York City) 1918 Dawn Sunrise Sunset Twilight 'Ifn i0I Begins Ends - -I --- Jan. 1.... Jan. 10... Jan. 20.. Feb. 1.... Feb. 10.. Feb. 20... Mch. 1... Mch. 10.. Mch. 20.... Apl. 1.. Apl. 10.... Apl. 20.. May 1.... May 10... May 20... June 1... June 10.... June 20.... July 1.... July 10.. July 20.... Aug. 1.... Aug. 10... Aug. 20.... Sept. 1.... Sept. 10.. Sept. 20.. Oct. 1.. Oct. 10.... Oct. 20.... Nov. 1.... Nov. 10.... Nov. 20.... Dec. 1.... Dec. 10.... Dec. 20.... 5.46 5.46 5.45 5.37 5.29 5.17 5.03 4.49 4.33 4.12 3.54 3.36 3.16 3.02 2.46 2.32 2.27 2.25 2.28 2.38 2.50 3.06 3.19 3.34 3.50 4.00 4.12 4.25 4.35 4.45 4.57 5.09 5.17 5.27 5.35 5.41 7.25 7.25 7.19 7.10 7.01 6.48 6.35 6.21 6.04 5.45 5.28 5.13 4.59 4.50 4.39 4.31 4.28 4.29 4.31 4.37 -4.44 4.56 5.05 5.15 5.27 5.36 5.45 5.56 6.05 6.15 6.29 6.40 6.53 7.05 7t14 7.20 4.43 4.51 5.03 5.18 5.29 5.40 5.51 6.01 6.11 6.24 6.33 6.43 6.58 7.04 7.14 7.24 7.29 7.34 7.35 7.33 7.27 7.16 7.06 6.53 6.33 6.19 6.02 5.43 5.31 5.16 4.59 4.49 4.39 4.34 4.33 4.36 6.22 6.29 6.38 6.51 7.00 7.12 7.22 7.32 7.44 7.56 8.08 8.21 8.32 8.45 9.00 9.23 9.32 9.36 9.37 9.31 9.21 9.06 8.50 8.33 8.10 7.54 7.36 7.16 6.58 6.43 6.31 6.21 ~ 6.15 6.11 6.11 6.14 n"pnn...... {ir3 17....... n.26........:t 7...... L.. 19........ t 28.....'. 8.........T. 17........ rK 26........ 1 7...... 101. 19........ 1 28...........l 8........i' 19...... '1~, 28...........11 - 9....... poD 21........-. 30........Tn 10....... Tnn 21.......:. 1 11....... 3N 11........iHs 12...... 5i5m. 2...... wi, 4 12...... 5ir 24...... n 4....., 4rn 4.....,n n 14..... wyn 25..... ltn 4..... ltn 14..... rttn 26 ftz 6 i~oz 16..... '5D: 16 D....... z 27...... n.a. 7...... n:~ 17 Ill I.....'...... I {.......~ -..... I I - - -- From "The Jewiah Encyolopedi&." Copyright by Funk & WagnaUs Company. * Now York an4 London Kehillah I 0 I a I 0 I I A 45 THE KEHILLAH OF NEW YORK I A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE KEHILLAH By HARRY SACKLER Administrative Secretary of the Kehillah 1. The Kehillah Idea The Kehillah idea-that is, organized Jewish life with a Jewish community as its basis-is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition and in Jewish experience. During the many centuries of national disintegration, the result of persecution and dispersion, the Jews still managed to maintain their community life-the last vestige of autonomous existence. Wherever a group of Jews found refuge, even if it were only a temporary respite, they immediately began to look after their communal needs; a place to pray for the living and a place to rest for the dead. But while the primary functions of the traditional Kehillah were of a religious nature, it also took upon itself to care for many of the social and economic, as well as the political, needs of the Jewish group. Charity-or more properly "Justice" (Zdokoh)-was one of its main tasks; and whenever the peace of the community or of any of its members was threatened by the powers that be, it devolved upon the leaders of the Kehillah to avert the blow or, at lest, to mitigate its severity. And so, in the course of centuries, the Kehillah became the stronghold of the individual Jew, and "Kahal" came to be 46 COMMUNAL REGISTER looked upon by the non-Jewish world as the authoritative representative of Jewish interests. It would, indeed, have been rather strange and disconcerting if a tradition so deeply rooted in Jewish life and in Jewish experience, would have been discontinued in the new haven which the Jews found in the Western hemisphere. For a long time it looked as if American Jewry-and particularly in its greatest point of concentration, in the City of New York-would break with the old tradition and be content to remain a conglomeration of isolated, small congregations. For many years it looked as if there were small hope that the greatest Jewish aggregation in the world would make an effort to unite on a common platform and thus make possible a solution of both its external and internal problems. There were, indeed, many difficulties in the way of such an organization. The heterogeneous character of the Jewish population; its unprecedented growth, due to a constant influx of immigrants; the new-comers' natural distrust of the older settlers, who looked upon them from on high; the strained relationship that existed for many years between " Uptown " and " Downtown "; the ecoitomic adjustment which absorbed the entire attention of the vast majority of the new settlers and left little room for the higher, more spiritual needs; the "Landsm~nnschaft" tendency to segregation-all these represented, and in a measure still represent, the forces that kept the Kehillah idea in abeyance. But, fortunately, none of these difficulties was insuperable. The "Melting Pot" prbeess within the Jewish community has been going on slowly, but steadily, and the sporadic outbursts THE KEHILLAH (JEWISH COMMUNITY) 47 of external pressure greatly helped to weld Jewish interests and develop community consciousness. Beginning with the mass immigration of Eastern European Jews, one generation ago, the problem of organizing the Jewish community in New York City ~ became more acute from year to year. But the formative forces making for such an organization were continually gaining strength, and it required only some external impetus to bring these forces into play and to precipitate the formation of a Kehillah or Jewish Community in this city. This external impetus was supplied by the Bingham incident, in the fall of the year 1908. General Bingham, who was then the Police Commissioner of New York, made a statement that the Jews contributed 50% of the criminals of New York City. This statement was afterwards retracted as the result of many meetings held by Jewish organizations, which protested vehemently against this. unfounded accusation. While probably undue importance was attached to this incident at the time, it is certain that it sufficed to arouse community consciousness to a degree where the organization of the Kehillah became feasible.. 2. Organization and Programme The preliminary steps leading to the organization of the Kehillah were taken during the fall and winter of 1908-1909.. The conference held at, Clinton Hall,on October 11 and 12, 1908, decided that an attempt be made to form a central organization of the Jews of New York City. The breaking of the trail was entrusted to a 48 COMMUNAIL REGISTER Committee of Twenty Five, and after four months of preparation, the call for the "Constituent Convention of the Jewish Community of New York City" was issued. On February 27, 1909, three hundred delegates, representing two hundred and twenty-two organizations, convened in the auditorium of the Hebrew Charities Building. The convention was called to order by Dr. J. L. Magnes, who was elected chairman. In his keynote speech, the chairman outlined the reasons for the calling of the convention and stated the aims of the contemplated organization. He emphasized the fact that "at the present time there is no representative, authoritative, permanent organization that dare speak for the Jewish people" and that "any individual or any organization can claim to be the spokesman of the Jews, and as a result there is confusion worse confounded." He called attention to the chaos prevailing in our religious affairs, to the sorry plight in which Jewish education found itself then, to our social and charitable problems and to the utter lack of Jewish statistics, as the prerequisite of any ameliorating effort. The remedy, he saw in the creation of a Jewish public opinion. "There is no such thing at present, and a central organization like that of the Jewish Community of New York City is necessary to create a Jewish public opinion." The Constituent Convention held sessions on February 27, 28; March 6, 27 and April 10. Ultimately it adopted a constitution and proceeded to elect an executive committee consisting of twenty five members and an advisory council of seventy members. The constitution adopted gave sufficient latitude to the THE KEHILLAH (JEWISH COMMUNITY) 49 work of the new organization by declaring that the purpose of the Jewish Community of New York City is "to further the cause of Judaism in New York City and to represent the Jews of this city with respect to all local matters of Jewish interest." The apparent limitation to "local matters" was, in fact, a purely legalistic provision. The relationship of the new organization to the American Jewish Committee gave the former ample scope for making its voice heard and its opihions felt in all questions affecting the Jews the world over. This broad field of endeavor was secured through the constitutional provision that "the twenty five members elected by the Jewish Community of New York City as the Executive Committee thereof, shall, at the same time, constitute District XII of the American Jewish Committee." The proceedings of the Constituent Convention were followed with eagerness by the Jews of New York and the new Kehillah attracted a great number of followers. It is true, there were those who doubted the ultimate success of this new venture in Jewish organization. They based their lack of belief on the fact that no governmental authbrity could possibly be secured; in other words, that the Kehillah of New York could not hope to wield the same power, based on governmental coercion, as the Kehillahs of the old world. But the enthusiastic sponsors of the Kehillah felt that this apparent weakness was really a source of strength. They gloried in the fact that the new Kehillah would ultimately derive its strength from the purely moral and spiritual powers inherent in the Jewish people. 50 COMMUNAL RIEGISTEB The first year of the Kehillah was crowded with many experiences. "Each day has brought us new proofs of the need of a Kehillah," declared the Chairman of the Executive Committee, in his report to the first annual convention. The magnitude of the internal problems first revealed itself. New problems were cropping up continually, clamoring for immediate attention. Meanwhile, the Vaad Horabbonim or the Board of Authoritative Rabbis was established for the regulation of Kashruth, of Marriage and Divorce, Circumcision and Ritual Bath. The Board was also to cope with the problem of Sabbath. Observance and to establish a Beth Din or Court of Arbitration. The problems of education and of social and philanthropic work received particular attention. A report on the educational situation, embodying the findings of a comprehensive investigation, was laid before the first convention, simultaneously with the announcement that a fund of $75,000 had been given by Jacob II. Schiff and the New York Foundation for the purpose of promoting and improving Jewish education. The establishing of an Employment Bureau for handicapped Jews was recommended. The regulation of the collections for Palestinian poor, known as "Chalukah," the repudiation of "White Slave" charges made by an unfriendly magazine, intercession in behalf of Jewish employees in the various Municipal departments who wished to be excused for the High Holidays, and the conducting of four model provisional synagogues for the New Year and the Day of Atonement, were the more important of the numerous activities which engrossed the attention of the Kehillah during its first year of existence. * THE KHILLAH (JEWISH COMMUNInT) 51 3. The Kehillah at Work The founders of the Kehillah showed foresight, when they defined its main task to Jbe the formulation of our communal problems and the coordination of the existing communal instruments in order to call into being a conscious, organized and united community. The Kehillah would surely have followed this clear-sighted policy, were it not for the fact that many of the vital needs of the community had been entirely neglected. A careful survey of the field disclosed the imminent necessity of creating several new communal agencies, simultaneously with the co6rdination of those already existing. The Kehillah then set to work with unparalleled determination and perseverance, and the next seven years saw the birth of several of the most important communal instruments. In 1910, the Bureau of Education was organized, for the purpose of standardizing the methods of Jewish education. This Bureau was also to find ways and means of providing Jewish training for all the Jewish children of school age in this city. In the seven years of its existence, this Bureau has grown to astonishing proportions, and its activities, as an educational factor, have long since extended beyond the city limits. The work is conducted through nine departments, a description of which will be found elsewhere in this volume. The work of surveying and charting the communal assets, of New York Jewry was undertaken in 1911 and the results published in the Jewish Communal Directory, the first attempt of its kind in this city. The Employment Bureau for the Handicapped began 52 COMMUNAL REGISTER its activities in November, 1911, and has since helped to find employment for thousands of Jews suffering from disabilities of many sorts. The work of securing employment for handicapped Jews, brought the Kehillah face to face with one of the industrial problems affecting Jewish life, and it was'inevitable that ere long many other phases of the industrial problems would present themselves. The leaders of the Kehillah were frequently called upon to settle labor disputes, where both sides were Jews. The record of the organization abounds with many successful arbitrations of big strikes. This gave rise to the idea that the Kehillah ought to establish permanent machinery looking to the adjustment of all industrial disputes in the Jewish community. This idea was realized in 1914, when the Bureau of Industry was established. Its scope was defined as an "endeavor, on the basis of a comprehensive knowledge of industrial conditions, to direct vocational training, to provide employment for the handicapped, as well as for the highly skilled, and to work out methods for the maintenance of peace in industries where Jews preponderate." The suppression of improper moral conditions, so far as they affect the Jews in this city, was undertaken by the Welfare Committee of the Kehillah as early as 1912, following certain shocking revelations which tad cast a sinister shadow on the good name of our people. A discreet but effective activity was carried on to stamp out the shame from our house, and the work met with unusual success. Judge Gaynor, who was then Mayor of New York, expressed his approbation in a letter in which he THE KEHILLAAH (JEWISH COMMUNITY) 53 said, "nobody has done so much work to better moral conditns in this city, during my time, as you have A] ipempt to supply the dire want of scientifically train communal workers was made through the establishment of the School for Communal Work, while the Bureau of Philanthropic Research-having as its aim, the scientific study of the charity problem of New York Jewry, from a communal point of view-was organized by the Council of Jewish Communal Institutions in conjunction with the Kehillah. The maintenance of these communal agencies was a source of constant anxiety to the leaders of the Kehillah. The great mass of the people was not sufficiently alive to its obligations and failed to supply the necessary funds. But the Kehillah was undaunted. Neither indifference nor open hostility, could deflect it from the determined goal, to arouse the Jews of New York to a full realization 'of their communal needs and their communal responsibilities. 4. Democratization Intensive work, carefully planned and well directed, marked the first seven years of the Kehillah's existence. In the annals of the organization, this its first period, may well be designated as one where the use of the socalled. "scientific" method was i~ the ascendency. This method was summed up by the Chair'man of the Executive Committee in his statement to the Eighth Annual Convention, as an effort "first, to secure exact, systematic, comprehensive knowledge concerning the Jewish 54 COMMUNAL REGISTEB Community of New York City, and the Jewish problem in all of its phases; second, to engage upon f any experiments as possible through first-hand exp e of the various phases of the problem; and, third, ' oint out the paths along which the community might evelop in order to become in fact a conscious, organized, united community." But aside from the creation of this communal machinery, and the work of specialization that this entailed, the Kehillah has rendered a far greater service to the Jews of this city, by emphasizing the fact of the existence of the community. Its sheer existence had been a constant reiteration of this fact. Its activities have shown the way leading to the ultimate development of an organized community. The work of coordinating the existing communal agencies was in many instances successfully carried out, in spite of heated opposition. It was quite evident that whatever opposition there was would ultimately give way before an.awakened Jewish public opinion. Moreover, the opposition was never organized and never advanced a communal theory differing from the one held by the Kehillah. It is safe to say that it was generally actuated by tie simple motive of protecting its "vested interests" lest they cometo harm in an enlightened, well organized community.. To be sure, there was also honest opposition. But' this may be traced to the innate distrust that many people have for everything new and unusual. 'One of t8' greatest gains of the Kehillah in the eight years of its existence was the dissipation of this distrust, of this Kehillah-phobia. The comiplexion of the Jewish com THE KEIHLLAH (JEWISH COMMUNITY) 55 munity has materially changed during these years, and all Jewish work is now carried on on a much higher plane than it was carried on prior to 1910. The Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies, a project insistently advocated by the Kehillah, may fairly be pointed out as an example of the awakening communal consciousness. However, one phase of the Kehillah's work receded into the background, owing to the all-absorbing activity of communal experimentation; namely, the expansion of the Kehillah organization from the point of view of numbers. The great mass of New York Jewry, while tacitly approving the work of the Kehillah, has not displayed an active interest in the formation of its policy and of its programme. This indifference on the part of the Jewish mass may be traced to a somewhat defective system of representation which considered the Jewish society as the only unit from which representation was allowed to the annual convention. The distribution of the Jewish populatiof in Greater New York, creating densely populated Jewish districts at points widely remote from each other, was another contributing factor. As a central organization, the Keiillah was too far removed from the simpler elements of our population, who are impressed only by a concrete, visible fact. Many of them had only heard of the existence of the Kehillah and most likely considered it as "one of many good organizations." At the last annual convention, this phase of the problem was carefully gone into and the thorough-going democratization of the Kehillah decided upon. To afford 56 COMMUNAL REGISTER the Kehillah an opportunity for doing the work 'of democratization without let or hindrance, it was deemed best to sever the Bureaus from the Kehillah and to give them an independent existence, so that all the energy of the Kehillah could be devoted to its main task: namely, the formulation of our communal problems and the coordination of the existing communal agencies which will bring about a conscious, organized and united community. The plan of representation, appended to this review, was the result of a careful study of the various constituencies which would make the Kehillah representative of New York Jewry in the widest sense. It is based on the experience of the Kehillah since 1908, in addition to a * careful and searching survey which extended over six months of investigation, from July, 19i7, to January, 1918. The compilation and the interpretation of these facts are submitted in this volume. N THE KEHILLAH (JEWISH.COMMUNITY) 57 II AN ACT To Incorporate the Kehillah of New York City. The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. Judah L. Magnes, William Fischman, Joseph Barondess, Louis Borgenicht, Samuel Dorf, Bernard Drachman, Israel Friedlaender, Harry Fischel, Samuel I. Hyman, Morris Jarmulowsky, Philip Klein, Leon Kamaiky, Adolph Lewisohn, Moses Z. Margolies, Louis Marshall, H. Pereira Mendes, Solomon Neumann, Jacob H. Schiff, Bernard Semel, Joseph Silverman, Pierre A. Siegelstein, Solomon M. Stroock, Cyrus L. Sulzberger, Israel Unterberg and Felix M. Warburg, and their associates and successors, are hereby constituted a body corporate in perpetuity, under the name of the Kehillah of New York City, and by said name shall possess all of the powers which by the general corporation law are conferred upon corporations, and shall be capable of taking, holding and acquiring, by deed, gift, purchase,. bequest, devise or by judicial order or decree, any estate, real or personal, in trust or otherwise, which shall be necessary or useful for the uses and purposes of the corporation, to the amount of three million dollars; and to act as one of the constituent bodies of and to cooperate with the/American Jewish Committee, a corporation organized under chapter sixteen of the laws of nineteen hundred and eleven. Sec. 2. The objects of said corporation shall be, to stimulate and encourage the instruction of the Jews residing in the city of New York in the tenets of their religion and in the history, language, literature, institutions and traditions of their people; to conduct, support and maintain schools and classes for that purpose; to publish and distribute text-books, maps, charts, and illustrations to facilitate such instruction; to conduct lectures and classes in civics and other kindred subjects; to establish an educational bureau to further the foregoing purposes; to conduct religious services and support, maintain and establish temporary as well as permanent synagogues; to adjust differences among Jewish residents or organizations located in said city, whenever thereunlt requested by the parties thereto, by arbitration or by means' of boards of mediation and conciliation; to maintain an. employment bureau; to collate and publish staistical.and other information concerning the Jewish inhabitants of said city and their activities; to study and ameliorate their: to I 58 COMMUNAL REGISTER cial, moral and economic conditions, and to cooperate with the various charitable, philanthropic, educational and religious organizations and bodies of said city for the promotion of their common welfare. Sec. 3. The business and affairs of said corporation shall be conducted by a board of twenty-five members to be known as the executive committee, and the persons named in the first section of this act as incorporators shall constitute the first executive committee of said corporation. At the first' meeting of said executive committee held after the passage of this act, the members thereof shall be divided into three classes, the first of which shall hold office until the installation of their successors, who shall be elected at a convention held by the members of said corporation as herein provided, and such successors shall hold office for a period of three years from date of their installation; the second class shall hold office for two years after the holding of said convention, and the third for one year thereafter, or until their respective successors shall be elected. At the expiration of the term of any member of the executive committee his successor shall be elected for a term of three years. All vacancies which may occur in said committee shall be filled until the ensuing election by said committee. An annual election for members of said committee shall take place at a convention of the members of said corporation tb be held at such time and in such manner as shall be fixed by the bylaws to be adopted by said executive committee, or by the members of said corporation in convention assembled. At all meetings of the executive committee one-third thereof shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, but io by-law shall be adopted, amended or repealed without the presence of a majority of the members of said committee for the time being. See. 4. The members of said corporation shall consist of the persons who shall be designated and chosen as delegates to the annual convention of said corporation by such method or methods and by such organizations, societies, nominating antd constituent bodies as shall be provided in by-laws to be adopted for that purpose by the executive committee, such by-laws being, however, subject to alteration, revision or amendment at any regular convention of said corporation or' at a special convention called for such purpose, provided tlat thirty days' notice be given of the prop-osed change. 9ec.. This act shall take effect immeldiately. Thi &ect was signed by the Governor April 5, 1914. 59 I1I CONSTITUTION OF THE NEW YORK JEWISH COMMUNITY (Adopted February 28, 1909) I. NAME The name of this organization shall be the Jewish Community of New York City. II. PURPOSE The purpose of the Jewish Community of New York City shall be to further the cause of Judaism in New York City, and to represent the Jews of this city with respect to all local matters of Jewish interest. This organization shall not engage in any propaganda of a partisan political nature, or interfere with the autonomy of a constituent organization. III. MEMBERSHIP The Jewish Community of New York City shall be constituted in the following manner from among the Jewish organizations and societies of New York City. 1. Every incorporated Synagogue with net less than 50 or more than 250 contributing members or seat-holders-one delegate. For every additional 250 contributing members or seat-holders or fraction thereof-one delegate. Incorporated Synagogues with less than 50 contributing, members or seat-holders may unite for purposes of election on the above basis. 2. Every incorporated local Federation of Jewish Societiesone delegate for every ten constituent societies. 3. Every incorporated Jewish Society, or chartered Lodge, in sympathy with the objects of the Community, with not less than 100 members, and not affiliated with any local federation, under / 60 COMMUNAL REGISTER paragraph 2 above, one delegate, and one additional delegate for each additional 1,500 members. Such Societies with less than 100 members may unite for purposes of election on the above basis. Junior and Auxiliary Societies shall not be represented. 4. Societies of Rabbis, Cantors or Social Workers, and Faculties of Jewish Colleges-one delegate each. 5. No organization shall have representation in this Community unless it shall have been established at least one year before the date of the application for representation; except federations of such societies as have been in existence for over a year. 6. The Executive Committee of the Community shall have the power to decide on the eligibility of organizations and delegates; subject, however, to the right of any organization or delegate to appeal to the convention from the decision of the Executive Committee. 7. No person shall be eligible as a delegate, unless he be an American citizen. 8. Delegates shall be chosen for one year and shall serve until their successors are elected. 9. Political organizations shall not be eligible for membership. IV. MEETINGS AND OFFICERS 1. At the first meeting of the Jewish Community of New York City, there shall be elected an Executive Committee of twenty-five, and at each annual meeting thereafter, five members shall be elected for a term of five years each. Immediately after the first meeting, the Executive Committee shall divide itself by lot into five classes of five members each, to hold office for one, two, three, four and five years, respectively. 2. The annual meetings of the Jewish Community of New York City shall be held during Succoth Week, unless the Executive Committee at their discretion determine otherwise. S 3. An Advisory Council of -Seventy shall be elected at the annual meeting of the Community, who shall serve for one year and until their successors are chosen. They shall aid with their THE KEHILLAH (JEWISH COMMUNITY) 61 advice and cooperation the Executive Committee from time to time. V. RELATIONSHIP TO THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 1. The twenty-five members elected by the Jewish Community of New York City as the Executive Committee thereof, shall at the same time constitute District XII of the American Jewish Committee. 2. The American Jewish Committee shall have exclusive jurisdiction over all questions affecting the Jews generally not of a purely local character. 3. The Executive Committee of the Jewish Community of New York City shall have jurisdiction over all questions of a local character, or which shall specifically affect the New York Community itself, subject, however, to the right of any two members of the Executive Committee, who shall at the same time be members of the Executive Committee of the American Jewish Committee, to appeal tp the latter from any action determined upon, if they shall certify that in their opinion the action proposed to be taken shall infringe upon the jurisdiction of the Akmerican Jewish Committee, in which event a special meeting of the Executive Committee of the latter shall be held within ten days to consider such appeal. All action by the New York Community as to the subject matter of the appeal shall be suspended until the decision of the appeal, which decision shall be final. 4. It shall not be within the province of any member of the Executive Committee of the American Jewish Committee chosen from any other district, to take such appeal or to interfere with the action of the New York Community. 5. Any person, who shall have been elected a member of the American Jewish Committee, shall continue to complete his term of office in that Committee, and as ex-officio member of the Executive Committee of the Community of New York City, notwithstanding the fact that he may not have been re-elected a delegate. VI. DUES Each organization shall pay dues of five dollars ($5) per annum per delegate, and any deficiency shall be covered by an aeaament 62 COMMUNAL REGISTER upon the constituent societies in proportion to their representation, such additional assessment in no year to exceed five dollars ($5) per delegate. VII.' SPECIAL MEETINGS Special meetings shall be held upon written request of onefourth of the delegates of the Community, or may be called by the Executive Committee of its own motion. VIII. QUORUMS 1. One-fourth of the total number of delegates shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at a meeting of the Community. 2. Eleven members of the Executive Committee shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at a meeting of the Executive Committee. IX. AMENDMENTS This Constitution may be amended by the vote of two-thirds of the delegates at any meeting, provided that three months' previous notice of any proposed amendment be submitted to the constituent organizations, and provided that in no event shall any amendment be made to Article V, without the concurrence of the American Jewish Committee. Individual members, or members at large, and contributors to the Kehillah paying one dollar and more per annum, shall have the right to assemble and elect one delegate to the Convention for every two hundred of such members or contributors, and one additional delegate for each additional five hundred of such mem-bers and contributors. I 68 IV OUTLINE OF PLAN OF KEHILLAHI REPRESENTATION (Proposed and adopted at the Special Convention of the. Kehillah, held January 13, 1918) 1. Geographic Basis of Representation II. Kehillah Constituencies The City of New York shall be divided into 18 Kehillah Districts which shall comprise a total of 100 Kehillah Neighborhoods apportioned to each in accordance with (the number of) its Jewish population.. Three (3) of these 18 Kehillah Districts shall be designated as Suburban Kehillah Districts, the Borough of Richmond constituting one Suburban District, and the Borough of Queens being divided into two (2) Suburban Districts. The Districts shall be designated by names and the Neighborhoods' by numbers. For example: North Bronx Kehillah District, Neighborhood 5. Yorkville Kehillah District, Neighborhood 31. The Delegates to the Kehillah Convention shall be elected by the following constituencies: 1. Kehillah members in good standing. 2. Synagogues, Organizations and Institutions affiliated with the Kehillah. 3. Existing Central Organizations, such as Federations, Orders, etc., of Greater New York, whose constituent societies are affiliated with the Kehillah. 64 COMMUNAL REGISTER III. Number of Delegates in the Kehillah Convention IV. Allotment of Delegates The total number of delegates to the Kehillah Convention shall be 550. The maximum number of delegates based upon the full representation of all the 100 Kehillah Neighborhoods from the 18 Kehillah Districts, shall be 500. (Each Kehillah District is entitled to five times as many delegates as there are Kehillah Neighborhoods in the District). All the central organizations, such as Federations, Orders, etc., shall be entitled to a maximum number of 50 delegates, allotted equally. The delegates to be elected in each Kehillah District shall be divided as follows: 1. Two-fifths of the delegates to be known as Membership Delegates shall be elected by the members of the Kehillah, residing in the Kehillah Neighborhoods, two delegates for each Neighborhood. 2. Two-fifths of the delegates to be known as Organization Delegates shall be elected by the Synagogues, Organizations and Institutions which have their meeting places in that Kehillah District, and are affiliated with the Kehillah. 3. One-fifth of the delegates to be known as Kehillah District Delegates; onehalf of these delegates allotted to each District are to be elected by Kehillah members in that District and the other half should be elected by the District Assembly composed of Synagogues, Organizations and Institutions in that. District which are affiliated with the Kehillah. PLAN OF REPRESENTATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE KEHILLAH (JEWISH COMMUNITY) OF NEW YORK JEWISH COMMUNITY OF NEW YORK CITY POPULATION 1,500,000 I I I I - 1 coI CN I I I I I - lz I 1 $ F - I s I IZ-11 1\ I I *I I I.I I I r I I. -- CENTRAL ORGANIZATIONS I. FEDERATIONS OF CHARITIES 2.VERBANDS 3. ORDERS. CONGREGATIONAL UNIONS 5. CENTRAL ZIONIST ORGANIZATIONS 5. FEDERATIONS OF SISTERHOODS ETC. I SYNAGOGUES | HEBREW SCHOOLS Y.M.H.A's Y.W.H.A's | SETTLEMENTS HOSPITALS CHARITABLE RELIEF SOCIETIES DAY NURSERIES ORPHAN ASYLUMS TRADE AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS LOAN SOCIETIES LABOR ORGANIZATIONS MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES TRADE ASSOCIATIONS | IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETIES SANITARIA AND CONVALESCENT HOMES HOMES FOR AGED AND INFIRM CORRECTIONAL SOCIETIES ZIONIST ORGANIZATIONS EMPLOYMENT BUREAUS IINSTTUTIONS FOR DEFECTIVES BURIAL SOCIETIES SOCIAL SOCIETIES ANNUAL NEIGHBORHOOD ELECTION DISTRICT I MEMBERSHIP | DELEGATES DELEGATES DISTRICT ASSEMBLY DISTRICT DRGANIZATIO I DELEGATES DELEGATES KEHILLAH CONVENTION ORGANIZATION DELEGATES______ 200 MEMBERSHIP DELEGATES________ 200 DISTRICT DELEGATES_____ 100 CENTRAL ORGANIZATION DELEGATES. 50 TOTAL 550 I a EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE I MIME:] I I J___________________[ ____ 3 4 I 7 Qi. - 8..t 10 - I. 12 - 13 _ ^__ 14 sh <>_______________~ _ _ 15 li\ IQ________________ 17 1 - __ — - RELIGIOUS AFFAIR PHILANTHROPY _____________ CORRECTIONAL AFFAIRS EDUCATION | ~ iIT I V RECREATION "INDUSTRY S |PUBLICITY _FINANCES LEGISLATION O I I DISCRIMINATION 0 GINFORMATION AND SERVICE MEMBERSHIP AND ORGANIZATION ADMINI IVE C IL CHA v CO MITTEE Of Of BUREAU CHAIRMEN in= M-U-1 W-5 MAO OF CWK& m ECOMM TNWIC MCTOK ATM w M"- YjjjtL m OF JIM Now mom VWAK mom STAYGM COWPAK mom mom mom Now-By Wm > *. * * * - * a 0 THE KEHILLAH. (JEWISH COMMUNITY) 65 To illustrate: The Central Manhattan Kehillah District comprises 4 Kehillah Neighborhoods and will therefore be entitled to elect twenty (20) delegates to the Kehillah Convention; the delegates to be elected in the following manner: A. The Kehillah members in each one of the four Neighborhoods elect 2 delegates, giving a total of........ 8 B. All of the Kehillah members of the District elect one-half of the District Delegates, or................ 2 C. The Kehillah District Assembly, consisting of representatives of the local organizations affiliated with the Kehillah, will elect two-fifths of the entire District allotment, or....... 8 D. The Kehillah District Assembly, consisting of representatives of the local organizations affiliated with the Kehillah, will elect one-half of the Kehillah District Delegates, or..... 2 Total.......................... 20 V. Methods of 1. ELECTION OF MEMBERSHIP DELEGATES Election In each Kehillah Neighborhood, the members shall assemble at a date fixed by the Kehillah District Board (See Section VIII) for the purpose of voting. A. For two membership delegates. (NOTE: Voting in any Neighborhood shall take place only after there are residing in the Neighborhood fifty ehillah members in good standing. For the first fifty Kehillah members, the Neighborhood shall be entitled to vote for one Membership Delegate to the COMMUNAL REGISTER Kehillah Convention. Neighborhoods which shall have 150 Kehillah members, or more, shall be entitled to two Membership Delegates. A Neighborhood, which, at any given election will have less than fifty Kehillah members, shall be combined with one or more Kehillah Neighborhoods for the purpose of voting). B. For one-half of the allotment of District Delegates. 2. ELECTION OF ORGANIZATION DELEGATES (INDIRECT REPRESENTATION) A. Kehillah District Assemblies. a. Organization of l$ehillah District Assemblies. Every Synagogue, Organization and Institution which is affiliated with the Kehillah shall be entitled to send not less than one representative and not more than five representatives to the Kehillah District Assembly to which it belongs, according to the following scale: Those having25 to 149 members...... 1 representative 150 " 299 "......2 representatives 300 " 599 "......3 " 600 " 999."......4 1000 members or more....5. " (NOTE: Seat-holders in Synagogues shall be counted as members for purposes of representation.) The Kehillah District Boards shall fix the date and place for the gathering of the Kehillah District Assemblies. b. Functions of the Kehillah District Assemblies. THE KEHILLAH (JEWISH COMMUNITY) 1. The Kehillah District Assembly shall elect the Organization Delegates for that District, constituting two-fifths of the delegates allotted to the District. 2. The Kehillah District Assembly shall also elect one-half of the Kehillah District Delegates allotted to the District. 3. ELECTION OF KEHILLAH DISTRICT DELEGATES The Kehillah District Delegates (one-fifth of the total number of delegates allotted to the district) shall be elected as previously indicated. (See Section V. par. 1B and 2b2). 4. ELECTION OF KEHILLAH DELEGATES BY CENTRAL ORGANIZATIONS The delegates who shall be designated as Central Organization Delegates shall be allotted, equally, to the existing central organizations of New York City whose constituent societies are affiliated with the Kehillah and shall be elected by them. The method of election shall be left to the discretion of each of the central organizations. 5. ELECTION OF DELEGATES FOR SUBURBAN KEHmLLAH DISTRCTS In the Suburban Kehillah Districts of Queens and Richmond, the methods of election shall be the same as in the City Kehillah Districts, except that the District Delegates shall be elected wholly by the Kehillab members in those districts. 68 COMMUNAL REGISTER 6. SUBSTITUTE METHOD OF ELECTION IN KEmHLLAH DISTRICTS NOT ADEQUATELY ORGANIZED In Kehillah Districts, where for some reason satisfactory to the Kehillah Board of Elections, no District Assembly can be held, the Synagogues, Organizations and Institutions of that District, affiliated with the Kehillah, may elect their delegates directly to the Kehillah Convention according to the old plan of representation. The total number of delegates elected by all these organizations shall not exceed the number of Organization Delegates allotted to that District. VI. Nominations 1. FOR KEHILLAH MEMBERSHIP DELEGATES A. Through Committees on Nominations. Each Kehillah District Board (see Section VIII) shall appoint from among the delegates elected to the previous annual Kehillah Convention, one delegate from each Kehillah Neighborhood to act on the District Nomination Committee. The Board of Elections of the Kehillah (see Section IX) shall appoint an equal number from the delegates residing in the District. These two groups shall. jointly choose a chairman. The committee, constituted in this manner, shall nominate the Membership Delegates who are to be elected by the Neighborhoods of that District. B. Through Independent Nominations. One-tenth of the Kehillah members in any given Neighborhood, who have been in good standing for the previous six months, may file a petition with the District Committee on Nominations, to place on the Ballot of THE KEHILLAH (JEWISH COMMUNITY) 69 that Neighborhood a candidate designated by them. 2. FOR KEHILLAH ORGANIZATION DELEGATES The chairman of the District Assembly shall appoint the Committee on Nominations for the Organization Delegates to be elected at the Kehillah District Assembly. Nominations from the floor shall be permitted. 3. FOR KEHILLAu DISTRICT DELEGATES The Kehillah District Delegates shall be nominated by the Board of Elections of the Kehillah. VII. District Representation in the Executive Committee of the Kehillah VII!. Kebillah District Boards Whenever a Kehillah District is not represented on the Executive Committee of the Kehillah, the Executive Committee shall elect from such District a representative to the Executive Committee to serve until the next annual convention, though it become necessary to exceed the number of 36 members on the Executive Committee. A. Organization of Kehillah District Board Immediately following the Kehillah Convention, the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Kehillah shall sblect from among the District delegates of each District, a Kehillah District Board, to consist of not less than ten, and not more than fifteen members; (except in the Suburban Districts, where it shall consist of five members). The rule applying to the Executive Committee of the Keeillah, that a member of the Executive Committee must not hold aiy salaried 70 COMMUNAL REGISTER elective public office, shall apply to the Kehillah District Boards. The Chairman of this Board shall be that member of the Kehillah Executive Committee, who represents the District. In case there should be two or more members of the Executive Committee residing in the same District, the chairman of the District Board shall be elected from among the Executive members of the Kehillah, by the members of the District Board. All members of the Kehillah Executive Committee residing in a given Kehillah District, shall ipso facto be members of the Kehillah District Board. B. Funotions of the Kehillah District Board a. The Kehillah District Boards shall administer Kehillah affairs in their respective districts in accordance with the policy and principles of the central organization. b. The Kehillah District Boards shall have supervision of the Kehillah District Assemblies in their respective Districts. The Chairman of the Kehillah District Board is to act as the chairman of the Kehillah District Assembly in his District. c. The Kehillah District Boards shall have charge of the Membership Campaign to obtain members for the Kehillah in their respective Districts. d. The Chairman of the Kehillah District Board shall appoint one representative from the District to each of the subcommittees of the Kehillah. KEHIH (JEWISH COMMUNITY) IX. Kehillah Board of Elections The conduct and supervision of all Kehillah elections shall be in charge- of a Kehillah Board of Elections, which shall be constituted as follows: The total number of members on the Board shall be twenty-one. It shall consist of the eighteen chairmen of the Kehillah District Boards, the Chairman and the Secretary of the Administrative Council, and a chairman of the Election Board to be appointed by the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Kehillah. 172 V EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1917-1918 J. L. MAGNES Cm~us L. SULZBERGERWITu-I Am FISCHMANJACOB MASSEL -- ISAAc ALLEN JOSEPH BARoN'DESS S. BEzjRLY Louis IORGENICHT ELIAs A. COHEN JULIUS J. Dux~s SAMUEL DORF MRS. WILLIAM EINSTEIN HARRY FisCHEL IsR~Am FRIEDLAENDER H. M. GOLDFOGLE JACOB KOHN DAVID KORNBLUEH HERBERT H. LEHMAN LEO, LERNER -ADOLPH LEwIsOHN - - Chairman - Vice-Chairman -- Treasurer - -Secretary WILLIAM LIEBERMANN Louis MARSHALL I. MASLIANSIKY H. PEREIRA MENDES EUGENE MEYER, JR. LEON MoissEiFF S. NEuMANN S. ROTTENBERG LEON SANDERS JACOB H. ScHIFF BERNARD AEmEL P. A. SLEGELSTEI JOSEPH SILVERMAN I. M. STETTENHEIM ISRARI. UNTERBERG FELIax M. WARB3URG JACOIJ WERTHEIM THE KEHILLAH (JEWISH COMMUNITY) 73 ADMINISTRATIVE COUNCIL S. BENDERLY- - Chairman HARRY SACKLER - - - - Secretary CHAIRMEN STANDING COMMITTEES Correctional Affairs -- - Discrimination - - - - -- LEON MOISSEIFF Education --- Finances - - - - - - WmLLAM FISCHMAN Industry ---Information and Service - - - BERNARD SEMEL Legislation - - - Louis MARSHALL WILLIAM LIEBERMANN, Vice-Chairman Membership and Organization - S. ROTTENBERG Publicity --- Recreation - ----- ELIAS A. COHEN Religious Affairs - - - - - ISAAC ALLEN War Emergency - - - - HENRY M. GOLDFOGLE Address all communications to KEHILLAH (JEwISH COMMUNITY) OF NEW YORK CITY 356 SECOND AVENUE. TELEPHONE: GRAMERCY 7170 I I Oversize I 78 A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE JEWISH POPULATION OF NEW YORK By AEXANDER M. DUSHKIN Head of Department of Study and Appraisal, Bureau of Jewish Education From the viewpoint of communal organization, it is important to determine the number of Jewish inhabitants of New York City. Within the lifetime of one generation, the New York community has grown into the largest Jewish center in history. Whatever attempts are made to organize this colossal "congregation" of Jews should be based upon an accurate knowledge of the size and distribution of the population. How many Jews are there in the American metropolis and where do they live t The answer to these questions will' indicate not only the site of the communal problems involved, but also the methods of organization which may be employed, as well as the material and spiritual resources that are available for the solution of the community's problems. For constructive communal work, a general estimate of the pbpulation is not sufficient. It is necessary to know how the Jewish population is distributed, because within the area of Greater New York, there are more than a dozen large' Jewish settlements. Densely congested Jewish districts alternate with sparsely settled areas. If the Jewish ecotmmunity is to enlist the interest of all of its members, and COMMUNAI REGISTER if it is to work on their behalf, it needs to know the number of Jews living in each particular locality or neighborhood. The ideal method for answering these questions would be by means of an accurate house-to-house census enumeration. But this is not possible. Since the United States government rightly abstains from asking questions concerning religious affiliation, we are not able to obtain an answer to our questions directly fr6m the federal census. Any other canvass, undertaken by a non-governmental body, is bound to be inaccurate and inadequate. In want of this ideal method of direct enumeration, we must resort to estimates of the Jewish population. These estimates have in the past ranged from mere guesses, to careful judgments based upon elaborate statistical studies. In the table appended at the end of this article are shown the successive estimates made of New York Jews from 1790. to our own day. Opinions of rabbis and other communal workers; data gathered by means of questionnaires; and computations based upon birth, death and marriage statistics, have been the most usual means of estimation. In the Jewish Communal Directory published in 1912,-the late Dr. Joseph Jacobs presented a careful treatment of the problem. His study is as good an example as any, of the methods usually employed. Not only. birth, death, and marriage rates, but also immigration figures, and the-proportion of popular Jewish names (such as Cohen), are utilized for determining the Jewish population. In this article we wish to present another, and hitherto unused, method of estimating the number of Jews inNew York City. JEWISH POPULATION OF NEW YORK CITY 77 School Attendlance on the Jewish Holidays It is a well known fact that whatever differences of belief and attitude may exist among the Jews, they are almost unanimous in observing the High Holidays, (New Year and the Day of Atonement). Practically, all Jewish children refrain from attending public school on those days. The suggestion therefore presented itself, that if we could find the attendance in the public schools on these holidays, and compare it with the attendance on normal days, we should get a rather accurate estimate of the number of Jewish children in the public schools of New York. If we could then find the proportion of school children to the total population, we would be furnished with a ready means for determining the total Jewish population of New York. In connection with a study undertaken by the writer for Teachers' College, Columbia University,1 it was possible to obtain reliable data concerning the attendance in the New York public schools on the Jewish High Holidays, in the years 1913 and 1914.2 These were compared with the attendance on normal days during the same years. It was found that 40.5% of the children stay away from public school on the Jewish holidays.8 But in view of the fact that the non-Jewish attendance in the public schools is probably also affected by the Jewish High IHoli4'A Survey of Jewish Religious Education in New York Cit," dissertation submitted for the Ph.D. degree, Teachers' College, Columbia University, 1918. 2 The information for 1915 and 1916 was not available, because in 1915 the Jewish holidays occurred during registration week of the public schools and in 1916 the epidemic of infantile paralysis of that year vitiated all attendance figures. For complete tables and detailed method, see: "A Survey of Jewish Religious Education in New York City"' Part II, Chapter I, referred.to above. 78 COMMUNAL REGISTER day, the proportion of Jewish children mh the entire city was reduced to 38%.1 By boroughs, the proportion is as follows: Manhattan 48%, Bronx 40%, Brooklyn 38%, Queens 7%, and Richmond 5%.2 Since the total register in the public schools, 1915-1916, was 730,756, it would seem that there were in that year 277,244 Jewish children, in the eight grades of the New York public schools. Of these 133,603 were in Manhattan, 38,621 in the Bronx, 100,251 in Brooklyn, 3,953 in Queens, and 816 in Richmond. Jewish Names in the School Census In order to corroborate the proportion of Jewish children of school age'obtained in our study of school attendance on the Jewish holidays, another method of estimation was resorted to. The Bureau of Attendance of the Board of Education keeps a continuous school census of the population of New York. Some million and 1 There are two factors which affect the proportion of Jewish childrenj one tends to make it higher than 40.5%, and the other makes it lower. No doubt a number of Jewish children attend school on one or all the Jewish holidays. This would make the actual proportion of Jewish children in the public schools higher than' 40.5%. On the other hand, it it 'qaiMlyoertain that there are a goodly number of non-Jewish children who stay away fromp school on these days, because of the general "hoHiday" especially in the districts where the Jewish children are in the majority. By an elaborate method of checking, based upon the second method Of estimation, which Wil be discussed presently, the proportion of Jerwih children was put at 38%. *A check on our estimate is furnished by the data obtained /n the investigation of the United States Congress Immigration Commission of 1910. The method used by the Congressional Commission consisted in queitofiing children of the public schools concerning the nationality of theii fathers. The per cent of children designating their fathers as of Hebrew nativity was 46.1% in Manhattan, 20.2% in the Bronx, 29.9% in -Brgoklyn, 8.5% in Queens and 2.8% in Richmond. Considering the fact tbtttie 'fiureW Of the Immigration Commission do not include the per cent' f the Jewish children who designated their fathers as of American, Russian, German or other races, the similarity is significant. The largest discrpancy between these figures and those 'of our estimate is in the Bfoen,: But it is a matter of common knowledge that there has been a very large influx of Jews into the Brbnx within the past seven years. JEWISH POPULATION OF NEW YORK OITr a half cards are filed in the census division of the Bureau, each of which represents acomplete family, parents and children. From these cards, 4,215 families were selected at random, representing a total of 10,332 children of school age. The names on these cards were judged as to whether they were Jewish or non-Jewish.1 About onethird, 33%, of all the children of school age, in the public, parochial, and private schools of this city *ere judged to be Jews. The results obtained by this method are in close agreement with those obtained by the school attendance method. Since the 33% represents not only the public school children but also the children in private and parochial schools, we should add to the 730,756 (elementary public school register 1915-1916), the 200,000 children estimated to be in the elementary parochial and private schools of The method of selection and judgment was as follows: At intervals of about 350 cards, two cards were selected, the first cards forming set I, and the second cards forming set II. The names were then judged by myself, and by Mr. Meir Isaacs, a graduate student of Columbia University, as to whether they were Jewish or non-Jewish. In order to insure careful judgment, five categories were used: 'Jewish; non-Jewish; doubtful-Jewish; doubtful non-Jewish; doubtful." In these judgments we were greatly aided by the information upon the cards, which gave' the first names of the father and mother and of all- of the children; the nativity of the parents and the children the length of their 'siay li America; the year of their immigration; the country of their emigvatiln; and the occupation of the father. It will be readily seen tlat these data furnish good clues for juding whether the family id Jewish or not In most cases there was no doubt whatever in the judgment. In the caee of German names, such as Bamberger, or Anglicized names, such as Brown, these data, while not equally certain, were also effective. 'Thui, if a child attended a Catholic parochial school, it would certainly be safe to assume the family non-Jewish. If in an immigrantJamily livini oi Canal Street, theson's first name was the sanme as his father's, it would be reasonable td assume the family non-Jewish, because it is not customary among Eastern European Jews to name their children after.living relatives, especially after the father; etc. The data, furnished by the cards themselves, were so helpful in deciding the judgments, that only 196 cases, or 4,6% of the cases were included in ANY. of the doubtful categories. To guard against the temptation to call doubtful cases Jewish, ALL DOUBTFUL CASES WERE COUNTED AS NON-JEWtH. For greater accuracy, the judgments were made in two sets,tan the average was used in computing the proportion of Jewish childr., 80 COMMUNAL REGISTER New York.1 This would make a total of 930,756 children of school age in New York, between the ages of 5 and 14, of whom 307,149 were Jewish children. By the school attendance method we computed that there were 277,244 Jewish children in the elementary public schools of New York (1915-1916). To this number should be added approximately 20,000 Jewish children in the private and parochial schools, making a total of 297,244 children of elementary school age. The difference between the two methods is therefore about 9,900, or a difference of 3.0%. Considering the fact that not all of the Jewish children between the ages of 5 and 14 are at school,2 the agreement between the two methods is very striking. In accordance with these computations, we are forced to the conclusion that the number of Jewish children of elementary school age (i.e. 5 to 14 years), in this city, is nearly 300,000. Startling as this figure may appear, it is fully warranted by a consideration of the facts. To safeguard against the possibility of exaggeration, how-! ever, we shall discard our estimate of the Jewish children in the private and parochial schools, and will make use only of the public school figures. We shall certainly be safe in placing the total number of Jewish children of elementary school age (5-14) as low as 275,000. I Estimate of the Statistical Division of the Department of Education, -New York State. ISome obtain their working certificates at the age of 13, and, others are out of school temporarily. The per cent of children between 10-14 in Net York State, who attend school, is given as 94.4% (Federal Census 1910, Population, Vol. m, p. 214). Oversize JEWISH POPULATION OF -NEW YORK CITY 81 Estimate of Jewish Population With this figure in mind, we can proceed to our estimate of the total Jewish population. The proportion of children between the ages of 5 and 14 to the total population is approximately 18%.1 But it is difficult to estimate whether the proportion of children to adults among Jews is lower or higher than it is in the general population. On the one hand, the probability is that there are more children of school age in the average Jewish family than in the average non-Jewish family.2 This would make the proportion of children among Jews slightly higher than it is among non-Jews. On the other hand, the fact that New York Jews are so largely composed of foreign-born immigrants, would tend to make the proportion of children lower than in the general population.3 We shall therefore not be far wrong in assuming that the proportion of children among Jews is also about 18%. Upon the basis of the 275,000 children of elementary 1 In the United States Census of 1910, Population, Vol. III, p. 220, out of a total population for New York City of 4,766,883, the number of children from 5 to 14 is given as 860,6'94, or 18.0%. This would make the ratio, 1:5.55. 2 From a study of over 4,000 families selected at random from the census cards of the Bureau of Attendance of the Board of Education, it was found that the average Jewish family has 2.5 children at school, whereas the average non-Jewish family has 2.35 children at school. This would make a difference of.15 children per family or 15 children per 100 families. Assuming 5 to 6 individuals per family, this would mean a difference of from 2.5% to 3% in the proportion of children. 8 In the United States Census of 1910, Population, Vol. III, p. 220, the proportion of children between 5 and 14 years in the native population is 26.0, whereas among the foreign-born whites it is as low as 7.0%. But as the Jewish immigration is largely a "family immigration," the proportion of children among them is probably twice as great as among other immigrants. Thus Samuel Joseph in "Jewish Immigration to the United States," p. 180, shows that whereas the age group "under 14" (which includes also children below 5) is 12.3% for all European immigrants, it is about twice as large, 24.8%, among the Jews. If, therefore, we estimate the proportion of school children (5-14) among immigrant Jews\to be about 14%, it would still be 4% lower than in the entire population. COMMUNAL REGISTER school age, this would give New York a Jewish population of 1,527,778, or approximately 1,500,000. No doubt this figure will cause astonishment to many. One million and a half Jews is an extraordinary community. The next largest Jqwish community in the world, that of the city of Warsaw, is estimated to have been between 300,000 and 330,000 Jews, about one-fifth as many as we estimate for New York. All of the countries of Western Europe, together with the countries of South America, Canada and Palestine combined, do not have as many Jews as live in this city. (See map frontispiece.) If we accept the estimate of the number of Jews in the world as about 14,000,000, one Jew out of every ten resides in New York. Distribution of Jewish Population How is this large population distributed? It is well known that all immigrant populations congregate in particular neighborhoods. This is also true of the Jews. By the methods of estimating the population in the past, we have been unable to obtain the desired information concerning the distribution of the Jews. But it can readily be seen that by the method of school attendance, we can determine with a fair degree of accuracy the number of Jews in each locality. Our estimate for the boroughs is as follows: Manhattan................... 696,000 The Bronx..................... 211,000 Brooklyn....................568,000 Queens.....................23,000 Richmond..................... 5000 JEWISH POPULATION OP NEW YORK CITY 83 But for the purposes of communal organization, these units are too large. Smaller working units are needed. The city was therefore divided into fifteen districts, each having approximately 100,000 Jews; and each district was further subdivided into neighborhoods of approximately 15,000 Jews.1 The following table, together with the accompanying map show these divisions and their estimated population:2 District 1: North Bronx District...103,000 population Neighborhood 1-10,000 Neighborhood 5-17,000 " 2-10,000 t 6-18,000 3-18,000 " 7-15,000 4-15,000 District II: South Bronx District... 108,000 population Neighborhood 8-18,000 Neighborhood 12-13,000 " 9-17,000 " 13-15,000 10-14,000 " 14-16,000 t" 11-15,000 Dist. III: West Side & Harlem Dist..97,000 population Neighborhood 15-10,000 Neighborhood 19-12,000 16-14,000 20-18,000 17-15,000 " 21-18,000 18 —0,000 1 Besides the fifteen districts in Manhattan, Bronx and Brooklyn, three "suburban" districts were made of Queens and Richmond. 'The method pursued in compptation consisted in taking the attendance figures for each individual public school, and combining the area, so as to make groups of some 2,700 children, or approximately 15,000 Jews. 1 For boundaries of districts and neighborhoods, see accompanying map, facing page 75. 84 COMMUNAL REGISTER District IV: East Harlem District.... 99,000 population Neighborhood 22-13,000 Neighborhood 26-15,000 " 23-13,000 " 27-15,000 24-13,000 " 28-15,000 25-15,000 District V: Yorkville District........ 76,000 population Neighborhood 29-14,000 Neighborhood 32-17,000 " 30-14,000 " 33-18,000 " i 31-13,000 District VI: Central Manhattan Dist...57,000 population Neighborhood 34-12,000 Neighborhood 36-17,000 35-13,000 " 37-15,000 District VII: Tompkins Sq. District.. 101,000 population Neighborhood 38-17,000 Neighborhood 41-16,000 39-16,000 " 42-18,000 40-16,000 " 43-18,000 District VIII: Delancey District..... 134,000 population Neighborhood 44-18,000 Neighborhood 48-14,000 " 45-17,000 " 49-17,000 46-17,000 " 50-17,000 47-17,000 " 51-17,000 District IX: E. Broadway District.. 132,000 population Neighborhood 52-17,000 Neighborhood 56-17,000 53-18,000. 57-15,000 54-16,000 58-18,000 55-16,000 - 59-15,000 JEWISH POPULATION OP NEW YORK CITY 85 District X: Williamsburg District...107,000 population Neighborhood 65-17,000 Neighborhood 69-16,000 " 66-14,000. " 70-17,000 67-11,000 t 71-18,000 68-14,000 District XI: Bushwick District...... 96,000 population Neighborhood 72-15,000 Neighborhood 77-15,000 73-16,000 " 78-17,000 76-17,000 " 79-16,000 District XII: Central Bklyn. District.89,000 population Neighborhood 80 —14,000 Neighborhood 64-14,000 " 61-15,000 " 74-17,000 63-13,000 " 75-16,000 District XIII: Brownsville District..102,000 population Neighborhood 85-18,000 Neighborhood 88-16,000 86-17,000 89-17,000 87-18,000 90-16,000 District XIV: East New York Dist..108,000 population Neighborhood 80-15,000 Neighborhood 84-15,000 81-15,000 " 91-15,000 82-18,000 ' 92-15,000 83-15,000 District XV: Borough Park District..66,000 population Neighborhood 62-13,000 Neighborhood 95- 7,000 93- 7,000 " 96-15,000 94-10,000 " 97 —14,000 86; COMMUNAL REGISTER District XVI: West Queens District..10,000 population Neighborhood 98-10;000 District XVII: East Queens District..13,000 population Neighborhood 99-13,000 District XVIII: Richmond District.... 5,000 population Neighborhood 100-5,000 While it is not claimed that this distribution of the Jewish population is accurate in the sense that a census enumeration would be, the divisions here suggested should be useful for practical work. No doubt in particular localities, especially in sections which have been recently built up, our estimate may need correction. But in most of the neighborhoods, the figures are as near the truth as we can have them at present. The most striking fact presented by our map is the variation in the size of the neighborhoods. Some of the neighborhoods include only a few blocks, whereas others extend over large areas. We can see at a glance the localities where the Jews live in large numbers. To represent this fact graphically, we have drawn a map of New York, on which the varying densities of Jewish population are represented by corresponding densities of shade. (See map facing page 81.) There are ten neighborhoods in which the density of the Jews is over 300,000 per square mile, (that is, over 2,150 to the usual square city block);1 nineteen neighborhoods in which the density 2 By "'usual square city block" is here meant one in which the frontag r would make twenty blocks to'the mile, and of which the depth is three times the frontage. JEWISH POPULATION OF NEW YORK CITY 87 is over 200,000 to the square mile (1,430 to the square block); and thirty-six in which the density is over 100,000 to the square mile (715 to the square block). The average density of the general population for New York City, (Jewish and non-Jewish) in 1915 was about 16,000 to the square mile, or 107 to the square block. More than one-third of the Jews (38%), that is about 570,000 Jews, live on one per cent (1.2%) of the area of New York. If all of New York were populated as densely as is the Jewish population in the congested districts, New York would have almost as many inhabitants as the entire United States, or about ninety-five millions. As may have been expected, the congested neighborhoods are situated on the East Side, in East Harlem, in parts of the Bronx, in Williamsburg, Brownsville and East New York. ESTIMATES OF JEWISH POPULATION (1790-1917) YEAR NEW YORK AUTHORITY 1790 385 * United States Census Bureau. 1812 400 Rev. Gershom Mendes, quoted in History of Jews, 1812; Hannah Adams. July 1826 950. Gilman, article in North Amerioan Review. 1846 10,000 Rev. Isaac Leeser. For New York State., '. ' COMMUNAL REGISTER YEAR 1848 1880 NEW YORK 12,000 to 13,000 60,000 1888 125,000 1891 225,250 Jan. 1892 East of Bowery ' and South of 14th St.. 135,000; scattered through the city, 40,000 more. Feb. 1897 250,000 April 9, 1897 350,000 1897 350,000 * 1905- 672,000 / 1907 600,000 1910 861,980 ** 1911 900,000 ** Yiddish Speaking only. AUTHORITY M. A. Berk: History of the Jews up to the Present Time. Census of Board of Delegates of American Israelites, and Union of Hebrew Congregations; William B. Hackenberg of Philadelphia in charge. Isaac Markens: The Hebrews in America. Charles Frank, Secretary, United Hebrew Charities. Richard Wheatley: Article on "Jews in New York," Century Magazine. Richard Wheatley in Harper's Magazine. Jacob II. Schiff, Address before Anglo-Jewish Ass'n in London. David Sulzberger, in American Jewish Historical Society Proc. Joseph. Jacobs. Henrietta Szold, American Jewish Year Book. United States Census Bureau. Joseph Jacobs, Jewish Communal Directory, 1912. JEWISH POPULATION OF NEW YORK CITY 89 YEAR NEW YORK AUTHORITY 1912 975,000 Joseph Jacobs, American Jewish Year Book, 1914-15. 1912 1,550,000 Walter Laidlaw, Census of Federation of Churches. July 1913 1,330,000 American Journal of Statistics, July, 1913: "Jews in New Yorl City," Professor Chalmers of Cornell. 1917 1.500.000 Estimate of writer based upon study of Jewish children in public schools. CI I 91 HOW' THE JEWISH COMMUNAL REGISTER WAS MADE By MEm ISAACS Bureau of Jewish Education The need of Jewish statistics as the first essential to community planning and organization, was advocated by the Kehillah from the very first day of its existence. It may appear strange that anything so self-evident in all modern undertakings of a social or political character should have required a special brief in its favor when applied to Jewish communal affairs. Nevertheless, this was the case in 1909 when the Kehillah was first organized. Of course, statistics about a number of things Jewish were extant even then. But then these facts and figures were, in almost all cases, compiled with an eye to some particular phase of Jewish endeavor. They were to serve a special purpose. The larger aspect, the broad communal point of view, was almost always missing. When the Kehillah set out to work, the need of such a communal inventory bedame imminent, and the Kehillah has been striving ever since to supply this deficiency. It must be admitted that, in spite of all h6nest effort, no high degree of excellence could at ny time be attained in this particular branch of Kehillali work. But then one must bear in mind that there are several nearty i - snrmotntable obstacles in the path of' the comunal 92 - COMMUNAL REGISTER statistician. Chief amongst these are the lack of police power for census-taking and the scant supply of trained workers. People are seldom willing to give information when they are not compelled to do so. This could be partly overcome by the highly skilled enumerator who knows how to plead his cause and elicit the information from his unwilling subject. But this degree of skill can hardly be found for specifically Jewish work. When the publication of this volume was decided upon, the previous experiences of the Kehillah in census taking served us in good stead. We were aware of the difficulties, and a great deal of careful planning was done to obviate them. Our aim was to give the Jews of this city a large, comprehensive outline of their communal life, based on facts. We wanted to present to them in the clearest possible manner, the assets and the liabilities of the community, hoping that a thorough appreciation of these will ultimately lead to an awakening of communal consciousness, to a well-ordered, well-organized Jewish community. The enumerating of Jewish organizations, the most important asset of this community, was the first step. But right here a two-fold problem presented itself. First, how are we going to find th6m; second, how obtain the data when found To accomplish this, the following procedure was decided upon: First of all a nucleus was..needed. This was obtained in.the form of a great variety of lists of Jewish organiZ.atio4. It is.true, none of them was in any way perfect. igst of them were rather iuper-annuated. But then, we JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS IN NEW YORK CITY 93 had at least something to start with. The next step consisted in copying these names on cards, arranging them in some sort,of order and proceeding to verify them. Simultaneously with the process of verification. of those listed, we were also able to discover new organizations; that is, organizations that did not appear in any of the old lists. For this purpose, Greater New York was divided into one hundred districts. A copy of our lists was made and arranged in geographic order; and then about fifty canvassers were sent out tr verify the listed organizations, as well as to locate the iew ones. In passing, it may be said that our staff of investigators consisted mainly of young Jewish students. They were picked with an eye to good appearance, personality and a fair knowledge of things Jewish. We felt that mercenary motives alone would not bring the results desired and we tried to recruit men who in one way or another have displayed an interest in Jewish work. The canvassers were instructed to go through every street of Manhattan, Bronx and Brooklyn as well as through the Jewish sections of Queens and Richmond, and to look for signs of Jewish organizations. They were to read carefully all Yiddish and Hebrew signs and ask proprietors of halls and meeting places for lists of the societies meeting in their halls. As a precaution against any possible oversight they were also to inquire of Jewish butchers and grocers whether they knew of any Jewish synagogues, schools or other organizations in the neighborhood. At the same time the investigator would check up and verify the correctness of the names Ed 94 COMMUNAL REGISTER addresses of all organizations in the district which were already entered on the original lists. This process 6f verification and location was about the very best to insure completeness. We do not flatter ourselves that we were entirely successful. There were too many obstacles; but we tried hard and took many precautions to that end. One of them was extensive advertising in the Yiddish and Jewish-English press, in which we appealed to all societies to send us their names and addresses in case our investigator failed to reach them. Nevertheless, we feel that it would take several years to win the co-operation of all the Jewish organizations for this purpose. There is no doubt that the future editions of this volume will be more gratifying on this score. A source of even greater anxiety than the fear of incompleteness was the fear of duplication. The alphabetical and geographical arrangement of the lists helped up to eliminate many of them. But this did not solve the problem entirely. Here is one of many cases that we had to cope with. An organization is found listed as "Congregation Sons of Israel". It is also affiliated with one of the Federations and appears there as "Congregation B'nai Israel". Our canvasser finds it and copies the sign as "Beth Hamidrash B'nai Israel." In response to our advertisement the secretary writes and gives us the name as rdhevrah B'nai Israel."' It took a great deal of trouble to discover that they were all one, and this was first accomplished after our second canvass was made for the purpose of obtaining data. Before the second canvass was started, a third classification was necessary. Our plan was to present the vari JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS IN NEW YORK CITY 950 ous phases of Jewish life in distinct groupings or pictures, and the new classification was made according to the different types: religious, educational, recreational, industrial, philanthropic, correctional and a numnber of nondescript items which always make up the rear under the convenient term of miscellaneous. Now the tremendous task to obtain data was at hand. Informationi by mail and information by personal investigation were the two methods employed. We knew that only the very large organizations; those maintaining offices and regular staff could safely be reached by the first method, while the host of smaller organizations, numbering almost 4,000, would have to be reached by personal investigation. We then began to select the special staff of canvassers. This was done by carefully sifting the first staff, choosing those who had shown themselves to be apt and willing workers. Elaborate questionnaires, covering every possible phase of communal interest were prepared for the various types of organizations. Careful instructions were given to canvassers, and the office held itself in readiness to assist the canvasser whenever he encountered too many difficulties in obtaining the information desired. Then came our elaborate mailing systemi Hundreds of letters were sent daily to societies, asking for information; to presidents, asking for their biographies; to investigators, amplifying instructions and accelerating their work; and again to societies asking for supplementary information when the first was inadequate. Many societies answered our letters; many more did not. The '96 COMMUNAL REGISTER latter were written to again. This resulted in a few more answers, and ultimately the reluctant ones had to be shifted over to the "Personal Canvass Department." Needless to say, personal canvass was far more costly than getting information by mail. But then it produced far better results. But even this method was not in all cases successful. Quite a number of societies actually succeeded in withholding the information from us. The history of this huge canvass is full of episodes which are of, great interest to the communal student. Here is a typical case. A congregation in Williamsburgh is written to for information. No answer. It is written to again, with the same result. A canvasser is detailed to the job. He finds the beadle and states his errand. This dignitary is non-committal. An inquiry for the home address of the president elicits the doubtful information that he, the beadle, does not know it. The card is then returned to the office with the brief narrative. A special investigator is sent. He uses strategy, spends an hour in fraternizing with the disgruntled old beadle, treats him to an extra fine brand of tobacco and finally obtains the address of the president. This gentleman is too conscientious to impart any information whatsoever without the consent of his fellow-members. After the next meeting the information will be forthcoming. But it does not. The congregation fears a trap. You may fool some people, but you cannot fool them. The congregation is ultimately listed among those marked "no information available." T Where were other societies which, in spite of all assurgnces to the contrary, were-afraid that giving the informiation would entail an expenditure on their part. Others JEWtS4I ORGANIZATIONS IN NEW YORK CITY 97 balked because they could not see why anyone should be interested to find out anything about them. Some people, to appease their conscience, simply sent back the stamped envelope, empty, not even honoring us with a written refusal. And while we were tugging hard and fast to complete our work within the time-limit set for it, the High Holidays approached and we were confronted with a new task-a survey of the provisional synagogues. The main difficulty in this piece of work was the fact that it brooked no delay. The provisional synagogues spring up a few days before the New Year only to disappear at even-tide of the Day of Atonement. To locate them and obtain all data, you must do it at top speed. This necessitated the mobilization of all our resources. Every available man was employed. The city was gone over again. New questionnaires, new instructions, a new checking system and new piles of cards and papers. Finally, the first tangible result of the Register-a table of figures showing Jewish religious life at its high water-mark. This special canvass over, the work was begun anew and after several more weeks of hard pulling, the canvass was over. The preparation of manuscript, the tabulation of figures, the preparation of graphs, maps, illustrations, was another huge piece of work. Great pain was taken with the reading of proofs and in order to insure the highest degree of correctness, the printed proof was mailed to the organizations for further verification. Now that this essential piece of communal work has taken shape and is at the point of being submitted to the N 98 COMMUNAL RGISTE - public, we feel that it was worth while, in spite of its imperfections and shortcomings. It is not only a volume containing much valuable information, but it also presents a clear picture of our communal life. The process of preparation alone was a valuable factor in disseminating the idea of an organized Jewish community. Thousands of persons were, for the first time, apprized of the necessity of a Kehillah, through the oral and written propaganda made incidentally while obtaining information for the Register. That this information, classified and interpreted, will accomplish much more in this direction, is the fond hope of the men who have labored at this task. NUMBER OF ORGANIZATIONS PER 10,000 JEWS IN THE VARIOUS DISTRICTS Philanthropic Numberof Religious'and Number of Economic and Miscelaneous Cultural.Agencies Agencies Correctional Agencies Agencies Estimated No. of Phil~ Total Organ- anPopua- No. of isa- Relig- Phil- throp-DiPrtri o P Organ- tions Relig- ious Eco- an- ic Mistionm sa- per ious and nomic throp- and Mis- cellaNumber tions 10,000 Recre- and Cul- Mu- Other Eco- Agen- ic Cor- Cen- cella neous Ditit Di Pop Con- ational Cul- tural tual Eco- nomic cies and reo- tral Mis- neous A4entrit lation grega- School and tural Agen- Aid Lodges nomic Agen- per Cor- tional Organ- cella- Aen- cies tions Cul- Agen- cies Soci- Agen- cies 10,000 rec- Agen- isa- neous cies per tural cies per eties cies Total Popu- tional cies tions Total 10,000 Agen- Total 10,000 lation Agen- per Popues Popu- ciqs 10,000 lation lation Total Population I................ 103,000 8 7.8 2 3..... 27 2.6 4 13 22 2.1 15 1.5...... 17 17 1.6................ 108,000 49 4.6 11 5 2 18 1.7 2 18 1 22 2.0 4.4 6 6.6................ 97000 322 33.2 52 6 19 77 7.7 73 124 2 199 20.6 21 2.2 4 21 25- 2.6................ 99,000 148 14.9 32 5 10 47 4.7 27 34 4 65 6.5 15 1.5......21 21 2.1 -...... 76, 76110. 21 1 3 25 3.3 5 13 7 25 33 9 1.2 1 16 17 2,2............. 67,000 1665 29. 24 4 4 32 5.6 20 29 40 89 15.6 21 3.7 14 9 23 4.0................ 100000 679 57.9 76 6 8 89 - 8.9 239 170 40 449 44.9 10 1.0 9 22 31 3.1............. 134,00 88 66.6 226 7 15 248 18.6 343 231 29 603 45.0 4.3 7 15 22 1.6................ 132000 719 54.6 191 9 /24 224 16.9 231 187 25 433 33.6 17 1.3 6 30 36 2.6 10.............. 170007 198 19.8 48 8 1 67 67 36 54 16 106 10.6 14 1.4...... 22 22 2.2 11.............. 96,000 31 3.2 9... 1 10 1.0 3 8 1 12 1.2 6.6 3 3.8 12.............. 89,000 78 8.8 28 6 2 36 4.0...... 20 3 23 2.6 7.8. 12 12 1.4............... ~102,000 164 16.11 46 6 6 68 6.7 21 39 10 70 6.9 11.1...... 16 16 1.4 14................ 108,000 6 6.3 28 2...... 30 3.0 3 11 2 16 1.6 3.3...... 8 8.8.............. 66000 76 11.4 27 2 36 6.3 2 11 8 16 2.4 7 1.1...... 17 17 2.6 100 3 3. 13S.............< 1............................................2 2.0 100........ 13.000 19 1.6 12 1...... s13 1.0 1 2.......2 2.2..... 1.1............... 000 14 2......... 4 8.0......I...... 1 2.0 2 4.0................... TO..........,6M00 3,687 "88 69 101 1031 _ 1010 966 193 21658 164 40 237 277. mtirety., 24. 6.8.4.7 6.9 6.7 6.4 1.a 14.4 1.1.3 1.6 1.8 I I a I I I I NUMBER OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS PER 10,000 JEWS IN THE VARIOUS DISTRICTS OF THE KEIILLAH (JEWISH COMMUNITY) OF NEW YORK District 1-Nortrh Bronx 2-South Bronx 3-West Side and Harlem 4-East Harlem 5-Yorkville 6-Central Manhattan 7-Tompkins Square 8-Delancey 9-East Broadway 10-Williamsburg 11-Bushwick 12-Central Brooklyn 13 —Brownsville 14-East New York 15-Borough Park 16-West Queens 17-East Queens 18-Richmond W77;'~ ~~ ~~;f r. r. 7////77///7/77: IF-IrAE 1ff1ffff-ff-10-1',ff- -- -W qrw-kW _777 i V - B.! - - Average: 24 Organizations Industrial Philanthropic Religious Miscellaneous and and and Economic Recreational Cultural 0 TABLE GIVING ESTIMATE OF APPRO A Uj x I'JEWISH COMMUNAL AGENCIES IN NEW YORK CITY SPEND FOR JEWISH PURPOSES AGENCIES SUB-TOTAL TOTAL RELIGIOUS AGENCIES........ $6,000,000 Permanent Congregations....... $2,700,000 Temporary Congregations...... 250,000 Kashruth........... 3,000,000 Burial Societies......... 50,000 RELIGIOUS EDUCATIONAL AGENCIES.. 1,360,000 Weekday Religious Schools...... 740,000 Sunday Schools.........50,000 Parochial Schools......0,000 Chadarim and Private Instruction... 500,000 CULTURAL AND RECREATIONAL AGENCIES 2,435,000* Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Ass'ns. 435,000 Yiddish Press.......... 2,000,000 Yiddish Theatres.... Clubs............ ECONOMIC AGENCIES........ 3,462,000 Immigrant Aid Societies....... 250,000 Employment Bureaus (not in Institutions) 15,000 Technical Schools......... 195,000 Clara de Hirsch Home........ 42,000 Loan Societies.......... 60,000 Mutual Aid Societies........ 1,000,000 Lodges.... 1,900,000 PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES..... 4,140,000 Relief Societies.......... 725,000 Day Nurseries.........50,000 Child Caring Agencies....... 975,000 Hospitals and Convalescent Homes.. 2,090,000 Old Age Homes.......... 150,000 \ Institutions for Defectives...... 150,000 CORRECTIONAL AGENCIES...... 160,000 COORDINATING AND RESEARCH AGENCIES 100,000 GRAND TOTAL. $17,657,000 - -- -- -- 'This does not include the amount of money spent on the Jewish theatre and in Jewish social clubs, both of which are, or should be, of a distinct Jewish recreational and cultural character. N, - AMOUNT OF MONEY SPENT BY THE JEWISH COM. MUNITY OF NEW YORK ANNUALLY UPON THE VARIOUS FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNAL LIFE, 0oo, ooo Coordinafing and Research Institutions ~,t. Re/ig ious Educa tlon Cu/tura/ and Recreat/ona/ Activities (3,600,O9 /ndustria/ and Economic Activities Phi//n/ropc dnd Correctional Insfifutiqns Re/igious Affairs and Instfiut;ons 9I rI rI rN HOW THE DOLLAR SPENT BY THE JEWISH COMMUNITY 6F NEW YORK IS DIVIDED (Showing the Community's Expenditure for the Various Functions of Communal Life) I NSTITUlONS-1 / Oversize A 0 r if I. 1ll INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ON RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS By J. L. MAGNES Chairman, Executive Committee of the Kehillah It will be clear from a mere glance at the table of contents of this Department that the Religious Affairs of the Jewish Community of New York City are varied, picturesque and complex. They are varied because we have Jews of differing religious views and practices-the Orthodox, the Conservative and the Reformed. They are picturesque because we have Jews from all parts of the world who have tried to create here replicas of the religious conditions of the old homes. They are complex because, in addition to the difficulties besetting all religious activities in modern times, the Jews of New York have permitted the problem of their Religious Affairs to grow wild. They have not even gathered adequate data concerning their religious life and institutions, much. less formulated or carried into effect a solution of the problem of their Religious Affairs. From the point of view of communal organization our Religious Affairs have three main elements: The Synagogues, the Religious Functionaries and the Ritual Institutions. I The problem. of the Synagogue is not so much an economic question or one of organization, as it is spirit-' ual. It is, in common with the religious problem of all peoples, essentially one of doctrine, and of the revivaJ 112 COMMUNAL REGISTER of religious enthusiasm. This cannot be met through mere communal organization alone. Yet the strengthening of the economic situation among the synagogues, the cleaning out of all abuses, greater efficiency in cooperation among them, can be of material assistance in the solution of their spiritual problem. The Synagogues may be classified into various groups. They are incorporated, and unincorporated, with and without their own buildings, with and without * cemeteries, with and without schools or libraries or other activities, with and without preachers. They may also be grouped in accordance with the social status of their members (some are conducted and maintained entirely by workmen), or in accordance with Landsmannschaften, or in accordance with the texts of their prayers and their religious observances (Chassidim, Anshe Sfard, Sefardic, Ashkanazic, Conservative, Reformed). There are many lodges and organizations established for mutual benefit and other purposes which have a Sefer Torah and where the members and neighbors daven. Then there are the provisional synagogues which may be grouped into those conducted for the benefit of religious organizations and those conducted for the profit of individuals.' The goal to be reached in the communal development of the Synagogues is a Federation of Synagogues. There would probably have to be, a Federation of Reformed Synagogues, a Federation of Conservative Synagogues and at least one Federation of Orthodox Synagogues. The various Synfrgogue Federations might ap EtLIGIOUS — AFFAIRS 113 point representatives to a Joint Council whose function it would be to coordinate the activities of all the Federations in meeting the many problems which all have in common. II The Religious Functionaries of the community are all called superficially and indiscriminately by the title of Rabbi, or Reverend, or Reverend Doctor. As a mIatter of fact their functions are quite varied. The fact that there are in New York at least four Rabbinical Associations and a number of other associations whose members are known as Rabbis, indicates not alone that the number of functionaries is large (one thousand would be a fair estimate), but also that they are grouped according to their various schools of thought and according to the ritual functions they perform. A commonly accepted definition of who is a Rabbi or a Rav has not yet been achieved. As a consequence the whole conception of Rabbinic authority is subject to confusion, and the Rabbinical status is very often brought into question to the detriment of the community's orderly development. Among the Reformed Jews, men having a diploma from a Theological College are accepted as Rabbis without question; and anyone without a diploma, but calling himself Rabbi or Reverend Doctor, and having a Congregation, is also taken at his word among the Reformed Jews. But not only are the certificated and uncertificated Reformed Rabbis denied the title Rabbi among the Orth 114 COMMUNAL REGISTER odox, but among the Orthodox themselves there is disagreement as to the status and functions of their own Rabbis. The Religious Functionaries among the Orthodox Jews may be grouped somewhat as follows: a) The Authoritative Rabbis, that is, Rabbis whose decision on questions of Jewish law and ritual are generally and publicly recognized. b) Rabbis who have the Hatoras Horoe (traditional title of Rabbi) and who are of unquestioned religious fidelity, but who for one reason or another (often of a local character) are not generally and publicily recognized as among the elect. c) Preachers and Lecturers (Maggidim and Matifim) who do not pretend to answer questions of law and of ritual. d) Chazanim (cantors) Shochetim (kosher slaughterers) and Mohelim who perform rabbinical functions in addition to those in which they are expert. e) Reverends who perform various kinds of rabbinical functions, especially at marriages, funerals and other family celebrations. These Reverends are of all degrees of Jewish learning and piety. f) There is also a large number of men-generally of considerable learning and of pious habitswhose main occupation is in some secular business, but who act also as minor religious functionaries in Synagogues, Cemeteries, etc. The chief problem before the Religious Functionaries of the community is the establishment of greater clarity and unanimity as to what rabbinic authority is and who is entitled to exercise it. A further grave problem-particularly among the Orthodox-is the economic question, ILIGIOU9 AFFAIRS 115 i. e., how to earn a decent living. It would amaze the community to know what a niggardly income some of the finest and most learned of the Rabbonim receive, and to what devices they are compelled, much against their will, to resort in order to eke out a precarious existence for themselves and their families. It is not too much to say that progress in the Orthodox Community is in large measure halted because of the uncertain economic status of the Authoritative Rabbis. The various Rabbinical Associations will doubtless some day come to the conclusion that, whatever their differences, they have many tasks in common, and that active cooperation among them will greatly further the communal development. III Aside from the Synagogue, many of the Ritual Institutions of Judaism have developed a kind of independent existence. Some of these Ritual Institutions are treated in the following articles. It will suffice for this introductory statement merely to enumerate some of them with a few explanatory notes: a) Kashruth-The whole question of kosher meat plays an enormous role in the communal life, and, for this reason, if for no other, the importance of its regulation cannot be overestimated. b) Divorce-The Authoritative Rabbis grant divorces in accordance with the Jewish law. The utmost care is taken not to come into conflict with the State Law as to divorce. Conflicts do arise, how. ever, at times, with disastrous consequences for the rabbi, but more particularly for the deserted 116 COMMUNAL REGISTER wife (Agunah), and for men and women who have unwittingly entered upon bigamous relations. c) Marriage-The circumstances in connection with marriage in public halls need correction. d) Burial-The problem of cemeteries should receive careful study. The quick growth of the community has lead to a number of private real estate ventures of no advantage to the community. Furthermore the cemeteries themselves are often made the scenes of conduct harming the prestige of the whole community: e) Circumcision-Real progress has been made under the auspices of the Milah Board. f) Ritual Baths-These institutions have been endeavoring to comply with the Department of Health regulations as to sanitation. g) Sabbath Observance-This comes under the Department of Industry as well as under that of Religious Affairs. It has been impossible to secure legislation permitting Jews who observe Saturday as a Sabbath, to go to business on Sunday. It is essential that these Ritual Institutions and all others be brought under the control of a Federation of Synagogues and the Boards of Rabbis. The problem of Religious Affairs as one aspect of the whole Jewish problem of New York City can most certainly be solved. It requires, first, complete knowledge as to the facts; and second, a comparatively small fund for the initial steps of coordination. Such large sums are spent by the Jews for the various phases of their Religious Affairs that with a clear plan ahead and with closer systematization the specifically religious life of the Jews of the city can be made into a great source of material and spiritual treasure. 117 AFFILIATION WITH THE SYNAGOGUE By M. M. KAPLAN Professor of Homiletics at the Jewish Theological Senunwry of America Next to the Bible, the synagogue is the Jew's foremost contribution to the spiritual life of mankind. It has revolutionized the mode of worship and of religious instruction; it has enabled prayer to take the place of animal sacrifice, democratic spiritual leadership to supersede priestly castes, and articulate spiritual teaching to prevent ceremonial from becoming mere mummery. The synagogue, as a place of common worship and edification, seems to have acquired the character of an established institution during the 6th century B. C. E., among the Jews who were exiled to Babylon. After the Return its importance continued to grow. By the time the second Commonwealth fell, the synagogue had grown so strong, and so many of the Jewish spiritual forces had been mobilized therein, that it presented a second wall of defense against which all of Israel's enemies have since hurled themselves in vain. There were times, indeed, when, as in the days of the Crusades, the synagogue literally offered refuge to the Jews who fled to it for shelter from blood-thirsty mobs. But, at all times it served as a bulwark to hold off the hand of the marauder from Israel's sacred heritage. The function of the synagogue was not limited to that of defense. Like the medieval castles, which outwardly, 118 COMMUNAL REGISTER with their bastions and moats, have all the appearance of fortresses, but which, from the inner courts, present the aspect of palaces intended to house and enrich a- life of peace, so the synagogue not only protected the Jewish faith from a hostile world, but was also for the Jew a home for the development of his strivings and ideals. It was a house of prayer, a "beth tephillah," a house of study, a " beth ha'midrash," and a meeting house, where communal undertakings were formulated, and, where all plans for the communal good were discussed and adopted. The synagogue rendered possible the cultivation of the spiritual life in the Diaspora, and thus gave point to the truth that wherever the Jewish people went it was accompanied by the "Shekhina," or Divine Presence. Establishing a synagogue, or being affiliated with one was not considered a matter of option. It was an accepted principle that wherever there were ten Jews, they were in duty bound to form themselves into a congregation, and to carry on all the customary Jewish communal activities. While the Jew is in a position to discharge most of his religious duties by himself, it was realized that detachment from communal life could not but eventually lead to complete severance from the faith. Hence the designation of "evil neighbor" for one who, though living near a synagogue, kept aloof from it. That accepted Xprinciple, it was, which enforced by the sanction of public sentiment, brought every Jew within the influence of the synagogue. What, then, has weakened the Jewish sentiment that was so strong a feature in the maintenance of the synagogue in the pastI Many elements, undoubtedly, have RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS (19 contributed to the undermining of that sentiment, but chief of all is the dwindling of Sabbath observance. Kept away from attendance at the synagogue on the traditional day of rest and common worship, the Jew finds little motive for being identified with the synagogue, and, when he finds himself out of touch with synagogue life it cannot be long before he becomes entirely cold to Jewish traditions and ideals. Hence, among the principal measures for' the upbuilding of the synagogue must be the restoration of the Sabbath, a measure which cannot be brought about except by the united efforts of all elements in the Jewish Community. As a rule there is a transition stage between complete identification with the synagogue and complete severance from it. The force of age-long habit prevents the break from being sudden, and so there has sprung up what is known as the provisional synagogue. In most cases the provisional synagogue is an improvised place of worship to accommodate the large number of Jews, who, no longer connected with the regular synagogue, still want to worship in common with the rest of the Jews on the -two most important holidays of the year-Yom Kippur and Rosh Ha'shannah. These temporary synagogues are private undertakings entered into by a few persons for business ends. At least 100,000 Jewish men and womenthat is, about one-fourth of the total synagogue attendance of Greater New York-are exploited in this way. What a wonderful opportunity is this for organized Jewish effort! The dormant Jewish will-to-live of these thousands ought not to be permitted to be made into a 120 COMMUNAL REGISTER means of private gain. With proper organization, it could be impressed into the service of the communal cause, and developed-into a living active Jewish consciousness. The survey which follows is anything but encouraging. The pulse of the patient who undergoes a physical examination flutters somewhat when the physician applies the stethoscope to the region of the heart. He is afraid that the life-giving organ of his body might be found unsound. The synagogue, according to our sages, is the heart of Israel. It has, throughout the centuries, supplied the Jewish people with its life-force. In approaching, therefore, the survey of the synagogues of the greatest Jewry of the world, we naturally apprehend lest the findings be such as to darken the prospects of a Jewish future in America. Yet it is better that we know the truth and apply such immediate and drastic measures as might change despair into hope. What are some of the truths that stand out as significant? The first and foremost is the fact that the synagogue has lost hold on more than one-half of the largest Jewish Community in the world. The estimated Jewish population of this city is about one and a half millions, which, is a very conservative figure. Not taking into consideration the 30%, who constitute the child population up to the age of fourteen, and allowing 10% for adolescent Jewish girls who, unfortunately, have hardly any place in the synagogue, we should expect at least 900,000 seats to accommodate Jewish worshipers on the High Holidays, when the maximum attendance is reached. We find, however, the total seating capacity to RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS 121 be 381,363. If we add to that the 30,000 to 35,000 seats to be found in the 120 small synagogues not yet investigated, we see that out of 900,000 Jews only about 415,000 are synagogue Jews. Secondly, we observe the remarkable unevenness in the percent of the population affiliated with the synagogue, when judged by districts. Whereas in the Delancey district 44% are synagogue Jews, in Bushwick and in Richmond only 7%, in West Queen's only 2% worship in synagogues. It is evident that the density of population, economic conditions, and length of stay in this country have so rapid an effect upon synagogue affiliation that we cannot but infer that the synagogue owes its existence more to the momentum of the past, than to any new forces created in this country that make for its conservation and development. Furthermore, it is significant that out of a seating capacity of 217,725 there are only 39,260 seats in synagogues where English sermons are preached, where, in other words, some regard is had for the needs of the rising generation, to whom English is the only medium' of interpreting the teachings of Judaism. Of these there are 11,737 seats in synagogues where the Orthodox ritual is used; 16,374 where the conservative, and 14,053 where the Reform ritual is used. This means that less than onefifth of the permanent synagogues have reckoned with the environment and have to some extent, at least, taken root in American life. One to whom the future of the Jews and of Judaism is an object of concern cannot but view with alarm the condition of the synagogue, as indicated by the cold figures 122 COMMUNAIj REGISTE in the statistical columns. They are indicative, more than anything else can be of the rapid disintegration of Jewish life, a process that cannot possibly be halted by -sporadic efforts of any single organization. All the possible material and moral resources of the entire Jewish community must be concentrated upon the aim of saving the synagogue from impending ruin. This is no time to allow theological differences to paralyze concerted communal effort. Ways can be found whereby the religious preferences of various groups can be met without at the same time imperiling the much needed co-operation of all elements in New York Jewry to rehabilitate the synagogue. In this country, as well as in all other countries where the Jews have been emancipated, the synagogue is the principal means of keeping alive the Jewish consciousness. The synagogue, with its historic background of over 2,000 years, with its eternal appeal to the deepest religious sentiments, with its inherent potentialities for all that can go to make up the regeneration of Jewish life, ~is the only institution that can define our aims to a world that would otherwise be at a loss to understand why we persist in retaining our corporate individuality. Oversize PROPORTION OF SYNAGOGUE SEATS AVAILABLE DURING HOLIDAYS FOR EVERY HUNDRED JEWS (EXCLUDING CHILDREN AND SICK) FOR WHOM SEATS SHOULD BE PROVIDED IN THE VARIOUS DISTRICTS OF THE KEHILLAH (JEWISH COMMUNITY) OF NEW YORK District 1-North Bronx 2-South Bronx 3-West Side and Harlem 4-East Harlem 5-Yorkville 6-Central Manhattan 7-Tompkins Square 8-Delancey 9-East Broadway 10-Williamsburg 11-Bushwick 12-Central Brooklyn 13-Brownsville 14-East New York 15-Borough Park 16-West Queens 17-East Queens 18-Richmond 100 Persons -E I -II^zzzzIz — _IZIZIl iZZVIZZZi E Z Z.L._ I Average Total Seats 42 Average Permanent Seats 24 m Permanent / Temporary Seats B Seats II 1I r'I MONTEFIORE HEBREW CONGREGATION ' Macy Place and Hewitt Street, Bronx I I I S 'K I __;'tI FIRST HUNGARIAN CONGREGATION OHAB ZEDEK 1S West 116th Street Vs xl' 4., I'S.t I, I. - v -.., '!?-. 'I., -, ". 1. p -,o, /,.k 7'. " ,., w '.., 4,i,..,., WASHINGTON HE~IGHTS CONGREGATItON 510 West 161st Street v f W. "I INTERIOR OF SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE SHEARITH ISRAEL CONGREGATION Central Park Westand 70th Street I A,. -,, 1 INTERIOR OF TEMPLE EMANUEL 43rd Street and Fifth Avenue / I '.. - 'j i~~~r; _zF.o-lr~J '. 5i.:;:.i.li-1...1... h C-~~-~.. BETH HAMIDRASH HAGODOL 64 Norfolk Street I I I I I I i I CONGREGATION TIPHERETH ISRAEL Willoughby and Throop Avenues, Williamsburg - A.,. '%, -',.. i 1 4 -. 41 I 4 i I '. z.1.....'.., ',, f ' - -,',, t '. ""IN 1 14 I "I 1% '..'_1 1.. FIRST CONGREGATION ANSHEI SPHARD: '45O6 14th Avenue, Borough Park I OHEB SHOLOM 135 Thatford Avenue, Brownsville I' 9 / CONGREGATION AGUDAITH ACHIM B'NAI JACOB 236 Wyona Street, East New York t I 7 I I I 'A A I 11 4, I I I I Oversize ... I i 145 MANHATTAN AND BRONX. Chevrah Achel Grodno V'anshei Stnputkin, 87 Eldridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1892. Membership: 80. Seating capacity: 350. Free Loan, Cemetery, S t u d y. Pres., Isaac Hazon, 225 S. 3d St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Kowalsky, 131 'Eldridge St. Rabbi, Abraham Chaim Karolinsky, 444 Grand St. Hason, Isaac, Pres. Chevrah Achei Grodno Vanshei Staputkin (87 Eldridge St.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1895. Cutter: 47 Division St. Res.: 225 S. 3d St., B'klyn. Achei Jacob Anshei Senior, 85 Monroe St. Orthodox. Org. 1897. Membership: 12. Seating capacity: 100. Bikur Cholim, Cemetery. Pres. and Sec'y, Rubin Friedman, 150 Madison St. Friedman, Rubin, Pres. Achei Jacob Anshel Senier (85 Monroe St.), since 1913. Term 1 year. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general J e w i s h education. Butcher. Res.: 150 Madison St. Chevrah Achel Joseph, 193 Eldridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1897. Membership: 80. Seating capacity: 140. Sick Benefit, Bikur Cholim, Cemetery. Pres., Nathan Nathanson, 84 Delancey St. Sec'f, *F. Zokornik, 109 E. 2nd- St. Nathanson, Nathan, P r e s. Chevrah Achei Joseph (193 Eldridge St.), since 1903. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish and secular education. Neckwear: 140 Allen St. Res.: 84 Delancey St. Cong. Achim Ahuvim, 71 Sheriff St. Orthodox. Org. 1899. Membership: 75. Seating capacity: 200. Itsurance, Free Loan, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Welvel Kirshenbaum, 71 Columbia St. Sec'y, Solomon Raise, 193 E. 3rd St. Kirshenbaum, Welvel, Pres. Cong. A c h im Ahuvim (71 Sheriff St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 71 Columbia St. Achim V'reim Anshei Breadowits, 80 Pitt St. Orthodox. Org. 1898. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 80. Cemetery. Pres., Max Gartenberg, 272 B r o o m e St. Sec'y, M. Weiss, 162 Ridge St. Gartenberg, Max, Pres. Cong. Achim V'relm Anshei Bresdowitz (80 Pitt St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received g e n e r a l Jewish and secular education. Painter. Res.: 272 Broome St. 146 CO MM UNAL REGISTER Cong. Adath Israel, 122 Monroe St. Orthodox. Org. 1880. Membership: 34. Seating capacity: 200. Cemetery, Study. Pres., Hyman Safer, 240 Clinton St. Sec'y, Joseph Silver, 31 Market St. Safer, Hyman, Pres. Cong. Adath Israel (122 Monroe St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1847 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1872. Received general Jewish education. Grocer. Res.: 240 Clinton St. Cong. Adath Israel, 89 Ridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1882. Membership: 45. Seating capacity: 200. Bikur Cholim, Cemetery, Study. Pres., S. Silberstein, 455 E. Houston St. Sec'y, S. Rosshandler, 135 W. 24th St. Silberstein, S., Pres. Cong. Adath Israel (89 Ridge St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Silks. Res.: 455 E. Houston St. Adath Israel (United Hebrew Community of New York). See under Mutual Aid Societies. Adath Israel Cong., 551 E. 169th St. Orthodox. Seating capacity: 750. Sunday School, Cemetery. Pres., L. Pitzel. Sec'y, M. Nees. Rabbi, Meyer Kopstein, 736 Home St. Cong. Adath Israel Anshel RBlr 28 Pike St. Orthodox. Org. 1892. Membership: 50. Seating capacity: 100. Cemetery, Study. Pres., Abraham Melamed, 55 Suffolk St. Sec'y, Solomon Michelson, 827 Fox St. Melamed, Abraham, Pres. Cong. Adath Israel Anshel Birz, (28 Pike St.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Clothing. Res.: 55 Suffolk St. Adath Israel Anxhel Gallcia, 99 Attorney St. Org. 1887. Membership: 75. Seating capacity: 110. Study. Pres., Abraham Schulder, 36 Ridge St. Sec'y, M o s e s Esner. Rabbi, Mendel Feder. Schulder, Abraham, P r e s. Adath Israel Anshei Galicia (99 Attorney St.), since 1912. Term 6 months. Born 1852 in Austria.l Came to U. S. 1882. Received general Jewish education. Sewing Machines: 143 Broome St. Res.: 36 Ridge St. Adath Israel Anshel Milraeh. 415 E. 6th St. Orthodox. Org. 1889. Membership: 130. Seating capacity: 800. Cemetery, Study. Pres.) Samuel Turgovnik, 413 Grand St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Chiel Gutman. Adath Jacob Anshei Slabodke, 193 Henry St. Orthodox. Org. 1885. Membership: 45. Seating capacity: 276. Cemetery. Pres., J. Mendelo CONGKifUAT1ONS 147 witz, 163 Henry St. Sec'y, U. Simon, 1056 Findlay Ave. Mendelowitz, J., Pres. Adath Jacob Anshei Slabodke (193 Henry St.), since 1912. Term 1 year. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general J e w i s h education. Butter and eggs: 155 Madison St. Res.: 162 Henry St. Adath Jacob Anshei Slabodke of Harlem, 18 West 114th St. Orthodox. Org. 1907. Membership: 75. Seating cap a c it y: 300. Hebrew School, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Samuel M. Brody, 600 W. 186th St. Sec'y, H. Simon, 1056 Findlay Ave. Brody, Samuel M., Pres. Adath Jacob Anshei Slobodke of Harlem (18 West 114th St.), since 1911. Term 1 year. Born 1855 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1881. Attended Kovno Yeshibah. Ladies' dresses: 39, Alien St. Res.: 600 W. 186th St. Chevrah Adath Jeshurun, 324 E. 100th St. Orthodox. Org. 1912. Membership: 45. Seating capacity: 140. Pres., Abraham Litman, 329 E. 94th St. Sec'y, Mr. Zaslavsky, 331 E. 100th St. Litman, Abraham, Pres. Chevrah A da t h Jeshurun (324 E. 190th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 129 E. 94th St. Adath Jeahurun of Harlem, 112 E. 110th St. Orthodox. 'Membership: 18. Seating capacity: 3 0 0. Cemetery. Pres., Max Slomk&L, 31 W. 111th St. Sec'y, Julius Marsh, 204 E. 109th St. Slomka, Max, Pres. A d a t h Jeshurun of Harlem (112 E. 110th St.), since 1909. Born 1860 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1886. Received High School education. Leather Goods: 39 Worth St. Res.: 31 W. 111th St. Chevrah Adath K'doashm Anxhei Rozlnol, 227 E. B'way. Orthodox. Org. 1908. Membership: 80. Seating capacity: 150. Sick Benefit, Insurance, Free Loan, Social Center. Pres., Samuel B. Brass, 130 E. B'way. Sec'y, Chaim Bauman, 179 Madison St. Adath Morom, 179 Stanton St. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 60. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Isaac M. Schiller, 164 Suffolk St. Aec'y, B. Wald, 8 Attorney St. Schiller, Isaac Marcus, Pres. Adath Morom (179 Stanton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1905. Received Jewish and secular education. Mohel and Rabbi. Res., 164 Suffolk St. Adath Wolkolowsl, 28 Pike St. Orthodox. Membership: 140 148 COMMUNAL REGISTER Beating capacity: 450. Insurance, Free Loan, Bikur Cholim, Cemetery, S t u d. Pres., Isaac Scheierson, 119 WoosteV St. Sec'y, B. Alpert. Chevrah Adath Z'vi Yehudah, 673 E. 11th St. Orthodox. Org. 1913. Membership: 13. Seating capacity: 70. Pres., Hirsh Leib Feintuch, 251 E. 10th St. Sec'y, Susman Plotsky, 321 E. 12th St. Feintuch, Hirsh Leib, Pres. Adath Z'vi Yehudah (639 E. 11th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1851 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Retired. R e s.: 251 E. 10th St. Cong. Adereth El, 135 E. 29th St. Orthodox. Org. 1857. Membership: 35. Seating capacity: 400. Ladies' Auxiliary, Cemetery. Pres., Simon Sumberg, 576 Ninth Ave. Sec'y, Nathan Albaum, 608 2nd Ave. Rabbi, Chaim J. Klein, 36'4 E. 4th St. Sumberg, Simon, Pres. Cong. Adereth El (135 E. 29th St:), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Liquors. Res.: 576 9th Ave. Cong. Agudath Achim, 107 W. 100th St. Orthodox. Org. 1913. Membership: 45. Seating capacity: 225. Pres., Morris Richless, 3 W. 101st St. Sec'y, M. Dielberg, 110 W. 100th St. Richless, Morris, Pres. Cong. Agudath Achim (107 W. 100th St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1860 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1885. Received general Jewish education. Druggist: 775 Columbus Ave. Res.: 3 W. 101st St. Agudath Achim, 891 Freeman St. Orthodox. O r g. 1916. Membership: 35. Seating capacity: 300. Pres., Alter Hornstein, 871 E. 170th St. Hornstein, Alter, Pres. Agudath Achim (891 Freeman St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Insurance. Res.: 871 E. 170th St. Cong. Agudath Achim Anshel Barisoff, 209 Madison St. Orthodox. Org. 1891. Membership: 100. Seating capacity: 400. Ladies' Auxiliary, Cemetery. Pres., Wolf Bluestein, 17 Rutgers PI. Sec'y, Nathan Griff, 78 Market St. Agudath Achim Anshel Brisk Delita. Cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 23. Meets 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 80 Norfolk St. Pres., Nathan D. Elephant, 42 Rivington St. Sec'y, Mordchai Mandelblatt, - 8 Willet St. Elephant, Nathan D, Pres. Agudath A c h i m Anshel Brisk (80 Norfolk St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. CONGREGATIQNS Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received Heb r ew education. Res.: 42 Rivington St. Agudath Achim Anshel Kupialhok, 56 Suffolk St. Orthodox. Org. 1892. Membership: 50. Seating capacity: 50. Sick Benefit, Cemetery. Pres., Max Kaplan, 195 Eldridge St. Sec'y, S. Farber, 1700 Washington Ave. Kaplan, Max, Pres. Agudath Achim A n s h e i Kupisihok (56 Suffolk St.), since 1912. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Russia. Came to U. S. 18/7. Seltzer dealer. Res.: 195 Eldridge St. Chevrah Agudath Achim Anshei Kurland V'Lida, 175 Eldridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1901. Membership: 150. Seating capacity: 500. Free Loan, Bikur Cholim, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Beril Blaustein, 431 Bristol St., B'klyn. Seq'y, N. Geller, 20 E. 112th St. Rabbi, Isaac Sudin, 279 Division St. Blausteln, Beril, Pres. Chevrah Agudath Achim Anshei Kurland V'Lida (175 Eldridge St.), since 1910. Born 1854 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890.,Received a thorough Jewish education. Clothing: 128 Broad St. Res.: 431 Bristol St., B'klyn. Cong. Agudath Achim Anshei Kusnitza, 98 E. B'way. Orthodox. Org. 1899. Membership: 50. Seating capa city: 100. Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Joseph Novick, 51 E. 109th St. Sec'y, Sam Lipsky, 66 E. B'way. Novick, Joseph, Pres. Cong. Agudath Achim Anshei Kusnitza (98 E. B'way), since 1901. Term 6 months. Born 1858 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish education. Private school: 162 Madison St. Res.: 51 E. 109th St. Chevrah Agudath Achim Anshel Peak, 105 Hester St. Orthodox. Org. 1906. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 100. Cemetery. Pres., Abraham Zabelinsky, 87 Hester St. Sec'y, H. Gullen, 105 Monroe St. Zabelinsky, Abraham, Pres. C h e v r a h Agudath Achim Anshei Pesk (105 Hester St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Res.: 87 Hester St. Ahavath Aehim- Ahilhei Rodomys, 15 Pitt St. Orthodox. Org. 1893.: Membership: 50. Seating capacity: 115. Cemetery. Pres.: Harry Eiger, 33 Cannon St. Sec'y, A. Forshtenzer, 2 Pitt St. Elger, Harry, Pres. Ahavath Achim Anshei Rodomyz (15 Pitt St.); 'elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received gei~eral Jewish and secular education. Tailor: 1,0, Maagin St. Res.: 33 Cannon St. 150' COMMUNAL KEi(tJiTB C(og. Agudath Achim Anshel Sehwinsiane, 119 Norfolk St. Orthodox. Org. 1892. Membership: 50. Seating capacity: 80. Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres. Samuel Ginsburg, 30 Division St. Sec'y, Abbe Meyer Katz, 1066 Morris Ave. Ginsburg, Samuel, Pres. Cong. Agudath Achim Anshei Schwinziane (119 Norfolk St.), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1857 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Butcher: 11% Bayard St. Res.: 30 Division St. Agudath Achim of Harlem. 169 W. 140th St. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership: 30. Seating capacity: 365. Cemetery, Study. Pres., I. M. Shaine, 204 W. 138th St. Sec'y, Wm. Ash, 51 Convent Ave. Shaine, 1. M., Pres. Agudath Achim of Harlem \(169 W. l40th St.), since 1909. Term 1 year. Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Clothing: 9 Bond St. Res.: 204 W. 138th St. Agudath Achim D'Plock, 51 E. 104th St. Orthodox. Membership: 125. Seating capacity: 25.0. Sick Benefit, Insurance, Ladies' Soc., Young Polks' Soc., Cemetery, Study. Pres., Charles Meisner. Sec'y, S Kaufman, 51 W. 111th St. 4ludath Aehinm Mi-Kracaw. 64 Pitt St. Orthodox Org 1867. Me mbership: 136. Seating capacity: 960. Pres., S. Berenkopf, 888 Fox St. Sec'y, S. Farber, 115 Ave. B. Cong. Agudath Achim Mil'dal Lovon, 159 Ludlow St. Orthodox. Org. 1894. Membership: 90. Seating capacity: 125. Sick Benefit, Cemetery, S t u d y. Pres., Jacob Ruthoser, 416 Grand St. Sec'y, Jacob Nuremberg, 119 Henry St. Ruthoser, Jacob, Pres. Cong. Agudath Achim Mis'dal Lovon (159 Ludlow St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1864 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general Jewish e d u c a t io n. Clothing Contractor: 51 Pike St. Res.: 416 Grand St. Cong. Agudath Achim Oriental Aid Society, 105 Eldridge St. capacity: 125. Cemetery. Pres., Asher Levy, 56 Eldridge St. Sec'y, Si m o n Fassy, 153 Delancey St. Levy, Asher, Pres. Cong. Agudath Achim Oriental Aid Soc. (105 Eldridge St.), since 1905. Term 6 months. Born 1857 in Morocco. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general Jewish and secular education. Cigar maker. Res.: 56 Eldridge St. Cong. Agudath Achim Y'lidel Roumania, 85 Forsyth St. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership: 180. Seating' capacity: 150. Sick Benefit. Life Insurance, Old Age CONGREGATIONS 151 Fund, Bikur Cholim, Cemetery. Pres., Ben Hymowitz, 313 E. 9th St. Sec'y, Israel Bondel, 862 Hewitt P1. Hymowits, Ben, Pres. Cong. Agudath Achim Y'lidei Roumania (85 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1905. Received a Public School education in Roumania. Electrician: 9 W. 3d St. Res.: 313 E. 9th St. Agudath Achim of Yorkville, 324 E. 91st St. Orthodox. Org. 1914. Membership: 70. Seating capacity: 160. Pres., Bernard Singer, 326 E. 91st St. Sec'y, 'Abraham Horowitz, 334 E. 91st St. Rabbi, B. M. Klein, 415 E. 85th St. Singer, Bernard, Pres. Agudath Achim of Yorkville (324 E. 91st St.); elected 1917.- Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 326 E. 91st St. A g n d a t h Bachurei Chemed, 122 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1914. Membership: 40. Seating capacity: 80. Cemetery, Study. Pres., Isidore Lauer, 319 Stanton St. Sec'y, Isaac Diamond, 261 Stanton St. Rabbi, K. Berger, 122 Columbia St. Lauer, Isidore, Pres. Agudath Bachurei Chemed (122 Columbia St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1894 in Hungary. Came to U. 8. 1909, Received gen eral Jewish educati.on. Monuments: 110 Forsyth St. Res.: 319 Stanton St. Chevrah Agudath Beth Achim Anshel Stuplts, 26 Orchard St. Orthodox. 'Org. 1899. Membership: 50. Seating capacity: 100. Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Benjamin Rougitzky, 54 E. 1st St. Sec'y, Max Neufeldt, 150 Madison St. Rougitzky, Benjamin, Pres. Chevrah Agudath Beth Achim Anshel Stupitz (26 Orchard St.), since 1911. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Contractor, skirts, 181 Ludlow St. Res.: 54 E. 1st St. Cong. Agudath Chaverim Anshel Marniarash, 65 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership 206. Seating capacity: 500. Study. Cemetery. Pres., H. Koenig. 129 Pitt St. Sec'y, W. Thau, 115 Broome St. Rabbi, A. S. Pfeffer, 112 Ave. C. Koenig, IH., Pres. Agudath Chaverim Anshei Marmarash (65 Columbia St.); elected 1917. Term 6 'onths. Born 1866 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1894. Received general Jewish education. Leather. Res.: 129 Pitt St. Agudath Israel of N. Y.. 1 W. 113th St. Orthodox. Membership: 10. Seating capacity: 500. Pres. and 8S'y, L Sackowitz. 21 W. 114tb St 152 COMMUNAL REGISTER Cong. Agudath Jeshorim, 113 E. 86th St. Orthodox. English Sermon. Org. 1892. Membership: 50. Seating capaci ty: 800. Hebrew, School, Young Folks' Circle, Cemetery. Pres., E z e k i e l Plonsky, 50 W. 88th St. Sec'y, Julius Gompert, 1476 Lexington Ave. Rabbi, G. Lipkind, 112 Cathedral Parkway. P l o n k y, Ezekiel, Pres. Cong, Agudath Jeshorim (113 E. 86th St.), since 1902. Term 1 year. Born 1847 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1865. Received general education. Mfgr. neckwear: 524 B'way. Res.: 50 W. 88th St. &gudath Tiphereth Israel, 511 E. 174th St. Orthodox. Org. 1917. Membership: 58. Seat-, iqg capacity: 250. Study. HIarry Estes, 511 E. 174th St. Sec'y, Samuel Mirchin, 486 E. 172nd St. Estes, Harry, Pres. Agudath Tiphereth Israel (511 E. 174th St.); elected' 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 In Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Jobber. Res.: 611 t. 174th St. Cong. Ahavath Achim, 327 E. 100th St. Orthodox. O r g. 1916. Meembership: 40. Seating capacity: 160. Free Loan. Pres.,- Joseph Wishnefsky, S;E. "105th St. Sec'y, Mr. SilVerbeig, 326 E. 100th St. Wlillhefsky, Joseph, Pres. Coiig. Ahavath Achim (327 E. 100th St.), elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general J e w ish education. Feed Store: 1930 First Ave. Res.: 5 E. 105th. St. Ahavath Achim Anshei Hungary, 30'4 E. 78th St. Orthodox. German Sermon. Org. 1901. Membership: 50. Seating capacity: 500. Cemetery. Pres., Morris L. Klein, 24 E. 109th St. Sec'y, Moses Kohn, 414 E. 77th St. Rabbi, William Kronowitz, 238 E. 82nd St. Klein, Morris,'Pres. Ahavath Achim Anshei Hungary (304 E. 78th St.), since 1912. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Hungary. Came to U.- S. 1892. Received general and secular education. Tailor: 1714 Lexington Ave. Res.: 24 E. 109th St. Ahavath Achim Anshel Hungary, 70 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1882. Membership: 150. Seating capacity: 476. Cemetery, Study. Pres., Louis Hochman, 742 E. 9th St. Sec'y, M. Hecht, 281 E. 7th St. Rabbi, P. Freedman, 56 Lewis St. H o h m a n, Louis, Pres. Ahavath Achim Anshei Hungary (70 Columbia St.), sihce 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1901. Received Public School education. Grocer. Res.: 742 E. 9th St. CONGREGATIONS 158 Chevrah Abavath Achim Anshei Kraxna, 28 Pike St. Orthodox. Org. 1887. Membership: 80. Seating capacity: 40. Sick Benefit, Insurance, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Isaac Ringel, 175 Henry St. Sec'y, Isaac Schlessinger, 102 So. 1st St., B'klyn. Ringel, Isaac, Pres. Chevrah Ahavath Achim Anshei Krasna (28 Pike St.), since 1907. Term 1 year. Born 1861 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish and secular education. Cloaks: 57 E. B'way. Res.: 175 Henry St. Chevrah Ahavath Achim Anshei Bohoslow and Korson, 52 Orchard St. Orthodox. Org. 1898. Membership: 100. Seating capacity: 300. Cemetery. Pres., Zelig Wolf, 260 W. 144th St. Sec'y, M. Reicher, 346 Madison St. Wolf, Zelig, Pres. Chevrah Ahavath Achim Anshei Bohoslow and Korson (52 Orchard St.), since 1916. Term1 year. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Painter. Res.: 260 W. l'44th St. Cong. Ahavath Achim Anshei NTmanhover and Pietrocov, 1364 Fifth Ave. Orthodox. Org. 1894. Membership: 52. Seating capacity: 290. Cemetery. Pres.: Harry. Greenwald, 215 E. 103rd St. See'y, P h ii p. -Fenderm^n, 68 E. 118th t.... S.., Greenwald, Harry, P r e a. Cong. Ahavath Achim Anshei Tomashover and Pietrocov (1364 Fifth Ave.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Fruits. Res.: 215 E. 103rd St. Ahawath Achim Anahei Usda, 34 Pike St. Orthodox. Org. 1887. Membership: 100. Seating capacity: 250. Cemetery, Sick Benefit, Free - Loan, Study. Pres., Barnet Levine, 26'4 Henry St. Sec'y, Mr. Relka, 195 Madison St. Levine, Barnet, Pres. Ahawath Achim Anshei Uzda (34 Pike St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jew sh and secular education.. Res.: 264 Henry St. Ahavath Achim DIMohllev, 206 E. B'way. Orthodox. Org. 1903. Membership: 113. Seating capacity: 250. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Abraham Levine, 276 Madison St. Sec'y, IKyman Horowitch, 356 Hooper St., B'klyn. Levine, Abraham, Pres. Ahavath Achim D'Mohilev (206 E. B'way); elected,1917. Term 6 months. Borri 1860 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1909. Received a thorough Jewish education. Flish store. Res.: 276 Madisonr;St. Cong. Ahavath Abraham B'afi Kolo, 48 Ave. D. Orthodbx. Org. 1877. Membership:. 80. 0 I T54 ~ COMMUNAL kE(tITEH Beating capacity: 360. Sick Benefit, Insurance, Free Loan,;Bikur Cholim, Cemetery. Pres.: Jacob Carlinger. 299 B'way. Sec'y, Samuel Levy, 709 E. 9th St. Carlinger, Jacob, Pres. Co ng. Ahavath Abraham B'nai Kolo (48 Avenue D), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received Public School education. Builder: 299 B'way. Res.: 104 2d Ave' Chevrah Ahavath Chaim Anahei Bilsk, 131 Ess e x St. Orthodox. Org. 1890. Membership: 140. Seating capacity: 184. Cemetery. Pres., Isaac Topolsky, 397 S. 4th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Mr. KopeL 11l.Allen, St. Topolsky, Isaac, Pres. Chevrah Ahavath Chaim Anshei Bilsk (131 Essex St.), since 191'4. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Carbonated Waters: 192 Broome St. Res.: 897 S. 4th St., B'klyn. Ahavath Chesed Sha'ar H"bhomaim, 55th St. and Lexington Ave. Reformed. Sermon English. Orrg. 1844. Membership: 800. Seating capacity: 1,600. Sisterhood, Religious (School, Cemetery. Pres., Samuel B. Hamburger, 36 W. 83th St. Sec'y, Max Newberger, 124 6th Ave. Rabbi, Dr. Nathan'KrasS. Rabbi *m-eritus, Dr. I. S. Moses, 219 W. 81st St. Hamburger, Samue B., Pres. Ahavath Chesed Sha'ar Hashomaim ( 5 t h St. and Lexington Ave.), since 1908. Term 1 year. Born 1852 in U. S. Received a college education. Lawyer. Business: 2 Rector St. Res.: 36 W. 35th St. Cong. Ahavath Israel, 2018 Amsterdam Ave. Orthodox. Org. 1915. Membership: 40. Seating capacity: 400. Sisterhood, Cemetery. Pres., M Rubin, 1969 Amsterdam Ave. Sec'y, J. Enkel, 572 W. 173rd St. Cong. Ahavath Israel Anshel S'phard, 188 Stanton St. Orthodox. Org. 1888. Membership: 45. Seating capacity: 100. Cemetery, Study. Pres. Aaron Grant z, 75 Sheriff St. Sec'y, J. Popper, 164 Stanton St. Grants, Aaron, Pres. Cong. Ahavath Israel Anshei S'phard (188 Stanton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education..Butcher. Res.: 75 Sheriff St. Ahavath Israel of Harlem, 317 E. 101st St. Orthodox. Org. 1904. Membership: 70. Seating capacity: 150. Cemetery. Pres., Israel Sundler, 830 B. 100th St. Sec'y, A. Distelfeld, 318 E. 100th St. Sundler, Israel, Pres. Aha'vath Israel of Harlem (317 E. 101st St.), elected 1917. CONG(REGATIONS 155i Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Boys' waists: 1917 First Ave. Res.: 330 E. 100th St. Chevrah Ahavath, Jonathan B'nai Jacob Anshei Pecheich, 22 Ave. C. Orthodox. Org. 1832. Membership: 40. Seating capacity: 300. Insurance, Cemetery. Pres., Jacob Lippman, 298 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, B. Reich, 298 E. 3rd St. Lippman, Jacob, Pres'. Chevrah Ahavath Jonathan B'nai Jacob Anshei Pecheich (22 Ave. C), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1855 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1881. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 298 E. 3rd St. Cong. Ahavath Sehlomo, 316 E. 4th St. Orthodox. Org. 1890. Membership: 85. Seating capacity: 336. Cemetery. Pres., David Hartstein, 250 Havemeyer St., B'klyn. Ahavath S h o 1 o m Monastir. Sick Benefit, In'surance, Cemetery. Org. 1910. Membership: 190. Meets 1st Sunday at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Isaac Pardo, 92 A lI e n St. Sec'y, Raphael Sarfati. 96 Allen St. -its, 93 Heater St. Ortho lo. Org. 1892. Membership: 110.:Seating capacity: 300. Sick Benefit, Insu-an,e, Free Loan, Cemetery, uStldy. Pres., Barnett Brody. 4.I Bogart St., B'klyn. ec'y,; M o r r is Zabalotsky, z10 Mad'son St. Brody. Itarett, Pres. Cong, B'nat lIsaac Anshei Leehowits (9$ Hester St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1875 In Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Retired. Res.: 48 Bogart St.. B'klyn. Chevrah B'nal Isaac Anshel Narlov, 237 Rivington St. Orthodox. Org. 1895. Membership: 80. Seating capacity: 150. Sick Benefit, Cemetery. Pres., Max Schreizan, 6,6 Cannon St. Sec'y, Oscar Boun, 265 E. B'way. Sehrelzan, Max, Pres. Chevrah B'nai Isaac A n s h e I Nariov (237 Rivington St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1846 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general Jewish education. Baker: 100 Ave. C. Res.: 66 Cannon St. Chevrah B'nal Israel, 293 E. 3rd St. Orthodox. Org. 1914. Membership: 350. Seating capacity: 120. Hebrew School, Free Loan, Blkur Chollm, Cemetery. Pres., Henry J. Satran, 460 Grand St. Sec'y, H. Koewflgberg, 254 E. 7th St. Rabbi,Israel Hager, 293 E. 3rd St.\ Satran, Henry J, Pres. Chavrah B'nai Israel (293 E. 3rd St.), since 1915. Born 1889 In Austria. Received High School education. Metal dealer: 214 E. 6th 'St. Res.: 460 Grand St, 1 Cong. B'nai Israel, 365 W. 1 4 8 t h St. Conservative, B English SermoA. Org. 191f. d6NqGitEGAoNS if Membership: 160. Seating capacity: 100. Hebrew School, S!sterhood, Young Folks' League. Pres., Jacob Adler, 601 W. 151st St. Sec'y, H. J. Reit, 3671 B'way. Rabbi, Isadore Reichert, 535 W. 148th St. B'nal Israel, 225 E. 79th St. Ortho lox. Org. 1837. MemObershii: 20. Seating capacity: 170. Cemetery. Pres., Jacob Kaxhn, 1182 Jacksan Ave. Sec'v, Rev. Dr. J. C. Nocot, 1022 Trinity Ave. Kahn, Jacob, Pres. B'nal Israel (225 E. 79th St.), since 1877. Term 1 year. Born 1828 in Halland. Received general Jewish education. Retired. Res.: 1182 Jackson Ave. Talmud Torah B'nal lsrael, 456 E. 166th St. Orthodox. Org. 1916. Membership' 75. Seating capacity: 150. Hebrew Sch-ocl, Study. Prts., J. Warschaw, 496 E. 166th St. Sec'y, S. Reiman, 1083 Washington Ave. Warshaw, J., Pres. Talmud Torah B'nai Israel (456 E. 166th St.); el ected 1917. Term 1 year. 1lorn 1865 in Russia. Came to IT. S. 1902. Received general J e w i s h education. Painters' supplies.,Res.: 496 EB. 166th St. 8'nal Israel Abshel Fordham, 2294 Arthur Ave. Orthodox. Org. 1912.. Membership: 30. Seating capacity: 160. Hebrew SchooL Pres.. Sam Meyerson, 2183 Washington Ave. Sec'y, L, Peller, 2259 Bassford Ave. Meyerson, Sam, Pres. E'nal Israel Anshei F o r d h a m (2294 Arthur Ave.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1886 in Russia. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 2183 Washington Ave. Cong. B'nat Israel Annhel Kaldon, 87 E. B'way. Org. 1886. Membership: 54. Seating capacity: 130. Cemetery. Pres., Abraham Meryas, 778 Prospect Ave. Sec'y, Mr. Gladstein. Meryas, Abraham, Pres. Cong. B';la Israel Anshel KLidon (87 E. B'way), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1860 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1983. Received general Jewish education. Retired. Res.: 778 Prosiect Ave. Chevrah B'nai Israel Anabel Lamltsxe B. A.. 225 Clinton St. Orthodox. Org. 1910. Membership: 100. Seating capacity: 130. Free Loan, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Jeremiah Feigenbaum, 14 Forsyth St. Pec'y, Morris Colen, 276 Mtadison St. Rabl,. Wolf Rosenberg, 276 Madison St. Fei g e nba m, Jremiah, Pres. Chevrali B'nai Israel Anshei Lamzitze 3. A. (225 Clinton St.); electe.{l 1i17 Teim 6 months. l{orn 1856 in Iomse. Came to U. 8. 19CO0. Received general Jwish education. ttesturant Res.: 14 Worayth St. 180 COMMUNAL REGISTER Cong. B'^al Israel Anshel Ptontiitsa, 16 Ludlow St. Orthodox. Org. 1893. Membership: 65. Seating capacity; 130. Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Philip Willet, 22 Ludlow St. 'Sec'y, Solomon Weinstein, 47 Orchard St. Willet, Philip, Pres. Cong. B'nai Israel Anshel Piontnitza (15 Ludlow St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. & 1910. 22 Ludlow St. Chevrah B'nai Israel Anshei S'phard, 522 E. 137th St. Orthodox. Org. 1913. Membership: 40. Seating capacity: 250. Pres., Asher Birnbaum, 622 E. 137th St. Sec'y, Mr. Krongold, 504 E. 138th tBL CoEi. B'nai Israel Anshei Zurow Galicia, 73 Ridge St. Orthodox. O r g. 1896. Insurance. Cemetery. Pres., Samuel Saffer, 352 Livonia Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Isidor Goldberg, 12 Cannon St. Safter, Samuel, Pres. Cong. B'nai Israel Anshel Zurow Gall'cli (73 1Ridge St.); elected 19i7. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Austria. Came to U.. 1896. Received gen' ral Jewish education. Res.: 862 Livonia Ave., B'klyn. B'ta Israel D'Broux, 777 E. 17th St. Orthodox. Engiisb Sermon. Org. 1915. imbership: 60. S e a t I n g ei acty: 400, Hebrew School, Sisterhood, Young Folks' League. Pres., Herman Berkowitz, 1956 Crotona P'kway. Sec'y, B. Singer, 1975 Prospect Ave. Berkowitz, Herman, Pres. B'nai Israel D'Bronx (777 E. 178th St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1859 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1881. Received general Jewish education. Real estate. Res.: 1956 Crotona P'kway. Chevrah Kadlsha B'nai Israel, Kalvarier Cong., 13 Pike St. Orthodox. Org. 1862. Membership: 200. Seating capacity: 1000. Life Insurance, Sunday School, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Hyman Sklamberg, 1809 7th Ave. Sec'y, Hyman Bursky, 155 2nd Ave. Rabbi, Moses Skinder, 135 Henry St. (Branch, 107 W. 116th St.) Sklamberg, Hyman, P r e s. Chevrah Kadisha B'nai Israel Kalvarier Cong. (13 Pike St.), since 1907. Term 1 year. Born 1865 in Russia. Received general Jewish education. Grocer: 71 Ludlow St. Res.: 1809 7th Ave. Cong..Bnai Israel Salanter Anshei' Zamut, 159 E. 118th St. Orthodox. Org. 1888. MembershLp: 70. Seating capacity; 500. Sisterhood, ' Cemete'ry, Study. Pres., Ezekiel Bernstein, 19 E. 108th St. Sec'y, Louis Adelman, 18 B. 109th St, 'Rabbi, Abraham A. Safffran, 10 E.. 109th St. CONGREGATIONS 181 Bernstein, E z e k I e 1, Pres. Cong. B'nai Israel Salanter Anshei Zamut (159 E. 118th St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general Jewish education. Butcher: 89 E. 109th St. Res.: 19 E. 108th St. Cong. B'nai Jacob, 1712 Garfeld St. Orthodox. Yiddish fnd English Sermon. Org. 1895. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 450. Hebrew School, Ladies' Aid Society, Cemetery, Study. Pres.: Elias Candel, 1718 Victor St. Sec'y, Joseph Eichel,. 1730 Matthews Ave. Candel, Elias, Pres. Cong. B'nai Jacob (1712 Garfield St., B'klyn); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Tailor: 17 E. 48th St. Res.: 1718 Victor St., B'klyn. Cong. B'nal Jacob Anshel Brsesan, 180 Stanton St. Orthodox. Org. 1892. Membership: 135. Seating capacity: 400. Ladies' Auxiliary, Cemetery. Pres., Harris Tunis, 207 Clinton St. Sec'y, Samuel Kluman, 69 B. 8rd St. Rabbi,,Leib Rose, 163 Suffolk St. Tunis, Harris, Pres. Cong. B'nai Jacob Alnshel Brzezan (180 Stanton St.), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general J e w i h and secular education. Business broker. Res.: 207 Clinton St. B'nai Jacob Anahel Chechoaowze, 96 Clinton St. Orthodox. Org. 1892. Membership: 100. Seating capacity: 20. Sick Benefit, Insurance, Cemetery. Pres, Abraham Levine, 306 Madison St. Sec'y, H. Seigel, 422 St. Pauls PL. Levine, Abraham, Pres. B'nai Jacob Anshel Chechonowse (96 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1866 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1899. Res.: 306 Madison St. Chevrak B']ai Jacob Aasbel Shatsk, 71 Monroe St. Orthodox. Org. 1905. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 100. Free Loan, Bikur Cholim, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Asher Margolis, 17 Rutgers PI. Sec'y, A. Rosen, 1620 Madison Ave. Marrolis, Asher, Pres. Chevrah B'nai Jacob Anshel Shatsk (71 Monroe St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1906 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1862. Received general Jewish educatton.: lo.: 17 Rutgers Pl. B'rai Jacob David Aahbel Wluhograd, 176 Bldridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1890. Membership: 70. Cemetery. Pres., Max Bseziasky, 179 E. ird St. Sec'y, Morris Brenner, 166. So,. and til. B'klyh. 182 OOMMUNAL rUBISTEB Buttrlsky, Max, Pros. B'nai Jacob David Anshel Wishograd (175 Eldridge St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1864 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 279 E. 3rd St. CoaW. B'nta Jacob Joseph, 49 Sheriff St. Orthodox. Org. 1890. Membership: 85. Seating capacity: 100. Sick benefit, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Meyer Horn, 224 Linden St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Max Alkus, 96 Cannon St.. Horn, Meyer, Pres. Cong. B'nai Jacob Joseph (49 Sheriff St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 224 Linden St., B'klyn. Cong. B'aai Jeahurun Anbhel K-oll, 21 Hester St. Orthodox. Org. 1894. Membership: 68. Seating capacity: 100. Sick benefit, Insurance, Free Loan, Cemetery, Study.:Pres., Isldor Goldman, 261 So. th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Zlatsttl,, 199 Fulton Ave., B'klyn, Goidian, litdor, Pres. Cong. B'nai Jeshurun Anshel Kolni (21 Hester St.), since 1916. Te'm 1 year. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general. e w i s h aid secdlar educatinn. Res.: * 61 il *^ th fit.. B'klyn. Chisg. i-tr. Joieph Anstel REyanow. 425; HoounAto St. Orthodox. Org. 1900. Membership: 105. Seating capacity: 200. Free Loan, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Asher Metzger, 303 Rivington St. Sec'y, A. Robinson, 134 Columbia St. Metzger, Asher, Pres. Cong. B'nai Joseph Anshei Rymanow (435 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 In Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 303 Rivington St. Chevrah B'nai Joshua Anshel Tels, 197 Henry St. Orthodox. Org. 1897. Membership: 45. Seating capacity: 120. Sick Benefit, B I k u r Cholim, Cemetery. Pres., Hillel Wolf, 29 Ludlow St Sec'y, H. Brunstein, 206 2nd Ave. Wolf, Hillel, Pres. Chevrah B'nai Joshua Anshei Tels (197 Henry St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Studied in a Y e sh b a h. Vests: 163 Chrystie St. Res.: 29 Ludlow St. Chevrah B'nai Kodeah Anabel Kros, 9 Essex St. Orthodox. Org. 1895. Membership: 40. Seating capacity: 55. Cemetery. Pres., Bernard Brown, 64 E. B'way. Sec'y, Tsaac Berkowitz, 78 Motldroe St. Brown, Bernard, Pres. Chevrah B'nal Kodeah Anshei Kros (9 Essex St.), since. 1915. Term 1 year. *Born 1862 in Rusfsit CamL (OOPNGTnAnTON 188 to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Peddler. Res.: 64 E. B'way. Cons. B'nai Levy, 941 2nd Ave. Orthodox. Org. 1906. Membership: 28. Seating capacity: 150. Study. Pres., Abraham Wolf, 303 E. 55th St. Sec'y, M. Virshup, 56 Norfolk St. Wolf, Abraham, Pres. Cong. B'nai Levy (941 2nd Ave.), since 1909. Term 1 year. Born 1864 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1879. Clothing: 21 W. 4th St. Res.: 303 E. 55th St. Chevrah B'nai Menachem, 209 E. B'way. Orthodox. Membership: 90. Seating capacity: 120. Org. 1892. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Philip Kaplan, 218 Henry St. Sec'y, A. Weinstein, 36 Attorney St. Kaplan, Philip, Pres. Chevrah B'nai Menachem (209 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Tailor: 84 Market St. ReS.: 218 Henry-St. Cong. B'nal Mordeca Moqse Z'vi, 126 Lewis St. Orthodox. Org. 1896. Membership: 198. Seating capacity: 500. Bikur Chdlim, Cemetery. Pres.. Morris Gitterman, 473 E. Houston. St. Sec'y, Henry Young, 130 Goerck St. Rabbi, Philip Karper, 57' Lewis St. Gnttt a n ro Ii @ ' Pr'. Cong. B'nal -Mordecal Moss Z'vi (126 Lewis St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1899. tedeived Jewish education in Yesh b a h. Tailor. Res.: 473 E. Houston St. Cong. B'nai Moses An h e l Jendslvo, 240 Madison St. Orthodox. Org. 1900. Membership: 80. Seating capacity: 230. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Abraham Goldberg, 22 Ludlow St. Sec'y, J. L. Shavin, 184 Monroe St. Goldberg, Abraham, Pres. Cong. B'nal Moses Anshel Jendzivo (240 Madison St.), since 1911. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received thorough Jewish education. Butcher: 22 Ludlow St. Res.: 29 Ludlow St. Conw. B'nal Moses Chasadel Kobrln, 27 Ludlow St, Oi-o thodox. O r g 1906..Membership: 58. Seating capacity: 60. Sick Benefit. Free Loan, Cemeter y, Study. Pres., Aaron Simon, 17 Bayard St. Sec'y, Moses J. Kaplan, 11 Pike St.Simon, Aaron, Pres. Cong. B'nal Moses Chasstdel; obrin (2? 'Ludlow St.), since 1914. Term 1' yer. Born 1866 in Irussta. Ca'rme to U.. 1897. Received ken'ral education. C6tbnt R..: 17 Bayard fit ' 184 COMMUNAL REGISTER Cog. B'nal Moser Joseph Anhei Zasmer and Zaviehast, 102 Lewis St. Orthodox. Org. 1900. Membership: 80. Seating capacity: 800. Cemetery. Pres., Charles Vallerstein, 14 Ave. D. Sec'y, Abraham Hochbaum, 119 Cannon St. Vallerstein, Charles, Pres. Cong. B'nal Moses Joseph Anshei Zasmer and Zaviehast (102 Lewis St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1861 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1894. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 14 Ave. D. B'nai Pcsehei T'shuah Anshei Ajaikt, 136 Henry St. Orthodox. Org. 1890. Membership: 110. Seating capacity: 300. Free Loan, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Hyman Cohen, 22 Ludlow St. Sec'y, Max Perlstein, 2 Clinton St. Rabbi, Hyman Rabinowitz, 140 Henry St. CofX. B'nal Rabbi Aryei Anshel Strelisk, 48 Willett St. Orthodox. Org. 1900. Membership: 70. Seating capacity: 160. Cemetery. Pres., Nathan Weiss, 147 Forsyth St Saecy, Hirsh Roher, 118 Attorney St. Weis, Nathan, Pres. Cong. -B'nal Rabbi Aryel Anshel Strellisk (48 Willett St.), since!916., Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Austria. Came? to US. 1906. Received gen-, eral Jewish education. Rest urnt. Res.:.147 Forsyth SIt. Cong. B'nal Rabbi Zindel Anshei Pultinsk, 119 Norfolk St. Orthodox. Org. 1903. Membership: 43. Seating capacity: 80. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Louis Vlasky, 27 Ridge St., Sec'y, L. Schomskin, 1517 Charles St., B'klyn. Vlasky, Lonfi, Pres. Cong. B'nai Rabbi Zindel Anshei Pultinsk (119 Norfolk St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Building contractor. Res.: 27 Ridge St. Cong. B'nai Rappaport Anshei Dombrowa, 207 E. 7th St. Orthodox. Org. 1888. Membership: 200. Seating capacity: 500. Cemetery. Pres., Morris Ravner, 14 W. 119th St. Sec'y, B. Gross, 246 E. 7th St. Cong. BWnai Samuel Levenson, 81 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1913. Membership: 26. Seating capacity: 100. Bikur Cholilr, Cemetery. Pres., L. Rodkop, 95 Cannon St. Sec'y, S. Levenson, 62 Cannon St. Rodkop, L., Pres. Cong. B'nai Samuel Levenson (81 Columbia St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1881 In Austria. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general Jewish and secular education. Clothing: 61 Pike St. Res.: 96 Cannon St. BWnal Sholom, 261 E. 4th St. Orthodox. Org. 1888. Mem 0ONGREGATIONS 185 bership: 8. Seating capacity: 100. Pres., Mo s e s Mayer, 294 W. 12th St. Sec'y, Ferdinand Weinberg, 214 E. 4th St. Mayer, Moses, Pres. B'nai Sholom (261 E. 4th St.), since 1912., Born 1846 in Germany. Came *to U. S. 1866. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 294 W. 12th St. B'nal Simon Solomon, 203 Division St. Orthodox. Org. 1916. Membership: 40. Seating capacity: 85. Cemetery. Pres., Gedaliah Grossman, 95 Monroe St. Sec'y, Joseph Green, 63 Norfolk St. Grossman, Gedallah, Pres. B'nai Simon Solomon (203 Division St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1912. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 95 Monroe St. Chevrah. B'nai Siraler, 162 Madison St. Orthodox. Org. 1815. Membership: 72. Seating capacity: 120. Cemetery. Pres., Isaac Glick, 27 Ludlow St. Gliek, Isaac, Pres. Chevrah B'nai Sirafer (162 Madisor St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1857 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1897. Res.: 27 Ludlow St. Chevah B'nal Solomon Anshel Zsmel, 22 W. 114th St. Orthodox. Org. 1892. Membership: 86. Seating capacity: 100. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Isaac Siegel, 402 So. 5th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Max Mones, 22 E. 109th St. Siegel, Isaac, Pres. Chevrah B'nai Solomon Anshel Zalmel (22 W. 114th St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish education. Ret.: 402 S. 5th St., B'klyn. Bohemian American Israelite Cong. Beth Elohim, 210-12 E. 72nd St. Orthodox. Org. 1896. Membership: 80. Seating capacity: 475. Cemetery. Pres,- Albert Winternitz, Sec'y, Moritz Abells, 1242 3rd Ave. Bolochover Chevtah Shornel Sholom, 122 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1912. Membership: 80. Seating capacity: 90. Cemetery. Pres., Manasseh Gutthartz, 117 Broome St. Sec'y, J. Rubinstein, 639 E. 9th St. Guttharts, Manasah, Pres. Bolochover Chevrah Shomret Sholom (122 Columbia St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish and secular e d ucation. Fruit salesman. Res.: 11X7 Broome. St. * Brith Sholom- Wa XWIomo a 6, Ave. D. Orthodox -Org. 1912. Membership: 140. Beating capacity: 400. C!*0 - OOMUMNAL ~m3STIA tery. Pres., Isaa Willner, *i9 Broome St. Scc'y, Louis Berl, 66 Cannon St. Rabbi, Morris Wexler, 841 Kelly St. illner, Isaac, Pres. Brith Sholom B'nai Isaac (6 Ave. D), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1883. Received general Jewish education. r o c e r. Re.: Res.: 298 Broome St. Brotherhood League of Rhodes (Agudath Aehim D'Rhodes). Sick beneft; cemetery. Org. 1910. Membership: 105. Meets 1st Sunday, at 186 Chrystie St. Pres., Albert J. Amateau, 40 W. 115th St. Sec'y, Solomon Mizrachi, 86 Rivington St. Bulubtlerr Chevrah L I u a t h Hasedek Anshet Gallcia, 93 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1896. Membership: 130. Seating capacity: 100. Sick Benefit. Cemetery. P r e s., Max Isenberg, 672 Fox St. Sec'y, Benjamin Appel, 636 '3, Bth St. Iseabers, Max, Pres. Bulshtiner Chevrah Linath Ilatedelo Anshel Galicia (93 Attorney St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1881 In Austria. Came to U. S. 100. iReceived general JewIsh and secular education. Tinsmith. Res.: 672 Fox St., Ueswes C. ou. K. V. V. SiOk behefit;- lnsurance- cemetb6y;.place of worship. Org. 199.' Membership: 108. Meetings: 1st and 8d Sundays, at 228 E. Houston St. Pries., E. Margulies. Sec'y, B. Lindner, 299 E. 3rd St. Cong. Busker B'nal Brtth K. U. V., 87 Ridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1911. Membership: 42: Seating capacity: 100. Bikur Cholim, Cemetery. Pres., Moses Hershandler, 332 E. Houston St. Sec'y, Harry Fink, 98 Sheriff St. Hershandler, Moees, Pres. Cong. Busker B'nai Brith K. U. V. (87 Ridge St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 332 E. Houston St. Cong. Chai'el Adam Arshel Lomza, 101 Hester St. Orthodox. Org. 1877. Membership: 70. Seating capacity: 200. Free Loan, Insurance, Cemetery. Pres., Leizer Goldberg,. 18 Henry St. Sec'y, Aaron D. Krugman, 935 Longwood Ave. Goldberg, Leizer, Pres. Cong. Chai'ei Adam Anshei Lbmza (101 Hester St.), since 1914. Term 1 year..Born 1862 in Russia. Came to-U. S. 1881. Received general Jewish education. Cleahing and pressing. Res.: 183 Henry St. ChaVFe Adam Anshel MIlnsc, 97 Henry St. Orthodox. ]tembership: 27. Seati n capacity: 90. Malbish Aru OONGBISGATION 187 mim, Cemetery. Pree., Chaim Freldin, 182 Broome St. Sec'y, Nathan Fried, 231 Henry St. Freidin, Chaim, Pres. Chai'ei Adam Anshel Minsk (97 Henry St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1860 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Exporter clothing: 243 Henry St. Res.: 182 Broome St. Chasldel Bayon Anshel Russia, 64 Pitt St. Orthodox. Org. 1908. Membership: 20. Seating capacity: 60. Pres., Motel Cohen, 55 Pitt St. Sec'y, Mr. Gulkin, 1125 6th Ave. Cohen, Motel, Pres. Chasidel Bayon Anshei Russia (64 Pitt St.), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1861 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Restaurant. Res.: 566 Pitt St. Chevrah Chasidel B'nal Israel MI-Rlzln, 1'49 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1910. Membership: 54. Seating capacity: 150. Cemetery, Study. Pres., Fishel Horowitz, 278 E. 8rd St. Sec'y, Hirsch Rohr, 329 E. 9th St. H o r o w I t, Ftlsll, Pres. Chevrah Chasldel B'nal Israel Mi-Rizin (149 Attorney St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general J w s h educatiOn. Retired. Res.: 278 W. Srd St. Chasldel SadlIera Tipheretb Israel Maritni 102 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1/92. Membership: 75. Seating capacity: 200. Insurance, Free Loan, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Simon Kleinman, 3 Attorney St. Sec'y, Louis Goldstein, 95 Division Ave., B'klyn, K le nman, Simon, Pres. Chasldel ISadigera Tiphereth Israel Marisin (102 Attorney St.), since 1912. Terrn 1 year. Born 1857 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Butcher: 19 Suffolk St. Res.: 3 Attorney St. Cong. Chesed L'Abraham Anshel Trxik, 436 Grand St. Orthodox. Org. 1896. Membership: 80. Seating capacity: 100. Cemetery. Pres., Louis Luxenberg, 368 New Jersey Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Isaac Gerbach, 58 Sheriff St. Luxenberg, Louis, Pres. Cong. C h e s e d L'Abraham Anshel Trisk (436 Grand St.), since 1904. Term 1 year. Born 1869 In Ruissa. Came to U. S. 1894. Received general Jewish education. Dealer in Clothiers' Trimmings: 141' Eldridge St. Res.: 368 New Jersey Ave., B'klyn. Chevrah Kadlsha, 1'9 Suffolk St. Orthodox. Org. 1916. Membership: 20. Seating capacity: 80. Pres., Natban Bedrick, 116 8tannton 8t Treas., Z. Palftsticak, Ate. 1E L ~ 188 COMMUNAL tEGISTER Bedriek, Nathan, Pres. Chevrah Kadisha (169 Suffolk St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1871 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 116 Stanton St. Cong. Chlbath Jerusalem Anahel Sompolne B'nai Abraham EMi-Plotsk, 1362 Fifth Ave. Orthodox. Org. 1890..Membership: 80. Seating capacity: 250. Sick Benefit, Life Insurance, Brotherhood, Cemetery. Pres., David Levy, 1717 Madison Ave. Sec'y, Max Levine, 46 Bleecker St., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Levy, David, Pres. Cong. Chibath Jerusalem Anshei Sompolne B'nai A b r a h a m Mi-Plotsk (1362 Fifth Ave.), since 1907. Term 1 year. Born 1865 in England. Came to U. S. 1884. Attended Public School in England..Grocer. Res.: 1717 Madison Ave. Cong. Chochnath Adam An'hel,Loamm V'Gotch, 23 Hester St Orthodox. Org. 1877. Membership: 126. Seating capacity: 200. Sick Benefit, Insurance, Pree Loan, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Nathan Greenberg, 286 Madison St. Sec'y, Naphtali Levin. Rabbi, Joshua Hurwich. Greenberg, Nathan, P r es. Cong. Choehmath Adam An*shet Lo m z a V'Gotch (28 -Hester St.),, snce 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1852 in Poland. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Butcher. Res.: 285 Madison Ave. Chevrah Chofets Chaim, 61 E. 101st St. Orthodox. Org. 1906; Seating capacity: 100. Pres., Mr. Wolf, 1342 Park Ave. Chevrah Chovevel Zion of Harlem, 319 E. 101st St. Orthodox. Org. 1900. Membership: 36. Seating capacity: 112. Cemetery, Study. Pres., Jacob S. Goldberg, 47 E. 104th St. Sec'y, Philip Teller, 210 E. 103d St. Gbldberg, Jacob S., Pres. Chevrah Chovevet Zion of Harlem (319 E. 101st St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Clothing contractor. Res.: 47 E. 104th St. Cong. Chevrah Kadisha Talmud Torah, 127 E. 82nd St. Orthodox. Org. 1868. Membership: 24. Seating capacity: 450. Cemetery. Pres., B. Heineman, 164 E. 89th St. Sec'y, B. Ehrman, 62 E. 89th St. Heineman, B, Pres. Cong. Chevrah' Kadisha Talmud Torah (127 E. 82nd St.), since 1910. Term 1 year. Born 1874 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1891. Received High School education. Fancy.coods: 480 Broadway. Res.; 164 B; 89th St. . CONGREGATIONS 189 OrWtonopoler C o n g. B r t h Isaac, 90-92 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1897. Membetship: 100. Seating capacity: 200. Sick Benefit, Cemetery. Pres., Isaac Axelrod, 238 Rivington St. Sec'y, Leib Lustig, 48 Lewis St. Akelrod, Isaac, Pres. Cristonopoler Cong. Brith Isaac (92 Columbia St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish and secular education. Mineral water: 66 Sheriff St. Res.: 238 Rivington St. Cong. Caentochauer Chasam Sopher V'Anshel Unterstanertler, 8 Clinton St. Orthodox. Org. 1888. Membership: 500. Seating capacity: 1600. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Bikur C h i m, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Lleber Grill, 44 Ave. D. Sec'y, S. Kleinman, 69 E. 3rd St. Rabbi, Benjamin Guth, 103 Ave. A. Grill, Lieber, Pres. Cong. Czentochauer Chasam Sopher V'Anshei Unterstanestier (8 Clinton St.), since 1913. Term 1 year. Born 1869 'in Austria. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. of feather boas: 782 Broadway. Res.: 44 Ave. I1. Csertkover Rabbi D. M. Friedman. ons., 80 E. 1st St.. Orthodox., Org. 1897. Membership: 160. Seating capacity: 100. Sick Benefit, In surance, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Mendel Rotenstreich, 344 E. 81st St. Sec'y, Joseph Rubenstein, 677 Beck St. Roteustrelch, Mendel, Pres. Czortkover Rabbi D. M. Friedman Cong, (30 E. 1st St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1893. Received general J e wish educatioi. Laundry: 344 E. 81st St. Res.: 884 E. 81st St. Czortkover Rabbi J. M. Shapiro K. U. V., 80 Clinton St. Orthodox. Org. 1892. Membership: 120. Seating capacity: 150. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Life Insurance, Cemetery. Pres., Louis Lande, 401 Miller Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Win. Roth, 52 B. 4th St. Lande, Louis, Pres. Ctortkover Rabbi J. M. Shapiro K. U. V. (80 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 Months. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish and secular education. Liquors: 38 8W. Houston St. Res.: 401 Miller Ave., B'klyn. Chevrahi Degel' Iaac, 68 Suffolk St. Orthodox. Membership: 70. Seatint aoaacity: 150. Cenietery, Sttdy. PreB., tE Weinberg, Bec'y, M. Maliner, 172 Mbnroe St. Coig. Derel Malhaneh'lh Bhraii Anisb 'flBiuleer, 117 ( 490 I " KMOXUNqAL woulsf~rn Lewis St. Orthodox. Org. 1894. Membership: 70. Seating capacity: 300. Cemetery. Pres., Jacob Gottlieb, 882 E. 3d St. Sec'y, Abr. Ader, 819 Stanton St. Gottlieb, Jacob, Pres. Cong. Degel Machaneh Ephraim Anshei Bluzivier (117 Lewis St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. Cloaks: 382 E. 3rd St. Cong. Derech EIpunah, 2 Van Nest P1. Orthodox. Org. 1838. Membership: 50. Seating bapacity: 300. Sisterhood, Hebrew School, Ceme-tery. Pres., Max Morrison, 5 Le Roy St. Sec'y, David Meyer, 184 Bleecker St. Morrison, Max, Pres. Cong. Derech Emunah (2 Van Nest Pl.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish education. Clothing: 252 Bleecker St. Res.: 5 Le Roy St. Dinever K. U. V., 178 Stanton St.. Orthodox. Org. 1915. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 50. Cemetery.,Pres, Meyer Kanarik, 95.Cannon St. Sec'y, Harry.Nager, 172 Rivingston St. Kanarik, Meyer, Pres. Dine- vr K. U. -. (178 Stanton,St.); eteted 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1892 in AustriL. Cam -to U,.. 1918. 'eGriy gleneral J e w s and secular education. Res.: 95 Cannon St. Cong. Doresh Tov Dobrilnxky, 56 Suffolk St. Orthodox. Org. 1870. Membership: 75. Seating capacity: 50. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Wolf Cohent 225 Henry St. Sec'y, David Pincu s, 609 Park Ave., B'klyn. Cohen, Wolf, Pres. Cong. Doresh Tov Dobrzinsky (56 Suffolk St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1895. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 255 Henry St. Cong. Dorsehel Tov Anshel Ottynla, 62 E. 4th St. Orthodox. Org. 1898. Membership: 60. Seating capncity: 150. Insurance, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Joseph Alster, 228 E. 7th St. Sec'y, Joseph R e f e r, 122 Allen St. Alster, Joseph, Pres. Cong. Dorshel Tov Anshei Ottynia (62 E. 4th St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. 'Born 1873 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 228 E. 7th St. Drubuiner Chevrah, 63 Ludlow St. Orthodox. Org. 1877. Membership: 82. Seating capacity: 160. Sick Benefit, Insurance, Cemetery. Pres., Abraham Cohen, 89 Attorney.St. Sec'y, 8. Finkelstein, 110 Keap St., B'klyn. OONGBEOATIONS 191 Cohen, Abraham, Pres. Drubniner Chevrah (63 Ludlow St.), since 1907. Term 6 months. Born 1858 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1872. Received general J e w is h education. Res.: 39 Attorney St. s ukever Adath Jeshurun An he.i Rabbi Inaac, 89 Ridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1899. Membership: 95. Seating capacity: 225. Bikur Chollm, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Asher Gidden, 89 Pitt St. Sec'y, Joseph Genzer, 184 Rivington St. Gldden, Anher, Pres. Dzukever Adath Jeshurun Anshel Rabbi Isaac (89 Ridge St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1856 in Austria.,Came to U. S. 1883. Received general Jewish education. Retired. Res.: 89 Pitt St. EduthL' Israel Anahel Milrach, 415 E. 6th St. Orthodox. Org. 1889. Membership: 130. Seating capacity: 800. Cemetery, Study. Pres., Samuel Turgovnik, 413 Grand St., B'klyn. 'Sec'y, Chiel Gutman. Organlsation Ein Jacob Anahel Liskova, 890 Jennings St. Org. 1913. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 100. Cemetery. Pres., Jacob Brown, 1436 Bryant Ave. Sec'y, Sam Weinberg, 460 E. 171st St. Brown, Jacob, Pres. Organisation Bln Jacob Anshei Liskova (890 Jehtnlgs St.), since 1913. Term 1 year. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1895. Received general Jewish reducation. Salesman. lies.: 1436 Bryant Ave. Eliezer Damasck, 380 Grand St. Orthodox. Org. 1911. Membership: 3i;. S e a.t i n g capacity: 35. Sick Benefit. Pres., Abdul Mizrahi,,194 Rodney St., B'llyn. Sec'y, Sam Arazie, 37% Allen St. Mlzrahl, Abdul, I'res. Ellezer Damasek (380 tfrand St.), since 1915. Born 1887 In Tripoli. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general education. Underwear: 34.Allen St. Res.: 194 Rodney St., B'klyn. Elleser Gants and lnl. Pzemisler, 148 Ridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1896. Membership: 38. Seating cap tcity: 50. Sick Benefit, Insuranc e Cemetery. Pres., Max Ringler, 52 Lewis St. Sec'y, A. Ader, 319 Stanton St. Ringler, Max, Pres. Ellezer Gantz and Ind. Ptemlzler (148 Ridge St.), since 1916. Term 6,months. Born 1881 in Austria. Came toe U. S. 1894. Received genekrl Jewish e'ducation. Ites.: $2 Lewis St. Emaunn-El, 521 W'fth Ate. Reformed. Eigliih Sermdn. Org. 1845. Membership: 920. Seating capacity: 1600. /Hbrew SchoOl, BEMrknuel Sister and Brotherhood, Junior Society, Cenetery. Pres., Lbuis 192 COMMUNAL REGISTER Marshall, 47 E. 72nd St. Sec'y, Wm. I. Spiegelberg, 25 Madison Ave. Rabbis, Joseph Silverman, 45 E. 75th St.; H. G. Enelow, 895 West End Ave. Cong. Emunath Israel, 301 W. 29th St. Orthodox. Org. 1863. Membership: 80. Seating 'capacity: 400. Sisterhood, Cemetery. Pres., Samuel Epstein, 109 8th Ave. Sec'y, Albert Sachs, 357 8th Ave. Rabbi, Hirsch Goldstone, 327 W. 27th St. lBpstein, Samuel, Pres. Cong. Emunath Israel (301 W. 29th St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1863 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1880. Received general Jewish education. Plate glass. Res.: 109 8th Ave. Ergte Bobriker K. U. V., 237 Rivington St. Orthodox. Org. 1907. Membership: 100. Seating capacity: 130. Free Loan, Bikur Cholim Society, C e me t ery. Pres. Chaim Shmier. Sec'y, Hertz Fisher,.14 Cannon St. Cong. Errte Bresiver Brook K. '.; V. 77 Sheriff St. Orthodox Org. 1901. Membership: 142. Beating capacity: 162. Sick Benefit, Cemetery. P-res Cbarles Gross, 324 E. 4th St. Sec'y, Mendel Willier,, 6 Chrystie St. Gros, Charles, Prea. Cong. Erste Breziver Brook K. tJ. V, (77 Sherfft St.); elected 1917. Term 6 monthe. Born 1867 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish and secular education. Mfgr. clothing. Res.: 324 E. 4th St. Erate Chelmer Cong., 161 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1916. Membership: 27. Seating capacity: 100. Pres., Baruch Rosenbaum, 90 E. 1st St. Sec'y, Gabrial Raiff, 138 Ave. D. Rosenbaum, Baruch, Pres. Erste Chelmer Cong. (161 Attorney, St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1911. Received general Jewish education. Paper hanger. Res.: 90 E. 1st St. Erste Chevrah Ahawath Israel Anshel Larea, 122 Columbia St. Orthodox, Org. 1913. Membership: 64. Seating capacity: 60. Cemetery. Pres., Elijah Goldman. Sec'y, A. Bernstein. Erste Delatiner Cong., 169 Rivington St. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership: 70. Seating capacity: 160. Sick Benefit, Cemetery. Pres., Philip Demner, 157w Stanton St. Sec'y, Harry knoll, 99 Clinton St. Demner, Philip, Prds..Kirste Delatiner Cong. (16a Rivligton St.); elected i917. ',erm 6 months. tborn 18i 8,-n Austria. Came to U. S. $902. Tailor: 83 W. 30th St. tue.: l4rStct4tmn S. i I CONGREGATIONS, 1938 Erste Dubetzker CoIn., 105 Lewis St. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 60. Cemetery. Pres., Max Sacks, 95 Columbia St. Sec'y, Ben. Briar, 96 Lewis St. Sacks, Max, Pres. Erste Dubetzker Cong. (105 Lewis St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Roofer. Res.: 95 Columbia St. Erste Dzikover Chevrah, 77 Sheriff St. Orthodox. Org. 1899. Membership: 29. Seating capacity: 150. Bikur Cholim, Cemetery, S t u d y. Pres., Benj. l e s h e r, 67 Lewis St. Sec'y, J. Wrubel, 92 Goerck St. Fleisher, BenJ., Pres. Erste Dzikover Chevrah (77 Sheriff St.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Res. and Bus.: 67 Lewis St. Erste Prampoler K. U. V., 92 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1910. Membership: 88. Cemetery. Pres., Charles Zitrin, 61 Columbia St. Sec'y, Max Leiberman, 61 Columbia St. Zitrin, Charles, Pres.. Erste Frampoler K. U. V. (92 Co-. lumbia St.); elected.1917. Term 6 months.. Born 1886 in, Poland. Came to U1. S. 1908. Received general Jew14h edupation. -Res.: 61 Coium bi;a t:.. / Erste Gorlltuer Cong. lMaclikel Emeth, 101. LewisBiSt. Orthodox. Org. 1892. Membership: 88. Seating capacity: 300. Bikur Cholim, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Samuel Pensak, 173 Amboy St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Moses Kirschenbaum, 80 Sherif St. Pensak, Samuel, Pres. Erste Gorlitzer Chevrah' Maohzikei Emeth (101% Lewis St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1884. Received general Jewish education. Knit goods: 96 Attorney St. Res.: 173 Amboy St., B'klyn. Erste Halltaer U. V., 159 Rivington St. Orthodox. Org. 1904. Membership: 95. Seating capacity: 200. Slok Benefit, Cemetery. Prea: Louis Schumer, 346 E, 3rd St. Sec'y, Samuel Schorr, 306 B. 2nd St. Schumer, Louis, Pres. Erste Halitzer U. V. (159 Rivington St.); elected 1917. Tqrlm 6 months. Born 1890 ln Austria. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 846 E. 3rd St. Erste Hoaredenker, Co4., 96 Clinton St. Orthodox. Org. 1914. Membership: 12s. Seating capacity: p00,,,ok Benefit,;lnsurance, C. 4 -tery. Pres. and Seo'y, Joseph Ebenstein, 208' Stanton St. Ebenatela, J o e h, -Prea.. r st e Hoaredenk;er. qo. I96 linton St.), sinc.14. Term 6 months., Bog,l;- 6 194 OOMMUNAL REGISTIE in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. neckties. Res.: 208 Stanton St. Erste lad. Duvemaver Cong., 73 Ludlow St. Orthodox. Org. 1914. Membership: 14. Seating capacity: 60. Pres., Max Wallerstein. Sec'y, H. Singer, 299 S. 2nd St., B'klyn. EBrte Kamlouker Strumllawer K. U. V, 126 Rivingston St. Orthodox. Org. 1903. Membership: 90. Seating capacity: 500. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Samuel Durst, 717 E. 9th St. Sec'y, Judah Lampert, 243 Rivington St. Durst, Samuel, Pres. Erste Kamlonker Strumilawer K. U. V. (125 Rivlngton St.; elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Austria. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 717 E. 9th St. Erste Kopltsblnzer Sick and B. A., 125 Rivington St. Orthodox. Org. 1905. Membership: 80. Seating' capacity: 400. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Moriel Stockman, 47 Clinton St. Sec'y, 8. Rubel, 686 E. 6th Bty S tee k ma, Morrls, Pres. EBste Kopitshlnzer Sick and B. A. (12 Rtivington St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1864 in Austria. Reeeived' general Jewish eduction. Tailor. Res.: 47 aCinton it. Brste Linsker Chevrah Bikur Cholim, 88 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1899. Membership: 75. Seating capacity: 200. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Meyer Stier, 171 Clinton St. Sec'y, Isaac Steinberg, 125 Columbia St. Stier, Meyer, Preb. Erste Linsker Chevrah Bikur Cholim (88 Columbia St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Eggs: 46 Pitt St. Res.: 171 Clinton St. Erste Magrower K. U. V., 180 Stanton St. Orthodox. Org. 1908. Membership: 65. Seating capacity: 120. Cemetery. Pres., Israel Garfunkel, 134 Suffolk St. Sec'y, Rabbi L. Aptheiker, 68 Broome St. G a r f u n kel Irael, Pres. Erste Magrower K. U. V. (180 Stanton St.); since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1910. Received general Jewish and secular education. Egg dealer: 1291 B'way, B'klyn. Res.: 134 Suffolk St. Erxte Praworaker Anrhel Frlxhtak, 145 Ridge St. Orthpdox. Org. 1907. Membership: 80. Seating capacity: 80. Bikur Cholimn, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Julius 3Silverman, 128 l'orfolk St. Sec'y, S. Alter, 910 Myrtle Afe., B'klyn, OONWGROAT!ONS 196 SU8verman, J u I I u, Pres. Ersie Przworsker A n s h e i Frisntak (145 Ridge St.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Dry goods store: 91 E. B'way. Res.: 12S Norfolk St. Erste Rndnaker K. U. V., 337 St.antin St. Orthodox. Org. 1901 Itimbership: 65. Seating capacity: 200. Sick Benefit, Cemetery. Pres., Joseph Brech.,:. Sc'y, Louis Kalb, 230 E. 80th,St. Brecher,.Joseph, Pres. Erste Rudniker K. U. V. (337 Stanton st.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Austria. tCame to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish and secular education. Insurance. Erste Shendxihower Galsl-aner, 92 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1899. Membership: 75. Seating capacity: 800. Sick Benefit; centetery. Pres., Mr. Zwiebel, 91 Keap St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Mr. Hofferung, 124 Sheriff St. Erute Yavorower K. U. V., 163 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1895. Memberthip: 75. Seating capacity: 130. Sick Benefit, Cemetery, Pres., Joseph Apisdorf. 69 Mangin St. Sec'y, Altar Soligman, 69 Mangin St.. A p d f, Josepb, Pros. Brate Yavurower K U. V. (163 Attorney St.), since 1911. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Austria. Came to U. S, 1896. Received general education. Salesman. Res.: 69 Mangin St. Erste Zaliner Chevrah, 64 Pitt St. Orthodox. Org. 1901. Membership: 50. Seat in g capacity: 120. Pres., Sigmund Yokel, 68 Kosciusko St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Mr. Cobper, 13 Pitt St. Yokel, SSigund, Pres. Erste Zaliner Chevrah (64 Pitt 'St.), since 1910. Term 6 months. Born 1859 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1885. Received general J e w s h education. Brushes. Res.: 61 Kosciusko St., B'klyn. Erste Zalieztlcker R a b e B Ager U. V., 193 E. 2nd St. Orthodox. Org. 1914. Membership: 100. Seating capacity: 100. Cemetery. Pres., Joseph Oxhorn, 307 Southern Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y,. Bryer, 146 Ludlow St. Chevrah KadJlha Es Chalm, 69 Lewis St. Orthodox. Org. 1897. Membership: 36. Seating capacity: 162. Cemetery. Pres., Mordecal Brand, 332 Delancey St. See'y, 8. XU Bemel, 79 Cannon St. Brand, Mordeesal Pres. Chevrah Kadisha Es Chaim (69 Lewis St.), since 1909. Term 6 months. Born 1883 In Austria. Came to U. S 1903. Received wenorl: Jewish education. Paint *tore: 196 COMMltTNAI RbGITTER 288. Delancey St.: Res. 332 Delancey St. Chevrabl Ns Chaim, 41 W. 113th St. Orthodox. Org. 1915. Membership: 6. Seating capacity: 120. Pres., Morris Lefkowitz,.62 E. 111th St. *Sec'y, M. Garfin-.kle, 22 W. 113th St. (Branch of 106 Ave. C.) Lefkowits, M o r r I, Pres. Chevrah Ez Chaim (41 W. 113th St.), since 1915. Born,.847 in Austria. Came to t. S. 1888. Received general Jewish education. Retired. Res.: 62 E. 111th St. Cong. Es Chaim Anshel Hangary, 106 Ave. C. Orthodox. Org. 1899. Membership: 65. Seating capacity: 230. Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Datid Herman, 77 St. Mark's P1. Sed'y, I. Lang, 622 E. 6th St. (Branch: 41 W. lth St.) Herman, David, Pres. Cong. Es Chaim Anshet Hungary (106 Ave. C.), since 1915. Terml 1 year. Born 1865 in Hungary. Came to U. S. ^19t0. ReceiVed general Jewish education. Agent. Res.: ' i'St. Marks P1. lhevral Es Chais Anahel Rusmia, 209 E. B*way. Orthodox. Org. 1906. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 160. Insurance, Ceme'4 tiry, Study. Pres., Hyman Weinstein, 452 Bergen Ave., Jrsey.City, N. J, - Se'y,.A-ihrF Gallubsick, 26 Motttotmery St. Weinstein, H y m a a, Pres. Cong. Ez Chaim Anshei Ruzian (209,E. B'way), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 452 Bergen Ave., Jersey City, N. J. Es Chaim Aushel Veloxhen, 209 Madison St. Orthodox. Org. 1896. Membership: 200. Seating capacity: '400. Free Loan, Sick Benefit, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Samuel Silverman, 717 Kelly St. Sec'y, H. Rudnick, 152 Madison St. Rabbi, A. Burack, 460 Grand St. Silverman, S a m e 1, Pres. Cong. Ez Chaim Anshei Veloshen (209 Madison St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1880. Received general Jewish education. Clothing: 61 W. 4th St. Res.: 717 Kelly St. Ez Chaim of Yorkville, 107 E. 92nd St. Reformed. English and German Sermon. Org. 1902. Membership: 40. Seating capacity: 450. Sunday School; Young Folks' League; Sisterhood. Pres.,, Adolf Galewski, 148 W. 118th St. Sec'y, Julius 'Schwartzkopf, 1 Third Ave. Rabbi, Dr. D. Davidson, 71 E. 92nd St. Galewski, Adolph, Pres. Ez Chaim of Yorkville (107 E..t2nd St.), since 1907.' Term 1 year. Born 1867 in Rus CONGREGATIONS 197 sia. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general J e w i s h education. Leather: 354 Broome St. Res.: 149 W. 118th St. Ezrath Achim Anshel Vidz, 116 Monroe St. Orthodox. Org. 1903. Membership: 57. Seating capacity: 75. Sick Benefit, Insurance, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Max Mendelson, 1845 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Levenson, S5 Forsyth St. Mendelson, Max, Pres. Ezrath Achimn Anshei Vidz (116 Monroe St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Tailor. Res.: 1845 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Cong. Esrath Israel Anshel Bronx, 1414 Webster Ave. Orthodox. Membership: 40. Seating capacity: 450. Pres., S. Rosenberg, 1260 Findlay Ave. Sec'y, J. Suffrin, 569 Claremont P'kway. Rosenberg, Samuel, Pres. Cong. Ezrath Israel Anshel Bronx (1414 Webster Ave.), since 1912. Term 1 year. Born 18T4 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received technical education., Mfgr. steel and brass chains: 3rd Ave. and iOth St., College Point L. I. Res.: 1260 Findlay Ave. Cong. Fannie Siegel Amuhel Berlader, 165 Allen St, Orthodox. Org. -1907. Membership: 100. Seating oap& city: 76. Cemetery. Pres., Marcus Entmacher, 68 E. 1st St. Sec'y, Elias Kaner, 833 E. 6th St. Entmaeher, Marcus, Pres. Cong. Fannie Siegel Anshei Berlader (165 Allen St.), since 1907. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Roumanla. Came to U. S. 1908. Received general Jewish education. Printer. Res.: 68 E. 1st St. First Austro Hungarian Beth Sholoem, 28 Sumner Ave., B'klyn. Orthodox. Org. 1907. Membership: 80. S e at I n g capacity: 550. Sunday School, Ladies' Auxiliary, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Louis Shoen, 293 ThrooP Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Joseph Ritter, 88 Lafayette St., B'klyn. Rabbi, Dr. 'Sigmund Abeles, 196 Vernon Ave., B'klyn. First Broder B'nal Brith Astn, 209 E. 2nd St. Orthodox. Org. 1897. Membership! t50. Seating capacity: 100. Sick Benefit, I n s u r a n ce, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres,, J. Schochet, 1115 Clay AVe. Sec'y, A. J. Silver, 71 B. Ith St. ch e h o e h e t, J., Pres. VFirst B r o d e r B'nal Brith AsB'n (209 E. 2nd St.), since 1i16. ~Term 1 year. Born 1i70 In Austria. Caine to U. #. 1885. Received general Jewish education. 'Mfg. leatter goods, 181 Mercer St. Res.: 1115 Clay Ave. ]itst GOog. of:'BmtM DaViU Anshet Roea imeele 1 W. t9M COMMXUNAL RBGIT 113th St. Orthodox. Org. 1887. Membership: 75. Seating capacity: 600. Sick Benefit, Cemetery. Pres., L. Barnett, 25 E. 111th St. Sec'y, M. Kaufman, 18 E. 111th St. First Cong. B'nal Rabbi David Meyer Anshel Schwiroh, 62 Willett St. Orthodox. Org. 1904. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 120. Insurance, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Sam Sargin, 188 Flint St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Isaac Welts, 320 Henry St. 8argin, Sam, Pres. First Cong. B'nai Rabbi David Meyer Anshei Schwirsh (62 Willett St.); dlected 1917. Term 6 months. Born in Austria. Received general Jewish education. Fruit: 22 Washington Ave., B'klyn. -Re.s.; 190 Flint St., B'klyn. First Botachaner Cong. Or Chodoah, 80 Stanton St. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 160. Ladies' Auxiliary. Pres., Samuel J. Brandeis, 103 Columbia St. Sec'y, Jacob Lesser,. 6 2nd Ave. Brandels, L. -J. Pres. First:Botachaner Cong. Or Chodoph,(80 Stanton St.), since.1916. Born 1866 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1888. t.ceived general Jewish. qducation. Res.: 103 Columbia St. iPht~ Bueesrw CkerTa, t28 IB. nSad St,, Orthodox. Org. 1897. Membership: 49. Seating capacity: 100. Sick Benefit, Insurance, Cemetery. Pres., Isidore Bender, 785 E. 161st St. Sec'y, J. Role, 345 E. 3rd St. Bender, Isidor, Pres. First Buczaczer Chevrah (223 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish and secular education. Cutter. Res.: 786 E. 161st St. First Dobromller K. U. V., 92 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1890. Membership: 190. Seating capacity: 320. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., S. Goldrech, 1332 5th Ave. Sec'y, W. Sacher, 72 Columbia St. Goldrech, Solomon, P r e s. First Dobromller K.,J. V. (92 Columbia St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 1332 6th Ave. First Dnnajaver Cong., 86 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership: 42. Seating capacity 100; Sick Benefit, Cemetery. Pres., Samuel Schor, 44 Ave. D. Sec'y, Herman Loew, 92 1st St. Cong. First Galician Duckler Mogen Abraham, 87 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1884. Membership: 280. Seating capacity: 700. Ladies' Aux.,,Cemetery, Study. Prea., Slomon - Ban& 24 I B'tway. OONGMQATIONS 199 Sec'y, Hyman Gewirtz, 859 Madison St. Rabbi, David Frankel, 349 E. 4th St. Brand, Solomon, Pres. Cong. First Galician Duckler Mogen Abraham (87 Attorney St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1867 in Austria. Received general Jewish education. Paints. Res.: 264 E. B'way. First Hungarian Congrega'n of Yorkvllle Ohavel Torah, 335 E. 82nd St. Orthodox. Org. 1917. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 100. Pres., Morris Eisenberger, 351 E. 83rd St. Sec'y, Alexander Weiss, 509 E. 78th St. Rabbi, B. M. Klein, 415 E. 85th St. Elsenberger, Morris, Pres. First Hungarian Cong. of Yorkville Ohavei Torah (335 E. 82nd St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1903. Neckwear mfgr. Res.: 351 E. 83d St. First Hungarian Cong. Obab Zedek, 18 W. 116th St. Orthodox. Org. 1873. Membership: 325. Seating capacity: 1400. Sick Benefit, Hebre* School, Sisterhood, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Moritz Neuman, 114 W: 120th St. See'y, D. Berliner, 66 W. 118th St. Rabbis: Dr. Philip Klein, 187 W. 119th St., Dr. B. Drachman, 128 W. 121st St. (Branch: 172 Norfolk St.) Ngmaa, Meorlts Pros. First Hungarian Col. Ohab Zedek (18 W. 116th St.), since 1897. Born in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1877. Received general Jewish education. Leather: 304 Pearl St. Res.: 114 W. 120th St. First Ind. Mikulliner Sick B. A,, 214 E. 2nd St. Orthodox. Org. 1900. Membership: 135. Seating capacity; 150. Insurance, Sick Benefit, Cemetery. Pres., Nathan Ramer, 190 E. 2nd St., clo Goldstein. Sec'y, H. Regen. 251 E. 4th St. First Kishinever Cong., 66 1. 4th St. OrthodoX. Org. 1907. Membership: 108. Seating capacity: 500. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Bikur Cholim, Cemetery. Pres., Isaac Merims, 84 Delancey St. Sec'y, J. Trogerman, 456 E. 175th St. Rabbi: Joseph Sechtzer, 216 E. Houston St, Merlms, Isaac, Pres. First Kishinever Cong. (66 E. 4th St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1864 In RusSia. Came to U. S. 1918. Received general Jewish education. Gents' Furnishings: 75 Rivington St. Res.: 84 Delancey St. First Lemberger Chevrak AAahel AshkenAl, 160 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org, 1898. Membership: S0. Seating Clpacity: 100. Sick Beneftt, Free Loan, Cemetery, Study. Pres., PhUip Wagen,.28 EB. 4th St. Sec'y, Max faapper, 71 Cannon ^, 200 COMMUNAL REGISTER WaCen, Philip, Pres. First Lemberger Chevrah Anshei Ashkenaz (150 Attorney St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Painter. Res.: 283 E. 4th St. First Linath Hazedek Anshei Potok-Zlots, 80 Clinton St. Orthodox. Org. 1899. Membership: 110. Seating capacity: 260. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Abraham Baruch Mitzelmacher, 707 E. 6th St. Sec'y, Ben Zion Held, 21 1st Ave. Mittelmacher, Abraham Baruch, Pres. First Linath.Hazedek Anshei PotokZlotz (80 Clinton St.), since 1912. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Austria. Came to 1U.. 1894. Received general Jewish education. Furrier. Res.: 707 E. 6th St. First Lutawfiker Chevrah Maelhlkel Ha-DDth, 48 Cannon St. Orthodox. Org. 1897. Membership: 85. Seating capacity: 400. Cemetery. Pres., Samuel Katz, 99 Columbia St.' Sec'y, Isaac Siegel, 44 Ave. D. Katet, SaMl l Pres. First LutaWisker Chevrah Machaikel:Hl-Dath ('48 Cannon St.), sific 1916. 'Term 6 months. BIorti 18&0 in Austria. Came to TY. B. 1891. Received general Jewish education. Mattrewes: 106 Columbia St. tRe.: 99 Columzrbiat: 8.. r Cong. First Madliborsger, 81 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1912. Membership: 80. Seating capacity 100. Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Jacob Kleinman, 629 E. 12th St. Sec'y, L. Hamermann, 98 Cannon St. Kleinman, Jacob, Pres. Cong. First Madliborzger. (81 Columbia St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. in 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 629 E. 12th St. First Neustadter Cong., 159 Rivington St. Orthodox. Org. 1905. Membership: 45. Seating capacity: 150. Bikur Cholim, Cemetery. Pres., Nathan Hartstein, 63 Pitt St. Sec'y, Israel Gottfried, 108 E. 7th St. Hart s te n, Nathan, Pres. First Neustadter Cong. (159 Rivington St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1913. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 63 Pitt St. First Nihaver Berhmmeth Ben. K. U. V, 180 Stanton St. Orthodox. Org. 1910. Membership: 85. Seating capacity: 60. Sick Benefit, Cemetery Pres., Morris Lobel, 2904 Atlantic Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Rev. Jacob Fuohs, 245 Eldridge St. Lobel Morris, Pres. First Nihaver Berhometh Ben. K. * U. V. (180 Stanton St. since OONGRGATIONS 201 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish and secular education. Cloaks and suits: 120 W. 20th St. Res.: 2904 Atlantic Ave., B'klyn. F i r t Oestreicher Chevrah B'nai Rabbi Moses Abbe, 87 Ridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1900. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 90. Pres., Morris Schiff, 46 Ave. D. Sec'y, S. Woltzman, 13 4 Columbia St. Sehiff, Morris, Pres. First Oestreicher Chevrah B'nai Rabbi Moses Abbe (87 Ridge St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general J e w is h education. Tailor. Res.: 46 Ave. D. First Oatiler Aid Soc, 155 Suffolk St. Orthodox. Org. 1911. Membership: 90. Seating capacity, 100. Sick Benefit, Cemetery. Pres., Lipa Ouventhal. Sec'y, Barnet Krongold, 699 E. 138th St. Cong. First Ostrer Oheb Sholom, 138 Eldridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1896. Membership: 125. Seating capacity: 300. Sick Benefit, Cemetery. Pres., Isadore Fein, '416 Van Brunt St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Charles Fortus, 248 Broome St. First Radomer CongC, 57 St. Marks PI.. Orthodox Org. 19 0 8.. Membership: 10 2. Seating capacity: 200. Sick Benefit, Insurance, Cemetery. Pres., Paul Moshkowsky, 110 St. Mark's P1. Sec'y, Abraham Fishman, 815 E. 161st St. Moshkowsky, P a 1, Pres. First Radomer Cong. (57 St. Marks PI.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. children's clothes: 119 W. 28rd St. Res.: 110 St. Marks PI. First Sokolover Cong. Anshei Yosher, 144 Goerck St. Orthodox. Org. 1893. Membership: 130. Seating capacity: 350. Cemetery, Study. Pres., Marcus Satler, 265 Rivington St. Sec'y, Max Kar,p, 134 Cannon St. Satler, Marcus, Pres. First Sokolover Cong. A n s h e Yosher (144 Goerck St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 186'4 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Dry goods: 264 Rivington St. Res.: 265 Rivington St. First Sondowa Wissiaa Soc, 62 Pitt St. OrthQdox. Org. 1903. Membership: 60. Seating capaci t y: 200. Sick Benefit, Insurance, 'cemretery. Pres., Joseph Schwartz, -6 Wt 1l t St Sec'y, I. 'Shwammer, 170 Rivington St. S e o w;a r t a Je, -et Ps. ~Tirst Sondowa Wlinti- Soc. I 202 OOMMUNAL RISTEB (62 Pitt St.), since 1916. T^rm 6 months. Born 1878 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Undertaker. Res.: 56 Willet St. First Trembovler K. U. V., 86.Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1897. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 100. Cemetery. Pres. Hirsch J. Schnopper, 49 Clinton St. Sec'y, Max Schechter, 86 Attorney St. Sebmopper, Hirsch J., Pres. First Trembovler K.U. V. (86 Attorney St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish and secular education. Furrier. Res.: 49 Clinton St. First Umaaer Cong., 66 Orchard St. Orthodox. Org. 1907. Membership: 50. Seating capacity: 55. Cemetery. Pites., Nathan Forman, 816 Broome St. Sec'y, Abr. Kaufman, 225 E. 99th St. Porman, Nathim, Pres. First Umaner Cong. (56 Orchard St.). since 11916. Term 6 months. Boin 1880 in Russia; Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education Jeweler:.-94 Chrystle St Res.: 316 Broome St. JIrst Usited Podhayeer Cou,w 126 Rivington St. Orthodox. Org. 1903. Membership! 54. Seoating eapacity: 60. InsuranmC, C.In tery. Pres. Philip Teller, 210 E. lS8rd ESt. Sec'y, H. Rosenman, 98 Ave. B. First UTerechker K. U. V., 207 E. 2nd St. Orthodox. Seating capacity: 200. Pres., Wolf Liebman, 13 So. 3d St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Jonas Liebman, 96 Rivington St. Rabbi, Sol. Biller, 114 Essex St. Pirst Warshauer Cong., 58 Rivington St. Orthodox. Org. 1889. Membership: 200. Seating capacity: 1200. Cemetery, S t u d y. Pres., Elias Shafer, 105 E. 10th St. Sec'y, Mr. Itshman, 86 Ludlow St. Rabbi, Mr. Shneier, 97 Attorney St. Shafer, EllAs, Pres. First Warshauer Cong. (58 Rivington St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general J e w is h education. Hair goods: 111 4th Ave. Res.: 106 E. 10th St. Cong. of First Washkowitser Bukowinlan Sick B. S., 214! E. 2nd St. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership: 1356. Sick Benefit, Insurance,- Free Loan. Pres., Adolph IMwisch, 146 E. Houston St., Sec'y, Sam Sporn, 126 St. Marks PI. Rabbl, Gerson Schachter, 189 E. 8rd St. Luwiseh, Adolph, Pres. First Washkowltzer Sick B. S. (214 E. 2nd St.), since 1914. Term *6 months. Born 1887 in UONGREGATIONS 20I Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general education. Clerk. Res.: 145 E. Houston St. First Zboraver Cong., 118 Ridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1896. Membership: 163. Seating capacity: 300. Sick Benefit, Insurance, Free Loa n, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Chas. Hermalin, 214 Rivington St. Sec'y and Rabbi, Zalel Rosen, 128 Rivlngton St. Hermalin, C h a r l e, Pres. First Zboraver Cong. (118 Rid ge St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish and secular education. Contractor: 827 Broadway. Res,: 214 Rivington St. First Zolasser Ahavath Aehim, 118 Ridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1892. Membership: 116. Seating capacity: 260. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Nathan Metzger, 102 Suffolk St. Sec'y, Louis Friedman, 233 Madison St. Metzger, Nathan, Pres. First Zolaszer Ahavath Ac h i m Cong. (118 Ridge St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general J e w i s h education. Res.,: 102 Suffolk St. Free Synagore (IReformed), 38 W. 68th StL What shall be the place of the Synagogue in the modern life has never been a question so warmly debated as it is to-day. Should it devote itself exclusively to the fostering of the formal religious life of the Jew, or should it take a more active and aggressive part in Jewish Communal.affairs of to-day, as well as in those of' the general community. The Free Synagogue, organized in 1897, having to-day, a membership of approximately 1100, has attempted to answer this vital question by instituting a series of activities through which it brings home its distinctive message to all those whom it is able to reach-the message of ancient Judaism in terms of modern social service and civic life. The Synagogue conducts services on Sunday mornings at Carnegie Hall, the pulpit being occupied aternately by the Rabbi of the Free Synagogue, and prominent laymen of the Jewish and the Non-Jewish. communities. The Synagogue maintains branches at Clinton Hall, 161 Clinton St. and Hunts Pt. Palace, 168rd St. and So. Boulevard,. at which Friday evening services are held,.For.the training of the youth &areUgious school, is onduQted with.a special Bibl cla J in eaoh of thb braa ehs 204 COMMUNAL REGISTER A special feature of the work of the Synagogue is its Department of Social Service, the major activities of which are co-operation with the Medical Social Service Departments of Jewish and Non-Jewish Hospitals, in the social care of the sick, and training classes in volunteer social service. Special conferences and forums and vital social problems are also conducted as part of the work of this department. The officers of the Free Synagogue are: Pres., Henry Morgenthau; Sec'y, Frederich L. Guggenheim, 36 W. 68th St. Rabbis, Stephen S. Wise, 23 W. 90th St; Sidney B. Goldstein, 36 W. 88th St. Henry Morgenthau was born in 1866 at Mannheim, Germany. When a boy of nine, he Was brought to the United States where he received his education in Public and High' Schools of New York City. He attended the College of the City of New TYrk -and Columbia Law School from which institutton- he graduated in 1877 with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. From 1879 to 1899 Mr. Morgenthau was a member of the law firm of iLachman, Morgenthau and Goldsmihth, While practising l'&, Mr. Morgenthau became lantesrted in the real estate 'rdevlipment of New York City;- He took a leading part in the development of the Bronx and other outlying districts of New York City. He is affiliated with a number of great real estate companies, such as Central Realty Bond and Trust Co., Henry Morgenthau Company, and Herald Square Realty Co. Mr. Morgenthau is very prominent in Democratic politics. He was the chairman of the Financial Committee of the Democratic National Committee in the Presidential campaigns of 1912 and 1916. In 1913 Mr. Morgenthau was appointed American Abbassador to Turkey. The war which broke out a year after his appointment added much to the 'duties and importance of the post held by Mr. Morgenthau. In the course of the war, Mr. Morgenthau took charge of the interests in Turkey of such powers as Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Belgium, Montenegro, San Marino, and Servia. It was through his efforts that the lives of thousands of missionaries and subjects of countries at war with Turkey were saved during the early months of the war. In addition, Mr. Morgenthau was very active in the distribution of relief funds in Turkey and it is largely due to him that the Jewish colonies in Palestine were.not destroyed, in the first CONGREGATIONS 2056 ' outbreak of the fury of the war. In 1915 Mr. Morgenthau resigned his 'post and came to Ameiica to help in the campaign for the reelection of President Wilson. Mr. Morgenthau has always taken a very lively interest in Jewish affairs. He is the President of the Free Synagogue and a Director of Mt. Sinai Hospital. He is interested in all work that is done in Palestine. He is also very prominently connected with 'relief work. Gemllath Chasodim A n X h e Motele, 246 Division St. Orthodox. Org. 1904. Membership: 73. Seating capacity: 160. Sick Benefit, Fr e e Loan, Cemetery. ' Pres., Philip Skolnick, 16 Eldridge St. Sec'y, Max Hilfman, 709 E. 9th St. Skolnick, Philip, Pres. Gemllath Chasodim A n h S i Motele (246 Division St.), elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1876 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Clothing: 319 Grand St. Res.: 16 Eldridge St. Cong. Gemilath Chewed K. U. V., 100 Cannon St. Orthodox. Org. 1882.' Membership: 80. Seating capacity: 568. Sick Benefit, Bikur Cholim, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Jacob Peder, 85 Lewis St. Sec'y, Nathan L. Riff, 62 Cannon St. Rabbi, Louis Goldberger, 814 UB. rd St. Jacob Feder, Pres. Gemilath Chesed K. U. V. (100 Cannon St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Hungary. Came to U'. S. 1886. Received general Jewish education. Shochet. Res.: 85 Lewis St. Cong, Gleigeshudler U. V., 3S Norfolk St. Orthodox. Org. 1913. M embership: 36. Sea,t iong capacity: 100. Cemetery. Pres., Sam Rosenberg, 30 Norfolk St. Sec'y, Benj. Rosenberg, 150 Clinton St. Rosenberg, Sam, Pres. Cong. Gleiges]udler U. V. (30 Norfolk St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U.; S. 1909. Received general Jewish education. Res,:.30 Norfolk St. Glogauer Verbruderungs Verein, 328 E. Houston St. Orthodox. *Org. 1898. Membership: 46. Seating capacity: 100. Ceimetery. -Pres,8 Hyman Rengel, 210 Stanton St. Sec'y, Asias Braunstein, 264 Rivington St. Gluboker Cones, 9 Rutgers St. Orthodox. Org. 191L Membership: 18. Seating capacity: 100. Sick, Benefit,, Insurance, -Free Loan. Malbish Arumm,, Bikur Chollm, Cemetery,,Study, Pres,, David Watskan, 709 E. 6th St. Sec'y, Z. Adelson, 394 OiGrind St. Watlkal, Datvid- Pres. Gluboker Cong. (9 Rotgers bt). 206 COMMUNAL REGISTE since 1916. Term 6 months. Horn 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Painter: 219 Henry St. Res.: 709 E. 6th St. Hebrew League, 214 E. B'way. Orthodox. Org. 1904. Membership: 150. Seating capacity: 175. Benevblent Soc. Study. Pres., Benj. Koenigsberg, 68 Pitt St. Sec'y, S. Perlstein, 299 Broome St. Koenigsberg, Benjamin, Pres. Hebrew League (21'4 E. B'way), since 1016. Term 1 year. Born 1884 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1889. Received education at several Talmudical institutions, public school, C. C. N. Y. and N. Y. U. Lawyer: 99 Nassau St. Res.: 68 Pitt St. HebreW Tabernaele A~ss'., 220 W. 130th St. Conservative, Bnglish Sermon. Org. 1905. Membership: 90. Seating capacity: 850. Hebrew School.Sisterhood, Young Folks' League. Pres, Abr. Arndt, 108 Fulton St. Sed'y,,Adolf SchwartUbaum, 851 St. Nicholas Ave. Rabbi, E. Lssman, 1887 7th Ave. A,mrdt, Abraham, Pres. Hebrew Tabernacle Ass'n. (iS9 W. 180th St.); elected.1*17. Tor 1 year... Bor 1869 In N. Y. Received Public S c h o o l education. Insurance. Res.: 108 Fulton St. Chevrah Help of Israel Anshel Ranziow, 147 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1896. Membership: 62. Seating capacity: 300. Cemetery. Pres., Tobias Fass, 67 Wlllett St. Sec'y, Max Reich, 84 Sheriff St. Fans, Tobias, Pres. Chevrah Help of Israel Anshei Ranizow (147 Attorney St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Butcher. Res.: 67 Willett St. C o n g. Hungarian Chevrah Bachurim, 297 E. 3d St. Orthodox. Org. 1889. Membership: 242. Seating capacity: 815. Pres., Max Greenwald, 118 Cannon St. Sec'y, Morris Spielberger, 740 E. 5th St. Rabbi, Leo Goldberger, 314 E. 3d St. Greenwald, Max, Pres. Cong. Hungarian C(hevrah BachUrim (297. E. 3d St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Hungary. Came to U. 8. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Grooer; 119 Cannon t. Res: 113 Qnaaa -S OONGORAATIONB Oong. of Hunt's Point Talmud Torah, 1019 Garrison Ave. Orthodox. Org. 1916. Membership: 200. Seating capacity: 300. Hebrew School, Malbish Arumim, Sisterhood, Brotherhood. Pres., Samuel Saffer, 820 Manida St. Sec'y, Max Zeigler, 1019 Garrison St. Ind. Chevrah Chochmath Adam MI-Plinsk, 65 E. 3rd St. Orthodox. Org. 1875. Membership: 150. Seating capacity: 450. Sick Benefit, Cemetery, Pres., Louis Fox, 199 Keap St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Louis Rubowsky, 46 Reid Ave., B'klyn. Rabbi, I. Esterson, 81 Willett St. Fox, Louis, Pres. Ind. Chevrah Chochmath Adam MiPlinsk (65 E. 3rd St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Manufacturer, 573 Metropolitan Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 199 Keap St., B'klyn. Ind. Chevrah Rabbi Meir Prsemyslower, 36 Pitt St. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership: 20. Seating capacity: 150. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Brotherhood, Sisterhood, Bikur Cholim Soc., Cemetery. Pres., Simcha Shlitin, 172 Delancey St. Sec'y, i. Feld, 841 E. 3rd St. Shlitin, Simcea, Pres. Ind. Chevrah Rabbi Meir Przemyslower (36 Pitt St.), elected 1917. Term 6 month. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1916. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.; 172 Delancey St. lad. Cong. Achim Mi-Makover, 43 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership: 39. Seating capacity: 100. Cemetery. Pres., M o r r i s Hiller, 38 Suffolk St. Sec'y, Charles Greenberg, 416 Grand St. lad. Gwosdzieeer, 125 Rivington St. Orthodox./ Org. 1909. Membership: 120. Seating capacity: 120. Sick Benefit, Life Insurance, Cemetery. Pres., Ab. Greenberg, 144 Norfolk St. Sec'y, G. Greenberg, 261 Stanton St. Greenberg, Abraham, Pres. Ind. Gwozdziecer (125 Rivington St.), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish and secular educp* tion. Fixtures. Res.: 144 Norfolk St. lad. JarTychover Y. M. B. A., 90 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1901. Membership; 78. Seating capacity: 150. Cemetery. Pres., Louis Lcher, 155 Essex St. Sec'y, Max Hecht, 258 Stanton St. Lacher, Loui, Pres,. Ind. Jarychsover Y. M. B. A. (90 Columbia St.), since 916. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Austrl.k Came t-o U.- 8 M28 COMMUNAL REGSTR 1904. Received general Jewi* sh and secular education.:Tailor: 117 Essex St. Res.: 1566 Essex St. Ind. Kalusser K. U. V, 125 Rivington. St. Orthodox. Org. 1900. Membership: 125.:Seating capacity: 100. Sick Benefit, Bikur Cholim, Cemetery. Pres., Nathan Schneider, 84 Ave. B. Sec'y, M. Demner, 214 E. 3d St. Ind. Kneseth Israel, 55 Hester St. Orthodox. Org. 1905. Membership: 450. Seating capacity: 216. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Moses Miskind, 79 Clinton St. Sec'y, Zavel Newman,.06 Henry St. Milkind, Moses, Pres. Cong. Ind. Knesseth Israel (55 Hester St..), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1860 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Recelved.-general Jewish education. Hebrew book store:.79 Clinton St. lad. Kolhuihover B'naa Levi, 438 1S. Houston St. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership: 190. Seating capacity: 160. Sick Benefit; Cemettry. Pres.; H. Stein, 9 Livingston Pi. Sec'y, S. Seidin, 385 E. rtd St. Ilad Kolomayer K. U. V., 180 Stanton St. -Orthodox. Org.: 1015. Memberohip: 60./ Seat-;-ng caaeity: 128. Cemetery., es. MOx Gffener, 103 Nor-::1 'f1k l Se'yS, Joseph Aus-frsSer, 889 E:. 9th 'St. '" Geffner, Max, Pres. Ind. Kolomayer K. U. V. (180 Stanton St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 103 Norfolk St. Ind. Kosher Butcher Retailera' Ass'n, 203 Henry St. Orthodox. Membership, 80. Seating capacity: 2756 Sick Benefit. Pres., Wolf Grablowsky. Sec'y, Mr. Muskovitch, 136 Columbia St. Rabbi, Joseph Margolis, 207 Monroe St. Iid. Ottyner Family K. U. V, 86 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1905. Membership: 50. Seating capacity: 100. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres. Jacob Friesner, 242 E. B'way. Sec. Solomon Kauder, 236 South 1st St., B'klyn. Friesner, Jacob, Pres.. Ind. Ottynier Family K. U. V. (86 Attorney St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1856 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Real estate and insurance. Res.: 242 E. B'way. Institutional Synagogue, 112 W. 116th St. The Instituo n a 1 'Synagogue, estabIlshed and incorporated in 1917, is an attempt to answer in a concrete way the problem of the function of the Synagogue in modern Jewish life, CONGREGATIONS 209 -The central idea of the Institutional Synagogue is that the Synagogue of today must become the Jewish community center which it was in former periods of Jewish history. It must be not only a house of worship, but must gather under its roof all forms of communal activities, ranging from the relief of the poor to the recreation and education of the youth. The Institutional S y n agogue has accordingly encouraged the organization of a Y. M. H. A., and conducts a religious school, and a synagogue under one roof; conducts weekly forums at the Mount Morris Theatre, 116th St. and 5th Ave., on Sunday mornings. The officers are: Pres., Isaac Siegel, 104 E. 116th St.; Sec'y, Maxwell L. Sacks, 351 E. 77th St.; Executive Head, Rabbi Herbert S. Goldstein, 1893 7th Ave. Siegel, Isaac, Pres. Institutional Synagogue (112 W. 116th St.), elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1880 in U. S. Received public school education. Representative in Congress. Lawyer: 51 Chambers St. Res.: 104 E. 116th St. Temple Israel of Harlem, 205 Lenox Ave. Reform'ed. Sermon English. Org. 1880. Membership: 138. Seating capacity: 1500. Cemetery. Rabbi, Maurice H. Harris. 254 W. 108d St. Pres., Daniel P. Hays, 115 B'way. Sec'y, David Livingstone, 205 W. 112th St. Hays, Daniel P., Pres. Temple Israel of Harlem (205 Lenox Ave.), since 1892. Term 1 year. Born 1854 in U. S. Received college and legal education. Lawyer: 115 Broadway. Cong. of Talmud Torah Israel Salanter, 74 E. 118th St. O r t h o d o x. Membership: 1000. Seating capacity: 1200. Hebrew School, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Joseph Smolensky, 2041 Fifth Ave. Sec'y, B. Simon, 11 W. 117th St. Rabbi, S. L. Hurwitz, 66 W. 118th St. Temple Israel of Washington Heights, 587 W. 181st St. Conservative. English Sermon. Org. 1914. Membership: 30. Seating capacity:' 275. Sunday School; Ladies' A u x ili a r y; Young Folks' League. Pres. Gustave Fialla, 803 W. 180th St. Sec'y, B. Horowitz, 5 Pinehurst Ave. Flalla, Gustave, Pres. Temple Israel of Washington Heights (687 W. 181st St.), elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1878 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1893. Attended High School in Germany. Wholesale Liquors: 85 9th Ave. Res.: 803 W. 180th St. nld. Shoboshiner Conmg. 90 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1911. Membershtp: $6. Seating capacity: 400. Ceme A 210 c03MEOAL wiGsTEm tery. Pres., Abraham Begleiter, 473 E. Houston St. Sec'y, Hyman Weinblatt, 75 Columbia St. Jagolnleser K. U. V., 17 Ave. A. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership: 137. Seating capacity: 100. Sick Benefit, Insurance, Cemetery. Pres., Morris Mintzer, 52 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Wm. Hornick, 370 Miller Ave.,.B'klyn. M I t s e r, Morris, Pres. Jagolniczer K. U. V. (17 Ave. A), elected 1917. Born 1874 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1893. Receivei general Jewish and secular education. Cleaning a n d dyeing: 405 Grand St. Res.: 62 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Kealllah Ked oha of Jannana, 98 Forsyth St. Orthodox. Org. 1916. Seating capacity: 800. Pres., Chaim S. Baruch, 297 Broome St. Sec'y, Aaron Sado ck, 99 Green St. Baruch, Chaim S., Pres. Kehillah Kedosha of Jannina (98 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 3 years. Born 1855 in Turkey. Came to U. S, 1911. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. kimonos: 81 Allen St. Res.: 297 Broome St. Jiroslower Cong., K. U. V., 86 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1889. Membership: 120. Seating capacity: 800. Sick.Benft, Free Loan. Ceme tery. Pres., Morris Bruckner, 161 Ridge St. Sec'y, E. Bruckner, 316 W. l1th St. Bruckner, Morris, Pres. Jaronlower Cong., K. U. V. (86 Attorney St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Galicia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. F i s h dealer. Res.: 161 Ridge St. Jassy Roumanian Bohusher Cong, 1T4 E. Houston St. Orthodox. Org. 1903. Seating capacity: 140. Study. Pres., Samuel Goldstein, 163 E. Houston St. Sec'y, Elijah Elsman, 180 E. 2nd St. Goldstein, Samuel, Pres. Jassy Roumanian Bohusher Cong. (176 E. Houston St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born in Roumania. Received general Jewish education. Painter: 212 Forsyth St. Res.: 163 E. Houston St. Jeshuath Jacob Anshel Horadeser, 203 Henry St. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership: 144. Seating capacity: 200. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Sisterhood, Cemetery, Study. Pres., B. Dubin, 9 E. 107th St. Sec'y, J. Kaplansky, 187 Clinton St. Dubin, Barnett, Pres. Jeshuath Jacob Anshei Horodezer (203 Henry St.), since 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1869-in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received public school education. Butcher: 9 E. 107th St. Res.: 9 E. 107th St. CONGREGATIONS 211 Cong. Jehudah Halevi, 166th St. and Morris Ave. Orthodox. English Sermon. Org. 1906. Membership: 65. Seating capacity: 350. Hebrew School, Sisterhood, Charitable Aid, Study. Pres., Samuel D. Reich, 1066 Morris Ave. Sec'y, William Klapp, 1025 Teller Ave. Rabbi, J. Bienenfeld, 1382 College Ave. Reich, Sam D., Pres. Jehudah Halevi (166th St. and Morris Ave.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1868 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1888. Attended High School. Cloaks: 33 E. 33d St. Res.: 1066 Morris Ave. Cong. Jeshuath Jacob Anshel Krakow, 58 Willett St. Orthodox. Org. 1916. Membership: 130. Seating capacity: 350. Free Loan, Bikur Cholim Soc., Cemetery, Study. Pres., Jacob W. Eneman, 51 Willett St. Sec'y, Manes Susskind, 82 Sheriff St. Eneman, Jacob W., Pres. Jeshuath Jacob Anshei Krakow (58 Willett St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Eggs. Res.: 51 Willett St. Chevrah Judah and Israel, 32 Rutgers St. Orthodox. Membership:, 700. Seating capacity: 480. Ladies' Soc., Sick Benefit, Cemetery, Study. Pros, and Rabbi, Louts Laarow, 96 l K lly St. Sec'y, Rev. H. Plotkin, 126 North 4th St., B'klyn. Lazarow, Louis, Pres. Chevrah Judah and Israel (32 Rutgers St.), since 1913. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Studied at Voloshiner Yeshivah. Res.: 963 Kelly St. Beth Ha-K'nesseth Kapoller U. V., 12 Eldrldge St. Orthodox. Org. 1886. Membership: 275. Seating capacity: 340. Sick Benefit, Insurance, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Abraham Smith, 10 Eldrldge St. Sec'y, Abraham Sedofsky, 80 E. 7th St. Smith, Abraham, Pres. Beth Ha-K'nesseth Kapolier U. V. (12 Eldridge St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1897. Received education in Capuller Yeshivah. Res.: 10 Eldridge St. Karatchiner Rabin Chevrah, 102 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1889. Membership: 103. Seating capacity: 365. Free Loan, Hebrew Schbol, Ladies' Auxiliary, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Mendel Roth, 219 E. 7th St. Sec'y, G. Zwebel, 11 Ridge St. Roth, Mendel, Pres. Karatchiner Rubin Chevrah (102 Attorney St.), since.1916. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Austria. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 219 E. 7th St. Chevrah Kedusbath LeTTv XI barltahow, 175 Da. iiy St. 212 COMMUNAL REGISTER Orthodox. Org. 1890. Membership: 80. Seating capacity: 260. Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Sisterhood, Cemetery. Pres., Morris Nathanson, 224 South 3d St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Meyer Lemonik, 269 Division St. Rabbi, Samuel Seidener, 14 Cannon St. Coni. Kehilath Israel, 1162 Jackson Ave. Orthodox. Org. 1905. Membership: 98. Seating capacity: 325. Hebrew School, Study, C e m e t e r y. Pres., J. Dvorkin, 1223 Union Ave. Sec'y, Louis Gottsall, 253 W. 89th St. Rabbi, Dr. E. L. Solomon, 631 E. 168th St. Dvorkin, Julius, Pres. Kehillath Israel (1162 Jackson Ave.), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1866 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received a thorough Jewish education. Mfgr. clothing: 9 University P1. Res.: 1223 Union Ave. Cong. Kehillath Jacob Anxhei Meseritch, 71 Suffolk St. Orthodox. Org. 1891. Membership: 50. Seating capacity: 120. Cemetery, Study. Pres., M. Segal, 82 Bayard St. Sec'y, Elijah Zellner, 61. Rodney St. B'klyn. Segal, M., Pres. Cong. Kehillath Jacob Anshei Meseritch (71 Suffolk St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Poland. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Grocer. Res.:.82 Bayard St. Cong. Kehilath Jeshurun, 117 E. 85th St. Orthodox. Org. 1890. Membership: 100. Seating capacity: 800. Cemetery, Study. Pres.; Moses H. Phillips, 40 E. 83d St. Rabbi, Moses S. M a r g o is, 1225 Madison Ave. Phillips, Moses Hirsch, Pres. C o n g. Kehilath Jeshurun (117 E. 85th St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1846 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1881. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. shirts: 1150 B'way. Res.: 40 E. 83d St. K'hal Adath Jeshurun, 1275 Hoe Ave. Orthodox. Org. 1914. Membership: 75. Seating capacity: 500. School, Cemetery. Sec'y, Moses Benjamin, 1500 Boston Road. Rabbi, Israel Flax, 1503 Charlotte Ave. Cong. K'hal Adath Jeshurun and Anshel Lubz, 16 Eldridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1873. Membership: 150. Seating capacity: 740. Cemetery, Study. Pres., Lewis Bloom, 152 Rodney St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Ch. Kandel, 98 Essex St. Bloom, Lewis, Pres. Cong. K'hal Adath Jeshurun and Anshei Lubz (16 Eldridge St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Jeweler. Res.: 152 Rodney St., B'klyn. K'hal Adath Jeshurun of Harlem, 63 E. 118th. St. Ortho CONGREGATIONS 213 dox. Membership: 76. Seating capacity: 450. Cemetery, Study. Pres., Samuel Bronerwan, 23 E. 124th St. Sec'y, Mr. Aaronson, 116 E. 113th St. Rabbi, Mr. Fried, 17 W. 116th St. Bronerwan, Samuel, P r e s. K'hal Adath Jeshurun (63 E. 113th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general Jewish and secular education. Furs: 42 E. B'way. Res.: 23 E. 124th St. Cong. K'hal Chasidim, 9 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1914. Membership: 800. Seating capacity: 200. Linath Hazedek Soc. Cemetery,Study. Pres. and Rabbi, David M. Twersky, 9 Attorney St. Sec'y, Anshel Gedrich, 9 Attorney St. Twersky, David M., Pres. Cong. K'hal Chasidim (9 Attorney St.), since 1914. Born 1888 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1913. Received thorough Jewish education. Rabbi. Res.: 9 Attorney St. K'hal Chaaidim Anshei Kuronits, 287 Division St. Orthodox. Org. 1893. Membership: 90. Seating capacity: 110. Free Loan, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Aaron Gordon, 68 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, David Ginsberg, 86 Rutgers St. Gordon, Aaron, Pres. K'hal Chasidim Anshei Kuronitz (287 Division St.)j, ince 1918. Term 1 year. Born 1876 in.Russia. Came to U. FS 1906. Received general Jewish and secular education. Carpentry and painting. Res.: 68 East 3d St. Congregation K'hal Chalsdim A n s h e Rasan, 48 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1916. Membership: 40. Seating capacity: 200. Cemetery. Pres., Simon Osterlitz, 71 E. 105th St. Sec'y, Abraham Feldman, 192 Henry St. Rabbi, Abraham J. Rosenthal, 46 Pitt St. Osterlitz, Simon, Pres. Chevrah K'hal Chasidim Anshei Razan (48 Attorney St.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Russia. Came to U. S. 190i. Received general Jewish education. Embroidery. Res.: 71 E. 106th ~St. K'neseth Beth Israel, 847 E. 121st St. Orthodox..,Membership: 32. Seating capacity: 500. Cemetery, Study. Pres., Ha r ry Chaimowltz, 1486 6th Ave. Seo'y, Mr. Slinkenstein, 427 B. 2lst St. Rabbi, L. Schapiro, 384 E. 121st St. Chaimowits, H a.r r y, Pres. K'nesseth Beth Israel,, (47 E. 121st St.), sinqe 1907. Term 1 year. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to, U., S. 1893. Received general JJew i s h education. Painter: 67 B. 125th St. Res.: 1486 6th Ave. Kolbunsawer ieltilbaum Otlb. B'uai Chalm Ma'e Lhn Ra*u 214 COMMUNAL REGISTEB ben, 622 E. 6th St. Orthodox. Org. 18~0. Membership: 170. Seating capacity: 726. Insurance, Free Loan, Cemetery. Pres., Louis Hyman, 206 Stanton St. Sec'y, S. Braunhut, 79 Lewis St. Hymma, Louis, Pros. Kolbussower Teitelbaum Cong. B'nai Chaim Machneh Reuben (622 B. 6th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received g e n e r a 1 Jewish education. Egg dealer, 117 Ridge St. *Res.: 206 Stanton St. Kol -Israel Anshel Poland, 20 Forsyth St. Orthodox. Org. 1892. Membership: 180. Seating capacity: 850. Insurance, Cemetery. Study. Pres., Israel Levy, 128 St. Nicholas Ave. Sec'y, Max Doctor, 236 Madison St. (Branch at 24 W. 114th St.), Kel Israel Anabel Poland, 24 W. 114th St. Orthodox. Org. 1902. Membership: 25. Seating capacity 1100. Cemetery, S t u d y. Pres., Israel Levy, 128 St. Nicholas Ave. Sec'y, Benjamin Feinberg, 145 W. 111th St. (Branch:'22 Forsyth St.) Levy, Israel, Pres. Kol Israel Anshei Poland (24 W. - 114th St.), since 1909. Born 1861 in Russia. Came to U. -8. 1867. Received thorough Jewish education. Retired. Res.: 121 St. Nicholas Ave. Ksmee~s 'Podolla and Zito. ImT Wohlh 62 Attorney St. Orthodox. Org. 1901. Membership: 260. Seating capacity: 375. Insurance, Cemetery, S t u d y. Pres., Jacob Zeidman, 236 E. 6th St. Sec'y, Jacob Landau, 600 Van Sicklen Ave., B'klyn. Zeidman, Jacob, Pres. Komenetz Podolia and Zitomer Wohlin (52 Attorney St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1860 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 236 E. 6th St. Cong. Koreth Brith Anabel S'phard, 80 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1892. Membership: 58. Seating capacity: 120. Life Insurance, Cemetery. Pres., Louis Kalish, 297 Rivington St. Sec'y, Morris Kleinman, 33 Ave. C. Rabbi, P. Sassover, 63 Pitt St. Kalinh, Louis, Pres. Koreth Brith Anshei S'phard (80 Columbia St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 297 Rivington St. Krakawer Simon Schrelber Cong., 75 Lenox Ave. Orthodox. Org. 1887. Membership: 100. Seating capacity: 600. Cemetery. Prs., I. Levy, 622 W. 160th St. Sec'y, Henry Herzog, 204 W. 121st St. Krakowltmer K. U. V., 10 Ave. D.. Orthodox. Org. 1899. CONGREGATIONS 215 Membership: 46. Sick Benefit, Cemetery. Pres., Sam Isaacs, 393 E. 8th St. Sec'y, Jos. Kalter, 585 Hudson Ave., West N. Y., N. J. Isaaes, Sam, Pres. Krakowitzer K. U. V. (10 Ave. D), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1860 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1882. Received general Jewish education. Butcher: 207 Ave. B. Res.: 393 E. 8th St. Chevrah Kreshover K. U. V., 90 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1908. Membership: 60. Si c k Benefit, C em e t e r y. Pres., Sam Student, 758 E. 168th St. Sec'y, Aaron Apsbaum, 6 10 Oak Terrace. Rabbi, Benjamin Trip, 86 Lewis St. Student, Sam, Pres. Chevrah Kreshover K. U. V. (90 Columbia St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1908. Received general Jewish education. Knitting: 362 E. 146th St. Res.: 768 E. 168th St. Lantser U. V, 130 Columbia St. Orthodox. Org. 1890. Membership: 160. Seating capacity; 75. Sick Benefit. Insurance, Free Loan, Bikur Cholim, Cemetery, S t u d y. Pres., Sam Price, 341 E. 83d St. Sec'y, Jacob Unger, 443 E. Hodston St. Chevrah Lee eth Yosher B'nal Horwlts, 817 E. 8th St. Orthodox. Org. 1884. Membership: 100. Seating capacity: 300. Ladies' Auxiliary, Cemetery. Pre., Mordecal Lintzer, 94 Attorney St. Sec'y, Aaron Swelfach, 259 Sackman St., B'klyn. Lintser, M o r d e a Pres. Chevrah Lechet Yos h e r B'nai Horwits 317 E. -8th St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received g e n e r al Jewish education. Res.: 94 Attorney St. Linath Hasedek Anshel Rosdol, 110 Ridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1893. Membership: 65. Seating capacity: 200. Sick Benefit, Ce m e t e ry, Study. Pres., Morris Ratner, 184 Pitt St. Sec'y, Isaac Pater, 130 Attorney St. \ Ratner, Morri, 'Pres. Linath Hazedek Ansliei Roadol (110 Ridge St.), elected, 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 In Austria. Came to U. S. 1893. Received general Jewish education. Butter and eggs. Res.: 184 ]itt St. Linath Hasedek Anrhel SPaol. ka, 193 Henry St. Orthodox. Org. 1889. Membership: 100. Seating capacity: 275. Sick Benefit, Cemetery. Pre., Sam Smith, 804 W. 180th St. Sec'y, M e y e r Krashewits, 795 St. Nicholas Ave; Lisealker Aumhelt *S'p d i18 Lewis St. Orthodox. Org. 1896. Memboerhip: t3. 216'.. COMMUNAL MEISCTE Seating capacity: 400. C'eme tery. Pres., Jos. -Konigstein, 35 Ave. C. Sdc'y, Mo*es Horn, 77 Lewis St. Rabbi, L. Weisblum, 342 E. 3rd St. Koiigsteln, J o s e p h, Pres. Lizensker Anshel S'phard (168 Lewis St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1856 in. Russia. Came to U. S. 1898. Tailor. Res.: 35 Ave. C. Luborner Wohliner U. V., 387 Grand St. Orthodox. Org. 1906. Membership: 100. Sick Benefit, Life Insurance, Free Loan, Bikur Cholim, Cemetery, Study. Pres., S. Ehrlich, 367 So. 2nd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Solomon Kramer, 167 Suffolk St. Ma h ike Hadath Anshel Zlotshov, '159 Ridge St. Orthodox. Org. 1904. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 200. Cemetery, Sick Benefit, Free Loan, Study. Pres., H. Shalot, 7th St. and Ave. B. Sec'y, M. Schwager, 265 JE. 7th St.MIChlitkel Hfu Rav, 142 Monroe St.' Orthodox;' Org. 19I7. Membership:. 00.' Seating e a p a c'i t y 250. Cemetery, Study. Pres., Jacob Rosenberg, 60 Rutgers St.,. Sec'y, A. Peshin, 88 Jefferson St. Rabbi; Lieber Cohon, 124 Monroe St. ito^nbert, a im u e, i Pres. 'Cfievrah Machzikei Hu-Rav (l4:f M6n.r6e St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 60 Rutgers St. Cong. Machdikei Torah Anshel Senier and Wllna, 290 Madison St. Orthodox. Org. 1896. Membership: 160. Seating capacity: 600. Ladies' Auxiliary, Cemetery, Study. Pres., Jacob Smith, 267 E. Broadway. Sec'y, I. Simkin, 12 Rutgers P1. Rabbi, I. J. Margolin, 207 Monroe St. (Branch at 100 W. 116th St.) Congregation Machzikei Torah Anshei Senier and Vilna, 100 W. 116th St. Orthodox. Org. 1875. Membership: 150. Seating capacity: 125. Cemetery. Pres., Joseph Meyers, 31 E. 111th St. (Branch of 290 Madison St. Meyers, Joseph, Pres. Comg. Machzikei Torah A n s h ei Senier and Vilna (100 W. 116th St.), elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1883. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 31 E. 111th St. Maeh'sikei Torath Kodash, 62 E. 104th St. Orthodox. Membership: 75. Seating capacity: 125. Sick Benefit, Insurance, Cemetery. Sec'y, Mr. Shulman, 319 1. 102nd St. Mardiher Chevrah B'nat Zion,:438'E. Houston St. Ortho 'CONGREGATIONS "217 dox. Org. 1898. Membership: 28. Seating capacity: 50. Cemetery. Pres., Chas. Schlanger, 9 Ave. D. Sec'y, Louis Schnur, 65 Cannon St. Schlanger, Charles, Pres. Mardiher Chevrah B'nai Zion (438 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1877 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Fruits: 703 E. 5th St. Res.: 9 Ave. D. Mariampoler B'nai Emet'h Cong., 28 Pike St. Orthqaox. Org. 1870. Membership': 30. Cemeteiry. Pre, Ja3cob Altmark, 3 Attg'ers St. Sec'y, Sundel Leibson, 950 E. 163d St. Altmark, Jacob, Pres. Mariampoler B'nai Emeth Cong. (28 Pike St.), since 1897. Term 1 year. Born 1851 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1869. Received thorough Jewish education. Hosiery and underwear: 55 Walker St. Res.: 3 Rutgers St. C h e v r a h Masaoth Benjamin Anshel Podhaja K. U. V., 66 Clinton St. Orthodox. Org. 1895. Membership: 120. Seating capacity: i50. Sick fenefit,Ce m e t ery. Pres., Morris Matis, 251 Stanton St. Sec'y, Aaron Brody,:191 Stanton St. Matis, Morris, Pres.,Clevrah Massoth Benjamin Aniihei Podhaja K. U. V., (66 Clinton St), since 1916. Terrhk6 months. Born 1867' in,Austria. 'Came' to Ut. S. 1T87. Received g e'n e r a l Jewish,and secular education. Res.: 251 Stanton St. Menachem Zion tNumaeIh Art, 40 Gouverneur St. Orthodox. Org. 190t. Membership: 60. Seating capacity: 60. Free Loan, Cemetery.. Pres., Jacob Adelson, 355 E, 3rd St. Sec'y, J. Fradkin, 282 Hegeman Ave., B'klyn. -Adelmon, Jacob, Pres..2Menachem Zion Nusach Ari, (40 Gouverneur St.), since 1911. Term 1 year. Born 1862 in Russia, Came to U. S. 1907. Studied in a.Yeshibah. Retired. Res.: 356 E. 3d St. Cong. Mazei Bosets, 81 Columbia St. Orthodox. '"Org. 1912. Members h ip: 80. Seating capacity,' 100. Free Loan,. Cemetery. 'Pres., Jacob Kleinman, 629'B.'12th St. Sec'y, L. Hamermann, 98 Cannon St. Meshbisher U. V., 48 Orchard St. Orthodox. Org. Oct., 1892. Membership: 100. Seating capacity: 300. Insurance, S t d y, Cemetery. Pres., Samuel Leib Shustig. Sec'y, Naphtali Aertz: <' Shuitig, Saluel Letib';, es. Meshbisher 'U. 'V. (4* rchard St.), since 191', ~Tfni 1 year. Born 1832 ii Rtssia. 'cme to U. '.i1892. Reeofived thorough'- ebrew education. Mesilath Yehbrimn,,.B Autters PI. OrthodoaX,O~gt-,1490. I embership:i - &'65. t ditor. Dr. Bi lnInap ra of Jewish Socialist Federation of Frele Arbeter Stimmon, 157 E. B',Way. Editor: S.'Yanovsky. Yiddish Weekly. Established 1899. Anarehist. La Box del Pueblo,- 235 Eldridge -Street. Judeo-Spanish Weekly. Established 1915. Editor: Maurice Nesuid. Socialistic. MONTHLY ORGANS *Thi EaeeabaebkA, 44 L9 28d St. Monthly. Established 1901. Published under supervision of Fedeiatf6n of Anlerican Zionists. 'MenorabJourual,,600, Madison Ave., Di-Monthly (except In J u 1 y. ) Established 1915. Published by 1the I1ntercol legiateb Menorah Ass'n. Devoted to the furtherance of Hebraic Ideals and culture. Die Zukuuft, 176, E. B'way. Monthly. -Established 1892. Published by "Forward Association." Socialist. Editor: A. Walt Liesin..*"''' PROFESSIONAL AND TRADE JOURNALS The, Jewish Farmer, 172 2nd Ave. Monthly,. stp~blisheo, 1908. Organ of 6h'0"Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society." Buthers'O Journal *Peultry Magasime,,.140 =Evington St. Weekly. Established 1915. The. Groers'V Guide and, Mod*1.. era Businessman, 89 Delancey St. Weekly. Established.1908. The Jewish Teacher, 856 2nd Ave. Quaftetly. ',l s t a b - lished,' 1916'. Nditkr: A. M. Dushkin. Organ of "'Jewish Teachers' Association." The Mediates, I&S Brbadway. Weekly. (Yiddish Seotion.) Bakers' Trade Journal. Im'kL&n UNION"?Awmt A 4th St. Monthly, Enfglish section. Organ of Uie Clot1l. Hat and Cap Makers bf North AmetIOC&" RECREATIONAL AND CULJTURA AGENCIE 631'. - Fortschritt, 32 Union Square. Yiddish Weekly. Esttblished 1915. Organ of "Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America." Advanee, 81 Union Square. Weekly organ of "Amalgamated Workers of America," The Fur Worker, 9 Jackson Ave., Long Island City. Yid-; dish Weekly (English Sectioin. Organ of the International Fur Workers"' Union of the United States and Canada. The Ladles Garment Worker, 32 Union Square. Yiddish and English Monthly. Organ: of 'International L a d i e s;'' Garment Workers' Union." r)r,, Die Gleclhhelt, 1,.W. 21st St.. Weekly. Organ,,Qf theo^:L4,,; dies' Waist, & Dressrnkera' Union, Local No..65, International Ladies' G a, r m e n t Workers' Union. tO a' Pi 13 It? The Nnye Post, 38-40 E. 2nd St. Yiddish Weqkly. Orgran of 'the JU(nt Board of,.he ' Cloak & Skirt Ma ke a i',Union.,,,, K1 GENERAL BUSINESS PAPERS Business Record, 149 'Canal St. Weekly. Devoted to business methods. Editor: S. Mason. ORGANIZATION BULLETINS ' - Jewish Immigration Bulletin, ly. Established 1914. Organ 229 E. B'way. Monthly. Es- of "Jewish National Worktablished 1912. Oigan of the ers' Alliance." "Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society." l"1, 1 " The Friend, 175 E. B'way. pa'tt''$t'rsio 3tln, Monthly. Organ of the Jewish Workers' Voice, 89 "Arbeiter Ring." Organized Delancey St. Yiddish Month- 1910. NEIGHBORHOOD JOURNALS Brooklyn - Brownsville Post, 1778 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Yiddish Weekly. Established 1910. DOl101B I1r Progress, 1T46 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Yiddish Weekly. U,0002 1, -,t 632, -,Q~~ BROITER JUVNILBH JPBRIODICALS I The Jewish Child. 36f 2nd Ave.~ Weekly. Metablished 1912. Published uudei! the auspices of the "Bureau.of. Education." Yiddishe ]Kinder Welt, 89 Delancey St. "Yfddish'Monthly. Pubtlalied~by.l'Natiorial Rgtdicale Schulen Velrbatnd." Young Judneain,' 44 E9. ~gd, ~t. Mo~t;4ly,, Established 1910., OrgaA olf "T ung Judaea." The Youth, 356 Second Ave. Hebr,6-W Monthly. Published under the auspices of the. "Bureau of ]Mducatlon." IIUMOREOIS: PA-PERS Greinekt - Kund~m (Tb~e Big Stiek), 1200:.E. B'way. Humorous Weekly. Ed It or,: Jacob Marinoff. Established 1908. AWNN Seminary Students' Annual, 531 W. 123d St. Eng~lish and,: Hebrew. Established 1914. El Kirbatch Atnericano (The Whip), 235 Eldridge Street. Humorous Judeo-Spanish Weekly. Established 1917. 'ALS Organ of the Students of the Jql W; heological Seminary. Scholarly. ii' -"A '2 I I QEWlvasy - fryi\ - I- l m. I COMPOSITE PICTURE OF THE PRINCIPAL JEWISH NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN NEW YORK CITY 'A t,:s, 4: - F 1, k,; 40 I ) I.."I ", V -,,, -,, t 4L lol' A * (F*4y 'St C V tt I -'K Ad 'A., U:' ~; -1. fit f74 V.' '"'F' ' t1r I I I, I 1,, li., I I -1. I Econominc Aecies I -f - -, A ), - ; --,, - - )W. 637 ' INDUSTRIAL PROBLEM OF Ti1E JEW IN NEW YORK CITY By PAUL ABELSON Director, Bureau of Industry The Jew in industrial life in this city presents a distinct and separate problem. The problem is due largely if not exclusively to the fact that the overwhelming majority of the Jewish employers and workers in this city belong to the first generation of immigrants, and these Jewish employers and Jewish workers find themselves confronted with a number of new and dificultl situations. The scope of occupational endeavor in small com,munities in Eastern Europe was necessarily limited; and' partook more of the nature of the economic life of the mediaeval town. Here in the metropolis, trades and ocupations are national in scope, and the field of eomi'petition and the strain of changing conditions: iis a thousand fold greater. Industries in which Jews pit' dominate in New York City are of but recent develoiy ment. M-any such trades employing tens of thousands of workers, with hundreds of establishments, were aet:-' ally not in existence ten or fifteen years ago. - There are no definitely established standards bf methods r' of technique. These standards are gradually bing: evolved and developed. -Jewish occupations are inter:' related and form one group of the needle industry. - Jewish trades -are, moreover, highly seasonal in rtheiy character. The workers in these trades, titany of^thrta COMMUNAL REGISTER neow;y devqlopiwg, are Edulta, and except in a few neg-. ligible cases, have not undergone a period of apprenticeship or training. Again, these trades can in no sense of fhe term be classed as unskilled. We have, then, constantly developing skilled occupations which have to be managed and organized with an adult labor force, which has to acquire the required skill in a haphazard manner, without planned and organized trade eduation. A resultant over-supply of labor in certain trades and a lack of supply of labor in others is a chara0teristic phenomenon of this complex situation. The sizf of the city, the extent of the industries, the large number of workers and employers affected, make it all but impossible to organize and coordinate the employment market with adequate employment bureaus commanding the confidence of employers. The chaotic condition of the needle trades causes and is accompanied by very unsatisfactory relatibns between employers and employees. The appalling waste incident to strikes and lockouts is a great social loss,-one that carries with it untold distress and misery, and engenders hatred, hostility and class-warfare, which more than anythiNg else tends to destroy the feeling of unity and hnrnony among the Jews of the city as a whole. Qf. necessity,, individual trades in this group are not able Xo cope with the economic maladjustments and difflcult problems which this situation creates. Only social e ngineering of a higher order can cope with them. The solution of all these problems must call for a comprehentive plan.and scheme of coordination. There are in. iene at the present time many agencies which en ECONOMIO AGENCOIE I '689 deavor to deal with one or the other of the diffiaclties that confront the Jews of New York, whose root-auses can be traced to the industrial problems of the Jew.;But only by interrelated study and effort can anything constructive be developed and carried out. 'Tiese efforts must be directed along four distinct lines: 1. Jewish communal effort must devote itself to the task of securing all the salient facts bearing on the subject, and of interpreting their vitdl ftgnificance. 2. The employment problem must be faced thfough the creation of employment bureaus. i 3. Attention must be given to the problem qf voational guidance and training of the Jewish boys and girls, as well as of adult iitnigantt. The industries in which Jews are engaged will:be dried up at their source with thei..essat'=i of immigration from Russia, wlich is minete in the changed world conditions,at the end of' the,war. 4. The continual strife between employe F, employee must be reduced to a mlnimm. m Sne, and rational methods must be evolved, 'ahd! inlstrial peace fostered and supported by the ecombined intelligence, moral force and influence of the Jewish community as a whole. What is the promise of the future Those who are in daily contact with the difficulties and perplexities of the situation are often discouraged by the outlook. There is, however, no reason for despondency. If one 640 COMMUNAL REGISTER,studies objectively the course of Jewish industrial life,during the past two decades, he must inevitably be im-,'pressed with the sure signs of improvement and of the development of a sense of communal responsibility. The collective conscience of groups, whether of employers or of workers or of tradesmen, is slowly asserting itself. The work that is being done by communal agencies in the field of non-commercial employment work, in trade education, in the organization of the workers, in the 'organization of employers, and in "financing" the small artisan or trader through the Free.Loan Association and Credit Unions, as described in special articles in this Register, is an earnest of the isolated and separate endeavors that are being made to meet the group needs in the economic life of the Jew. Out. of it all is sure to come a realization of the need of organized communal effort to deal with the normal aspects of Jewish life in the city, with the same sense of 'devOtion and intelligence that obtains in the field of 'Jewish philanthropy at the present time. It will not be long before the leaders of the Jewish community will t'rtll to the aid of the few pioneers who have been urging t;.hat broad statesmanship must be applied to the solutiop of the industrial problem of the Jews of New York.. - Ace.,T 641 NON - COMMERCIAL EMPLOYMENT BUREAUS IN THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF NEW YORK CITY By JOSEPH GEDALECIA The Jewish unemployment problem is specific and unique not because we artificially isolate the question, but because our people present definite and unique char acteristics, rooted in inherited historical and economic factors. Moreover, the labor situation in the metropolis is not regulated; with the result that the competition for jobs reaches abnormal proportions. If the above considerations apply correctly to the efficient Jewish worker, with how much greater force do they apply to the semi-efficient laborer, whose handi cap is serious enough to bar him from the best jobs, but not serious enough to render him economically useless, To make use of whatever ability the sub-efficient worker may have, by finding the right kind of jobs for him, and to educate employers to a more social concept of the handicapped types (the schlemiel, the neurotic, the helpless idealist,.the mechanic whose efficiency is lower than the standard of his trade), the miscellaneous group of men whose view of life has been warped by unfavorable circumstances, is one of the most pressing problems confronting the Jewish Community. The bulk of the Jewish workers are immigrants. A skilled mechanic on his arrival here finds that he has to learn the language, join the union 'here there is one 'in his trade, and take'his chance of procuring etiploy 642 COMMUNAL REGISTER ment along with many others who are without work, because of a congested labor market. If he is an unskilled laborer, he finds that such work has been preempted by his fellow-immigrant from other sections of Europe. Even if a capable and efficient workingman, he finds the opportunities for employment far short of the number of available men. In many industries he meets with a strong prejudice against Jewish labor. If a Sabbath observer, he will find that most industries are closed to him. To meet this situation, the result of unavoidable econ omic conditions, there exist in the city of New York employment agencies which may be designated as noncommercial Employment Bureaus. An appended table at the end of this article, giving a list of such agencies with a description of their activities and other data, will show at a glance the kind of work they are performing. Do these employment agencies contribute to the relief of the unemployment situation in New York City T Have they realized the maximum efficiency, and if not what are the reasons I Have they surveyed the labor market and ~acquainted themselves with the conditions prevailing in various lines of industry? Significant as the work of the aforementioned agencies has been, they have not fully realized their possibilities. The fundamental limitations under which they operate are traceable to unavoidable economic conditions or to the nature of certain types of applicants. Within these limitations there is constructive work to perform, offering a wide field for genuine service, if these opportunities had been taken I ECONOMIC AGENCIES 643 advantage of to their fullest extent. Lack of co-ordination between these employment agencies necessitates the solicitation for vacancies of the same employers by several of them at the same time. Such duplication of work and harassing of the employers do not tend to convert them, but rather engender antagonism to the employment bureaus. The employment agencies in their treatment of the problem of employment are guided by individual prejudice and by their misinformation. If they would pool their knowledge, resources and machinery and approach the problem from a communal viewpoint, better results could be attained. Therefore, the most elementary need in order to improve their services to the community is to divide the territories so as to locate properly agencies and eliminate confusion, ill order that a certain type of applicant for employment residing in one Borough may not have to apply for a job in a different Borough. This would also result in the elimination of agencies not located in convenient districts. The lack of trained workers understanding the unemployment situation and the characteristics of Jewish workers, is a serious handicap, as the efficient handling of the problem requires sympathetic treatment of the applicants and business knowledge in dealing with the employers. A clearing house for employment agencies to act as a central bureau for information for applicants and for separate agencies is necessary. The Employment Bureau of the Jewish Community was the pioneer in suggesting such a clearing house. This suggestion was adopted recently by the Mayor's Committee of Na 6144 COMMUNAL REGISTER tional Defense; but the idea is capable of extension. Such a clearing house should have two objects. First, a scientific survey of the industries in New York City and the collecting of such data as will show their needs and opportunities as well as the peculiar conditions prevailing in each industry in which Jews mostly engage. This is to be accompanied by propaganda and publicity to create openings for applicants, which could be classified on simple and accurate records, and transmitted daily by bulletins to the various agencies handling the class of help indicated. Secondly, an efficient method of dealing with applicants so that they will be referred to the proper agencies and the proper jobs. Duplication by agencies either amongst employers or employees could in that way be eliminated, and at the same time prove to the employer that agencies are conducted on practical business lines. "Knowledge is to displace guess work; centralized efforts to displace duplication and trained workers to displace job holders." - Business depression resulting from the present war accentuated the unemployment problem among Jewish workers. Many groups of public-spirited men and women have endeavored to deal with this problem. Aside from sweeping generalizations on the one side' and radical suggestions on the other side, nothing concrete has been suggested to ease the unemployment situation. The prime need is for practical and intelligent effort to the end that existing opportunities would be made available, so that the unfilled jobs and the available worker might be brought together. In spite of our limitations there still is room for ameliorative and practical endeavor. ECONOMIC AGENCIES 645 Along these lines we must work and concentrate all possible efforts. Rational handling of the problem of unemployment by the agencies will specifically decrease the number of unemployed Jews in our community. NON-COMMERCIALI EMPALOYMENT BUREAUS IN THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF NEW YORK CITY Date of No. of No. of Nane of Agenc Orgeization Applicants Placements Date Kinds of Positions Filled Community May, 2,816 1,164 1916-17 Suited to the conditions of the handicapped Employ. Bureau 1910 applicants Fed. Employ. Bur. Jan. 2000 2000 1915-16 Stenographers and office help, for Jewish Girls 1915, 2 Clerical-Light factory work Sabbath Observers 2,500 836 1915-16 Miscellaneous-Mostly clerical and other Employ. Agency office help Employ. Dept. 2,354 1,333 1916-17 Dressmakers-Milliners Y. W. H. A. BEmploy. Bureau a2,5 187 191-17 8Clerks'-Office help-Errand Boys and Y. M. H. A. Miscellaneous man. Sisterhood 300 Day Workers (Women) Employ. Agency. Employ. Bur. Heb. Unskilled Trades, mostly Needle Trades Shet. and mmig. 5,624 3,660 1916-17 and allied industries Aid Soc. Industrial 1,334 1916-17 Secures employ. in the interior of U. S. in 192Remo ral Of, 192 various industries, arranges for transporRemoval Office (distributed) tation of applicants and their families, etc. The Farmeau 12,000 1,659 1916-17 Farm labor (Draftsmen Soc. for Welfare Carpenters of the Jew. Deaf 64 64 1915-16 Apprentices Engravers [Marhinlta * Plumbers H; 647;;IAst f JewiSh Ndon-QObimerciaI 'E1ivil'ment ' Burea'us inq NeW York City f ' COMMUNITY EMPLOYMENT BUREAU FOR THE HANDICAPPED (Formerly Aftfliated with the Kehillah) 856 Second Avenue Manager, Joseph Gedalecia. Caters to all trades. Makes specialty of finding employment for handicapped. Number of placements in 1917: 1,164. FEDERATED EMPLOYMENT BUREAU FOR JEWISH GIRLS, 60 West 39th Street Pres., Mrs. Alexander Kohut, 802 W. 87th St. See'y, Mrs. Francis D. Pollak, 55 W. 77th St. Director, Mrs. Edgar H. Strakosch, 208 W. 108th St. Established: January, 1915, at the Emergency Relief Committee. Reorganized October, 1915, as the. Federated Employment Bureau. for Jewish Girls. 2,000 placements were made in 1916. PURPOSE: **To conduct a free employment office- for Jewish girb and women and to act as a clearing house for all cooperating Jewish organizations." ACTIVITIES: "Makes an intensive study of industrial problems affecting Jewish girls and women, and,is attempting,. through a constructive program, to give better service to the employer and to create a better futute for the employee." Fot other 'Eimiployment Bureaus, in the Table, see under: Young Women's Hebrew As'n. Industrial Removal Office. (p. (p. 506): 1 T233,) Young Men's Hebrew Asxnn. Fe Labor BUrea. (p. 489.) Emanuel Sisterhood. (p. 996.) Society for the Welfare of Hebrew ^^tqiit aid Il- ' Jekhlle De&f. (p. 1087.) grant Aid Society. (p. 1230.) ~ ' ~f '' ' '.; l 648 VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS ESTABLISHED AND MAINTAINED BY THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN NEW YORK By J. ERNEST G. YALDEN Supt. Baron de Hirsch Trade School The Jewish community has established and is maintaining four schools which may be generically called vocational schools, and in attempting to describe briefly these schools and to show how they have met what are the recognized educational needs of today, it is advisable to point out just what is meant by vocational education. Until recent times it was considered sufficient to give our youth an opportunity to secure an elementary general education; the necessary training for a vocation-agricultural, commercial or industrial-was obtained by some form of apprenticeship or by employment in that vocation. In the development of educational policy to meet the requirements of modern conditions, it was recognized that some kind of training for vocation was advisable, and so our educational system has broadened its scope to include what is now called vocational education. Vocational education may be defined as that period of training which aims to fit our youth for some particular trade or occupation. Hebrew Technical Institute This school was established to enable Jewish boys of limited means to secure the best training to fit them for successful employment in mechanical trades. ECONOMIC AGENCIES 649 By reason of its long career and the very excellent record of its graduates, it may be said to have eminently attained that object. The course is three years in length, and the pupils are selected with care. They must be about 13 years of age, and possess a general education equivalent to that given in the 6th year of the elementary public schools. Tuition is free. Our Jewish youth are not by hereditary experience apt to choose a trade as a vocation, so the first two years of' the course are devoted to instruction in those subjects best fitted to develop a taste for a trade, and the last year to intensive instruction to fit the pupil directly for that trade. The work of this school is therefore both prevocational and vocational in character, and, as such, a model of what a school should be for the purpose intended. Hebrew Technical Institute for Girls The purpose of this school is primarily to equip Jewish girls to become a better factor in the home, and with that in view the pupils are given suitable mental, ethical and physical instruction in connection with the special training for a vocation. The course is eighteen months in length, and in admitting pupils the aim is to select those who are in greatest financial need, and best fitted to derive benefit from the work they are to undertake at the school. They must be 14% years of age, and graduates of the public schools. Tuition is free, and in some cases additional support is provided. 650','. COMMUNAL REGISTEB The vocational training is of two kinds: commercial and industrial. The first prepares girls to follow business pursuits, the last for efficient wage-earning in trade. The work of this school is similar in character to that done in the public high schools; but with this difference-that by means of intensive work, and short unit vocational courses, a girl can accomplish the same amount of work in about one-half the time. This is an important feature, as for economic reasons practically none 'of these girls could attend the city high schools. Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls The primary object of this institution is to provide a home for needy working girls, and by bringing them into a better environment, improve their mental, moral and physical condition. The great majority of the girls are backward and uneared for, and much emphasis is placed upon teaching them the finidamental' principles of proper living.' The aim.of the trade instruction given is to prepare the pupils in as short a time as possible for work in the skilled needle trades, as otherwise they could only learn these trades in the usual unsatisfactory manner. In., connection with that training they receive instruction in the elementary subjects of a general education. The courses vary in length from 6 months to 1Y2 years; but the school's program is flexible, and is adapted to the needs of the individual pupil. In selecting the pupils, who are between 14 and 17 years of age, preference is given to those girls who are, dependent, and most in need of the school's instruction. ECONOMIC AGENCIES 651 Baron de Hirsch Trade School The purpose of this school is, by a short course of vocational training, to fit a certain class of our Jewish young men to obtain employment in one of the mechanical trades. These young men, many of them recent immigrants deficient in education, have left school at an early age and;found employment in unskilled occupations, at low wages and with little chance for advancement. They are from necessity wage-earners, and cannot afford to enter ~chools having long courses of instruction, but can sacrifice a short wage-earning period if by so doing they can secure the necessary preparation to give them a better start in life. To meet the needs of this class the school offers 51/2 -month courses of instruction in trades, any of which if completed will give the pupil a sufficient practical Iaowledge readily to secure employment as a helper, and a foundation to assure his advancement to the grade of a mechanic.. The pupils must be at least 16 years of age, and satisfy the Superintendent as to their general fitness to learn a trade. Tuition is free. If it were not for this school many of our Jewish youth would have had little opportunity to better their condition in life, and the successful record of its several thousand graduates only confirms this fact. In view of the establishment by the Board of Education of several 'vocational schools as part of the, city's school system, one may question whether the Jewish community is justified in maintaining schools of that character. 652 COMMUNAL REIDTER The private schools have been the pioneers in developing this kind of work; but in spite of all that has so far been accomplished, educators have not yet arrived at any unanimity on the subject of vocational education. The diversity of educational needs, owing to the varying social, industrial and educational conditions of different communities makes it difficult, if not impossible, to decide upon any one type of school as best fitted to meet those needs. Indeed, educational experts have only recently discovered the very grave difficulties underlying the whole problem, and are less able than they were a few years ago to offer a solution. Vocational education is still in the experimental stage, and educational progress in a country of such varied conditions as ours can only be advanced by experimental solutions demanded by those conditions, and diversity rather than uniformity will yield the best results. Our-private vocational schools, owing to their diversity of type, and to their being independent foundations able to develop their own policy, are better fitted than the public schools to perform this experimental work, and the results attained will supply the basic facts by means of which our educational experts may ultimately -develop a general policy of vocational education. The public vocational schools as now organized do not directly meet the needs of the different classes of Jewish youth now attending our schools, and it is to be questioned if they ever can do so, for it is believed that private schools of various types will always be needed to supplement the work of the public schools. ECONOMIC AGENCIES 653 List and Description of Vocational Schools Maintained by the Jewish Community of New York HEBREW TECHNICAL INSTITUTE (FOR BOYS) 36 Stuyvesant Street As a training school in the mechanical trades for boys from 14 to 17 years of age, the Hebrew Technical Institute combines the features of a trade school, a manual training school, and a polytechnic institute, without belonging distinctly to any one of these types of educational institutions. In order to insure for its students a general academic and manual training, indispensable for progress in mechanical pursuits, applicants for admission are expected to be public school graduates, or to have obtained an equivalent education. The course of study in the Institute covers a period of three years. During the first two years, instruction is given in fundamental subjects, such as English Language and Literature, History, Industrial Geography, Map Drawing, Mathematics, Applied Science and Mechanical and Free Hand Drawing. In the third year, the student specializes in one of the following subjects: Machine Working, Instrument Making, Pattern Making, Wood Carving, Electrical Construction Work, Mechanical, Architectural or Free Hand Drawing. To give the students the opportunity to observe actual working conditions in the various mechanical trades, inspeci tion trips are organized once a month, under the guidance of a competent instructor, to factories, foundries, machine shops, electrical works, engineering works, and drafting rooms. For the purpose of studying industrial establishments outside of New York City, summer walking trips are made by small groups of students, with an instructor and special guide, to factories, steel works and mines. The whole curriculum is designed to train students to become ultimately foremen, superintendents, engineers and proprietors. There are several features of the work that render the Institute unique in the educational field. A hot luncheon is served to the boys at a nominal cost of twenty cents-a week. As this constitutes the principal meal for many of the boys, its value can hardly be overstated. Then, too, as the majority of the pupils come from the crowded tenement districts, 654 COMMUNAL REGISTER bathing facilities are provided, and each pupil is required to take a bath at the school, once, a week. To meet the vocational needs of older mechanics who did not have the opportunity in their earlier years to obtain a systematic trade education, the Institute conducts an evening school, where instruction is offered in tool making, instrument making, pattern making, mechanical drawing and mathematics. The student enrollment is 375. Tuition, textbooks and supplies are free. The per capita annual cost is $138. Sixteen hundred students have been graduated since the establishment of the Institute in 1883. 76% of these are following the occupations for which they were directly prepared. The school, occupying three six-story buildings, between Stuyvesant and Ninth Streets, East of Third Avenue, is supported by a society of 2,000 members, private contributions, and income on endowment funds. The capital invested in grounds, buildings and equipment, is approximately $450,000. The school is a constituent member of the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York City. Its budget for 1917 was $76,707.50, of which the Federation provided $54,858.40. The officers are: President, Eugene E. Spiegelberg, 160 Broadway; Secretary, Arthur L. Goodhart, 21 W. 81st St.; Treasurer, Mortimer L. Schiff, 2 E. 80th St.; Principal, Dr. Edgar S. Barney, 36 Stuyvesant St. Spiegelberg, Eugene E., Pres. Hebrew Technical Institute (36 Stuyvesant St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1876 in New York. Received the following degrees at Columbia University: A.B.; A.M.; L.L.B. Lawyer, 160 Broadway. HEBREW TECHNICAL SCHOOL FOB GIRLS (Established 1880, Inc. 1884 and 1886) Second Avenue and 15th Street Is a non-sectarian educational institution, whose aim is to provide free instruction to girls in commercial and industrial pursuits. The course of study covers a period of eighteen months. Those admitted are selected after examination on the basis of the best comparative mental equipment and greatest financial need. The school has two departments: the Commercial and the Manual. In the Commercial department, stenography, typewriting, bookkeeping. ECONOMIC AGENCIES 655 English, penmanship, commercial arithmetic and geography are taught. The students in the Manual department, who are to become assistants in dressmaking or millinery establishments, are given instruction in sewing, millinery, embroidery, drawing and costume designing. In order, however, to provide a broad cultural background, in addition to a specific training, all students are taught history, literature, physiology, choral music, social ethics, swimming, gymnastics, cooking and laundering. A number of special features characteristic of a wellequipped social center, distinguish the institution from ah ordinary trade or technical school. The school maintains an employment bureau. In January, 1916, 2,175 graduates of the school were earning an aggregate of $1,374,036 per annum, an average of $50 to $52 per month each. The school also has an auditorium seating over 400 persons, a library, a gymnasium, a swimming pool and a well-equipped roof garden. The pupils are given milk and cake at 10.15 in the forenoon, and again at noon to supplement the lunch they bring with them. A Sabbath school having about 200 pupils meets every Saturday afternoon. There are over 600 pupils in the school. The Institution is affiliated with the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies-of New York City. Its budget for 1917 was $64,136.16, of which the Federation provided $58,836.16. The officers are: Honorary President, Adolph Lewisohn; President, Mrs. Alfred S. Rossin; Vice-President, Abram I. Elkus; Treasurer, Julius Kayser; Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. J. N. Bloom; Advisory Committee on Education; Chairman, Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler; Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, Dr. James Earl Russell; Principal, M. E. Dolphin; Medical Director, Emily Dunning Barringer, M.D. BARON de HIRSCH TRADE SCHOOL 222 East 64th Street The Baron de Hirsch Trade School was organized-to meet a specific need in trade education, namely, to provide 4 thorough course of training in the rudiments of the skilled of trades, within a comparatively brief period of time, to those young men who, because of financial disability or lack of broad educational equipment, cannot undergo an elaborate technical course of training. The course of study in the school covers a period of five 656 COMMUNAL REGISTER and one-half months. Two classes a year are admitted: one in February, and the other about the middle of August. The first fourteen working days of the term are considered a probationary period. During this time the applicant must show that he is able to learn a trade, and that he is willing to follow the regulations of the school. At the end of this period, those who are found eligible, are enrolled as students. Each pupil is given a careful training in the mathematics of the trade for which he is being prepared, and all except those in the printing and painting departments, are taught mechanical drawing and plan reading. At the satisfactory completion of his course, each pupil receives a certificate of graduation, and a kit of tools. These tools are given by the Baron de Hirsch Fund, and it is expected that they will be paid for as soon as the graduate is able to do s0. The essentials of the following trades are taught in the School: printing, sheet metal work, carpentry, machine work, house painting, sign painting, plumbing, electrical work, operating engineer. The Trade School Committee are: Chairman, Abram I. Elkus, 111 Broadway; Charles L. Bernheimer,. 120 Franklin St.; S. G. Rosenbaum, 483 West End Ave.; Herbert H. Lehman, 16 William St.; S. F. Rothschild; Superintendent, J. E. G. Yalden, 222 E. 64th St. CLARA de HIRSCH HOME FOR WORKING GIRLS 225 East 68d Street Pres., Mrs. Oscar S. Straus, 5 W. 76th St. Sec"y, Mrs. Walter Leibman, 55 E. 82nd St. Directress, Miss Rose Sommerfeld, 225 E. 63d St. Incorporated: 1897. Supported by endowments. PURPOSE: "To maintain a non-sectarian home for girls between 14 and 20 years of age, to improve their mental, moral and physical conditions and to train them for self-support." ACTIVITIES: Maintains trade classes in hand-sewing, machine operating, dressmakmaking and millinery for its inmates. Straus, Sarah L., Pres. Clara de Hirsch Home (225 E. 63d St.), since 1897. Term 1 year. Born 1862 in U. S. Received a thorough general education. Res.: 5 W. 76th St. $ ~ -~~. * ~:.~:: -, i Y wa ;.i iu;n:~ ~,r '':-~ ~A;~J; j --;F~i~l f:`Y -.~~~~P~' Ii,:x `'it: ~ o *P:*. i L16~.b ~i.l. Z,h -s *. a.i'ss C ,r.~r~ ~ ~: i FZ`:.~,* I r '~ ~c-`r;i ~ cn i ttr HEBREW TECHNICAL INSTITUTE FOR BOYS 36 Stuyvesant Street I r I I I I I I f ELECTRICITY DEPARTMENT, HEBREW TECHNICAL SCHOOL FOR BOYS I TYPEWRITING CLASS, HEBREW TECHNICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS a I 0 I I I 0 1 C0 Cpa SKETCHING CLASS, HEBREW TECHNICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS I I C, 0 c " c, LCc I, c(I 1-1 I I I .& ~:: ' " "':1 ~, ~ ~,~\*S.IC~ - i, - C SEWING CLASS, HEBREW TECHNICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS ,Lc ()r (v 0C C ( t c cI-c1, I(, I ( ". 1. COOKING CLASS, HEBREW TECHNICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS , " II RHYTHMIC CLASS, HEBREW TECHNICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS < t. 1,. I " t', I '. I (. (, " 671 BARON de HIRSCH TRADE SCHOOL 222 East 64th Street e SIGN PAINTING DEPARTMENT, BARON de "HIRSCH TRADE SCHOOL 0 PRINTING DEPARTMENT, BARON de HIRSCH TRADE SCHOOL n1 PRINTING DEPARTMENT, BARON de HIRSCH TRADE SCHOOL T II I 4, * I t 0 f.: I I -I I I 9 I 4 1 -. '.c I I SHEET METAL DEPARTMENT, BARON de HIRSCH TRADE SCHOOL II WOOD WORK DEPARTMENT, BARON de HRSCH TRADE SCHOOL WOOD WORK DEPARTMENT, BARON de HIRSCH TRADE SCHOOL co I I I I I I PLUMBING DEPARTMENT, BARON de HIRSCH TRADE SCHOOL - I I 6 1% I I I-I: I,',- ",::: "11I I I I I ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT, BARON de HIRSCH TRADE SCHOOL I f 0. I t I P. " ( I I,, I t,., f 4 k,. I,, 0 b f 11 MACHINE WORK, BARON de HIRSCH TRADE SCHOOL I I I t.. I.1:: f. f I. I., I I - r R q q *t ".J, 1 687 'CLARA de HIRSCH HOME 225 East 63rd Street 689 FREE LOAN SOCIETIES By SAMUEL SEINFEL, Manager Hebrew Free Loan Society It is generally conceded that poverty and its attending miseries, while not entirely curable, are to a large extent preventible. The really deserving poor, if rendered prompt and judicious relief without the stigma of charity, are eventually restored' to the ranks of selfsupporting, self-respecting members of the community. To effect this result is the purpose of the Free Loan Societies. It is justly claimed that the work of these Societies has been of great value and far reaching importance in the cause of preventive and constructive relief rendered to the deserving poor. Loans do not rob the poor man of his self-respect; he -does not feel degraded in receiving this form of help. What the banks do for the rich and middle classes, a Free Loan Society does for the small tradesman and mechanic. It relieves borrowers of great inconvenience and privation, prevents their falling victims to ravaging loan-sharks, and this is done without elaborate formalities or unnecessary delays and with a courtesy that is reciprocated in prompt and scrupulous repayment. The oldest existing Free Loan Society in New York City, and, as far as is known in the United States of America, was organized in 1892 and is only twenty-five years in existence. But there were from time immem'orial Gemilath Chasodim societies in every Jewish community in Europe. Though similar in purpose, loaning 690 COMMUNAL REGISTER money without interest, these Gemilath Chasodim societies were in method and extent as unlike the Free Loan Societies in this country as the "Heckdesh" of a small JeWish European town is unlike the modern, well equipped hospital. In the year 1917, the several Free Loan Societies of Greater New York made about thirty thousand loans amounting to approximately one million dollars., About 77% of the amount and number of loans was made by the largest Society with its three branches, located in Harlem, Bronx and Brownsville. This Society loans in denominations of from $5.00 to $300.00. Most of the others loan in amounts up to $50, a few up to $100, and only one up to $200. All loans are made on notes endorsed by responsible people, without charge of interest or expense of any kind, the borrowers repaying the loan in weekly instalments. The,borrower of $10, $15, or $25 invariably wants his loan to pay over-due rent, doctors', grocers' or butchers' bills. In these cases, the loans are least effective; the borrower remains just as poor after the loan as before. The loans of $100 and over, however, are usually applied for by small tradesmen, students and young professional men. The small business man through such a loan is enabled to retain his credit in the commercial world, and continue his struggle for independence. The same is true of the student and professional man. Loans of larger denominations, therefore, accomplish the most constructive and durable good, and it is in this direction that the smaller Societies should aim to im ECONOMIC AGENCIES 691 prove and extend their work. A still greater and further reaching achievement would be the merger of all the Free Loan Societies of New York into one great Society with branches in every Jewish section of the city. This would not only reduce the losses, small as they are, and the average cost per loan, but would eliminate the great and only evil now existing among them-duplication. The achievements of the Free Loan Societies cannot fail to fill one with enthusiasm for the cause. From the immigrant who needs a footing in this new world to the troubled merchant who has to be tided over some difficulty in meeting obligations, all are relieved from embarrassment and humiliation, not in a spirit of pauperism, nor as objects of charity, but with courteous treatment and genuine desire to keep alive self-reliance, selfrespect and independence. No better method has yet been evolved to solve so practically the great problem of pauperism. LIST OF FREE LOAN SOCIETIES HEBREW FREE LOAN SOCIETY, Inc. (Established 1892) Central Office, 108 Second Ave., Tel. 8516 Orchard Branches: 69 East 116th St., 1321 Boston Road, Bronx; 1878 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Established more than twenty-five years ago, this society has been the practical embodiment of the idea of self-help in charitable relief work. Instead of giving ahnlma to persons who have found the struggle for a'means of livelihood too severe, the Society loans money in sums ranging rrom $5 to $300, to applicants, without-distinction of nationality, religion or race, on notes endorsed by reputable business men, without charge of interest or expense of any kind, the borrower repaying the loan in weekly installments. Over 80%o of the loans have been made without requiring that 692 COMMUNAL REGISTER the endorsers have a commercial rating. The expenses of the office, and losses, are covered by members' dues and donations. The records of the Society show that almost 97% of the loans are repaid by the borrower, and less than 2% by the endorsers. Of these 2%, over one-half is ultimately returned to the endorsers through the society, or through the borrowers themselves. During the fiscal year January 1st to December 31st, 1916, the Society mader24,330 loans, aggregating $711,940. The returns in weekly instalments amounted to $704,087.07. Receipts for 1916 from members' dues, donations and bequests, totaled $45,009.92; expenses including all branches, $24,500.49. During the fiscal year, January 1st to December 31st, 1917, this Society made 23,403 loans aggregating $765,400. The returns in weekly installments amounted to $745,105.50. Receipts from Federation of Jewish Philanthropic Societies, $36,904.20. Expenses including all branches $23,615.52. Losses on loans, $2,910.50. Total capital of the Society amounts to $241,637.69. To meet the increased demands for free loans, two new branches have been opened during the last year, one in the Borough of the Bronx, at 1321 Boston Road, and one in the Borough of Brooklyn, at 1878 Pitkin Avenue. The officers of the Society are: Pres., Julius J. Dukas, 335 Broadway; Treasurer, Hirsh Rabinowich, 108 Second Ave.; Secretary, Abraham Bakst, 101 Bowery; Manager, Samuel Seinfel, 108 Second Ave. Julius J. Dukas was born in Sulzburg, Germany, in 1860. lie received his education in the schools of Wiesbaden and in 1878, at the age of eighteen, he came to America. Here he embarked upon a business career and has become one of the successful Jewish merchants of this city. As a communal worker, Mr. Dukas displays a versatility that makes him one of the most important men in the Jewish community. His sphere of activity is not limited to any particular phase of Jewish work, but embraces almost everything of communal importance. Philanthropy, religious affairs and Jewish education have been promoted through the devoted work of Mr. Dukas. His Influence is felt particularly in Orthodox and Conservative Jewish circles, because his sympathies and mode of life have gained for him their respect and admiration. Mr. Dukas is connected in various capacities with many important institutions of this city. He has been president of the Hebrew Fred Loan Society (108 Second Avenue) since 1904; and is president of the Rabbi Jacob Joseph IQNMSC 1 BSAOJ6 School (168 Henry Strt), the largest Jewish parochial school of this oity, and president of the Orach Chaim Congregation (1463 Lexington Avenue). He is also a member of the Executive Committee of the Jewish Community, a trustee of the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies and Chairman of the Federation Committee on Religious Education. He is very active in the relief work for war sufferers and is the vicepresident of the Central Relief Committee. He takes an important part in the management of the Boys' Department of the Talmud Torah of the Orach Chaim Congregation, and is a member of the Board of Directors of the Lebanon Hospital and of the Jewish Maternity Hospital.' Bath Beach Free Loan Ass'n, Cropsey and 20th Aves., B'klyn. Pres., Louis Sturz, 8120 i9th Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Wm. Rosin, 1819 82nd St., B'klyn. Brooklyn Hebrew Frie Loan Asan, 31 McKibben St., B'klyn. Pres., Nathan P r e n sk y, 809 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Isaac Kalina, 3224 Surf Ave., Coney Island. Incorporated, 1900. Pren ky, Nathan, Pres. B'klyn Hebrew Free Loan Ass'n (31 McKibben St., B'klyn), since 1899. Term 1 year. Born 1852 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general Jewish education..Retired merchant. Res.: 809 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Hebrew Aid Society of East New York, 371 Pennsylvania Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Raphael Seril. Secretary, Benjamin Newman, 212T Pitkin Ave., B'kly. Shtablished, 1908 Budget about $1,200. Membership about 300. Seril, Raphael, Pres. Hebrew Aid Society of E. N. Y. (371 Pennsylvania Ave., B'klyn), since 1910. Term 1 year. Born in Russia. Came to U. S. 1893. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 98 Miller Ave., B'klyn. Hebrew Free Lending Ars'n of the United Hebrew Community of New York, (Adath Israel), 203 E. B'way. Pres., A. Kruger, 301 E. B'way. Sec'y, Dr. S. Mossesson, 1744 Anthony Ave.. Bronx. Incorporated, 1910. Kruger, A., Pres. Hebrew Free Lending Ass'n of the United Hebrew Community of N. Y. (203 E. B'way), since 1911. - Term 1 year. Born 1866 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Attended a Russian High School and Yeshibah. Superintendent, Home of Daughters of Jacob. Res.: 301 B. B'way. O94 COMMUNAL. RBISTaR Hebrew Leaague Aid (Harlem Branch), 56 W. 114th St. Free., H. Levine, 56 W. 114th St. Sec'y, A. Rabinowits, 50 W. 11'4th St. Incorporated, 1916. Levine, Harris, Pres. Hebrew League Aid' Ase'n (66 W. 114th St.), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1846 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Cashier. Res.: 66 W. 114th St. ADEQUATE INFORMATION IS LACKING ON THE FOLLOWING SOCIETIES: Broder Loan Fund, 276 East, Houston St. Constantine Free Loan, 257 East Houston St. Eastern District Loan and Relief, 115-117 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Hebrew Free Loan Ass'n, Neptune Ave., B'klyn. S t e r l i n g Commercial Ass'n. Loan and Relief. 115-117 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Daughters of Rebecca, Boston Road. 1301 695 HEBREW FREE LOAN SOCIETY 108 Second Avenue ~II 6 BwnOM1C A sBN<5' 697 LABOR ORGANIZATIONS By FRANK F. ROSENBLATT Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research Up to about a decade ago trade unionism among the Jewish workers was in its incipient stage. The United, Hebrew Trades, which is now preparing to celebrate its thirtieth anniversary with an imposing membership of 250,000, was for a number of years suffering from the same lack of stability which was characteristic of its constituent organizations. Prior to 1910, the Jew as a striker, the Jew as a martyr on the picket line had become famous in labor circles as well as in special treatises of trained investigators. The Jew as a trade unionist, as one of a well disciplined bona-fide organization, as a mere dues-paying member, was considered almost an impossibility, because of the strong individualistic peculiarities which were attributed to him. This distinction of the Jewish worker has now completely faded away. The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, an organization consisting of 140,000 members of whom fully 80% are Jews, is now in the foremost ranks of American trade unionism, being the third largest International of the American Federation of Labor. The Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, which came into existence only about three years ago, enjoys the admiration and loyalty of tens of thousands of Jewish worling men and women in the men's clothing industry. The older Qrganizations, like thoue of the United Cloth Rat and 698 COMMUNAL ABGISTBR Cap Makers of America and the International Fur Workers' Union of U. S. A. and Canada, and others, have likewise assured their permanent stronghold among the Jewish laborers. The so-called individualism of the Jewish immigrant, particularly of Russian nativity, was the natural result of the conditions in which he had been brought up. It had been forced upon him by the barbarity of the old Russian regime, by the exclusive legal code which robbed him of the most essential and most sacred human rights of choosing abode and occupation, as well as by the inexorable determination on the part of the old government to crush every attempt at organization and combination. While the Jew never adopted the morbid philosophy of homo hominis lupus, he was, nevertheless, driven to look upon competition as the strongest, if not the only effective, weapon in his struggle for existence, in his fight for self-preservation. The new environment in this country has greatly changed the peculiar "psychology" of the Jew. The Jewish worker is now recognized not only as an excellent striker, but also as a first-class union man, loyal to his organization and devoted to its interests. The basic principles of trade unionism, viz., collective bargaining and concerted action, have been improved by the so-called "protocol," or agreement between the employees and employers. After the general strike of garment workers in 1910, the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union was the first to initiate such a protocol, providing the machinery for the adjustment of labor disputes and regulating conditions of labor. This BCONOMIC AGENOIE 69 method of mutual agreement between manufacturers and employees, which tends to do away with sporadic strikes and lockouts subsequently found wide application in a number of smaller trade unions. The Jewish labor organizations have become great factors not only in the economic and industrial fields, but also in the cultural and spiritual life of their members. The betterment of economic conditions, the prime purpose of every trade union, has of late been coupled with the motto of general betterment. The activities of the unions are not confined to the protection of the interests of their members as wage-earners only. Great importance is attached to educational work, and series of lectures on economic, political and sociological questions, as well as popular courses in history and science, constitute necessary items in the budgets of most of the organizations. The magazines published by every important union contain articles not only on trade topics, but also general essays on various social and political questions, as well as literary masterpieces in prose and poetry. Besides their general cultural and educational activities, the Jewish organizations are also devoting special attention to specific Jewish problems. Most of them have distinguished themselves in the work of the National Workmen's Committee on Jewish' Rights and in the relief work for the Jewish war sufferers. 700 O40UMUNAL Rt~iiNTB!R LOCAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONS FUR INDUSTRY General Organization: International Fur Workers' Union of United States and Canada. (See also under Economic Central Organizations.) Feather Boa Makers' Union Local No. 74 (I. F. W. U. U. S. & C.) Pres., Charles Velzer, 163 Stanton Street, c/o Renest. Sec'y, Charles Stetsky, 81 Fourth Ave. Meets 2nd and 4th Thursday at 81 Fourth Ave. Fur Cap Makers' Union Local No. 20 (I. F. W. U. U. S. & C.) Pres., Harry Reiff, 630 E. 9th St., N. Y. C. Sec'y, Charles Stetsky, 81 Fourth Ave. Meets every 1st and 3rd Wednesday at 81 Fourth Ave., N. Y. C. Fur Cutters' Union Local No. 1 (I. F. W. U. U. S. & C.) Pres., Harris J. Algus, 1405 Fifth Ave. Sec'y, Frank Frimmerman, 334 E. 100th St. Meets every 2nd and 4th Saturday at 210 E. 5th St. Fur Dressers' Union Local No. 2 (I. F. W. U. U. S. & C.) Pres., Ike Hertzberg, 949 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Sec., Gustav Schubert, 949 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Meets every 1st and 3rd Monday at Brooklyn Labor Lyceum, 949 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Fur Dyers' Union Local No. 59 (I. P. W. U. U. S. A C.) Pres., M. Parent, 949 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Charles DeStefano, 9 Jackson Ave., Long Island City. Meets 2nd and 4th Thursday at B'klyn Labor Lyceum, 949 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Fur Finishers' Union Local No. 15 (I. F. W. U. U. S. & C.) Pres., Max Suroff, 276 Ave. A c/o Udewitz. Sec'y, M. Haimowitz, 659 Alabama Ave., B'klyn, N. Y. Meets 2nd and 4th Monday, 12 St. Marks P1. Fur Floor Workers' Union Local No. 3 (I. F. W. U. U. S. & C.) Pres., P. Lucchi, 71 Beadel St., B'klyn. Sec'y. Philip Silberstein, 494 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Meets 1st and 3rd Sunday, B'klyn Labor Lyceum, 949 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Fur Hatters' Union Local No. 61 (I. F. W. U. U. S. & C.) Pres., Chas. Basco, 415 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Martin Murphy, 115 Nostrand Ave., B'klyn. Meets 1st and 3rd Monday, B'klyn Labor Lyceum, 949 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Fur Head & Tall Makers' Union Local No. 60 (I. F. W. U. U, I. & C.) Pros.. Harry ECONOMIC AGENCIES 701 F. Somins, 1761 Bathgate Ave. Sec'y, Charles Stetsky, 81 Fourth Ave. Meets 1st and 3rd Tuesday at 81 Fourth Ave. Fur Lined Co a t Finishers' Union Local No. 63 (I. F. W. U. U. S. & C.) Pres., Joe Stein, 76 Clinton St. Sec'y, Samuel Leibowitz, 81 Fourth Ave. Meets 2nd and 4th Wednesday, 81 Fourth Ave. Fur Nailers' Union Local No. 10 (I. F. W. U. U. S. & C.) Pres., Morris Kliger, 812 E. 6th St. Sec'y, Adolph Lewitz, 4010 Third Ave. Meets 1st and 3rd Wednesday. Casino Hall, 85 E. 4th St. Fur Operators' Union Local No. 5 (I. F. W, U. U.. & C.) Pres., Wolf Weiner, 299 E. 8th St. Sec'y, M. Katzman, 56 E. 7th St. Meets 1st and 3rd Thursday, 12 St. Marks P1. Fur Pluckers' Union Local No. 4 (I. F. W. U. U. S. & C.) Pres., John Gorsky, 192 Nassau St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Joseph J. Savage, 193 Sumpter St.,. B'klyn. Meets 1st Monday of month at B'klyn Labor Lyceum, 949 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Muff Bed Workers' Union Local No. 51 (I. F. W. U. U. S. & C.) Pres., Harry Farber, 340 Watkins St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Samuel Leibowitz, 81 Fourth Ave. Meets 2nd and 4th Thursday at 81 Fourth Ave. GARMENT INDUSTRY Men's Clothing General Organization: Amalgamated Clothing Workers' of America. (See also under Economic Central Organizations.) Brooklyn & Brownsville Buttonhole Makers' Local No. 245 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, I. Rabinowitch, 9 Siegel St., B'klyn. Meets every Wednesday at 9 Siegel St., B'klyn. Membership: 250. Brooklyn Pants Makers' Local No. 43 (A. C. W. A.) Sec., A. Yelowitz, 143 McKibben St., B'klyn. Meets Wednesday at 83 Bartlett St., B'klyn. Membership: 1250. Brooklyn Vestmaker' Local No. 262 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, S. Reich, 29 Graham Ave., B'klyn. Meets every Wednesday at 76 Throop Ave., B'klyn. Membership: 1400. Buttonhole Makers of New York Local No. 244 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, J. Miller, 237 Div 702 COMMUNAL REGISTER tsion St. Meets Monday night at 237 Division St. Children's Jacket Makers of Brooklyn Local No. 7 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, Harry Robert, 76 Throop Ave., B'klyn. Meets every Thursday at 76 Throop Ave., B'klyn. Membership: 700. Children's J a c k e t Makers' (Baisted) Local No. 10 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, Mr. Tanzer, 155 Clinton St. Meets every Wednesday at 77 Delancey St. Membership: 900. Children's J a cke t Maker' (Non-baisted) Local No. 12 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, M. Goldmacher, 35 E. 2nd St. Meets every Wednesday at 151 Clinton St. Membership: 1800. Children's Jacket Pressers' Local No. 11 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, J. Horn, 436 Grand St. Meets every Wednesday at 82 Clinton St. Membership: 350. Children's Jacket Pressers' Local No. 30 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, J. Powers, 1813 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Meets Wednesday at 747 Blake Ave., B'klyn. Membership: 400. Children's Jacket Pressers' Local No. 165 (A. C. W. A.) Sec., S. Hassner, 54 Morrell St., B'klyn. Meets every Tuesday at 54 Morrell St., B'klyn. Membership: 350. Children's Sailor Jacket Makers' Union Local No. 175 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, S. Berman, 219 Sackman St., B'klyn. Meets every Wednesday at 219 Sackman St., B'klyn. Membership: 1000. Clothing Cutters of New York Local No. 4 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, Moses Hart, 44 E. 12th St. Meets every Friday at 30 E. 1st St. Membership: 3000. Clothing Cutters of New York (Bronx) Local No. 9 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, J. H. Freireich, 44 E. 12th St. Meets every Thursday at 953 So. Boulevard. Membership: 800. Coat Operators' and Tailors' Local No. 213 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, Sam Levy, 159 Belmont Ave., B'klyn. Meets every Wednesday, 229 Sackman St., B'klyn. Membership: 900. Coat Operators' Brooklyn Local No. 259 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, Salon Mesh, 235 Hart St., B'klyn. Meets every Wednesday at 9 Siegel St., B'klyn. Membership: '400. Coat Pressers' Local No. 3 (A. C. W. A,) Sec'y, M. Silverstein, 370 S. 2nd St., B'klyn. Meets every Wednesday, 175 E. B'way. Membership: 3000. ECONOMIC AGENCIES 703 Coat Pressers' Local No. 72 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, S. Siegel, 30 Humboldt St., B'klyn. Meets every Tuesday at 9 Siegel St., B'klyn. Membership: 400. Coat Pressers' Local No. 214 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, J. Engelman, 151 Amboy St., B'klyn. Meets every Tuesday at 229 Sackman St., B'klyn. Membership: 500. Coat Tailors' Local No. 215 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, B. Wartelsky, 200 Floyd St., B'klyn. Meets every Tuesday at 9 Siegel St., B'klyn. Membership 650. Coat Tailors' and Baisters' Local No. 2 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, H. Scheps, c/o Dinner, 208 Madison St. Meets every Wednesday at 175 E. B'way. Membership: 5000. Custom Tailors' Local No. 162 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, Jos. Margone, 79 E. 4th St. Meets every Monday at 85 E. 4th St. Membership: 350. Kneepants Makers' Local No. 19 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, B. Zuckerberg, 151 Clinton St. Meets every Friday at 151 Clinton St. Membership: 2000. Lapel Makers' Local No. 161 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, Louis Labiento, 201 Broome St. Meets 1st and 3rd Friday 201 Broome St. Membership: 300. New York Clothing Turners' Local No. 55 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, Barney Gross, 190 Bowery, Room 409. Meets Thursday at Kass' Bldg. Membership: 250. Operators' (Coat) Local No. 156 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, S. Baral, 372 Howard Ave., B'klyn. Meets every Wednesday at 175 E. B'way. Membership: 3500. Overall Workers' Local No. 178 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, Jacob Newman, 348 Ellery St., B'klyn. Meets every Tuesday at 133 Eldridge St. Membership: 300. Palm Beach Workers' Local No. 157 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, Morris Pearl, 9 Siegel St., B'klyn. Meets every Thursday at 9 Siegel St., B'klyn. Membership: 700. Pants Makers' Local No. 85 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, A. Yelowitz, 143 McKibben St., B'klyn. Meets every Wednesday at 83 Bartlett St., B'klyn. Membership: 600. Pants Makers Local No. 159 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, I. Siegelheim, 132 Thatford Ave., B'klyn. Meets every Wednesday at 229 Sackman St., B'klyn. Membership: 760. Pants Operators' Local No. 8 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, H. Novodvor, 63 Ludlow St. Meets every Wednesday at 145 704 COMMUNAL REGISTER Suffolk St. Membership: 2500. Pants Pressers' Local No. 40 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, H. Novodvor, 63 Ludlow St. Meets every Wednesday at 66 Essex St. Membership: 1100. Shirt Makers' Local No. 248 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, D. Monas, 175 E. B'way. Meets every Friday at 73 Ludlow St. Membership: 300. Vent Baisters' and Operators' Local No. 16 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, P. Monat, 175 E. B'way. Meets every Friday at 175 E. B'way. Membership: 1600. Vest Pressers' Local No. 186 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, H. Weinstein, 175 E. B'way. Meets every Monday at 175 E. B'way. Membership: 400. Washable Sailor Suit Union Local No. 169 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y A. Finkelstein, 175 E. B'way. Meets every Thursday at 56 Orchard St. Membership: 750. Wholesale Clothing Clerks' Local No. 158 (A. C. W. A.) Sec'y, H. N. Greenberg, 44 E. 12th St. Meets every Friday at 44 E. 12th St. Membership: 100. WOMEN'S CLOTHING General Organization: International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. (See also under Economic Central Organizations. ) Amalgamated Ladies' Garment Cutters Union No. 10 (I. L. G. W. U.), 7 W. 21st St. Org. 1901. Membership 7,000. Pres., John C. Ryan, 7 W. 21st St. Sec'y, Sam B. Shenker, 7 W. 21st St. Ryan, John C., Pres. Amal. Ladies Garments Cutters Union Local No. 10 (7 W. 21st St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1861 in N. Y. Received general education. Res.: 303 E.-23rd St. Bonnaz, Singer, Hand Emb. Union Local 1o. 66 (I. L. G. W. U.), 103 E. 11th St. Org. 1913. Pres., Zachary Leo Friedman, 661 E. 158th St. Sec'y, S. Lang, 544% E. 12th St. (Also affiliated with U. H. T.) Friedman, Z a c h a r y Leo, Pres. Bonnaz, Singer, Hand Embroidery Un i o n Local No. 66 (103 E. 11th St.), since 1909. Term 6 months Born 1883 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general education. Embroiderer.Res.: 661 E. 158th St. Buttonhole Makers and Button Sewers Union Local No. 58 (I. L. G. W. U.), 80 E. 10th St. Org. 1913. Membership 1,000. Manager: Jacob Uran, 705 ECONOMIC AGENCIES 60 Pike St. Sec'y, Solomon Klein, 637 E. 5th St. Children's Cloak and Reefer Worker Union Local No. 17 (I. L. G. W. U.), 117 2nd Ave. Org. 1905. Membership 8,200. Pres., Louis Mann, 117 2nd Ave. Sec'y, Jacob J. Heller, 117 2nd Ave. Children's Dress M. U. Local No. 50 (U. H. T. and I. L. G. W. U.), 22 W. 17th St. Org. 1910. Membership 3,500. Pres., Carl Zaluck, 354 Newport Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Esther Lauber, 26 E. 104th St., clo Rand. Cloak & Suit Piece Tailors' & Sample Makers' Union Local No. 3 (I. L. G. W. U.), 9 W. 21st St. Org. 1914. Membership, 2,100. Pres., Max Kurtz, 605 E. 11th St. Sec'y, Barnet Fenster, 15 Livingston P1. (Affiliated also with U. H. T.) Knrtz, Max, Pres. Piece Tailors & Sample Makers Union Local No. 3 (9 W. 21st St.), since 1916. Term.1 year. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish and secular education. Tailor. Res.: 605 E. 11th St. Cloak & Suit Tailors Union Local No. 9 (I. L. G. W. U.), 228 2nd Ave. Org. 1908. Membership 10,000. Pres., H. Goldberg, 228 2nd Ave. Sec'y, N. M. Minkow, 228 2nd Ave. (Affiliated also with U. H. T.) Cloak Examiners', Squarers' and Bushelers Union (I. L. G. W. U.), 228 2nd Ave. Membership: 1000. Pres., L.Sheinberg. Sec'y, Mr. Graff. (Affiliated also with U. H. T.) Cloak Makers' Union Local No. 11 (I. L. G. W. U.), 229 Sackman St., B'klyn. Org. 1908. Membership: 2500. Pres., J. Rosenzweig, 229 Sackman St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Batsky, 229 Sackman St., B'klyn. Cloak Operators' Union of Brownsville Local No. 11 (I. L. G. W. U.), 219 Sackman St., B'klyn. Membership: 3000. Sec'y-treas., Harry Brodsky. Cloak, Skirt and Dress Pressers' Union Local No. 35 (I. L. G. W. U.), 228 2nd Ave. Membership: 9000. Sec'ytreas., A. E. Kagan. Mgr., M. Breslower. Embroidery Workers' Union Local No. 6 (I. L. G. W. U.), 133 2nd Ave. Org. 1907. Membership:. 1600. S ec' y, Isidor Saremsky, 1070 Washington Ave. Ladles and Misses' Cloak Operators' Union Local No. 1 (I. L. G. W. U.), 238 4th Ave. Membership: 11,000. Pres., M. Wolberg. Sec'y-treas., 706 COMMUNAL REGISTER Wm. Bloom. (Also affiliated with U. H. T.) Ladies' Tailors Alteration and Special Order Union Local No. 80 (I. L. G. W.), 725 Lexington Ave. Org. 1916. Membership: 800. Pres., Wm. Schmetterer, 529 E. 135th St. Sec'y, Harry Hilfman, 725 Lexington Ave. Schmetterer, William, Pres. Ladies' Tailors Alt. and Special Order Union No. 80 (725 Lexington Ave.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1901. Received Public School education. Res.: 529 E. 135th St. Ladies' Waist and Dressmakers' Union, Local No. 25 (I. L. G. W. U.), 16 W. 21st St. Org. 1900. Membership: 20,000. Pres., Max Essenfeld, 221 Broome St. Sec'y, Isidore Schoenholtz, 16 W. 21st St. (Affiliated also with U. H. T.) Essenfeld, Max, Pres. Ladies' Waist and Dress Makers' Union No. 21 (16 W. 21st St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1907. Received high school education. Res.: 221 Broome St. Skirt and Cloth Dremsmakers' Union Local No. 23 (U. H. T. and I. L. G. W. U.), 231 E. '4th ' St. Org. 1903. Membership: 7000. Chairman, M. Josephson, 5)1 Ver mont St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Harry Wander, 1516 Charlotte St. Josephson, M., Pres. Skirt Cloth Dressmakers' Union (231 E. 14th St.), since 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1884 in Russia. Received general Jewish education. S k i r t operator. Res.: 501 Vermont St., B'klyn. Waterproof Garment Workers Union Local No. 20, (I. L. G. W. U.), 20 E. 13th St. Org. 1910. Membership: 2000. Pres., Simon Robinson, 1390 Boston Rd. Sec'y, Ida N. Mayerson, 510 E. 77th St. (Affiliated also with U. H. T.) White Goods Workers Union Local No. 62 (I. L. G. W. U.), 35 E. 2nd St. Membership: 4000. Mgr., Samuel Shore. Sec'y-treas., Mollie Lifshitz. (Affiliated also with U. H. T.) W r a p p e r, Kimono, House Dress and Bath Robe Makers Union Local No. 41 (1. L. G. W. U.), 22 W. 17th St. Org. 19 01. Membership: 1200. Pres., Miss Sarah Spanier, 474 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Israel 'M. Chatcuff, 22 W. 17th St. Spanier, Sarah, Pres. Wrapper, Kimono and House Dress Makers' Local No. 41, I.L.G.W.U. (22 W. 17th St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1890 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1894. Received general education. House dress maker. Res.: 474 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. BCONOMIC AGENCIES 707 HEADGEAR INDUSTRY General Organization: United Cloth Hat and Cap Makers of North America. (See also under Economic Central Organizations.) Local No. 1 (U. C. H. & C. M. of N. A.), 62 E. 4th St. Org. 1901. Membership: 2700. Sec'y, Joe Posener, 62 E. 4th St. (Affiliated also with U. H. T.) Local No. 2 (U. C. H. & C. M. of N. A.), 62 E. 4th St. Org. 1880. Membership: 600. Pres., Louis Margolin, 350 Bradford St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Leopold Baher, 62 E. 4th St. Local No. 3 (U. C. H. & C. M. of N. A.), 62 E. 4th St. Org. 1901. Membership: 400. Sec'y, S. Zaradkin, 62 E. 4th St. (Affiliated also with U. H. T.) Local No. 17 (U. C. H. & C. M. of N. A.), 62 E. 4th St. Org. 1902. Membership: 110. Sec'y, Isidore Zimerman, 62'E. 4th St. Local No. 23, (U. C. H. & C. bL.o N. A.), 62 E. 4th St. Org. 1903. Membership: 250. Sec'y, S. Handman, 62 E. 4th St. Local No, 30 (U. C. H. & C. M. ofrN. A.), 62 E. 4th St. Org. 1908; Membership: 300. 8Se'y, M. Wartenberg, 62 E. 4th St. Local No. 32 (U. C. H. & C. M. of N. A.), 160 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Org. 1907. Membership: 18. Sec'y, Charles Kirschner, 160 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Local No. 39 (U. C. H. & C. M. of N.A.), 62 E. 4th St. Org. 1904. Membership: 20. Sec'y, H. Goldberg, 62 E. 4th St. Local No. 43 (U. C. H. & C. M. of N. A.), 62 E. 4th St. Org. 1916. Membership: 360. Sec'y, S. C. Axelrod, 64 E. 4th St. Millinery and Ladies' Straw Hat WorkerS Union Local No. 24 (U. C. H. & C. M. of N. A.), 64 E. 4th St., N. Y. City. Org. 1910. Membership: 4000. Sec'y, Isidore Weinberg, 64 E. 4th St. (Affiliated also with U. H. T.) Millinery and Ladies' Straw Hat Blocking Union Local No. 42 (U. C. H. and C. M. of N. A.), 64 E. 4th St. Organizer, Max Golden, 2130 Belmont Ave. Sec'y, A. J. Sternboch, 64 E. '4th St. (Affiliated also with U. H. T.) Golden, Max, Org. Millinery Ladies' Straw Hat Blockers Union Local No. '42 (64 E. 708 COMMUNAL REGISTER 4th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1909. Received college education. Hatter. Res.: 2130 Belmont Ave. Straw Hatters' Union Local No. 45 (U. C. H. & C. M. of N. A.), 64 E. 4th St. Membership: 400 Pres., John MacDonald, 64 E. 4th St. Sec'y, Charles Baer, 64 E. 4th St. MacDonald, John, Pres. Hatters' Union Local No. 45 64 E. 4th St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1889 in, Ireland. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general education Hatter. MISCELLANEOUS General Organization: United Hebrew Trades. (See also under Economic Central Organizations.) Bakers' Union Local No. 87 (U. H. T.). Org. 1896. Membership: 306. Pres. and Sec'y, Adolph Kornblatt, 397 Wyona St., B'klyn. Bakers' Union Local No. 100 (U. H. T.), 155 Rivington St. Org. 1908. Membership 900. Sec'y, L. Raimist, 155 Rivington St. Bakers Union Local No. 104 (U.,H. T.), 66 Clinton St Org. 1903. Membership 100. Sec'y, Abraham Adler, 1361 Brook Ave. Bakers' Union Local No. 163 (U. H. T.), 36 Morell St., B'klyn. Org. 1893. Membership 280. Sec'y, Jacob Rosinsky, 25 Whipple St., B'klyn. Bakers' Union Local No. 169 (U. H. T.), 1330 Wilkins Ave. Org. 1907. Membership 450. Seo'y, M. Rubinstein, 1330 Wilkins Ave. Bakers' Union Local No. 305 (U. H. T.), 80 E. 110th St. Org. 1903. Membership 426. Sec'y, Abraham Goldblum, 80 E. 110th St. Bakery Drivers' and Salesmen's No. 289 (U. H. T.). Meets at 321 E. 73d St. Sec'y, W. Eichenbaum, 83 Irving Ave. Bed Spring Makers' Union (U. H. T.), 62 Pitt St. Org. 1914. Membership:150. Pres., A. Abzug. Sec'y, D. Cooperman, 180 E. Houston St. Bonnas Embroiderers' Union Local No. 66 (U. H. T.), 103 E. 11th St. Org. 1913. Menbership: 760. Pres., L. Z. Freedman, 661 E. 158th St. Sec'y, Sophie Lang, 644 4 E. 12th St. (See also p. 704.) Brotherhood of Painters Loeal No. 442 (U. H. T.), 117 1E. ECONOMIC AGENCIES 709 B'way. Org. 1903. Membership: 1400. Pres., Isidore Cohen, 178 Brook Ave. Sec'y, Solomon Jonoth, 494 E. 141st St. Brotherhood of Painters' Union Local No. 261 (U. H. T.) 143 E. 103rd St. Meets at 210 E. 104th St., Fridays. Brotherhood of Painters, Decbrators and Paper Hangers of America Local No. 1011 (U. H. T.), 175 E. B'way. Org. 1903. Membership 1,400. Pres., Isidore Cohn, 178 Brook Ave. Sec'y, Solomon Jonath, 175 E.,B'way. Cohn, Isidore, Pres. Local No. 1011 Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators an d Paper Hangers (175 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Painter. Res.: 178 Brook Ave. Brotherhood of Paper Hangers Local No. 490 (U. H. T.), 7 W. 110th St. Org. 1864. Membership 1,000. Pres., Morris Wollheim, 1350 Wilkins Ave. Sec'y, Frank Dullinger, 521 6th Ave. Wollheim, Morris, Pres. Paper Hangers Local No. 490, Brotherhood of Painters and Paper Hangers of America (7 W. 110th St.), since 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1886. Received public school edu cation. Paperhanger.,^{ies.: 1350 Wilkins Ave. s Brunh Makers' Union Local No. 22 (U. H. T.). Meets at 175 E. B'way, 1st and 3rd Tuesday. Butcher Workers' Union Local No. 174 (U. H. T.). Meets at 243 E. 84th St., 1st Sunday. Buttonhole Carriers' Uni o n (U. H. T.), 73 Ridge St. Org. 1913. Membership: 70. Pres., Sam Bergman, 25 Pitt St. Sec'y, Louis Grossman, 73 Ridge St. Chandelier and Brass Workers Union (U. H. T.), 175 E. B'way. Org. 1913. Membership 275. Pres., Meyer Abramson, 631 Linden Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Browd, 175 E. B'way. Abramson, Meyer, Pres. Chandelier & Brass Workers' Union (175 E. B'way), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. St. 1881. Received public school education. Res.: 631 Linden Ave., B'klyn. Children's Cloak and Reefer Makers' Union (U. H. T.), 117 2nd Ave. (See page 704) Children's Shoe Workers Union (U. H. T.), 175 E. B'way. Org. 1914. Membership 655. Pres., S. Seidel, 175 E. B'way. Sec'y, S. Margolis, 250 E. B'way. 710 COMMUNAL REGISTL Seidel, S., Pres. Children's Shoe Workers' Union (175 E. B'way), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general education. Children Dress Makers' Union Local No. 50 (U. H. T.), 22 W. 17th St. (For information see page 705). Clip Sorters Union (U. H. T.) Meets 175 E. B'way. Cloak Button Workers' Union (U. H. T.), 126 W. 29th St. Org. 1914. Membership: 400. Pres., M. Greenglass, 126 W. 29th St. Sec'y, Jacob Neiderbach, 126 W. 29th St. Cloak, Suit and Sample Makers' Union No. 3 (U. H. T.), 9 W. 21st St. Meets at 210 E. 5th St., Tuesday. (For information see page 705). Cloak and Suit Tailors' Union Local No. 9 (U. H. T.), 228 2nd Ave. Meets at 228 2nd Ave., Tuesday. (For information see page 705). Cloth Examiners' and Spongers' Union (U. H. T.) Meets at 19 St. Marks P1. on 2nd and 4th Fridays. Consumers' League of Bronx Branch Local No. 1 (U. H. T.), 500 E. 172nd St. Org. 1912. Membership 450. Sec'y, Fannie Jacobs, 3746 3rd Ave. Cleaners' and Dyers' Union (U.H.T.),151 Clinton St. Org: 1914. Membership 500. Pres., Frank Weiss, 149 S. 4th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Nelson, 108 Keap St., B'klyn. Cloak Buttonhole M a k e rr' Union Local No. 64 (U. H. T.), 40 E. 23rd St. Org. 1909. Membership 450. Pres., Max Tuvin, 1652 Washington Ave. Sec'y, J. Huebschman, 228 E. Tremont Ave. Tuvin, M ax, Pres. Cloak Buttonhole Makers' Union (40 E. 23d St.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S 1907. Received general Jewish education. Buttonhole maker. Res.: 1652 Washington Ave. Cloak Presser's Union Local No. 3 (U. H. T.), 228 2nd Ave. Org. 1904. Membership 7,000. Pres., Jacob Kimbaransky, &79 Cypress Ave. Sec'y, A. E. Kazan, 228 2nd Ave. Kimbaransky, Jacob, Pres. Cloak Pressers Union Local No. 3 (228 2nd Ave.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general education. Presser. Res.: 379 Cypress Ave. Cloth Hat and Cap Makers' Union Local No. 1 (U. H. T.), 62 E. 4th St. Meets at 62 E. 4th St. on Saturday. (For information see page 707). Cloth Hat and Cap Blockers' Union Local No. 3 (U. H. T.) meets at 62 E. 4th St. on UOONOMIC AGBNOdS 711 Saturday, 3 p. m. (See page 707). Combers' and Bristle Dressers' Union (U. H. T.) Meets at 175 E. B'way 2nd and 4th Friday. Cotton and Woolen Goods Clerks' Union (U. H. T.). Meets at 175 E. B'way. Sec'y, Schefkowitz. C r o c k e r y Enamelled Ware Workers' (U. H. T.). Meets at 85 E. 4th St. Sec'y, I. Pilner. Delicatessen Clerks' Union. Meets at 195 Lenox Ave. East Side Newspaper Deliverers Union (U. H. T.). Meets at 175 E. B'way. Sec'y, I. Greenberg, 288 E. Houston St. Examiners', Begraders', Markers' and Bushelers' Union Local No. 82 (U. H. T.), 228 2nd Ave. Meets at Stuyvesant Casino on 1st and 3rd Thursday. (See page 705.) Furniture and Flour Drivers' Union Local No. 285 (U. H. T.) Meets at 207 E. 2nd St. on Sunday. Furriers' Union, 4 Locals, 109 E. 29th St. (See Joint Board Furriers' Union, under Economic Central Organizations). Hebrew Actors P r o t e c t ive Union Local No. 1 (U. H. T.), 108 2nd Ave. Org. 1899. Membership: 125. Pres., Louis Ierman, 239 E. 5th St. Sec'y, David Groll, 118 W. 112th St. Herman, 4uuis, Pres. Hebrew Actors Union (108 2nd Ave.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1817 in Austria. Came to U. S. 189Q. Received public s c h o o 1 Education. Actor. Res.: 239 EC 5th St. Hebrew Actors' Union Local 5 (U. H. T.), 66 2nd Ave. Org. 1902. Membership: 105. Business Mgr., Joseph Leon Weiss, 141 Penn St., B'klyn, N. Y. Sec'y, Frederick Filepescu, 11a West 118th St. Hebrew Bill Posters and Ushers' Union (U. H. T.), 35 E. 2nd St Org. 1887. Membership: 40. Sec'y, Isidore Zolataroff, 1440 Crotona Park East. H e b r e w Butcher Workers' Union Local No. 509 (U. H. T.), 175 E. B'way. Org. 1904. Pres., Morris Kraut, 52 Columbia St. Sec'y, S. Jacobi, 175 E. B'way. Kraut, Morris, Pres. Hebrew Butcher Workers' U n i o n (175 E. B'way), since 1912. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received Jewish education. Butcher: 168 Orchard St. Res.: 52 Columbia St. Hebrew Chorus Union Local No. 9 (U. H. T.), 98 Forsyth St. Org. 1886. Membership: 46. Pres., Reuben Kazimirsky, 2914 W. 22nd St., Coney Island. Sec'y, L. Schlegman, 668 Tinton Ave. 712 (OMM1UNAL REGISTIR Inside Iron and Bronze Workera' Union Loces To. 164 (U. H. T.), 175 E. B'way. Org. 1913. Membership: 2000. Pres., Louis Platt, 576 E. 137th St. Sec'y, Solomon Broad, 176 E. B'way. Inside Ice Cream Workers' and galesmen's (U. H. T.) Meets at 209 E. B'way Ist and 3rd Wednesday. Jewelry Workers' Union Local No. 1 (U. H. T.) World Building. Journeymen Barbers' International Union Local No. 657 (U. H. T.), 219 Sackman St., B'klyn. Org. 1911. Membership: 155. Pres., Louis Lubinsky, 351 Hinsdale St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Barnett Jacobs, 299 Georgia Ave., B'klyn. Journeymen Barbers' Union Local No. 752 (U. H. T.), 175 E. B'way. Org. 1906. Membership: 500. Pres., Mike Goldberg, 175 E. B'way. Sec'y, Max Brill, 160 E. B'way. Ladies' and Misses' Cloak Operators (U. H. T.), 238 4th Ave. See page 705 Ladies' Waist and Dresmmakera' Union Local No. 25 (U. H. T.), 16 W. 21st St. (See page 705). Laundry W orkers' Utnion, Local No. 97 (U. H. T.) Meets at 7 W. 110th St. Lawndry Workers' Union Local No. 34 (U. J. T.), 151 Clin ton St Org. 1907. Mem. bership: 70. Sec'y, Louis Yanowitch, 328 Henry St. Leather Suspender Trimming Makers' Union (U. H. T.), 113 Eldridge St. -6rg. 1916. Membership: 300. Pr es., Joseph Robinson, 130 E. 113th St. Sec'y, I. Rosenberg, 412 Schenck Ave., B'klyn. Robinson, Joseph, Pres. Leather Suspender Trimming Makers' Union (133 Eldridge St.), since 1909. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received high school education. Res.: 130 E. 113th St. Live Poultry Workers' Union (U. H. T.), 170 Norfolk St. Meets at 100,Essex St. on 1st and 3rd Sunday. Local No. 366 (U. H. T.), 701 7th Ave. Org.'1914. Membership: 680. Pres., Samuel Kaplan, 57 Vermont St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. I. Sherman, 2015 Monterey Ave., Bronx. Mattress Makers Union (U. H. T.) Meets at 58 Orchard St., on Thursday. Mechanical Spring Works Union (U. H. T.) Meets at 85 E. 4th St., on Thursday. Millinery and Ladies Straw Hat Blocking Union Local No. 42 (U. H. T.), 64 E. 4th St. (See page 707.) ECONOMIC AGENCIRS 713 Millinery and Ladies' Straw Hat Workers Union Local No. 24 (U. H. T.) Meets at 64 E. 4th St., on Tuesday. (See page 707.) Mineral 'Water Workers' Union (U....). Meets at 151 Clinton St. Sec'y, S. Leibowitz. Moving Picture Machine Operators' Local No. 308 (U. H. T.), 701-709 7th Ave. Paper Cigarette Makers' Union No. 98 (U. H. T.) Meets at 175 E. B'way on 2nd and 4th Friday. quilt Makers' Union (U. H. T.) Meets at 175 E. B'way on Wednesday. Retail Clothing Salesmen's Union (U. H. T.) Meets at 79 Forsyth St. on Tuesday. Retail Dress Goods Clerks' Union (U. H. T.) Meets at 257 E. Houston St. on 1st and 3rd Tuesday. Retail Grocery Clerks' Union (U. H. T.) Meets at 1'43 E. 163rd St. Sec'y, Feinblatt, 355 Crimmons Ave., Bronx. Sheet Metal Workers' Union No. 13T (U. H. T.). Meets at 85 E. 4th St. Sec'y, A. Cohen, 655 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Shoe Fitters' Union Local Wo. 41m (U.. T.), 690 De Kalb Ave., B'klyn. Org. 1909. Membership: 250. Pres., Sam Lipschitz, 590 De Kalb Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Meyer Rubinson, 590 De Kalb Ave., B'klyn. Shoe Repairers' and Second Hand Shoe Makers' Union (U. H. T.),, 62 Pitt St. Org. 1916. Membership: 30 0. Pres., A. Cooperman, 132 Eldridge St. Sec'y, Louie Weitzner, 238 E. 7th St. Cooperman, A., Pres. Shoe Repairers' and Second Hand Shoe Workers' Union (62 Pitt St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1898. Received public school education. Shoe repairer. Res.: 132 Eldridge St. Skirt and Cloth Dress Makers' Union Local No. 23 (U. H. T.), 231 E. 14th St. (See page 706). Suit Case and Bag Makers' Union (U. H. T.), 151 Clinton St. Org. 1911. Membership: 750. Sec'y, A. Kassoff, 151 Clinton St. Suspender Trimming Workers' Union (U. H. T.) Meets at 133 Eldrldge St., on Thursday. Theatrical Door Men's Union U. H. T.), 126 Clinton St. Membership: 22. Pr e.: Harry Cooper, 16 Bristol St., B'klyn. Seo'y, Leopold Markowits, 620 E. 6th St. 714 COMMUNAL RBGIIBTR Cooper, Harry, Pres. Theatrical Door Men's Union (126 Clinton St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1892 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Door man at theatre: People's Theatre. Res.: 15 Bristol St., B'klyn. Theatrical Musical Club (U. H. T.) Sec'y, A. Simonowitz, 4613 15th Ave., B'klyn. Theatrical Stage Employees' Local No. 4 (U. H. T.), 379 Bridge St., B'klyn. Org. 1886. Membership: 251. Sec'y, Chas. Weidemeyer, 379 Bridge St., B'klyn. Theatrical Tailors' and Dressers' Union, Local 12719 A. F. of L. (U. H. T.), 68 E. 4th St. Org. 1891. Membership: 26. Pres., Benjamin Shpitzer, 35 2nd Ave. Sec'y, Samuel S. Patashinsky, 31 2nd Ave. Trunk Makers' Union of Greater New York (U. H. T.). Org. 1902. Membership: 220. Pres.: M. Frenkel, 527 DeKalb Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Pulin, 510 E. 136th St. Typographical Union Local No. 83 (U. H. T.) Meets at 211 E. B'way, on Friday. United Neckwear Makers' Union (U. H. T.), 43 E. 22nd St. Org. 1903. Membership: 1400. Pres., Sol. Wider, 2014 Bryant Ave. Sec'y, May Oberst, 43 E. 22nd St. Wider, Sol., Pres. United Neckwear Makers' Union (43 E. 22nd St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 2014 Bryant Ave. United Purse and Leather Goods Workers' Union (U. H. T.) Meets at 133 Eldridge St., on Thursday. Sec'y, J. Gaber, 396 Hinsdale St., B'klyn. United Umbrella Handle and Stick Makers' Union (U. H. T.), 175 E. B'way. Org. 1913. Membership: 225. P r e s., Charles Seigerman, 124 Forsyth St. Sec'y, Saul Berman, 553 Kosciusko St., B'klyn. Waiters' Union Local No. 1 (U. H. T.), 12 St. Marks PI. Org. 1885. Membership: 2000. Pres., William Beck, 134 Goerck St. Sec'y, Harry Kleinman, 12 St. Marks Pl. Beck, William, Pres. Waiters' Union Local No. 1. U. H. T. (12 St. Marks Pl.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1908. Received general Jewish and secular education. Waiter: 343 6th Ave. Res.: 13'4 Goerck St. Waterproof Garment Workers' Union Local No. 20 (U. H. T.), 20 E. 13th St. (For information see page 706)... BOONOMIC AGBNCOIB 716 White Goods Workers Union Local No. 62 (U. H. T.), 36 E. Second St. Org. 1907. Membership: 6000. Sec'y, Molly Lifshitz, 35 E. 2nd St. Mgr., S. Shore, 35 B. 2nd St. (See page 706.) Wholesale Cotton Goods Clerks' Union (U. H. T.). Meets at 175 E. B'way. Secy, D. Shefkowitz, 75 Eldridge St. Wholesale Dry Goods Clerks' Union (U. H. T.). Org. 1916. Membership: 500. Sec'y, Max M. Weiner, 906 Myrtle Ave., B'klyn. Women's Trade Union League (U.. T.), 7 East 15th St. Org. 1903. Membership: 600. Pres., Hilda Svenson, 7 E. 15th St. Sec'y, Maud Swartz, 7 E. 15th St. 716 COMMUNAL REGIST'ER EMPLOYERS' ORGANIZATIONS IN JEWISH TRADES By PAUL ABELSON, Director, Bureau of Industry Organized effort on the part of employers in trades in which Jews predominate, namely, the needle trades, is of very recent development. Employers' organizations in these trades exhibit special characteristics. Their growth and development has been conditioned by the peculiar problems that confront them. They did not arise from a pressing need for cooperation in matters of credit information, or to meet trade abuses. If that were the case, employers' organizations in the needle trades would be as weak as other employers' associations. Trade organizations in the needle trades have grown and developed and acquired influence through the necessity of employers to meet collectively the labor problem. It is a paradoxical truth that the Jewish labor unions have been the potent cause in the organization of the Jewish employers' associations. Like the Jewish labor unions, which are created as a result of strikes, Jewish employers' organizations have been organized either on the eve, or actually during the period of strikes. This situation has naturally led to the development of collective agreements between the organized manufacturers and organized workers. Trade agreements between employers' organizations and organized workers have been very common in the ECONOMIC AGENCIES 717 needle trades since the adoption of the first collective agreement, the now famous Protocol of Sept. 2, 1910, between the Cloak, Suit and Skirt Manufacturers' Protective Association and the Cloak Makers' Unions of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. There are in existence at the present time, in some form or other, collective agreements or collective understandings in almost every one of the trades in the needle industries. Some of them have continued along the lines originally adopted in the particular trade. Others have gone through many changes. The net result, however, has been to bring about certain standards of hours, rates of pay, conditions of work, which directly or indirectly are being maintained and improved. With the organization of employers, there naturally followed the collective consideration and solution of many trade problems which could never have been solved, but for the existence of thriving employers' as — sociations. The results in these directions have been of great value to the employers. The creation of standards, the elimination of harmful business practices and the development of a wholesome tone of business morality have been the unfailing results. The next step in the development of employers' associations will be cooperation between different associations. As the associations represent allied trades, and as they all deal with the same jobbers and retailers throughout the country, a uniformity of terms, condi-' tions, methods and standards is sure to be brought about. There is also a possibility of collective interassociation effort to deal with the labor problem. In 718 COMMUNAL REGISTER the near future there is sure to arrive a type of association executive or manager, who will be a man highly trained in the larger aspects of economic and business problems, and will combine an organizing skill and ability to deal with and harmonize apparently conflicting and competing groups. It is as yet uncertain whether this peculiar type of industrial expert, as distinguished from the charlatan type of the pseudo-scientific manager, will be developed through the efforts of the associations themselves, or through the cooperation and assistance of public agencies. That it is to come there is no doubt. The initiative, energy, industry and the idealism of the Jew make it all but certain that the Jewish trades will be among the first to lead the way in the creation of the industrial statesman who will approach the problems of business in the spirit of social service and community responsibility-the spirit of the great professions. LIST OF EMPLOYERS' ASSOCIATIONS American Clothing Manufacturers' Assn.. Pres. Herbert C. Ansorge, 657 B'way. Sec'y, Leon Mann, 752 B'way. Associated Boys' Clothing Manufacturers of Greater New York, Hotel Albert, 42 E. 11th St. Pres., Charles W. Endel. 100 Fifth Ave. Sec'y, Sidney Cohen, 28 W. 4th St. Established, 1915. Incorporated, 1916. Membership, 69. PURPOSE: "To mend grievances between manufacturers and unions." Endel, Charles W., Pres. Associated Boys' Clothing Mfgrs. of Greater N. Y. (42 E. 11th St.), since 1913. Term 1 year. Also Pres. of Clothiers' Ass'n of New York (13 Astor PI.) Born 1867 in U. S. Received Public School education. Mfgr. Clothing: 100 5th Ave. Res.: 251 W. 98th St. Associated Fur Manufacturers, Inc., 303 Fifth Ave. Pres., Adolph Engel, 20 W. 33d St. Sec'y, Benj. Berlinger, 303 ECONOMIC AGENCIES 719 5th Ave. Gen. Mgr., David C. Mills, 303 5th Ave. Assistant Mgr., A. School. Incorporated, 1911. Membership, 196, producing about 75% of the product of the industry. PURPOSE: "To do for the manufacturer collectively whatever cannot be done individually or efficiently by individual effort"; to remedy trade abuses by establishing fixed customs and supporting them by mutual effort; to exchange credit information; to adjust trade disputes by mediation or arbitration; to represent the industry in public affairs, and to regulate the relations between employers and workers." Engel, Adolph, Pres. Ass'n Fur Mfgrs., Inc. (303 Fifth Ave.), since 1914._ Term 1 year. Born 1870 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general education. Furs: 28 W. 33d St. Res.: 180 E. 64th St. Associated Shirt Manufacturers, 350 B'way. Pres., Abraham Tauber, 78 Leonard St. Sec'y, Morris Lustberg, 80 Leonard St. Org. 1915. Association of Embroidery and Lace Manufacturers of N. Y., Inc. Pres., Louis Dreifuss, 31 Union Square. Sec'y, P. Haas, 50 E. 42nd St. Children's Dress Manufacturers' Ass'n, 200 Fifth Ave. Pres., Leo J. Goldberger, 395 Fourth Ave. Sec'y, Charles Rosenbaum, 24 W. 37th St. The Association has entered into collective agreement with unions in matters concerning the trade. Goldberger, Leo J., Pres. Children's Dress Manufacturers' Ass'n (200 5th Ave.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1886 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1889. Attended public school. Mfgr. children's dresses: 395 4th Ave. Res.: Far Rockaway, N. Y. Cloak, Suit and Skirt Manufacturers' Protective Association, 220 Fifth Ave. Pres., Harry Cohn, 15 W. 27th St. Sec'y, Saul Singer, 11 E. 26th St. Established 1910. Membership 350 firms. PURPOSE: "To care for the general welfare of the industry." ACTIVITIES: Credit Dep't, Collection Dep't, Merchandise Dep't, Labor Dep't, Cloth Clearing House. Cohn, Harry, Pres. Cloak, Suit and Skirt Mfgrs. Ass'n (220 5th Ave.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1878 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1881. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. Cloaks,. Suits and Dresses: 15 W. 27th St. Res.: 236 W. 70th St. Cotton Garment Manufacturers of New York, 1 Madison Ave. Pres., Sam Goldstein, 114 5th Ave. Sec'y, Sydney Harris, 151 W. 30th St. Gen. Mgr., Herman Mason, 1 Madison Ave. Incorporated 1913. Membership 86. PURPOSCE: 720 COMMUNAL REGISTER "To promote and broaden friendly intercourse and relations between firms and labor and all those interested in the, trade." Goldstein, Samuel D., Pres. Cotton Garment Manufacturers of N. Y. (1 Madison Ave.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1876 in U. S. Received public school education. Mfgr. Underwear: 114 5th Ave. Res.: 602 W. 157th St. Dress and Waist Manufacturers' Ass'n, 200 5th Ave. Pres., Morris Stern, 135 W. 29th St. Gen. Mgr., George S. Lewy, 200 Fifth Ave., Organized 1913. Membership 220. PURPOSE: "To effectively deal with the problems of labor and promote better feeling among the members of the association." Stern, Morris, Pres. Dress & Waist Mfg. Ass'n (200 5th Ave.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. Waists: 135 W. 29th St. Res.: 730 Riverside Drive. East Side Retail Clothing Manufacturers' Association, 121 Canal St. Pres., Nathan Marcus, 121 Canal St. Sec'y, David Greenthal, 102 Canal St; Membership 25. Established 1912. Incorporated 1914. PURPOSE: "To perpetuate better feeling among employers and to present a united front in disputes that may arise between the employees and the employer." Marcus, Nathan, Pres. East Side Retail Clothing Mfgrs. Ass'n (121 Canal St.), since 1912. Term 1 year. Born 1863 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1880. Received a high school education. Clothing, 123 Canal St. Res.: 817 West End Ave. L a d i e ' Hat Manufacturers' Protective Ass'n, 621 B'way. Pres., Samuel Kanrich, 599 -601 B'way. Sec'y, Henry Meyer, 636 B'way. Chief Clerk, S. D. Seidman. Established 1915. Membership 55. PURPOSE: "To protect the interests of the industry and to deal with laborers of same." Kanrich, Samuel, Pres. Ladies' Hat Mfg. Prot. Ass'n (621 B'way), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1866 in Russia.- Came to U. S. 1888. Received general education. Hat Mfgr.: 599-601 B'way. Res.: 200 W. 111th St. Manhattan Merchant Tailors' Ass'n, 57 St. Marks Place. (No information available.) Mineral Water Dealers' Protective Ass'n, 185 Henry St. Pres., J. Hartman, 118 Lewis St. Sec'y, Morris Weinstein, 185 Henry St. Established 1900. Incorporated 1909. PURPOSE: To care for the property rights of the Individual members. ECONOMIC AGENCIES 721 Hartman, Joseph, Pres. Mineral Water Dealers' Prot. Ass'n (185 Henry St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Dealer: 110 Columbia St. Res.: 118 Lewis St. National Ass'n of Separate Skirt Manufacturers. Pres. Maxwell Copales, 1182 B'way. 'Sec'y, Abraham Shapiro, 134 W. 37th St. National Society of Men's Neckwear Manufacturers, 61 B'way. Pres., George L. Close, 1 W. 33rd St. Sec'y, William K. Meyer, 17 E. 22nd St. Incorporated 1914. Membership 30. PURPOSE: "To promote, advance and harmonize the general welfare of manufacturers of neckwear, and to act in concert, and in respect to matters that affect all members, in common and to treat alike with all employees who are members of unions." New York Ass'n of House Dress and Kimono Manufacturers, 200 5th Ave. Pres., I. Ginsberg, 102 Madison Ave. Sec'y, Leo Cooper, 130 W. 26th St. Established 1913. PURPOSE: "Collective agreement with unions. Collective activities in matters concerning the trade." Ginsburg, Isaac, Pres. N. Y. Ass'n of House Dress and "I Kimono Mfgrs. (200 Fifth Ave.), since 1913. Term 1 year. Born 1875 in Russia..Came to U. S. 1892. Received P u b l i c School education. House Dresses: 102 Madison Ave. Res.: 1467 51st St., B'klyn. N. Y. Restaurant Keepers' Ass'n, 51 Avenue A. Pres., Samuel Berman, 374 Grand St. Sec'y, Morris Levine, 51 Avenue A. Membership 200. Established 1915. Incorporated 1916. PURPOSE: "To settle disputes that may arise in the organization and to perpetuate good will among the members. Berman, Samuel, Pres. New York Restaurant Keepers' Ass'n, since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general Jewish and secular education. Caterer: 374 Grand St. Res.: 536 E. 149th St. N. Y. Tailors' Verein, 106 Forsyth St. (No information available.) Retail Jewelry Dealers' Ass'n, 80-8 Clinton St. Pres., M. Ginsburg, 388 Grand St. Sec'y, E. Kreisler, 139 Avente A. Established 1916. Membership 125. Budget for 1917, $1,500. PURPOSE: "To further the welfare of the members." Ginsburg, M., Pres. Retail Jewelry Dealers' Ass'n (82 Clinton St.); elected 1917. 722 COMMUNAL REGISTER Term months. Born 1882 in Russia. Received gener-. al Jewish education. Jeweler: 388 Grand St. Shirt Manufacturers' Protective Ass'n, 350 B'way. Pres., LIST OF TRADE American Cigar and Soda Workers Syndicate, 139 Delancey St. Pres., Herman Leibowitz. Sec'y, Louis Rodner. Membership 600. Established 1916. Incorporated 1916. PURPOSE: "To work for mutual cooperation in order to economize in purchasing material." B u i ne s and Professional Men's Ass'n of Lower N. Y., 57 St. Marks PI. Pres., Dr. J. Broder, 2131 B'way. Sec'y, Jos. Hamerman, 200 B'way. ed 1914. PURPOSE: "Better laws affecting b u si n e ss, and professional men; better civic conditions; promotion of intercourse among its members and advancement of their interests." Grocers Protective Ass'n of Harlem, 62 E. 106th St. Pres., B. Kresch, 170 E. 107th St. Sec'y, Elias Cohen, 63 E. 104th St. Membership 125. Budget, $1,500. Established 1905. Incorporated 1914. PURPOSE: "To protect the interest of the members by combining to control prices." Formed a cooperative buying organization Sidney Rosenstein, 599 B'way. Sec'y, Mark E. Goldberg, 350 B'way. PURPOSE: "Cooperation in all matters tending to the improvement of conditions in the industry." ASSOCIATIONS with a capitalization of $25,000. Kresch, BenJ., Pres. Grocers' Prot. Ass'n of Harlem (60 E. 104th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish and secular education. Grocer. Res.: 170 E. 107th St. Installment Protective Ass'n, 206 E. B'way. Pres., J. Silverstein, 3393 3d Ave. Sec'y, A. Zirman, 1143 Longfellow Ave. Established and Incorporated 1915. Membership 103. PURPOSE: "To protect the installment collections, by giving legal aid in case payment is refused by a customer." Silverstein, J. L., Pres. Installment Prot. Ass'n (206 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1885. Received Public School education. Installment Dealer: 3393 3d Ave. Res.: 568 E. 166th St. Jewish Butchers of Brownsville, 432 Blake Ave., B'klyn. Pres., M. Feller, 69 Belmont Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Light, 142 Blake Ave., ECONOMIC AGENCIES 723 B'kl y n. Established 1906. ACTIVITIES: R e g u l a t e s prices for its members. League of Citizen Peddlers of Greater N. Y., 169 E. Houston St. Pres., Sam Dictor, 178 Essex St. Sec'y, Philip Kriftchel, 154 E. Houston St. Established 1888. Incorporated 1912. Membership 300. PURPOSE: "To work for mutual aid in social as well as business matters." Dietor, Sam, Pres. League of Citizen Peddlers of Greater N. Y. (169 E. Houston St.), since 1913. Term 1 year. Born 1885 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish and secular education. Dealer in Pickles: 217 E. Houston St. Res.: 178 Essex St. Williamsburg Hebrew Retail Grocery Ass'n. 143 McKibben St., B'klyn. Pres., A Albert 92 S. 8th St., B'klyn Secretary, J. Rothenberg 214 Graham Ave., B'klyn, N Y. Organized 1908. Mem bership 300. Budget for 1917: $1,500. PURPOSE; "Mutual protection and thepromotion of common business interests; also financial help given to members in time of need." Albert, Arnold, A, President Williamsburg Hebrew Retail Grocery Ass'n., (143 McKibben Street, Brooklyn), since 1916. Term 6 months Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Re tail Grocer. Res.: 92 S. 8th St., B'klyn. ADEQUATE INFORMATION IS LACKING ON THE FOL LOWING SOCIETIES: Cracker Dealers Ass'n, 151 Clinton St. East Side Ind. Retail Grocers Ass'n, 96 Clinton St. Federation of Hebrew Retail Kosher Butchers, 140 Rivington St. Ind. Window Cleaners Ben. Assn, 145 Suffolk St. Jewish Butchers' Ass'n of Yorkville, 304 E. 78th St. Shoe Renovators Ass'n, 151 Clinton St. 724 COMMUNAL PRSISTEAf PROFESSIONAL WORKERS IN ECONOMIC AGENCIES Abelson, Paul, Director, Bureau of Industry, 356 2nd Ave. Cohen, Miss Esther. Director Employment Bureau, Y. W. H. A., 31 W. 110th St, Davidson, G., 174 2nd Ave. Manager, Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society. Frank, Isidore, 560 W. 144th St. Acting Manager, Industrial Removal Office. Gedalecia, Joseph, 320 2nd Ave. Manager, Community Employment Bureau for the Handicapped. Gottlieb, George, 205 So. 2nd St., B' kl y n. Investigator, Employment Bureau of Jewish Community. Gribbins, Angel, 229 E. B'way. Employment Agent, Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society. Kotcher, Simon, 635 E. 5th St. Assistant Manager, Hebrew Free Loan Society. Krinsky, Henrietta P., 76 W. 105th St. Assistant Director, Federated Employment Bureau. Luria, Ida, Employment Secretary, Sabbath Ass'n, 246 E. B'way. Mannheimer, Leo, 500 W. 140th St. Sec'y, Committee on Industrial Relations, Bureau of Industry. Pincus, Joseph W. Secretary, Federation of Jewish Farmers of America, 174 2nd Ave. Rothberg, Anna, 967 Fox St. Placement Secretary, Federated Employment Bureau. Seinfel, Samuel, 108 Second Ave. Manager, Hebrew Free Loan Society. Steuer, Mrs. B., 556 W. 188th St. Bronx Branch Manager, Federated Employment Bureau for Jewish Girls. Strakoseh, Mrs. Edgar, 428 Central Park West. Director. Federated Employment Bureau for Jewish Girls. Mutual Aid Agencies I MUTUAL.. AID AGENCIE 727 THE CREDIT UNION MOVEMENT AMONG THE JEWS OF NEW YORK CITY By HYMAN KAPLAN Formerly of the Jewish Bureau of Philanthropic Research The "Credit Union" or "People's Bank" found its origin in the hardships resulting to the lower economic classes from the absence of adequate credit facilities. In the middle of the nineteenth century two Germans, Schultze-Delitzsch and Raiffeisen by name, working independently, perfected this type of organization as a solution of the problem. The efforts of these pioneers, begun on a very modest scale, have met with phenomenal success, for today these "banks" are to be counted in the tens of thousands-and in adapted forms they have spread to all corners of the globe. It has been estimated that the total annual turnover of these associations is above $7,000,000,000 per year. The Credit Union is based upon the principle that men, individually of small means may, by pooling their resources and offering their combined pledge as guarantee to the lender, secure the command of money which may then be disposed of among themselves in accordance with individual needs. Working capital is obtained through the sale of shares to members, through the acceptance of deposits, and if necessary by borrowing in the open market. The business of these organizations is almost ideally safe because of the fact that losses incurred through de COMMUNAL REOISTER fault, fall upon the group as a whole. Because of this feature, members are carefully selected, and loans are made only after inquiry has shown the request to be justified. The societies are democratically administered, one man, one vote; and ultimate authority rests with the membership at large. Three governing bodies are tlected: A Board of Directors for management of general affairs, a Credit Committee which specializes upon applications for loans, and a Supervisory Committee, to supervise the work of the Board of Directors and Credit Committee. The advantages of the Credit Union are manifold. This type of organization makes credit available to the man of small means, at moderate terms, and on the same business basis as characterizes the relations between the commercial bank and its clients. Moreover, by virtue of the democratic character of administration, the organization serves as an effective educative force, atid the personal nature of the business and the smallness of the transactions are direct stimulants to thrift. The Credit Union too, provides a powerful instrument for exterminating the usurer through the medium of competition as against the ineffectual repressive method of legislation. The Jews have been most active participants in the development of the credit union movement in this country. The first Credit Union in New York State was founded in 1911, by the Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society, which organization has since been responsible for the creation of many others among Jewish farmers. Of the twehty-three Credit Unions now operat TABLE SHOWING THE MAIN POINTS IN THE TRANSAC4IONS OF JEWISH CREDIT UNIONS IN NEW YORK CITY Rate of Largert Tota' Date Number Par Value Shares in Amount Interest Loans to Loans Outstanding Outstanding Cash NAME of of of Force, Total Paid in (Charged Members in Repaid in Loan, Loans, on Hand, Expenses Guaranty Organiza- Members Shares January 1 Assets on Shares on 1916 1916 January 1, January 1, January 1, Fund tion 1917 Loans 1917 1917 1917 Borough of Brooklyn Credit Union.................. 1915 191 $10.00 636 $7,219.64 $6,659.44 12% $16,110.00 $14,756.69 $420.00 $6,367.36 $627.23 $60.36 $181.88 Citisen's Credit Union........ 1916 31 10.00 35 569.59 525.00 12% 625.00 107.00 100.00 518.00 51.59 11.59 81.75 Commercial Credit Union of Brooklyn................ 1915 610 25.00 1,082 17,206.23 16,409.11 12% 26,845.00 15,500.92 200.00 16,468.98 687.25 681.43 507.98 Co-operative Credit Union..... 1915 230 5.00 217 1,547.14 2,093.77 12% 3,380.20 2,446.35 310.00 1,255.85 241.29 123 44............ Empire State Credit Union.... 1916 71 25 00 143 3,755.28 2,462 00 2% 4,280.00 1,187.00 300.00 3,093.00 421.56 276.52 28.87 Fraternal Credit Union........ 1915 33 5.00 543 3,309.70 3,069.75 8% 7,162.50 5,778 50 592.00 2,989.00 320.00 75.26 81.64 Grocers' Credit Union......... 1916 563 25 00 905 12,385.16 11,486.00 5% 25,305.00 17,861 00 200.00 11,083.50 1,301.66 611.20 134.90 Kings Cunty Credit Union... 1915 117 5 00 1,160 6,353.55 5,875.00 12% 16,018.55 10,098 00 450.00 6,134.05 104 23 282.01 48.26 Metropolitan Cred t Union.............. 206 10.00 1,231 14,054.29 12,734.65 | 1% 21,514.00 25,140.50 500.00 25.140.50 323.27 281.03 575.91 Russian-Polish Progressive Credit Union............. 1916 91 5 00 945 3,767.47 3,607.00 1% 5,979.00 2,991.00 126.00 2,988.00 780.47 107.03............ United Credit Union.......... 1915 94 5.00 514 2,694.65 2,399.28 6% 5,210.00 4,076.00 250.00 2,589.25 1065.40 127.22 95.18 West Side Credit Union....... 1916 104 5.00 1,382 7,836.38 7,458.32 10% 7,975.00 1,186.00 1,000.00 6,789.00 1,047.38 51.54 344.52 ToAL............................. 2,341.......... 8,793 $80,699.08 $74,778.32.......... $150,404.25 $101,128.96............ — $8,36.49 $6,011.88 $2,688.54 $1,.9S0. Avi z..................... 195 $10.83 733 $6,724.94 $6,231.53.75% $12,535.35 $8,427.41 $370.07 $7,113.92 $M0.96 $240.71 1196.04 *. e * 0 ~se. I MUTUAL All AG3NCIES 729 ing in New York City, ten are composed almost entirely of Jewish membership. These ten societies represent a total of 1766 members, and have assets amounting to $65,018.45. During the year 1916 they have made loans aggregating $138,149.25. The possibilities of the development of the movement among the Jews of this city are particularly promising. Jewry' here is already well organized into hundreds of lodges, vereins, unions, etc.; all of which are excellent media for credit union organization, possessing as they do the requisite elements of intimacy among members, active public opinion, and general cooperative spirit. The great need of the movement in New York City at present, is an independent agency under Jewish auspices to undertake an extensive publicity campaign and personal propaganda among the organizations favorable for the spread of credit unionism, to serve as a continuous guide and mentor in problems of administration, and to indicate and advance the adoption of standard methods. Such an agency should also concern itself with all external events which bear upon the Credit Union movement, representing and protecting the interests of the group. 730 COMMUNAL REGISTER LIST OF JEWISH CREDIT UNIONS IN NEW YORK CITY Borough of Brooklyn Credit Union, 115 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Organized 1915. Pres., Israel Rothstein, 120 Hopkins St., B'klyn. VicePres;, Abraham Halpern, 115 Essex, St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Henry Gold, 2851 W. 24th St., C. I. Treas., Max Isicowitch, 35 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Citizens' Credit Union, 115 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Organized 1916. Pres., Louis Cohn, 680 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Vice-Pres., Harry Lapatk4n, 36 Johnson Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Max Liebross, 14 Lewis Ave., B'klyn. Treas., Charles Forstadt, 680 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Commercial Credit Union of Brooklyn, 325 Ninth Street, B'klyn. Organized 1915. Pres., Benjamin Arrerman,, B'klyn. Vice-Pres., Dr. Joseph Slavin, B'klyn. Sec'y, Meyer Tarshis, B'klyn. Treas., Max Peck, B'klyn. Codperative Credit Union, 124 Delancey St. Organized 1915. Pres., Joseph Gedalecia, 356 2nd Ave. Vice-Pres., Hyman I. Cohn, 2311 Croton Ave. Sec'y, Sol Goodman, 124 Delancey St. Treas., Hirsh Bloch, 1216 Boston Rd. Empire State Credit Union, 132 Norfolk St. Organized 1916. Pres., Jonas Skinner, 119 Pitt St. Vice-Pres., Marcas Penersteln, 7 West 111th St. Sec'y, Isadore Kronstein, 132 Norfolk St. Treas., Isak Schitzberger, 132 Norfolk St. Fraternal Credit Union, 84 Gerry St., B'klyn. Organized 1915. Pres., Israel Drexler, 49 Lorimer St. Vice-Pres., Sig. Horowitz, 95 Graham Ave. Sec'y, Edward Groff, 55 Lorimer St. Treas., N. Chaisen, 376 Wallabdut St. Grocers' Credit Union, 64 E. 106th St. Organized 1916. Pres., J. Brill. Vice-Pres., L. Burnstein, 90'4 Jennings St. Sec'y, S. B. Fliashnich, 2157 Mapes Ave. Treas., S. Friedman, 304 E. 100th St. Kings County Credit Union, 60 Graham Ave., B'klyn. Organized 1915. Pres., Jacob Panamona, 204 Fioyd St. Vice-Pres., Moses S. Levy, 19 Harriman Ave., Jamacia, L. L Sec'y, Samuel Geller, 276 Troop Ave. Treas., Jacob Chaisen, 142 Teneyck St., B'klyn.' Metropolitan Credit tUnion, 52 Tompkins Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Max Kalichstein, 221 Pulaski St.' Vice-Pres., Nathan Gluskin, 263 Lynch St. Sec'y, Henry Gold, 2851 W. 24th St., C. I. Treas., Abraham Halpern, 117 Essex St., B'klyn. Russian - Polish Progressive Credit Union, 52 Tompkins Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Jacob MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 731 Barnett,' 580 Marcy, Ave., Vice - Pres., Isidore 'Rothstein, 808 Myrtle Ave. Sec'y, Solomon Jacobs, 159 Lorimer St. Treas., Isaac Cohen, 2721/2 Stockton St., B'klyn. The United Credit Union, 250 E. 67th St. Organized 1915. Pres., Leo Traurig, 341 E. 120th St. Vice-Pres., Hyman Rovensky, 2295 2nd Ave. Sec'y, Elias W. Klar, 250 E, 67th St. Treas., Julius Stein, 15 E. 107th St. Director, Max Zilan, 129 E. 104th St. West Side Credit Union, 347 W. 35th St., New York City. Organized 1916. Pres., Barnet Cohen, 331 W. 38th St. Vice-Pres., S a m u e l Barnet Cohn, 331 W. 38th Sec'y, Philip Karmel, 303 W. 38th St. Treas., Adolph Shindler, 441 W. 35th St. Attorney, Herman Chaityn, 27 Cedar St. 732 COMMUNAL REGISTER MUTUAL AID ORGANIZATIONS By FRANK F. ROSENBLATT Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research As the name implies, mutual aid organizations were formed for the purpose of rendering aid to members, not as gratuitous charity, but as obligatory settlement of claims based on a mutual agreement as formulated in the constitution of the respective organizations or in the membership certificate. The functions of these societies include spiritual and social activities as well as the provision of material aid in emergencies arising from death, sickness and other causes of distress. The burial clubs and the visitors of the sick, known in Hebrew as "Chevra Kadishah," and "Bikkur Cholim" Societies, represent the most common types of mutual aid. Notwithstanding their ancient origin, they have undergone little change both in the form of organization and in the practical application of their utilitarian objects. While not strictly exclusive, they are, nevertheless, somewhat clannish, owing to the fact that their membership is generally confined to Landsleute. Quite a considerable number of such societies, however, have developed into Vereinen very much along the lines of the English Friendly Societies. Besides the duties of burying the dead and visiting the bereaved families of their members, besides the customary acquisition of a common cemetery and in some case of a house of worship, besides the payment of "death bene MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 73g fit" insurance, they have adopted the modern features of "sick benefit" and of free loans. This form of mutual aid received in this world by the members them: selves has become extremely popular among the immigrant Jews, many of them belonging to two and more societies. The rapid growth of these societies presents a prob lem the gravity of which has not yet received due consideration from Jewish communal leaders. Like most of the fraternal organizations, commonly known as Orders, these mutual aid societies issuing sick and death benefit certificates pursue the unscientific and vicious policy of equal monthly or quarterly assessments without distinction as to age or occupation. The idea of seeking expert actuarial advice is entirely foreign to them, and no regard is paid to authoritative tables of mortality based on experiences of similarly circumstanced groups. The assessments or rates are fixed at meetings either arbitrarily or on the basis of death cases during the current year. While the society is young, the assessments corresponding with the low rate of mortality are easily borne by the member. The danger arrives with the older age of the society and the inevitable increase of mortality among its members. The assessments grow ever higher. The young members drop out, and the burden of paying death benefit falls on the old members who, as a rule, have been longest in the organization and are least able to stand the high cost of insurance. This warning is particularly timely because of the fact that legislative regulations have been enacted in a 734 COMMUNAL ReISTE number of states tending to safeguard the interests of the members of Fraternal Orders. The beneficient effects of the mutual aid societies are manifold. They find particular expression: a. in the economic life; b. in the social life; and c. as a moral force. Members of a mutual aid association need not have recourse to charity. The aid they get is considered by them as a refunded debt. The sense of humiliation, which must be experienced by everyone who extends a hand for charity, is substituted by a potent consciousness of fraternity and justice. This consciousness gives rise to the understanding of a higher social life and social responsibilities. The members of such an organization, aware of their economic interdependence, learn to appreciate the value of interchange of ideas. The contact of men and women for mutual interests of an economic nature, teaches them to respond alike to like stimuli in social matters. Thus, we have, as a further sequence, the effect of mutual aid as a moral force. Few members would act in a way that would meet with resentment on the part of the bulk of their organization. No attempt has ever been made to study the effect of mutual aid on charity, the effect as expressed in dollars and cents. Such statistics could be gathered, analyzed and important conclusions derived. It.is a difficult task, but, if successfully carried out, it would greatly help in the proper solution of many a community problem. 735 TABLE OF MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES. Total Number of Societies Located and Investigated: 1016. Data Available, to Date, on 682 Societies, 63% of the Total.. Date Organized Elections Per Year Number of Members Before 1881 Between 1881 and 1901 " 1902 " 1906 " 1907 " 1911 " 1912 " 1914 " 1915 " 1917 One Two Below 50 From 50 to 99 " 100" 199 " 200 " 299 " 300 " 399 " 400 " 499 " 500 and over Total Average Below $3.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 and over Average Dues: $6.00 Sick Benefit Insurance Cemetery Synagogue Free Loan Number 9 205 144 97 79 75 63 551 91 231 194 56 21 10 15 88,187 143 15 47 40. 71 133 70 93 39 90 594 257 517 109 217 Percent of Societies Reporting Data 1.5 33.6 23.6 15.9 12.9 12.3 10.3 89.7 14.7 37.5 31.4 9.1 3.4 1.6 2.4 2.5 7.9 6.7 11.9 22.3 11.7 15.6 6.5 15.0 93.8 ' 40.6 81.8 t. 16.6 34.3 Annual Dues Benefits BUDGET Income Expenditure Number of Societies Reporting 528 476 Number of Members in those Societies 69,555 63,710 Total Income and Expenditure $634,714 $454,494 Income and Expenditure per Society $1,202 $955 Income and Expenditure per Member $9.12 $7.13... \ On the basis of the societies reporting, it is fair to assume, that when full information is available on all societies there will be found to exist over 1,000 bona fide Mutual Aid Societies, having an aggregate membership of over 100,000 and an aggregate income of over $1,000,000, or $1,000 per society and $10 per member. a 736 COMMUNAL REGISTER LIST OF MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS B. A.=Benevolent Association. B. S.=Benevolent Society. F. B. O.Federation of Bessarabian Organizations. F. G. B. J. A. =Federation of Galician and Bucovinean Jews of America. F. 0. J. A.=Federation of Oriental Jews of America. F. R. J. A. =Federation of Roumanian Jews of America. F. R. P. H. A.= Federation of Russian-Polish Hebrews of America. K. U. V.= Kranken Unterstiitzungs Verein. S. B. A.=Sick Benefit Association. S. and B. S.=Sick and Benevolent Society. Y. M.= Young Men's. Letters enclosed in paranthesis indicate the Verband with which the society is affiliated. MANHATTAN AND BRONX Ab. Steiner K. U. V. (F.R.J.A.). Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1903. Membership: 75. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays at 57 Stanton St. Pres., Zedi Stainer, 247 Eldridge St. Sec'y, Marcus Stainer, 247 Eldridge St. Stainer, Zedi, Pres. Ab. Steiner K. U. V. (57 Stanton St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1861 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Tailor: 23'4 'Eldridge St. Res.: 247 Eldridge St. Achusath Olam. Cemetery; free loan. Org. 1895. Membership: 100. Meetings: Every 4th Wednesday, at 206 E. B'way. Pres., Lazarus Lipshitz, 54 Henry St. Sec'y. E. Ushkopf, 256 Henry St. Lipshitz, Lazarus, Pres. Achuzath Olam (206 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1852 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 54 Henry St. Ackerman B. A. (P. B. O.). Sick b e n e f it; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1905. Membership: 107. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 100 Essex St. Pres. Akiba Margolin, 2168 Dean St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Alexander Streicher, 2184 Dean St;, B'klyn. Margolin, Akiba, Pres. Ack*erman B. A. (100 Essex St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 737 to U. S. 1914. Received education in private school in Russia and U. S. Building Contractor. Res.: 2168 Dean St., B'klyn. Adler's Young Men Ind. Ass'n. No. 1. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan; relief. Org. 1884. Membership: 769. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays at 147 E. 125th St. Pres., Max Piermont, 935 E. 163rd St. Sec'y, M. Sissenarn, 976 Leggett Ave. Piermont, Max, Pres. Adler's Y. M. Ind. Ass'n. No. 1. (147 E. 125th Street), elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1864 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1882. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 935 E. 163rd St. Adolph Ullman Aid Soc. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1898. Membership: 1,066. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Jacob Kafka, 114 Bay 11th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Lowy, 135 Ave. D. Kafka, Jacob, Pres. Adolph Ullman Aid Society (257 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1859 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Printer: 74E. 14th St. Res.: 114 Bay 11th St., B'klyn. Agudath Shom'rei Sabbath. Org. 1916. An organization of 300 delegates representing over 100 organizations of Sabbath observers. Meet ings: Every 2nd Monday, at 122 Ridge St. Pres., Seinvil Feigenbaum, 81 Lewis St. Sec'y, M. Blasband, 25 Pitt St. Feigenbaum, Seinvil, Pres. Agudath Shom'rei Sabbath (122 Ridge St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1861 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Ladies' waists: 149 Spring St. Res.: 81 Lewis St. Alogonquin Ben. Society. Sick benefit. Org. 1912. Membership: 50. Meets: 1st and 3d Tuesdays, at 10 W. 114th St. Pres., Joseph Pineles. Sec'y, Joseph Binder, 106 E. 111th St. American Benevolent Minsker Ass'n. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan.Org. 1899. Membership: 500. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 98 Forsyth St. Secy'y, Harris Scheiner, 28 Orchard St. American Brothers' Aid As'n. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1890. Membership: 120. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 81 Forsyth St. Pres., L. Karash, 179 W. 89th St. Sec'y, M. Plaine, 906 Union Ave. American Ugoscia Y. M. A. S. Sick benefit. Org. 1914. Membership: 130. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 10 Ave. D. Pres., Benjamin Jacobo 738 COMMUNAL REGISTER witz, 426 E. 79th St. Sec'y, Jacob Brown, 287 E. 7th St. Jacobowitz, Benjamin, Pres. American Ugoscia Y. M. Aid Soc. (10 Avenue D.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 426 E. 79th St. Amshinaver Ind. B. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1916. Membership: 40. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., K. Yoslinowitz, 1323 Foster Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y. A. Jacobs, 204 S. 1st St., B'klyn. Anikster U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1898. Membership: 200. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 175 E. B'way. Pres., Sam Hechter, 842 Myrtle Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, David Meltz, 1274 Stebbins Ave. Hechter, Morris, Pres. Anikster U. V. (175 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S..1906. Received general Jewish and secular education. Real estate. Res.: 842 Myrtle Ave., B'klyn. Chevrah Anshel Sadolovon. Sick ben e fi t; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1887. Membership: 45. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 209 E. B'way. Pres., Jacob L. Samchick, 1947 7th Ave., Sec'y, Joseph Sandler, 545 Atlantic Ave., B'klyn. Arion K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; charity. Org. 1884. Membership: 180. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 326 E. Houston St. Pres., Isaac Ungar, 725 E. 9th St. Sec'y, Adolph Moskowitz, 2306 7th Ave. Ungar, Isaac, Pres. Arion K. U. V. (326 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1865 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1882. Received general Jewish education. Painter. Res.: 725 E. 9th St. Atavier Y. M. and Y. L. B. A. Cemetery. Org. 1916. Membership: 70. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Morris Klette, 703 E. 5th St. Sec'y, Arthur Sokol, 739 E. 5th St. Klette, Morris, Pres. Atavier Y. M. and Y. L. B. A, (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1894 in Austria. Came to U. S. 191'4. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 703 E. 5th St. Austrian Y. M. Ass'n No. 1. Sick benefit, insurance, cemetary. Org. 1891. Membership 90. Meets 1st and 3rd Saturdays at 218 E. 2nd St. Pres., Louis Mandel, 101 Cannon St. Sec'y, Nathan Cohen, 645-7 E. 5th St. Mandel, Louis, Pres. Austrian Y. M. Ass'n No. 1 (218 E. 2nd St.), since 1916. Term MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 739 6 months. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1889. Received Hebrew education. Tailor. Res.: 101 Cannon St. Axis B. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1910. Membership: 200. Meetings: 2nd Thursday at 27 W. 115th St. Pres., Gustave Levine, 2268 Washington Ave. Sec'y, Hyman Swaap, 498 Claremont Parkway. Levine, Gustave, Pres. Axis B. S. (27 W. 115th St.), since 1913. Term 1 year. Born 1870 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1871. Received general education. Res.: 2268 Washington Ave. Babroisher. Sick benefit, insurance, cemetery. Org. 1908. Membership 298. Meets 1st and 3d Fridays at 175 E. B'way. Pres., R. Suskin, 174 Broome St. Sec'y, P. Seldin, 1 E. 106th St. Batker U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1890. Membership: 120. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 206 E Broadway. Pres., Samuel Byalistoker, 268 Broome St. Sec'y, M. Weinberg, 690 Gates Ave., B'klyn. Byalistoker, Samuel, Pres. Batker U. V. (206 E. B'way), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. wax figures. Broome St. Res.: 268 Beer Shewa Ben. and Burial Ground Soc. Sick benefit, cemetery. Org. 1865. Membership: 47. Meetings: 4th Wednesdays, at 27 W. 115th St. Pres., I. Vogel, 37 South Bond St., Mt. Vernon. Sec'y, Max Taterka, 473 E. 139th St. Belgoraer Young Men's Soe. Sick benefit. Org. 1915. Membership: 50. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays at 82 Clinton St. Pres., Max Undanck, 94 Goerck St. Sec'y, Hyman Salzman, 83 Pitt St. Undanck, Max, Pres. Belgoraer Young Men's Society (82 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Terms 6 months. Born 1895 in Poland. Came to U. S. 1912. Received general J e w ish education. Res.: 94 Goerck St. Ben. Ladies' Soe. of Harlem. Sick benefit; insurance. Org. 1903. Membership: 80. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 10 W. 114th St. Pres., Morris Bardach, 1171 Bryant Ave. Sec'y, Mrs. Irma Winick, 26 E. 112th St. Bardach, Morris, Pres. Ben. Ladies' Soc. of Harlem (12 W. 114th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months.- Born 1855 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1896. Received general Jewish a'nd secular education. Painter. Res.: 1171 Bryant Ave. 740 COMMUNAL REGISTER Ben. Geller Asn. Free loan. Org. 1912. Membership: 80. Meetings: Every Sunday, at 186 E. Houston St. Pres., Israel Shubert, 56 E. 104th St. Sec'y, J. Kaplan, 307 E. 21st St. Shubert, Israel, Pres. Benj. Geller Ass'n (186 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born '1879 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Fruit dealer. Res.: 56 E. 104th St. Bereziner K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1902. Membership: 225. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 209 E. B'way. Pres., Rubin Horowitz, 524 Blake Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Sol Zimkind, 295 So. 2nd St., B'klyn. Horowitz, Rubin, Pres. Bereziner K. U. V. (209 E. B'way), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general education. Insurance: 151 Montague St., B'klyn. Res.: 524 Blake Ave., B'klyn. Berliner and Lonker Y. M. Assn. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 50. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 223 E. 2nd St. Pres., Max Stern, 374 E. 10th St. Sec'y, Benjamin Brier, 96 Lewis St. Stern, Max, Pres. Berliner and Lonker Y. M. Ass'n (223 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1891 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1910. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 374 E. 10th St. Bessarabian Ladies' U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1897. Membership: 25. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 56 Orchard St. Pres., Philip Reines, 282 S. 2nd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Carduner, 72 W. 118th St. Reines, Philip, Pres. Bessarabian Ladies' U. V. (56 Orchard St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish and secular education. Commission Merchant: 78 Orchard St. Res.: 282 S. 2nd St., B'klyn. Bessarabian Y. M. Ben. and Educational Club. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1903. Membership: 250. Meetings: lst' and 3rd Mondays, at 210 E. 5th St. Pres., Simon Saffer, 46 Union Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Samuel Friedman, 1734 Park Place, B'klyn. Saffer, Simon, Pres. Bessarabian Y. M. B. and Educational Club (210 E. 5th St.). Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received College education" Pharmacist. Res.: 46 Union Ave., B'klyn. Betty Weiss S. and B. A. Sick benefit, c e m e t e r y. Org. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 741 1904. Membership 60. Meets 2nd and 4th Tuesdays at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., Betty Weiss, 22 Eldridge St. Sec'y, Isaac Posner, 182 Allen St. Weiss, Betty, Pres. Betty Weiss S. and B. A. (106 Forsyth St.), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general education. Mfgr. Neckwear: 17 Allen St. Res.: 22 Eldridge St. Bezaner Soc. Sick benefit. Org. 1903. Membership 35. Meets 4th Sunday at 100 W. 116th St. Pres., Isaac Wasserzug, 12 W. 113th St. Sec'y, Jacob Hymes, 20 W. 115th St. Bialystoker Ladies' Aid Soc. Org. 1904. Membership: 100. * Meets: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 83 Forsyth St. Pres., Louis Cohen, 360 Grand St. Sec'y, A. Yanowsky, 23 Willett St. Blalistoker Young Men's. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1906. Membership: 300. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 175 E. B'way. Pres., Ralph Wein, 1464 Seabury P1. Sec'y, A. S. Pins, 173 Eldridge St. Wein, Ralph, Pres. Bialistoker Young Men's (175 E. B'way), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Attended High School. Printer: 152 E. 23rd St. Res.: 1464 Seabury P1. Blelsker Brtiderllcher U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1888. Membership: 285. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 206 E. B'way. Pres., Nathan Berger, 67 Meserole St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Julius Sokol, 2065 Bergen St., B'klyn. Berger, Nathan, Pres. Bielsker Brilderlicher U. V. (206 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. Cigars. Res.: 67 Meserole St., B'klyn. Bikur Cholim Anshel Bialostok. Relief. Meetings: Every Thursday, at 246 E. B'way. Pres., Joseph Lipnick, 64 E. 94th St. Sec'y, D. L. Rubinstein, 40 W. 117th St. Lipnick, Joseph, Pres. Bikur Cholim Anshei Bialostok (246 E. B'way), since 1902. Term 1 year. Born 1864 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general Jewish education. Drygoods: 22 E. B'way. Res.: 64 E. 94th St. B'nai David Society. Social and benevolent; cemetery. Inc., 1858. Membership, 100. Meetings at 107 W. 116th St. Pres., Ely Rosenberg, 346 B'way. Sec'y, Samuel R. Morris, 151 W. 117th St. Chevrah B'nai Joseph Aryel Anshei Ratno Wohlin. Insurance; cemetery. Org. 1906. Membership: 90. Meet 742 COMMUNAL REGISTER ings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Solomon Friedman, 141 Lafayette St., Jersey City, N. J. Sec'y, Isidor Rosen, 334 E. 8th St. Friedman, Solomon, Chevrah B'nai Joseph Aryei Anshei Ratno Wohlin (98 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1910. Received general Jewish education. Watchmaker. Res.: 141 Lafayette St., Jersey City, N. J. Bobriker Ladies' Aid Society. Cemetery. Org. 1901. Membership: 90. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 67 Clinton St. Pres., J. Essner, 272 Hooper St., B'klyn., Sec'y, K. Harris, 130 Allen St. Esaner, J., Pres. Bobriker Ladies' Aid Soc. (67 Clinton St.), since 1901. Term 6 months. Born 1859 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish education. Designer. Res.: 372 Hooper St., B'klyn. Bobrusker Ladies' U. V. Free loan. Org. 1912. Membership: 40. Meets at 203 Henry St. Pres., Barnett Epstein, 511 W. 177th St. Sec'y, W. Lipshitz, 84 Monroe St. Epstein, Barnett, Pres. Bobrusker Ladies' U. V. (203 Henry St.),.since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. 511 W. 177th St. Res.: Bodker Y. M. A. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1905. Membership: 40. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., Morris Rosen, 313 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, Morris Blum, 5 Willett St. Rosen, Morris, Pres. Bodker Y. M. A. A. (96 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Terms 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 313 E. 3d St. Bogopoler U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; f r e e loan. Org. 1893. Membership: 300. Meets: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Frank Krevoruck, 240 Tesla Pi., Glendale, L. I. Sec'y, Mayer Feldman, 2 Market St. Krevornek, F r ank, Pres. Bogopoler U. V. (151 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received college education. Lawyer: 220 B'way. Res.: 240 Tesla PI., Glendale, L. I. Bohorodezaner K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1898. Membership: 123. Meetings: 2nd and and 4th Sundays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Abraham Rosenblum, 221 E. 66th St.,3ec'y, Hyman Schultz, 328 E. 15th St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 743 Rosenblum, Abraham, Pres. Bohorodczaner K. U. V. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in U. S. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 221 E. 66th St. Bolchover Ladies' K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; charity. Org. 1903. Membership: 52. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 276 E. Houston St. Pres., Matilda Messner, 4 W. 32nd St. Sec'y, Isaac Gross, 376 E. 4th St. Messner, Matilda, Pres. Bolchover Ladies' K. U. V. (276 E. Houston St.), since 1908. Term 1 year. Born 1877 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Restaurant. Res.: 4 W. 32nd St. Borisover Young Friends' B. A..Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 115. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 173 E. B'way. Pres., Aaron Horowitz, 112 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Max Yarose, 50 E. 98th St. Horowitz, Aaron, Pres. Borisover Young Friends' Ben. Ass'n (173 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Carpenter. Res.: 112 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Borochavner Chevrah. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; Orphan Asylum; Jewish School. Org. 1909. Membership: 75. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., A. Rosenblum, 278 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, Hyman Schulz, 315 E. 15th St. Botashaner Y. M. B. A. (F. R. J. A.). Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1909. Membership: 73. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Adolph Siegel, 68 Forsyth St. Sec'y, H. Berkowitz, 123 Chrystie St. Siegel, Adolph, Pres. Botashaner Y. M. B. A. (98 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 68 Forsyth St. Brainsker Brothers Aid As'n. Sick benefit; i n s u r a n c e; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1895. Membership: 162. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 173 E. B'way. Pres., Aaron Sandler, 5 Lewis St. Sec'y, * Julius Cohen, 623 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. Sandler, Aaron, Pres. Brainsker Brothers' Aid Ass'n (173 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 5 Lewis St. Brainaker Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; ceme 744 COMMUNAL REGISTER tery; free loan. Org. 1892. Membership: 100. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 173 E. B'way. Pres., Harris Greenberg, 405 Hinsdale St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Magid, 455 Grand St. Greenberg, Harris, Pres. Brainsker Y. M. B. A. (173 E. B'way), since 1916. Terms 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general J e w i s h education. Tailor. Res.: 405 Hinsdale St., B'klyn. Bramowitz Ladies. Sick benefit. Org. 1915. Membership 90. Meets 2nd and 4th Wednesdays at 79 Forsyth St. Pres., Lena Olkin, 496 Van Buren St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Mrs. Cooper, 650 E. 182nd St. Breslauer Kachowka Ind. Soc. Cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 40. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 82 Clinton St. Pres. and Sec'y, Joseph Olitzky, 235 E. 5th St. Olitzky, Joseph, Pres. Breslauer Kachowka Ind. Soc., since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1912. Received general Jewish education. Woolens: 96 Stanton St. Res.: 235 E. 5th St. Brestowtser Ind. Soc. Sick benefit, cemetery. Org. 1907. Membership 50. Meets 1st and 3rd Sundays at 109 E. 116th St. Pres. Morris Bres low, 9 W. 118th St. Sec'y, Namen Namerson, 304 E. 102nd St. Brisker Ladiess B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1903. Membership: 100. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., Abraham Fielman, 21 Montgomery St. Sec'y, M. Dreyfus, 513-E. 139th St. F i e l m a n, Abraham, Pres. Brisker Ladies' B. A. (106 Forsyth St.). Term 6 months. Born 1853 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general Jewish and secular education. Bookkeeper. Res.: 21 Montgomery St. Brith Achim Anshei Semiaticher. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1904. Mem b ership: 170. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 83 Forsyth St. Pres., Louis Glickes, 105 Norfolk St. Sec'y, H. Abramson, 15 Attorney St. Glickes, Louis, Pres. Brith Achim Anshei Semiaticher (83 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 105 Norfolk St. Brizdowizer B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1910. Membership: 100. Meetings: Every Thursday at 209 E. ' 2nd St. Pres., Max Lieberman, 131 Barrett St., B'klyn. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 745 Sec'y, Max Fox, 390 E. 8th St. Lieberman, Max, Pres. Brizdowizer B. A. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general J e w is h education. Res.: 131 Barrett St., B'klyn. Bronx Warshawer Y. M. S. Sick benefit. Org. 1916. Membership: 40. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Hyman Edelman, 2120 Belmont Ave. Sec'y, Isaac Flax, 3746 Third Ave. Edelman, H y m a n, Pres. Bronx Warshawer Y. M. Soc. (151 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 2120 Belmont Ave. Brosilover Verein. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1912. Membership: 50. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 328 E. Houston St. Pres., Jacob Wolfson, 54 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, Wm. Segalow, 265 Ave. A. Wolfson, Jacob, Pres. Brosilover Verein (328 E. Houston St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 64 E 3d St. Brotherhood of Adrianople (F. O. J. A.). Sick benefit. insurance, cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership 53. Meets once every 3 months at 36 Rivington St. Pres., Eliezer Behmoarav, 155 Forsyth St. Sec'y, Solomon B. Jacob, 59 E. 115th St. Briider Verein No. 1. Sick benefit; cemetery; i n s u rance. Org. 1858. Membership: 215. Meetings: 2nd Sunday, at 155 E. 58th St. Pres., Max Weisburger, 228 Bainbridge St., B'klyn. Sec'y Harry Bendit, 251 Lenox Ave. Weisburger, Max, Pres. Briider Verein No. 1 (155 E. 58th St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1871 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish and secular education. Salesman. Res.: 228 Bainbridge St., B'klyn. Buchowiner Bessarabier Sick and B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. O r g. 1913. Membership: 70. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 17 Ave. A. Pres., Morris Bernstein, 87 E. 2nd St. Sec'y, Elias Rothman, 58 St. Marks P1. Bernstein, Morris, Pres. Buchowiner Bessarabier Sick and B. A. (17 Ave. A.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 87 E. 2nd St. Budzanorer K. U. V. Sick benefit, cemetery, free loan. 746 COMMUNAL REGISTER Org. 1905. Membership 100. Meets 1st and 3rd Saturdays at 145 Suffolk St. Pres., Samuel Holtz, 824 Dawson St. Sec'y, L. Rauch, 226 VW. 111th St. Holtz, Samuel, Pres. Budzanower K. U. V. (145 Suffolk St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1912. Received general education. Res.: 824 Dawson St. Bnkarester First Aid Ass'n. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1900. Membership: 150. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Thursdays. at 98 Forsyth St. Pres. Rubin Sperling, 739 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Louis Brown, 501 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Sperling, Rubin, Pres. Bukarester First Aid Ass'n (98 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Cloaks and suits: 25 W. 15th St. Res.: 739 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. Chai Gertner Chesed Shel Emeth Verein. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1892. Membership: 84. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 326 E. Houston St. Pres., Solomon Goodman, 101 Hopkins St., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Lerfeld, 540 W. 163rd St. Goodman, Solomon, Pres. Chai Gertner Chesed Shel Emeth Verein (32 'E. Hous ton St.), since 1897. Term 1 year. Born 1879 in Hungary. Received general Jewish and secular education. Undertaker. Res.: 101 Hopkins St., B'klyn. Charles Fisher Ass'n. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1916. Membership: 70. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 210 E. 104th St. Pres., Sam Friedlander, 368 Columbus Ave. Sec'y, Jacob Kirsch, 303 E. 95th St. Friedlander, Sam, Pres. Charles Fisher Ass'n (212 E. 104th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Received general Jewish and secular education. Plumber, 368 Columbus Ave. Chastrik Bushenkovicher. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Membership: 275. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 206 E. B'way. Pres., Meyer Shenkin, 843 Shepherd Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, William Cohen, 453 Chester St., B'klyn. Shenkin, Meyer, Pres. Chastrik Bushenkovicher (206 E. B'way), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 843 Shepherd Ave., B'klyn. Cheehanoffzer U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; free ldcn: relief fund. Org. 1885. Membership: 350. Meetings: 2nd MUTUAL A>) AGENCIES 747 and 4th Saturday, at 81 Forsyth St. Pres., Sam Golomb, 72 E. 121st St. Sec'y, I. Kresckes, 218 Rodney St., B'klyn. Golomb, Sam, Pres. Checha n o f f z e r Unterstutzungs Verein (79 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received Hebrew education. Mfr.: 72 E. 121st St. Chechenover Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1905. Membership: 80. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., H. D. Klein, 8'40 Broadway. Sec'y, L. Siegel, 186 Penn St., B'klyn. Chegriner Prog. B. A. Org. 1915. Membership: 45. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., M. Shadchon, 1122 Kings Highway, B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Odin, 1326 Brook Ave. Chernobiler Aid Society. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1905. Membership: 80. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 328 E. Houston St. Pres., Louis Dickov, 1534 Webster Ave. Sec'y, B a ruch Menn, 36 Canal St. Dickov, Louis, Pres. Chernobiler Aid Society (328 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1912. Received general J e w i s h education. Res.: 1534 Webster Ave. Chesed Ve'emeth of Astoria (F. O. J. A.) Sick benefit, cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1911. Membership 214. Meets 1st Thursday at 81 Forsyth St. Pres., Albert Hazan, 361% Stanton St. Sec'y, Mateo Russo, 54 Allen St. Chomsker Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan; relief; charity. Org. 1902. Membership: 270. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 30 E. 1st St. Pres., Abraham Koch, 61 E. 1st St. Sec'y, S. J. Siegel, 840 E. 156th St. Koch, Abraham, Pres. Chomsker Y. M. B. A. (30 E. 1st St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 61 E. 1st St. Chorostkower K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1907. Membership: 90. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Isaac Grossberg, 326 Monroe St. Sec'y, Simon Chasid, 356 E. '4th St. Grosxberjg Isaac, Pres. Chorostkower K. U. V. (257 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months Born 1863 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general Jewish education. Blacksmith: 748 COMMUNAL REGISTER 332 Monroe St. Res.: 326 Monroe St. Chrzanower Y. M. A. Org. 1901. Meetings: Every Monday, at 326 E. Houston St. Pres., Sam Wishnetzer, 327 Corona Ave., Corona, L. I. Sec'y, Leopold Bochner, 103 Ditmas Ave., B'klyn. Wishnetzer, Sam, President Chrzanower Y. M. A. (326 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish and secular education. Baker. Res.: 327 Corona Ave., Corona, L. I. Communal Center for Oriental Jews (F. O. J. A.) Aim to establish a communal center for Oriental Jews. Meets at 12 E. 119th St. Pres., Edward Valensi, 110 3rd Ave. Sec'y, Robert Franco, 40 W. 115th St. Chwadoner B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1906 Membership, 40. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 83 Forsyth St. Pres., Barnet M. Mayerowitch, 277 Madison St. Sec'y, Max Goldstein, 188 Henry St. Mayerowiteh, B a r n e t M., Pres. Chwadoner B. S. (83 Forsyth St.), since 1908. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1893. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 277 Madison St. Csenstochauer B. V. and U. V. (F. R. P. H. A.). Sick benefit; cemetery; charity; free loan. Org. 1888. Membership: 114. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 79 Delancey St. Pres., Benjamin Brattman, 28 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H e r m a n Cohen, 209 E. 7th St. Brattman, Benjamin, Pres. Czenstochauer B. V. and U. V. (79 Delancey St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 28 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Czenstochower Help Verein (F. R. P. H. A.). Org. 1914. Membership: 100. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Judah Herman Firetag, 713 E. 5th St. Sec'y, Louis Granick, 716 E. 9th St. Flretag, Judah Herman, Pres. Czenstochower Help Verein (209 E. 2d St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U.. S. 1905. Received general education. Res.: 713 E. 5th St. Czimerowitzer Society. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 34. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays,. at 160 E. Houston St. Pres., Abraham Goldman, 162 Allen St. Sec'y, Charles Hershman,.204 E. 113th St. Goldman, Abraham, P r e s. Czimerowitzer Soc. (160 E. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 749 Houston St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 162 Allen St. Dembitzer Y. M. B. S. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; f r e e loan. Org. 1900. Membership: 280. Meetings: Every Saturday, at 277 E. 7th St. Pres. Jacob Goldklong, 390 E. '4th St. Sec'y, Lazarus Hirschlock, 914 Jackson Ave. Goldklong, Jacob, Pres. Dembitzer Y. M. B. S. (277 E. 7th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general J e w i s h education. Res.: 390 E. 4th St. Drauer and Dransker. Sick benefit. Org. 1909. Membership: 60. Meets at 175 E. B'way. Pres., Louis Kaplan, 62 E. 113th St. Sec'y, Israel Hameroff, 284 Christopher Ave., B'klyn. Kaplan, Louis, Pres. Drauer and Dransker (175 E a s t B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1893 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1911. Received Evening S c h o o l education. Res.: 62 E. 113th St. Doctor Drosen B. S. Cemetery. Org. 1917. Membership: 35. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays at 212 E. 104th St Pres. Nathan Mansfield, 221 E. 99th St. Sec'y, M. Morenstein, 45 S u m n e r Ave., B'klyn. Mansfield, Nathan, P r e s. Doctor Drosen B. S. (212 E. 104th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1896. Received general Jewish and secular education. Painter: 368 Columbus Ave. Res.: 221 E. 99th St. Doctor L. Gelerter Roum. Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; insurance. Org. 1916. Membership: 75. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 79 Forsyth St. Pres., Abraham Schwartz, 156 Allen St. Sec'y, M. Grossman, 89 Grand St. Extension. B'klyn. Schwartz, Abraham, Pres. Doctor L. Gelerter Roumanian Y. M. B. A. (79 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish and secular education. Mfgr. waists: 169 Allen St. Res.: 156 Allen St. Dokshitzer B. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1895. Membership: 201. Meetings: 2nd.and 4th Saturdays, at 82 Clinton St. Sec'y, Bernhard Sokolow, 409 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Dragachiner Prog. Aid Soc. Sick benefit; insurance; charity. Org. 1914. Member 750 COMMUNAL REGISTER ship: 65. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., H. J. Kaplan, 1689 St. John's Place, B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Littman, 1064 Prospect Ave Drisser Brothers B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1904. Membership: 50. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 173 E. B'way. Pres., M. Gordon, 337 Pennsylvania Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Blumberg, 375 Pleasant Ave., B'klyn. Dubiner - Wohllner Aid Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1902. Membership: 80. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 232 Broome St. Pres., Joseph Leo Aschkinasi, 187 E. 101st St. Sec'y, I. Peck, 790 E. 158th St. Aschkinasi, J o e p h Leo, Pres. Dubiner-Wohliner Aid Soc. (232 Broome St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 187 E. 101st St. Dubner Young Friends' B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Membership: 48. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Thursdays, at 73 Ludlow St. Pres., Abraham Cohen, 101 2nd Ave. Sec'y, Harry Gecker, 1328 39th St., B'klyn. Cohen, Abraham, Pres. Dubner Young Friends' B. A. (73 Ludlow St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1893 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1912. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 101 2nd Ave. Dunaburger Brothers B. A. Sick benefit, insurance, cemetery, free loan. Org. 1885. Meets 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Max Silverman, 51 W. 3rd St. Sec'y, H. Trapin, 2031 Montrey Ave. East Side Workmen's B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1901. Membership: 80. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 63 Ludlow St. Pres., Jacob Markowitz, 15 Sheriff St. Sec'y, A. Markowitz, 7 Sheriff St. Markowitz, Jacob, P r e s. East Side Workmen's B. A. (63 Ludlow St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 15 Sheriff St. Elias Y. M. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1888. Membership: 132. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 206 E. B'way. Pres., Sam Bandes, 415 Brook Ave. Sec'y, E. Ushkow, 256 Henry St. Ellinitzer Y oun g Friends' Frog. Ass'n. Cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 25. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, MUTUAL AIDI AGENCIES 751 at 17 Ave. A. Pres., David Straus, 359 Madison St. Sec'y, Abraham Medower, 4'47 E. 9th St. Straus, David, Pres. Ellinitzer Young Friends' Prog. Ass'n (17 Ave. A.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Schochet and Mohel. Res.: 359 Madison St. Emanuel Sick and B. A. Insurance; cemetery. Org 1884. Membership: 250. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 232 Broome St. Pres., Gustav A. Epstein, 521 W. 180th St. Sec'y, Jeremiah Herz, 166 Ave. C. Epstein, Gustav A d o l p h, Pres. Emanuel Sick and B. A. (232 Broome St.), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1859 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1881. Received general education. Auctioneer: 10 Lispenard St. Res.: 521 W. 180th St. Emily Darer B. S. Org. 1910. Membership: 36. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 82 Clinton St. Pres., Esther Wiener, 136 Delancey St. Sec'y, A. Himmelbrand, 235 E. 22nd St. Wiener, Esther, Pres. Emily Damer B. S. (82'Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Corsets: 142 Clinton St. Res.: 186 Delancey St. Erste B. A. Org. 1913. Membership: 25. Meetings: Every Wednesday, at 193 E. 2nd St. Pres., Harry Karpen, 54 Lewis St. Sec'y, Herman Fiedler, 324 E. 118th St. Karpen, Harry, Pres. Erste B. A. (193 E. 2d St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1892 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1908. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 54 Lewis St. Erste Bialykaminer Ladies K. U. V. Sick benefit, cemetery. Org. 1902. Membership 50. Meets 2nd and 4th Wednesdays at 80 Clinton St. Pres., Hyman Roth, 59 So. 3d St., B'klyn. Sec'y, K. Shramack, 6'4 So. 9th St., B'klyn. Roth, Hyman, Pres. Erste Bialykaminer Ladies' K. U. V. (82 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish and secular education. Cloaks: 61 E. 11th St. Res.: 69 South 3d St., B'klyn. Erste Braylower U. V. Place of worship; cemetery. Org. 1904. Membership: 80. Meets 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 66 Orchard St. Pres., Julius Pretsker, 35 Essex St. Sec'y, Morris Franklin, 148 E. Houston St. Pretsker, Julius, Pres. Erste Braylower U. V. (56 Orchard St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Rus 752 COMMUNAL REGISTER sia. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 35 Essex St. Erste Budzanower K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1895. Membership: 90. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 100 Essex St. Pres., Samuel Ellner, 262 E. 2nd St. Sec'y, George Ellner, 155 Ridge St. Ellner, Samuel, Pres. Erste Budzanower K. U. V. (100 Essex St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1864 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 262 E. 2nd St. Erste Bukier K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 30. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., Benjamin Litutcher, 199 Moore St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Richky, 1i2 Henry St. Litutcher, Benjamin, Pres. Erste Bukier K. U. V. (96 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish education. Laundry. Res.: 199 Moore St., B'klyn. Erste Busker K. U. V. Org. 1902. Membership: 14. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 86 Attorney St. Pres., S. Zuckerkandel, 61 Audubon -Ave. Sec'y, J. Herman, 159 Forsyth St. Erste Dobromiler Feige Czupper Frauen K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1902. Membership: 300. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 92 Columbia St. Pres., Morris Weber, 276 W. 115th St. Sec'y, W. Sacher, 72 Columbia St. Weber, Morris, Pres. Erster Dobromiler Feige Czupper Frauen K. U. V. (90 Columbia St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general education. Printer. Res.: 276 W. 115th St. Erste Foltecener RoumanianAmerican U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1900. Membership: 75. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 66 E. 4th St. Pres., Morris Berger, 311 Rivington St. Sec'y, David Halperin, 1762 Park PI., B'klyn. Berger, Morris, Pres. Erste Foltecener RoumanianAmerican U. V. (66 E. 4th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Candies. Res.: 311 Rivington St. Erste Galatzer Frauen U. V. (F. R. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1903. Membership: 60. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., Mrs. Esther Markowitz, 55 E. 1st MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 753 St. Sec'y, Miss Rose Markowitz, 55 E. 1st St. Markowltz, Esther, Pres. Erste Galatzer Frauen U. V. (106 Forsyth St.), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1854 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 55 E. 1st St. Erste Grodaker K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1896. Membership: 75. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Mondays at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres.. Abraham Weintraub, 362 E. Houston St. Sec'y, Max Santz, 752 E. 6th St. Weintraub, Abraham, Pres., Erste Grodaker K. U. V. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1861 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 362 E. Houston St. Erste Horodenker K. U. V. (F. G. B. J.-A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1895. Membership: 150. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Berl Weiss, 1'446 2nd Ave. Sec'y, Charles Lehrer, 40 E. 7th St. Erste Izbitzer U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1912. Membership: 50. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 73 Ridge St. Pres., Max Suntag, 78 Sheriff St. Sec'y, Nathan Weiser, 159 Ridge St. Suntag, Max, Pres. Erste Izbitzer U. V. (73 Ridge St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1910. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 78 Sheriff St. Erste Kalniblader K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship; free loan; charity. Org. 1901. Membership: 65. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., Nathan Cohen, 725 E. 9th St. Sec'y, B. Perkus, 339 Bristol St., B'klyn. Cohen, Nathan, Pres. Erste Kalniblader K. U. V. (96 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 725 E. 9th St. Erste Kulashkovzer K. U. V. Cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1913. Membership: 48. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 112 Stanton St. Pres., Isaac Pomper, 206 Delancey St. Sec'y, Isaac Metzer, 1565 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Pomper, Isaac, Pres. Erste Kulashkovzer Sick B. A. (112 Stanton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1908. Received general Jewish and secular educationm Bags: 26 Pitt St. Res.: 206 Delancey St. 754 COMMUNAL REGISTER Brute Lynchner B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 25. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., Abraham Friedman, 227 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, K. Hochberger, 149 Orchard St. Friedman, Abraham, Pres. Erste Lynchner B. A. (96 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 227 E. 3rd St. Erste MlogIelnicer Beth Shamal K. U. V. Cemetery. Org. 1901. Membership: 21. Meetings: Every f o u r t h Monday at 193 E. 2nd St. Pres., Joseph Dollner, 394 E. 8th St. Sec'y, Nathan Dollner, 450 E. 81st St. Dollner, Joseph, Pres. Erste Mogielnicer Beth Shamat K. U. V. (193 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 394 E. 8th St. Erxte Novoselltzer Bess. K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1902. Membership: 86. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 214 E..2nd St. Pres., Nathan Steinberg, 311. E. 101st St. Sec'y, Solomon Kurtz, 2084 Dean St., B'klyn. Steinberg, N a t h a n, Pres. Erste Novoselitzer - Bessarablan K. U. V. (214 E. 2nd St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish education. Dealer in eggs. Res.: 311 E. 101st St. Erste Obertyner K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1897. Membership: 190. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 30 E. 1st St. Pres., Rubin Herald, 48 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, David Gersten, 132 Ludlow St. Herald, Rubin, Pres. Erste Obertyner K. U. V. (30 E. 1st St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1896. Received general J e w i s h and secular education. Tailor. Res.: 48 E. 3rd St. Erste Przeworsker Ind. Young Men's K. U. V. Org. 1916. Membership: 38. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 145 Ridge St. Pres., Harry Schussheim, 102 St. Marks P1. Sec'y, Louis May, 605 Watkins St., B'klyn. Schusshelm, H a r r y, Pres. E r s t e Przeworsker Ind. Young Men's K. U. V. (145 Ridge St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 102 St. Mark's P1. Brxte Romaner K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1901. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 755 Membership: 240. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Marcus Pildescu, 98 Hart St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Henry Saymon, 1260 39th St., B'klyn. Pildescu, Marcus, Pres. Erste Romaner K. U. V. (98 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Also Pres. of the Marcus Pildescu Aid Ass'n of B'klyn (605 Marcy Ave., B'klyn). Born 1867 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general JeWish education. Oils: 580 Grand St. Res.: 98!-art St.. B'klyn. Erste Roszister B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Membership: 136. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., Isaac Karsch, 40 Bible House. Sec'y, Jacob Kosier, 80 Beaver St., B'klyn. Erste Samborer K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1884. Membership: 320. Meetings: 1st and 8rd Tuesdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Samuel Sanders, 206 Rivington St. Sec'y, Joseph Ringel, 1065 Boston Rd. Sanders, Samuel, Pres. Erste Samborer K. U. V. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general J e w is h education. Rex.: 206 Rivington St. Ernte Sinatyner Sick and Benevolent Asa'n. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1896. Membership: 96. Meets 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 30 E. 1st St. Pres., B. Geller, 153 W. 27th St. Sec'y Joseph Schwartz, 1509 Brook Ave. Erate Spinoza Relief Society. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1896. Membership: 120. Meets: 1st and 3d Sundays, at 80 Clinton St. Pres., Jacob Frankel, 62 Cannon St. Sec'y, S. Grabel, 138 Ave. D. Erste Stanlslaner Franen K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan; relief. Org. 1906. Membership: 130. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Mrs. Rose Klapper, 322 E. 4th St. Sec'y, Mrs. Annie Himmelbrant, 235 E. 22nd St. Klapper, Mrs. Rose, Pres. Erste Stanislauer Frauen K. U. V. (209 E. 2nd St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 322 E. 4th St. Erate Sulsawnr Ladies' K. U. V. Sick benefit. Org. 1899. Membership: 48. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 94 Clinton St. Pres., Mrs. Yetta Kesslinger, 601 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Joseph Gewalb, 409 E. 6th St. Kellsenger, Yetta, Pres. Erste 756 COMMUNAL REGISTER Sulzawar Ladies' K. U. V. (94 Clinton St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Austria. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 601 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Erste Touster K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1898. Membership: 75. Meetings: 1st,and 3rd Saturdays, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Philip Weitz, 31 Ave. B. Sec'y, Samuel Margolis, 255 S. 9th St., B'klyn. Weita, Philip, Pres. Erste Touster K. U. V. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 31 Ave. B. Brrte Umaner B. S. Sick beneit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1898. Membership: 178. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 100 Essex St. Pres., Louis Gallack, 364 S. 1st St., B'klyn. Sec'y, T. Pushkoff, 59 E..100th St. Gallack, Louis, Pres. Erste Umaner B. S. (100 Essex St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1892 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general J e w i s h and secular education. Res.: 364 S. let St., B'klyn. Erste Wall hlauer U. V. Relief. Org. 1906. Membership: 60. Meetings: 1st and Srd Saturdays, at 326 E. Houston St. Pres., Emanuel Solarsh, 59 Lewis St. Sec'y, Hym an Rosenberg, 2031 Monterey Ave. Solarsh, E m a n u e, Pres. Erste Wallishlauer U. V. (826 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1913. Received public school education. Res.: 59 Lewis St. Erate Welzarzer K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; charity. Org. 1914. Membership: 35. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Thursdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., Samuel Heftman, 626 E. 5th St. Sec'y, M. Stern, 295 E. 3rd St. Heftman, Samuel, Pres. Erste Welzarzer K. U. V. (96 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 626 E. 5th St. Erste Wielkieoczer K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1904. Membership: 90. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 62 Pitt St. Pres., Moses Hauben, 619 E. 5th St. Sec'y, Isaac Tachner, 324 E. 56th St. Hauben, Moses, Pres. Erste Wielkieoczer K. U. V. (62 Pitt St.), since 1905. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1895. Received general education. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 757 Salesman. Res.: 619 E. 5th St. Family Mutual Aid Soc. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1897. Membership: 80. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays. at 15 Pitt St. Pres., M. Teichman, 206 Delancey St. Sec'y, G. Baumgarten, 108 Lewis St. Teichman, M., Pres. Family Mutual Aid Soc. (15 Pitt St.) since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 206 Delancey St. Fannie Siegel Berlader Ladies' Sick B. A. Sick benefit; place of worship. Membership: 100. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., Isaac Korman, 9 W. 111th St. Sec'y, S. Blumfeld, 240 E. 21st St. Korman, Isaac, Pres. Fannie Siegel Berlader Ladies' Sick B. A. (106 Forsyth St.), since 1909. Term 6 months. Born 1864 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1895. Received general Jewish and secular education. Tailor. Res.: 9 W. 111th St. First Avritchever U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1911. Membership: 37. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 83 Forsyth St. Pres., Abraham Nudelman. 360 E. 121st St. Sec'y, I. Fishman, 54 E. 120th St. Nudelman, Abraham, Pres. First Avritchever U. V. (83 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1911. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 360 E. 121st St. First Belgetzer B. S. Cemetery; free loan. Org. 1913. Membership: 35. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 86 Attorney St. Pres., Isaac Lerman, 537 E. 5th St. Sec'y, M. Saltz, 66 Lewis St. Lerman, Isaac, Pres. First Belgetzer B. S. (86 Attorney St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1911. Attended public school. Fish Dealer: 136 Suffolk St. Res.: 537 E. 5th St. First Bereg Muncaczer S. B. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1901. Membership: 352. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Bernard Mermelstein, 485 E. Houston St. Sec'y, J. B. Kain, 370 E. 4th St. Mermelstein, Bernard, Pre. Bereg Muncaczer S. B. S. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6months. Born 1875 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Restaurant. Res.: 485 E. Houston St. 758 COMMUNAL RIEGITEB First Boryslaver Y. L. B. A. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit. Org. 1905. Membership: 50. Meetings: Every 2nd Tuesday, at 17 Ave. A. Pres., Herman Greif, 184 Riverdale Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Rose Hammerman, 32 Jackson St. Greif, Herman, Pres. First Boryslaver Y. L. B. A. (17 Ave. D); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 184 Riverdale Ave., B'klyn. First Botaschaner Ladies' Aid. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1904. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 83 Forsyth St. Pres. Mrs. Sarah Berkowitz, 160 S. 3rd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Mrs. Sarah Rosenthal, 1'412 Madison Ave. Berkowitz, Sar ah, Pres. First Botashaner Ladies' Aid (85 Forsyth St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1896. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 160 S. 3rd St., B'klyn. First Bratslower Podoler Aid Soc. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 75. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Samuel Samuelson, 1'451 Crotona Place. Sec'y, U. Schor, 842 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Samuelson, Sam uel, Pres. First Bratzlower Podoler Aid Soc. (151 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received gen. eral J e w i s h education. Laundry: 1349 Broadway. Res.: 1451 Crotona P1. First Burshivker Sick & B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1902. Membership: 73. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Nathan Edelman, 317 E. 4th St. Sec'y, Philip Zitomsky, 545 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Edelman, Nathan, Pres. First Burshivker Sick and B. A. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1894 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. Waists and Dresses: 14 W. 4th St. Res.: 317 E. 4th St. First Buzuer Roum. K. U. V. (F. R. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1904. Membership: 83. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 30 E. 1st St. Pres., Abraham Falick, 1473 5th Ave. Sec'y, Philip Abramowitz, 85 1st Ave. Falick, Abraham, Pres. First Buzuer Roum. K. U. V. (30 E. 1st St.), since 1916. Term ~ months. Born 1881 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general education. Res.: 1473 6th Ave. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 759 First Chernostover V e r e I n. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org.: 1910. Membership: 40. Meetings: 2nd and '4th Sundays, at 82 Clinton St. Pres., B. Gralnick, 168 E. 2nd St. Sec'y, Sam Stroy, 94 Willett St. Gralnick, B., Pres. First Chernostover V e r e n (82 Clinton St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Metal Tile: 123 E. 23rd St. Res.: 168 E. 2nd St. First Chocimerer K. U. V. Sick benefit, insurance, cemetery, free loan. Org. 1904. Membership 45. Meets 1st and 3rd Sundays at 145 Suffolk St. Pres., Joseph Rubenstein, 119 Broome St. Sec'y, Isidor Gerber, 296 E. 2nd St. Rubenstein, Joseph, Pres. First Chocimerer K. U. V. (145 Suffolk St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general education. Res.: 119 Broome St. First Dembrowitzer Wohlyner Ass'n. Cemetery; insurance. Org. 1915. Membership: 60. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., Jacob Bregman, 314 Madison St. Sec'y, Louis Klorman, 38 Amboy St. Bregman, Jacob, Pres. First Dembrowitzer Wohlyn e r Ass'n., (106 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in U. S. Received public school education. Insurance: 141 W. 125th St. Res.: 314 Madison St. First Dinakowoler K. U. V. Sick benefit. Org. 1915. Membership: 39. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 10 W. 114th St. Pres., Oscar Cohen, 21 Forest St., Corona, L. I. Sec'y, M. Myerhoff, 652 Stone Ave., B'klyn. First Dorginsker Y. M. B. S. Organized 1917. Membership 45. Meets 2nd and 4th Mondays at 82 Clinton St Pres., Charles Katcher, 29 Ridge St. Sec'y, Charles Marks, 791 Dawson St. First Drazshver Y. M. Prog. Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery; charity. Org. 1914. Membership: 90. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 82 Clinton St. Pres., Elijah Feinerman. 713 E. 6th St. Sec'y, Kieve Muneman, 312 Henry St. Feinerman, Elijah, Pres. First Drazshver Y. M. Prog. Soc. (82 Clinton St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Connected with Singer Sewing Machine Co. Res.: 713 E. 6th St. First Drohobyeser Ladies' Soe. Sick benefit; charity. Org. 1913. Membership: 50. Meet 760 COMMUNAL REGISTER ings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 276 E. Houston St. Pres., Esther Lerner, 380 E. 8th St. Sec'y, G. Borkan, 117 Ludlow St. Lerner, Esther, Pres. First Drohobyczer Ladies' S o c. (276 E. Houston St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 380 E. 8th St. First Drubliner Ladies' -Sick and B. S. Org. 1916. Membership: 60. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 10 Ave. D. Pres., Benjamin Pessy, 60 Columbia St. Sec'y, Israel Braverman, 30 Lewis St. Penny, Benjamin, Pres. First Drubliner Ladies' Sick and B. S. (10 Ave. D.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 60 Columbia St. First Dzikower C h e v r a h. Cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1898. Membership: 27. Meets fortnightly at 77 Sheriff St. Pres., Benjamin Fleischer, 92 Goerck St. Sec'y, Joseph Warbel, 126 Columbia St. Fleiseher, Benjamin, Pres. Dzikower Chevrah (77 Sheriff St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general J e w i s h education. Butcher: 307 Rivington St. Res.: 92 Goerck St. First Filester Verein. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1900. Membership: 70. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., Myer Peckercer, 324 Jerome St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Isaac Fier, 718 E. 6th St. Peckercer, Myer, Pres. First Filester Verein (106 Forsyth St.), since 1911. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received Jewish education. Cloakmaker. Res.: 324 Jerome St., B'klyn. First Greater Yusefower Sick and B. A. Cemetery; charity. Org. 1911. Membership: 60. Meetings: Every 2nd Saturday, at 67 Lewis St. Pres., Melech Green, 806 E. 6th St. Sec'y, Isaac Finkelstein, 51 Cannon St. Green, Melech, Pres. First Greater Yusefower Sick and B. A. (67 Lewis St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish and secular education. Pants: 296 Stanton St. Res.: 806 E. 6th St. First Haliezer Sick B. S. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship; charity. Org. 1904. Membership: 90. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 159 Rivington St. Pres., Louis Schumer, 346 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, Louis Sussholz, 275 Stanton St. Schumer, Louis, Pres. First Haliczer Sick B. S. (159 Riv MUTiUAL AID AGE~NCIES76 761 ington St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1891 in Austria. Term 6 months. Born 1891 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 346 E. 3rd St. F i r s t Harlauer Roumanian Sick B. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1909. Membership: 98. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays at 81 Forsyth St. Pres., Charles G. Reider, 1067 Fox St. Sec'y, Louis Davidson, 218 E. 122nd St. Relder, Charles G., Pres. First Harlauer Roumanian Sick B. S. (79 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1903. Received a Public School Education. Silks and Dress Goods: 215 4th Ave. Res.: 1067 Fox St. First Harlem Ind. Roumanian Aid Soc. Sick benefit; free loan. Org. 1916. Membership: 78. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 212 E. 104th St. Pres., David Jarschower, 413 E. 100th St. Sec'y, H. Prince, 336 E. 95th St. Jarschower, D a v i d, Pres. First Harlem Ind. Roumanian -Aid Soc. (212 E. 104th St.), since 1916. Terms 6 months. Born 1879 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1894. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 413 E. 100th St. First Hebrew Baker#s Sick B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1872. Membership: 250. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Fridays, at 10 Ave. D. Pres., Meyer Lampel, 7 Manhattan St. Sec'y, Abraham Adler, 1361 Brook Ave. Lampel, Meyer, Pres. First Hebrew Bakers' Sick B. S. (10 Ave. D.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general J e w is h education. Baker. Res.: 7 Manhattan St. First Huviner and Tartlker Ass'n. Sick benefit; place of worship. Org. 1905. Membership: 80. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 67 Clinton St. Pres., Isidore Letzter, 319 E. 10th St. Sec'y, I. Lanton, 11 Pitt St. Letzter, Isidore, Pres. First Huviner and Tartiker Ass'n (67 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born i882 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1910. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 819 E. 10th St. First Ind. Gustinlner B. Amsn. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1907. Membership: 100. Meets: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Abraham Brown, 119 2nd Ave. Sec'y, Isaac Gluckson, 247 E. 123d St. First Ind. Huslatyner Sick-and B. S. Sick benefit; ceme 762 COMMUNAL REGISTER tery; charity. Org. 1909. Membership: 60. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 73 Ludlow St. Pres., Paul Lampe, 267 E. 2nd St. Sec'y, Hyman Sultan, 68 E. 1st St. Lampe, Paul, Pres. First Ind. Husiatyner Sick and B. S. (73 Ludlow St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish and secular education. Musician. Res.: 267 E. 2nd St. First Ind. Mikulnizer Sick and B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1888. Membership: 130. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Nathan Rammer, 190 E. 2nd St. Sec'y, H. Regen, 251 E. 4th St. Rammer, Nathan, Pres. First Ind. Mikulnizer Sick and B. A. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1911. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 190 E. 2nd St. First Ind. Pultusker U. V. (F. R. P. H. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1901. Membership: 280. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 77 Delancey St. Pres., Max Weinstein, 1753 Park PI., B'klyn. Sec'y, Harry J. Miller, 725 E. 9th St. Weinstein, Max, Pres. First Ind. Pultusker U. V. (77 Delancey St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1898. Mfgr. dresses: 22 W. 21st St. Res.: 1753 Park PI., B'klyn. First Ind. Tarnopoler Franen K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1907. Membership: 69. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 100 Essex St. Pres., Mrs. Mlnna Sussman, 120 Sheriff St. Sec'y, M. Weishaut, 90 Ave. D. Sussman, Minna, Pres. First Ind. Tarnopoler Frauen K. U. V. (100 Essex St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 120 Sheriff St. First Kaiser Frans Joseph K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1882. Membership: 120. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 328 E. Houston St. Pres., Max Cohen, 363 E. 8th St. Sec'y, Herman Kraus, 444 Manhattan Ave. Cohen, Max, Pres. First Kaiser Franz Joseph K. U. V. (328 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general education. Tailor. Res.: 363 E. 8th St. First Kittiver K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1902. Mem MUTUAL AID AGENOI7I 763 bership: 80. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 30 E. 1st St. Pres., Anschel Fleiss, 426 E. 6th St. Sec'y, Morris Herschkovitz, 14 E. 110th St. Fleiss, Anachel, Pres. First Kittiver K. U. V. (30 E. 1st St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1913. Received general J e w i s h education. Buttons. Res.: 426 E. 6th St. First Kleevaner B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Membership: 144. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 73 Ludlow St. Pres., Sam Gootman, 315 E. 101st St. Sec'y, Philip Glatstein, 2011 La Fontaine Ave. Gootman, Sam, Pres. First Kleevaner B. A. (73 Ludlow St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in 4Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish and secular education. Carpenter. Res.: 315 E. 101st St. First Kllmintover Y o u n g Friends' B. A. Sick benefit. Org. 1915. Membership: 50. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 8 Ave. D. Pres., Nathan Schneider, 283 Stanton St. Sec'y, Charles Gitter, 62 Pitt St. Schneider, Nathan, P r es. First Klimintover Y o u n g Friends' B. A. (8 Ave. D), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1895 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 283 Stanton St. First Klimontover Sick B. A. Sick benefit; in s u ran c e; cemetery. Org. 1906. Membership: 115. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 92 Columbia St. Pres., Sam Factor, 88 Lewis St. Sec'y, M. Silverman, 99 Mangin St. Factor, Sam, Pres. First Klimontover Sick B. A. (92 Columbia St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. Pants: 296 Stanton St. Res.: 88 Lewis St. First Knihinin Stanislauer K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1907. Membership: 125. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 145 Suffolk St. Pres., Abraham Brzerzaner, 1023 Longwood Ave. Sec'y, Louis Gross, 257 E. 3rd St. Brzerzaner, Abraham, Pres. First Knihinin Stanislauer K. U. V. (145 Suffolk St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 1023 Longwood Ave. First Kopisianisher K. U. V. Org. 1903. Membership: 13. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., I. Steinholtz, 169 Essex St. Sec'y, I. Pollak, 200 Delancey St. 764 COMMUNAL REGISTER First Korltzer B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1903. Membership: 38. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Jacob Schwartz, 1612 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Fishman, 253 E. 2nd St. Schwartz, Jacob, Pres. First Koritzer B. A. (151 Clinton St.), since 1912. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 1612 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. First Kozower Sick and- B. A. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1897. Membership: 150. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 155 Suffolk St. Pres., Morris Rothstein, 451 E. 171st St. Sec'y, J. Blatt, 3780 Park Ave. Rothstein, Morris, Pres. First Kozower Sick and B. A. (155 Suffolk St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born in Austria. Came to U. S. 1887. Received Public School education. Jeweler. Res.: 451 E. 171st St. First Krasner Sick B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1905. Membership.: 100. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., Solomon Timiner, 827 Trinity Ave. Sec'y, Benjamin Marantz, 283 Wyona St., B'klyn. T i m i n e r, Solomon, Pres. First Krasner S. B. S. (106 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1914. Received general Jewish education. Dry Goods: 817 E. 160th St. Res.: 827 Trinity Ave. First Krasnabroder B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1912. Membership: 60. Meetings: Every fortnight at 82 Clinton St. Pres., Isidore Sussman, 64 Sheriff St. Sam Dreyfus, 518 E. 139th St. Sussman, Isidore, Pres. First Krasnabroder B. A. (82 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1890 in Poland. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 64 Sheriff St. First Kronprinz Rudolph Ladies S. B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1898. Membership: 200. Meetings: 1st and3rd Sundays, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Adolph Moscowitz, 77 Ave. B. Sec'y, David Berliner, 66 W. 118th St. Moscowitz, A d o l p h, Pres. Fir s t Kronprinz Rudolph Ladies' S. B. S. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1907. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1880. Received general Jewish and secular education. Liquors: 168 Attorney St. Res.: 77 Ave. B. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 765 First Krementchager B. A. Cemetery; free loan. Org. 1897. Membership: 130. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 80 Clinton St. Pres., Samuel Berzak, 201 Allen St. Sec'y, N. Brevda, 80 Delancey St. Berzak, Samuel, Pres. First Krementchager B. A. (80 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received Public School education. Mfgr. tobacco. Res.: 201 Allen St. First Lubiner Prog. Ben. Ass'n. Cemetery. Org. 1911. Membership: 41. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 73 Ludlow St. Pres., Abraham Morgenstern, 253 E. 10th St. Sec'y, Hyman Moltman, 118 W. 3rd St. Morgenstern, Abraham, Pres. First Lubiner Prog. Ben. Ass'n (73 Ludlow St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1895. Received general Jewish and secular education. Children's dresses and boys' suits: 433 E. 9th St. Res.: 253 E. 10th St. First Maidaner Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1910. Membership: 90. Meetings: Every Tuesday, at 8 Ave. D. Pres., Isidore Kanarfogel, 327 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, Philip Bilfleld, 99% St. Marks P1. Kanarfogel, Isidore, Pres. First Maidaner Y. M. B. A. (8 Ave. D); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1892 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1910. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 327 E. 3rd St. First Manistrischer B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan; charity. Org. 1908. Membership: 85. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., H. Rabinowitz, 44 Williams Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, B. Fitelbaum, 274 S. 2nd St., B'klyn. First Marmaroah Young Ladies A. S. Sick benefit cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership 100. Meets 1st and 3rd Wednesdays at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Bessie Engelman, 546 W. 39th St. Sec'y, Harry Cohen, 340 Hinsdale St., B'klyn. Enge man, Bessie, Pres. First Marmarosh Y. L. A. S: (257 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1895 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general education. Neckwear Worker. Res.: 546 W. 39th. St. First Nadworner K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1897. Membership: 135. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 62 E. 4th St. Pres., Harry Yager, 751 E. 5th St. Sec'y, Abraham Traub, 68 E. lst St, 766 COMMUNAL REGISTER Yager, Harry, Pres. First Nadworner K. U. V. (62 E. 4th St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewi h education. Res.: 751 E. 6th St. First Nadworner Y. M. B. A. (F. G. D. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1910. Membership: 40. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 159 Rivington St. Pres., Harry Shuster, 197 Allen St. Sec'y, D. Werner, 381 Alabama Ave., B'klyn. Shuster, Harry, Pres. First Nadworner Y. M. B. A. (159 Rivington St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 197 Allen St. First New Konstantlner Aid Soc. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1907. Membership: 110. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 63 Ludlow St. Pres., -Benjamin Tromberg, 220 Lebanon Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Diament, 19 W. 115th St. Tromberg, Benjamin, Pres. First New Konstantiner Aid Soc., (63 Ludlow St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Res.: S20 Lebanon Ave., B'klyn. First Nlznower Sick and B. S. Cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 35. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 57 Stanton St. Pres., Moses Lieblich, 336 E. 4th St. Sec'y, Abraham Arnold, 237 Eldridge St. Lieblich, Moses, Pres. First Niznower Sick and B. S. (57 Stanton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Pants contractor: 291 E. 3rd St. Res.: 336 E. 4th St. First Odesser Ind. Sick B. A; Sick benefit; cemetery. Membership: 100. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 73 Ludlow St. Pres., Mrs. Sarah Rosenzweig, 123 Rivington St. Sec'y, L. Braunfield, 346 S. 3rd St., B'klyn. Rosenzweig, Sarah, P r e s. First Odesser Ind. Sick B. A. (73 Ludlow St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Russia. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 123 Rivington St. First Oleszycer U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1900. Membership: 60 Meetings: Every Saturday, at 161 Attorney St. Pres., Hyman Steinberg, 551 Grand St. Sec'y, Samuel Kelch, 80 Lewis St. Steinberg, Hyman, Pres. Fkrst Oleszycer U. V. (161 Attorney St.); elected 1917. - MUTUAL An Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish education. Men's coats: 36 E. B'way. Res.: 551 Grand St. First Oriniver Cong. B. A. Insurance; cemetery. Org. 1899. Membership: 70. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 232 Broome St. Pres., Harris Beckelman, 68 McKibben St., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Tarnowsky, 114 Ellery St., B'klyn. Beckelman, H a r r i s, Pres. Oriniver Cong. B. A. (232 Broome St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 18T4 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish and secular education. Tailor. Res.: 68 McKibben St., B'klyn. First Ostrover K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1905. Membership: 120. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 328 E. Houston St. Pres., Sam Ruck, 211 Eldridge St. Sec'y, Sam Weinstein, 142 Norfolk St. Ruck, Sam, First Ostrover K. U. V. (328 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1878 In Russia. Came to U. S. 1909. Received 'general J e w i s h education. Woolens: 240 Eldridge St. Res.: 211 Eldridge St. First Ostrower Peace and Love Ass'n. Sick benefit; ) AGENCIES 767 insurance; cemetery. Org. 1908. Membership: 68. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Barnett Spanover, 1575 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Greenberg, 136 Amboy St., B'klyn. Spanover, Barnett, Pres. Ostrower Peace and Love Ass'n (151 Clinton St.), since 1908. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1893. Received general Jewish education. Clothier: 48 Willet St. Res.: 1575 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. First Ottynter Y. M. B. A. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1900. Membership: 180. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Charles Baroner, 270 E. 4th St. Sec'y, I. Haber, 1069 Tiffany St. Baroner, Charles, Pxes. First Ottynier Y. M. B. A. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 270 E. 4th St. First Ozeraner B. A. Sick benefit, cemetery, free loan. Org. 1902. Membership 95. Meets 1st and 3rd Sundays at 106 Forsyth St. Pres, Michael Barr, 54 Henry St. Sec'y, Barnett Resnick, 141 Kosciusko St., B'klyn. Barr, Michael, Pres. First Ozeraner B. A. (106 Forsyth 768 COMMUNAL REGISTEi Street), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Lumber. Res.: 64 Henry St. First Piatrer Roum. Sick B. S. (I. R. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1900. Membership: 152. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 57 St. Marks P1. Pres., Naftale Feier, 116 Eldridge St. Sec'y, Samuel Greenberg, 407 E. 5th St. Feier, Naftale, Pres. First Piatrer Roum. Sick B. S. (57 St. Marks PI.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 116 Eldridge St. l First Piltzer Ben. Ass'n. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1911. Membership: 55. Meets 1st and 3d Saturdays, at 62 E. 106th St. Pres., Abr. Antman, 869 Stebbins Ave. Sec'y, Sigmund Tuschsin, 871 Home St. Antman, Abraham, Pres. First Piltzer Ben. Ass'n (62 B. 106th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general education. Mfr.: 55 W. 16th St.; es.: 869 Stebbins Ave. 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 276 E. Houston St. Pres., Sam Huebsher, 622 Prospect Ave. Sec'y, Benzion Held, 21 1st Ave. Huebsher, Sam, Pres. First Potak-Zlotoy Ladies' Soc. (276 E. Houston St.); elected 197. Born 1882 in Austria. tamp to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 622 Prospect Ave. First Prashkower BrUider, K. T. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Membership: 80. Meetings 2nd and '4'th Sundays at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Louis Bernstein, 967 Kelly St. Sec'y, Joseph Wansker, 885 Beck St. Bernstein, Louis, Pres. First Prashkower BrUider K. U. V. (98 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 967 Kelly St. First Pressburger Sick and B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1903. Membership: 75. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 8 Ave. D. Pres., Sam Schlesinger, 328 E. 80th St. Sec'y, M. Kohlbauer, 208 E. 82nd St. Schlesinger, Sam, Pres. First Pressburger Sick and B. A. (8 Ave. D); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 328 E. 80th St. p First Potok-Zlotoy s;. o: e. Sick benefit. Membership: 32. Lad ea' Org. 1916. Meetings: MUrTUJAL AI)D AGBCM S 769 First Przemislar Sick Benevolent Society. Sick benefit, insurance, cemetery, free loan. Org. 1889. Membership 400. Meets 1st and 3rd Sundays at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Joseph Shnitzer, 703 E. 5th St. Sec'y, Solomon Blumner, 353 E. 3rd St. Shnitzer, Joseph, Pres. First Przemislar Sick B. S. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Austria. Received general education. Grocer. Res.: 703 E. 5th St. First Pruchniker B. S. Cemetery, place of worship. Org. 1906. Membership 55. Meets 1st and 3rd Saturdays at 86 Attorney St. Pres., Benj. Beck, 54 Columbia St. Sec'y, Joe Lamberg, 249 E. 3rd St. First Rabbi Weiss K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Membership: 65. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 17 Ave. A. Pres., Adolph Mandel, 1043 Tinton Ave. Sec'y, A. Schechter, 747 E. 9th St. Mandel, Adolph, Pres. First Rabbi Weiss K. U. V. (17 Ave. A.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general J e w i s h education. Cutter of cloaks. Res.: 1043 Tinton Ave. First R o d o w er Cong. Sick benefit, cemetery. Org. 1904. Membership 100. Meetings 1st and 3rd Sundays at 67 E. 8th St. Pres., M. Moshkowitz, 110 St. Marks P1. Sec'y, A. Fishman, 815 E. 161st St. First Rovner Sick B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1897. Membership: 100. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 82 Clinton St. Pres., Max Harris, 4601 3rd Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Carduner, 73 W. 118th St. Harris, Max, Pres. First Rovner Sick B. A. (82 Clintin St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1889 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish education. Real estate: 4601 3rd Ave., B'klyn. First Sassover K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship; free loan; charity. Org. 1909. Membership: 100. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., S. Hoch, 847 Gates Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Grossfell, 86 Columbia St. First Sisters Stryjer B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1893. Membership: 65. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Mrs. Anna Kellhofer, 212 E. B'way. Sec'y, S. Kleinman, 69 E. 3rd St. Kellhofer, Anna, Pres. First Sisters' Stryjer Benefit Soc. (214 E. 2nd St.), since 1906. Term 1 year. Born 1865 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1888. 770 COMMUNAL REGISTER Received general Jewish education. Res.: 212 E. B'way. First Solotwiner Ladies' Sick and B.' S. Sick benefit. Org. 1914. Membership: 90. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 73 Ludlow St. Pres., Mrs. S. Erger, 4361 Beaufort Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I. Sec'y, Bessie Juran, 257 Broome St. Erger, Mrs. S., Pres. First Solotwiner Ladies' Sick and B. A. (73 Ludlow St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1803. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 4361 Beaufort Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I. First Soroker Bessarabier M. A. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1897. Membership: 165. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 143 Suffolk St. Pres., Joseph Roginsky, 755 Vermont St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Max Danzeker, 80 Varet St., B'klyn. Roginsky, Joseph, Pres. First Soroker Bess. M. A. S. (143 Suffolk St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1910. Received Public School education. Tailor: 15 W. 45th St. Res.: 755 Vermont St., B'klyn. irst Stanislauer Y. M. B. A. (L. R. P. H. A.) Sick bene fit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1903. Membership: 130. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Joseph Bergman, 24 E. 49th St., Bayonne, N. J. Sec'y, Louis Schorr, 221 Broome St. Bergman, Joseph, Pres. First Stanislauer Y. M. B. A. (216 E. 2nd St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish and secular education. Manager. Res.: 24 E. 49th St., Bayonne, N. J. First Tarnower Y. M. B. S. Sick benefit; insurance, cemetery; free loan. Org. 1907. Membership: 80. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 8 Ave. D. Pres., Pincus Roth, 124 Sheriff St. Sec'y, Louis Gross, 91 Columbia St. Roth, Pincus, Pres. First Tarnower Y. M. B. S. (8 Ave. D); elected 1917. Born 1886 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 124 Sheriff St. First Tishener B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1902. Membership: 170. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 80 Clinton St. Pres., Max Liberty, 57 Sumner Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Rubinstein, 322 E. 8th St. Liberty, Max, Pres. First Tishener B. A. (80 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1899. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES. 771 Received Public School education. Shirts: 172 Lorimer St., B'klyn. Res.: 57 Sumner Ave., B'klyn. First Toprower Ladies' Sick and B. S. Cemetery. Org. 1912. Membership: 110. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 10 Ave. D. Pres., Esther Gerry, 1078 Stebbins Ave. Sec'y, Hannah Finkelstein, 55 Willett St., B'klyn. Gerry, Esther, Pres. First Toprower Ladies' Sick and B. S. (10 Ave. D); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1895 in N. Y. Received elementary education. Bookkeeper. Res.: 1078 Stebbins Ave. First Trembover Young Friends' Soc. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1907. Membership: 120. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 145 Suffolk St. Pres., Max Brown, 374 Center St. Sec'y, Isaac Schechter, 708 E. 5th St. Brown, Max, Pres. First Trembover Young Friends' Soc. (145 Suffolk St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1891 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1907. Res.: 374 Centre St. First Tyceyner K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1900. Membership: 100. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Philip Bernfleld, 115 Essex St. Sec'y, Nathan Samuels, 896 Jerome St., B'klyn. Bernfield, Philip, Pres. First Tyczyner K. U. V. (328 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Stationery. Res.: 115 Essex St. First Ungarer Young Friends' S. and B. Society, 8-10 Ave. D. Org. 1917. Membership: 150. Pres., Jacob Markowitz, 95 Lewis St. Sec'y, Louis Selig, 334 E. 86th St. First Uscie Zieloner K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan; place of worship. Org. 1911. Membership: 40. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 326 E. Houston St. Pres., Philip Weissman, 26 St. Marks P1. Sec'y, Sam Chaben, 356 E. 4th St. Weissman, Philip, Pres. First Uscle Zieloner K. U. V. (326 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 26 St. Marks P1. First Warschaner Sick Relief Ass'n (F. R. P. J. A.) Place of worship; free loan. Org. 1902. Membership: 72. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 79 Forsyth St. Pres., Moses Hyman, 882 Ielly St. Sec'y, M. Borngold. Hyman, Moses, Pres. First Warschauer Sick Relief Ass'n (79 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. 712 COMMUNAL REGISTER Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 882 Kelly St. First Wascowitzer Bukowinaer Sick B. A. (F. G. B. J. A.). Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1903. Membership: 130. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 17 Ave. A. Pres., Joel Laufer, 19'4 Stanton St. Sec'y, S. Sporn, 126 St. Marks P1. Laufer, Joel, Pres. First Wascowitzer Bukowinaer Sick B. A. (17 Ave. A); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 194 Stanton St. First Werenezanker Bukowiner S. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1910. Membership: 50. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 67 Clinton St. Pres., Joseph Brenner, 248 E. Houston St. Sec'y, Sam Katz, 93 Ludlow St. Brenner, Joseph, Pres. First Werenczanker Bukowiner S. B. A. (67 Clinton St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 248 E. Houston St. First Winkowitzer Podolia. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 60. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 85 EE. 4th St. Pres., Jack Silberman. 152 2nd St., Hoboken, N. J. Sec'y., M. Epstein, 371 E. 10th St. Silberman, Jack, Pres., First Winkowitfer Po hlia (85 E. 4th St.); e ted 917. Term 6 months. Bo 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Recceived general Jewish education. Res.: 152 2nd St., Hoboken, N. J. Fi r at Woroschilovka B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1905. Membership: 51 Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 83 Forsyth St. Pres., Isidore Goldstein, 368 E. 4th St. Sec'y, B. Margolis, 537 E. 11th St. Goldstein, Isidore, Pres. First Woroschilovka B. A. (83 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1912. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 368 E. 4th St. First Yanover Aid Soc. Cemetery. Org. 1903. Membership: 32. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 326 E. Houston St. Pres., Abraham Weisbrod, 1692 Washington Ave. Sec'y, David Appelbaum, 364 E. 6th St. Weisbrod, Abraham, Pres. First'Yanover Aid Soc. (326 E. Houston St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 1692 Washington Ave. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 773 First Yogolnitzer K. U. V. Sick benefit; c e m e t e r y; place of worship. Org. 1892. Membership: 140. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 17 Ave. A. Pres., M. Minzer, 52 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, William Hornick, 370 Miller Ave., B'klyn. Minzer, M., Pres. First Yogolnitzer K. U. V. (17 Ave. A), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 52 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. First Yscle Biskupier U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1896. Membership: 150. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 73 Ludlow St. Pres., Isaac Rosenfeld, 107 Rivington St. Sec'y, Chas. Goldman, 1081 Simpson St. Rosenfeld, Isaac, Pres. First Yscie Biskupier U. V., since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1896. Received general Jewish and secular education. Sheet Metal Workers: 274 Ave. B. Res.: 107 Rivington St. First Zalositzer K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; free loan; charity. Org. 1893. Membership: 115. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 118 Ridge St. Pres., Nathan Metzger, 102 Suffolk St. Seo'y, Louis Friedman, 333 Madison St. Metzger, Nathan, Pres. First Zalositzer (118 Ridge St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1895. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 102 Suffolk St. First Zaslover B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1896. Membership: 35. Meetings: 2nd and '4th Sundays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Jacob Shuchman, 1148 40th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Harry Schechter, 1905 Douglas Ave., B'klyn. Shuchman, Jacob, Pres. First Zaslover B. A. (151 Clinton St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish and secular education. Salesman. Res.: 1148 40th St., B'klyn. First Zbarozer Relief Soc. Sick benefit, insurance, cemetery, place of worship. Org. 1896. Membership 118. Meets 1st and 3rd Sundays at 82 Clinton St. Pres., Jacob Frankel, 62 Cannon St. Sec'y, S. Grabel, 138 Ave. D. Frankel, Jacob, Pres. First Zbarozer K. U. V. (80 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1913. Received Hebrew education. Presser. Res.: 62 Cannon St. First Zbrower Sick B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1895. Member e 774 COMMUNAL REGISTER ship: 153. Meetings: Every 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 118 Ridge St. Pres., Chas. Hermalin, 214 Rivington St. Sec'y, Rabbi Z. Rosen, 128 Rivington St. Hermalln, Charles, Pr e s. First Zborower K. U. V. (118 Ridge St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. Pants: 827 B'way. Res.: 214 Rivington St. First Zosmar Y. M. B. A. (F. R. P. H. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1906. kembership: 135. Meetings: 1st and 8rd Thursdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., David Nirenberg, 1660 Prospect PI., B'klyn. Sec'y, Nathan Nisenbaum, 2022 Dean St., B'klyn. Nirenberg, David, Pres. First Zosmar Y. M. B. A. (214 E. 2nd St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 1660 Prospect PI., B'klyn. Free Help Ass'n. Free loan. Org. 1902. Membership: 78. Meetings: 151 Clinton St. Sec'y, Jacob Frank, 1384 Bristow St. Freundschaffts Bund. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1880. Membership: 125. Meets: 1st and 3d Thursdays, at 100 W. 116th St Pres., Louis Levy. 1624 Ave. A. Sec'y, Simon Spandam, 813 De Kalb Ave., B'klyn. Furst Mutual Aid Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1916. Membership: 130. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 155 E. 58th St. Pres., A. Furst, 773 E. 169th St. Sec'y, A. Bauer, 1388 St. Nicholas Ave. Garfield S. and B. A. Sick benefit, cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership 150. Meets 1st and 3rd Sundays at 107 W. 116th St. Pres., Dr. Gustave Endler, 19 W. 112th St. Sec'y, Max Kruzer, 842 Kelly St. Endler, Gustave, Pres. Garfield S. and B. A. (107 W. 116th St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1883 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1903. Received high school education. Optometrist: 54 E. 125th St. Res.: 19 W. 112th St. Gitel Landau Ladies' K. U. V. Sick benefit. Org. 1889. Membership: 97. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Mrs. Rebecca Ehrlich, 123 So. 1st St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Mrs. Pauline Mahl, 83 E. 7th St. Ehrlich, Mrs. Rebecca, Pres. Gitel Landau Ladies K. U. V. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1895. Received general education. Res.: 123 So. 1st St., B'klyn. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 775 Gatcher B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org.: 1915. Membership: 50. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 173 E. B'way. Pres., Jacob Silverstein, 40 Essex St. Sec'y, Samuel Perlstein, 1709 Bathgate Ave. Silverstein, Ja c o b, Pres. Gatcher B. A. (173 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 40 Essex St. Gold Family Circle. Org. 1915. Membership: 100. Meets: 4th Tuesday, at 109 E. 116th St. Pres., William K. Gold, 986 Leggett Ave. Sec'y., Isadore A. Bloom, 620 E. 168th St. Gold, William K., Pres. Gold Family Circle (109 E. 116th St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general education. Painter. Res.: 986 Leggett Ave. Golte Bogopolier Y. M. and Y. L. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1913. Membership: 30. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays at 175 E. B'way. Pres., Barnet Malamud, 200 2nd Ave. Sec'y, J. Werins, 236 Christopher Ave., B'klyn. Malamud, Barnet, Pres. Golte Bogopolier Y. M. and Y. L. B. A. (175 E. B'way), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received gen eral Jewish and secular education. Insurance: 66 Pine St. Res.: 200 2nd Ave. Gorsder B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1903. Membership: 75. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 173 E. B'way. Pres. Louis Flacks, 600 Prospect Ave. Sec'y, Alexander Diamond, 1481 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Flacks, Louis, Pres. Gorsder B. A. (173 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1893. Received general Jewish education. Plumber: 326 Amsterdam Ave. Res.: 600 Prospect Ave. Goverover Y. M. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1909. Membership: 110. Meets at 173 E. B'way. Sec'y, B. Farbowitz, 620 E. 11th St. Graf Longal Elemer Hung. Sick and B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery; charity. Org. 1904. Membership: 250. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Sam Niederman, 232 E. 15th St. Sec'y, Max Gottlieb, 133 Ave. D. Niederman, Sam, Pres. Graf Longai Elemer Hung. Sick and B. S. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1912. Received general Jewish education. Insurance. Res.: 232 E. 15th St. COMItUNAL REISTE1 Gralever Y. M. B. A. Sick benfit, insurance, cemetery. Org. 1905. Membership 120. Meets 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 206 E. B'way. Pres. Michael Goldberg, 43 Henry St. Sec'y, B. Moshmit, 189 Ross St. Goldberg, Michael, Pres. Graiever Y. M. B. A. (206 E. Broadway); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Barber. Res.: 43 Henry St. Greater N. Y. Aid Soc. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan; relief. Org. 1897. Membership: 700. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 30 E. 1st St. Pres., Samuel J. Karp, 1121 West Farms Rd. Sec'y, Henry Goodman, 128 E. 113th St. Karp, Samuel J., Pres. Greater N. Y. Aid Soc. (30 E. 1st St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Insurance: 121.Bowery. Res.: 1121 West. Farms Rd. Gross Master K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1901. Membership: 80. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., M. Schuster, 290 Delancey St. Sec'y, S. Sperber, 81 Ridge St. Scehuter, Morris, Pres. Gross Master K. U. V. (96 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 290 Delancey St. Grzymalower K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1894. Membership: 116. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 218 E. 2nd St. Pres., Isaac Neuman, 69 E. 4th St. Sec'y, B. Brotman, 147 Stanton St. Neuman, Isaac, Pres. Grzymalower K. U. V. (218 E. 2d St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 69 E. 4th St. Harlem Ind. Warshauer Sick Support Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1904. Membership: 140. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 1364 5th Ave. Pres., L. Katz, 61 E. 100th St. Sec'y, I. Kulick, 2120 Hughes Ave. Katz, L., Pres. Harlem Ind. Warshauer Sick Support Soc. (1364 5th Ave.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1913. Mfgr. Skirts. Res.: 61 E. 100th St. Harlem Kurlander Y. M. Aid Society. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1911. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 777 Membership: 115. Meets: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 100 W. 116th St. Pres., Hyman Levinson, 2006 Amsterdam Ave. Sec'y, Samuel Deutschman, 111 E. 115th St. Levinson, Hyman, Pres. Harlem Kurlander Y. M. Aid Society (100 W. 116th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Received common education. Upholsterer. Res.: 2006 Amsterdam Ave. Harlem Ladies Auxiliary. Org. 1908. Membership 100. Meets 1st and 3rd Sunday afternoon at 100 W. 116th St. Pres., Mrs. Sarah Sommer, 73 W. 116th St. Sec'y, Mrs. Esther Landsman, 134 W. 112th St. Sommer, Mrs. Sarah, Pres., Harlem Ladies Aux. (100 W. 116th St.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1860 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1884. Received general education. Res.: 73 W. 116th St. Harodiseher Brothers Ben. M. A. Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan; insurance. Org. 1900. Membership: 245. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 79 Forsyth St. Pres., Abraham Schwartz, 429 Howard Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Sampson, 161 Eldridge St. Schwartz, Abraham, Pres. Harodischer Bros. Ben. Mutual Aid Soc. (79 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1861 in Rus sia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 429 Howard Ave., B'klyn. Homler Bros. Ass'n. Cemetery. Org. 1899. Membership 570. Meets 2nd and 4th Sundays at 175 E. B'way. Pres., Benjamin Fine, 1722 Union St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Casanove, 2110 Atlantic Ave. Fine, Benjamin, Pres. Homier Bros. Ass'n (175 E. B'way), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Fur Dresser: 602 Metropolitan Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 1722 Union St., B'klyn. Homier Ladies B. S. Free loan. Org. 1910. Membership: 125. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 81 Forsyth St. Pres., Mrs. Ida Seidman, 1431 Madison Ave. Sec'y, H. Sivin, 285 Madison St. Seidman, Ida, Pres. Homier Ladies' B. S. (81 Forsyth St.), since 1912. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 1431 Madison Ave. Horehiver Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1910. Membership: 270. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 80 Clinton St. Pres., Joseph Singer, 32 Walton St., B'klyn. Sec'y. 778 COMMUNAL REGISTEB N. Wager, 279 So. 1st St., B'klyn. Singer, Joseph, Pres. Horchiver Y. M. B. A. (80 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Attended public school. Res.: 32 Walton St., B'klyn. Husiatyner K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1891. Membership: 205. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 193 E. 2nd St. Pres., Louis Epstein, 298 Snediker Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Godel Ginsburg, 665 Beck St. Epstein, Louis, Pres. Husiatyner K. U. V. (193 E. 2nd St,); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 298 Snediker Ave., B'klyn. Hyman Sehiff K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1904. Membership: 150. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Salamon Bornstein, 748 Jackson Ave. Sec'y, M. L. Fried, 7 E. 108th St. Bornstein, Salamon, Pres. Hyman Schiff K. U. V. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1896. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 748 Jackson Ave. &lad Betchenezerner K. U. V. Sick benefit, cemetry, free loan. Org. 1909. Membership 85. Meets 1st and 3rd Sundays at 90 Clinton St. Pres., Isaac Krames, 607 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Nathan Hendert, 1398 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Krames, Isaac, Pres. Ind. Betchenezerner K. U. V. (90 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 507 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn. Ind. Bialykaminer K. U. V. Place of worship, cemetery, insurance; sick benefit. Org. 1910. Membership 120. Meets 2nd and 4th Saturdays at 62 Pitt St. Pres., Isaac Goldsmith, 21 Henry St. Sec'y, Isaac Friedman, 72 Gerry St., B'klyn. Goldsmith, Isaac, Pres., Ind. Bialykaminer K. U. V. (62 Pitt St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1894. Received general J ewis h education. Ladies Cloaks: 23 Catherine St. Res.: 21 Henry St. Ind. Bllgorayer Aid Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 100. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 8 Ave. D. Pres., Joseph Egal, 63 Clinton St. Sec'y, M. J. Silberlicht, 36 Broome St., B'klyn. Egal, Joseph, Pres. Ind. Bilgorayer Aid Soc. (8 Ave. D); elected 1917. Term 6 * MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 779 months. Born 1882 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Insurance: 230 Grand St. Res.: 63 Clinton St. Ind. Bizoner Young Friends' B. A. Org. 1916. Membership: 35. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Thursdays, at 63 Ludlow St. Pres., Emanuel Rosenberg, 950 Ave. St. John. Sec'y, Paul Buchman, 26 Norfolk St. Rosenberg, Emanuel, Pres. Ind. Bizoner Young Friends B. A. (63 Ludlow St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish and secular education. Furrier. Res.: 950 Ave. St. John. Ind. B'nai Abraham B. A. of N. Y. Cemetery. Org. 1916. Membership: 65. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 80 Clinton St. Pres., Samuel A. Katz, 232 So. 1st St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Gold, 191 E. 3rd St. Katz, Samuel A., Pres. Ind. B'nal Abraham B. A. of N. Y. (80 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 232 S. 1st St., B'klyn. Ind. Borisover Vereln. Cemetery. Org. 1908. Membership: 150. Meets: at 206 E. B'way. Pros., Harry Levine, 431 Bristol St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Harry Krasner, 298 Osborn St., B'klyn. Levine, Harry, Pres. Ind. Borisover Verein <206 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Plasterer. Res.: 431 Bristol St., B'klyn. Ind. Brisker Young Men's. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1908. Membership: 70. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 81 Forsyth St. Pres., Louis Kossovsky, 881 E. 178th St. Sec'y, R. Cherkass, 243 E. 13th St. Kossovsky, Louis, Pres. Ind. Brisker Young Men's (81 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Salesman. Res.: 881 E. 178th St. Ind. Buezaeza Cong. K. IJ. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1899. Membership: 108. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 326 E. Houston St Pres., Jacob Margolis, 69 B. 1st St. Sec'y, Benjamin Lindner, 299 E. 3rd St. Margolls, Jacob, Pres. Ind. Buczacza Cong. K. U. V. (326 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1859 in Austria. Came to U. BS. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Jobber. Reo.: 69 B. 1st St. 780 COMMUNAL REGISTER Ind. Bukowinaer Y. M. and Y. L. B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1906. Membership: 106. Meetings: Every Friday, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Louis Pasternack, 306 E. 5th St. Sec'y, Max Pasternack, 717 E. 9th St. Pasternack, L o u I s, Pres. Ind. Bukowinaer Y. M. and Y. L. B. S. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Bukowina. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general education. Salesman. Res.: 306 E. 5th St. Ind. Chechenover Y. M. B. S. Org. 1914. Membership: 50. Meetings: Every Thursday, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Samuel Peretz, 415 Grand St. Sec'y, Kalman Cooper, 451 Grand St. Perets, Samuel, Pres. Chechenover Y. M. B. S. (151 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 3 months. Born 1891 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general J e w i s h education. Res.: 415 Grand St.Ind. Chotlner Bess. K. U. V. (F. B. 0.) Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1904. Membership: 180. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 80 E. 1st St. Pres., Isidore Gelfand, 624 E. 6th St. Sec'y, Samuel Hochman, 110 E. 1st St. Gelfand, Isidore, Pres. Ind. Chotlner Bess. K. U. V. (30 E. 1st St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 64' E. 6th St. Ind. Drobiner B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1907. Membership: 50. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Max Paul, 1114 Forest Ave. Sec'y, Isaac Bookey, 347 W. 35th St. Ind. Dombrowitser B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1909. Membership: 60. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 145 Suffolk St. Pres., Abraham Perlow, 73 Mo n roe St. Sec'y, Max Schwartz, 353 Christopher Ave., B'klyn. Perlow, Abraham, Pres. Ind. Dombrowitzer B. S. (145 Suffolk St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Clothier. Res.: 73 Monroe St. Ind. Drohobycser Assn (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1888. Membership: 175. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 218 E. 2nd St. Pres., Benj. Katz, 883 Forest Ave. Sec'y, Getzel Borkan, 117 Ludlow St. Katz, Benjamin, Pres. Ind. 'Drohobyczer Ass'n (218 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 781 Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general J e w i s h education. Res.: 883 Forest Ave. Ind. Drohobyczer Y. M. Sick and B. A. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1904. Membership: 120. Meetings: Every Monday, at 8 Ave. D. Pres., O. Reiner, 309 E. Houston St. Sec'y, I. Ruberg, 179 Essex St. Reiner, Osias, Pres. Ind. Drohobyczer Y. M. Sick and B. A. (10 Ave. D), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Printer: 121 Norfolk St. Res.: 309 E. Houston St. Ind. Dzoleshitzer Aid Soc. Cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 60. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 232 Broome St. Pres., Isaac Schalowitz, 1284 St. Johns PI., B'klyn. Sec'y, B. Wartelsky, 200 Floyd St., B'klyn. Schalowitz, Isaac, Pres. Ind. Dzoleshitzer Aid Soc. (232 Broome St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1894. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 1284 St. Johns PI., B'klyn. Ind. Elizabethgrad Ladies' B. A. Sick benefit; free loan; burial society. Org. 1900. Membership: 200. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Mrs. E. Gurowitch, 25 E. 99th St. Sec'y, Mrs. L. Tompkins, 920 Longwood Ave. Gurowitch, Mrs. E., Pres. Elizabethgrad Ladies' B. A. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 25 E. 99th St. Ind. Elisabethgrader Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1910. Membership: 45. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 88 Forsyth St. Pres., Max Mollov, 430 Snediker Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, D. Homnick, 265 Rochester Ave., B'klyn. Mollov, Max, Pres. Ind. Elisabethgrader Y. M. B. A. (83 Forsyth St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 430 Snediker Ave., B'klyn. Ind. Erste Ben. Storozynetzer Buk. K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1902. Membership: 120. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 57 St. Marks P1. Pres., Hyman Packer, 1520 Seabury PI. Sec'y, Philip Cohen, 1323 Clinton Ave. Packer, Hyman, Pres. Ind. E r s t e Ben. Storozynetzer Buk. K. U. V. (57 St. Marks P1.); elected 1917. Term 6 Months. Born 1885 in Rus 782 COMMUNAL REGISTER sia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received Public School education. Res.: 1520 Seabury PI. Ind. Faleshter Verein (F. B. O.) Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1905. Membership: 65. Meetings: 2nd and '4th Sundays, at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., H. Rothman, 82 St. Marks P1. Sec'y, I. Feier, 718 E. 6th St. Ind. Fastover Cong. Relief Soc. No. 2. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1911. Membership: 100. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., A. Rothenberg, 55 E. 103rd St. Sec'y, H. Roberts, 646 E. 13th St. Ind. First Koalover. Sick benefit; cemetery: place of worship; free loan. Org. 1899. Membership: 130. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 100 Essex St. Pres., Meyer Meltzer, 8 Willett St. Sec'y, Leo N. Lindenman, 117 Broome St. Meltzer, Meyer, Pres. Ind. First Koslover (102 Essex St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 8 Willett St. - Ind. First Radymnover K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1905. Membership: 125. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 257 E. Houston 253 2nd St. Pres., Mrs. Gussie Weinberg, 364 Grand St. Sec'y, Francis Karger, 253 E. 2nd St. WVeinberg, Mrs. Guslie, Pres. Ind. First Radymnover F. U. V. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1891. Received public school education. Res.: 364 Grand St. Ind. Grodner Sick Support Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1888. Membership: 301. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 57 St. Marks PI. Pres., Louis Shoher, 11% W. 112th St. Sec'y, S. Jones, 18 W. 113th St. Shoher, Louis, Pres. Ind. Grodner Sick Support Soc. (57 St. Marks P1:); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1885. Received general education. Res.: 11% W. 112th St. Ind. Hannah Hirsch K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1897. Membership: 68. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 3 p. m., at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., David J. Borchardt, 204 Delancey St. Sec'y, E. Strauss, 100 Ellery St., B'klyn. Borchardt, David J., Pres. Ind. Hannah Hirsch K. U. V. (214 E. 2nd St.), since 1902. Term 6 months. Born 1859 in Germany. Came to U. *. 1895. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 204 Delancey St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 783 Ind. Jarezower Y. M. B. A. (F. G. B. J. A.) Cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1901. Membership: 72. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 92 Columbia St. Pres., Louis Lacher, 155 Essex St. Sec'y, Mechel Hecht, 253 Stanton St. Lacher, Louis, Pres. Ind. Jarczower Y. M. B. A. (92 Columbia St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish and secular education. Tailor: 117 Essex St. Res.: 155 Essex St. Ind. Kaluszer K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; insurance. Org. 1900. Membership: 125. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 125 Rivington St. Pres., Nathan Schneider, 84 Ave. B. Sec'y, M. Demner, 214 E. 3rd St. Schneider, N a t h a n, Pres. Ind. Kaluszer K. U. V. (125 Rivington St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 84 Avenue B. Ind. Kinsker Aid Society. Org. 1905. Membership 70. Meets 1st and 3rd Saturdays at 107 W. 116th St. Pres., Benj. Greenspan, g40 Claremont Parkway. Sec'y, Abr. Tomaikin, 673 E. 176th St. lad. Klshinever Ladies' K. U. V. Sick benefit: insurance: cemetery; relief. Org. 1906. Membership: 215. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Mrs. Fannie Goldberg, 198 Clinton St. Sec'y, Mrs. Rubinoff, 304 E. 8th St. Ind. Kletsker Aid Sec. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Membership: 200. Meetings: Every Saturday, at 132 Hester St. Pres., Samuel Bien, 511 W. 171st St. Sec'y, A. Levine, 104 Orchard St. Bien, Samuel, Pres. Ind. Kletzker Aid Ass'n (132 Hester St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education, Dealer in Burlap Bags: 344 Water St. Res.: 511 W. 171st St. Ind. Kolomayer B. A. Cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1915. Membership: '42. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 180 Clinton St. Pres., Max Geffner, 103 Norfolk St. Sec'y, J. Ausfresser, 639 E. 9th St. Geffner, Max, Pres. Ind. Kolomayer B. A. (180 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 103 Norfolk St. Ind. Kudryncer K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; charity. Org. 1900. Membership: 110. Meetings: 784 COMMUNAL REGISTER 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Bernard Belinsky, 46 Pitt St. Sec'y, Hyman Richter, 165 Essex St. Belinsky, Bernard, Pres. Ind. Kudryncer K. U. V. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Grocer. Res.: 46 Pitt St. Ind. Kurland B. S. of the Bronx. Sick benefit; relief. Org. 1899. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 100 E. 116th St. Pres., William Pearlman, 90 E. 108th St. Sec'y, R. J. Dallin, 945 E. 163rd St. Ind. Ladies. Sick benefit, free loan. Org. 1901. Membership 115. Meets 2nd and 4th Sunday afternoons at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Mrs. Julia Weiss, 1384 Washington Ave. Sec'y, Mrs. Rose Wallach, 244 E. 7th St. Weiss, Mrs. Julia, Pres., Ind. Ladies (257 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Austria- Res.: 1384 Washington Ave. Ind. Lasker B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Membership: 90. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 14 W. 114th St. Pres., M. Bornstein, 621 E. 135th St. Sec'y, H. Champagne, 1042 Hoe Ave. lad. Lepler Aid Soe. Sick benefit; insurance; ceme tery; free loan; charity. Membership: 170. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., L. Schustaff, 35 Rutgers St. Sec'y, T. Rutkin, 1775 Fulton Ave. Ind. Meseritzer Y. M. A. (F. R. P. H. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan; insurance; charity. Org. 1901. Membership: 260. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 79 Forsyth St. Pres., J. Sucowsky, 1712 Washington Ave. Sec'y, L. Goldfarb, 149 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Ind. Mlawer B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1901. Membership: 172. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 80 Norfolk St. Pres., Harry Mintz, 722 Driggs Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Elias Hellerstein, 969 Fox St. Mintz, Harry, Pres. Ind. Mlawer B. S. (80 Norfolk St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general Jewish education. Leather Goods: 232 Wooster St. Res.: 722 Driggs Ave., B'klyn. Ind. Morgenitter B. S. Sick benefit. Org. 1911. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Jacob Hirsch, 44 Ave. D. *Sec'y, Morris Kleiman, 327 E. 3rd St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 785 Ind. Ostrolenker Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit, cemetery, free loan. Meets 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 80 Clinton St. Pres., Joseph Myerson, 29 W. 118th St. Sec'y, Joseph Cohen, 322 Rodney St., B'klyn. Myerson, Joseph, Pres. Ind. Ostrolenker Y. M. B. A. (80 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Also Pres. Ostrolenker Lodge No. 206, O. B. A. (180 Clinton St.). Born 1876 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1893. Received general Jewish education. Tailor: 17 Orchard St. Res.: 29 W. 118th St. Ind. Philip Bernstein Frauen K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; insurance. Org. 1901. Membership: 85. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 83 Forsyth St. Pres., Mrs. Eliza Zuckerberg, 60 E. 100th St. Sec'y, N. Schwartz, 240 Eldridge St. Zuckerberg, Elisa, Pres. Ind. Philip Bernstein Frauen K. U. V. (83 Forsyth St.) since 1915. Term 6 months. Born.1867 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 50 E. 100th St. Ind. Podwaloezysker B. S. Insurance, cemetery, free loan. Org. 1901. Membership 110. Meets 1st and 3rd Sundays at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Morris Bender, 725 E. 9th St, Sec'y, Ab. Affrichter, 207 E. 7th St. Bender, Morris, Pres. Ind. Podwaloczysker B. S. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general education. Window cleaning: 34 E. 3rd St. Res.: 725 E. 9th St. Ind. Prushnitzer K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org; 1897. Membership: 375. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 79 Delancey St. Pres., Solomon Stern, 282 Broome St. Sec'y, Isaac Edelstein; 22'4 E. Broadway. Ind. Rabbi Wise Soc. Sick benefit, cemetery, free loan. Org. 1901. Membership 65. Meets 1st and 3rd Sundays at 145 Suffolk St. Pres., Charles Bendower, 50 Rivington St. Sec'y, Louis Solomon, 148 W. 17th St. Bendower, Charles, Pres. Ind. Rabbi Wise Soc. (145 Suffolk St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general education. Shoe Repairing. Res.: 50 Rivington St. Ind. Radom Aid Ass'n. Insurance; cemetery. Org. 1893. Membership: 190. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 10 W. 114th St. Pres., Joseph Schottland, 680 Beck St. Sec'y, Sam Mendelson, 925 Union Ave. Schottland, Joseph, P r 6. Ind. Radom Aid' Asen' (10 786 COMMUNAL REGISTER W. 114th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1896. Received collegiate and legal education. Lawyer: 160 Broadway. Res.: 680 Beck St. Ind. Rifka Kotlerow S. & B. A. Sick benefit, cemetery. Org. 1889. Membership 100. Meets 2nd and 4th Tuesdays at 80 Clinton St. Pres., Sigmund Abeles, 196 Vernon Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Morris Singer, 1572 First Ave. Abeles, Sigmund, Pres. Ind. Rifka Kotlerow S. & B, A. (80 Clinton St.) elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1904. Received gene r al education. Attended Rabbinical School, P r e s s - burg. Res.: 196 Vernon Ave., B'klyn. Ind. Riga Sisters' B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1892. Membership: 40. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 193 E. 2nd St. Pres., L. Denenberg, 260 Brook Ave. Secxy, Mrs. M. Scott, 85 Ave. A. Ind. Rohatyner Y. M. B. A. S i c k ' benefit;. insurance; cemetery. Org. 1903. Membership: 80. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 82 Clinton St. Pres., Joseph Haas, 74 Delancey St. Sec'y, A. Bader, 61 Willett St. Baas, Joseph, Pres. Ind. Rohatyner Y. M. B. A. (82 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1890 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 74 Delancey St. Ind. Rubishower Sick and B. A. Org. 1912. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 8 Ave. D. Pres., Meyer Wolfkorn, 336 E. 4th St. Sec'y, Joseph Winning, 1430 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Wolfkorn, Meyer, Pres. Ind. Rubishower Sick and Ben. Ass'n (8 Ave. D); elected 1917. Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1912. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 336 E. 4th St. Ind. Schepatowsky B. A. Cemetery. Org. 1916. Membership: 75. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., Isaac Engler, 950 Union Ave. Sec'y, S. Carduner, 73 W. 118th St. Engler, Isaac, Pres. Ind. Schepatowsky B. A. (106 Forsyth Sty.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1867 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general J e w I sh education. Res.: 950 Union Ave. Ind. Sierpser Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1913. Membership: 130. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 77 Delancey St. Pres., Hyman Silverman, 416 S. 5th St., B'klyn. *Sec'y, I. J. Seidman, 416 S. 6th St., B'klyn. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 787 Silverman, H y m a n, Pres. Ind. Sierpser Y. M. B. A. (77 Delancey St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received Public School education. Tailor: 56 Boerum St., B'klyn. Res.: 416 S. 6th St., B'klyn. Ind. Skalater K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Membership: 164. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., David Mager, 238 Clinton St. Sec'y, Joseph Waltuch, 171 Norfolk St. Mager, David, Pres. Ind. Skalater K. U. V. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1895. Received general Jewish education. -Mfgr. tinware: 515 Water St. Res.: 238 Clinton St. Ind. Slonimer B. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1900. Membership: 370. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., A. Strashun, 19 E. 98th St. Sec'y, Harris Levin, 307 Wallabout St., B'klyn. Strashun, A., Pres. Ind. Slonimer B. S. (98 Forsyth St.), since 1911. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1880. Received High School education in Russia. Real estate. Res.: 19 E. 98th St. Ind. Sochtelhover Y. M. Sick Support Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery; insurance. Org. 1907. Membership: 200. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 77 Delancey St. P r e s., Barnett Greenberg, 804 E. 178th St. Sec'y, Morris Bezinsky, 804 E. 179th St. Greenberg, Barnett, Pres. Ind. Sochtelhover Y. M. Sick Support Soc. (77 Delancey St.), since 1909. Term 1 year. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1884. Received general Jewish education. Cloaks and trimmings: 11 W. 25th St. Res.: 804 E. 178th St. Ind. Stanislauer Ladies' B. A. Cemetery. Org. 1907. Membership: 90. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Mrs. Anna Brodfeld, 766 Fox St. Sec'y., Mrs. S. Feldman, 837 Dawson St. Brodfeld, Anna, Pres. Ind. Stanislauer Ladies'.B. A. (257 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general education. Res.:. 766 Fox St. Ind. Stolowitzer B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1902. Membership: 70. Meetings: at 151 Clinton St. Pres., William Turetzky, 195 Roebling St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Jacob Dariff, 370 22nd St., B'klyn. Turetzky, William, P r es. Ind. Stolowitzer B. A. (151 788 COMMUNAL REGISTER Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1890 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1908. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 196 Roebling St., B'klyn. Ind. Stryjer B. S. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; place of worship; cemetery; charity. Org. 1886. Membership: 350. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 30 E. 1st St. Pres., Morris Fink, 215 E. 6th St. Sec'y Bendid Kirschenbaum, 236 So. 3rd St., B'klyn. Fink, Morris, Pres. Ind. Stryjer B. S. (30 E. 1st St.), since 1910. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Painting. Res.: 215 E. 6th St. Ind. Stuziner U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1899. Membership: 100. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 162 Madison St. Pres., Benjamin Stutzky, 461 9th Ave. Sec'y, W. Meister, 76 Chrystie St. Stutzky, Benjamin, P r e s. Ind. Stuziner U. V. (162 Aadison St.). since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Furniture. Res.: 461 9th Ave. Ind. Sukeroner Sick and B. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1899. Membership: 100. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 100 Essex St. Pres., Joe Brachman, 266 E. Houston St. Sec'y, Sam Trachtman, 414 Vermont St., B'klyn. Brachinan, Joe, Pres. Ind. Sukeroner Sick and B. A. (100 Essex St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Mattresses. Res.: 266 E. Houston St. Ind. Tarnopoler K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship; free loan; charity. Org. 1896. Membership: 216. Meetings: 2nd and.4th Mondays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., S. W. Levenhar, 315 E. 4th St. Sec'y, M. Weishaut, 88 Ave. D. Levenhar, S. W., Pres. Ind. Tarnopoler K. U. V. (214 E. 2nd St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1846 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1893. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 315 E. 4th St. Ind. Tarnower K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1892. Membership: 300. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays at 86 Attorney St. Pres., F. Cohen, 7 E. 105th St. Sec'y, M. Steckler, 58 W. 116th St. Cohen, F., Pres. Ind. Tarnower K. U. V. (86 Attorney St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. *Received public school education. Res.: 7 E. 105th St. MUTUAL. AID AGENCIES 789 Ind. Tarnower Ladies' B. S. Cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 130. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 215 E. 2nd St. Pres., H. Gargle, 165 Floyd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Mrs. A. Langer, 50 E. 102nd St. Ind. Warschawer Sick Support Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1886. Membership: 423. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 30 E. 1st St. Pres., Nathan Tuchman, 104 E. 4th St. Sec'y, Isidore Bernstoch, 129 Rivington St. Tuchman, Nathan, Pres. Ind. Warshawer Sick Support Soc. (30 E. 1st St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1858 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Attended Public School in Russia. Real estate: 320 Broadway. Res.: 104 E. 4th St. Ind. Wisner Soc. Cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1916. Membership: 60. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 83 'Forsyth St. Pres., Harris Scheinberg, 28 Scammel St. Sec'y, R. Adelstein, 8 W. 114th St. Scheinberg, Harris, P r e s. Ind. Wisner Soc. (83 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish and secular education. Letter carrier. Res.: 28 Scammel St. Ind. Wlotslawker Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1907. Membership: 125. Meets at 100 Essex St. Pres., David Rachwah, 201 Brown P1. Sec'y, H. L. Berman, 235 Rochester Ave., B'klyn. Ind. Zaleszczyker K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1900. Membership: 100. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sat~urdays, at 1'45 Suffolk St. Pres., I. Gottlieb, 306 E. 6th St. Sec'y, Abraham Fromm, 50 E. 3rd St. Gottlieb, I., Pres. Ind. Zaleszczyker K. U. V. (145 Suffolk St.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general J e w i s h education. Plumber. Business and Res.: 306 E. 6th St. Ind. Zamostzer B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1891. Membership: 56. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 17 Ave. A. Pres., Hyman Bursztyn, 302 E. Houston St. Sec'y, B. Oslansky, 157 Vernon Ave., B'klyn. Buraztyn, Hyman, Pres. Ind. Zamostzer B. S. (17 Ave. A), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general education. Dealer in silks and woolens. Res.: 302 E. Houston St. International K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1889. Membership.: 102. Meets: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 107 W. 790 COMMUNAL REGISTER 116th St. Pres., Harry Dintenfass, 220 A u d u b o n Ave. Sec'y, Louis Kurz, 1 E. 106th St. I a a a c Elchanan Ind. Ben. Lodge. Sick benefit. Org. 1891. Membership 210. Meets 2nd and 4th Sundays at 155 E. 68th St. Pres., Benj. Lewin, 8 W. 111th St. Sec'y, Herman Gross, 509 W. 174th St. I a a c Lodge. Sick benefit, cemetery. Org. 1856. Membership 165. Meetings every -4th Wednesday at 107 W. 116th St. Pres., Benjamin Harskowitch, 361 Bradford St., B'klyn. Sec'y, William Kurben, 2989 3rd Ave. Harskowitch, Benjamin, Pres. Isaac Lodge (107 W. 116th St.), since 1909. Term 1 year. Received general Jewish education. Clothing: 48 W. 25th St. Res.: 361 Bradford St., B'klyn. Isidore Goldenberg Society. Meets 1st and 3d Thursdays, at 106 Forsyth St. Sec'y, Simon Rosenthal, 149 Forsyth St. Israel Sick and B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 110. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 328 E. Houston St. Pres., Herman Newman, 348 E. 9th St. Sec'y, Adolf Moskowitz, 201 W. 136th St. Newman, Herman, Pres. Israel Sick and B. A. (328 E. Houston St.), since 1915 Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1882. Received general Jewish education. Salesman. Res.: 348 E. 9th St. Israelite Community of Jannina. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 200. Meetings: 3rd Sunday, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Aaron Sadsek, High View, Sullivan Co., N. Y. Sec'y, Ben Zion Israel, 51 E. 114th St. Sadsek, Aaron, Pres. Israelfte Community of Jannina (98 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1886 in Greece. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general education. Mfgr. underwear: 99 Green St. Res.: High View, Sullivan County, N. Y. Ivangroder K. U. V. (F. R. P. H. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1907. Membership: 72. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Jacob Teitel, 92 E. 1st St. Sec'y, Sam Zucker, 647 E. 13th St. Teitel, Jacob, Pres. Ivangroder K. U. V. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born'1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1909. Res.: 92 E. 1st St. Jacob Goldstein Ass'n. Sick benefit; free loan. Org. 1912. Membership: 90. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 100 Essex St. Pres., Meyer Augstreich, 132 Essex St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 791 Sec'y, Moses Teitelbaum, 128 Rivington St. Augstreich, Meyer, Pres. Jacob Goldstein Ass'n (100 Essex St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received Public School education. Insurance: 230 Grand St. Res.: 132 Essex St. Johanna Rehfeld K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance. Org. 1897. Membership: 86. Meets: 1st and 3d Wednesdays, at 10 W. 114th St. Pres., Mrs. Eva Lissman, 8 W. 130th St. Sec'y, Mrs. Johanna Wolgemuth, 68 E. 120th St. Lissman, Mrs. Eva, Pres. Johanna Rehfeld.K. U. V. (10 W. 114th St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1858 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1883. Received Public School education. Res.: 8 W. 130th St. Julia Klein. Sick benefit, place of worship, free loan. Org. 1895. Membership 75. Meets 1st and 3rd Sundays at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Lena Lefkowitz. Sec'y, M. Kessler, 470 E. 141st St. Kaiser Elizabeth Oestrelcher K. U. V. Cemetery. Org. 1902. Membership: 48. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 17 Ave. A. Pres., Mrs. Fannie Fruchtman, 70 St. Marks PI. Sec'y, Mrs. Fannie Gritz, 953 Hoe Ave. Fruchtman, Fannie. Pres. Kaiser Elizabeth Oestreicher K. U. V. (17 Ave. A), since 191'4. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1877. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 70 St. Marks Pi. Kalarashi Besserabian B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1916. Membership: 100. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 119 Rivington St. Pres., Joseph Rosenberg, 92 Ludlow St. Sec'y, J. Rabinowitz, 233 E. 12th St. Rosenberg, J o se p h, Pres. Kalarashi Bessarabian B. A. (119 Rivington St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish and secular education. Carpenter. Res.: 92 Ludlow St. Kalisher Bikur Cholim. Sick benefit. Org. 1916. Meets 2nd Sunday afternoon at 100 W. 116th St. Pres., Schoje Moskowitz, 820 Dawson St. Moskowitz, S e h o J e, Pres. Kalisher Bikur Cholim (100 W. 116th St.), elected 1917.v Term 6 months. Born in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received Hebrew education. Tailor: 692 Beck St. Res.: 820 Dawson St. Kaluaser Y. M. B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1905. Membership: 200. IMeetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Ellas 792.COMMUNAL JREGISTER Handweiler, 146 Attorney St. Sec'y, H. Mintzer, 136 Suffolk St. Handweiler, Elias, P r e s. Kaluszer Y. M. B. S. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general J e wi s h education. Barber: 149 Attorney St. Res.: 146 Attorney St. Kaminitz-Podoler B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1915. Membership: 76. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 169 E. Houston St. Pres., Joseph Schneider, 1331 Franklin Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Schaffer. Schneider, Joseph, Pres. Karinitz-Podoler B. A. (169 E. Houston St.). Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1894. Received general J e w i s h education. Res.: 1331 Franklin Ave., B'klyn. Kamenitzer-Podolier Ladies' B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. i900. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Mrs. R. Goldman, 31 W. 118th St. Sec'y, J. Nadelman, 313 E. 6th St. Goldman, Mrs. R., Pres. Kamenitzer-Podolier Ladies' B. A. (214 E. 2nd St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1860 in Russia. Came to 'U. S. 1'890. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 31 W. 118th St. Kaminetz-Litovsk U. V. Sick benefit; insurance;, cemetery; free loan. Org. 1900 Membership: 60. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 32s E. Houston St. Pres., Theodore Burstein, 654 Beck St. Sec'y, Morris Cantor, 513 E 11th St. Burstein, Theodore, P r e s. Kaminetz-Litovsk U, V. (328 E. Houston St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1852 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Insurance: 120 Broadway. Res.: 654 Beck St. Karutz Berezer Aid Soc. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan; charity. Org. 1890. Mem b e rship: 135. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 151 Clinton St: Pres., Joseph Gordon, 207 V. 27th St. Sec'y, S. Pomerantz, 80 Ave. C. Gordon, Joseph, Pres. Karutz Berezer Aid. Soc. (151 Clinton St.), since 1907. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S 1890. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 207 W. 27th St. Kasminer Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 40. Meetings: 2nd and '4th Saturdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., Samuel Lesser. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 793 2112 Dean St., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Schreibfeder, 1679 Park PI., B'klyn. Lesser, Samuel, Pres. Kasminer Y. M. B. A. (96 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born. 1891 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Res.: 2112 Deah St., B'klyn. Kassover Ladies' Aid Soc. Relief. Org. 1917. Membership: 75. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 209 E. B'way. Pres., Mrs. Leah Karelitz, 368. Rodney St., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Shushan, 252 E. Houston St. Karelitz, Leah, Pres. Kassover Ladies' Aid Soc. (2'09 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 368 Rodney St., B'klyn. Kavler Young Men's Saving and Loan Ass'n, Inc. Free loan. Org. 1907. Membership: 150. Meets at 28 Ave. A. Pres., Abraham Steinthal, 850 E. 164th St. Sec'y, S. Steinthal, 860 E. 164th St. Steinthal, Abraham, Pres. 'kavler Y. M. Saving and Loan Ass'n, Inc. (28 Ave. A.), since 1907. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1896. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 850 E. 164th St. Keldaner Ass'n. Sick benefit;:'insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1900. Membership: 350. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 173 E. B'way. Pres., H. J. Epstein,/ 1421 Crotona Ave. Sec'y, M. S. Lichtman, 414 Chester St., B'klyn. Epstein, H. J., Pres. Keidaner Ass'n (173 E. B'way), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1898. Graduated medical college. Physician. Res.: 1421 Crotona Ave. Kellner K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1902. Membership: 275. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 12 St. Marks P1. Pres., Adolph Turtletaub, 12 St. Marks P1. Sec'y, Max Miller, 113 St. Marks PI. Turtletaub, Adolph, Pres. Kellner K. U. V. (12 St. Marks P1.), sin;ce 1914. Teim 6 months. "Born 1877 * inriAustria. Came to U. S. i93. Received general Jewish and secular 'education. Restaurant. Res.' 12 St. Marks PI. Keter Zion Angora (F. 0, J. A.) Sick benefit, cemetery. Org. 1913. Membership 65. Meets once a month at 184 Eldridge St. Pres., Uz Crespi, 349 Lott Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Raphael Levi, 173Orchard' St. Kielcer K. U. V. Ruissan Poland. Sick beneft; 'cemetery; place of worShilp 6rg. 794 COMMUNAL 1905. Membership: 130. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 62 Pitt St. Pres., Charles Goldman, 143 Ridge St. Sec'y, Abraham Beckerman, 365 Madison St. Goldman, Charles, Pres. Kielcer K. U. V. Russian Poland (62 Pitt St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in N. Y. Received Public School education. Res.: 143 Ridge St. Kinischiver Brotherly Aid Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1890. Membership: 74. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 73 Ludlow St. Pres., Joseph Napolsky, 66 Montgomery St. Sec'y, H. Kalmanowitz, 954 Jennings St. Napolsky, J o s e p h, Pres. Kinischiver Brotherly Aid Soc. (73 Iudlow St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general, Jewish and secular education. Cleaning and Dyeing. Res.: 66 Montgomery St. Klimontover Young Friends. Sick benefit., Org. 1915. Membership 42. Meets 2nd and 4th Saturdays at 8-10 Avenue D. Pres., Nathan Schneider, 283 Stanton St. Sec'y, A. Gitter, 62 Pitt St. Knihin-Stanislower K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1907. Membership: 120. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 145 Suffolk St. 1 REGISTER Pres., Morris Blechner, 199 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, Louis Gross, 276 E. 3rd St. Blechner, Morris, Pres. Knihin-Stanislower K. U. V. (145 Suffolk St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Cornice and skylight maker: 43 1st St. Res.: 199 E. 3rd St. Koidanover B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1899. Membership: 110. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 83 Forsyth St. Pres., Barnet Epstein, 1518 Eastern Parkway, B'klyn. Sec'y, Sam Fein, 908 Driggs Ave., B'klyn. Epstein, Barnet, Pres. Koidanover B. A. (83 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general Jewish and secular education. Cloaks: 116 Osborn St., B'klyn. Res.: 1518 Eastern Parkway, B'klyn. Iolbuszower Y. M. B. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1899. Membership: 300. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 77 Delancey St. Pres., Joseph A. Juskowitz, 183 Franklin St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Samuel Greenberg, 919 Forest Ave. Juskowitz, Joseph A., Pres. Kolbuszower Y. M. B. S. (77 Delancey St.), since 1916. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 795 Term 6 months. Born 1890 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Salesman. Res.: 183 Franklin St., B'klyn. Koller Ladies' B. A. (F. H. P. J. A.) Sick benefit. Org. 1900. Mem b e r s h i p: 100. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 100 Essex St. Pres., Joseph Cxittner, 304 W. 160th St. Sec'y, I. Myers, 20 E. 117th St. Cuttuer, Joseph, Pres. Koller Ladies' B. S. (100 Essex St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1894. Received general Jewish education. Plumbing: 2840. 8th Ave. Res.: 304 W. 150th St. Koniness Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; i n s u rance; free loan. Membership: 175. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 77 Delancey St. Pres., H. Schaeffer, 199 Stockton St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J o s e p h Lieberman, 1057 Hoe Ave. Kopoigorod Podolier Aid Ass'nSick benefit, cemetery. Org. 1903. Membership 45. Meets 2nd and 4th Sundays at 67 Clinton St. Pres., Israel Zeldin, 250 E. 105th St. Sec'y, Louis Laskin, 655 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Zeldin, Israel, Pres. Kopoigorod Podolier Aid Ass'n (67 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Manufacturer. Res.: 250 E. 105th St. Kovular Sons of Jacob. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1913. Membership: 72. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 29 W. 115th St. Pres., Sander Smith, 1108 2nd Ave. Sec'y, Louis Weinberg, 399 Kosciusko St., B'klyn. Krakinever B. A. Sick benefit, cemetery. Org. 1906. Membership: 620. Meets 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 62 E. 106th St. Pres., Louis Lesson, 1710 Bathgate Ave. Sec'y, Jacob Jacobson, 1650 Madison Ave. Krasnashltzer Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1916. Membership: 75. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., David Butchen, 46 Gouverneur St. Sec'y, H. Kaplan, 36 Rivington St. Butchen, David, Pres. Krasnashitzer Y. M. B. A. (151 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1891 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 46 Gouverneur St. Krsessower K. U. V. Cemetery. Org. 1908. Membership: 60. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 92 Columbia St. Pres., Sam Student, 758 E. 168th St. Sec'y, R. Obstbaum, 610 Oak St. 796 COMMUNA Krassnapoler Y. M. A. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1904. Membership: 60. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Harris Levine, 232 Monroe St. Sec'y, F. Levy, 276 Madison St. Levine, Harris. Pres. Krassnopoler Young Men's Aid Soc. (151 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Res.: 232 Monroe St. Krementuger Ladies' B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1900. Membership: 80. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 82 Clinton St. Pres., Mrs. Mary Brodsky, 460 Grand St. Sec'y, Leah Breada, 202 So. 2nd St., B'klyn. Brodsky, Mary, Pres. Krementuger Ladies' B. A. (82 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1864 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish education. Installment business. Res.: 460 Grand St. Kremenetzer-Wohliner B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 55. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Thursdays, at 82. Clinton St. Pres., BenjaLrin Barshop, 919 Forest Ave. Sec'y, H. Courtman, 212 E. 7th St. B.arshap, Benjamin, Pres. Kremenetzer-Wohliner B. A. 't82' linton St.); elected..., ~Z ~.' ',' *.,! L REGISTER 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish and secular education. Cabinet Maker: 6 E. 12th St. Res.: 919 Forest Ave. Krynicaer Y. M. B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1895. Membership: 440. Meetings: Every Thursday, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Jacob Graff, 113 R o d n e.y St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Riegelhaupt, 341 E. Houston St. Graff, Jacob, Pres. Krynicaer Y. M. B. S. (214 E. 2nd St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Clothier: 1571/2 Stanton St. Res.: 113 Rodney St., B'klyn Kulikower K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1903. Membership: 83. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 66 Clinton St. Pres., Edward Osterman, 522 E. 147th St. Sec'y, A. Adler, 1361 Brook Ave. Kupiner- Podoler M. A. Soe. Sick beneht; cemetery. Org. 191'4. Membership: 50. Meetings. 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 193 E. 2nd St. Pres., Max Kupersmlth, 639 E. 9th St. Sec'y, H y m a n Fleishman, 316 E. 14th St. Kupersmlth, Max., Pres. Kupiner-Podoler M. A. Soc..(193 E. 2nd St.), since 1914. term 6.months. Born 1872....,,,, -.. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 797 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1910. Received a thorough Jewish education. Rabbi. Res.: 639 E. 9th St. Kurinitzer and Velieker B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1906. Membership: 35. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 116 Monroe St. Pres., Aaron Gordon, 58 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, Abraham Zuckerman, 311 Madison St. Gordon, Aaron, Pres. Kurinitzer and Velieker B. A. (116 Monroe St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish and secular education. Contractor. Res.: 58 E. 3rd St. Kurlander Ladies' Aid Society. Sick benefit. Org. 1897. Membership: 70. Meets: 1st and 3d Saturdays, at 100 W. 116th St. Pres., Mrs. Lena Schatz, 907 Tinton Ave. Sec'y, Mrs. Sarah Henschel, 65 W. 127th St, Labousker Y.: M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1907. Membership: 175. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 175 E. B'way. Pres., Louis Levine, 37 Gouverneur St. Sec'y, Alex. Rubin, 747 E. 182nd St. Levine, Louis, Pres. Labousker Y. M. B. A. (175 E. B'way), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Rus sia. Came to U. S. 1896. Received general J e w ish education. Res.: 37 Gouverneur St. Ladies' Auxiliary of the F. R. J. A. Place of worship: charity. Org. 1907. Membership: 200. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., Mrs. Beckie Zucker, 73 First St. Sec'y, Mrs. Fannie Bornstein, 200 W. 145th St. Zucker, Beckie, Pres. Ladies' Aux. of the F. R. J. A. (185 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 73 1st St. Ladies Chevrah T'hillm Soc. of Harlem. Provides a Minyan during week of mourning. Org. 1910. Membership 100. Meets Saturdays at 1364 5th Ave. Pres., Mrs. Ida Cohen, 1353 5th Ave. Sec'y, Mr. Sachs, 2 E. 112th St, Cohen, Mrs; Ida, Pres. Ladies Chevrah T'hilim Soc. of Harlem (1364 5th Ave.), since 1909. Term 1 year. Born 1859 in Russia. Came tb U. S. 1898. Received general education. Res.: 1863 5th Ave. Ladies' Ozorkover A. Si Sick benefit. Org. 1911. Membership: 50. Meetings: l:st and 3rd Sundays, at 326 E. HouSton St. Pres., Istdor'e Cubelsky, 867 De Kalb Avi, '798 COMMUNAL REGISTER B'klyn. Sec'y. Mrs. P. Winer, 3'4 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. Cubelaky, Isidore, Pres. Ladies Ozorkover A. S. (326 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1861 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 867 De Kalb Avenue, B'klyn. Ladies Petffi S. B. S. Weekly benefit. Org. 1892. Membership 160. Meets 2nd and 4th Sundays at 155 E. 58th St. Pres., Bertha Greenwald, 205 W. 118th St. Sec'y, Sam Marmurstein, 1467 First Ave. Lantzkorlner Y. M. and L. A. A. Sick 'benefit; cemetery. Org. 1911. Membership: 80. Meetings: Every Friday at 17 Ave. A. Pres., Abraham Cohen, 21 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, Morris Weissman, 82 Attorney St. Cohen, Abraham, Pres. Lantzkoriner Y. M. and L. Aid Ass'n. (17 Ave. A); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1892 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1911. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 21 E. 3rd St. Lansuter K. U.V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan; charity. Org. 1893. Membership: 160. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 142 2nd Ave. Pres., Samuel Price, 431 E. 83rd St. Sec'y, J. Unger, 439 E. Houston St. Price, Samuel, Pris. Lansuter K. U. V. (142 Second Ave.), since 1902. Term 1 year. Born 1852 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1872. Merchant. Res.: 431 E. 83rd St. Latitchever Young Friends'. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1906. Membership: 80. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Joseph H. Flint, 181 Essex St. Sec'y, H. Trachtenberg, 201 E. 2nd St. Flint, Joseph H., Pres. Latitchever Young Friends' (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. corsets and gloves. Res.: 181 Essex St. Lemberger Frauen K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1901. Membership: 220. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Mrs. E. Hauer, 1591/2 Essex St. Sec'y, Mrs. S. Springer, 260 E. 4th St. Hauer, Mrs. E., Pres. Lemberger Frauen K. U. V, (214 E. 2nd St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general education. Res.: 1592 Essex St. Lemberger K. U. V.. Sick beneflt; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1897. Membership: 150. Meetings: 1st and 8ra 'Tuesdays, at 214 E. 2nd MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 799 St. Pres., Louis Rumberg, 117 Ave. C. Sec'y, Max Kalter, 402 Georgia Ave., B'klyn. Rumberg Louis, Pres. Lemberger K. U. V. (214 E. 2nd St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 117 Ave. C. Lezansker Y. M. B. S. Sick tenefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan; relief. Org. 1900. Membership: 186. Meetings: Every Monday, at 86 Attorney St. Pres., Samuel Lempel, 6 Columbia St. Sec'y, Morris Bohrer, 891 Fox St. L e m p e l, Samuel, Pres. Lezansker Y. M. B. S. (86 Attorney St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1893 in N. Y. Received a High School education. Res.: 6 Columbia St. Lieber Grill Ass'n (P. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1898. Membership: 85. Meetings: Every 3rd Saturday, at 125 Rivington St. Pres., Jacob Ausfresser, 639 E. 9th St. Sec'y, Louis Salpetar, 303 E. 8th St. Ausfreaser, Ja cob, Pres. Lieber Grill Ass'n (125 Rivington St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born in Austria. Came-to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 639 E. 9th St. Lieder Sisters' Ben. Ass'n. Sick benefit. Org. 1910. Membership: 95. Meets: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 17 Ave. A. Pres., Mrs. E. Block, 185 2nd Ave. Sec'y, L. Lithowitz, 40 Eldridge St. Block, Mrs. E., Pres. Lieder Sisters' Ben. Ass'n (17 Ave. A.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in U. S. Received high school education. Res.: 185 2nd Ave. Linitzer Soc. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; charity. Org. 1894. Membership: 100. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., H. Wernik, 24 W. 113th St. Sec'y, H. Ulano, 208 E. 45th St. Lipkoner K. U. V. Sick benefit; - cemetery. Org. 1905. Membership: 65. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres.,.Jacob Weisser, 60 2nd Ave. Sec'y, Meyer Feldman, 941 Simpson St. Weisser, Jacob, Pres. Lipkoner K. U. V. (209 E. 2nd St.), since 1909. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Meat and Poultry Dealer: 152 Ludlow St. Res.: 60 2nd Ave. Lipowitzer Aid Soc. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan; charity. Org. 1908. Membership: 175. Meetings: 800 COMMUNAL REOISTER 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 15i Clinton St. Pres., Abra-. ham Cutler, '402 E. 8th St. Sec'y, J. Milstein, 321 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Cutler, Abraham, Pres. Lipowitzer Aid Soc. (151 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Rpssia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general J e w sh education. Laundry: 350 E. 9th St. Res.: 402 E. 8th St. Lissinker Soc. (Ind.) S i c k benefit, cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership 40. Meets 1st and 3rd Sundays at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Abraham Bernstein, 257 E. 7th St. Sec'y, Morris Rabinowitz, 99 Henry St. Bernstein, Abraham, Pres., Lssinker 8oc. (Ind.) (151 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months, Born 1890 in Russia. Came to U. S., 1912. Received general eduation. Res: 257;. 7th St. Lomazer Y. M. B. A. Org. 1916. Membership:.45. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 83: Forsyth St. Pres., Morris, Pallesatzky, 171 E.. 101st, St. Sec'y, H. Simon, 185, 2nd Ave., Pallexatzky, Morris, Pres.. Lomazer' Y. M. B. A. (83 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1894 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1913. Receiyed general Jewish and secular education., Re..:,71-E, 10,ast, St. Lomzer Aid Soc. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1897. Membership: 200. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 206 E. B'way. Pres., Louis Altschul, 255 E. 174th St. Sec'y, H. Bomt, 200 Clinton St. Altschul, Louis, Pres. Lomzer Aid Soc. (206 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Real estate: 252 E. Fordham lkd. Res.: 255 E. 174th St. Lomzer Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan; relief. Org. 1899. Membership: 360. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 81 Forsyth St. Pres., Louis Rosenberg, 21 Henry St. B'klyn. Sec'y, E. Perlow, 47 E. 3rd St. Rosenberg, L o u I s, Pres. Lomzer Y. M. B. A. (81 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general J e w is h and secular education. Cloaks and suits: 133 VW. 19th St. Res.: 21 Henry St., B'klyn. Loshitzer U. V. Cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 58. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 83 Forsyth St. Pres., Abraham Rogall, 666 Dumont Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Feigenbaum, 316 Hinsdale St., B'klyn, MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 801 Rogail, Abraham, Pres. Loshitzer U. V. (83 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1890 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 666 Dumont Ave., B'klyn. Lubliner Relief Soc. Relief. Org. 1916. Membership 36. Meets 2nd and 4th Mondays at 125 Rivington St. Pres., M. Ellenbogen, 631 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Berman, 56 St. Marks PI. illenbogen, M., Pres. Lubliner Relief Soc. (125 Rivlngton St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1868 in Lublin, Poland. Came to U. S. 1893. Received general education. Real estate, 531 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. Lubliner United Brothers' Ass'n. Sick benefit; cemetery; charity. Org.,1895. Membership: 76. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Alter M. Hornstein, 871 E. 170th St. Sec'y, 'Morris B. Lederman, 58 Lee Ave., B'klyn. Hornstein, Alter M., Pres. Lubliner United Bros.' Ass'n (151 Clinton St.), since 1911. Term 6 months. Born 1864 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general education. Real estate and insurance. Res.: 871 E. 170th St. Luptner Young Men's Benevolent Aas'n. Sick benefit; cemetery.Org. 1.05. M6m bership: 40. Meets; 1st and 3d Tuesdays, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Louis Simonowitz, 400 Grand St. Sec'y, Sam Chernoff, 772 Forest Ave. Machenafker Soc. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1895. Membership: 80. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Jacob Cooperl 274 Henry St. Sec'y, G. Rosenstein, 2116 Atlantic Ave., B'klyn. Cooper, Jacob, Pres. Machenafker Soc. (151 Clinton St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1860 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received Public School education. Res.: 274 Henry St. Madison Protection Aid Ass'n. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1917. Membership: 35. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 62 E. 106th St. Pres., Henry M. Harris; 2023 7th Ave. Sec'y, Arthur L. Rinkel, 920 B'way, Bayonne, N. J. Harris, Henry M., Pres. Madison Protection Aid Ass'n (62 E. 106th St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1864 in England. Cane to U. S. 1886. Received general education. Insurance. Res.: 2023 7th Ave. Maicheter Britderlicher U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1905. Membership: 118. Meetings: lst and 3rd Saturdays, -at 79 Roretth 802 COMMUNAL REGISTER St. Pres., Isidore Rabinowitz, 100 Henry St. Sec'y, A. Cannon, 56 Sumner Ave., B'klyn. Rabinowitz, Isidore, Pres. Maicheter Briiderlicher U. V. (79 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 100 Henry St. Maimonides Ben. Society. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1853. Membership: 1014. M e e t s: 1st and 3d Tuesdays, at 1943 Madison Ave. Pres., Harry N. Simon, 2 Astor P1. Sec'y,.Albert Fredericks, 601 West 164th St. Makarover B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 50. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 85 E. 4th St. Pres., Hyman Silver, 114 E. 97th St. Sec'y, Louis Zelansky, 306 E. 103rd St. Silver, Hyman, Pres. Makarover B. A. (85 E. '4th St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1890 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1914. Received general Jewish education. Cloak Mfgr. Res.: 114 E. 97th St. Makawer Y. M. A. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1907. Membership: 110. Meetings: 1st and third Wednesdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., David Moskowitz, 300 E. 101st St. Sec'y, H. Cohen, 55 Norfolk St. Moskowitz, David, Pres. Makawer Y. M. Aid Soc. (151 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Stationery. Res.: 300 E. 101st St. Manhattan Y. M. Ass'n. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1893. Membership: 440. Meets at 145 E. 58th St. Pres., Henry W. Fried, h00 B'way. Sec'y, Louis B. Parensky, 1469 Webster Ave. Marcus Cassirer B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1897. Membership: 54. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 62 E. 106th St. Pres., David Lissman, 8 W. 130th St. Sec'y, Jacob Miller, 844 Dawson St. - Lissman, David, Pres. Marcus Cassirer B. S. (62 E. 106th St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1859 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1884. Received general education. Cigar maker. Res.: 8 W. 130th St. Mariupoler U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1905. Membership: 70. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 209 E. B'way. Pres, Samuel Star, 1515 Charlotte St. Sec'y, M. ' Beninson, 68 E. 101st St. MUTUAL AII AGENCIES 803 Star, Samuel, Pres. Mariupoler U. V. (209 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 1515 Charlotte St. Mary Ullman. Sick benefit. Org. 1903. Membership: 150. Meets: 1st and 3d Wednesdays, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Mrs. Mollie Reuben, 332 E. Houston St. Sec'y, S. Stiener, Garfield Ave., Richmond Hill. Reuben, Mrs. Mollie, Pres. Mary Ullman (257 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1860 in Austria. Res.: 332 E. Houston St. Matilda Banner K. U. V. Sick benefit; free loan. Org. 1903. Membership: 160. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Matilda Banner, 60 2nd Ave. Sec'y, Max Seliger, 396 B'way. Banner, Matilda, Pres. Matilda Banner K. U. V. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1903. Term 6 months. Born 1858 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1893. Received general Jewish education. Boys' Knee Pants. Res.: 60 2nd Ave. Max Feinberg Ass'n. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; relief. Org. 1916. Membership: 68. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 107 W. 116th St. Pres., Adolph Bangser, 55 Liberty St. Sec'y, Morris Feinberg, 22 W. 15th St. Bangser, Adolph, Pres. Max Feinberg Ass'n (107 W. 116th St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1885 in U. S. Received college education. Lawyer, 55 Liberty St. Max Roch Ben. Soc. of Harlem. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1903. Membership: 70. Meets 1st and 3d Tuesdays, at 62 E. 106th St. Pres., Harry Schlam, 29 St. Marks Place. Sec'y, Samuel Ehrenberg, 1022 Stebbins Ave. Medgelbosh Pro g. Solidarte Soc. Sick benefit; Insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1899. Membership: 145. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 175 E. B'way. Pres., A. Gnatowsky, 439 Graham Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Max Kneizer, 45 Bo e r u m St., B'klyn. Gnatowsky, A., Pres. Medgelbosh Prog. Solidarte Soc. (175 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general Jewish education. Bottle business: 442 Graham Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 439 Graham Ave., B'klyn. Merchant Aid Society. Meets: at 276 E. Houstoi St. Pres., Max Garfunkel, 254 E. 7th St. a 804 COMMUNAL REGISTER Garfunkel, Max, Pres. Merchant Aid Soc. (276 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general J e wis h education. Insurance. Res.: 254 E. 7th St. Meritzer Relief Ass'n. Sick benefit; -insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1900. Membership: 250. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., Simon Harris, 30 W. 112th St. Sec'y, Harris Abelow, 623 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Mesritser Ladies' Aid Soc. Insurance; relief. Org. 1908. Membership:. 150. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 81 Forsyth St. Pres., Sadie Goldstein, 108 Division Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Goodman, 1558 Minford PI. Goldstein, Sadie, Pres. Mesritzer Ladies' Aid Soc. (81 Forsyth St.), since 191;4. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Shoes: 131 Rivington St. Res.: 108 Division Ave., B'klyn. Milataizer Brotherly Aid Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1907. Membership: 40. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 56 Orchard St. Pres., Gedaliah Slochowsky, 204 Christopher Ave., B'klyn. 'Sec'y, J..Nordau, 1405 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Slochowsky, Gedaliah, Pres. Milatzizer B r o t h e r ly Aid Soc. (56 Orchard St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born.1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 204 Christopher Ave., B'klyn. Minsker Ind. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan; relief. Org. 1892. Membership: 1000. Meetings. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 175 E. B'way. Sec'y, Solomon S h a p i r o, 1157 Longfellow Ave. Minsker Y. M. Commercial Aid Ass'n. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1905. Membership: 200. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 206 E. B'way. Sec'y, Samuel Rabinowitz, 885 Stebbins St. Minsker Young Friends' B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; relief. Org. 1905. Membership: 650. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 242 E. B'way. Pres., Max Resnik, 1457 44th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Rabinowitz, 748 Tremont Ave. Resnik, Max, Pres. Minsker Young Friends' B. A. (242 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U.- S. 1904. Received general education. Insurance: 443 Myrtle Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 1467 44th St., 'B'klyn. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 805 Mirer Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; c e m e t e r y; free loan. Org. 1903. Membership: 130. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 175 E. B'way, Pres., Morris Solomon, 87 Harrison Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Philip Zietz, 1602 Madison Ave. Solomon, Morris, Pres. Mirer Y. M. B. A. (175 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Painter. Res.: 87 Harrison Ave., B'klyn. Mlizutcher Woliner K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 40. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., David Schindler, 85 Hopkins St., B'klyn. Sec'y, David Hoffman, 159 Ellery St., B'klyn. Schindler, David, Pres. Mizutcher Woliner. K. U. V. (151 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 85 Hopkins St., B'klyn. M'kor Chaim Dardanelles (F. 0. J. A.) Sick benefit, cemetery. Org. 1910. Member-+ ship 170. Meets 2nd Sunday at Carmel Hall,' Forsyth and Rivington Sts. and at 75 E. 116th St. Pres;, Samuel Coen, 1 E. 112th St. Sec'y., B. Benbashat, 1758 Madison Ave. Mlawer, Chevrah A h a v a t h A c h Im. Insurance., Org. 1872. Membership: 35. Meetings: 1st Sunday, at 232 Broome St. Pres., Samuel Simmons, 173 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Hyman, 14 E. 114th St. Simmons, S a m e l, Pres. Mlawer Chevrah Ahavath Achim (232 Broome St.), since 1912. Term 1 year. Born 1854 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1872. Received gen~eral education. Res.: 173 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Modern Minsker Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit, insurance, cemetery. Org. 1910. Membership 200. Meets 1st and 3rd Thursdays at 206 E. B'way. Pres., Abraham Marshak, 22 Pike St. Sec'y, Morris Zeidman, 191 Orchard St. Marshak, Abraham, Pres. Modern Minsker Y. M. B. A. (206 E. B'way), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Restaurant. Res.: 22 Pike St. Molev Schargroder BP S. Sick benefit; cemetery; charity. Org. 1894. Membership: 100. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., David Plutnick, 844 So. 4th St., B'klyn. Sec'y. Abraham Warshaofsky, 70 Sheriff St. Plutnick, David, Pres. Molev Schargroder B. S. (151 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. 806 COMMUNA Received general Jewish and secular education. Jewelers' cases: 21 Ann St. Res.: 344 So. 4th St., B'klyn. Monteflore Brotherly B. A. Sick benefit; n s u r a n ce; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1897. Membership: 165. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays at 107 W. 116th St. Pres., Isidor Leutchner, 162 Montauk Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Perlman, 939 Longwood Ave. Leutchner, Isidor, Pres. Montefiore Brotherly B. A. (107 W. 116th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Austria. Received general education. Res.: 162 Montauk Ave., B'klyn. Morris Brock, K. U. V. Sick benefit, insurance, cemetery. Org. 1916. Membership: 75. Meets at 10 Ave. D. Pres., Simon Springer, 308 E. 18th St. Sec'y, Felix Hesse, 26 York Terrace, New Brighton. Springer, Simon, Pres. Morris Brock K. U. V. (10 Ave. D); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1859 in Roumania. Came to y. S. 1910. Received general education. Importer of cereals. Res.: 808 E. 18th St. Moses Montefiore Benevolent Society. Sick benefit. Membership: 75. Meets 4th Sunday, at 100 W. 116th St. Pres., Bernard Abrahams, 90 St. Marks P1. Sec'y, A. Misch, 667 E. 160th St, L REGISTER Mozirer A. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1900. Membership: 400. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Sam Paley, 323 Alabama Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Wm. I. Goluboff, 131 Ave. A. Paley, Sam, Pres. Mozirer Aid Soc. (21'4 E. 2nd St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received public school education. Tailor. Res.: 323 Alabama Ave., B'klyn. Munkacer Ladies' Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery; charity. Org. 1914. Membership: 125. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 328 E. Houston St. Pres., Regina Kreiter, 221 E. 66th St. Sec'y, S. Bornstein, 748 Jackson Ave. Kreiter, Regina, Pres. Munkaczer Ladies' Soc. (328 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 In Hungary. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Glassware: 1053 3rd Ave. Res.: 221 E. 66th St. Nathan Straus Ladies' Aux. Sick benefit. Org. 1917. Membership: 70. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 107 W. 116th St. Pres., Mrs. Laura Green, 426 E. 155th St. Sec'y, Morris Eichler, 516 W. 184th St. Green, Laura, Pres. Nathan Straus Ladies' Aux. (107 W. 116th St.), since 1916. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 807 Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 426 E. 155th St. Nemrover United Verein. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1905. Membership: 170. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Samuel Shapiro, 187 Henry St. Sec'y, I. M. Mackler, 353 Schenck Ave., B'klyn. Shapiro, Samuel, Pres. Nemrover United Verein (151 Clinton St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1875. Insurance. Res.: 187 Henry St. Neshwiser Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1904. Membership: 450. Meets: 1st and 3d Tuesdays, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., S. Millin, 99 Forsyth St. Sec'y, A. Taylor, 699 Alabama Ave., B'klyn. New Bessarablan Aid Ass'n (F. B. O.) Cemetery. Org. 1895. Membership: 40. Meetings: Every 3 months, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Mendel Hecht, 507 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, R. Grossman, 70 Stanton St. Hecht, Mendel, Pres. New Bessarabian A. A. (218 E. 2nd St.), since 1895. Born 1869 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish and secular edu cation. Real Estate: 210 Rivington St. Res.: 607 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Noronower Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; tree loan. Org. 1904. Membership: 90. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 206 E. B'way. Pres., Joseph Langbert, 31 Canal St. Sec'y, S. Brooke, 484 E. 164th St. Langbert, Joseph, Pres. Noronower Y. M. B. A. (206 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1911. Attended Gymnasium in Russia. Restaurant: 33 Canal St. Res.: 31 Canal St. N o s h i m Rachmonioth Soc. Charity. Org. 1893. Membership: 2000. Meetings: Every Monday, at 227 E. B'way. Pres., Mrs. Sarah Scharlin, 158 Henry St. Sec'y, L. Leventhal, 236 E. B'way. Scharlin, Sarah, Pres. Noshim Rachmonioth Soc. (227 E. B'way), since 1893. Term 1 year. Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1877. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 158 Henry St. Novalser Ladies Sick B. S. Cemetery; free loan. Org. 1909. Membership: 50. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 193 E. 2nd St. Pres., Jacob Eisenberg, 18 1st Ave. Seo'y, Julius Fassler, 211 E. 7th St. 808 COMMUNAL REGISTER Eisenberg, Jacob, Pres. Novalzer Ladies' Sick B. S. (193 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in 'Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Furrier: 27 Bond St. Res.: 18 First Ave. Novo-Radomsker Society. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1899. Membership: 125. Meets: 1st and 3d Saturdays, at 10 W. 114th St. Pres., Leon N'irenberg, 894 Beck St. Sec'y, Isadore Fromey, 1566 Avenue A. Nirenber g, Leon, Pres. Nova-Radomsker Society (10 W. 114th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received public school, education. Painter: 869 So. 'Boulevard. Res.: 894 Beck St. Nowahrdoker Bros. A s ' n. Cemetery; place' of worship; free loan. Org. 1894. Membership: 150. M e et ing s: Every Sunday, at 101 Hester St. Pres., Abraham Epstein, 199 Fbrsyth St. Sec'y, Wolf Lev, 213 Clinton St. Epstein, Abraham, P r e s. Ndwahirdoker Bros. Ass'n (101 Hester St.), since 1916 Term e months. Born 1878 'in Russia. Came to U. S.;1903. Received general JewfIsh education. Painting: 234 'Eldridge St. Res.: 195 Forsyth St. Obertyner American Y. M. Literary Club. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1902. Membership: 100. Meetings: 1st and 3d Thursdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., Charles Ausfresser, 146 E. 103d St. Sec'y, G. Herald, 132 Ludlow St. Odessa Y. M. of Harlem Sick B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1912. Membership: 60. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 1364 5th Ave. Pres., Nathan Borcher, 67 E. 97th St. Sec'y, B. Woogen, 66 E. 102nd St. Borcher, Nathan,,Pres. Odessa Y. M. of Harlem Sick B. A. (1364 5th Ave.); elected 1917. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Attended night s c h o ol. Painter: 21 W. 134th St. Res.: 67 E. 97th St. Odesser Young Men's Sick B. A.,-Sick benefit; free loan; insurance. Org. 1901. Membership: 353. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at '82 Clinton St. Pres., Harry Entas, 250 E. 4th St. Sec'y, Joseph Rikes, 260 Delancey St. Entas, Harry, Pres. Odesser Young Men's Sick B. A. (82 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish and secular education. Restaurant: 204 Eldridge St. Res.: 250 E. 4th St.; MUTUAL AID. AGENCIES 809 Oestreicher Handwerkers' K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery. Membership: 50. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 210 E. Houston St. Pres., Sam Berkowitz, 167 Forsyth St. Sec'y, L. Fitzer, 44 Delancey St. Berkowitz, Sam, Pres. Oestreicher Handwerkers' K. U. V. (210 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Tailor: 167 Forsyth St. Res.: 170 Forsyth St. Old Men's Klementover K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1905. Membership: 100. Meets 2nd and 4th Saturdays at 290 Columbia St. Pres., Sam Factor, 88 Lewis St. Sec'y, Morris Silberman, 99 Mangin St. Old Sinioyer B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 200. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., Max Holtzman, 1214 Charles St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Isidor Forman, 326 E. 49th St. Holtzman, Max, Pres. Old Sinioyer B. A. (96 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1913. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 1214 Charles St., B'klyn. Omer L'zion S. and B. S. Sick benefit; free loan. Org. 1903. Membership: 50. Meets 1st and 3rd Sunday afternoons, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Celia Taub, 964 Forest Ave. Sec'y, Rev. A. Seelenfreund, 325 E. 83d St. Taub, C e i a, Pres. Omer L'zion S. and B. S. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1865 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1895. Res.: 964 Forest~ Ave. Oriental Jewish Community of New York City (F. O. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1913. Membership: 96. Meets at 12 E. 119th St. Pres., Joseph Gedalecia, 320 2nd Ave Sec'y, A. S. Amateau, 40 W. 115th St. Oriental Prog. Soc. (F. O. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1904. Membership: 65. Meets 1st Thursday, at 27 W. 115th St. Pres. Arnold Rotheim, 415 Claremont P'kway. Sec'y, Jacob Schwartz, 822 Trinity Ave. Oshmaner Bros. M. A. and B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan; relief. Org. 1892. Membership: 485. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Henry Lieberman, 712 E. 176th St. Sec'y, L. Axelrod, 936 Hoe Ave. Lieberman, Henry, Pres. Oshmaner Bros. M. A. and B. A. (151 Clinton St.), since 810 COMMUNAL REGISTER 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 712 E. 176th St. Oatrover Young Friends' Soc. Cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 85. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 82 Clinton St. Pres., Isidore Dumon, 531 E. 11th St. Sec'y, Sam Wasserman, 381 Powell St., B'klyn. Dumon, Isidore, Pres. Ostrover Young Friends' Soc. (82 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1910. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 531 E. 11th St. Otic Mohlive Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; charity. Org. 1915. Membership: 90. Meetings: Every 1st and 3d Thursday, at 223 E. 2nd St. Pres., Jacob Plitt, 325 E. 120th St. Sec'y, Ha r r y Zimbler, 212 E. 122nd St. Plitt, Jacob, Pres. Otic Mohlive Y. M. B. A. (223 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1893,in Russia. Came to U. S. 1914. Received general Jewish education. Salesman. Res.: 325 E. 120th St. Padrodser Prog. B. A. Org. 1917. Membership: 40. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays. at 206 E. B'way. Sec'y., L. Shapiro, 1624 St. Johns St. Palotzker Workingmen's B. S. Sick benefit; i n s u r a n c e; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1905. Membership: 110. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 175 E. B'way. Pres., Aaron Zeligman, 1887 Sterling PI., B'klyn. Sec'y., H. Shugoll, 390 Grand St. Paritcher U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1904. Membership: 50. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 56 Orchard St. Pres., Meyer Ravitz, 129 Adams St., Hoboken, N. J. Sec'y, Jacob Kozokov, 206 E. 99th St. Ravitz, Meyer, Pres. Paritcher U. V. (56 Orchard St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish and secular education. Cloaks. Res.: 129 Adams St., Hoboken, N. J. Peschonker, B. S. Cemetery. Org. 1916. Membership: 40. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 82 Clinton St. Pres., Harry Newman, 1592 Washington Ave. Sec'y, Sam Zwanitzky, 122 Ave. D. Newman, Harry. Pres. Peschonker B. S. (82 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish and secular education. Insurance. Res.: 1592 Washington Ave. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 811 Pet6fi Sick and B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1882. Membership: 150. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 155 E. 58th St. Pres., Herman Stark, 482 Decatur St., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Marmorstein, 1467 First Ave. Stark, Herman, Prjpetofi Sick and B. S. (155. 58th St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1876 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1885. Received general Jewish and secular education. Manager. Res.: 482 Decatur St., B'klyn. Petrehover B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1906. Membership: 110. Meets 2nd and 4th Saturdays at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Jacob Jacobson, 40 E. 112th St. Sec'y, Morris Melman, 631 E. 11th St. Jacobson, Jacob, Pres. Petrehover B. S. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1911. Received general education. Cutter. Res.: 40 E. 112th St. Petrikower Y. M. B. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1906. Membership: 130. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., William Turetsky, 711 E. 12th St. Sec'y, Morris Millman, 631 E. 11th St. Turetsky, William, P r e s. Petrikower Y. M. B. S. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 711 E. 12th St. Petrokower B. S. Insurance. Org. 1888. Membership: 50. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 10 W. 114th St. Pres., F. Rosenblum, 7 Ave. A. Sec'y., N. Schlosser. Piesker Brotherhood B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1903. Membership: 138. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 81 Forsyth St. Pres., Harry Aaronson. Sec'y, M. Boyarsky, 75 Monroe St. Pietroter Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1909. Membership: 50. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 83 Forsyth St. Pres., Samuel Dukelsky, 909 Driggs Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Kundin, 28 Avon PI., Newark, N. J. Dukelaky, Samuel. Pres. PAetroter Y. M. B. A. (83 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish and secular education. Insurance. Res.: 909 Driggs Ave., B'klyn. Pllower B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1905. Membership: 1'40. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 193 E. 2nd St. Pres., Aaron Rosenblatt, 536 812 COMMUNAL REGISTER W. 162nd St. Sec'y, David Guverman, 216 W. 140th St. Rosenblatt, A a ron, Pres. Pilower B. A. (193 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Painter: 3816 B'way. Res.: 535 W. 162nd St. Piluster B. A. Org. 1898. Membership: 100. Meets 1st and 3d Saturdays, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Oscar Brichhalter, 781 E. 7th St. Sec'y, Joseph Somerman, 53 Orchard St. Brichhalter, 0 s ca r, Pres. Piluster S. and B. A. (257 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1860 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1894. Received general Jewish education. Insurance Broker: 781 E. 7th St. Plonsker Y. M. B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery; charity. Org. 1914. Membership: 80. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Kofman Fromberg, 25.6 E. 10th St. Sec'y, P. Rehkoff, 162 E. '4th St. Fromberg, Kofman, Pres. Plonsker Y. M. B. S. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1893 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1911. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 256 E. 10th St. Poblanitzer Prog. Y. M. S. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 40. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 145 Suffolk St. Pres., Morris Smith, 801 E. 6th St. Sec'y, Ellia Koller, 1308 Washington Ave. Smith, Morris, Pres. Pobianitzer Prog. Y. M. S. (145 SuJk St.); elected 1917. Tei 6 months. Born 1890 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general Jewish education. Stationery: 103 Ave. D. Res.: 801 E. 6th St. Podembitzer Soc. Cemetery. Org. 1906. Membership: 40. Meetings: 3rd Sunday, at 29 W. 115th St. Pres., Isidore Asher, 80 E. 127th St. Sec'y, I. Myers, 20 E. 117th St. Polish Kassover Y. M. Prog. Ass'n. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 44. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Sam Fishbein, 264 Henry St. Sec'y, J. Goldman, 329 E. 16th St. Fishbein, Sam, Pres. Polish Kassover Y. M. Prog. Soc. (151 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1899 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 264 Henry St. Poloner Society. Sick benefit; cemetery, c h a r it y. Org. 19 0 7. Membership; 6 5. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Satdrdays, at 151 Clinton St. MUv1rtVAI.AID AGIMNCtES 813 Pres., Abraham Schwartz, 859 Beck St. Sec'y, David Hoffman, 159 Ellery St., B'klyn. Schwartz, Abraham, P r e s. Poloner Society (151 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 859 Beck St. Portziver Y. M. B. A. Cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 35. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 82 Clinton St. Pres., Tobias Rochman, 321 Eldridge St. Sec'y, I. Rosenbaum, 53 Suffolk St. Rochman, Tobias, Pres. Portziver (80 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received public school education. Neckwear: 290 Spring St. Res.: 321 Eldridge St. Postover B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1907. Membership: 225. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 79 Forsyth St. Pres., Benjamin Gordon, 1539 Fulton Ave. Sec'y, Sam Seidel, 360 Williams Ave.,.B'klyn. Gordon, Benjamin, Pres. Postover B. A. (79 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 1659 Fulton Ave. Povonsker Warshawer Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; charity; insurance. Org. 1916. Membership: 100. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 67 Clinton St. Pres., Abraham Danziger, 333 E. 100th St. Sec'y, Alexander Wasserman, 45 Clinton St. Danziger, Abraham, Pres. Povonsker Warshawer Y. M. B. A. (67 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Cigars. Res.: 333 E. 100th St. Prager Warshawer Youn g Ladies' Aid Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery; relief. Org. 1914. Membership: 60. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., William Klein, 307 E. 9th St. Sec'y, N. Siroka, 130 Suffolk St. Klein, William, Pres. Prager Warshawer Young Ladies', A. S. (96 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 307 E. 9th St. Prager Warsehaner Y. M. A. S.. (F. R. P. H. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery; charity. Org. 1904. Membership: 115. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 77 Delancey St, Pres., Hyman Silverfarb, 332 E. 101st St. Sec'y, Harry Bernstein, 23 E. 3rd St. Silverfarb, Hyman, P ' e. 814 COMMUNAL REGISTER Prager Warschauer Y. M. A. S. (77 Delancey St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 332 E. 101st St. Priatlner Prog. Aid Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1910. Membership: 53. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 73 Ludlow St. Pres., Joseph Wieher, 1233 Boston Rd. Sec'y, Hyman Chernaifsky, 223 E. 66th St. Wiener, Joseph, Pres. Priatiner Prog. Aid Soc. (73 Ludlow St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Cloaks: 296 7th Ave. Res.: 1233 Boston Rd. Progressive Horodenker Y. M. and Y. L. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; charity. Org. 1914. Membership: 115. 4 Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 77 Delancey St. Pres., Samuel Hirschner, 500 W. 177th St. Sec'y, Max Becker, 185% E. 7th St. Progressive Jaslowzer Y. M. Lodge. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1908. Membership: 250. Pres., Hyman L. Held, 339 E. 79th St. Sec'y, G. Flohr, 128 Ludlow St. Prog. Lubliner B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1904. Membership: 160. Meetings: 2nd'and 4th Sundays, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Max Berman, 2 Ave. D. Sec'y, M. Liphtenfeld, 905 Beck St. Berman, Max, Pres. Lubliner B. S. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 2 Ave. D. Prog. Monasterzyska Young Bros. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 98. Meetings: 1st and 4th Mondays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., William Mandler, 1476 St. Marks Ave., B klyn. Sec'y, Paul Zinder, 35 Ave. C. Mandler, William, Pres Prog. Monasterzyska Young Bros. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1892 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Diamond Setter. Res.: 1476 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Prog. Samborer Y. M. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1910. Membership: 92. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Thursdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Louis Feld, 249 E. 7th St. Sec'y, I. Wahrhaftig, 271 Stanton St. Feld, Louis, Pres. Prog. Samborer Y. M. A. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Tailor: 130 E. 7th St. Rs.: 249 E. 7th St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 815 Prog. Sanoker Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit. Org. 1914. Membership: 30. Meetings: Every Wednesday, at 328 E. Houston St. Pres., Harry Glasser, 210 Stanton St. Sec'y, Frank Lustig, 90 Sheriff St. Glasser, Harry, Pres. Prog. Sanoker Y. M. B. A. (328 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1892 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1913. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 210 Stanton St. Prog. Slutzker Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1904. Membership: 550. Meetings: Every Thursday, at 264 E. B'way. Sec'y, Nathan Cohen, 295 Christopher St. Prog. Workingmen's B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1898. Membership: 600. Meetings: Every Monday, at 175 E. B'way. Sec'y,' Sam Cohen, 810 Ittner PI. Proskurover Ladles' B. A. Org. 1909. Membership: 25. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., Mrs. Ida Berman, 130 Hooper St., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Fishman, 253 E. 2nd St. Berman, Ida, Pres. Proskurover Ladies' B. A. (96 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1910. Received general education. Res.: 130 Hooper St., B'klyn. Prusener Charitable Benevolent Ass'n. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1888. Membership: 230. Meets: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 100 West 116th St. Pres., Harris Rabinowitz, 1308 Union Ave. Sec'y, Samuel Makaranky, 635 E. 169th St. Rabinowitz, Harris, P r e s. Prusener Charitable Benevolent Ass'n. (100 W. 116th St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general education. Insurance: 161 W. 125th St. Res.: 1308 Union Ave. Przemyslauer Y. M. Sick and B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1909. Membership: 90. Meetings: Every Monday, at 10 Ave. D. Pres., Samuel Weisstein, 301 First Ave. Sec'.y, Isidore Spiegel, 63/2 E. 1st St. Weisstein, Samuel, P r e s. Przemyslauer Y. M. Sick and B. A. (10 Ave. D); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1895 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1912. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 301 1st Ave. Rachel Richter K. U. V. Sick benefit; charity. Org. 1908. Membership: 150. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Rachel Richter, 371 E. 8th St. Sec'y, G. Goldberger, 398 E. 8th St. 816 COMMUNAL REGISTER, Rc h t e r, Rachel, Pres. Rachel Richter K. U. V. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born in Austria. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general education. Res.: 371 E. 8th St. Radantz Bukowinaer R e I i e f Fund. Free loan. Org. 1909. Membership: 125. Meetings: Every Sunday, at 169 E. Houston St. Pres., Max Arm, 64 E. 1st St. Sec'y, Harry Kern, 304 E. 3rd St. Arm, Max, Pres. Radantz Bukowinaer Relief F u n d (169 E. Houston St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Carpenter. Res.: 64 E. 1st St. Radantzer Buckowinaer Y. M. and Y. L. B. A. Sick benefit; c e m e t e r y; disability fund. Membership: '40. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 67 St. Marks P1. Pres., Louis Wallach, 716 E. 5th St. Sec'y, Max Klamer, 603 E. 6th St. Wallach, Louis, Pres. Rad-' antzer Buckowinaer Y. M. and- Y. L. B. A. (57 St. Marks P1.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1893 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 716 E. 6th St. Radomlsker Ben. Society (Kiever Gub.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1903. Mlembership: 60. Meets: 1st and 3d Saturdays, at 75 E. 116th St. Pres., Jacob Cohen, 1160 E. 92nd St., Canarsie. Sec'y, Aaron Dolgeu, 646 E. 11th St. Radomysler Y. M. B. A. Charity. Org. 1902. Membership; 500. Meetings: Every Saturday, at 79 Delancey St. Pres., Max Roth, 67 Ave. D. Sec'y, H. Fishman, 910' Home St. Roth, Max, Pres. Radomysler Y. M. B. A. (79 Delancey St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in N. Y. Received public school education. Res.: 67 Ave. D. Radziviller Wolhyner Prog. A. Cemetery. Org. 1916. Membership: 75. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., Samuel Ackerman, 2100 Mapes Ave. Sec'y, Paul Segal, 7'4 Ave. C. Ackerman, Sam, Pres. Radziviller Wolhyner Prog. B. A. (106 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1913. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 2100 Mapes Ave. Rakower Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1904. Membership: 50. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Herman Rolnick, 384 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Ruderman, 613 E. 136th Wst. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 817 K o I n i c k, Herman, Pres. Rakower Y. M. B. A., (151 Clinton St.), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 384 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Rashkower B. S. Cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 42. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 193 E. 2nd St. Pres., Joseph Loomer, 273 Chrystie St. Sec'y, Daniel Hochman, 135 Eldridge St. Loomer, Joseph, Pres. Rashkower B. S. (193 E. 2nd St.), since 1916. Term 3 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish and secular education. Mfgr. Boys' Knee Pants. Res.: 273 Chrystie St. Relief Ass'n of Ekaterinoslav. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1897. Membership: 350. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Benjamin Shaffer, 80 E. 108th St. Sec'y, Sam Kordeinoff, 73 W. 118th St. Shaffer, Benjamin, Pres. Relief Ass'n. of Ekaterinoslav (98 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1860 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 80 E. 108th St. Republic S. and B. S. Sick benefit. Org. 1916. Mem bership: 100. Meets 1st and 3d Wednesdays, at 107 W. 116th St. Pres., Jacob Zabinski, 68 W. 117th St. Sec'y, Max Newman, 1427 Madison Ave. Zabinski, Jacob, Pres. Republic S. and B. S. (107 W. 116th St.), since 1916. Term i year. Born 1855 in U. S. Received general education. Deputy collector U. S. Internal r e v e n u e: Customs House, Room 503. Res.: 68 W. 117th St. Rose Schoenberg Sick and B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery; Org. -1 9 1 2. Membership: 100. Meetings:. 1st and 3d Saturdays, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Mrs. Rose Schoenberg, 43 St. Marks P1. Sec'y, A. Seelenfreund, 325 E. 83d St. Schonberger,' M rs. Ro s e, Pres. Rose Scho'nberger S. & B. S. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1912. TePm 6 months. Born 1868 In Austria. Came to U. S. 1887. Received public school education. Res.: 43 St. Marks P1. Rostover Handwerker IT. V. Sick benefit; i n u r nc e; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1887. Membership: 125. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 206 E. B'way. Pres., Simon H. Ager, 145 Ave. C. Sec'y, T. D'ashkin, 1418 Prospect Ave. Ager, Simon H.. Pres. Rostover T'andwerker' V. 't. (206 E. B'way), since 1912. 818 COMMUNAL REGISTER Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1893. Graduated N. Y. College of Pharmacy. Pharmacist: 145 Ave. C. Res.: 649 E. 9th St. Rotchever Wolhyner Aid Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 35. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 145 Suffolk St. Pres., Louis Goodman, 252 S. 4th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Samuel Levack, clo Lehman, 169 Norfolk St. Goodman, Louis, Pres. Rotchever Wolhyner A. S. (145 Suffolk St.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Insurance. Res.: 252 So. 4th St., B'klyn. Roumanian American B. S. (A. U. R. J. and F. R. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free, loan. Org. 1901. Membership: 300. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Zaller L. Petreanu, 143 Stockton St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Joe Lebowitz, 747 E. 168th St. Pe reanu, Zaller L., Pres. Roumanian American B. S. (98 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general secular education. Res.: 143 Stockton St., B'klyn. Roumanian Young Folks' Social Club (F. R. J. A.) Org. 1912. Membership: 45. Meetings: Every Friday, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Max Abrahams, 17 Ave. A. Sec'y, Pauline Cohen, 332 E. 6th St. Abrahams, Max, Pres. Roumanian Young Folks' Social Club (98 Forsyth St.), since 1912. Term 6 months. Born 1893 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1910. Attended high school and evening college. Insurance. Res.: 17 Ave. A. Rozanker Ben. Ass'n. Sick benefit; free loan. Organized 1904. Membership: 40. Meets: 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., Harris Arlin, 41 Henry St. Sec'y, Wolf Weister, 76 Chrystie St. Arlin, Harris, Pres. Rozanker B. A., since 1910. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 41 Henry St. Rozaner Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1913. Membership: 30. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Fridays, at 73 Ludlow St. Pres., Benjamin Cellunchek, 278 Henry St. Sec'y, I. Gralla, 256 Siegel St., B'klyn. Cellunchek, Benjamin, Pres. Rozaner Y. M. B. A. (73 Ludlow St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1913. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 278 Henry St. MUTUAIL At AGENCMES 819 Rudener U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1910. Membership: 53. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 209 E. B'way. Pres., Barnett Kaplan, 517 W. 174th St. Sec'y, P. Popkin, 87 Monroe St. Rzeszower Y. M. B. A. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1902. Membership: 175. Meetings: Every Thursday, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres., Morris Pologe, 78 So. 10th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Louis Zucker, 94 Attorney St. Pologe, Morris, Pres. Rzeszower Y. M. B. A. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1892 in Galicia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Salesman. Res.: 78 S. 10th St., B'klyn. Sadagorer Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1903. Membership: 70. Meetings: 1st and 3d Mondays, at 57 St. Marks P1. Pres., Samuel Eisinger, 77 E. 3d St. Sec'y, Hyman Grainirer, 268 Ave. A. Elsinger, Samuel, Pres. Sadagorer Y. M. B. A. (57 St. Marks P1.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1890 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1911. Received general Jewish education. Furrier: 77 W. 46th St. Res.: 77 E. 3rd St. Sam Brenner Ass'n. (lF G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1907. Membership: 90. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 123 Essex St. Pres., Charles Estner, 22 Ludlow St. Sec'y, Moses Teitelbaum, 128 Rivington St. Estner, Charles, Pres. Sam Brenner Ass'n (123 Essex St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1895. Attended public school in Austria. Carpenter. Res.: 22 Ludlow St. Samson Hyman Lad. K. U. V. Cemetery. Org. 1902. Membership: 65. Meets: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., B. Schwartz, 93 Goerck St. Sec'y, Jos. Klein, 437 E. 80th St. Sanders Ass'n. Sick benefit, insurance, cemetery. Org. 1891. Membership: 275. Meets every Wednesday at 434 Gr&nd St. Pres., Isidore Sherer, 434 Grand St. Sec'y, Tobias Sanders. Saroker Bessarabian M. A. S. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1897. Membership: 65. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 145 Suffolk St. Pres., Julius Dojansky, 15 W. 45th St. Sec'y, Max Dansiger, 80 Varet St., B'klyn. Dojansky, Julius, Pres. Saroker Bessarabian M. A. S. (145 Suffolk St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 820 COMMUNAL REGISTER 1884 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general education. Tailor: 15 W. 45th St. Sassover Y. M. Ben. and Educational Soc. Sick benefit; place of worship: Org. 1916. Membership: 53. Meetings: Every Thursday, at 86 Attorney St. Pres., Sam Rosenberg, 209 E. 7th St. Sec'y, Joseph Gross, 123 Suffolk St. Rosenberg, Sam, Pres. Sassover Y. M. Ben. and Educational Soc. (86 Attorney St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1895 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general Jewish and secular education. Cutter. Res.: 209 E. 7th St. Satanovir B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1903. Membership: 110. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Benjamin Liptzin, 509 West 133d St. Sec'y, Jacob Gerschman, 977 Avenue St. John. Liptzin, Benjamin, Pres. Satanovir B. S. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected'1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to TU. S. in 1902. Received general Jewish education. Insurance. Res.: 509 W. 133d St. Serentlker Ladies' Aid Soc. Cemetery. Org. 1911. Membership: 60. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 86 Attorney St. Pres., Harris Harbieter, 284 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, Lena Berger, 346 E. 4th St. Harbieter, Harris, Pres. Schrentzker Ladies' Aid Soc. (86 Attorney St.), since 1911. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1882. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 284 E. 3rd St. Schwerzner B. A, Sick benefit; insurance; cem e t e r y; free loan; old age fund. Org. 1900. Membership: 140. Meetings: 1st and 2nd Mondays, at 73 Ludlow St. Pres., Rubin Spirens, 94 East End Ave. Sec'y, Hyman Marcus, 211 E. 98th St. S p i r e n s, Rubin, Pres. Schwerzner B. A.; elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish. and secular education. Stationery store: 94 East End Ave. Second Shklorer Verein. Insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1897. Membership: 25. Meets: 2nd and 4th Wednesday, at 85 E. 4th St. Pres., Joseph Woronoff, 148 Second Ave. Sec'y, Solomon Jaffe, 2111 Clinton Ave. Seltzer, B. A. Sick benefit; insu ranc e; cemetery. Org. 1901. Membership: 50. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Kalman Ruchamus, 377 Sackman St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Kaplan, 29 Rutgers St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 821 Ruehamus, Kalman. Pres. Seltzer B. A. (151 Clinton St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general J e w i s h education. Res.: 377 Sackman St., B'klyn. Shatzker B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1900. Membership: 200. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 79 Delancey St. Pres., Sam'l Cohen, 1781 Sterling PI., B'klyn. Sec'y, Jacob Margolin, 58 Rutgers St. Cohen, Samuel, Pres. Shatzker B. A. (79 Delancey St.). since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Res.: 1781 Sterling PI., B'klyn. Shedlowitzer B. S. Sick benefit, cemetery. Org. 1902. Merpbership: 60. Meets 1st and 3d Sunday afternoons, at 75 E. 116th St. Pres., Joe Warshawsky, 315 E. 101st St. Sec'y, Morris Dreyfus, 518 E. 139th St. Warshawaky, Joe, Pres. Shedlowitzer B. S. (75 E. 116th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902 Received general education. Res.: 315 E. 101st St. Sheldlonzer B. A. Sick benefit: cemetery. Org. 1905. Membership: 60. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 75 E. 116th St. Pres., Louis Wolf, 662 E. 156th St. Sec'y, M. Dreyfus, 518 E. 139th St. Wolf, Louis, Pres. Sheidlonzer B. A. (75 E. 116th St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Butcher. Res.: 662 E. 156th St. Simiatcher Sick 'B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; i n s u rance. Org. 1891. Membership: 65. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 81 Forsyth St. Pres., Louis Wilner, 200 Henry St. Sec'y, M. Dreyfus, 518 E. 139th St. Wilner, Louis, Pres. Simiatcher Sick B.-A. (79 Forsyth St.), since 1905. Term 1 year. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish and secular education. Painting: 140 E. B'way. Res.: 200 Henry St. Sinkower Podoliler B. A. Cemetery; charity. Membership: 40. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdhys, at 85 E. 4th St. Pres., Joseph Rosenthal, 549 E. 11th St. Sec'y, Max Saltzman, 321 E. 21st St. Rosenthal, J o s e p h, Pres. Sinkower Podoller B. A. (85 E. '4th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1910. Received general J e w is h education. Res.: 649 B. 11th St. 822 COMMUNAL REGISTER Sislevitser B. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship; charity. Org. 1908. Membership: 70. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., T. Aronson, 131 Ave. A. Sec'y, L. Prince, 576 Franklin Ave., B'klyn. Skalat K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1892. Membership: 95. Meets 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 193 2nd St. Pres., Alter Friedman, 61 E. B'way. Sec'y, Isaac Klein, 238 2nd St. Skalater Ladies' Assn. Cemetery. Org. 1897. Membership: 64. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Goldie Maged, 1000 Hoe Ave. Sec'y, Philip Landesman, 206 Stanton St. Maged, Goldie, Pres. Skalater Ladies' Ass'n (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 1000 Hoe Ave. Skaller K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick' benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1893. Membership: 171. Meetings: 1st and 3d Thursdays, at 77 Delancey St. Pres., Louis Gottesfeld, 86% E. 2nd St. Sec'y, Jacob Greenberg, 619 E. 5th St. Gottesfeld, Louis, Pres. Skaller K. U. V. (77 Delan cey St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish and secular education. Carpenter. Res.: 87% E. 2nd St. Skldler B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1900. Membership: 120. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., William Wolinsky, 2765 W. 5th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Jacob Abramsky, 112 E. 114th St. Wolinsky, William, P r e s. Skidler B. A. (98 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1908. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 2765 W. 5th St., B'klyn. Skoler Young Friends. Sick benefit. Org. 1914. Membership: 50. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 223 E. 2nd St. Pres., Israel Elgenfeld, 470 Riverdale Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Sam Mehler, 437 E. 5th St. Eigenfeld, Israel, Pres. Skoler Young Friends (223 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1913. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 470 Riverdale Ave., B'klyn. Slonlmer Ladies' Bikur Cholim, U. V. Sick benefit. Org. 1913. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 823 Membership: 110. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 67 Clinton St. Pres., Rosie Horowitz, 2035 7th Ave. Sec'y, Harris Levine, 307 Wallabout St., B'klyn. Sniatyner Agudath A c h m. Sick benefit; cemetery; place, of worship. Org. 1900. Membership: 110. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Simon Rosenkranz, 346 E. 10th St. Sec'y, M. Bernstein, 175 Rivington St. Rosenkranz, Simon, Pres. Sniatyner Agudath Achim (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish and secular education. Dresses: 13 E. 17th St. Res.: 346 E. 10th St. Sochowolier Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1905. Membership: 113. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 79 Forsyth St. Pres., John lsraelson, 152 Maujer St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Miller, 461 Ashford St., B'klyn. Israelson, John, Pres. Sochowolier Y. M. B. A. (79 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 152 Maujer St., B'klyn. S o e i e t 6 Israelite Francaine. Org. 1873. Membership: 200. Meets 4th Sunday, at 155 E. 68th St. Pres., Charles Bichard, 146 W. 44th St. Sec'y, Leon Levy, 242 W. 148th St. Biehard, Charles, Pres. Societe Israe lite Francaise (155 E. 58th St.), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1867 in France. Came to U. S. in 1890. Men's Furnishings: 146 W. 44th St. Society Shevet Judah (Brotherhood of Judah). Sick benefit, cemetery. Org. 1864. Membership: 45. Meets: 1st Tuesday, at 41 W. 124th St. Pres., Willie Levy, 333 Central Park West. Sec'y, Adolph Schwarzbaum, 351 St. Nicholas Ave. Sokolow Verein. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 60. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays,, at 56 Orchard St. Pres., Harry Penetsky, 135 Orchard St. Sec'y, Samuel Morrison, 121 Division St. Penetsky, Harry; Pres. Sokolow Verein (56 Orchard St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Baker. Res.: 135 Orchard St. Soller Brothers B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan; charity. Org. 1903. Membership: 60. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., M. Abramowitz, 900 Riverside Drive. Sec'y, S. Finger, 21 E. 104th St. 824 COMMUNAL REGISTEl Solokie Benevolent Ass'n. Sick benefit; c e m e t e r y; iinsurance; free loan. Org. 1904. Membership: 69. Meets: 1st and 3d Tuesdays, at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., Samuel Queen, 5305 6th Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, G. B. Hamburger, 304 New York Ave., Jamaica, L. I. Queen, Samuel, Pres. Soloker B. A. (106 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received high school education. Broker. Res.: 5305 6th Ave., B'klyn. Sons of Adam Chevrah. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1865. Membership: 98. Meetings: 1st Sunday, at 100 W. 116th St. Pres., T. Marks. Sec'y., Henry Krombach, 164 W. 116th St. Sons of Judah. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1900. Membership: 85. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Dave Cobert, 1685 St. Johns PI., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Brecher, 815 E. 161st St..Sophia U. V. Sick benefit. Org. 1869. Membership: 90. Meets 2nd Sunday, at 1943 Madison Ave. Pres., Mrs. Jennie Saal, 245 Ft. Washington Ave. Sec'y, Mrs. Frances Joseph, 3605 B'way. Saal, M ro. Jennie, Prea Sophia U. V. (1943 Madison Ave.), since 1893. Term 1 year. Born in U. S. Received college education. Res.: 245 Ft. Washington Ave. Srentsker B. A. Sick benefit. Org. 1906. Membership: 175. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 100 Essex St. Pres., Harris Harbieter, 284 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, Sec'y, Alex Kronenblatt, 110 St. Marks P1. Harbieter, H a r r is, Pres. Srentsker B. A. (100 Essex St.), since 1906. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1882. Tailor: 40 E. Houston St. Res.: 284 E. 3d St. Star of Israel Ladies' Society. Sick benefit. Org. 1908. Membership: 165. Meets 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 321 E. 73d St. Pres., Mrs. Caroline Adler, 232 E. 32nd St. Sec'y. Rosa Borhard, 460 W. 151st St. Starker Brotherly Aid Soc. Sick benefit; i n s u ra n c e; cemetery. Org. 1913. Membership: 41. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., S. Tasher, 295 So. 2nd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Tasher, 237 Cherry St. Stopnitzer Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1905. Membership: 130. Meets 1st and 3d Saturdays, at 80 Clinton St. Pres., Louis Diamond, 151 Riverdale Ave., B'klyn. Seo'y, A. Goldblum, 58 E. *10d St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 825 Diamond, Louis, Pres. Stopnitzer Y. M. B. A. (80 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general education. Tailor. Res.: 151 Riverdale Ave., B'klyn. Strelisker Y. M. B. S. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1905. Membership: 80. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesday, at 82 Clinton St. Pres., Samuel Weitz, 239 W. Kinney St., Newark, N. J. Sec'y, J. Altman, 384 E. 8th St. Weltz, Samuel, Pres. Strelisker Y. M. B. S. (82 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Austria, Came to U. S. 1914. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 239 W. Kinney St., Newark, N. J. Stretchyner K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 60. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 85 E. 4th St. Pres., Jack Bailin, 233 E. 99th St. Sec'y, W. Freistadter, 43 E. 170th St. Bailin, Jack, Pres. Stretchyner K. U. V. (85 E. 4th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U.S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 233 E. 99th St Stuchiner Young Men's A. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1901. Membership: 350. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 175 E. B'way. Pres., Julius Hirschson, 160 S. 1st St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Zlotlow, 342 E. 15th St. Hirschson, J u i u s, Pres. Stuchiner Y. M. B. A. (175 E. B'way), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 160 S. 1st St., B'klyn. Stavlsker Young Mens. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1908. Membership: 85. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 206 E. B'way. Pres., S. Levitt, 567 Fox St. Sec'y, E. Perlow, 47 E. 3rd St. Swener Young Brothers' B. S. Sick benefit;, cemetery; free loan; insurance. Org. 1899. Membership: 60. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Abraham Cohen, 22 Lenox Ave. Sec'y, Max Spiegel, 302 E. 2nd St. Cohen, Ab r a h a m, Pres. Swener Young Brothers' B. S. (98 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1882. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 22 Lenox Ave. Swistlotcher Brotherhood Asan. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1912. Membership: 85. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 826 COMMUNAL REGISTER 206 E. B'way. Pres., Sam Henerson, 602 Watkins St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Irving Levine, 705 BelmOnt Ave., B'klyn. Henerson, Sam, Pres. Swistlotcher Brotherhood Ass'n (206 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1912. Attended public school. Res.: 602 Watkins St., B'klyn. Ssceersecer K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1906. Membership: 50. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 276 E. Houston St. Pres., Sam Haberman, 109 Rivington St. Sec'y, Israel Streifer, 209 E. 7th St. Haberman, Sam, Pres. Szczerzecer K. U. V. (276 E. Houston St.), since 1911. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Machinist. Res.: 109 Rivington St. Sztmar Os Vedeke Sick and B. S. Sick benefit.. Org. 1909. Membership: 50. Meetings: let and 3rd Wednesdays, at 17 Ave. A. Pres., Martin Seiff, 346 E. 78th St. Sec'y. Martin Stark, 602 E. 16th St. Selff, Martin, Pres. Sztmar 6s Vedeke Sick and B. S. (17 Ave. A.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish education. Pants contractor. Res.: 846 E. 78th St. Talner B. S. Sick benefit; insurance;, cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1896. Membership: 150. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 209 E. B'way. Pres., I. Bootelkoff, 2873 W. 35th St., Coney Island. Secy, D. Buntzis, 229 Monroe St..Bootelkoff, I., Pres. Talner B. S. (209 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Insurance. Res.: 2873 W. 35th St.. Coney Island. Targovitzer A. S. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1912. Membership: 60. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 145 Suffolk St. Pres., Philip Kiriewsky, 1506 C r o t o n a Park E. Sec'y, William Kiriewsky, 132 Ave. A. Kiriewsky, P h I I I p, Pres. Targovitzer A. S.; elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Manufacturer: 48 E. 15th St. Res.: 1506 Crotona Park East. Tarnapoler Ind. K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1896. Membership: 216. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., 0. Lewenhar, 315 E. 4th St. Sec'y, M. Weishaut, 88 Ave. D. 'Lewenhar, 0., Pres. Tarno MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 827 poler Ind. K. U. V. (214 E. 2nd St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born.1847 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1895. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 315 E. 4th St. Tarnopoler Y. M. and Y. L. Prog. Soc. Sick benefit; free loan. Org. 1913. Membership: 54. Meetings: Every Thursday, at 67 Clinton St. Pres., Benjamin Stein, 610 E. 5th St. Sec'y, Isidore Wendel, 124 Attorney St. Stein, Benjamin, Pres. Tarnopoler Y. M. and Y. L. Prog. Soc. (67 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1908. Received p u b lic school education. Musician. Res.: 610 E. 5th St. Telechauer Swentenwoler Sick B. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1903. Membership: 132. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 175 E. B'way. Pres., Israel Cohen, 63 Christopher Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Jacob Cohen, 64 E. 1st St. Cohen, Israel, Pres. Telechauer Swentenwoler Sick B. S. (175 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1890 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 63 Christopher Ave., B'klyn. Tikvah Tovah (Sons of Israel) (F. 0. J. A.) Cemetery. Membership: 80. Meets 2nd and 4th Thursdays, at 114th St. and 5th Ave. Pres., Ezra Bacola, 54 Canal St., cdo Ganis. Sec'y, Aaron Sadock, 99 Greene St. Tolochiner Friends Ass'n. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 65. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 96 Clinton St. Sec'y, E. Gusikaw, 92 Hopkins St., B'klyn. Torgowitzer Young Friends' B. A. Sick,benefit; charity. Org. 1916. Membership: 65. Meetings: Every Friday, at 82 Clinton St. Pres., Benjamin Schneidermnan, 364 E. 10th,St. Sec'y, Alexander Kariefsky, 132 Ave. D. Schneiderman, Benjamin, Pres. Torgowitzer Young Friends' B. A. (82 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 3 months. Born 1895 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1908. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 36'4 E. 10th St. Trembowler Young Friends (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan; charity. Org. 1907. Membership: 120. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays at 145 Suffolk St. Pres., Max Brown, 374 E. 10th St. Sec'y, Isaac Schechter, 708 E. 5th St. Brown, Max, Pres. Trembowler Young Friends (145 Suffolk St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1890 in Austria. Came to U. S. 828 COMMUNAL REGISTER 1908. Received general education. Res.: 374 E. 10th St. Tnrker B. A. (F. R. P. H. A.) Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; charity. Org. 1893. Membership: 97. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 29 W. 115th St. Pres., Simon Haltricht, 6 E. 117th St. Sec'y, John Stuckgold, 8 W. 118th St. Haltricht, Simon, Pres. Turker B. A. (27 W. 115th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Received public school education. Jeweler. Res.: 5 E. 117th St. Turower Aid Soc. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1903. Membership: 173. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., Jacob Kantorowitz, 427 Osborn St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Krikun, 357 Hinsdale St.. B'klyn. Kantorowitz, Jacob, Pres. Turower Aid Soc. (96 Clinton St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general J e w sh education. Res.: 427 Osborn St., B'klyn. Uller B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1906. Membership: 117. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 80 Clinton St Pres., Simon Rabuchin, 464 Brook Ave. Sec'y, Sam uel Masarsky, 653 Sackman St., B'klyn. Rabuchin, Simon, Pres. Uller Ben. Ass'n (80 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1890 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1913. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 464 Brook Ave. Uminer Ladies' Aid Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1909. Membership: 48. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 56 Orchard St. Pres., Mrs. Sarah Landsman, 29 Essex St. Sec'y, Meyer Skwersky, 468 Grand St. Landsman, Sarah, Pres. Uminer Ladies' Aid Soc. (56 Orchard St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1857 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 29 Essex St. Ungarishe Schwester Verein. Sick benefit; place of worship. Org. 1887. ' Membership: 60. Meets 2nd and 4th Sunday afternoons, at 257 E, Houston St. Pres., Morris' Weiss, 64 W. 116th St. Sec'y, Joseph Benditt, 587 Beck St. Weiss, Morris, Pres. Ungarishe Schwester Verein (257 E. Houston St.), since 1907. Term 1 year. Born 1833 in Austria. Res.: 64 W. 116th St. Union and Peace Society. Cemetery. Meets: 1st Wednesday, at 27 W. 115th St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 829 Pres., Jacob Gedaliah, 3675 B'way. Sec'y, Jacques Bonsomo, 1 E. 118th St. The United Botoshaner American Brotherly Ben. Soc. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1904 Membership: 135. Meetings' 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., Gershan Goldshlager, 290 Broome St Sec'y, Wolf Segall, 750 2nd St. Goldshlager, Gershan, Pres The United Botoshane American Brotherly B. S (106 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1860 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1880. Received general Jewish education Woolens. Res.: 290 Broome St. United Brothers of Tomashow. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1906. Membership: 112. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 79 E 116th St. Pres., Harry Fried 219 E. 106th St. Sec'y, Max Wolf, 900 Union Ave. Fried, Harry, Pres. United Brothers of Tomashow (79 E. 116th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1911. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 219 E. 106th St. United Hebrew Community of N. Y. (Adath Israel), 203 E. B'way. Membership: 8,000. Org. 1901. Provides the members and their families with free burial ground and expenses; free loan, synagogue. Pres., M. Phillips. Sec'y, Dr. S. Mosesson, 1744 Anthony Ave. United Komarno Aid Soc. Cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1915. Membership: 65. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 62 Pitt St. Pres., Nathan Wasserberg, 28 Goerck St. Sec'y, Harry foskowitz, 194 Stanton St. Wasserberg, Nathan, Pres. United Komarno Aid Soc. (62 Pitt St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewlih education. W i n d'o w cleaner. Res.: 28 Goerck St. United Minsker B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1903. Membership: 1112. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 206 E. B'way. Sec'y, A. Sonkin, -151 E. 103rd St. United Navoler Y.; M. B. S. Sick benefit,. Org.; 1916. Members ip: 70., Meets Thursdays, -at 10.-Ave. D. Pres., Louis Schechter, 126 Ave. C. Sec'y, S. Sonenthal, 92 Pitt St. Sehechter, LouWi, Pres. United Navoler Y. M. B. S. (10 Ave. Di; elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1891 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general education. Manager of restaur, ant. Res.: 126 Ave. C, 830 COMMUNAL REGISTER United Painters' B. S. Sick benefit. Org. 1917. Membership: 80. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Thursdays, at 209 E. B'way. Pres., Michael Gelles, 39 Eldridge St. Sec'y, Jacob Levine, 1T4 Madison St. Gelles, Michael, Pres. United Painters' B. S. (209 E. B'way), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish and secular education. Contractor: 57 Eldridge St. Res.: 39 Eldridge St. United Sisters of Tomassow B. A. Org. 1917. Membership: 70. Meetings: 1st and 3d Wednesdays, at 75 E. 116th St. Pres., Meyer Shotland, 8 E. 118th St. Sec'y, S. Moskowitz, 15 W. 117th St. United Sisters Montefiore B. Shotland, Meyer, Pres. U. S. of Tomaszow B. A. (75 E. 116th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish and secular education: Designer. Res.: 8 E. 118th St. United Sisters' Montefiore B. A. Insurance; cemetery. Org. 1893. Membership: 44. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 1364 Fifth Ave. Pres., Morris Blostein, 767 E. 160th St. Sec'y, M. Zaret, 237 E. 110th St. Blosteln, Morris, Pres. United Sisters' Monteflore B. A. (1364 5th Ave.), since 1893. Term 1 year. Born 1863 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1885. Received general Jewish education. Clerk. Res.: 850 Intervale Ave. United Stryjer Y. M. B. S. Cemetery. Org. 1913. Membership: 120. Meetings: Every Wednesday, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Henry Melzer, 228 S. 3rd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Louis Horowitz, 273 S. 3rd St., B'klyn. Melzer, Henry, Pres. United Stryjer Y. M. B. S. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1891 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1911. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 228 S. 3rd St., B'klyn. United Warshawer K. U. V. Org. 1915. Membership: 120. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Shea Lehrman, 234 E. 98th St. Sec'y, David Guberman, 216 W. 140th St. Lehrman, Shea, Pres. United Warshawer K. U. V. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Painter. Res.: 234 E. 98th St. United Wilner B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org 1888. Membership: 624 Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 79 Forsyth St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 881 Pres., Morris Somach, 2967 W. 1st St., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. M. Davidson, 404 Halsey St., B'klyn. Somach, Morris, Pres. United Wilner B. A. (81 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1886. Attended public school in Russia. Turkish Bath: 135 W. 115th St. Res.: 2967 W. 1st St., B'klyn. Uaclerko B. A. Cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1914. Membership: 125. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., William Liebman, 111 South 3rd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Isaac Dicker, 102 Norfolk St. Liebman, William, Pres. Uscierko B. A. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1892 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1909. Received' general J e w i s h education. Tailor: 146 Ave. D. Res.: 111 So. 3rd St., B'klyn. Vereinigte Ungarishe Schwextern K. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1908. Membership: 260. Meets: 1st and 3d Tuesdays, at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., Fannie Peterzel, 192 Rivington St. Sec'y, Louis Chafip, 818,Hewitt PI. Peterzel, Fannie, Pres. Vereinigte Ungarishe Schwestern K. U. V. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1895. Received Hebrew education. Res.: 192 Rivingtofi St. Vereinigte Zezenierer.. S i c k benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1901. Membership: 200. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 209 E. B'way. Sec'y, Barnett Levy, 1686 Clay Ave. Vergessmirnicht Verein. Sick benefit; insurance. Org. 1888. Membership: 60. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 15 W. 115th St. Pres., Gustave Schramm, 724 E. 161st St. Sec'y, S. Lorge, 702 E. 138th St. Visoka Litowsker Bruderlich6r U. V. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 81 Forsyth St. Sec'y, M. Minov, 104 McKibben St., B'klyn. Vitebsk B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1900. Membership: 195. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Thursdays, at 175 E. B'way. Pres., Israel Ostrow, 196 Stockton St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Max Feldman, 914 Simpson St. Ostrow, Israel, Pres. Vitebsk B. A. (175 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 196 Stockton St., B'klyn. Walkinlele Young Ladles B. Soe. Org. 1912. Member 832 COMMUNAL REGISTER ship: 40. Meets: 1st and 3d Tuesdays, at 209 E. B'way. Sec'y, Morris Rosenstein, 324 Cherry St. Warsehauer Israel Ladies' Sick Support Soc. Sick benefit; insurance. Org. 1897. Membership: 107. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 30 E. 1st St. Pres., Mrs. Pauline Nitke, 185'4 7th Ave. Sec'y, I. Bernstock, 129 Rivington St. Nitke, Pauline, Pres. Warschauer Israel Ladies' Sick Support Soc. (30 E. 1st St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 1854 7th /Ave. WarmBhauer Ladies' B. S. Sick benefit. Org. 1897. Membership: 100. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 257 E. Houston St. Pres. Hermine Rosenbaum, 240 E. 5th St. Sec'y, I. Kul'ck, 2120 Hughes Ave. RoSenbaum, Hermine, Pres. 'Warshatier Ladies' B. S. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1915. Term. 6 months. Born 1875 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1890. Received high 'shool education. Res.: 240 E. 5th St. Warxchawer B. S. Sick beneAt; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1906. Membership: 125. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays,, at 151 Cltnton St. Pres., Morris Saltzman, 376 E. 4th St. Sec'y, H. Druker, 378 E. 4th St. Sa t z m a n, Morris, Pres. Warschawer B. S. (151 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1899 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1910. Received a public school education. Res.: 376 E. 4th St. Warshawer Prog. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1906. Membership: 25. Meetings: Every 3rd Wednesday, at 326 E. Houston St. Pres., Sam Winter, 340 E. Houston St. Sec'y, Pincus Rosh, 160 Attorney St. Winter, Sam, Pres. Warshawer Prog. B. A. (326 E. Houston St.), since 1915. Term 6.months, Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 340 E. Houston St. Warshauer Sick Support Soc. Sick benefit. Org. 1870. Membership: 260. Meets 3d Sunday, at 155 E. 58th St. Pres., Alex Ackerson, 66 B'way. Sec'y, E. H. Levy, 790 Dawson St. Warshaner Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1900. Membership: 200. Meetings: 1st and. 3rd Tuesdays, at 57 't. Marks P1. Pres., Abraham Kalina, 368 Rodney St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Fischer, 1029 Bryant Ave. Kalina, A b r a h a m, Pres. Warshauer Y. M. B. A. (57 MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 833 St. Marks P1.), since 191.6 Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received public school education. Furniture: 240 Grand St. Res.: 368 Rodney St., B'klyn. Washelesker U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; c e m e t e r y; free loan. Org. 1903. Membership: 150. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 175 E. B'way. Pres., Morris Mec h a n i c, 1648 Washington Ave. Sec'y, Elias Usbkoff, 256 Henry St. Mechanic, Morris, Pres. Washelesker U. V. (175 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 1648 Washington Ave. WVest Side B. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1900. Membership: 220. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 347 W. 35th St. Pres., Daniel Buchman, 542 10th Ave. Sec'y, I. Lipka, 314 W. 40th St. Buchman, Daniel, Pres. West Side B. S. (347 W. 35th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 18.91. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 542 10th Ave. Widzer Ind. Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1914, Member ship: 36. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Max Berman, 1627 Madison Ave. Sec'y, Isaac Feinberg, 64 Tompkins Ave., B'klyn. Berman, Max, Pres. Widzer Ind. Y. M. B. A. (98 Forsyth St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Paihter. Res.: 1627 Madison Ave. Wilkomirer Yo u n g Ladle. Org. 1913. Membership: 40. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 209 E. B'way. Pres., David Kuretzky, 122 Center St. Sec'y, Morris Rosenstein, 324 Cherry St. Kuretzky, David, Pres. Wilkomirer Young Ladies (209 E. B'way), since 1916, Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 122 Center St. Wilkomirer Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1890. Membership: 220. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 175 E. B'way. Pres., Morris Fritz, 46 Henry St. Sec'y, M o r r i s Rosenstein, 324 Cherry St. Frits, Morris, Pres. Wilkomirer Y. M. B. A. (175 E. B'way), since 1910. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in RusCame to U. S, 1887. Received general Jewish ediu 834 COMMUNAL REGISTER cation. Coats: 91 E. B'way. Res.: '46 Henry St. Wilson Aid Soc. Org. 1917. Membership: 75. Meetings: Every Monday, at 151 Clinton St. Pres., Barnet Malamud, 200 2nd Ave. Sec'y, M. Feldman, 230 Grand St. Malamud, Barnet, Pres. Wilson Aid Soc. (151 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Also Pres. of Golte Bogopolier Y. M. and Y. L. B. A. (175 E. B'way). Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received high school education. Insurance: 56 Pine St. Res.: 200 2nd Ave. Wisoker Mazowletzker Young Friends' B. S. Sick benefit; free loan. Org. 1915. Membership: 40. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Thursdays, at 106 Forsyth St. Pres., Max Litefsky, 157 E. 2nd St. Sec'y, Louis Chiller, 192 Madison St. Litefsky, Max, Pres. Wisoker Mazowietsker Y. F. (106 Forsyth St.); elected 1917..Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1913.-Received general Jewish education. Res.: 157 E. 2nd St. Wissner B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1904. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 82 Clinton St. Pres., J. Becker, 394 So. 5th St., B'klyn. Sec'y; L. Ribner, 337 Sackman St., B'klyn. Becker, J., Pres. Wissner B. A. (82 Clinton Street); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 374 So. 5th St., B'klyn. Wolff Abramowitz A. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1901. Membership: 110. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Mondays, at 81 Forsyth St. Pres., Max Marcus, 1418 Prospect Ave. Sec'y, S. Hochman, 110 E. 1st St. Marcus, Max, Pres. Wolff Abramowitz Aid Soc. (81 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish and secular education. Upholstery: 2646 B'way. Res.: 1418 Prospect Ave. Wolkowlsker Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1896. Membership: 500. Meetings: Every Thursday, at 235 E. B'way. Pres., Louis Sunenshine, 27 Canal St. Sec'y, M. Abel, 235 E. B'way. Sunenshine, L o u 1 s, Pres. Wolkowisker Y. M. B. A. (235 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received education at Yeshibah of Slonim. Broker. Res.: 27 Canal St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 835 Women's M. A, S. of Ekaterinoslav. Cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 90. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Mrs. Leah Kaminsky, 150 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, A b r a h a m Ginn, 353 Stockton St., B'klyn. Kaminsky, Mrs. Leah, Pres. Women's M. A. S. of Ekaterinoslav (98 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish and secular education. M e n's furnishing. Res.: 150 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. ' Woronover Y. M. Ben. Ass'n. Org. 1903. *]nbership: 100. Meets fortni;htly at 206 E. B'way. Pres., Jacob Longboard, 33 Canal St. Sec'y, Isaac Brook, 484 E. 164th St. Longboard, J o s e p h, Pres. Woronover Y. M. B. A. (206 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Restaurant k e e p e r. Res.: 33 Canal St. Yezlerzaner Sick B. S. Sick benefit: cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1898. Membership: 160. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 82 Clinton St. Pres., Samuel Kimmel, 595 Barbey St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Berger, 55 Mott St. Kimmel, Samuel, Pres. Yezierzaner Sick B. S. (82 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1894. Received public school education. Furrier. Res.: 595 Barbey St., B'klyn. Yompoler-Podoler Sick B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1909. Membership: 60. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Thursdays at 209 E. 2nd St. Pres., Pesach Sherman, 238 E. 7th St. Sec'y, Louis Oaklander, 1686 Park Pl., B'klyn. Sherman, P e s a c h, Pres. Yompoler-Podoler Sick B. A. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 238 E. 7th St. Young Folks' Auxlliary of F. R. J. A. Place of worship; charity. Org. 1915. Membership: 70. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 142 2nd Ave. Pres., Louis Naiderman, 188 Forsyth St. Sec'Y, Sophie Solomon, 190 Ludlow St. Nalderman, L o u i a, Pres. Young Folks' Aux. of the F. R. J. A. (185 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term. 1 year. Born 1892 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1908. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 188 Forsyth St. Young Friendr' Asa'n. Sick benefit. Org. 1889. Membership: 252. Meets: 1st and 3d Tuesdays, at 107 W. 116th St. Pres., Barnett Levinson, 836 COMMUNAL REGISTER 27 W. 110th St. Sec'y, Joseph Harrison, 4106 16th Ave. Young Men's A. S. of Harlem. Cemetery. Org. 1907. Membership: 54. Meets 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 62 E. 106th St. Pres., Morris Belowltz, 5 E. 104th St. Sec'y, Morris Koholowsky, 119 E. 104th St. Belowits, Morris, Pres. Y. M. A. S. of Harlem (62 E. 106th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1899. Received common school education. Fruit Dealer. Res.: 5 E. 104th St. Young Men's Moses Mendelssohn B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery; relief. Org. 1902. Membership: 83. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 81 'Forsyth St. Pres., Samuel 8Sil v e r, 176 Eldridge 'St. Sec'y, A. Abramowitz, 4 St. Pauls P1. Silver, Samuel, Pres. Young Men's Moses Mendelssohn B. A. (81 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Roumania. Came to.U; S. 1909. Received general Jewish and secular education. Salesman. Res.: 176 Eldridge St. Yo u n g Workingmen's Sick and B. S. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1903. Membership: 300. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 8 Ave. D. Pres., Hymran Fisch, 230 E. Houston St. ~ ec'y, J. Brown, 287 B. 7th St. Fich, Hyman, Pres. Young Workingmen's Sick and B. S. (8 Ave. D); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general education. Res.: 230 E. Houston St. Yunover Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1906. Membership: 185. Meetings: Every Thursday, at 8 Ave. D. Pres., Samuel Stern, 69 Mangin St. Sec'y, B. Unterhalter, 295 Rivington St. Stern, Samuel, Pres. Yunover Y. M. B. A. (8 Ave. D); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1908arJEeceived general Jewishl ducation. Tailor. Res.: 69 Mangin St. Zablotower Rabbi Mendel Hager K. U. V. (P. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1892. Membership: 190. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 96 Clinton St. Pres., Meyer Dunst, 102 Norfolk St. Sec'y, Jacob Rosenbaum, 302 E. 2nd St. Dunsr, Meyer, Pres. Zablotower Rabbi Mendel Hager K. U. V. (96 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Insurance: 135 Rivington St. Res.: 102 Norfolk St. Zakrotchiner B. S. Sick benflit; insurance; cemetery; MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 837 free loan. Org. 1887. Membership: 100. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 73 Ludlow St. Pres., Hyman Cohen, 137 Pitt St. SeoLy, Joseph Sobel, 2013 Bryant Ave., B'klyn. Cohen, Hyman, Pres. Zakrotchiner B. S. (73 Ludlow St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1882. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 137 Pitt St. Zalezcyzer K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; Org. 1896. Memb e rship: 175. Meetirgs: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at 223 E. 2nd St. Pres., B. Schoenholtz, 1636 Washington Ave. Sec'y, J. Esnech, 338 E. 4th St. Schoenholts, B., Pres. Zalezcyzer K. U. V. (223 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Tinsmith. Res.: 1636 Washington Ave. Zamescher Prog. Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1906. Membership: 130. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Fridays, at 80 Clinton St. Pres., Isidore Schatzkamer, 22 St. Marks P1. Sec'y, P. Hackman, 103 Ave. D. Schatzkamer, Isidore, Pres. Zamescher Prog. Y. M. B. A. (82 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 22 St. Marks P1. Zamishter Ind. Sick and B. S. Sick benefit;. ins u r a n c e; cemetery. Org. 1904. Membership: 60. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 8 Ave. D. Pres., Jacob Freiman, 84 Columbia St. Sec'y, Sam Orlinsky, 134 Pitt St. Freiman, Jacob, Pres. First Zamishter Ind. Sick and B. A. (8 Ave. D); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1908. Received general education. Res.: 84 Columbia St. Zaromber Piog. Young Friends B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org.: 1913. Membership: 135. Meetings: lst and 3rd. Mondays, at 206 E. B'way. Pres., David Cohen, 97 S. 8th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Stuginsky, 8774 20th Ave., B'klyn. Cohen, David, Pres. Zaromber Prog. Y. F. B. A. (206 E.. B'way); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Russia. Came to U.. 105. Received education in evening school. Res.: 97 S. '8th St., B'klyn. Zekefker-Podoler K. U. V. Cemetery. Org. 1915. Membership: 53. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 09S E. 2nd St. Pres., Samuel Pollack, 5918 New Utrecht Ave., 838 COMMUNAL REGISTER B'klyn. Sec'y, Alexander Trachman, 333 E. 9th St. Pollack, Samuel, Pres. Zekefker-Podoler K. U. V. (209 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 6918 New Utrecht Ave., B'klyn. Zelver B. S. Cemetery. Org. 1911. Membership: 60. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 79 Forsyth St. Pres., Philip Lazaroff, 3909 3rd Ave. Sec'y, L. Lipshitz, 1090 Simpson St. Lazaroff, Philip, Pres. Zelver B. S. (79 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1868 In Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 3909 3rd Ave. Zglerzer Ben. Soe. Sick benefit; insurance; c e m e t e r y; free loan. Membership: 100. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 14 W. 114th St. Pres., I. Harris, 29 W. 112th St. Sec'y, J. Fetbrandt, 1431 6th Ave. Harris, Isidore, Pres. Zgierzer B. A. (14 W. 114th St.). since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1866 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Tailor: 762 West End Ave.,Res.: 29 W. 112th St. Zinkover Podolia U. V. Cemetery. Org. 1909. Membership: 40. Meetings: 1st and I 3rd Saturdays, at 85 E. 4th St. Pres., Joseph Rosenthal, 549 E. 11th St. Sec'y, Mr. Salzman, 224 E. 21st St. Rosenthal, J o s e p h, Pres. Zinkover Podolia U. V. (85 E. 4th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 549 E. 11th St. Zion's Bruder Bund (F. G. B. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1887. Membership: 200. Meetings: 2nd and'4th Tuesdays, at 30 E. 1st St. Pres., Samuel Kroll, 1545 Fulton Ave. Sec'y, Louis Diamond, 86 2nd Ave. Kroll, Samuel, Pres. Zion's Bruder Bund (30 E. 1st St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1882' in Russia. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 1545 Fulton Ave. Zitomirer U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; free loan; insurance. Org. 1893. Membership: 175. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 79 Forsyth St. Pres., Hyman Magida, 1336 Washington Ave. Sec'y, Morris Glazer, 230 E. 14th St. Magida, Hyman, Pres. Zitomirer U. V. (79 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Russia. Came tp U. S. 1891. Received general Jewish and secular MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 839 education. Res.: 1336 Washington Ave. Zitomirer Ladles' Ben. Soc. No. 1. Sick benefit; cemetery; relief for members. Org. 1896. Membership: 160. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 77 Delancey St. Pres., Mrs. Rachel Goldberg, 89 E. 2nd St. Sec'y, Mrs. M. Roseneer, 221 E. B'way. Goldberg, Mrs. Rachel, Pres. Zitomirer Ladies' B. S. (77 Delancey St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1860 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 89 E. 2nd St. Zloczower K. U. V. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1897. Membership: 195. Meetings: Every 2nd Saturday, at 328 E. Houston St. Pres., Meyer Schnee, 349 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, Jonas Zwickel, 172 Norfolk St. Schnee, Meyer, Pres. Zloczower K. U. V. (328 E. Houston St.), since 1908. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Galicia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general J e w i s h education. Carpenter. Res.: 349 E. 3rd St. Zlotopoler Y. M. Ass'n. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1902. Membership: 76. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 83 Forsyth St. Pres., Louis Luboff, 628 Cleveland St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Joseph Frankle, 1778 Park Pl., B'klyn. Luboff, Louis, Pres. Y. M. A. (83 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish and secular education. Salesman. Res.: 628 Cleveland St., B'klyn. Zmerenkar Y. M. B. A. Cemetery. Org. 1917. Membership: 20. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 193 E. 2nd St. Pres., Hyman Rechlis, 195 B. 2nd St. Sec'y, Jacob Meisel, 193 Stockton St., B'klyn. Rechlls, Hyman, Pres. Zmerenkar Y. M. B. A. (183 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 195 E. 2nd St. Z'ror Hachaim Constantinople (F. 0. J. A.) Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 35. Meets every month at 173 Eldridge St. Pres., N. Eskenazi, 1347 Prospect Ave. Sec'y, M. Gueron, 173 Eldridge St. Zwlenegroder Soc. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1906. Membership: 100. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 206 E. B'way. Pres., Hyman Chudnoff, 100 E. 2nd St. Sec'y, Isidor Silver, 162 Broome ~t. Chudnoff, Hy m an, Pres. 840 COMMUNA Z;wienegroder Soc. (206 E. B'way), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1858 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. L REGISTER Received general Jewish and secular education. Launderer. Res.: 100 E. 2nd St. ADEQUATE INFORMATION IS LACKING ON THE FOLLOWING SOCIETIES: Abe Glaserman Society, meets at 125 Rivington St. 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Adjutoral Bukarister Work ingmen S. B. A. (F. R. J. A.), meets at 66 E. 4th St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., H. Moskowitz, 79 Rivington 'St. Adolph Fortgang Ind. Lodge, 220 E. 15th St. Almstiboveh Y. M. B. A., meets at 80-82 Clinton St. 1st and 3rd Sundays. Alfred Benjamin S. B. S. (F. R. P. H. A.), meets at 79 Forsyth St. 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Sec'y, A. Harris, 404 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Alpha Lodge, meets at 69 St. Marks P1. American Hebrew A. S, meets at 1943 Madison Ave. 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Anglo-American Society, meets at 257 P. Houston St. 1st and 3rd Mondays. Antipoler Ladles, meets at 206 E. B'way...... Arbeiter K. U. V., meets at 257 E. Houston St. 2nd and 4th Mondays. Architect Lodge, meets at 155 E. 58th St. 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Atlas Rebecca Lodge, meets at 205 E. 67th St. Auerbach Sinatyner Ladies' Society, 276 E. Houston St. Austrian-American Y. M. and Y. L., meets at 257 E. Houston St. 2nd and 4th Fridays. Bacester, meets at 98 Forsyth St. Baranover L. S., meets at 8-10 Ave. D, 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Barnett Gympel, meets at 257 E. Houston St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Bessarabian K. U. V. (F. B. O.), meets at 77 Delancey St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, S. Kielkin, 368 Grand St. Beth Jacob Society, meets at 100 W. 116th St. 3rd Sunday Afternoon. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 841 Beth Joseph Society, meets at 100 W. 116th St. 3rd Thursday. Biala Ladies' U. V. (FP R. P. H. A.) Sec'y, Mrs. Feldman, 131 Division Ave., B'klyn. Bialystoker Somach Noflim U. V., meets at 227 E. B'way 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Joseph Lipnik. Bilsker K. U. V., 213 Broome St. Blumen K. U. V. (F. R. P. H. A.) Sec'y, L. Horowitz, 606 E. 9th St. B'nai Ephraim Society, meets at 100 W. 116th St. 4th Sunday. B'noth Jacob K. U. V., meets at 149 Attorney St. Alternate Saturdays. Bogoslover, meets at 90-96 Clinton St. Thursdays Weekly. Bohislover B. S., 77 Delancey St. Botharon Friedman Society, meets at 151 Clinton St. 1st and 3rd Sundays. Braila Y. L. Auxiliary B. A., meets at 79-81 Forsyth St. Pres., Wm. Baxter. Brank Warschauer Y. M.. meets at 145 Suffolk St. 2nd and 4th Thursdays. B. R. E. Koropyec A., meets at 257 E. Houston St. 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Bielskar Young Men's U. V., meets at 131 Essex St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Brenziner Society, meets at 214 E. 2nd St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Brezezaner Young Men's, meets at 28 Ave. A, 1st and 3rd Mondays. Brother United V., meets at 79-81 Forsyth St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Brzexower Branch K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 77 Sheriff St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Sec'y, H. Feiteheritch, 90 Goerck St. Brzezower K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 123 Essex St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Sec'y, B. Bruckner, 1491 Brook Ave. Bucurhar Y. M. B. S., Filrt, Pres., L. Weschler, 51 Sheriff St. Catbrower Ind. Franen (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 115 Rivington St. 1st and 3rd Sundays. Centennial Society, medts 210 -212 E. 104th St. 4th Wednesday. Ceres Frauen Verein, meets at 19'43 Madison AVe. 1st and 3rd Thursdays. 842 COMMUNAL REGISTER Chaiei Zipora V., meets at 328 E. Houston St. every Sunday. Oharsaner K. U. V., meets at 57 Stanton St. 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Chernowitze Polish Aid Ass'n., meets at 57 St. Marks P1. Chernizower Brotherly U. V., meets at 83 Forsyth St. Pres., A. Karlschaner. Chevrah B'nai Judah, meets at 232 Broome St. Chmelnlcker Young Friends, meets at 151 Clinton St. 1st and 3rd Fridays. Chodrover B. A., meets 209 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Chodrover Y. M., meets at 209 E. 2nd St. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Chaildei Viznitz (F.G. B,J. A.), meets at 149 Attorney St. 1st and 3rd Sundays. Chotiner Bess. L. S. and B. S., meets at 193 E. 2nd St. 2nd and 4.th Mondays. Chotiner Bess. B. A., meets at 209 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Fridays. Chotiner Bess. Y. F., meets at 209 E. 2nd St. 2nd and 4th Fridays. Constantine Ass'n, meets at 257 E. Houston St. 2nd and 4th Mondays. Crotona Rebecca Lodge, meets at 205 E. 67th St. Dalazazer Verein, meets at 173 E. B'way. Pres., Joseph Plotkin, 54 E. 100th St. David Uhr Lodge (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 214 E. 2nd St. Pres., H. Fideller, 324 E. 118th St. Debora Habusteir K. U. V., meets at 86 Attorney St. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Derecziner Society, meets at 125 Rivington St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Deutscher 0 t r o w a Verein, meets at 100 W. 116th St. 1st and 3rd Sundays. Dr. Braunstein Lodge, meets at 257 E. Houston St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Drubiner Chevrah, meets at 63 Ludlow St. East Side Hungarian Society, meets at 8 Avenue D, 1st and 3rd Sundays. Ekatrinoslaver K. U. V., meets. at 214 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Fridays. Elizabethgroder V e r b a n d, meets at 214 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Sundays. MUTUAL AD AGENCIES 843 Englander Society, meets at 100 W. 116th St. 2nd and 4th Mondays. Epstein K. U. V. (F. R. P. H. A.), meets at 80 Pitt St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., H. Flaum, 397 E. 8th St. Sec'y, A. I. Levin, 321 E. 100th St. Erlinger K. U. V., meets at 151 Clinton St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Erste Beigel Beker K. U. V., meets at 145 Suffolk St. 1st and 3rd Fridays. Erste Bohoslawer Drohobyczer S., meets at 145 Suffolk St. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Erste Delantiner K. U. V., meets at 159 Rivington St. Erste Ind. Mikalincer J. B. A. (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 214 E. 2nd St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., P. Hirshhorn, 135 Broome St. Sec'y, H. Regen, 251 E. 4th St. Erste Jezierzaner K. U. V., meets at 193 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Erste Karolinoher K. U. V., meets at 64 E. 4th St. Sec'y, M. Wachstein, 182 E. 2nd St. Erste Kmeonker Srunlower (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 125 Rivington St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., J. Lampert, 214 Rivington St. Erste Ottiker Bess. Lodge (F. B. 0.), meets at Houston cor. Allen Sts. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Sec'y, H. Schwartz, 1943 Douglas St., B'klyn. Erste Sassover K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 86 Attgrney St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., S. Kandel, 297 Rivington St. Erste Sulzover K. U. V., meets at 90-96 Clinton St. 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Erste Yavarower K. U. V., meets at 163 Attorney St. 2nd Sunday. Eureka Machinists, meets at 151 Clinton St. 1st and' 3rd Mondays. First Altstiiter V., meets at 214 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Mondays. First Bolechower S. B. A., 77 Delancey St. First Doroboler Ronm. Lodge (A. U. IR J.), meets at 257 E. Houston St. First Belzer Bosharalya B. A.,, meets at 167 Ludlow St. Pres.,' M. Schneider, 167 Ludlow St. First Ind. Kassawer Lodge (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 17 Ave. A. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., H. Wohl, 148 E. 110th St. 844 COMMUNAL REGISTER First Ind. Pultaxker.U. V. (F. I. P. H. A.), meets at 77 Delancey St. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., M. Salzstein, 180 Norfolk St. Sec'y, H. J. Miller, 725 E. 9th St. Frsat Ind. Salroznitzer B. K. UT. V. (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 57 St. Marks Place, 1st and 3rd Sundays. First Judeeker B. A., meets at 121 Rivington St. 1st and 3rd Mondays. 'Ilrst, Kautfhuger K. U. V., meets at 319 Rivington St. First Lipkaner Lodge (F. B. 0.), meets a,t 273 E. 2nd St. 2nd and '4th Wednesdays. Sec'y, M. Feldman. 941 Simpson St. First Luzker B. A., meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3rd Sundays. First Mashlikover Brother Aid Soc., meets at 206 E. B'way 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres.,;L. Glaur, 1351 Prospect Ave. Sec'y, L. Haur, 234 E. 63rd St.,First Mezerower Brotherly A. S., meets at 145 Suffolk St. 1st and 3rd Mondays. First Monastirsyska Ladles' A. (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 57 St. Marks Place 2nd and 4th Saturdays. First Ostroveser Y. M. B. A., meets at 319 Rivington St. Pres., Nathan Ziissholz. First Peczynlsner Y. M. B. A., meets at 145 Suffolk St. 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. First Salischlker Sick and B. S., meets at 193 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Sundays. First Savaker, meets at 257 E. Houston St. 2nd and 4th Thursdays. First Silzer B. A. (F. R. P. H. A.). Pres., H. Kleinfeld, 901 Driggs Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Insulstein, 871 Home St. First Tysminitzer Y. M. B. A., meets at 57 St. Marks Pi. First Ushitzer Podolier B. A., meets at 218 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. First Yasazaner S. B. A., meets at 80-82 Clinton St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. First Yassier Y. M. B. A. (F. Rb J. A.), meets at 57 St. Marks P1. First Zaloshener Chevrah A. B. A. (F. R. P. H. A.), meets at 57 St. Marks Place 1st and 3rd Saturays. Pres., M. Zimmerman, 906 Jackson Ave; Sec'y, I. Selkowitz, 136 Fountain Ave. Flora Frauen Verein, meets at 155 E. 58th St. 2nd and 4th,Wednesdays. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 845 Glynianer Y. M. B. A., meets at 86 Attorney St. 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., M. Kramer. Goniondzer Young Folks' B. A., meets at 79 Forsyth St. Pres., Ph. Monkonsky. Grodzisker M. A. S., meets at 257 E. Houston St. 1st and 3rd Fridays. Grodner Relief, meets at 79-81 Forsyth St. 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Handwerker B. S., meets at 85 E. 4th St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Hannah Blackslaum Society, meets at 155 E. 58th St. Tuesday afternoon. Harlem Kurlander Lodge, meets at 100 W. 116th St. 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Harlem Protective Ass'n, meets at 44 W. 114th St. Harlem Sick B. A., meets at 75 E. 116th St. Sundays. Harry M. Sadsen U. V., meets at 81 Forsyth St. Pres., M. Stomach. Herman B. S., meets at 107 W. 116th St. 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Hlfrad Benjamin, meets at 79 -81 Forsyth St. 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Holosker Society, meets at 206 E. B'way 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Hlorodistcheker Lodge, meets at 80-82 Clinton St. 1st and 3rd Mondays. Hungarian Camp, meets at 207 E. 67th St. Hushativer Ladies' B. A., meets at 125 Rivington St. 1st and 3rd Sundays, Igununer Verein, meets at 206 E. B'way 1st and 3rd Sundays. Ind. Austrian Brothers' A., meets at 121 Rivington St. every Tuesday. Ind. Belchalover Y. M. B. A., meets at 57 St. Marks Pl. Ind. Fortgang Lodge (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 310 Lenox Ave. 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Ind. Ginster A., 107 W. 116th Street. Ind. Gustiner, meets at 98 Forsyth St. Ind. Kahisker K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 125 Rivington St. 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres.,. M. Demmer, 389 E. 5th St. Ind. Kaminetzer Podoller, 210 E. Houston St. Ind. Kinker A. S., meets at 107 W. 116th St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays.. 846 COMMUNAL REGISTER Ind. Kultachiner K. U. V., meets at 145 Suffolk St. 1st and 3rd Sundays. Ind. Nemevoer B. S., meets at 80-82 Clinton St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Ind. Piatre Ladies' Sick B. S. (F. R. J. A.), meets at 106 Forsyth St. 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., I. Karman, 1146 Intervale Ave. Sec'y, Tilly Weinberg, 180'4 Washington Ave. Ind. Radomer Ladies, meets at 62 E. 106th St. 1st and 3rd Mondays. Ind. Roumanian Y. M. B. A., meets at 232 Broome St. Ind. Scolleller V., meets at 257 E. Houston St. 1st and 3rd Mondays. Ind. Yaroner A., meets at 28 Ave. A. 1st and 3rd Sundays. International K. IT. V., meets 107 W. 116th St. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Isaac Eclhanon Ind. B. A.. meets at 155 E. 58th St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. I s i do r Goldenberg Society, meets at 106 Forsyth St. Jazichnitzer K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 17 Ave. D. 2nd and 4th Mondays. Jefferson Lodge, meets at 210 -212 E. 104th St. Joshua Lodge, meets at 107 W. 116th St. 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Kaiserin Elizabeth, meets at 257 E. Houston St. 1st and 3rd Mondays. Kalarisher Bes. Prog. A., meets at 121 Rivington St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Kalischer Briider Verein, meets at 12 WV. W. 114th St. 2nd and 4th Mondays. Kastroyler Friendship a n d Truth Sick and Brotherly A. of N. Y., meets at 79 Forsyth St. Katrinoslover, meets at 98 Forsyth St. Kempner Heb. B. Soc., meets at 1943 Madison Ave. 1st and 3rd Sundays. Kiever Ladies, meets at 214 E. 2nd St. 2nd and 4th Mondays. Kishineff Sick B. A. (F. B. 0.), meets at 98 Forsyth St. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Sec'y, M. Millstein, 140 Rivington St. Kletzker Young M. B. A., meets at 83-85 Forsyth St. Sec'y, Israel Bernstein. Kobrlner U. V., meets at 98 Forsyth St. Koeningin Esther Lodge, meets at 207 E. Houston St. v 2nd and 4th Sundays. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 847 Kolomaer Friends' A., meets at 257 E. Houston St. 1st and 3rd Fridays. Kopargorod Podoler A. A., meets at 67 Clinton St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Kordanover B. A., meets at 206 E. B'way. Pres., Rev. S. Fine. Kossuth Ferenz, meets at 257 E. Houston St. every Tuesday and Thursday. Kossuth Ferenezy L. S. B. A., 160 E. 86th St. Kossuth Rebecca Lodge, meets at 207 E. 67th St. Kovener Verein, meets at 98 Forsyth St. First Krementsburger B. A., meets at 79 Forsyth St. Sec'y, L. Brendon. Kurlander, meets at 98 Forsyth St. Kurlander Young M. M. A. S., meets at 1943 Madison Ave. 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Ladies' Auxiliary, meets at 214 E. 2nd St. 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Ladies' Mihlener Verein, meets at 169 E. Houston St. Lahusker Y. M. B. A., meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Lanovitzer B. S., meets at 193 E. 2nd St. 2nd and '4th Thursdays. Lazalla U. V., meets at 86 Attorney St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Lenover Lachhover, meets at 90-96 Clinton St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Liberty Lodge, meets at 207 E 67th St. Lieder Bruder, meets at 79-81 Forsyth St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Linsker Bikur Cholim (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 88 Columbia St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., W. Goldbaum, 80 Willett St. Littassir Y. M., meets at 257 E. Houston St. 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Rodphei Zedek Anshei Balhovitzer, meets at 49 Sheriff St. Pres., L. Davidbelk, 82 -84 Sheriff St. Lodzer Y. F. B. A., meets at 209 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Fridays. Lodzer Y. F., meets at 209 E. 2nd St. 2nd and 4th Fridays. Lodzer Y. M. B. A., meets at 209 E. 2nd St. 1st Fridays. Lodmer Y. M. B. A., meets at 85 E. 4th St. 1st and 3rd Mondays. 848 COMMUNAL REGISTER Lodzer Young Men's Am'n, meets at 107 W. 116th St. 2nd and 4th Mondays. Lomzer Ladle' Society-, meets at 206 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Lomzer Yugend, meets at 206 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Lub. Belima Sep. Soc., meets at 125 Rivington St. 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Lud. Lukatcherer, meets at 125 Rivington St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Luminetzer B. A,, meets at 173 'E. B'way, 2nd and '4th Sundays. Luptzer Y. M., meets at 98 Forsyth St. Lutovisker Y. M., meets at 8 -10 Ave. D, every Wednesday. Manhattan Y. M. Assurance, meets at 155 E. 58th St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., V. W. Fried, 200 B'way. Sec'y, P. Parewsky, 1429 Webster Ave. Markover, meets at 98 Forsyth St. Marmorosh Y. M., meets at 257 E. Houston St. 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Mazirer First, meets at 155 Ave. C. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Mendelssohn B. Soc., meets at 1943 Madison Ave. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Meseretzer Ladies' Soc., meets at 83 Forsyth St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., M. Goodman. 437 E. 5th St. Michitzer K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 12 Ave. A. 2nid and 4th Saturdays. Minnie M. Friedman Frauen K. U. V. (F. R. J. A.), meets at 83 Forsyth St. 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., Olga Abramowitz, 1861 2nd Avenue. Sec'y, M. Farsmlt, 26 E. 105th St. Minsker Abrowitzer U. V., meets at 79 Forsyth St. Sec'y, F. Folick. Minsker B'nai Israel Ladies' Soo., meets at 206 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Minsker Young Friends' B. A., meets at 173 E. 'B'way. Miruschower Society, meets at 100 W. 116th St., 3rd Tuesdays. Mohilev and Dnieper Ladies' Soc., meets at 151 Clinton St., 1st and 3rd WedneSdays. Moliver and Dnieper, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th - TUesdays. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 849 Mohliver Young Friends, meets at 257 E. Houston St. 2nd and 4th Fridays. Moscisker Chevrah General Org., (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 115 Lewis St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Mqses Barchan Verein, (F. R. P. H. A.), meets at 27 XW. 115th St. 1st and 3rd Fridays. Pres., Chas. Ruhman, 76 Orchard St. Sec'y., J. Simon, 1571 Fulton Ave. Moses Family Assn., meets at 100 W. 116th St. 2nd Sundays. Mt. Horeb, meets at 69 St. Marks P1. Mount Sinai H. M. B., meets at 100 W. 116th St. 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Mt. Sinai Ladies' Society, meets at 155 E. 58th St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Musical Prog. B. A., meets at 193 E. 2nd St. every Tuesday afternoon. Nemenzever Ben. Assen. Pres., M. Kolmonowitz, 53 7th Ave. Nemerover Ben. Soc., meets at 85 E. 4th St. 2nd and 4th Mondays. Neshirizer, meets at 98 Forsyth St. New York Ind. B. A., meets at 57 St. Marks PI. New York Sisters' and Brothers Society, meets at 8-10 Ave. D, 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Noah Benevolent Ass'n., meets at 1943 Madison Ave. 1st and 3rd Sundays. Norovler Society, meets at 155 Ave. C. every Saturday. Noviselitzer Y. M. and Y. L. B. A., meets at 209 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Fridays. Novogrod W ollner B. A., meets at 151 Clinton St. 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., A. Goldman, 109 St. Marks P1. c/o Schwartz. Sec'y, S. Fishman, 253 E. 2nd St. Novoselitzer Bess. V e r e n, meets at 214 E. 9th St. 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Sec'y.. D. Donafer, 209 E. 10th St. Odessa, meets at 98 Forsyth St. Oestreicher Galician Lodge, meets at 87 Ridge St. Oheb Sholom Lodge (F. B. G. J. A.), meets at 86 Attorney St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Ominer Ladies, meets at 56 Orchard St. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Oniksty Benevolent.Ass'n., meets at 176 E. B'way. Jaskowitzer Lodge, (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 257 E. Hous 850 COMMUNAL REGISTER ton St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y., S. Flohr, 128 Ludlow. Oriental Benevolent Society, meets at 68 W. 117th St. Oshener Verein, meets at 28 Ave. A, 2nd and 4th Sundays. Ossmener Ladies' Ben. Ass'n., meets at 35 Montgomery St. 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Ostrawer Y. M. B. A., meets at 80 Clinton St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Ostreker Y. M., meets at 8 Ave. D, 1st and 3rd Sundays. Ostrolinka Relief, meets at 73 Ludlow St. Ostrover Ladles' Aid Society, meets at 151 Clinton St. 2nd and '4th Saturdays. Ougaver B. S., meets at 209 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Pahauster Bros. Ind. Verein, meets at 73 Ludlow St. Perchener Ben. Assn., meets at 63 Ludlow St. Philadelphians S. B. S., meets at 257 E. Houston St. 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Philip Bernstein, K. U. V., 62 E. 4th St. Pillawer Verein, meets at 214 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Pisko Lodge, meets at 207 E. 67th St. Plotzker-Rapiner B. A., meets at 209 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Fridays. Plotzker Y. M., meets at 209 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pobrozer Soc., meets at 206 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Podhajir Ind. K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 155 Suffolk St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., M. Weiser, 146 Norfolk St. Poloner Society, meets at 151 Clinton St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Premyzlaver Ladies' K. U. V., meets at 80-82 Clinton St. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pretzokower B. S. (F. R. P. H. A.), meets at 60 W. 114th St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., L. Schlasser, 1518 Washington Ave. Prog. Horodentaer Y. M. and Y. L. (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 29 Delancy St. 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., M. Rosenkranz, 421 E. 10th St. Sec'y., *Y. Kirschner, 22'4 E. 165th St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 851 Prog. Sniatiner Y. M. and Y. L. B. A., meets at 145 Suffolk St. 2nd and 4th Fridays. Proskaver Bros,, meets at 98 Forsyth St. Prussener Ass'n., meets at 100 W. 116th St. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Radischer Society, meets at 100 W. 116th St. 3rd Sundays. Radomer Y. M. B. A., meets at 75 E. 116th St. Fridays. Radowitz Ben. Ladies, meets at 257 E. Houston St. 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Ramonya Ladies' Ben Soc.. meets at 125 Rivington St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Rhotiner Ben. Soc., meets at 256 E. 2nd St. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Ribinister Ben. Ass'n., meets at 62 E. 106th St. 1st and 3rd Sundays. Rebecca Kotler U. F. I. M.. meets at 80 Clinton St. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Riga Young Men's Ben. Ass'n. Ind. Sec'y., Abe Kirschner, 184 Ludlow St. Rishkoner Bessarabia Y. M., meets at 218 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Thursdays. ILodginer Voliner, meets at 106 Forsyth St. Roumanian Gemllath Chesed Verein, (F. R. J. A.), meets at 98 Forsyth St. Pres., Jacob Taki. Roumanlan Hebrew Aid, 44 E. 7th St. Rov:ner Org. of Bund, meets at 90-96 Clinton St. every Friday. Royal Ben. Ass'n., meets at 83-85 Forsyth St. Pres., Hyman Leibovitz. Rubeshower K. U. V. (F. R. I. H. A.), meets at 82 Clinton St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y., R. Kreitzer. Rudenker K. U. V. (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 120 Columbia St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Ruplnor Y. M., meets at 214 E. 2nd St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Rurva Rusks, (F. G. B. J. A.), meets at 65 Columbia St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., J. Abel 136 Attorney St. Rymalove Y. M., meets at 209 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Mondays. Sacrachlner B. S. (F. R. P. H. A.), meets at 73 Ludlow St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Sec'y., Jos. Sobel, 2013 Bryant Ave. 852 COMMUNAL REGISTER Saleschik B. A., meets at 223 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Samson Hyman Verein, meets at 214 E. 2nd St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Sarkoschiner B. A., meets at 173 E. B'way 2nd and 4th Sundays. Schislower Ind., meets at 98 Forsyth St. Schrentzker B. A., (F. R. P. H. A.), meets at 100 Essex St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Sec'y., A. Kranenblatt 371 Fox St. Sedlitzer K. U. V., meets at 169 E. Houston St. Seligman Solomon Society, meets at 155 E. 58th St. 2nd and 4th Mondays. Sevexten Y. M., meets at 98 Forsyth St. Shebroshiner Y. M. B. A., meets at 8 Ave. D, 2nd and 4th Fridays. Shevitt Yehudah Lodge, meets at 41 W. 124th St. Tuesdays. Sholom Birnbaum Lodge, (F. R. P. H. A.), meets at 79 E. 116th St. 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., A. Benjamin. 760 Tinton Ave. Sec'y., I. Meyers, 194 E. 138th St. Shifre Stein Ladies' Verein. meets at 214 E. 2nd St. 1st and 8rd Tuesdays. Shpolla K. U. V., meets at 90 -96 Clinton St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sinatyner K. U. V.. 196 Clinton St. Society B'nei Salem, meets at 1943 Madison Ave. 2nd and '4th Sundays. Society Ahavath Emeth, meets at 107 W. 116th St. 1st Sunday afternoon. Society Sons of S o 1 o m o n, meets at 111 E. 114th St. alternate Mondays. Sec'y., Philip Bender, 8 E. 113th St. Sokolivker Y. M. B. A., meets at 328 E. Houston St. every Sunday. Sol. Hirsch Society, meets at 1258-60 Boston Rd. Somochvolovitzker, meets at 173 E. B'way 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Soroka Y. F. and E. League, meets at 80-82 Clinton St. 1st and 3rd Fridays. Soroker, meets at 155 Ave. C, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Slotniker, meets at 155 Ave. C, 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Slutsker Ladies' U. V., meets at 34 Pike St. Smargoner B. A., meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Sunv days. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 853 Stahlzer, meets at 79-81 Forsyth St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Star Alliance, (A. U. R. J.), Sec'y., M. Blumenfleld, 165 Forsyth St. Stashhaver Y. M., meets at 8 Ave. D, 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Stopnicker Y. M. K. U. V. (F. R. P. H. A.), meets at 98 Forsyth St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., L. Diamond, 15 Riverdale Ave.. B'klyn. Sec'y., S. Lenine, 63 Prospect Ave. Stuczyner Y. M. B. A., meets at 206 E. B'way. Pres., Chas. Levitt. Success B. A., meets at 121 Rivington St. 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Sukeroner Dr. Braunstein Lodge, (F. B. O.), meets at 255 E. Houston St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Sec'y., S. Sapon, 1761 Bathgate Ave. Tarascher Prog., meets at 62 E. 106th St. 1st and 3rd Sundays. 'arnower Verein, meets at 86 Attorney St. 1st and 3rd Sundays. Tismanitzer Ladles' Sick and B. S., meets at 193 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Sundays Tlumaczer B. A., meets at 67 Clinton St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Tomospoler, meets at 98 Forsyth St. Treue Schwester K. U. V. meets at 257 E. Houston St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. True Sisters of Harlem, meets at 62 E. 106th St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Tuchower Y. M., meets at 8-10 Ave. D, every Sunday. United America, meets at 257 E. Houston St. 2nd and 4th Mondays. United Brobuzner Y. M. B. A., meets at 209 E. 2nd St. 1st and 3rd Thursdays. United Printers' B. A., meets at 209 E. B'way. United Brothers' Ass'n., meets at 125 Rivington St. 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. United Sisters' Lodge, meets at 151 Clinton St. 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. U. S. Verein of N. Y., meets at 121 Rivington St. 2nd and 4th Saturdays. United Wilner Ladies' B. A., meets at 79-81 Forsyth St. Pres., Mrs. Leher. 1331 Tntervale Ave. 854 COMMUNAL REGISTER Uniten Society, meets at 125 Rivington St. 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Universal Lodge, meets at 207 E. 67th St. Universal Prog., meets at 98 Forsyth St. Universal Rebecca Lodge, meets at 207 E. 67th St. Uzder Ladies, meets at 206 E. B'way, 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Visokower, meets at 106 Forsyth St. Walkinierer Ladies, meets at 209 E. B'way, 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Warshauer Brothers' B. A., meets at 67 Clinton St. 2nd and 4th Fridays. Warschauer and Feigenheim B, A., meets at 125 Rivington St. 1st and 3rd Mondays. Warachaner K. U. V. B'nai Israel, (F. R. P. H. A.), meets at 77 Delancey St. 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., N. Obstbaum, 618 Prospect Ave. Sec'y., S. Gerstenberg, 956 Leggett Ave. Washington Lodge, meets at 41 W. 124th St. 1st Thursday. Weiss and Klein Mutual Aid Soc., meets at 41 W. 124th St. Thursdays. Wengrawer K. U. V. (F. R. P. H. A.), meets at 100 Essex St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Sec'y., M. Minow, 104 McKibben St., B'klyn. Wiereshaner B. S., (F. R. P. H. A.), meets at 100 W. 116th St. 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., M. Lang, 90 Bleecker St. Sec'y., S. Jacob, 1376 Washington Ave. Willoner K. U. V. (F. R. P. H. A.), meets at 231 Lenox Ave. 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres. J. Markowitz, 2829 Valentine Ave. Sec'y., J. Krakauer, 1015 Longwood Ave. Wishkover B. A., meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Sundays. Wishnowirtz B. B. A., meets at 80 Clinton St. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Workovicher Woliner B. A., meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Sundays. Woronover Y. M., meets at 206 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Yablanover Y. M. B. S., meets at 125 Rivington St. 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Young Friend's Edue. and B. A., meets at 79 Forsyth St. Sec'y., Celia Bigel. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 855 Young Hungarian Htzeszaver Y. M., meets at 257 E. Houston St. 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Yusefover Ordinasky B. S., meets at 237 Rivington St. Pres., Nathan Kupferberg. Zabitzhoner B. A., meets at 85 E. 4th St. 1st and 3rd Mondays. Zablonover Society, meets at 206 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Sundays. Zanzova Ladies, meets at 257 E. Houston St. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Zezmerer B. A. Ind, meets as 83 Forsyth St. Pres., Alex Goldman. Zyterser Ladies' B. A. (P. R. J. A.), meets at 10-12 W. 114th St. 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Sec'y., S. Okaner, 15 E. 109th St. Zielachover Prog. Ass'n., meets at 67 Clinton St. 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Zlotzover Frauen, meets at 257 E. Houston St. 856 -LIST OF MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES IN BROOKLYN AND QUEENS A. Dashaver B. A. Sick benefit; Insurance; c e m e t e r y. Org. 1905. Membership: 135. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 1861 Pitkin Ave. Pres., Elias Gootnick, 510 Blake Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, William Elis, 652 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Gootnick, Ellas, Pres. A. Dashaver B. A. (1861-Pitkin Ave.) since 1914. Also Pres. of B'klyn Shochetim Ass'n. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received thorough Jewish education. Cantor and Shochet. Res.: 510 Blake Ave., B'klyn. Berdichever S o c i e t y. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1905. Membership: 120. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 105 Montrose Ave. Pres., Philip Nisman, 45 Siegel St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Max Pollack, 320 Lorimer St., B'klyn. Nixman, Philip, Pres. Berdichever Society (105 Montrose Ave.); elected 1917. Term: 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general education. Res.: 45 Siegel St., B'klyn. Blalostoker Brtlderliecher U. V. No. 1 of B'klyn. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1902. Mem bership: 128. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays at 18 Manhattan Ave. Pres., Jacob Solomon, 260 Floyd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Samuel Press, 903 DeKalb Ave., B'klyn. Solomon, Jacob, Pres. Bialostoker Briiderlicher U. V. No. 1 of B'klyn (18 Manhattan Ave.), since 1913. Term: 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general education. Mfgr. shoes. Res.: 260 Floyd St., B'klyn. Bialostoker Bikur C h o I i m. Charity for natives of Bialostok; sick benefit. Org. 1899. Mem b e rs h ip: 400. Meetings: Every Tuesday, at 76 Siegel St. Pres., Harris Golden, 128 Van Buren St., B'klyn. Sec'y., F. Cohen. Golden, Harris, Pres. Bialostoker Bikur Cholim (76 Siegel St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general Jewish education. Shoes: 58 Reade St. Res.: 128 Van Buren St.. B'klyn. Bialostoker Ladies' Aid Society. Org. 1902. Membership: 50. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays at 143 McKibben St. Pres., Mrs. E. Edelstein, 433 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y: Philip Cohen, 229 Stockton St., B'klyn. Edeistein, Mrs. M., Pros. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 857 Blalostoker Ladles' Aid Society. (143 McKibben St.)., elected 1917. Term: 6 months. Born 1885 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 433 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Brooklyn Hebrew Mutual Sick Benefit Society. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1888. Membership: 98. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays at 14 Graham Ave. Pres., Louis Zentner, 281 Hart St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Louis Harrison, 408 Jamaica Ave., B'klyn. Brotherly Aid Ass'n of B'klyn. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan; insurance. Org. 1893. Membership: 214. Meetings. 2nd and 4th Saturdays at 117 Manhattan Ave. Pres., Samuel Needelman, 13 Varet St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Michael Kopelowitz, 11 Whipple St.. B'klyn. Needelman, Samuel, Pres. Brotherly Aid Ass'n of B' klyn (117 Manhattan Ave.), elected 1917. Term: 6 months. Born 1864 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general education. Retired. Res.: 13 Varet St., B'klyn. Daughters of Israel. Free aid for the poor. Org. 1895. Membership: 200. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 400 Stone Ave. Pres., Mrs. M. Rapps, 99 Chester St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Nathan Getzoff, 425 Sackman St., B'klyn. Rappa, Mrs. M.,. Pres. Daughters of Israel (400 Stone Ave.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1870 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1885. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 99 Chester St., B'klyn. Erste Brooklyner Brfiderllcher I. U. V. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1902. Membership: 520. Meetings: Every Tuesday, at 18 Manhattan Ave. Pres., Reuben Cantor, 218 Rutledge St., B'klyn. Sec'y, David Segall, 1430 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Cantor, Reuben, Pres. Erster Brooklyner Bruiderlicher K. U. V. (18 Manhattan Ave.), - since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1895. Received general education. Builder. Res.: 218 Rutledge St., B'klyn. Erate E. N. Y. Ananiver B. A. S i c k benefit; cemetery. Org. 1908. Membership: 110. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Wednesdays, at 1861 Pitkin Ave. Pres., Abraham Mishkin, 2993 Fulton St. Sec'y, Rubin Bogin, 634 Sackman St., B'klyn. Mishkin, Abrahlbm, Pres. Erste E. N. Y. Aiianiver B. A. (1861 Pitkin Ave.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Russia. Received general Jewish edu - 858 COMMUNAL REGISTER cation. Painter. Res.: 2993 Fulton St., B'klyn. FirSt Berdichever Ladies Society of B'klyn. Relief. Org. 1912. Membership: 82. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 143 McKibben St. Pres., Herman Katz, 701 De Kalb Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Abraham Slonim, 63 Varet St., B'klyn. Katz, Herman, Pres. First Berdichever Ladies' Soc. of B'klyn (143 McKibben St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Hungary. Re ceived general Jewish education. Chemist. Res.: 701 De Kalb Ave., B'klyn. Flrst Coney Island Sick and Benefit Soc. Sick benefit. Membership: 50. Meetings. 1st and 3rd Wednesdays, at Oceanic Walk and Bowery, C. I., B'klyn. Pres., Leo-: pold Freedman, 2508 Mermaid Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Max Stern, 2952 W. 22nd St., Bklyn. First gosterpolier. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1910. Membership: 70. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Mondays, at 125 Montrose Ave. Pres., Jacob Kaufman, 550 Bushwick Ave., Bklyn. Sec'y, Samuel Kennis, 2204 Mermaid Ave., B'klyn. Kaufman, Jacob, Pres. First: Hosterpolier (125 Montrose Ave.); elected 1917. Term 6; months. Born 1881 in Rus sia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 650 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn. First Ind. Odeaser Verein of Brownsville. Sick benefit, insurance; cemetery. Org. 1909. Membership: 78. Meetings: Every 2d Sunday, at 400 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Abraham Brookin, 194 Thatford Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Solomon Ashenbaum, 377 Sackman St., B'klyn. Brookin, Abraham, P r e s. First Ind. Odesser Verein of Brownsville (400 Stone Ave.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Restaurant. Res. 194 Thatford Ave., B'klyn. First Ladies' B. S. of Middle Village, L., I. Sick benefit; free loan. Org. 1907. Membership: 30. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Saturdays, at 27 Wayne St., L. I. Pres., Mrs. Yetta Shapiro, 14 Wayne St., Middle Village, L. I. Sec'y., Mrs. L. Horowitz, 18 Fulton Ave., L. I. Shapiro, Yetta, Pres. First Ladies' B. S. of Middle Village, L. I. (14 Wayne St., L. I.), since 1910. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 14 Wayne St., Middle Village, L. I. Firat Odeaer Y. M. B. A. of BE N. y. Sick benefit; ceme MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 859 tery. Org. 1909. Membership: 75. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Tuesdays, at 536 Sutter Ave. Pres., Max Tanchuck, 513 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Morris Kaufman, 390 Georgia Ave., B'klyn. Tanchuck, Max, Pres. First Odesser Y. M. B. A. of E. N. Y. (536 Sutter Ave.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Monuments. Res.: 513 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Griver Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; free loan. Org. 1905. Membership: 100. Meetings: Every 2nd Saturday, at 400 Stone Ave. Pres., Louis Baum, 135 Amboy St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Joseph Lebsky, 408 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. Baum, Louis, Pres. Griver Y. M. B. A. (400 Stone Ave.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1895. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 135 Amboy St., B'klyn. Hebrew Ladies Aid Society of Greenpoint. Aid for the sick tand poor. Org. 1901. Mem' bership: 200. Meetings: 1st ' Wednesday, at 108 Noble St. j lres., Amelia Levy, 1006 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn.,, Sec'y, Max Brody, 650 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. " ' Levy, Amelia, Pres. Heb. 'Ladies' Aid Soc. of Greenpoint (108 Noble St.), sicQ 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1872 in U. S. Received public school education. Res.: 1006 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Hebrew Roumanian Soc, of E. N. Y. Sick benefit; cemetery; insurance; free loan. Org. 1908. Membership: 100. Meetings: 2nd and '4th Sundays, at 400 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Jacob W. Rosenthal, 226 Glenmore Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Israel Fuchs, 330 Snediker Ave., B'klyn. Rosenthal, Jacob W., Pres. Hebrew Roumanian Society of E. N. Y. (400 Stone Ave.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1894. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 226 Glenmore Ave., B'klyn. Howard Friends League Inc., Sick b e n e fi t, cemetery. Organized 1917. Membership 110. Meets 2nd Thursdays at 426 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Myron Wisoff, 1470 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, David Shapiro, 1734 Park PI., B'klyn. Wisoff, Myron, Pres. Howard Friends' League, Inc., 426 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1892 in U. S. Received general education. Lawyer: 271 B'way. Res.: 1470 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Ida Strauss Ladies B i k u r Chollm Society of B'klyu. Org. 1912. Membership: 800, 860 COMMUNAL REGISTER Meetings: last Saturday of month at 16 Manhattan Ave. Pres., Benjamin Miller, '106 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, P. Cohen, 229 Stockton St., B'klyn. Miller, Benjamin, Pres. Ida Strauss Ladies' Bikur Cholim (106 Manhattan Ave.), since 1913. Term 1 year. Born 1855 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1893. Received general Jewish education. Cottons: 473 B'way. Res.: 106 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Ind. Kaidenover U. V. of B'klyn. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship; free loan. Org. 1903. Membership: 200. Meets at 400 Stone Ave. Pres., Joseph Meltzer, 484 Thatford Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Julius Rivkin, 238 Thatford Ave., B'klyn. Meltzer, Joseph, Pres. Ind. CTaidenover U. V. (400 Stone Ave.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general Jew sh education. Mfgr. shirts: 87 Meserole St., B'klyn. Res.: 484 Thatford Ave., B'klyn. Ind; Podolyer Soc. of Brownsville. Cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1913. Membership: 50. Meetings: 1st and 2nd Saturdays, at 266 Dumont Ave. Pres., Zalmen Glaser, 23 Pitt St. Sec'y. Israel Cooperman, 627 Powell St., B'klyn. Glaser, Zalmen, Pres. Podolyer Soc. of Brownsville (266 Dumont Ave.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1910. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 23 Pitt St. Ind. Webster Ladies' B. S. Sick benefit; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1909. Membership: 65. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, at 143 Mc — Kibben St. Pres., David J. Eichenbaum, 35 Graham Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Liza Blum, 40 Moore St., B'klyn. Eichenbaum, David J., Pres. Ind. Webster Ladies' B. S. (1'43 McKibben St.), since 1909. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general education. Furrier. Res.: 35 Graham Ave., B'klyn. Jacob S. Strahl Ben. Society. Cemetery. Org. 1911. Membership: 1,000.- Meets: at 1028 Gates Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Benj. Eisler, 35 Nassau St. Sec'y., Murry Gellert, 35 Nassau St., clo Benj. Eisler. Jewish American Workingmen's B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1905. Membership: 140. Meetings: thd and 4th Sundays, at 1861 Pitkin Ave. Pres., Abraham Hochman, 361 Christopher Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Hymanl Shartz, 217 Watkins St., B'klyn. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 861 Hochman, Abraham, Pres. American Workinmen's B. A. (1861 Pitkin Ave.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Russia. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 361 Christopher Ave., B'klyn. Ladies' Aux. of Moses Mendelssohn Lodge. Org. 1916. Membership: 75. Meetings: Every 4th Wednesday, at 115 Manhattan Ave. Pres., Jacob Solomon, 260 Floyd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Mildred Match, 260 Floyd St., B'klyn. Jacob, Solomon, Pres. Ladies' Auxiliary of Moses Mendelssohn Lodge (115 Manhattan Ave.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Also Pres. of the Erste Bialostoker Bruderlicher U. V., No. 1, of B'klyn (18 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn). Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. shoes. Res.: 260 Floyd St., B'klyn. Lechem Anelm Soc. Org. 1913. Membership: 426. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 57 Graham Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Mrs. B. Gordon, 91 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y., Max Goldstein, 59 Throop Ave., B'klyn. Romaner Ind. Verein. Insurance; cemetery. Org. 1914. Meetings: *1st and 3rd Sundays, at 36 Morrel St. Pres., Benjamin Zolatar, 45 Morrell St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Max Reiner, 2968 W. 3rd St., B'klyn. Zolatar, Benjamin, P r e s. Romaner Ind. Verein (36 Morrell St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 45 Morrell St., B'klyn. Shebezer Y. M. B. A. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1914. Membership: 50. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Sundays, at 355 Bushwick Ave., Pres., Louis Wolinsky, 233 Chester St., B'klyn. Wolinsky, Louis, Pres. Shebezer Y. M. B. A. (355 Bushwick Ave.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Printer, 233 Chester St., B'klyn. Sisterhood of the Erster Brfiderlilcher Brooklyner K. U. V. Sick benefit. Org. 1908. Membership: 65. Meetings: 2nd and '4th Wednesdays, at 16 Manhattan Ave. Pres., Lena Ledgin, 478 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Harry Marcuse, 283 Wallabout St., B'klyn. Ledgin, Lena, Sisterhood of the Erste Brtiderlicher B'klyner K. U. V. (16 Manhattan Ave.), since 1911. Terms 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to- U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 478 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. 862 COMMUNAL REGISTER Tolchiner A. S. Sick benefit; cemetery; place of worship. Org. 1907. Membership: 45. Meetings: 1st and 3rd Saturdays, at 263 Dumont Ave., Pres., Barnet Goldsmith, 374 Bristol St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Ha r r y Rothenberg, 318 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Goldsmith, Barnett, Pres.,Tolchiner Aid Soc. (263 Dumont Ave.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 374 Bristol St., B'klyn. Traspoler Y. M. Ass'n. Sick Benefit Insurance, Cemetery. Org. 1913. Membership 52. Meets 2nd Saturday at 400 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Samuel Goldfarb, 1747 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Harry Tabelberg, 95 Christopher St., B'klyn. Goldfarb, Samuel, Pres. Traspoler Y. M. Ass'n (400 Stone Ave., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in -Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general education. Res.: 1747 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Warshauer" Sick Ben. Society of Brooklyn. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1894. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Sundays, at 14 Graham Ave. Pres., Harry Rich, 406 Graham Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Barnett Mann, 92 Walton St., B'klyn. Rich, Harry, Pres. War shauer Sick B. S. of B'klyn (14 Graham Ave.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. skirts. Res.: 406 Graham Ave., B'klyn. Williamsburg Y. M. and Y. L. Ben. and Literary Society. Sick benefit; cemetery. Org. 1909. Membership: 70. Meetings: 2nd and 4th Fridays, at 105 Montrose Ave. Pres., David Witkin, 375 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Samuel Satz, 15 Varet St., B'klyn. Witkin, David, Pres. Williamsburg Y. M. and Y. L. Ben. and Literary Soc. (105 Montrose Ave.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1891 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general education. Res.: 375 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn. Wilner B. A. of Brooklyn. Sick benefit; i n s u r a n c e; cemetery; free loan. Org. 1902. Membership: 300. Meetings: Every Sunday, at 16 Manhattan Ave. Pres., Jacob Krieger, 39 McKibben St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Abraham D. Offenbach, 440 Evergreen Ave., B'klyn. Krieger, Jacob, Pres. Wilner B. A. of B'klyn (18 Manhattan Ave.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 18.70 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received g e n e r a 1 Hebrew education. Fish dealer: 19 Delmonico PI., B'klyn. Res.: 39 McKibben St., B'klyn. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 863 Young Ladies' Aid and Literary Soc, Inc. Charity. Org. 1908. Membership: 80. Meetings: 1st and 3d Tuesdays, at 143 McKibben 'St. Pres., Sadie Wolf, 502 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Regina Schutz, 4409 13th Ave., B'klyn. Wolf, Sadie, Pres. Young Ladies' Aid and Literary Soc., Inc. (143 McKibben St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1894 in U. S. Graduated public and business schools. Res.: 502 WVilloughby Ave., B'klyn. Young Men's Harmony A. S. Sick benefit, cemetery, free loan. Org. 1895. Membership 52. Meets 1st and 3rd Thursdays at 1861 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Ike Epstein, 155 Christopher Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Hyman Goldstein, 238 Hinsdale St., B'klyn. Zembiner B. A. Sick benefit; insurance; cemetery. Org. 1907. Membership: 134. Meetings: Every second week, at 392 Watkins St. Pres., Louis Leikin, 670 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Joseph Shifrin, 291 Christopher Ave., B'klyn. Lleiken, Louis, Pres. Zembiner B. A. (392 Watkins St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Plasterer. Res.: 670 Stone Ave., B'klyn. ADEQUATE INFORMATION IS LACKING ON THE FOLLOWING SOCIETIES Benevolent Lodge, 14 Graham Ave. B'noth Jehuda Gemilath Chasodirm, 595 Cleveland St. Chashvoter Y. M. Aid Society, 400 Stone Ave. David Tepfer Dubner B. A., 1863 Pitkin Ave. Grodner Society, 113 Moore St. Kamin Kosivsker Y. M. A. S., 113 Moore St. Krivozer Society of Brooklyn, 315 Hinsdale St. Lubiner B. S., 115 Manhattan Ave. Mendelson Lodge, 143 McKibben St. Minsker Club, 522 Stone Ave. New Utrecht Aid Society, 1275 37th St. Paul Catskill Lodge, 105 Montrose Ave. Pliskover Unter. Verein, 400 Stone Ave. Prog. Riaver Ass'n of B'klyn, 113 Moore St. 864 COMMUNAL REGISTER Sagerer Branch, 143 McKibben United Brooklyn Hebrew Aid St. Circle, 68 McKibben St. Schlesinger Lodge, 14 Graham Ave. United Friends of Brownsville, 373 Blake Ave. Shlolver Arikula Y. M. B. A., 115 Manhattan Ave. Williamsburg Lodge, 143 McKibben St. Tepper's Lodge, 115 Manhattan Ave. Wilner Prog. Soc. of BrownsUnited Brethren Ben. Soc., 311 ville and E. N. Y., 1803 PitSackett St. kin Ave. 865 JEWISH FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS By LEO WOLFSON First Vice Grand Master (in New York), I. W. S. 0. Our fraternal organizations date their origin from about the middle of the nineteenth century. Originally their purposes were to inculcate charity, benevolence and brotherly love amongst their members and also to foster social intercourse and interest in Jewish affairs. Later, as the Jewish population increased by the large immigration and new needs and conditions arose, the organizations, while retaining their original principles, added new ones and at various times increased their spheres of activity and enlarged their purposes. In their present form the Jewish Orders constitute a valuable and important factor in our communal life. The interests of about a million Jews are involved in their existence and welfare. Their influence for good is of inestimable value to our social activities. In his lodge and order, the Jew, who is a member, finds an agency which affords to him and his family a certain measure of protection in the event of death, illness or distress, and at the same time, a ready means to aid and assist others when in similar circumstances. The chief value of their charity and relief work lies in the fact, that all members, regardless of their social or financial status, are entitled to receive them, all members having equal rights and privileges. They are truly democratic institutions, both in form and in spirit. Another important phase is that the recipient of benefits from the lodge or order does not lose his self-respect, nor his I 866 COMMUNAL REGISTER standing in the organization, as is often the case of recipients of public charity. The giving is done either as a matter of due and if given as aid, it is done in a friendly and sometimes admirable spirit. The lodges of the various orders have been and still are the most valuable schools through which our immigrated Jews pass. Many have learned their English at their Lodge meetings. Others have acquired there, their knowledge of parliamentary procedure and decorum at public meetings. Many of our best known public men and speakers have begun their careers modestly, in filling an office in their lodge or joining the debates at the meetings. In fact most of our people gain their connection with and knowledge of American Jewish activities, and take an interest in the same, through their affiliation with the Jewish fraternal Orders. One of the factors which has largely contributed to the growth and popularity of the Orders, aside from the benefits and general activity in Jewish affairs, was, that they made possible for men from the same country and often from the same town, to meet together quite often, and created the opportunity of keeping up old friendships and of facilitating the creation of new valuable relations. Ostensibly, the Jewish Orders exist for the specific purposes of providing their members with endowment insurance in most cases amounting.to about $500.00 in the event of death, with accident disability insurance in the sum of $500.00 by some organizations, and either directly or through the lodge with funeral expenses, sick benefit and assistance in times of need and distress. MUTUAL AlD AGENCIES 867 In fact, however, they do extensive social work. They are the most generous contributors to Jewish charitable institutions; some of them maintain their own institutions, and what is perhaps more praiseworthy, they are encouraging and urging their members individually to contribute and give freely to all Jewish causes and interests. For organizing, moulding and interesting large masses of Jews in the large Jewish problems they have leen found the best means, and it must be said to their credit, that they have served Jewish interests at large, readily and intelligently. WTith all the good features these organizations possess and the good work they actually do, their existence as a whole, with very few exceptions, is uncertain and insecure. Every now and then a Jewish Order goes out of existence and leaves in its trail thousands of widows and orphans, absolutely helpless in their greatest hour of need, and deprived of all their legitimate hopes and expectations of aid and assistance. Our Orders do business under the "assessment system." Each member regardless of his age is required to pay a certain fixed amount upon the death of a member. As long as the membership in an order is young and the mortality rate low, the payments to the endowment fund by the members is correspondingly low. As the members hecome older and the mortality rate increases, the payments for deaths also increase and in the course of time it becomes impossible for members to meet the same, and the Order becomes bankrupt and goes into the hands of receivers. The " assessment system" is fundamentally wrong. Persistent adherence to the same in face of the bitter les 868 COMMUNAL REGISTER sons of the past, make the Orders practically unsafe from the standpoint of securing insurance for their members. No matter how much stress may be laid upon the useful work of the Orders or their other valuable features, and the services they render to Jewish life at large, the members themselves are primarily interested in their insurance and consider that particular feature of paramount importance. In this particular respect, the ren dering of the insurance safe and secure, it is of the. utmost importance that the Jewish Orders shall be reorganized upon a scientific fraternal rate basis. Some of the organizations have already done so, and a comparison of their status with those who do business under the old system-will prove beyond doubt the desirability, nay imperativeness, of all of them doing the same thing.. It would be a great pity indeed, if these very useful agencies should continue in their shortsighted, narrow policy, and fail to realize their own crying needs of reform with respect to their insurance features. Public opinion should compel them do so, while there is yet time to do the reorganizing work without any injury to their interests and work. Now it can be done with least interference, and it can be done successfully. Later it will be too late. The future of Jewish Orders and their continued usefulness lies in their own hands. When properly reorganized, and their existence is made secure -and safe, they can be made a splendid coherent force for good in American Jewish life. TABLE SHOWING THE SALIENT FEATURES OF JEWISH ORDERS - IN NEW YORK CITY b.o I'3.L 3l NAMOB OF ORDER ':.'..-: 04 I - ' |j I. t-.Arbelter Ring.........1900 602 59,500 240 25,000 $12.00 $300,000 Ind. Order B'nai Brith... 1843 313 35,422 19 2,100 10.00 - 21,000 Ind. Order Brith Abraham..1887 774 203,000 354 90,000 15.00 1,350,000 Ind. Order Brith Sholom... 1905 378 52,596 88 16,000 16.00 266,000 Ind. Order Free Sons of Israel 1849 80 7,200 44 4,500............ Ind. Order Sons of Benjamin. 1877 25 800 18 450 36.00 16,200 ind. Order True Sisters... 1846 21 5,991 10 2,412 8.00 19,296 Ind. Western Star Order... 1894.. 21,000 24 2,000 16.00 32,000 Jewish National Workers' Alliance......... 1911 116 6,000 24 1,200 15.00 18,000 Order Brith Abraham....1859 365 58,000 128 17,000 12.00 204,000 Order Sons of Zion...... 1907 91 4,500 21 1,350 15.24 20,574 Order of United Hebrew Bros. 1915.. 1,800 12............ I verage cost TOTAL............. 2,769 454,807 982 162,012 $15.52 $2,237,070 a 0 9 I a f 871 Arbeiter Ring (Workmen's Circle) 175 East Broadway OFFICERS: Pres., Abraham Epstein, 175 E. Broadway. Sec'y, Joseph Baskin, 175 E. Broadway. Established 1900. Incorporated 1905. MEMBERSHIP: Branches in U. S. and Canada, 602. Branches in N. Y. C., 240. Total membership in U. S. and Canada, 59,500. Membership in N. Y. C., 25,000. Average cost to N. Y. members per annum, $12. Fraternal system of insurance based on table of mortality adopted by the National Fraternal Congress. PURPOSE: "To help the working class as a whole, to improve the conditions of the worker, to increase his wages and to strengthen his social and political influence." BENEFITS: Insurance against tuberculosis, sickness, accident and death. Issues policies from $100.00 to $400.00. ACTIVITIES: Organizes and aids in charitable and educational activities. Publishes in Yiddish Scientific Books which sell at cost. Maintains a sanitarium for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Issues monthly paper, "Der Freind." Takes great interest in the affairs of Jewish workmen. Affiliated with the Socialist party. Contributed $20,000 to the Jewish War Relief Fund. Epstein, Abraham, Pres. The Workmen's Circle (175 E. B'way), since 1915. Term 1.year. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general education. Advertising. Res.: 894 Union Ave. - Baskin, Joseph, Secretary Workmen's Circle.. Born in Russia, 1880, obtained high school education at College de Geneva, Switzerland. Pursued for two years a scientific course at the University of Lauzanne in Switzerland, and in 1905 obtained the degree of Electrical Engineer at University of Nancy, France. From 1905 to 1907 was publisher of and contributor to Volkszeitung in Vilna, Russia, under the auspices of the "Bund." Came to America the latter part of 1907, and was connected, until 1914, with the Westinghouse Electric Co., at Pittsburgh, Pa. In the latter part of 1914 was elected assistant secretary of the Workmen's Circle. and in 1916 became general secretary. 872 COMMUNAL REGISTER BRANCHES IN NEW YORK CITY Branch No. 1, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Friday. Sec'y, H. Bassel, 2304 Crotona Ave. Branch No. 2, meets at 143 E. 103d St., Saturday. Sec'y, N. Sapirman, 143 E. 103d St. Branch No. 3, meets at 23 Bartlett St., Friday. Sec'y, A. Tepper, 226 Throop Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 4, meets at 76 Throop Ave., B'klyn., Tuesday. Sec'y, Jacob Hyman, 41 Jefferson St. Branch No. 5, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Sec'y, C. Eisenberg, 677 Myrtle Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 6, meets at 76 Throop Ave., B'klyn, Friday. Sec'y, S. Jellin, 157 S. 1st St., B'klyn. Branch No. 8, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Friday. Sec'y, 0. Steinberg, 17 E. 117th St., B'klyn. Branch No. 11, meets at 63 Liberty Ave., B'klyn, Friday. Seo'y, M. Shmayomik, 18 Amboy St., B'klyn. Branch No. 20, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Friday. Sec'y., H. Sack, 304 E. 8th St. Branch No. 24, meets at 779 E. 169th St., 1st and 3d Satur day. Sec'y, P. Lerner, 1432 Crotona Park. E. Branch No. 25, meets at 63 Ludlow St., 1st and 3d Saturday. Sec'y, Moses Mintz, 61 E. 103d St. Branch No. 28, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Thursdays. Sec'y, R. Bolnick, 73 E. 109th St. Branch No. 33, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Sec'y, I. Hillman, 1758 Bathgate Ave. Branch No. 34, meets at 257 E. Houston St., 2nd and 4th Friday. Sec'y, A. Averon, 634 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 35, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, D. Susserman, 2147 Washington Ave. Branch No. 36, meets at 209 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, D. Alperin, 99 Ave. C. Branch No. 37, meets at 79 Forsyth St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, I. Tuman, 508 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 38, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, M. Datz, 985 Myrtle Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 39, meets at 83 Forsyth St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, K. Lipshitz, 456 E. 171st St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 873 Branch No. 40, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, S. Brodkin, 818 E. 166th St. Branch No. 42, meets at 326 E. Houston St., Friday. Sec'y, L. Bezahler, 112 Ave. C. Branch No. 43, meets at 206 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, M. Abrams, 173 Leonard St., B'klyn. Branch No. 49. Sec'y, B. Frishwasser, 458 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 50, meets at 267 E. Houston St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, H. Kraus, 306 E. 56th St. Branch No. 51, meets at 77 Delancey St., 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Sec'y, Philip Krubiner, 113 E. 160th St. Branch No. 52, meets at 77 Delancey St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, M. Grodenchik, 1820 Belmont Ave. Branch No. 53, meets at 209 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, M. Silberglied, 990 Leggett Ave. Branch No. 54, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, H. Bender, 351 Hinsdale St., B'klyn. Branch No. 55, meets at 261 Prospect Ave., 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Sec'y, A. Zahn, 111 15th St.. B'klyn. Branch No. 56, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, A. Rosenbaum, 197 Clinton St. Branch No. 64, meets at 67 St. Marks PI., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, M. Millard, 551 E. 11th St. Branch No. 66, meets at 98 Forsyt'h St., 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, J. Marcus, 104 Orchard St. Branch No. 68, meets at 162 Madison St., 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y,O. Steinberg, 17 E. 117th St. Branch No. 70, meets at 81 Delancey St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, M. Schwager, 186 E. 101st St. Branch No. 72, meets at 173 E. B'way. Sec'y, J. Cooperman, 15 W. 112th St. Branch No. 74, meets at 79 Forsyth St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, Elias Otto, 2325 Prospect Ave. Branch No. 75, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, Z. Spier, 358 Hinsdale St., B'klyn. Branch No. 76, meets'at Eckford St. and Driggs Ave., B'klyn, 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, A. Pikus, 714 Humboldt St.. B'klyn. 874 COMMUNAL REGISTER Branch No. 77, meets at 98 Forsyth St., 1st and 2nd Wednesdays. Sec'y, D. Kap- lan, 598 E. 138th St. Branch No. 80, meets at 151 Clinton St., 2d and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, M. Hochen, 159 Monroe St. Branch No. 82, meets at 56 Orchard St., Tuesdays. Sec'y, M. Wolberg, 534 E. 11th St. Branch-No. 83, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2d and 4th Friday, Sec'y, M. Feinberg, 1820 Lexington Ave. Branch No. 85, meets at 100 Essex St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, M. Chernetsky, 371 E. 138th St. Branch No. 86, meets at 56 St. Marks Place, Thursdays. Sec'y, R. Bernstein, 1500 Longfellow Ave. Branch No. 87, meets at 143 E. 103 St., 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Sec'y, M. Scheinbaum, 47 Sand St., B'klyn. Branch No. 88, meets at 102 Essex St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, J. Farber, 290 Brook Ave. Branch No. 89, meets at 206 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th ' Thursday. Sec'y, A. Hartzman, 162 Harrison Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 91, meets fit 77 Delancey St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, M. Schechter, 1643 Madison Ave. Branch No. 93, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, G. Hermalin, 214 Rivington St. Branch No. 96, meets at 79 Forsyth St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, D. Shapiro, 20 Tompkins Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 97, meets at 125 Rivington St., 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, I. Pleener, 330 E. 120th St. Branch No. 99, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, B. Golub, 860 E. 172nd St. Branch No. 100, meets at 206 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, J. Blake, 247% Atlantic Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 101, meets at 79 Forsyth St., 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Sec'y, I. Radder, 320 Franklin Ave. Branch No. 108, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Sundays. Sec'y, R. Oliansky, 1639 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 115, meets at 79 Forsyth St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, S. Thom-. ashow, 107 7th Ave. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 875 Branch No, 122, meets at 159 Rivington St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, M. Levine, 162 E. 114th St. Branch No. 124, meets at 151 Clinton St., 1st and 3d Tuesday. Sec'y, A. Kompaniez, 736 Home St. Branch No. 130, meets at 219 Sackman St., B'klyn, 1st Thursday. Sec'y, L. Shapiro, 6217 18th Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 132, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, M. Stranch, 938 E. 163d St. Branch No. 133, meets at 77 Delancey St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, L. Ginsburg, 118 Middletown St., B'klyn. Branch No. 134, meets at 326 E. Houston St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, B. Klein, 55 Avenue C. Branch No. 136, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, I. Grayman, 370 St. Ann's Ave. Branch No. 139, meets at 219 Sackman St., B'klyn, 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Sec'y, S. Lipshitz, 854 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 144, meets at 79 Delancey St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, I. Wegodsky, 27 E. 110th St. Branch No. 146, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, L. Golinsky, 27 W. 114th St. Branch No. 147, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, M. Mayer, 414 E. 74th St. Branch No. 148, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Mondays. Sec'y, D. Wein, 497 Court St., B'klyn. Branch No. 149, meets at 151 Clinton St., 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, S. Bernstein, 1328 Clay Ave. Branch No; 150, meets at 151 Clinton St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, P. Lurle, 1086 Kelly St. Branch No. 164, meets at 206 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Sec'y, E. Kamemmaker, 335 Grand St., B'klyn. Branch No. 165, meets at 209 E. 2nd St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, M. Steinberg, 105 E. 119th St. Branch No. 171, meets at 98 Forsyth St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, B. Kalsel, 255 Pearl St., B'klyn. Branch No. 172, meets at 219 Sackman St., B'klyn, 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, L. Elkin, 758 Rockaway Ave., B'klyn. / 876 COMMUNAL REGISTER Branch No. 177, meets at 151 Clinton St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, M. Grossman, 232 E. 13th St. Branch No. 183, meets at 206 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, David Rose, 2203 6th Ave. Branch No. 185, meets at 210 E. 104th St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, A. Kaduson, 290 W. 147th St. Branch No. 188, meets at 73 Ludlow St., 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Sec'y, H. Cochman, 280 S. 2nd St., B'klyn. Branch No. 189, meets at 143 McKibben St., B'klyn, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, T. Mendelsohn, Cypress Ave. and Fresh Pond Road. Branch No. 194, meets at e3 Forsyth St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, E. S. Rattner, 66 E. 107th St. Branch No. 195, meets at 162 Madison St., 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, L. Bezahler, 112 Avenue C. Branch No. 199, meets at 77 Delancey St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, I. Chudnoff, 100 2nd St. Branch No. 200, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Sec'y, M. Pressman. 162 E. Houston St. Branch No. 201, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Saturday. Sec'y, M. Sherman, 683 Hinsdale St., B'klyn. Branch No. 205, meets at 67 Clinton St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, J. Bursuck, 184 E. 3d St. Branch No. 206, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, A. Pickus, 611 E. 140th St. Branch No. 210, meets at 100 Essex St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, Sam Stak, 1392 Franklin Ave. Branch No. 211, meets at 143 E. 103d St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, M. Kutik, 1308 Union Ave. Branch No. 213, meets at 151 Clinton St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, Joseph Simon, 1'41 E. B'way. Branch No. 214, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, M. Katz, 2077 Mapes Ave. Branch No. 215, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and' 3d Fridays. Sec'y, Dave Stein, 97 E. 3d St. Branch No. 216, meets at 206 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Thurdays. Sec'y, E. Finkelstein, 129 W. 116th St. K UTUAL All) AGENCEIS 877 Branch No. 219, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3rd Fridays. Sec'y, A. Abramowitz, 62 Montgomery St. Branch No. 221. Sec'y, I. Firnawer, 121% Rockaway Road, Jamaica, L. I. Branch No. 224, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Sec'y, M. Slavin, 1700 Washington Ave. Branch No. 225, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Sec'y, L. Landsman, 760 Trinity Ave. Branch No. 230, meets at 326 E. Houston St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, S. Moslin, 1748 Washington Ave. Branch No. 231, meets at 151 Clinton St., 2d and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, Chas. Miller, 1784 Prospect P1. Branch No. 233, meets at 81 Forsyth St., 2nd 'and 4th Tuesdays. Sec'y, M. Cheleinowitz, 1417 44th St.. B'klyn. Branch No. 235, meets at 257 E. Houston St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, B. Krapko, 811 Tinton Ave. Branch No. 241, meets at 77 Delancey St., 1st and 3d Thursdays. Sec'y, J. Prashler, 127 W. 116th St. Branch No. 244, meets at 79 Forsyth St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, N. Spark, 216 E. 96th St. Branch No. 245, meets at 207 E. 2nd St., 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Sec'y, J. Belinsky, 765 E. 183d St. Branch No. 246, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and '4th Fridays. Sec'y, J. Aspis, 2326 2nd Ave. Branch No. 247, meets at 206 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, E. Lipschitz, 151 W. 62nd St. Branch No. 253, meets at 30 E. 1st St., 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, Harry Berman, 1442 Charlotte St. Branch No. 255, meets at 276 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, J. Comoy, 734 E. 181st St. Branch No. 259, meets at 77 Delancey St., 1st and 8d Fridays. Sec'y, J. Goldman, 329 E. 16th St. Branch No. 260, meets at 79 Forsyth St., 2nd and 4th Mondays. Sec'y, M. Smofsky, 55 E. 102nd St. Branch No. 261, meets at 276 E. Houston St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, A. Herschkowitz, 54 E. 112th St. Branch No. 262, meets at 162 Madison St., 1st and 8d Saturdays. Sec'y, H, Rugoff, 62 Henry St. Branch No. 270, meets at 209 E. 2nd St., 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Sec'y, A. Brooks, 187 E. 100th St. 878 COMMUNAL REGISTER Branch No. 271, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, J. Fishman, 235 2nd St. Branch No. 272, meets at 143 E. 103rd St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, A. Rosenfeld, 79 E. 107th St. Branch No. 275, meets at 10 W. 114th St., Fridays. Sec'y, S. Nadelman, 69 E. 107th St. Branch No. 277 meets at 214 E. 2nd St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, M. Katz, 538 E. 6th St. Branch No. 278, meets at 79 Forsyth St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, B. Brownstein, 1717 3d St. Branch No. 280, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, M. Perlowitz, 249 S. 2nd St., B'klyn. Branch No. 285, meets at 209 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, A. Sulzer, 65 E. 100th St. Branch No. 286, meets at 173 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, P. Stern, 1585 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 288, meets at 21. B. 2nd St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, A. Brick, 644 E. 11th St. Branch No. 291, meets at 207 2nrd Ave., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, C. Rubin, 1678 2nd Ave. Branch No. 294, meets at 143 McKibben St., B'klyn, 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Sec'y, H. Ribakoff, 120 Grove St., B'klyn. Branch No. 295, meets at 534 Sutter Ave., B'klyn, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, Sam Landy, 655 Hendrix St., B'klyn. Branch No. 296, meets at 76 Throop Ave., B'klyn, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, A. Marshall, 60'4 Howard Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 297, meets at 151 Clinton St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, P. Dyenson, 162 2nd Ave. Branch No. 298, meets at 151 Clinton St., 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Sec'y, R. L. Wagner, 594 E. 140th St. Branch No. 299, meets at 209 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Fridays.' Sec'y, B. Kailess, 56 Willett St. Branch No. 300, meets at 79 Forsyth St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, J. Levitt, 133 Henry St. Branch No. 301, meets at 257 E. Houston St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, A. Friedman, 423 Washington St., Hoboken. Branch No. 309, meets at 206 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Tuesday. Sec'y. J. Jaffe, 1643 Madison Ave. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 879 Branch No. 315, meets at 1246 42nd St., B'klyn, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, H. Handes, 1330 42nd St., B'klyn. Branch No. 321, meets at 162 Madison St., 1st and 3rd Fridays. Sec'y, J. Jacobson, 1716 Park Pl., B'klyn. Branch No. 322, meets at 206 E. B'way, 2nd and '4th Thursdays. Sec'y, P. Lehrer, 815 Trinity Ave. Branch No. 323, meets at 175 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Sec'y, M. Lipnitzky, 137 Monroe St. Branch 324, meets at 143 E 103d St., 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Sec'y, S. Steinberg, 79 E. 107th St. Branch No. 325, meets at 76 Throop Ave., B'klyn, 1st and 3d Thursdays. Sec'y, J. Baron, 69 Bay 17th St., B'klyn. Branch No. 330, meets at 66 E. 4th St., Fridays. Sec'y, J. Bernstein, 655 Flatbush Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 331, meets at 106 Forsyth St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, M. Friedwnan, 232 E. 103d St. Branch No. 333, meets at 100 Essex St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, A. Bleifer, 56 Gouverneur St. Branch No. 336, meets at 209 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Fri days. Sec'y, A. Mintz, 61' E. 103d St. Branch No. 338, meets at 176 E. B'way, 1st and 3d, Fridays. Sec'y, A. Rudko, 240 E. 2nd St. Branch No. 344, meets at 1258 Boston Rd., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, M. Fledler, 1504 Longfellow Ave. Branch No. 345, meets at 210 E. 2nd St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, L. Mittle, man, 887 Freeman St. Branch No. 346, meets at 73 Ludlow St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, M. Krisow, 75 E. 119th St. Branch No. 350, meets at 77 Delancey St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, W. Ginsberg, 98 Barrett St., B'klyn. Branch No. 351, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Sec'y, S. Grebow, 1 E. 113th St. Branch No. 352, meets at 143 E. 103d St., 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, E. Levine, 937 E. 181st St. Branch No. 354, meets at 664 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn, 1st and 3d Sundays. Sec'y, M. Rudinsky, 271 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 355, meets at 57 E. 8th St., 2nd and '4th Fri 880 COMMUNAL REGISTER days. Sec'y, M. Siken, 1519 Charlotte St. Branch No. 359, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, J. Michaelson, 149 W. 13th St. Branch No. 361, meets at 85 Forsyth St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, D. Rutitsky, 483 Bushwick Ave.. B'klyn. Branch No. 363, meets at 79, Forsyth St., 1st and 3d Friday. Sec'y, H. Lubel, 453 Powell St., B'klyn. Branch No. 364, meets at 143 E. 103d St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, M. Horbwitz. 1890 So. B'lvd. Branch No. 366, meets at 96 Clinton St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, H. Deutch, 551 Fox St. Branch No. 367, meets at 173 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Sec'y, L. Ashinofsky, 1501 39th St., B'klyn. Branch No. 368, meets at 218 E. 2nd St., 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Sec'y. I. Pincus, 123 Norfolk St. Branch No. 369, meets at 62 E. 4th St., 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, B. Wisenberg, 441-43 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 377, meets at 76 Throop Ave., B'klyn, 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Sec'y, C. Phon, 69 Johnson Ave., Bkn. Branch No. 379, meets at 100 Essex St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, A. Goldstein, 592 Beck St. Branch No. 382, meets at 276 E. Houston St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, W. Weiss, 130 St. Marks PI. *Branch No. 386, meets at 100 Essex St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, 0. Schneiderman, 146 E. 98th St. Branch No. 389, meets at 175 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, C. Kaplan, 340 Snediker Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 392, meets at 125 Rivfngton St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, L. Sherman, 121 E. 109th St. Branch No. 396, meets at 64 E. 4th St., 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, B. Levine, 131 Barrett St., B'klyn. Branch No. 399, meets at 210 E. 104th St., every 2nd Friday. Sec'y, H. Pomerantz, 155 E. 112th St. Branch No. 400, meets at 861 E. 162nd St., 2nd and 4th Mondays. Sec'y, T. Reichman, 500 E. 163d St. Branch No. 401, meets at 206 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y. L. Epstein. 229 Monroe St. KrU'JUAL AID AGBNCIEIM 881 Branch No. 402, meets at 145 Suffolk St., 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, D. Schumsker, 60 E. 102 St. Branch No. 403, meets at 328 E. Houston St., 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Sec'y, I. Cohen, 71 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 405, meets at 210 E. 104th St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, J. Brooks, 1905 Douglas St., B'klyn. Branch No. 406, meets at 151 Clinton St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, M. Goldberg, 162 E. 104th St. Branch No. 407, meets at 62 E. 4th St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, I. Ehrlich, 954 Jennings St. Branch No. 408, meets at 18 Dodge Ave., Rockaway, 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Sec'y, I. Goldin, 3 Dashly Court, Rockaway. Branch No. 410, meets at 96 Clinton St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, A. Ashpis, 296 Glenmore Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 411, meets at 96 Clinton St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, M. Lenchitz, 532 E. 136th St. Branch No. 412, meets at 175 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, A. Mertin, 411 Minsdale St., B'klyn. Branch No. 417, meets at 28 Avenue A, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, H. Richards, 2055 Washington Ave. Branch No. 419, meets at 17,79 Pitkin Ave.,,B'klyn, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, I. Stein, 1498 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 423, meets at 100 Essex St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, M. Millman, 136'4 Washington Ave. Branch No. 428, meets at 175 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Sec'y, J. Palley, 418 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 436, meets at 106 Forsyth St., lst*and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, L. Lewon, 598 E. 139th St. Branch No. 439, meets at 21$ E. 2nd St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, D. Wollner, '49 Stanton St. Branch No. 440, meets at 1841 Pitkin Ave., 2nd and.4th Fridays. Sec'y, M. Matluk, 314 Osborn St., B'klyn. Branch No. 442, meets at 257 E. Houston St., 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, J. ]. Rosenblatt, 2043 Washington Ave. Branch No. 447, meets at 648 Bay St., Stapleton, S.-I.,+ Stt and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, H. Dropkin, 999 Casteltqn Ave., Staten Island. 882, COMMUNAL REGISTER Branch No. 455, meets at 143 E. 103d St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, L. Altman, 1009 Prospect Ave. Bmaekh No. 456, meets at 80 Clinton St., 1st and 3d Friday, sec'y, M. Birenbaum, 401 E. 88th St. Branch No. 458, meets at 79 Forsyth Street, 1st and 3d Mondays. Sec'y, M. FIqedman, 1447 Wilkins Ave. Branch No. 462, meets at 209 E. B'way, 1st and 3rd Fridays. Sec'y, S. Halper, 1358 Clinton Ave. Branch No. 465, meets at 81 Delancey Street, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, J. Lemansky, 1756 Park Place, B'klyn. Braneh No. 467, meets at 16 Manhattan Ave., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, L. Lomburg, 905 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 468, meets at 106 Forsyth Street, 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, P. Hertzberg, 946 42nd Street, B'klyn. Braneh No. 471, meets at 390 Stone Ave., B'klyn, 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, H. Roth, 623 Sackman Street, B'klyn. Bemth No. 475 meets at 77 Delaneey Street, 1st and lid aturdays. iSec'y, A. L. Keevuk, 408 Grand Street. Branch No. 481, meets at 176 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y., J. Goldman, 831 Sterling Place, B'klyn. Branch No. 498, meets at 214 E. 2nd Street, 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Sec'y, D. Pollshook, 180 E. Houston Street. Branch No. 500, meets at 176 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, J. Prince, 622 E. 136th Street. Branch No. 501, meets at 143 E. 103d St., 1st and 3d Fri-,day. Sec'y, G. Metz, 622 Prospect Ave. Branch No. 507, meets at 390 Stone Ave., B'klyn, 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, A. Chalet, 131 Barret Street, B'klyn. Branch No. 508, meets at 210 E. 10Y4th St., 2nd and 4th Sundays. Sec'y, S. Vogel. 338 E. 100th St. Branch No. 510, meets at Brook Ave. and 137th St. St., 1st and 3rd Fridays. See'y, A. Adler, 1073 Forest Ave. Branch No. 514, meets at. 390 Stone Ave., B'klyn, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, M. Gootnik, 456 Alabama Ave., B'klyn. Branch No. 517, meets at 175 E. B'way, 2nd and 4th Sundays. Sec'y, S. Salkind, 16 Thompson Pl., Coney Is, MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 888 Branch No. 531, meets at 116 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn, Fridays. Sec'y, M. Merer, 403 Chester St., B'klyn. Branch No. 539, meets at 2t7 E. Houston St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, J. M. Rosenblatt, 2043 Washington Ave. Branch No. 543, meets at 67 Clinton St., 1st and 3rd Sunday. Sec'y, L. Fried, 3875 S. 4th Street, B'klyn. Branch No. 545, meets at 75 E. 116th St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, M. Saphir, '499 E. 176th St. Branch No. 548, meets at 3675 Third Ave., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, M. N. Kleniert, 1690 Clay Ave. Branch No. 551, meets at 100 Essex St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, A. Steiger, 124 2nd Ave. Branch No. 554, meets at 80 B. 111th St., 2nd and 4th Mondays. Sec'y, P. Itzkin, 11 E. 118th St. Branch No. 555, meets at 56 Orchard St., Wednesdays. Sec'y, S. Rosen, 20 Broome Street. Branch No. 557, meets at 1863 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, B. Terry 762 Rockaway Ave., B'klyn. Branch No., 560, meets at 209 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, L. Berman, 2J4 Clinton St. Branch No. 506, meets at I Avenue D, 1st and 3d' Sat. urdays. Sec'y, J. Greenberg, 332 E. 19th St. Branch No. 500, meets at 108 Forsyth St., 2nd and 4th, Saturdays. Sec'y, P. Zelnick, 25 E. 105th St. Branch No. 570, meets at 80 Clinton St., 1st and 3d Thursdays. Sec'y, H. Meyers, 32 Columbia St. Branch No. 576, meets at 96 Clinton St., 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Sec'y, M. Bernstein, 168 E. 2nd St. Branch No. 578, meets: at-74 E. 4th St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, M. Mallnofsky. 55 2nd Ave. Branch No. 580, meets at 176 tE. B'way, 2nc and 4th Friday. Sec'y, A. Rachman, 709 E. 9th St. Branch No. 581, meets at 246 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, J. Borenstein, 1540 Seabury Place. Branch No. 582, meets at 148 E. 103d St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. S6c'y, A. Wronsky, 1766 Washington Ave. Branch No. 583, meets at 178 E. B'way, 1st and ld' Fri. Sec'y, F. ChudLnow, 414 Westervelt Ave., New Brighton, S. I. 884 COMMUNAL REGISTER Branch No. 585, meets at 73 Allen St., 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, A. Rosenbaum, 411 Lenox Ave. Branch No. 586, meets at 143 E. 103d, St., 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, B. Maiten, 54 E. 99th St. Branch No. 597, meets at 57 St. Marks Pl., Wednesdays. Sec'y, M. Gelbart, 32 St. Marks P1. Branch No. 598, meets at 79 Delancey St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, M. Shriftman, 5 Ten Eyck St., B'klyn. Branch No. 600, meets at 79 Forsyth St., 1st and 3d Mondays. Sec'y, S. Meadow, 314 S. 3d St., B'klyn. Branch No. 001, meets at 206 E. B'way, 1st and 3d Sundays. Sec'y, S. Goniondsky, 122 St. Marks P1. Branch No. 602, meets at 85 E. 4th St., 2nd and 4th Sundays. Sec'y, M. Lipschitz, 723 E. 156th St. Branch No. 605, meets at Forsyth and Rivington St., 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, I. Tuchinsky, 77 Delancey St., clo Bank of U. S. Branch No. 607, meets at 151 Clinton St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, I. Siegel, 527 E. 13th St. Branch No. 608, meets at 80 Clinton St., 2nd and 4th Fridays. Sec'y, A. Berman, 262 E. Houston St. 885 Independent Order B'nai B'rith 2807 Broadway OFFICERS: Pres., Adolf Kraus. Pres., 'District No. 1, Maurice P. Davidson, 261 Broadway. Sec'y, B'rnard M. Kaplan, 2307 Broadway. Treasurer, Herman Asher, 299 Broadway. Established 1843. Incorporated 1878. MEMBERSHIP: Total number of lodges in the U. S., 313. Number of lodges in N. Y. C., 19. Total membership in U. S., 35,422. Membership in N. Y. C., 2,100. Average cost to N. Y. members per annum, $10. Fraternal system of insurance based on American Experience Table at 6%. No new policies issued. PURPOSE: "Uniting Israelites in work of promoting their highest interests and those of humanity; developing and elevating the mental and moral character of people of our faith; of inculcating the purest principles of philanthropy; honor and patriotism; of supporting science and art; alleviating the wants of the poor and needy, visiting and attending the sick; coming to the rescue of victims of persecution; providing for, protecting and assisting the widow and orphan on the broadest principle of humanity." In 1843, -a number of German Jews in New York, headed by Henry Jones, actuated by the desire to help the Jews the world over, organized what became the nucleus of the Order B'nai B'rith. It was decided to bar political and religious discussion forever from the councils of the Order, so as to make its activities as effective as possible. As early as 1851 the Order was in a position to transcend the limits of its own state and to make an appeal to the Jews of New York. It was in that year that District Lodge One was organized in New York City. In 1882 the first lodge in Germany was established, laying the foundation for an Interiiational Organization. Since then the Order became international in scope, with branches all over Europe, Africa and Asia. As one of the few great Jewish international organizations, the Order B'nai B'rith was in a position to exercise considerable influence in favor of Jews the world over. The order supported Mr. Benjamin Peixotto as special consul of Roumania for the purpose of obtaining governmental alleviation of distress of Roumanian Jews. The Order has close affiliation with all great Jewish bodies, such as the Alliance Israelite Universelle, the Jewish Colonization.Association, the American Jewish Committee, etc. 886 COMMUNAL REGISTER BENEFITS: Except for relief the Order has no insurance system and gives no insurance benefit, except to those who joined as endowment members, before the endowment feature was abolished, about twenty years ago. Maintains a Home for Aged and Infirm at Yonkers, and participates in maintenance of numerous charitable institutions. ACTIVITIES: Take active interest in all Jewish affairs the world over. Affiliated with great Jewish orders, such as the Alliance Israelite Universelle and Jewish Colonization Association. Davidson, Maurice P., Pres. Dist. No. 1, I. O. B. B. (2307 B'way); elected 1918. Term one year. Born 1879 in N. Y. Attended C. C. N. Y. and N. Y. U. Law School. Lawyer: 261 B'way. Res.: 652 East 18th St., B'klyn. LODGES IN NEW YORK CITY Aklba No. 173, meets at 2307 Broadway on 2nd Tuesday and 4th Wednesday. Pres., Dr. Harry Bloom, 47-W. 34th St. Sec'y, Theodore Schmerl, 227 W. 140th St. Auarlah No. 164, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Julius Robbins. Sec'y, Julius Joel. Beer Sheba-Canaan No. 11, meets at 160 E. 86th St., on 1st Sunday at 10 A.M. Pres., I. Schneittacher, 200 W. 109th St. Sec'y, Henry Silver, 2711 Glenwood Rd., B'klyn. Schneittacher, Israel, Pres. Beer Sheba-Canaan Lodge No. 11, I; O. B. B. (160 E. 86th St.), since 1912. Term 1 year. Born 1840 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1854. \Received general education. Real Estate. Res.: 200 W. 109th St. Brooklyn Lodge No. 753, meets at 854 Flatbush Ave., on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., Clarence G. Bachrach, 1624 Union St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Paul Gold, 91 William St. Chananlah No. 165, meets at 2307 Broadway, on 1st Sunday, at 3 P. M. Pres., S. Lowensteip, 3191 B'way. Sec'y, Jos. Kraus, 376 W. 125th St. Edward Everett No. 97, meets at 2307 Broadway, on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., Louis W. Osterweis, 200 5th Ave. Sec'y, S. Priester, 50 E. 88th St. Hebron No. 5, meets at 2307 B'way, on 4th T u e s d a y s. Pres., Nelson A. Bartow, 274 W. 140th St. Sec'y, S. W. Goodman, 41 Convent Ave. Bartow, Nelson A., Pres. Hebron Lodge No. 5, I. O. B. B. (2307 B'way), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1881 in MUTUAL AID AGENCIEI 887 U. S. Received general Jewish education. Bookkeeper. Res.: 274 W. 140th St. Henry Jones Lebanon No. 79, meets at 2307 B'way, on 1st Monday, 8 P. M. Pres., L. Fabricant, 115 B'way. Sec'y, Benj. Weingart, 103 Park Ave. Hillel No. 28, meets at 6 B'klyn Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd Sunday at 2.30 P. M. Pres., Joseph Mayer, 1163 St. John's PI., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. N. Rebstock, 838 Jefferson Ave., B'klyn. Jordan No. 15, meets at 2307 B'way, on 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Pres., J. J. Jalien, 365 W. 118th St. Sec'y,.A. Schwarzbaum, 351 St. Nicholas Ave. Maceabee No. 71, meets at 2307 Broadway on 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., J u l i u s Davison, 3440 B'way. Sec'y, Jacob Ward, 8 W. 127th St. Manhattan-Washington No. 19, meets at 2307 Broadway on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Gabriel Davidson, 174 2nd Ave. Sec'y, Philip Cawen, 520 W. 122nd St. Mount Sinai No. 2, meets at 2307 Broadway on 3rd Monday. Pres., M. Sulzberger, 38 Park Row. Sec'y, Hugo Taussig, 237 E. 72nd St. N. Y. Isaiah No. 1, meets at 2307 B'way on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Ch. J. Katzenstein, 220 B'way. Sec'y, E. Bayer, 436 Convent Ave. Rehoboth No. 38, meets at 742 St. Anns Ave. on 2nd Monday. Pres., L. D. Weiler, 303 E. 161st St. Sec'y, S. Nathan, 859 So. Boulevard. Samuel No. 35, meets at 130 DeKalb Ave. on 1st Sunday at 3 p. m. Pres., Henry Belvin, 719 8th Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Trum, 122 Court St., B'klyn. Belvin, Henry, Pres. Samuel Lodge No. 35, I. O. B. B. (130 DeKalb Ave., B'klyn), since 1902. Term 1 year. Born 1842 in Germany. Came toU. S. 1864. Received high school education. Retired. Res.: 719 8th Ave., B'klyn. 888 Independent Order Brith Abraham 87 Seventh Street OFFICERS: Grand Master, Solomon Shelinsky, 37 7th St. Grand Sec'y, Max L. Hollander, 37 7th St. Established 1887. Incorporated 1887. MEMBERSHIP: Total number of lodges in U. S., 774. Number of lodges in N. Y. C., 354. Total membership in the U. S., 203,000. Membership in N. Y. C., 90,000. Average cost to N. Y. members, $15 per annum. Assessment system of insurance. BENEFITS: Insurance against death and disability. Issues policies of $500.00. No per capita tax. CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES: Total Sum disbursed for charities, 1917, $35,000.00. Takes interest in most Jewish questions, especially in Jewish Immigration, charities, and War Relief. Shelinsky, Sol, Pres. Ind. Order Brith Abraham (37 E. 7th St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1868 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1885. Received a Public School education in Germany. Res.: 940 Tiffany St. LODGES IN NEW YORK CITY Aaron No. 48, meets at 326 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Sam Lambert, 1570 Washington Ave. Sec'y, M. Perlstein, 2 Clinton St. Lambert, Sam, Pres. Aaron Lodge No. 48, I. O. B. A. (326 E. Houston St.), elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born in' Austria. Received general Jewish education. R e s.: 1570 Washington Ave. Aaron Reiser No. 276, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., M. Birnberg, 331 K e a p St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Eisler, 611 E. 11th St. Abraham No. 1, meets at 109 E. 116th St. Pres., T. Weil, 120 E. 116th St. Sec'y, J. Bennett, 663 W. 173rd St. Abraham Goldfaden, No. 505, meets at 3916 13th Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Hyman Shapiro, 3913 13th Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. M. Kovins, 1042 40th St., B'klyn. Shapiro, Hyman, Pres. Abraham Goldfaden Lodge No. 505, I. O. B. A. (3916 13th Ave., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1891 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1893. Graduated C.C.N.Y. and N.Y.U. Law School. Lawyer, 299 B'way. Res.: 3913 13th Ave., B'klyn. Abraham Goldman No. 44, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Emrich Hers, 608 E. 83rd St. Sec'y, J. Bergman. 643 Fox St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 889 Hers, Emrich, Pres. Abraham Goldman Lodge No. 44, I. 0. B. A. (100 W. 116th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. ]eceived general Jewish and secular education. Iron Structure Worker. Res.: 608 E. 83rd St. Abraham Landau No. 18, meets at 75 E. 116th St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., S. Gartman, 724 E. 158th St. Sec'y, S: Oelbaum, 237 So. 2nd St., B'klyn. Abr. Schildraut No. 90, meets at 14 Graham Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., B. Wolff, 240 Stanton St. Sec'y, S. Schwesin, 643 Monroe St. Adelheid (ladled) No. 4, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pros., Mrs. Hedwig Weiss, 142 W. 142nd St. Sec'y, J. Benditt, 587 Beck St.. Ahavath Achim No. 136, meets at 79 Delancey St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Samuel Goldstein, 56 E. 3d St. Sec'y, I. Teplonsky, 155 E. 4th St. Gold tein, Samuel, Pres. Ahavath Achim Lodge No. 136, I. O. B. A. (79 Delancey St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general J e w i s h education. Tailor: 42 E. 3d St. Res.: 56 E. 3d St. Ahavath Seholom No. 66, meets at 106 Forsyth St., on lst and 3d Saturdays. Pres., S. Seligman, 221 Division St. Sec'y, L. Gottlieb, 207 Ave. C. Akiba Eger No. 231, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Sam Engelsohn, 245 Kosciusko St., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Diloff, 78 Essex St. Engelsohn, Sam, Pres. Akiba Eger Lodge No. 231, I. O. B. A. (98 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1896. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. shirts: 141 Stockholm St., B'klyn. Res.: 245 Kosciusko St., B'klyn. Albert Kruger No. 600, meets at 209 E. B'way, on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., Michael Aaronson, 537 Schenck Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Ginsberg, 203 E. B'way. Aaronson, Michael, Pres. Albert Kruger Lodge No. 600, I. O. B. A. (209 E. B'way), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1894. Received general Jewish and secular education. Journalist: 185 E. B'way. Res.: 537 Schenck Ave., B'klyn. Altruist No. 666, meets at 861 E. 162nd St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., A. M. Bolter, 71 W. 116th St. Sec'y, J. Levy, 675 E. 170th St. 890 COMMUNAL REGISTER American Eagle No. 86, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., H. Stupsky, 17 Bleecker St. Sec'y, B. Wollman, 761 Dawson St. American Progressive No. 524, meets at 30 First St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., A b r a h a m Jablinsky, 1857 Washington Ave. Sec'y, M. Rosenfeld, 1752 Anthony Ave. Andrew Johnson No. 110, meets at 328 E. Houston St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., A. Belagh, 1410 Madison Ave. Sec'y, M. Krauss, 56 W. 115th St.. Antipoler No. 445, meets at 52 W. 119th St., on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., L. Golembe, 1453 Madison Ave. Sec'y, D. Slonin, 52 W. 119th St. Arjeh Schapiro No. 64, meets at 18 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Jacob Strauss, 6110 3d Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, B. Maggin, 161 Vermont Ave., B'klyn. Strauss, Jacob, Pres. Arjeh $chapiro Lodge No. 64, I. O. B. A. (18 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 6110 3d Ave., B'klyn. Asipolor No. 506, meets at 10 Ave. D. on 1st and 3d Sat urdays. Pres., Harry Jaeger, 751 E. 5th St. Sec'y, I. Freibrun, 1617 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Jaeger, Harry, Pres. Asipolor Lodge No. 506, I. 0. B. A. (10 Ave. D), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 751 E. 5th St. B. Appel No. 394, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Sam Maurer, 512 Alabama Ave., 'B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Goldstein, 134 Cannon St. Baron No. 127, meets at 79 Delancey St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., S. Feldman, 562 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. P6mpan, 225 E. 10th St. Feldman, S., Pres. Baron Lodge No. 127, I. O. B. A. (79 Delancey St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general education. Real Estate. Res.: 562 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. Baron Hirsch No. 53, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Joseph David Edelson, 305 Henry St. Sec'y, William Eckman, 460 Grand St. Edelson, Joseph David, Pres. Baron Hirsch Lodge No. 53, I. O. B. A. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in N. Y. Attended MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 891 C. C. N. T., N. Y. Law School. Ass't District Attorney, N. Y. County: 233 Broadway. Res.: 305 Henry St. Baranow B'nal Israel No. 456, meets at 630 E. 5th St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., L. Leibowitz, 56 Columbia St. Sec'y, E. Friedman, 342 E. 4th St. Beer Melsel No. 8, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Abraham Henry, 1609 2nd Ave. Sec'y, Max Hanover, 556 B'way. Belshowzer Arbeiter No. 517, meets at 8 Ave. D., on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Harry Selzer, 1625 St. Johns PI., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Klinrock, 567 Fox St. Benderer No. 773, meets at 106 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., Isidore Olichof, 250 So. 2nd St., B'klyn. Pres., I. Weinstein, 167 Suffolk St. Benjamin No. 22, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Philip Rosenbluth, 830 Beck St. Sec'y, H. Greenfeld, 64 W. 118th St. Benjamin J. Kline No. 560, meets at 186 Osborn St., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., S. Gelbert, 1375 St. Johns PI., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. J. Friedman, 254 Rochester Ave., B'klyn. Benjamin Roth, No. 500, meets at 160 E. 86th St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Heinrich Gotschalk, 950 2nd Ave. Sec'y, L. Erlanger, 910 Jackson Ave. Berditchower No. 282, meets at 100 Essex St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Morris Ochachter, 70 E. 112th St. Sec'y, H.- Goorman, 461 Ralph Ave., Bklyn. Ochachter, Morris, Pres. 1st Berditchover Lodge No. 282, I. 0. B. A. (100 Essex St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish and secular education. Mfgr. Children's and Infants' Cloaks: 50 W. 15th St. Res.: 70 E. 112th St. Berger No. 388, meets at 156 Orchard St., on every 3rd Sunday. Pres., M. E. Prjursky, 753 E. Market St. Sec'y, I. Poltrowitz, 107 W. Water St. Elmira, N. Y. Bernard Rothberg No. 515, meets at 68 Pennsylvania Ave., B'klyn., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Harry Apfel, 327 Pennsylv ania Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, R. Levy, 173 Montauk Ave., B'klyn. Apfel, Harry, Pres. Bernard Rothberg Lodge 515, I. 0. B. A. (68 Pennsylvania Ave., Bklyn.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received college education. Physician.- Res: 327 Pennsylvania Ave., Bklyn. 892 COMMUNAL REGISTER Berthold Auerbach No. 41, meets at 155 E. 58th St. on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Sigmund J. Gunzberg, 1057 Grant Ave. Sec'y, H. Schulhoff, 1326 3rd Ave. Gunzberg, Sigmund J., Pres. B e r t h o ld Auerbach Lodge 41, I. O. B. A. (155 E. 58th St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in N. Y. Received high school education. Salesman. Res: 1057 Bryant Ave. Bronx. Beth Abraham No. 739, meets at 113 Bristol St., B'klyn on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Barnet Wiener, 496 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Hurwitz, 553 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. Wiener, Barnet, Pres, Beth Abraham Lodge No. 739, I. O. B. A. (113 Bristol St., B'klyn), since 1909. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Real estate. Res.: 496 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Beth El No. 629, meets at 953 So. Blvd. on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Morris Gishet, 843 Manida St. Sec'y., H. Hertzberg, 782 Westchester Ave. Gisnet, Morris, Pres. BethEl Lodge No. 629, I. O. B. A. (953 So. Boulevard); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1896. Graduated N. Y. Law School. Lawyer: 1482 Broadway. Res.: S43 Manida St. Bluestone No. 104, meets at 107 W. 116th St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Jacob Baum, 950 Trinity Ave. Sec'y A. Z. Bluestone, 144 W. 113th St. Baum, Jacob, Pres., Bluestone Lodge No. 104, I. O. B. A. (107 W. 116th St.); elected 1917. T e r m 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general education. Pres., Empire Roofing Co., 209 E. 138th St. Res.: 950 Trinity Ave. B'nai Abraham No. 133, meets at 225 Clinton St. on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., M. Shroot, 97 Henry St. Sec'y, J. Toper, 336 Henry St. B'nai Sholom No. 68, meets at 98 Forsyth St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., J. Levine, 80 Williams Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Cohen, 507 Elton St., B'klyn. B'nai Zedek No. 78, meets at 326 E. Houston St. on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Louis Cohen, 85 So. 10th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Schwartz, 91 Goerck St. Borough of B'klyn No. 179, meets at 43 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., L. Margulies, 193 So. 9th St., B'klyn. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 893 lec'y, N. Gowirtz, 109 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Bresezaner No. 413, meets at 80 Clinton St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Osias Ramras, 316 So. 5th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Weinrib, 150 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Ramras, Oias, Pres. Bresezaner Lodge No. 413, I. O. B. A. (82 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish and secular education. Jeweler: 186 Broome St. Res.: 316 So. 5th St., B'klyn. Borozczower No. 716, meets at 10 Ave. D on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., J. Seidm a n, 365 Vermont St., B'klyn. Sec'y, B. Feldshull, 16 Allen St. Brisker No. 682, meets at 79 Delancey St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Michael Fromm, 1049 Tinton Ave. Sec'y, R. Cherkass, 230 Grand St. Fromm, Michael, Pres. Brisker Lodge No. 682, I. O. B. A. (79 Delancey St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1896. Received public school education. Res.: 1049 Tinton Ave. Bronx No. 409, meets at 483 Tremont Ave. on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., Moses Osias, 372 Convent Ave. Sec'y, Philip Rusgo, 1880 Belmont Ave. Osias, Moses, Pres. Bronx Lodge No. 409, I. O. B. A. (483 Tremont Ave.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Received degrees of B. Litt., B. S. and M. D. Physician. Res.: 372 Convent Ave. Brooklyn City No. 60, meets at 14 Graham Ave., B'klyn., on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., Henry Wolf, 62 Eckford St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Solotowsky, 49 Graham Ave., B'klyn. Wolf, Henry, Pres., B'klyn City Lodge No. 60, I. 0. B. A. (14 Graham Ave., B'klyn) elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general education. Insurance: 531 B'way. Res.: 62 Eckford St., B'klyn. Brooklyn Protective No. 508, meets at 113 Moore St., B'klyn, on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Max Lubelsky, 997 Flushing Ave.' B'klyn. Sec'y, B. Mann, 92 Walton St., B'klyn. Lubelsky, Max, Pres. B'klyn Protective Lodge No. 508, I. 0. B. A. (118 Moore St. B'klyn); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received elementary education. Furniture. Res.: 997 Flushing Ave, B'klyn. 894 COMMUNAL REGISTER Brooklyn Zion No. 428, meets at 43 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Harry Gottesfocht, 870 Myrtle Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Kron, 320 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn. G;ottesfoeht, Harry, Pres., B'klyn Zion Lodge No. 423, I. 0. B. A. (43 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1914. Received general Jewish education. Shoes: 258 Wallabout St., B'klyn. Res.: 870 Myrtle Ave., B'klyn. Bushwiek No, 419, meets at 115 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Jacob Kaplan, 10 Lewis Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Weinstein, 486 Gates Ave., B'klyn. Kaplan, Jacob,. Pres. Bushwick Lodge No. 419, I. O. B. A. (115 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn); elected 1917. Term 2 years. Born 1865 in Russia.. Came to U. S. 1-896. Attended Gymnasium in Russia. Salesman. Res.: 10 Lewis Ave., B'klyn. Chayla Halberatam No. 28, meets at 257 E. Houston St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., H. Gergel, 167 Floyd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, E. Peterfreund, 230 E. 80th St. Chaxam Sopher No. 5, meets,at 267 E. Houston St. on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Ignats Miller, 137 Division Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Abraham Hollander, 37 7th St. Chmelniker No. 645, meets at 160 E. Houston St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Elie Boyarski, 59 E. 99th St. Sec'y, L. Gottlieb, 207 Ave. C. Boyarski, Elie, Pres., Chmelniker Lodge No. 645, I. O. B. A. (160 Houston St.) since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish and secular education. Painter. Res.: 59 E. 99th St. Columbia No. 58, meets at 206 E. B'way on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Sam Zepersky, 20 E. 111th St. Sec'y, H. Scheinberg, 28 Scammel St. Zepersky, Sam, Pres., Columbia Lodge No. 58, I. 0. B. A. (206 E. B'way), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1886. Attended Public Evening School. Res.: 20 E. 111th St. Coney Island No. 575, meets at Oceanic Walk and Bowery, C. I. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Harry Jacobs, 2867 W. 17th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Spitzer, 3026 W. 22nd St., B'klyn. Jacobs, Harry, Pres., Coney Island Lodge No. 575, I. O. B. A. (Oceanic Walk and Bowery, C. I.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1E76 MUTUJAL AID AGENCIES 895 in U. S. Received general Jewish and secular education. Tailor; 1303 Surf Ave., C. I. Res.: 2867 E. 17th St., C. I. Coras Brith No. 699, meets at 80 Columbia St. on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Morris Kleinman, 68 Columbia St. Sec'y, L. Kalisch, 297 Rivington St. Cosmopolitan No. 387, meets at 160 E. 86th St. on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., Leo E. Lemberg, 69 E. 105th St. Sec'y, J. M. Ganz, 232 W. 122nd St. Crotona No. 560, meets at 953 So. Blvd. on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Otto Stegman, 1202 Clay Ave. Sec'y, A. L. Weinberg, 2110 Vyse Ave Stegman, Otto, Pres., Crotona Lodge No. 560, I. O. B. A. (953 So. Boulevard); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Attended Gymnasium. Salesman. Res.: 1202 Clay Ave. Czernowits Bukowiner Ladies' No. 17, meets at 257 E. Houston St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Mary Poster, 445 E. 166th St. Sec'y, A. Ekstein, 11 E. 108th St. Poster, Mary, Pres. Czernowitz Bukowiner L a d e s' Lodge No. 17, I. O. B. A. (276 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received a public school education in Russia. Res.: 445 E. 166th St. Caernowits Bukowiner No. 70, meets at 30 1st St. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Nathan Drosher, 4958 Hoe Ave. Sec'y, M. Taylor, 405 Claremont P'kway. Drosher, Nathan, Pres., Czernowitz Bukowiner Lodge No. 70, I. O. B. A. (30 First St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1888. Received college education. Printer: 153 E. B'way. Res.: 958 Hoe Ave. Daniel Reisaman No. 733, meets at 289 E. 4th St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Joseph Roth, 235 E. 10th St. Sec'y, M. Reiss, 522 E. Houston St. Daniel Webster No. 332, meets at Marcy and Park Aves., B'klyn, on 1st and 8rd Mondays. Pres., Samuel Karp, 249 Vernon Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Greenberg, 128 Humboldt St., B'klyn. David Blumenthal No. 7, meets at 100 W. 116th St. on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., L. Litwor, 769 Tinton Ave. Sec'y, Edward Wilner, 414 E. 85th St. David Horodoker, No. -24, meets at 1861 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn on 1st and 3rd Sun 896 COMMUNAL REGISTER days. Pres., Israel Diamond, 200 Chester St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Berenberg, 162 Chester St., B'klyn. Dobromiler No. 302, meets at 92 Columbia St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Samuel W. Krautman, 758 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Goldreich, 1332 5th Ave. Krautman, Samuel, W., Pres. Dobromiler Lodge No. 302, I. O. B. A. (92 Columbia St.). since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1893. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 758 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Dr. Adler No. 95, meets at 100 Essex St. on 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., Isaac Bucher, 53 E. 101st St. Sec'y, H. Gewirtz, 359 Madison St. Bucher, Isaac, Pres. Dr. Adler Lodge No. 95, I. 0. B. A. (100 Essex St.),, since 1911. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1890. Res.: 53 E. 101st St. Dr. Braunstein No. 572, meets at 257 E. Houston St. on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Harry Thomashefsky, 256 W. 23rd St. See'y, S. Lappan, 1761 Bathgate Ave. Dr. Igel No. 8320, meets at 98 Forsyth St. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Lupu Goldenberg, -604 E. 138th St. Sec'y, H. Wender, 178 Ave. a... Goldenberg, Lupu, Pres. Dr. Igel Lodge No. 320, I. 0. B. A. (98 Forsyth St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1901. Received college education. Res.: 604 E. 138th St. br. Nathan Adler No. 132, meets at 257 E. Houston St. on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., F. Krakauer, 61 Forsyth St. Sec'y, H. Bloch. 1517 Emmons Ave., B'klyn. Drohobyczer Boryslawyer, No. 649, meets at 82 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., 0. Reiner, 121 Norfolk St. Sec'y, E. Herzberg, 147 Ridge St. Dublner No. 357, meets at 106 Forsyth St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Morris Goldenberg, 1750 Bathgate Ave. Sec'y, M. Scholnick, 965 Freeman St. Goldenberg, Morris, Pres. Dubiner Lodge No. 357, I. 0. B. A. (106 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 1750 Bathgate Ave. East River No. 171, meets at 30 E. 1st St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. P r e s., Joseph Schwartz, 28 W. 113th St. Sec'y, Joseph Mahl, 83 E. 7th St. Eastern Star No. 184, meets at 539 Schenck Ave., B'klyn MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 897 on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres. Morris Kliegman, 613 Hendrix St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Y. Nemerofsky, 573 Schenck Ave., B'klyn. Kliegman, M o rris, Pres. Eastern Star Lodge No. 184, I. O. B. A. (539 Schenck Ave., B'klyn); elected 1917. Tern 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish and secular education. Laundry: 165 Newport Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 613 Hendrix St., B'klyn. East New York No. 439, meets at 440 Liberty Ave., B'klyn on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., H. Feldman, 1005 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Rothman, 606 Evergreen Ave. Einigkelts No. 20, meets at 30 E. 1st St., on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., D. Steinfeld, 76 Stanton St. Sec'y, M. B. Lederman, 58 Lee Ave., B'klyn. Ellezer, No. 12, meets at 107 W. 116th St. on 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Pres., Harry Jacobs, 128 W. 115th St. Sec'y, E. Heumann, 251 Cypress Ave., B'klyn. Emanuel N e u m a n No. 120, meets at 100 W. 116th St. on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., Max Well, 763 E. 156th St. Sec'y, A. Perlmutter, 781 E. 156th St. Well, Max, Pres. Emanuel Neuman, Lodge No. 120. I. O. B. A. (100 W. 116th St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born in Austria. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. leather goods: 200 6th Ave. Res.: 763 E. 156th St. Emanuel Pisko No. 13, meets at 205 E. 67th St. on 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Pres., Solomon Charles P olla k, 25 Globe Ave., Jamaica, L. I. Sec'y, J. Roth, 1140 Clay Ave. P ol I a k, Solomon Charles, Pres. Emanuel Pisko Lodge No. 13, I. O. B. A. (205 E. 67th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1879. Received high school education. Cigar Mfgr. Res.: 26 Globe Ave., Jamaica, L. I. Empire State No. 191, meets at 218 E. 2nd St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Sam Schwartz, 61 Lewis St. Sec'y, W. Levnofsky, 853 Forest Ave. Eotvos No. 4, meets at 257 E. Houston St. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., David Gumpel, 145 E. 97th St. Sec'y, Ignatz Greenberger, 245 E. 10th St. Gumpel, David, Pres. Eotvos Lodge No. 4, I. O. B. A. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1847 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1882. Received general Jewish and secular education. Carpenter: 88 Bleecker St. Res.: 145 E. 97th St. - - 898 COMMUNAL REGISTER Epstein No. 134, meets at 30 'E. 1st St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Louis Diamond, 496 E. 139th St. Sec'y, S. Birnbaum, 94 Sheriff St. Diamond, Louis, Pres. Epstein Lodge No. 13'4, I. O. B. A. (30 E. 1st St.), since 1907. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 496 E. 139th St. Equity No. 558, meets at 217 Court St., B'klyn on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Benjamin Krauss, 199 President St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Reichman, 269 Kings t,o n Ave. B'klyn. Kra u a, Benjamin, Pres. Equity Lodge No. 558, I. O. B. A. (217 Court St., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1884. Received degrees of L. L. B. and L. L. M. Lawyer: 233 Broadway. Res.: 199 President St., B'klyn. Erste Dolinaer No. 240, meets at 214 E. 2nd St. on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Frank Rubin, 244 E. 7th St. Sec'y, E.' Dolinger, 175 Rivington St. Erste Dombrower No. 72, meets at 223 E. 2nd St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Isidore J. Blumenkranz, 74 Willett St. Sec'y, L Horowitz, 980 Fox St. Blumenkrans, I i d o r e J., Pres. E r s t e Dombrower Lodge No. 72, I. O. B. A. (223 E. 2nd St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in N. Y. Graduated College of Pharmacy. Pharmacist: 234 Rivington St. Res.: 74 Willet St. Erat Dnkler No. 32, meets at 214 E. 2nd St. on 1st and 3rd Sundays: Pres., Leser Stein, 244 So. 2nd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Elmer, 1016 Simpson St. Stein, Leser, Pres. Erste Dukler Lodge No. 32, I. O. B. A. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Grocer. Res.: 244 S. 2nd St., B'klyn. Erste Glinlaner No. 287, meets at 86 Attorney St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., W. Friedel. Sec'y, L. Granovetter, 333 Madison St. Erste Jedinitzer No. 80, meets at 214 E. 2nd St. on 1st and and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Jacob Baskind, 103 W. 104th St. Sec'y, B. Schreiber, 39 St. Marks Pl. Baskind, Jacob, Pres. Jedlnlzter Lodge No. 80, I. O. B. A. (214 E. 2nd St.), since 1897. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general Jewish education. Newsdealer: 901 Columbus Ave. Res.: 103 W. 104th St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 899 Erste Krakauer No. 121, meets at 10 W. 114th St. on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Charles Fendler, 605 W. 176th St. Sec'y, N. Lieberfreund, 40 Maiden Lane. Erste Krzywzer No. 663, meets at 17 Ave. A. on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Joseph Cohn, 115 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Sternberg, 124 E. 2nd St. Cohn, Joseph, Pres. Erste Krzywzer Lodge No. 663, I. O. B. A. (17 Ave. A), since 1914. Term 6 months. Bornr 1876 in Austria. Received general Jewish education. Insurance: 1176 Bedford Ave., B.'klyn. Res.: 115 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Erste Monasterzyska No. 720, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Abraham Schloss, 419 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Oliver, 251 E. 4th St. Elate Neu-Saadetser No. 237, meets at 57 St. Marks PI., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Benjamin Jacobowitz, 426 E. 79th St. Sec'y, L. Kupferman, 252 E. 7th St. Erste Peezenizner No. 589, meets at 100 Essex St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Jacob Rosenblatt, 219 E. 121st St. Sec'y, M. Hershkowitz, 14 E. 110th St. Rosenblatt, Jacob, Pres. Er- ste Peczenizner Lodge No. 689, I. O. B. A. (100 Essex St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1873 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 219 E. 121st St. Erste Poltawaer No. 573, meets at 51 Humbolt St., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Jacob Rudermann, 477 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Levin, 285 Wallabout St., B'klyn. Ruderman, Jacob, Pres. Erste Poltawaer Lodge No. 673, I. O. B. A. (51 Humboldt St., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Knitter. Res.: 477 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Erste Seidlecer No. 606, meets at 169 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., M. Kadish, 940 E. 173d St. Sec'y, M. Steinberg, 1461 Minford PI. Erste Stanislauer No. 62, meets at 257 E. Houston St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Moses Shein, 601 E. 139th St. Sec'y, B. Lindner, 299 E. 3d St. Erste Stollner No. 665, meets at 209 E. 2nd St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Morris M. Friedman, 740 E. 149th St. Sec'y, M. Schaiman, 3S E. B'way. lriedman, Morris It., Pres. Erate Stoliner Lodge No. 900 COMMUNAL REGISTBR 665, I. O. B. A. (209 E. 2nd St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: T40 E. 149th St. Erste Tchernelltzer No. 684, meets at 159 Rivington St. on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Moses Ruidner, 177 Chrystie St. Sec'y, S. Floler, 128 Ludlow St. Ruldner, Moses, Pres. Erste Tchernelitzer Lodge No. 684, I. O. B. A..(159 Rivington St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Furrier. Res.: 177 Chrystie St. Erste Vasluier, No. 582, meets at Marcy and Park Aves., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Max Markowitz, 500 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Schwartz, 503 Howard Ave., B'klyn. Markowits, Max, Pres. Erste Vasluier Lodge No. 582, I. O. B. A. (Marcy and Park Aves., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 'in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 500 M a r c y Ave., B'klyn. Erste Wittkewer No. 662, meets at 326 E. Houston St. on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Mayer Schiffenjauer, 55 Broome St. Sec'y, A. Flantz, 51 Lewis St. Schiffenbauer, Mayer, Pres. Erste Wittkower Lodge No. 662, I. O. B. A. (326 E. Houston St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1892 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1908. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 55 Broome St. Ezruth Achim No. 15., meets at 175 E. B'way on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., William Cohen, 262 W. 24th St. Sec'y, S. Rafalowitz, 257 Henry St. Cohen, William, Pres. Ezrath Achim Lodge No. 155, I. O. B. A. (175 E. B'way, elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Upholsterer: 318 9th Ave. Res.: 262 W. 24th St. Etz Chaim No. 124, meets at 8 Ave. D, on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Joseph D. Becker, 278 E. 7th St. Sec'y, S. Kornhauser, 685 Beck St. Becker, Joseph D., Pres. Etz Chaim Lodge No. 124, I. O. B. A. (8 Avenue D); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Insurance: 40 Bible House. Res.: 278 B. 7th St. Excelsior No. 503, meets at 1864 6th Ave. on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres. Sam MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 901 uel Goodman, 1363 Lexington Ave. Sec'y, J. Solomon, 1101 Prospect Ave. Goodman, Samuel, Pres. Excelsior Lodge No. 503, I. O. B. A. (1364 5th Ave., since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1898. Received high school and Pharmaceutical education. Pharmacist. Res.: 1363 Lexington Ave. Family No. 189, meets at 106 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Alexander Goldstein, 314 Hart St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Augenstern, 27 Water St., Stapleton, L. I. Ferdinand Levy, No. 56. meets at 79 Delancey St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., B. Bugasell, 176 McKibben St., B'klyn. Sec. A. Hertz, 389 E. 8th St. First Berlader Roumanian No. 743, meets at 106 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., A. Terdeman, 127 Allen St. Sec'y, S. Wecker, 509 E. 136th St. First Besserabiax No. 741, meets at 386 Van Sicklen Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, J. Chaimowitz, 513 Jerome St., B'klyn. First Brooklyn No. 453, meets at 14 Graham Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Emil Held, 1870 63rd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Cohen, 29 Cook St;, B'klyn. H e ld, Emil, Pres. First B'klyn 'Lodge No. '453, I. O. B. A. (14 Graham Ave., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Hungary.' Came to U. S. 1886. Received general J e w i s h and secular education. Real estate and insurance. Res.: 1870 63rd St., B'klyn. First Forschaner Roumanian No. 547, meets at 106 Forsyth St. on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., I. Milstein, 870 Park Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Laub, 178 E. 2nd St. First Hungarian No, 5T7, meets at 1622 1st Ave. on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., Kalman Zoltan, 140 E. 115th St. Sec'y, Joseph Ferber, 512 B. 79th St. Zoltan Kalman, Pres. First Hungarian Lodge No. 577, I. O. B. A. (1622 First Ave.) Term 6 months. Born 1885 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1909. Received high school education. Res.: 140 E. 115th St. First Jablonower No. 447, meets at 352 }B. 3d St. on Ist and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Selig Fleisher, 852 E. 8d St. Sec'y, I. Leister, 625 E. 6th St. Flelsher, Selig, Pres. First Jablono'wer Lodge No. 477, I. O. B. A. (352 E. 8d St.), elected 1917. Term 6 902 COMMUNAL MIGISTER months. Born 1882 in Austria. Came 'to U. S. 1910. Received general J e w i s h and secular education. Tailor: 15 E. 26th St. Res.: 352 E. 3d St. First Mikulenitzer No. 556, meets at 66 Clinton St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., M. Shuber, 165 Orchard St. Sec'y, J. Landau, 562 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. First Novoselitzer Bessarabia No. 751, meets at 209 E. 2nd St.'on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Jacob Packer, 210 E. 7th St. Sec'y, P. Katzman, 610 E..9th St. Packer, Jacob, Pres. First Novoselitzer Bess. L o d g e No. 751, I. 0. B. A. (209 E. 2nd St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general J e w is h education. Res.: 210 E. 7th St. First Radichower No. 691, meets at 326 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., I. Spanierman, '418 E. 61st St. Sec'y, J. Wittlin, 1503 Ave. A. Spaalerman, I., Pres. First Radzichower Lodge No. 691, I. 0. B. A. (326 E. Houston St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Austria. Came to U.-S. 1902. Received public school edu- cation. Furniture: 932 2nd Ave. Res.: 418 E. 51st St. F I r s t Tarnopoler No. 578, meets at 62 Pitt St. on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Max Lichtenstein, 62 E. 1st St. Sec'y, M. Himmelbrand, 1500 Park Ave. Lichtenstein, Max, Pres. First Tarnopoler Lodge No. 578, I. 0. B. A. (62 Pitt St.), since 1916. Term 3 years. Born in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. children's dresses: 26 W. Houston St. Res.: 62 E. 1st St. First Woynilow No. 674, meets at 8 Ave. D on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., S. Susser, 208 Stanton St. Sec'y, M. Haselnuss, 172 Stanton St. Flora (Ladies') No. 9, meets at 601 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., A. Buxbaum, 266 Van Buren St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Ray Crook, 421 So. 5th St., B'klyn. Franz Desk No. 11, meets at 257 E. Houston St. on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., A. Weiss, 724 E. 9th St. Sec'y, A. Lowy, 135 Ave. D. Galizler Friedman No. 71, meets at 214 E. 2nd St. on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Tobias Plavkes, 844 E. Houston St. Sec'y, S. Carduner, 73 W. 118th St. Galllzer Teitelbaum No. 98, meets at 8 Ave. D on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 903 Hyman Greenberg, 91 Columbia St. Sec'y, A. Fellman, 12 E. 112th St. Gebruder Fisher Bohorsehaner No. 463, meets at 145 Suffolk St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Joseph Ausfresser, 200 E. 7th St. Sec'y, H. Schultz, 328 E. 15th St. Austresser, Joseph, Pres. Gebruder Fisher Bohorschaner Lodge No. 463, I. O. B. A. (145 Suffolk St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Furrier: 42 E. B'way. Res.: 200 E. 7th St. George Washington No. 50, meets at 107 W. 116th St. on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres. Isidor Bill, 214 E. 102nd St. Sec'y, S. Lewlnsky, 314 E. 84th St. Bill, Isidore, Pres. George Washington Lodge No. 50, I. 0. B. A. (107 W. 116th St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received thorough Jewish education. Tinsmith. Res.: 21'4 E. 102nd St. Greater New York No. 173, meets at 403 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Lazarus Shaftel, 75 Morrell St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Lazarus Halperin, 108 Hopkins St., B'klyn. Shaftel, Lazarus, Pres. Greater N. Y. Lodge No. 173, I. O. B. A. (403 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1856 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 75 Morrell St., B'klyn. Greenpoint No. 450, meets at 767 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Solomon Henkin, 5209 6th Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Abraham Bernfeld, 953 Man. hattan Ave., B'klyn. Henkin, Solomon, Pres. Greenpoint Lodge No. 450, I. O. B. A. (767 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Builder. Res.: 5209 6th Ave., B'klyn. Grodeker No. 512, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Max Pepperman, 199 Powell St., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Zimmer, 169 Rivington St. Pepperman, Max, Pres. Grodeker Lodge No. 512, I. O. B. A. (214 E. 2nd St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general education. Res.: 199 Powell St., B'klyn. Hamilton No. 581, meets at 12 St. Marks P1. on 1st and 8d Sundays. Pres., Solomon 904 COMMUNAL REGISTER Blau, 126 Goerck St. Sec'y, M. Zweigenthal, 9 E. 98th St. Blau, Solomon, Pres. Hamilton Lodge No. 581, I. O. B. A. (12 St. Marks PI.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1900. Received public school education. Res.: 126 Goerck St. Harlem No. 39, meets at E. 125th St. and Lexington Ave. on 2nd & '4th Wednesdays. Pres., B. Lefkowitz, 530 W. 174th St. Sec'y, S. Adler, 1057 Hoe Ave. Harlem Progressive No. 571, meets at 107 W. 116th St. on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Jacob B. Blumberg, 147 Lenox Ave. Sec'y, J. Newman, 115 E. 104th St. Blumberg, Jacob B., Pres. Harlem Prog. Lodge No. 571, I. 0. B. A. (107 W. 116th St.), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general Jewish and secular education. Tailor: 147 Lenox Ave. Harry Greenberg No. 389, meets at 10 W. 114th St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., Henry I. Perlstein, 327 Edgecomb Ave. Sec'y, S. Sokol, 2111 Clinton Ave. Perlstein, Henry I., Pres. Harry Greenberg Lodge No. 389, I. O. B. A. (10 W. 114th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in U. S. Received public school education. Res.: 327 Edgecombe Ave. Hatlkvah No. 414, meets at 1% 2nd Ave., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Hyman Syrup, 94 Havemeyer St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Delman, 352 E. 8th St. Syrup, Hyman, Pres. Hatikvah Lodge No. 414, I. O. B. A. (1% Second Ave.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born in Austria. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish and secular education. Tailor. Res.: 94 Havemeyer St., B'klyn. H. Birnbaum No. 254, meets at 155 E. 58th St., on. 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Martin Thierer, 831 E. 163d St. Sec'y, H. Birnbaum, 1031 So. Blvd. Thierer,.Martin, Pres. H. Birnbaum Lodge No. 254, I. O. B. A. (155 E. 58th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Received a high school education. Real estate: 529 Courtlandt Ave. Res.: 831 E. 163d St. Hebrew Protective No. 228, meets at 522 Stone Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Wedn e s d a y s. Pres., M. A. Jacobs, 1681 President St., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Fier, 408 Sackman St., B'klyn. Heinrich Heine No. 205, meets at 14 Graham Ave., B'klyn, MUTUAL AID AGENCIES!905 on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., S. Speer, 858 B'way. Sec'y, B. Langer, 1126 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn. Henry Clay No. 15, meets at 69 St. Marks PI., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., S. Stockman, 228 E. 96th St. Sec'y, S. Kaufman, 1215 Gilbert P1. Herzogthum Bukowina, No. 277, meets at 30 E. First St. on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Raphael J. Wolkenstein, 1876 Belmont Ave. Sec'y, M. Multer, 761 Trinity Ave. Wolkenstein, Raphael J., Pres. Herzogthum Bukowina Lodge No. 277, I. 0. B. A. (30 E. 1st St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1901. Received public school education. Carpenter: 151 W. 28th St. Res.: 1876 Belmont Ave. Hope of Israel No. 557, meets at 210 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Isaac Greenberg, 1255 Brook Ave. Sec'y, S. Fleischer, 291 E. Houston St. Greenberg, Isaac, Pres. Hope of Israel Lodge No. 557, I. O. B. A. (210 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1896. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 1255 Brook Ave. Horodenker No. 472, meets at 326 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Charles Lehrer, 40 E. 7th St. Sec'y, M. Lister, 306 E. 8th St. Lehrer, Charles, Pres. Horodenker Lodge No. 472, I. 0. B. A. (326 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1913. Received general Jewish education. Painter: 355 W. 40th St. Res.: 40 E. 7th St. H. and S. Feiner No. 605, meets at 10 Ave. D., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Joseph Hoenig, 64 Pitt St. Sec'y, J. Schildkrant, 248 Madison St. Hoenig, Joseph, Pres. Austrian - Hungarian A n s h e i S'phard (52 Cannon St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Also Pres. of H. and S. Feiner Lodge No. 605, I. O. B. A. (10 Ave. D). Born 1876 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish and secular education. Mfgr. cigars. Res.: 64 Pitt St. Hudson River No. 151, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., Samuel Weinberg, 176 Eldridge St. Sec'y, A. I. Meyerson, 895 E. 156th St. Weinberg, S a m u e l, Pres. Hudson River Lodge No. 151, I. 0. B. A. (100 W. 116th St.). Term 6 months. Born 906 COMMUNAL REGISTMR 1857 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 176 Eldridge St. H. Weiss No. 391, meets at 326 E. -Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., Geo. Hamburger, 186 7th Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Hertenstein, 336 E. Houston St. Hyman Nathan No. 330, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., H. Nathan, 1060 Boston Road. Sec'y, J. Meyer, 236 E. 68th St. Independent No. 153, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., W. Rosenzweig, 54 E. 16th St. Sec'y, M. Platzner, 108 7th St. Ind. American No. 310, meets at 81 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., David Kisseloff, 146 Orchard St. Sec'y, M. Dreyfuss, 518 E. 139th St. Kisseloff, David, Pres. Ind. American Lodge No. 210, I. O. B. A. (79 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Undertaker. Res.: 146 Orchard St. Ind. Belsoweer No. 531, meets at 49 Sheriff' St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Israel Blau, 280 Stanton St. Sec'y, Abraham Skulnick, 254 E. 7th St. Blau, Israel, Pres. Ind. Belsowcer Lodge No. 531, I. 0. B. A. (49 Sheriff St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1864 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1910. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 280 Stanton St. Ind. Berdichewer No. 677, meets at 79 Delancey St., on 1st and 3d Thursdays. Pres., A. Rabinowitz, 474 Barbey St., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Lentchner, 162 Montauk Ave., B'klyn. Ind. B'nal Israel No. 715, meets at 291 E. 3d St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Harry L. Ende, 326 E. 49th St. Sec'y, I. Pomerantz, 1174 Washington Ave. Ende, Harry L., Pres. Ind. B'nai Israel Lodge No. 775, I. 0. B. A. (291 E. 3d St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received public school e d u c a t ion. Butchers' fixtures: 834 1st *Ave. Res.: 326 E. 49th St. Ind. Bobrika No. 185, meets at 62 Pitt St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Jacob Haber, 51 Broome St. Sec'y, S. Karten, 69 Ave. D. Ind. Borioffer Makarswer Y. M. No. 619, meets at 106 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Max Berger, 291 Christopher Ave., MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 907 B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Kroll, 83 E. 111th St. Berger, Max, Pres. Borisoffer Makarswer Y. M. Lodge No. 619, I. O. B. A. (106 Forsyth St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 291 Christopher Ave., B'klyn. ind. Brisk De Littau No. 565, meets at 79 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Samuel Jones, 18 W. 113th St. Sec'y, J. Fisher, 58 Barrett St., B'klyn. Jones, Samuel, Pres. Ind. Brisk De Littau Lodge No. 665, I. O. B. A. (79 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Received public school education. Insurance: Bi b 1 e House. Res.: 18 W. 113th St. Ind. Caissiver No. 650, meets at 79 Forsyth St. on 2nd and 4th'Saturdays. Pres., D. Wiener, 871 Home St. Sec'y, N. Perkin, 1255 Brook Ave. Ind. Csernowitzer No. 520, meets at 500 E. 172nd St. on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., - Nathan Denker, 3830 Park Ave. Sec'y, S. Mencher, 2086 Ryer Ave. Denker, Nathan, Pres. Ind. Czernowitzer Lodge No. 520, I. 0. B. A. (500 E. 172nd St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received elementary education. Res.: 3830 Park Ave. Ind. Doliner, No. 518, meets at 8 Ave. D. on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Morris Bine, 248 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, J. Herman, 1261 Brook Ave. Bine Morris, Pres. Ind. Doliner Lodge No. 518, I. O. B. A. (10 Ave. D); elected 1917.' Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 248 E. 3d St. Ind. International No. 679, meets at 181 Osborn St., B'klyn on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Samuel Weinberg, 2168 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Goodman, 1929 Douglass St., B'klyn. Weinberg, Samuel, Pres. Ind. International Lodge No. 679, I. O. B. A. (181 Osborn St., B'klyn), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 2168 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Ind. — King Solomon No. 200, meets at 2r4 E. 2nd St. on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Adolph Lowy, 1386 8rd Ave. Sec'y, W. Becker, 163 E. Houston St. Lowy, Adolph, Pres. King Solomon Lodge No. 200, I. O. B. A. (214 E. 2nd St.). Term 6 months. Born 1850 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1885. Received general 908 COMMUNAL REGISTER Jewish education. Jeweler. Res.: 1386 3rd Ave. Ind. Kossower No. 566, meets at 30 E. 1st St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., David Wagner, 1471 Brook Ave. Sec'y, M. Herschkowits, 14 E. 110th St. Wagner, David, Pres. First Ind. Kossower Lodge No. 566, I. 0. B. A. (30 E. 1st St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. 23 E. 26th St. Res.: 1471 Brook Ave. Ind. Lipkaner No. 620, meets at 276 E. Houston St. on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Max Blumenfeld, 1888 Marmion Ave. Sec'y, S. Safier, 216 Bristol St., B'klyn. Blumenfeld, Max, Pres. Ind. Lipkaner Lodge No. 620, I. 0. B. A. (276 E. Houston St.), since 1909. Term 6 months. Born 1871 irpoRussia. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general J e w i s h and secular education. Furrier: 23 Bleecker St. Res.: 1888 Marmion Ave. Ind. Luban No. 643, meets at 162 Madison St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Charles B. Goldstein, 1473 Fulton Ave. Sec'y, J. Weinberg, 84 Madison St. Goldstein, Chas. B., Pres. Ind. Luban Lodge No. 643. I. 0. B. A. (162 Madison St.), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1883 In Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish and secular education. Warehouse: 3752 3d Ave. Res.: 1473 Fulton Ave. Ind. Minsker No. 601, meets at 106 Forsyth St. on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Isaac Palay, 129 E. B'way. Sec'y, I. Shapiro, 166 Madison St. Palay, Isaac, Pres. Ind. Minsker Lodge No. 601, 1. 0. B. A. (106, Forsyth St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 129 E. B'way. Ind. Montefioere No. 125, meets at 98 Forsyth St. on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Lazar Jacobsohn, 2099 B e d f o r d Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Kisler, 317 E. 18th St. Jacobsohn, Lazar, Pres. Ind. Monteflore Lodge No. 125, I. 0. B. A. (98 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 18 5 7 in Roumania Came to U. S. 1882. Received g e n e r a l education. Hats: 104 Bleecker St. Res.: 2099 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. Ind. New Bessarabia No. 728. meets at 106 Forsyth St. on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Abraham Robinowitz, 215 E. 121st St. Sec'y, H. Hoffman, 518 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Robinowitz, Abraham, Pres. Ind. New Bessarabia Lodge Nc. 728, T. 0. B. A. (106 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born in Russia MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 909 Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 215 E. 121st St. Ind. Poltawer No. 688, meets at 105 Montrose Ave., B'klyn on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Benjamin Levitsky, 57 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Sack, 745 Lafayette Ave., B'klyn. Levitsky, Benjamin, Pres. Ind. Poltawer Lodge No. 688, I. O. B. A. (105 Montrose Ave., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Merchant: 50 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 57 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Ind. Rigaer No. 112, meets at 10 W. 114th St. on 2nd and 4th Saturday. Pres. L. Goldschmidt, 322 E. 86th St. Sec'y, H. Gottlie b, 1318 Chilsholm St. Ind. Skoller No. 220, meets at 257 E. Houston St. on 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., Solomon Wecker, 509 E. 136th St. Sec'y, M. Burger, 1129 Tinton Ave. Wecker, Solomon, Pres. Ind. Skoller Lodge No. 220, I. 0. B. A. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Woodturning: 408 Bleecker St. Res.: 509 E. 136th St. Ind. Sokoroner No. 724, meets at 100 Essex St. on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Samuel Malachowsky, 130 Attorney St. Sec'y, S. Shapiro, 189 Division St. Malachowsky, Samuel, Pres. Ind. Sokoroner Lodge No. 724, I. O. B. A. (100 Essex St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1911. Received general Jewish and secular education. Carpenter. Res.: 130 Attorney St. Ind. Stanislauer No. 459, meets at 80 Clinton St. on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Joseph Mistal, 1477 Fulton Ave. Sec'y, M. Seltzer, 71 Clinton St. Ind. Stawisker No. 115, meets at 98 Forsyth St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., M. Goldstein, 810 E. 178th St. Sec'y, J. Horowitz, 668 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Ind. United Hebrew No. 614, meets at 86 Attorney St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Max Bach, 555 Grand St. Sec'y, D. Marcus, 169 E. 102nd St. ' Bach, Max, Pres. Ind. United Hebrew Lodge No. 614, I. O.. B. A. (86 Attorney St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received hi gh school education. Insurance: 46 Bible House. Res.: 655 Grand St. 910 COMMUNAL REGISTER Ind. Warschauer, No. 623, meets at 100 Essex St. on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., Simon. Becker, 1442 Charlotte St. Sec'y, I. Bernstock, 129 Rivington St. Becker, Simon, Pres. Ind Warschauer Lodge No. 623, I. O. B. A. (100 Essex St.); ele ctted 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Attended high school in Russia Laundry: 1435 Charlotte St. Res.: 1442 Charlotte St. Isaac No. 43, meets at 29 W. 115th St. on 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Pres., Alexander Wohlgemuth, 68 E. 120th St. Wohlgemuth, A le xander, Pres. Isaac Lodge No. 43, I. O. B. A. (29 W. 115th St.), since 1909. Born 1874 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1891. - Received general Jewish education. Monuments: Maspeth, L. I. Res.: 68 E. 120th St. imaae Thumim No. 583, meets at 10 Ave. D. on 1st and 3rd.Saturdays. Pres., Samuel Gruber, 24 Ludlow St. Sec'y, A. Reiser, 1321 Foster Ave., B'klyn. Isidor Gans No. 57, meets at 29 W. 116th St. on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Herman Shaffer, 506 W. 145th St. Sec'y, A. S. Muenster, 999- E. 163rd St. Shaffer, Herman, Pres. Isl dor Ganz Lodge No. 57, I. O. B. A. (29 W. 115th St.), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1864 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1884. Received public school education. Tailor: 501 W. 144th St. Res.: 506 W. 145th St. Isidor Strauss No. 639, meets at 210 E. 104th St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., H. Singer, 39 8th Ave. Sec'y, S. Joskowitz, 667 Cauldwell Ave. Israel No. 51, meets at 214 E. 2nd St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Morris Treuhaft, 811 DaWson St. Sec'y, J. Unger, 439 E. Houston St. Treuhaft, Morris, Pres. Israel Lodge No. 51, I. O. B. - A. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1879. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 811 Dawson St. Jacob Ascher No. 6, meets at 328 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Thursdays. Pres., Moritz Klein, 63 So. Division Ave., Rockaway Beach. Sec'y, Joseph Klein, 334 E. 78th St. Jacob Levenson No. 634, meets at 1861 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., C h a rles Katz, 428 Christopher Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Beilly, 87 Grafton St., B'klyn. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 911 Jacob Lustgarten No. 468, meets at 100 Essex St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., William Schlesinger, 2043 Washington Ave. Sec'y, L. Lustgarten, 543 B'way. Schlesinger, William, Pres. Jacob Lustgarten Lodge No. 468, I. O. B. A. (100 Essex St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general education. Electric and Gas Fixtures: 280 Bowery. Res.: 2043 Washington Ave. Jacob Mordchal Swerdlow No. 722, meets at 3916 13th Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., Paul Eisenberg, 396 E. 3d St., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Isaacson, 558 E. 2nd St., B'klyn. Jacob Pfeffer, meets at 209 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., A. Berman, 166 Norfolk St. Sec'y, S. Weinrib, 225 E. 6th St. Jacob Von Neuschats, meets at 106 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., M. Lazarowitz, 442 Vermont St., B'klyn. Sec'y, F. Nacht, 229 E. 4th St. Jacob Scher. Sec'y, Joseph Klein, 344 E. 7th St. Jamaica No. 570, meets at 30 N. Washington St., Jamaica, on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Harry Fine, College Point, L. I. Sec'y, J. Silver, 217 Kosciusko St., B'klyn. James A. Garfield No. 16, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., B. Berger, 299 B'way. Sec'y, M. Seidman, 1890 Crotona Parkway. Jaroslauer No. 21, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., M. Shapiro, 81 E. 7th St. Sec'y, M. J. Dindas, 131 Division Ave., B'klyn. Jaslowitzer Prog. Y. M. No. 475, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Hyman Held, 336 E. 78th St. Sec'y, S. Flohr, 128 Ludlow St. Held, Hyman, Pres. Jaslowitzer Prog. Young Men's Lodge No. 475, I. O. B. A. (257 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Window cleaning. Res.: 336 E 78th St. Jehuda Horowits No. 85, meets at 223 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., A. Riff, 800 E. 9th St. Sec'y, I. Reicher, 292 E. 4th St. Jehudah Mezobish No..03, meets at 51 Hester St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., B. Silverman, 75 Siegel St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Kaufman, 419% Cherry St. Johann Jacoby No. 10, meets at 107 W. 116th St., on 2nd 912 COMMUNAL REGISTER and 4th Thursdays. Pres., Nathan Lleberman, 1 E. 119th St. Sec'y, J. Steinfeld, 207 W. 140th St. Lieberman, N a t h a n, Pres. Johann Jacoby Lodge No. 10, I. O. B. A. (107 W. 116th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received high school and college education. Lawyer: 302 B'way. Res.: 1 E. 119th St. John Hay No. 401, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., on 1st and 3d Thursdays. Pres., Morris Silverman, 244 E. Houston St. Sec'y, A. Rogal, 684 Linwood St., B'klyn. Silverman, M o r r i s, Pres. John Hay Lodge No. 401, I. 0. B. A. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Lamps. Res.: 244 E. Houston St. Joseph Biller No. 710, meets at 209 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Nathan Intner, 611 E. 6th St. Sec'y, A. Fromm, 50 E. 3d St. Intner, Nathan, Pres. Joseph Biller Lodge No. 710, I. O. B. A. (209 E. 2nd St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish and secular education. Furrier: 109 W. 31st St. Res.: 611 E. 6th St. Joseph Eckert No. 82, meets at 30 E. 1st St., on 1st and -3d Sundays. Pres., Joseph Steindler, 66 Nassau Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Max Eisen, 522 V\. 151st St. Steindler, Joseph, Pres. Joseph Eckert Lodge No. 82 I. O. B. A. (30 E. Ist St.): elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1884. Attended Evening High School. Laundry: 166 12th St. Res.: 66 Nassau Ave., B'klyn. Joseph Held No. 527, meets at 100 Essex St., on 1st and 3d S u n d a ys. Pres., Hyman Rechschafen, 646 E. 11th St. Sec'y, J. Kaufer, 174 Rivington St. Reehschafen, Hyman, Pres. Joseph Held Lodge No. 527, I. O. B. A. (100 Essex St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1864 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish e d u c a t ion. Cloaks, Res.: 646 E. 11th St. Joseph Levy No. 113, meets at 426 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Jacob Schadoff, 1861 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Epstein, 123 Glenmore Ave., B'klyn. Joseph Seligman No. 102, meets at 154 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Jacob Hodes, 154 E. Houston St. Sec'y, J. Jarmulowsky. 103 2nd Ave. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 918 Hodes, Jacob, Pres. Joseph Seligman Lodge No. 102, I. O. B. A. (154 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1859 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Carpenter. Res.: 154 E. Houston St. Juda Halevy No. 204, meets at 83 Forsyth St., on 2nd and, 4th Thursdays. Pres., B. Gluckman, 303 So. 4th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Popper, 68 E. 3d St. Julius Miller No. 260, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., Max Holtzer, 50 E. 119th St. Sec'y, N. Rogers, 146 W. 117th St. Holtzer, Max, Pres. Julius Miller Lodge No. 260, I. 0. B. A. (257 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1890. Received public school education. Cloaks and Suits: 15 E. 17th St. Res.: 50 E. 119th St. Justingsgrader No. 553, meets at 400 Stone Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Isaac Rubin, 393 Williams Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Sirkin, 432 Christopher Ave., B'klyn. Rubin, Isaac, Pres. Justingsgrader Lodge No. 553, I. 0. B.A. (400 Stone Ave.B'klyn.) since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Russia. Came 'to U. S. 1900. Received gen eral Jewish e du ca ti Q n. Tailor. Res.: 393 Williams Ave., B'klyn. Kaiserin Elizabeth (Ladles') No. 3, meets at 107 W. 116th St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Sec'y, Rosa Peppis, 148 W. 144th St. Kaiser Franz Joseph No. 3, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., I. Weiss, 3 E. 17th St. Sec'y, Louis Jacoby, 62 W. 26th St. Kaiser Friedrich No. 31, meets at 29 W. 115th St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Charles Rosenthal, 764 Tinton Ave. Sec'y, M. Kaplan, 26 W. 113th St. Rosenthal, Charles, Pr es. Kaiser Friedrich Lodge No. 31, I. O. B. A. (29 W. 116th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Germany. Came to U. S. in 1881. Received Public School education. Butcher, 898 Hunts Point Ave. Res.: 764 Tinton Ave. Kallscher No. 59, meets at 107 W. 116th St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., A. Scoff, 135 E. 119th St. Sec'y, E. Goldberg, 331 Wyona St., B'klyn. Kings County No. 69, meets at 14 Graham Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Samuel Levine, 54 Sumner Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Jaffa, 997a Lafayette Ate., B'klyn. 914 COMMUNAL REGISTER Levine, Samuel, Pres. Kings County Lodge No. 69, I. 0. B. A. (1'4 Graham Ave., B'klyn.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general education. Confectioner. Res.: 54 Sumner Ave., B'klyn. King Saul No. 514, meets at 521 Marcy Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Max Shmerer, 112 Humboldt St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Walkoff, 121 Ellery St., B'klyn. Schmerer, Max, Pres. King Saul Lodge No. 514, I. 0. B. A. (521 Marcy Ave., B'klyn); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish and secular education. Salesman. Res.: 112 Humbolt St., B'klyn. King Solomon No. 19, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y,- B. Gross, 245 E. 7th St. Kowozer No. 507, meets at 522 Stone Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., M. Kaspernick, 829 New Lots Rd., B'klyn. Sec'y, W. Gross, 238 Wyona St., B'klyn. Kremenitser No. 567, meets at 80 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., I. Avis, 1456 Wilkins Ave. Sec'y, A. Rosenthal, 1192 Fox St. Kronprlns Rudolph No. 2, meets at 155 E. 58th St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Philip Stein, 910 Jackson Ave. Sec'y, J. Rosenzweig, 347 Pennsylvania Ave., B'klyn. Lady Garfleld (Ladies) No. 7, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays (3:00 p.m.) Pres., Theresa Gross, 2460 7th Ave. Sec'y, Frances Krone, 563 W. 150th St. Gross, Theresa, Pres. Lady Garfield Lodge No. 7, I. 0. B. A. (100 W. 116th St.) Born 1864 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1887. Received public school education. Res.: 2460 7th Ave. I Lady Roosevelt (Ladles') No. 6, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Mrs. Dora Schwartz, 318 E. 19th St. Sec'y, M. Fingeren, 815 E. 166th St. Sehwarts, Dora, Pres. Lady Roosevelt Lodge No. 6, I. 0. B. A. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 318 E. 19th St. Lafayette No. 86, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., M. W. Feuer, 671 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Rosenwasser, 8593 3d Ave. Lamar I. Brodsky No. 258, meets at 30 E. 1st St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Isaac Brown, 11 So. 6th Ave., Mt. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 915 Vernon. Sec'y, D. Steckelman, 163 Norfolk St. Brown, Isaac, Pres. Lazar I. Brodsky Lodge No. 258, I. O. B. A. (30 E. 1st St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received public school education. Live poultry. Res.: 11 So. 6th Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Lebanon No. 247, meets at 83 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. P r e s., H. Rosenblum, 409 Rodney St., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. B. Bank, 28 Delancey St. Lemb. Dr. Lowenstein No. 54, meets at 80 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Max Balik, 362 Bowery. Sec'y, Philip Blassberg, 650 Fox St. Leon Sanders No. 718, meets at 326 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Joseph Nochley, 66 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Tauster, 77 Ridge St. Leon Goldberg, No. 552, meets at 209 E. 2nd St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Leon Goldberg, 97 E. 11th St. Sec'y, E. Dankberg, 19 E. 108th St. Goldberg, Leon, Pres, Leon Goldberg Lodge No. 552, I. O. B. A. (209 E. 2nd St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general education. Real estate. Res.: 97 E. 11th St. Lodner No. 123, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Julius Stofsky, 217 W. 108th St. Sec'y, J. Gladstone, 857 Forest Ave. Stofoky, Julius, Pres. Lodzer Lodge No. 123, I. O. B. A. (100 W. 116th St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish education. Ladies' tailor: 2785 B'way. Res.: 217 W. 108th St. Lewis Parmer No. 509, meets at 1801 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Seo'y, Lewis Parmer, 1494 Eastern P'kway, B'klyn. Louis Fox No. 314, meets at 16 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 8d Wednesdays. Pres., Rubin Cantor, 218 Rutledge St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Charles Crubiner, 194 Penn. St., B'klyn. Liberty No. 27, meets at 205 E. 67th St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Adolph Schwerin, 919 Whitlock Ave. Sec'y, H. Blum, 141'4 Prospect Ave. Schwerin, Adolph, Pres. Liberty Lodge No. 27, I. 0. B. A. (205 E. 67th St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general Jewish education. Plumbing: 911 Freeman St. Res.: 919 Whitlock Ave. 916 COMMUNAL REGISTER Louis Heyman No. 633, meets at 674 B'way, B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Henry Feldman, 677 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. N. Bogan, 663 Fox St. Feldman, Henry, Pres. Louis Heyman Lodge No. 633, I. O. B. A. (574 B'way, B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in N. Y. Received college education. Lawyer: 280 B'way. Re s.: 677 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Louis Zeltner No. 700, meets at 145 Suffolk St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays, Pres., Samuel Weiss, 1479 39th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Laden, 125 Pitt St. Weiss, Samuel, Pres. Louis Zeltner Lodge No. 700, I. O. B. A. (145 Suffolk St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1891 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1896. Received public school education. Saresman: Res.: 1479 39th St., B'klyn. Lunenfeld Zloczower No. 586, meets at 17 Ave. A., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., G. Katz, 1445 Fox St. Sec'y, M. Wachtelkonig, 1317 Franklin Ave. Luner and Wolper No. 719, meets at 162 Madison St., on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Joseph Levine, 199 Forsyth St. Sec'y., M. Friedman, 455 Grand St. Levine, Joseph, Pres. Luner and Wolper Lodge No. 719, I. 0. B. A. (162 Madison St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1908. Received general Jewish education. Painter. Res.: 199 Forsyth St. Maccabaer No. 96, meets at 326 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., Harry Schapiro, 1079 Simpson St. Sec'y, M. Siegelman, 511 E, 79th St. Maimonides No. 14, meets at 10 Ave. D. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Kalmon Wohlstein, 388 E. 3d St. Sec'y, S. Goldberger, 427 E. 85th St. Wohlstein, Kalmon, Pres. Maimonides Lodge No. 14, I. O. B. A. (388 E. 3d St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Hungary. Received general Jewish and secular education. Salesman. Res.: 388 E. 3d St. Manhattan No. 348, meets at 100 Essex St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., H. Goldberg, 359 So. 2nd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, R. Rosenbaum, 3 E. 109th St. Malcher No. 561, meets at 151 Clinton St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Jacob Paletz, 2738 8th Ave. Sec'y, W. Pomerantz, 591 Tinton Ave. Palets, Jacob, Pres. Malcher Lodge No. 561, I. O. B. A. (151 Clinton St.), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1872 MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 917 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Hebrew and secular education. Carpenter: 331 7th Ave. Res.: 2738 8th Ave. Marmaros Sziget No.46, meets at 30 E. 1st St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Isidore Frank, 100 Ave. D. Sec'y, William Thau, 115 Broome St. Max Himmel No. 694, meets at 133 Eldridge St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., Moses Salmanson, 1301 Hoe Ave. Sec'y, M. Abrams, 549 Knickerbocker Ave., B'klyn. Salman on, Moses, Pres. Max Himmel Lodge No. 694, I. O. B. A. (133 Eldridge St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1860 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1896. Received general Jewish education. Insurance. Res.: 1301 Hoe Ave. Max L. Hollander No. 732, meets at 205 E. 67th St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres. I. Nussenfeld, 447 Powell St., B'klyn. Sec'y H. Osterweill, 1524 3d Ave. Max Schwartz No. 100, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Louis Hollander, 60 E. 118th St. Sec'y, M. Keller, 800 Home St. Hollander, Louis, Pres. Max Schwartz Lodge No. 100, I. O. B. A. (257 E. Houston St.), elected 1917. Term 6 / months. Born 1882 in U. S. Received college and medical education. Physician. Res.: 60 E. 118th St. New Yorker S chwestern (Ladie') No. 8, meets at 267 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Mrs. J. Hollander, '454 E. 84th St. Sec'y, B. Lindner, 299 E. 3d St. M. Breitbart No. 99, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Hyman Buchbinder, 336 E. 4th St. Sec'y, A. Stryzower, 74 Sheriff St. Buehbinder, H y m a n, Pres. M. Breitbart Lodge No. 99, I. O. B. A. (214 E. 2nd St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res;: 336 E. 4th St. Mendel Mocher Sphorim No. 551, meets at 175 E. B'way, on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., I. Ostirowsky, 283 E. 12th St. Sec'y, A. Sadowsky, 80 E. 7th St. Metropolitan No. 145, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Benjamin Kaplan, 2059 Douglas St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Horn, 970 Tinton Ave. Kaplan, Benjamin, Pres. Metropolitan Lodge No. 145, I. O. B. A. (98 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came 918 COMMUNAL REGISTER to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 2059 Douglas St., B'klyn. Michael inenthal No. 10, meets at 14 Graham Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., George Left, 882 B'way, B'klyn. Sec'y, George Pink. 121 Canal St. r Mllnitzer No. 107, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Mark Graff, 67 Ave. D. Sec'y, M. Holzer, 848 Dawson St. Graff, Mark, Pres. Milnitzer Lodge No. 107, I. 0. B. A. (216 E. 2nd St.), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1884. Attended public school. Corporation Inspector. Res.: 67 Avenue D. Monasterska Progressive No. 769, meets at 223 E. 2nd St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Mendel Simche Fruster, 801 Hooper St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Safer, 163 Ave. B. F r uter, Mendel Sinche, P r e s. Manasterska P r o g..Lodge No. 769, I. 0. B. A. (223 E. 2d St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Austria, Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 301 Hooper St., B'klyn. Morits Jokal No. 656, meets at 205 E. 67th St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Emanuel Furst, 418 E. 69th St. Sec'y, H. Berger, 228 E. 67th St. Furst, Emanuel, Pres. Moritz Jokai Lodge, No. 656, I. O. B. A. (205 E. 67th St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general Jewish education. Cabinet-maker. Res.: 413 E. 69th St. Morris Wiesen No. 763, meets at 27 W. 115th St., on 1st and 3d Thursdays. Pres., Harry Lyons, 39 W. 128th St. Sec'y, B. Alter, 16 W. 1llth St. Lyons, Harry, Pres. Morris Wiesen Lodge No. 763, I. O. B. A. (27 W. 115th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1891 in U. S. Received college education. Lawyer: 115 B'way. Res.: 39 W. 128th St. Moschcisker No. 708, meets at 80 Pitt St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Louis Sperber, 513 E. 179th St. Sec'y, B. Rosengarten, 22 Ridge St. Sperber, Louis, Pres. Moschcisker Lodge No. 708, I. O. B. A. (80 Pitt St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1880 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 513 E. 179th St. Moses Milgrim No. 731, meets at 12 St. Marks P1. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays, Pres., M. Milgrim, 2524 53d St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. M. Gottlieb, 1356 Washington Ave. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 919 Moses Mendelsohn No. 91, meets at 115 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Samuel serkowitz, 230 McKibben St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Jacobo w s k y, 63 Scholes St., B'klyn. Berkowitz, Samuel, Pres. Moses Mendelsohn Lodge No. 91, I. O. B. A. ( 115 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1871 inHungary. Came to U. S. 1896. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 230 McKibben St., B'klyn. Moses No. 180, meets at 79 Delancey St., on 1st and 3d Sundays (2 P. M.). Pres., Manie Prever, 438 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, E. Disick, 58 Barrett St., B'klyn. Prever, Manie, Pres. Moses Lodge No. 180, I. O. B. A. (79 Delancey St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Dresses. Res.: 438 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Moses Monteflore No. 7, meets at 29 W. 115th St., on 3d Tuesday. Pres., Jacob Mintzer, 301 E. 120th St. Sec'y, G. Marcus, 133 W. 140th St. Mintser, Jacob, Pres. Moses Monteflore Lodge No. 7, I. 0. B. A. (29 W. 115th St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1903. Received public school edu cation. Buyer. Res.: 301 E. 120th St. Mount Carmel No. 555, meets at 62 E. 106th St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Morris Rehfeld, 433 E. 83d St. Sec'y, H. Kirschner, 61 E. 106th St. Rehfeld, Morris, Pres. Mount Carmel Lodge No. 555, I. O. B. A. (62 E. 106th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1900. Received public school education. Cigarmaker. Res.: 433 E. 83d St. Mount Hebron No. 489, meets at 66 Clinton St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., M. Bagansky, 47 2nd Ave. Sec'y. M. Levy, 60 So. 9th St.. B'klyn. Mount Morris No. 259, meets at 27 W. 115th St., on 2nd and 4th Thursday. Pres., Philip Levy, 1380 5th Ave. Sec'y, I. Goldfarb, 23 W 114th St. M, Sperling No. 253, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Samuel Sperling, 461 Broome St. Sec'y, B. A. Keys, 278 E. 10th St. M. W. Bruckenstein No. 737, meets at 57 St. Marks PI., on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., Samuel Latzer, 179 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, L. Hochman, 242 E. 9th St. Latser, Samuel, Pres. M. W. Bruckenstein L o d g e, No. 920 COMMUNAL REGISTER 737, I. O. B. A. (57 St. Marks P1.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1890 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1902. Received public school education. Manager Sheffield Farm Dairy: 281 Broome St. Res.: 179 E. 3rd St. Nashelska No. 345, meets at 82 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Charles Rosen, 1778 Madison Ave. Sec'y, M. Levine, 34 W. 116th St. Rosen, Charles, Pres. Nashelska Lodge No.. 345, I. O. B. A. (82 Clinton St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1872. Attended public school. Tailor. Res.: 1778 Madison Ave. Novorldker No. 536, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Jacob William Block, 2 Marble Hill Ave. Sec'y, W. Lew, 213 Clinton St. Block, Jacob William, Pres. Novoridker Lodge No. 536, I. O. B. A. (98 Forsyth St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1888. Graduated Law School. Lawyer: 135 Broadway. Res.: 2 Marble Hill Ave. New Amsterdam No. 504, meets at 170 E. 60th St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Harry Rothbart, 219 E. 66th St. Sec'y, N. Rabinowitz,, 871 1st Ave. Rothbart, Harry, Pres. New Amsterdam Lodge No. 504, I. O. B. A. (166 E. 60th St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1911. Received general Jewish education. Tailor: 201 E. 66th St. Res.: 219 E. 66th St. New York City No. 599, meets at 79 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Hyman Bialystok, 324 Broome St. Sec'y, W. Bialler, 952 Aldus St. Bialystok, Hyman, Pres. N. Y. City Lodge No. 599, I. O. B. A. (79 Forsyth St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Russia, Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Furrier. Res.: 324 Broome St. New York No. 40, meets at 69 St. Marks PI., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Sali Lowenthal, 767 E. 160th St. Sec'y, W. Kalmus, 1122 Forest Ave. Lowenthal, Sali, Pres. N. Y. Lodge No. 40, I. O. B. A. (69 St. Marks PI.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1881. Received general Jewish education. Salesman. Res.: 767 E. 160th St. Oester Ungarische No. 9, meets at 30 E. 1st St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Solomon Eisenbuch, 219 E. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 921 100th St. Sec'y, M. Goodman, 827 Fox St. Oheb Sholom No. 29, meets at 151 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Max J. Graber, 1534 Charlotte St. Sec'y, A. Newhauser, 910 Simpson St. Graber, Max J., Pres., Oheb Sholom Lodge No. 29, I. O. B. A. (151 Clinton st.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general Jewish education. Salesman. Res.: 1534 Charlotte St. Oleszyer No. 655, meets at 161 Attorney St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., H. Steinberg, 551 Grand st. Sec'y, Mr. Kelch, 30 Lewis St. Onward No. 651, meets at 953 So. Blvd, on 2nd and 4th Thursday. Pres., H a r r y Hammershlag, 1528 Bryant Ave. Sec'y, C. H. Kramer, 1457 Wilkins Ave. Hammershlag, Harry, Pres. Onward Lodge No. 651, I. 0. B. A. (953 So. Boulevard), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in U. S. Received p u b li c school education. Res.: 1528 Bryant Ave. Orler Brotherhood No. 291, meets at 206 E. B'way, on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., J. Price, 211 Broome St. Sec'y, S. Schildkret, 287 Audubon Ave. Oester Galizisehe No. 288, meets at 87 Ridge St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Mr. Malbigott, 104 Pitt St. Sec'y, L. Gold, 182 Forsyth St. Osias Horowitz No. 404, meets at 193 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., S. Sherman, 168 Lenox Ave. Sec'y, M. Stechler, 68 W. 116th St. Osias Reiner No. 653, meets at 30 E. 1st St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., Samuel R o s e m a n, 1704 77th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, 0. N. Rosenthal, 314 Keap St., B'klyn. R o X e m a n, Samuel, Pres. Osias Reiner Lodge No. 563, I. 0. B. A. (30 E. 1st St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish and secular education. Drygoods. Res.: 1704 77th St., B'klyn. Ostrolenker No. 607, meets at 585 Stone Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Jacob Bronrott, 1855 Douglas St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Teitler, 68 Chester St., B'klyn. Bronrott, Jacob, Pres. Ostrolenker Lodge No. 607, I. 0. B. A. (585 Stone Ave., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 1855 Do6uglas St., B'klyn. Ostrower No. 421, meets at 209 E. -B'way on 2nd and *4th Sundays. Pres.,- Jacob Wein 922 COMMUNAL REGISTEB berg, 313 E. 8th St. Sec'Y. M. Cohen, 31 Essex St. Ottinier Progressive No. 436, meets at 79 Forsyth St., On 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., David Wolf Greenberg, 785 E. 181st St. Sec'y, L. Zachariash, 4288 3d Ave. Greenberg, David Wolf, Pres. Ottinier Prog. Lodge No. 436, I. O. B. A. (79 Forsyth St.), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 785 E. 181st St. Ottynier No. 430, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Jacob Gichman, 995 Union Ave. Sec'y, M. Fuhr, 59 E. 117th St. Gichman, Jacob, Pres. Ottynier Lodge No. 430, I. O. B. A. (257 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 995 Union Ave. Oxorkower No. 47, meIets at 257 E. Houston St., on 2nd.and 4th Sundays. Pres., Ben-.jamin Praskin, 1018 E. 163d St. Sec'y, H. Mayer, 93 Ave. B. P ra lkin, Benjamin, Pres. Oaorkower Lodge No. 47, I. O. B. A. (257 E. Houston St.) since 1917. Term 6 months. r Born 1804 in,Russia. Came:: -t'T. 1889 'Received gen: eral Jewish education. Manufacturer: 104 Bleecker St. Res.: 1018 E. 163d St. Peter Cooper No. 616, meets at 62 E. 106th St., on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., Hyman Hulnick, 1600 Madison Ave. Sec'y., S. Sideman. Hulnick, Hyman, Pres. Peter Cooper Lodge No. 616, I. O. B. A. (62 E. 106th St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general Jewish education. Tailor: 57 White St. Res.: 1600 Madison Ave. Petlfi Sandor No. 496, meets at 328 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Joseph Lang, 433 E. 80th St. Sec'y, M. Weinberger, 338 E. 92nd St. Lang, Joseph, Pres., Pet6fl, Sandor Lodge No. 496, I. 0. B. A. (328 Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Hungary. Came to t. S. 1903. Received a high school education. Jeweler. Res.: 433 E. 80th St. Phoenix No. 661, meets at 10 W. 114th St., on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., I. Schultz, 101 W. 112th St. Sec'y, R. Levin, 1648 Park Ave. Pollner No. 416, meets at 115 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Max Imber, 59 Siegel St., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Reiss, 203 Moore St., B'klyn. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 923 Plinsker No. 30, meets at 107 W. 116th St., on 1st and 3d S u n d a ys. Pres., Harris Schwartzberg, 1264 Amsterdam Ave. Sec'y, I. Hertz, 1774 Lexington Ave. Schwartzberg, Harris, Pres. Plinsker Lodge No. 30, I. 0. B. A. (107 W. 116th St.), since 1909. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish and secular education. Tailor: 3078 B'way. Res.: 1264 Amsterdam Ave. Philip Freund No. 116, meets at 310 Lenox Ave., on 1st and 3d Mondays. Sec'y, M. Fischer, 2094 7th Ave. (Hotel Theresa) Pormorzaner No. 417, meets at 125 Rivington St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Samuel Gottlieb, 246 E. 2nd St. Sec'y, J. Schwind, 608 Prospect Ave. Gottlieb, Samuel, Pres. Pomorzaner Lodge No. 417, I. 0. B. A. (125 Rivington St.); elected 1917. Term 3 months. Born 1877 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received high school education. Painter. Res.: 246 E. 2nd St. President Wilson No. 574, meets at 133 Eldridge St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., Samuel Morgenhesser, 950 Ave. St. John. Sec'y, I. Jano*its, 671 Cauldwell Ave. MorgenheMer, Samuel, Pres. President Wilson Lodge No. 574, I. O. B. A. (133 Eldridge St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1873 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish edu-. cation. Mfgr. Marabous: 36 E. 9th St. Res.: 950 Ave. St. John. Pride of Brooklyn No. 407, meets at 1418 Fulton St., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., M. Byron, 1050 Green Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Kamenow, 894 Brooklyn Ave. Pride of Israel No. 642, meets at 181 Osborn St., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Max Cohen, 146 Amity St., B'klyn. Sec'y, D. Pawisky, 1511 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Cohen, Max, Pres. Pride of Israel Lodge No. 642, I. O. B. A. (181 Osborn St., B'klyn), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1885. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 146 Amity St., B'klyn.. Pride of the Nortih No. 140, meets at 76 Throop Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d' Sundays. Pres., G e o rge H. Ittleman, 696 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Teitelbaum, 84 Cook St., B'klyn. Ittleman, George H., Pres. Pride of the North Lodge No. 149, I. O. B. A. (76 Throop Ave., B'klyn); elected 1917. Term 6 months. 924 COMMUNAL REGISTER Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Graduated Columbia University La w School. Lawyer: 44 Court St., B'klyn. Res.: 696 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Pride of Williamsburg No. 341, meets at 403 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., M. Herschhorn, 314 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Graw, 106 McKibben St., B'klyn. Progressive of B'klyn No. 746, meets at 143 McKibben St., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Louis Leunin, 283 Wallabout St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Kaufman, 169 Cook St., B'klyn. Progressive Young Men No. 603, meets at 79 Delancey St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Morris Finkelstein, 60 Tompkins Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Diston, 294 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Roeder No. 24, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., David Sindel, 372 Hooper St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Lehrfeld, 66 E. 7th St. Sindel, David, Pres. Roeder Lodge No. 24, I. O. B. A. (214 E. 2nd St.), since 1912. Term 6 months. Born 1860 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1884. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 372 Hooper St., B'klyn. Prof. Richard Gottheil No. 49, meets at 106 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Kive Ziegel, 525 E. 138th St. Sec'y, N. Schwartz, 241 Eldridge St. Ziegel, Kive, Pres. Prof. Richard Gottheil Lodge No. 49, I. O. B. A. (106 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general Jewish and secular education. Furniture. Res.: 525 E. 138th St. Prof. Solomon Schechter No. 695, meets at 51 Humboldt St., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Bernard Kolker, 669 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Crammer, 628 B'dway, B'klyn. Kolker, Bernard, Pres. Prof. Solomon Schechter L o d g e No. 695, I. O. B. A. (51 Humboldt St., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 8 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish and secular education. Mfgr. slip covers. Res.: 669 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Progress No. 38, meets at 151 W. 125th St., on 1st and 3d Thursdays. Pres., George Freyer, 1164 1st Ave. Sec'y, E. Hermann, 101 W. 140th St. Freyer, George, Pres. Progress Lodge No. 38, I. O. B. A. (151 W. 125th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1880. Attended commercial school. Li q u o r s. Res.: 1164 1st Ave. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 925 Prospect No. 355, meets at 261 Prospect Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Benjamin Ammerman, 309 15th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. B. Bregstein, 4814 5th Ave., B'klyn. Ammerman, Benjamin, Pres. Prospect Lodge No. 335, I. O. B. A. (261 Prospect Ave., B'klyn), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received a college education. Lawyer: 50 Court St., B'klyn. Res.: 309 15th St., B'klyn. Prosperity No. 138, meets at 14 W. 114th St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Abraham Fellenstein, 122 W. 114th St. Sec'y, A. Frank, 945 Faile St. Pruzin No. 218, meets at 79 Delancey St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Asher Cohen, 188 Henry St. Sec'y, J. Engel, 1129 Tiffany St. Przemysler No. 293, meets at 82 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Lewis Nadel, 957 Faile St. Sec'y, S. Blumner, 353 E. 3d St. Nadel, Lewis, Pres. Przemysler Lodge No. 293, I. O. B. A. (80 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in N. Y. Attended college. Lawyer: 299 B'way. Res.: 957 Faile St. Rabbi Hirsch Pasternak No. 157, meets at 145 Suffolk St., on 2nd ahd 4th Tuesdays. Pres., N. Abrams, 321 Hinsdale St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Berkowitz, 4047 Hill Ave. Rabbi Jehuda Stern No. 275, meets at 326 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., Louis Spirn, 1043 So. Blvd. Sec'y, William Schor, 620 E. 5th St. Schiller No. 17, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., Harry Wiesner, 644 E. 6th St. Sec'y, A. Helfgott, 596 W. 178th St. Wiesner, Harry, Pres. Schiller Lodge No. 17, I, O. B. A. (257 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 644 E. 6th St. Rabbi Jochanon No. 144, meets at 106 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Jacob Rabinowitz, 602 W. 157th St. Sec'y, E. B. Gold, 70 Orchard St. Rabinowitz, J a c ob, Pres. Rabbi Jochanon Lodge No. 144, I. O. B. A. (106 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1861 in Russia. Came 1P U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Broker: 840 B'way. Res.: 602 W. 157th St. Sholom No. 26, meets at 69 W. 125th St., on 1st and Id Tuesdays. Pres., Heary' S. 926 COMMUNAL REGISTER Nadelweiss, 6103 14th Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Friedman, 881 Intervale Ave. Nadelwelis, Henry S., Pres. Sholom Lodge No. 26, I. 0. B. A. (69 W. 125th St.), since 1912. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in N. Y. Attended N. Y. U. Law School. Insurance: 299 B'way. Res.: 5103 14th Ave., B'klyn. Rabbi M. I. Sackler No. 611, meets at 223 E. 2nd St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., M. I. Sackler, 362 So. 2nd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, W. Saldinger, 132 Essex St. Rabbi Orastein No. 101, meets at 56 Orchard St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Is rael Silberklelte, 1067 Jackson Ave. Sec'y, A. Fielman, 21 Montgomery St. Radants Bukowina No. 481, meets at 209 B. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Joseph Mohr, 211 E. 103d St. Seo'y, Charles Haspel, 950 Union Ave. Mohr, Joseph, Pres. Radantz Bukowina No. 481, I. 0. B. A. (209 B. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1901. Received genOral and secular education. Rex.: 211 E. 10d St. Radouhkowltser No. 262, meets at 81 Delancey St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Henry Breiterman, 160'4 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, F. Adelson, 249 B. B'way. Breiterman, H e a r y, Pres. Radoshkowitzer Lodge No. 262, I. 0. B. A. (77 Delancey St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1864 in Russia. Received high school education. Real E s t a t e. Res.: 1604 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. Raygorod No. 334, meets at 426 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Ansel Schindler, 731 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Z. Rosen, 1872 Douglass St., B'klyn. Schindler, Ansel, Pres. Raygorod Lodge No. 334, I. 0. B. A. (426 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general education. Mfgr. ladies' garments: 409 Osborn St., B'klyn. Res.: 731 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Raymond No. 631, meets at 771 Gravesend Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Felix Ralph Solomons, 1725 Cornelia St., B'klyn. Sec'y, N. H. Levy, 129 Tompkins Ave., B'klyn. Solomons, Felix Ralph, Pres. Raymond Lodge No. 6381, I. 0. B. A. (771 Gravesend Ave., B'klyn.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in U. S. Received high school education. Salesman. Res.: 1725 Cornelia Street. B'klyn. Republic No. 42, meets at 79 Delancey St., on 2nd and '4th MUTUAL AID AGENMCI 927 Thursdays. Pres., Louis Soil, 1349 43d St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Charles Miller, 189a Stockton St., B'klyn. Soll, Louis, Pres. Republic Lodge No. 42, I. O. B. A. (79 Delancey St.), elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1882 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1897. Received L.L.B. at law school. Lawyer: 299 B'way. Res.: 1349 43d St., B'klyn. Rifke Kotleraw (Ladies') No. 12, meets at 83 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., L. Dlugitz, 215 E. 6th St. Sec'y, J. Jarmulowrsky, 103 2nd Ave. Roumanian American No. 83, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Isaac Jankowitz, 346 E. 20th St. Sec'y, L. Nadler, 742 Jackson Ave. Jankowits, Isaac, Pres. Roumanian American Lodge No. 83, I. O. B. A. (98 Forsyth St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1902. Received g e n e r a l Jewish and secular education. Res.; 346 E. 20th St. Rubin Auerbach No 812, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 2nd and '4th Saturdays. Pres., Louis Salpeter, 303 E. 8th St. Sec'y, L. Grill, 732 B'way. Salpeter, Louis, Pres. Rubin Auerbach Lodge No. 312, I. O. B. A. (257 E. Houston St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish education. Musical instruments. Res.: 303 E. 8th St. Rzesishower No. 521, meets at 79 Delancey St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Morris Warshafsky, 315 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Feinblum, 1656 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Warxhawaky, Morris, Pres. Rzcsishower Lodge No. 521, I. O. B. A. (79 Delancey St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 315 Hopkinson Ave, B'klyn. Sadagorer Lutsker No. 550, meets at 209 E. 2nd St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Morris Deretzky, 3854 3d Ave. Sec'y, S. Drucker, 308 Delancey St. Deretsky, Morris, Pres. Sadagorer Lutzker Ledge No. 655, I. O. B. A. (209 '. 2nd St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born- 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general J e w is h and secular education. Painter. Res.: 3854 3rd Ave. Sanhedrin No. 606, meets at 6 Brooklyn Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., I. Marks, 271 Livingston St., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. C. Robinson, 746 Lafayette Ave., B'klyn. 928 COMMUNAL REGISTER Sarah Weinstock (Ladies') No. 16, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Mrs. I. B. Meirowitz, 586 W. 178th St. Sec'y, R. Wallach, 244 E. 7th St. Scharagroder No. 726, meets at 28 Ave. A., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., I. Greenspan, 627 E. llth St. Sec'y, J. Fleishman, 126 Clinton St. S. Hauben No. 410, meets at 125 Rivington St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Louis Schlachtus, 201 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Schwartzbarth, 25 E. 111th St. Schlachtus, Louis, Pres. S. Hauben Lodge No. 410, I. O. B. A. (125 Rivington St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to UT. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 201 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Siiua No. 537, meets at 400 Stone Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Joseph H3man, 1501 E. N. Y. Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Tefkoff, 60 Chester St., B'klyn. Hyman, Joseph, Pres., Sinai Lodge No. 587, I. O. B. A., (400 Stone Ave., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish and secular education. Tailor: 1610 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 1501 E. N. Y. Ave., B'klyn. S. L. Brook No. 415, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Jacob Shapiro, 265 E. 7th St. Sec'y, L. Senft, 152 Stanton St. Shapiro, Jacob, Pres. S. L. Brook Lodge, No. 415, I. 0. B. A. (214,E. 2d St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in N. Y. Attended C. C. N. Y. and N. Y. U. Lawyer: 261 B'way. Res.: 265 E. 7th St. Sniatiner, No. 464, meets at 30 E. 1st St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., S. Strumeyer, 26 W. 24th St. Sec'y, H. Wohl, 148 E. B'way. Sochotshower No. 384, meets.at 212 E. 104th St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Samuel Schimkowitz, 2043 Washington Ave. Sec'y, L. Marcus, 806 Westchester Ave. Solomon Hirsch No. 163, meets at 10 W. 114th St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Benjamin Levy, 1048 Kelly St. Sec'y, R. Newman, 1704 Madison Ave. Solomon Kohn No. 52, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Edward Kohn, 2460 7th Ave. Sec'y, G. Lieberman, 196 E. 88th St. Sons of Judah No., 438, meets at 100 Essex St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., David MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 929 Gabriel, 74 Sumner Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, D. Pisetzner, 52 W. 116th St. South Brooklyn No. 174, meets at 330 7th Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Aaron Samuels, 541 Court St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Oshinsky, 339 5th St., B'klyn. Samuels, Aaron, Pres. So. Brooklyn Lodge No. 174, I. O. B. A. (330 7th Ave., B'klyn), since 1912. Term 6 months. Born 1858 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general Jewish education. Furniture dealer, 572 Court St., B'klyn. Res.: 541 Court St., B'klyn. Rising Star No. 564, meets at 1622 1st Ave., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., W. Pollak, 33 W. 98th St. Sec'y, J. Weiss, 433 E. 72nd St. Standard No. 252, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on lst. and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., J a c o b Schonfeld, 104 Sumner Ave. B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Kleinman, 851 Horniday P1. Schonfeld, Jacob, Pres. Standard Lodge No. 252, I. O. B. A. (98 Forsyth St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish and secular education. Office furniture: 51 Broad St. Res.: 104 Sumner Ave., B'klyn. Stanislauer Miller No. 745, meets at 209 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Morris Landberg, 941 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Gross, 257 E. 3rd St. Landberg, Morris, Pres. Stanislauer Miller Lodge No. 745, I. O. B. A. (207 E. 2nd St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1909. Received general education. Tinsmith: 189 Chrystie St. Res.: 941 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Star of Brooklyn No. 580, meets at 14 Graham Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Morris J. Solomon, 867 De Kalb Avenue, B'klyn. Sec'y, W. Cohen, 100-Stockton St., B'klyn. Solomon, Morris J., Pres. Star of B'klyn Lodge No. 580, I. O. B. A. (14 Graham Ave., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1891 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1902. Received thorough secular education. Law clerk: 170 Broadway. Res.: 867 DeKalb Ave., B'klyn. 'Star of Israel No, 111, meets at 145 E. 68th St., on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., Philip Bologh, 2025 Madison Ave. Sec'y, S. Tomback, 451 E. 140th St. Bologh, Philip, Pres. Star of Israel Lodge No. 111, I. O. B. A. (145 E. 68th St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1892. Attended Cooper Union. Res.: 2025 Madison Ave. *t 930 COMMUNAL REGISTER Starobiner No. 675, meets at 81 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Samuel Schwadelson, 78 Rutgers Slip. Sec'y, B. Kaplan, 1480 Washington Ave. Sehwadelaon, Sam, P r e s. Starobiner Lodge No. 675, I. O. B. A. (81 Forsyth St.), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish and secular education. Metals. Res.: 78 Rutgers Slip. Stepiner Levy Isaac No. 608, meets at 391 Watkins St., B'klyn, on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Morris Engelman, 549 Powell St., B'klyn. Sec'y, D. Kolodny, 376 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. Engelman, Morris, P r e s. Stepiner Levy Isaac No. 608, I. O. B. A. (391 Watkins St., B'klyn), elected 1917. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 549 Powell St., B'klyn. Tarnagroder No. 713, meets at 81 Columbia St., on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Max Kreitner, 290 Stanton St. Sec'y, J. Steglitz, 316 Rivington St. Kreltner, Max, Pres. Tarnogroder Lodge No. 713, I. 0. B. A. (81 Columbia St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1883 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 290 Stanton St. Torah Zohow No. 150, meets at 12 St. Marks PI., on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., Benjamin Bockser, 28 Suffolk St. Sec'y, Ad. Schwartz, 73 Suffolk St. Tremboler Achim Verein No. 712, meets at 210 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres.,' Elias M. Brandes, 117 Norfolk St. Sec'y, I. Schachter, 708 E. 5th St. Brandes, Ellas M., Pres. Trembowler Achim Verein Lodge, No. 712, I. O. B. A. (210 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish and secular education. Butter and eggs: 5052 Thompson St. Res.: 117 Norfolk St. Tremont No. 386, meets at 953 So. Blvd., on 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., I. H. Freedman, 2150 Crotona Parkway. Sec'y, L. Feinberg, 540 Fox St. Treue Brueder No. 07, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., S. Braer' 18 E. 115th St. Sec'y, N. Lax, 348 E. 10th St. Twentieth Century No. 234, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., W. Clark, 253 Aldus St. Sec'y, H. Hart, 2154 Crotona Ave. Ulonower No. 598, meets at 56 Lewis St, on 2nd and 4th MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 931 Saturdays. Pres., M. Birenbaum, 48 E. 104th St. Sec'y, C. Wechselfeld, 63 Lewis St. United Borisoff No. 34, meets at 79 Delancey St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pre s., Jacob Saslofsky, 3'4 W. 116th St. Sec'y, M. Gelles, 39 Eldridge St. United Friends No. 742, meets at 390 Stone Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., I. Horowitz, 337 Snediker Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Hoffman, 311 Powell St., B'klyn. United Independent No. 678, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., on 1st and 3rd Sundays, 3 P.M. Pres., Benjamin Appel, 636 E. 5th St. Sec'y A. Baer, 556 Dumont Ave., B'klyn. United States No. 142, meets at 30 E. 1st St., on 1st and 8rd Wednesdays. Pr e s., Nahan I. Kahan, 936 Hoe Ave. Sec'y, J. Rubloff, 283 So. 1st St., B'klyn. Kahan, Nathan I., P r e s. United States Lodge No. 142, I. O. B. A. (30 E. 1st St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1891 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1911. Received high school education. Wall paper: 675 Jackson Ave. Res.: 936 Hoe Ave. Universal Progress No. 298, meets at 82 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Hyman L. Oneen. 1546 43rd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Goldner, 533 16th St., B'klyn. Oneen, Hyman L., Pres. Universal Prog. Lodge No. 298, I. O. B. A. (82 Clinton St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1857 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1896. Received general Jewish and secular education. Insurance: 1546 43rd St., B'klyn. Vereinigte Brtider No. 126, meets at 73 Ludlow St., on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Aaron Nathanson, 511 Jerome St., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Kraskin, 136 W. 116th St. Nathanson, Aaron, P r e s. Vereinigte Brilder Lo d g e No. 126, I. O. B. A. (73 Ludlow St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 186'4 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received Public School education. Vests. Res.: 511 Jerome St., B'klyn. William Fishman No. 519, meets at 79 Delancey St., on 1st and 8rd Sundays. Pres., Marcus Breitschneider, 238 Broadway, Bayonne, N. J. Sec'y, H. I. Roeden, 835 Beck St. Breitsehnelder, M a r e u a, Pres. Wm. Fishman Lodge No. 519, I. O. B. A. (79 Delancey St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received high school education. Dry goods: 239 B'way, Bayonne, N. J. Res.: 238 B'way, Bayonne. N. J, 932 COMMUNAL REGISTER William Fleisher No. 128, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Benjamin Kaiser, 71 E. 115th St. Sec'y, N. Cohen, 647 E. 5th St. Kaiser, Benjamin, P r e s. Wm. Fleisher Lodge No. 128, I. O. B. A. (214 E. 2nd St.), since 1915. Texm 6 months. Born 1869 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1887. Received public school education. Salesman. Res.: 71 E. 115th St. William J. Gaynor No. 523, meets at 61 Graham Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Samuel Farber, 353 Sheffield Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Samuelson, 890 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Farber, Samuel, Pres. Wm. J. Gaynor Lodge No. 523, I. O. B. A. (61 Graham Ave., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Painter. Res.: 353 Sheffield Ave., B'klyn. William Schreiber No. 628, meets at 79 Delancey St., on 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., Jacob Asrowitz, 97 Stanton St. Sec'y, L. Kipness, 27 St. Marks P1. Asrowits, Jacob, Pres. Wm. Schreiber Lodge No. 628, I. O. B. A. (77 Delancey St.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. M'f'g'r. Cloaks and suits: 169 W. 23d St. Res.: 97 Stanton St. Williamsburg City No. 103, meets at 14 Graham Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Aaron Blum, 81 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Haas, 14 Ditmars St., B'klyn. Blum, Aaron, Pres. Williamsburg City Lodge No. 103, I. O. B. A. (14 Graham Ave., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish and secular education. Clerk. Res.: 81 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Wittenstein No. 432, meets at 105 Montrose Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Jacob Rosenthal, 345 Powell St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. S. Levine, 355 Stockton St., B'klyn. Wloclawker Caro No. 45, meets at 145 E. 58th St., on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Lazarus E. Schlechter, 420 W. 121st St. Sec'y, I. Berns t e i n, 65 Bay 23rd St., B'klyn. Schlechter, Lazarus E., Pres. Wloclawker Caro Lodge No. 45, I. O. B. A. (145 E. 58th St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received university education. Lawyer: 299 B'way. Res.: 420 W. 121st St., MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 933 Wolf Egers No. 36, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Jacob Gottlieb, 382 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, S. Roshsler, 346 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Gottlieb, Jacob, Pres. Wolf Egers Lodge No. 36, I. O. B. A. (257 E. Houston St.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1893. Contractor: 337 Stanton St. Res.: 382 E. 3d St. Yale Brevda No. 747, meets at 73 Ludlow St. Pres., Gutter Levine, 444 New Jersey Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, N. Brevda, 84 Delancey St.,Levine, Gutter, Pres. Yale Brevda Lodge No. 747, I. 0. B. A. (73 Ludlow St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Finland. Came to U. S. 1893. Received public school education. Clothier: 145 Nassau St. Res.: 444 New Jersey Ave., B'klyn. Yanower No. 723, meets at 151 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Saul Backstein, 959 Myrtle Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Gatzuk, 647 E. 5th St. Backstein, Saul, Pres. Yanower Lodge No. 723, I. O. B. A. (151 Clinton St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general education. Principal of Hebrew School. Res.: 959 Myrtle Ave., B'klyn. Yorkville No. 500, meets at 160 E. 86th St., on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., S. S. Kohn, 1568 2nd Ave. Sec'y, O. Nettle, 424 E. 77th St. Young Friends' No. 147, meets at 1757 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Isaac Frank, 1307 E. N. Y. Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, B. S. Glassberg, 1654 Eastern Parkway, B'klyn. Frank, Isaac, Pres. Young Friends' Lodge No. 147, I. O. B. A. (1757 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in U. S. Received public school education. Cap't. Police: 2 Liberty Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 1307 East New York Ave., B'klyn. Young Liberty No. 471, meets at 10 Ave. D., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., David Engel, 734 E. 6th St. Sec'y, J. Brown, 287 E. 7th St. Engel, David, Pres. Young Liberty Lodge No. 471, I. 0. B. A. (10 Ave. D.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 734 E. 6th St. Zolotzlter No. 356, meets at 77 Delancey St., on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Louis Mordkowitz, 78 E. 115th St. Sec'y, L. Friedman, 333 Madison dt. Mordkowits, Louis, Pres. Zolotziter Lodge No. 356, I. 934 COMMUNAL REGISTER 0. B. A. (77 Delancey St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish education. Bakery: 81 E. 115th St. Res.: 78 E. 115th St. Zitomir No. 640, meets at 80 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Benjamin Rosman, 216 E. 96th St. Sec'y, A. Saposnik, 186 Delancey St. Rosman, Benjamin, P r e s. Zitomir Lodge No. 640, I. 0. B. A. (80 Clinton St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 216 E. 96th St. Zenith No. 740, meets at 57 St. Marks PI., on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., Abraham J. Grotker, 309 E. 4th St. Sec'y, L. J. Gottlieb, 1042 So. Blvd. Grotker, Abraham J., Pres. Zenith Lodge No. 740, I. 0. B. A. (57 St. Marks P1.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1884. Received public school education. Clerk. Res.: 309 E. 4th St. Zurawner No. 33, meets at 10 Ave. D., on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Sam Lieder, 153% Stanton St. Sec'y, B. Gottfried, 824 Dawson St. Lieder, Sam, Pres. Zurawner Lodge No. 33, I. 0. B. A. (10 Ave. D.), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Hebrew education. Restaurant Keep-, er: 153% Stanton St. Res.: 153% Stanton St. 935 Independent Order B'rith Sholon 510-12 Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa; OFFICERS: Grand Master, Louis S. Rubinsohn, 617 N. 4th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Sec'y, Martin O. Levy, 512 S. 5th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Established 1905. Incorporated 1906. MEMBERSHIP: Total number of lodges in U. S., 378. Number of lodges in N. Y. C., 88. Total membership in U. S. 52,596. Members in N. Y. C., 16,000. Average cost to N. Y. members, $16 per annum. BENEFITS: Insurance against death ranging from $150.00 to $500.00. Insurance against disability, $250.00 to $600.00. ACTIVITIES: Takes active interest in Jewish questions. Gives aid to charities. Issues a monthly paper, "The B'rith Sholom News." LODGES IN NEW YORK CITY Aaron Kisselstein No. 225, meets at 107 W. 116th St. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Samuel Cherkas, 68 E. 96th St. Sec'y, E. Freeman, 2935 W. 30th St., B'klyn. Cherkas, Samuel, Pres. Aaron Kisselstein Lodge No. 225, I. O. B. S. (107 W. 116th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1890 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received Law School education. Lawyer: 116 Nassau St. Res.: 68 E. 96th St. A. B. Volk No. 266, meets at 113 Moore St., B'klyn on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Sam Janofsky, 103 Debevoise St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Harry Volk, 126 L e w i Ave., B'klyn. Janofsky, Sam, Pres. A. B. Volk Lodge No. 266, I. O. B. S. (103 Moore St., B'klyn); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 105 Debevoise St., B'klyn. Abraham Hechler No. 63, meets at 159 Rivington St. on 2nd and '4th Saturdays. Pres., Isaac Zankel, 59 E. 7th St. Sec'y, D. Godfried, 186 Rivington St. Zankel, Isaac, Pres. Abraham Hechler Lodge No. 63, I. 0. B. S. (159 Rivington St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months Born 1871 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Belts: 424 B'way. Res.: 69 B. 7th St. 936 COMMUNAL REGISTER Abraham Lincoln No. 297, meets at 62 E. 106th St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Morris Brainin, 1575 Madison Ave. Sec'y, Henry Harrison, 867 So. Blvd. Brainin, Morris, Pres. Abraham Lincoln Lodge No. 297, I. O. B. S. (62 E. 106th St.), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1859 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 1575 Madison Ave. Abraham Miller No. 333, meets at 121 Havemeyer St., B'klyn on 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., Isaac Herling, 202 So. 2nd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, B. Donoff, 220 Moore St., B'klyn. Herling, Isaac, Pres. Abraham Miller Lodge No. 333, I. O. B. S. (121 Havemeyer St., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1877 inAustria. Came to U. S. 1895. Attended European Gymnasium. Cloaks a n d Suits: 100 Greene St. Res.: 202 S. 2nd St., B'klyn. Abraham Perlman No. 330, meets at 61 Graham Ave., B'klyn on 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., Louis Haber, 177 Throop Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Irving Rossheim, 37 Union Ave. Haber, Louis, Pres. Abraham Perlman Lodge No. 330, I. O. B. S. (61 Graham Ave., B'klyn), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1889. Received public school education. Insurance agent: 72 Pennsylvania Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 177 Throop Ave., B'klyn. Akiba Eger No. 153, meets at 100 W. 116th St. on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Tobias Gardner, 2 1 2 0 8th Ave. Sec'y, Samuel Racoby, 732 Union Ave. Gardner, Tobias, Pres. Akiba Eger Lodge No. 153, I. O. B. S. (100 W. 116th St.), since 1912. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 2120 8th Ave. Aven Tov No. 269, meets at 105 Montrose Ave., B'klyn, on 1st land 3rd Sundays. Pres., Morris Forster, 235 Lewis Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Brooks, 172 McKibben St., B'klyn. Forster, Morris, Pres. Aven Tov Lodge No. 269, I. O. B. S. (105 Montrose Ave., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1898. Received general Jewish education. Salesman. Res.: 25 Lewis Ave., B'klyn. Baltischer No. 334, meets at 107 W. 104th St. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Simon Fiirst, 9 E. 116th St. Sec'y, Joseph Aronstam, 971 Westchester Ave. FUirst, Simon, Pres. Baltischer Lodge No. 334, I. O. B. S. (107 W. 104th St.), since * 1914. Term 3 months. Born MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 937 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Tailor: 107 W. 104th St. Res.: 9. E. 116th St. Bar Kochba No. 357, meets at 44 E. 7th St. every 4th Satu r d a y. Pres., Benjamin Steinman, 320 Linden Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Simon Graubard, 484 Claremont Parkway. Steinman, Benjamin, Pres. Bar Kochba Lodge No. 357, I. 0. B. S. (44 E. 7th St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Graduated Law School. Lawyer: 131 Essex St. Res.: 320 Linden Ave., B'klyn. Berschader of Brooklyn No. 293, meets at 181 Osborn St., B'klyn on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Koppel Stivelm a n, 4 54 Georgia Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Pisarefsky, 233 Chester St., B'klyn. Stivelman, K o p p e, Pres. Berschader of Brooklyn Lodge No. 293, I. O. B. S. (181 Osborn St., B'klyn); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish and secular education. Jeweler. Res.: '454 Georgia Ave., B'klyn. Bialykammer No. 315, meets at 10 Ave. D on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Hyman Roth, 69 So. 3rd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Morris Wagner, 124 Broome St. Roth, Hyman, Pres. Bialykammer Lodge No. 315, I. O. B. S. (10 Ave. D); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general J e w i s h education. Cloaks: 132 Hester St. Res.: 59 S. 3rd St., B'klyn. B'nai Eliezer No. 277, meets at 113 Moore St., B'klyn on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Samuel R. Wachstock, 358 Kosciusko St., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Stein, 124 Wallabout St., B'klyn. Wachstock, Samuel R., Pres. B'nai Eliezer Lodge No. 277, I. O. B. S. (113 Moore St., B'klyn); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 358 Kosciusko St., B'klyn. Brisker No. 337, meets at 79 Forsyth St. on 2nd and '4th Sundays. Pres., S. Stapky, 764 Cauldwell Ave. Sec'y, Morris Dreyfus, 518 E. 139th St. Brooklyn City No. 831, meets at 574 B'way, B'klyn on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., S. Wasserman, 1522 Sterling PI., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. A. Sachs, 1493 Park PI., B'klyn. Brooklyn King David No. 200, meets at 115 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., M. 938 COMMUNAL REGISTER Hyman, 477 Central Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Hyman, 15 Meserole St., B'klyn. Brooklyn Liberty No. 263, meets at Pitkin Ave. and Powell St., 1st and 3d Mondays. Constantine Ritsaver No. 211, meets at 143 McKibben St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., S. Parness, 51 Varet St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Samuel Schreibfeder, 1769 Park Pi., B'klyn. David Rockawer No. 214, meets at '403 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Herbert B. Sussman, 196 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Samuel Reiss, 203 Moore St., B'klyn. Sussman, Herbert B., Pres. David Rackawer Lodge No. 214, I. O. B. S. (403 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1898. Attended night school. Clothing: 127 Varet St., B'klyn. Res.: 196 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Dr. Schechter No. 92, meets at 85 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., Dr. Charles B r a u n s t e I n, 946 Simpson St. Sec'y, Julius Rabinowitz, 485 Claremont Parkway. Braunstein, Charles, Pres., Dr. Schecter Lodge No. 92 I. O. B. S. (85 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 month. Born 1888 in Rus sta. Came to U.S. 1889. Received a medical education. Physician. Res.: 946 Simpson St. Dr, Garfinkel No. 324, meets at 398 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn on 4th Sunday. Pres., S. Multz, 133 Suffolk St. Sec'y, M. S. Garfinkel, 1133 51st St., B'klyn. Dr. S. R. Schultz No. 221, meets at 80 Clinton St. on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Harry Fliegel, 47 E. 1st St. Sec'y, J. Schwind, 708 Cauldwell Ave. Fiegel, Harry, Pres. Dr. S. R. Schultz Lodge No. 221, I. O. B. S. (80 Clinton St.); elected 1917. T e rm 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 47 E. 1st St. Epstein Bronx Lodge No. 89, meets at 962 So. Blvd. on 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Pres., Nathan Z. Morris, 973 Tiffany St. Sec'y, Harry Brush, 2546 7th Ave. Morris, Nathan Z., Pres. Epstein Bronx Lodge No. 89, I. O. B. S. (962 So. Boulevard), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1855 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1873. Educated at European Gymnasium. Retired. Res.: 973 Tiffany St. r t e Lubacsower No. 309, meets at 81 Columbia St. on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Samuel Salander, 136 W. 116th St. Seo'y, S. Vogel, 354 B. 8th St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 939 Salander, S a m u e 1, Pres. Erste Lubaczower Lodge No. 309, I. 0. B. S. (81 Columbia St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1885. Received public school education. Chiropodist. Res.: 136 W. 116th St. Erste Zlotchever No. 208, meets at 17 Ave. A on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Sany Wachs, 1514 Washington Ave. Sec'y, S. Schmider, 201 E. 7th St. Wachs, Sany, Pres. Erste Zlostchever Lodge No. 268, I. 0. B. S. (17 Ave. A); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received public school education in Austria. Butter and eggs: 326 Greenwich St. Res.: 1514 Washington Ave. Ezra No. 265, meets at 73 Ludlow St. on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Hyman Auerbach, 8 E. 113th St. Sec'y. Harry Knoll, 99 Clinton St. Auerbach, Hyman, Pres. Ezra Lodge No. 265, I. 0. B. S. (73 Ludlow St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1895. Received general Jewish and secular education. Cigars. Res.: 8. E. 113th St. First Dr. K. Lippe No. 348, meets at 106 Forsyth St. on 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., A. Greenberg, 165 Eldridge St. Sec'y, S. Albrecht, 67 2nd St. First Ind. Pistyner No. 210, meets at 209 2nd Ave., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Israel Feiger, 400,So. 5th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Jacob Fuchs, 245 Eldridge St. Feiger, Israel, Pres. First Ind. Pistyner Lodge No. 210, I. 0. B. S. (209 2nd Ave.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in Austria. Received public school education. Contractor. Res.: 400 S. 5th St., B'klyn. First Kopyexinxer Y. M. No. 262, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., M. Scomowfsky,. 382 6th Ave. Sec'y, N o c h e s t Fuchs, 334 E. 4th St. Fira t Letitshever No. 224, meets at 206 E. B'way on. 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Samuel Seidman, 1918 Eastern P'kway, B'klyn. Sec'y, Morris Kauffman, 41'9 Cherry St. Seidman, Samuel, Pres. First Letitshever Lodge No. 224, I. 0. B. S. (206 E. B'way), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1898. Received education at Russian Gymnasium. Silk and cotton goods: 455 Howard Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 1518 Eastern Parkway, B'klyn. F irst Mthailener No. 238, meets at 106 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pros., 940 COMMUNAL REGISTER Louis Regenstraich, 201 So. 2nd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Israel Wasserman, 1187 St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Regenstraich, Louis, Pres., First Mihailener Lodge No. 238, I. O. B. S. (106 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1901. Received genral Jwish and scular education. Wholesale confectionery: 202 S. 2nd St., B'klyn. Res.: 201 S. 2nd St., B'klyn. First Soroker Bessarabian No. 40, meets at 100 Essex St., on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Jacob Feinstein, 787 Jennings St. Sec'y, M a x Keinman, 851 Hornaday P1. Feinstein, Jacob, Pres. First Soroker Bessarabian Lodge No. 40, I. O. B. S. (100 Essex St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Tailor: 800 Jennings St. Res.: 787 Jennings St. First United Ind. Podkaminer No. 163, meets at 10 Ave. D., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Tobias Bein, 464 Barbey St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Hyman Papowsky, 100 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. Bein, Tobias, Pres. First United Ind. Podkaminer Lodge No. 163, I. O. B. S. (10 Ave. D.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Shoes: 484 Bar bey St., B'klyn. Res.: 464 Barbey St., B'klyn. First Warshower I. M. Baumgold No. 338, meets at 133 Eldridge St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Sam Ostroff, 447 Claremont Parkway. Sec'y, Max Baumgold, 67 E. 104th St. Ostroff, Sam, Pres. The First Warshower I. M. Baumgold Lodge No. 338, I. O. B. S. (133 Eldridge St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1884 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 447 Claremont Parkway. First Williamsburg No. 199, meets at 855 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Solomon Nachalsky, 409 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Henkin, 115 Segal St., B'klyn. Nachalsky, Solomon, Pres. First Williamsburg Lodge No. 199, I. O. B. S. (355 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1864 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish and secular education. Tailor. Res.: 409 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn. First Woliner No. 237, meets at 9 Montgomery St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Alter Fishelman, 9 Pitt St. Sec'y, N. Berger, 1496 Longfellow Ave. Fishelman, Alter, P r e s. First Woliner Lodge No. 237, MUTUAL AID AGIENCIS 941 I. 0. B. S. (9 Montgomery St.), since 1911. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish and secular education. Dealer in Metals. Res.: 9 Pitt St. Galatzer Handwerker No. 323, meets at 62 E. 4th St., on 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Pres., Jacob Geiger, 810 B 1 a k e Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Hurtig, 19 1st Ave. Geiger, Jacob, Pres. Galatzer Handwerker Lodge No. 323, I. 0. B. S. (62 E. 4th St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1901. Received public school education. Res.: 810 Blake Ave., B'klyn. Geisen No. 249, meets at 94 Clinton St., on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., L o u is Zlotnick, 157 2nd Ave. Sec'y, Barnet Solodowshney, 269 Chester St., B'klyn. Glazer Jacobs No. 166, meets at 226 New Port Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Joseph Weinstein, 128 Chester St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Joseph Tenebaum, 291 Hinsdale St., B'klyn. Heart of Roumania No. 223, meets at 106 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., Morris Moscowitz, 207 Eldridge St. Sec'y, S. Albrecht, 69 E. 2nd St. Moscowitz, M o r r is, Pres. Heart of Roumania Lodge No. 223, I. 0. B. S. (106 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1888 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1906. Res.: 207 Eldridge St. Ike Esterman No. 103, meets at 115 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Gabriel Constant,' 17 W h i p p 1 e St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. S. Shapiro, 20 Teneyck St., B'klyn. Constant, Gabriel, Pres. Ike Esterman Lodge No. 103, I. 0. B. S. (115 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received g e n e r a Jewish education. Painter. Res.: 17 Whipple St., B'klyn. Ind. Ahavath Achim No. 274, meets at 1458 E. N. Y. Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Aaron Finkelstein, 115 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Wladovsky, 212 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Finkelstein, Aaron, Pres. Ind. Ahawath Achim Lodge No. 274, I. 0. B. S. (1458 E. N. Y. Ave., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Attended night school. Building contractor. Res.: 115 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Ind. Chernovits Podollci No. 319, meets at 62 E. 4th St., on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., H. Steinberg, 8 3 2 Dawson St. Sec'y, Hyman Steinberg, 594 E. 184th St. 942 COMMUNAL REGISTER Ind. Chernigover No. 287, meets at 276 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Harry Arkel, 97 W. Jackson Ave., Corona, L. I. Sec'y, Jacob Cohen, 64 E. lst St. Arkel, Harry, Pres. Ind. Chernigover Lodge No. 287, I. O. B. S. (276 E. Houston St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish and secular education. Clothing: 97 W. Jackson Ave., Corona, L. I. Ind. Dr. Herman Adler No. 280, m e e ts at 534 Sutter Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Max Shumer, 737 S t o n e Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Perlman, 412 Powell St., B'klyn. Shumer, Max, Pres. Dr. Herman Adler Lodge No. 280, I. O. B. S. (534 Sutter Ave., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Cloaks: 138 Greene St. Res.: 737 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Ind. Korasilaver No. 270, meets at 302 Lorimer St., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Harry D. Gottesberg, 820 Lorimer St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Charles Bereznick, 25 McKibben St., B'klyn. Gottesberg, Harry D., Pres. Ind. Korasilaver Lodge No. 270, I. 0. B. S. (802 Lorimer St., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Salesman. Res.: 320 Lorimer St., B'klyn. Ind. Minkowitzer No. 263, meets at 36 Morrell St., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Charles Celnick, 158 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Vogelfunger, 2089 Nostrand Ave., B'klyn. Celnick, Charles, Pres. Ind. Minkowitzer Lodge No. 263, I. O. B. S. (36 Morrell St., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received public school education. Vests: 131 Icholes St., B'klyn. Res.: 158 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Ind. Pinsker Carliner No. 312, meets at 73 Ludlow St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Jo s e p h Friedman, 1242 Simpson St. Sec'y, D. Weintraub, 301 Broome St. Friedman, Joseph, Pres. Ind. Pinsker Carliner Lodge No. 312, I. O. B. S. (73 Ludlow St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received secular education. Tailor: 4648 B'way. Res.: 1242 Simpson St. Ind. Priaslower No. 245, meets at 76 Throop Ave., B'klyn, on slt and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Louis Katz, 866 De MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 943 Kalb Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. Grand, 388 Alabama Ave., B'klyn. Katz, Louis, Pres. Ind. Priaslower Lodge No. 245, I. O. B. S. (76 Throop Ave., B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1863 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1892. Reeeived general Jewish and secular education. Tailor. Res.: 856 DeKalb Ave., B'klyn. Ind. Samuel Katz No. 284, meets at 169 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., I. Feinman, 21 1st Ave. Sec'y, Joseph S. Saldinger, 134 E. 96th St. Ind. Tavriger No. 257, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Phillip Weisberg, 511 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, B. Horowitz, 503 Grand St., B'klyn. Weisberg, Phillip, Pres. Ind. Tavriger Lodge No. 257, I. O. B. S. (98 Forsyth St.), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1894. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 511 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Ind. Webster No. 290, meets at 143 McKibben St., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., C. Kramer, 190 Floyd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Ipp, 29 Graham Ave., B'klyn. Ind. Young Men's No. 351, meets at 181 Osborn St., B'klyn, on 1st and 3rd Tues days. Pres., Isidor Herman, 1661 E. N. Y. Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Samuel Weisblatt, 107 Rockaway Ave., B'klyn. Herman, Isidor, Pres. Ind. Young Men's Lodge No. 351, I. 0. B. S. (181 Osborn St., B'klyn), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1882 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish and secular education. Plumber. Res.: 1661 E. N. Y. Ave., B'klyn. Iorodaschever Korsener No. 362, meets at 82 Clinton St., on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., P. Dashepsky, 1428 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Sam Krakowitz, 1377 Franklin Ave. Isaac Rosenthal No, 313, meets at 77 Delancey St., on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Abraham Ornstein, 671 Johnson Ave. Sec'y, M. Eichel, 516 W. 184th St. Ornstein, Abraham, P r e s. Isaac Rosenthal Lodge No. 313, I. 0. B. S. (77 Delancey St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 671 Johnson Ave., B'klyn. Israelite Baranover No. 243, meets at 10 Ave. D., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. P r e s., Hyman Gluck, 135 Ave. C. Sec'y, Max Karpf, 184 Cannon St. Gluck, Hyman, Pres. Israelite Baranover Lodge No. 242. 944 COMMUNAL REGISTER I. 0. B. S. (10 Ave. D.), since 1911. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1891. Received public school education. Res.: 135 Ave. C. Jacob Auerbach No. 291, meets at 30 E. 1st St., on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Matis Harris, 1406 Vyse Ave. Sec'y, J. Mohnblatt, 1165 Longfellow Ave. Harris, Matis, Pres. Jacob Auerbach Lodge No. 291, I. 0. B. S. (30 E. 1st St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Attended public school. D r e s s Goods: 115 Eldridge St. Res.: 1406 Vyse Ave. Jacob Carlinger No. 287, meets at 62 E. 106th St. on 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., Abraham Sorkin, 1447 Madison Ave. Sec'y, M. Steckler, 58 W. 116th St. Sorkin, Abraham, Pres. Jacob Carlinger Lodge No. 287, I. 0. B. S. (62 E. 106th St.); elected 1917. Born 1876 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish education. Stationery and cigars. Res.: 1447 Madison Ave. Joseph Kronberg No. 321, meets at 310 Lenox Ave. on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres. A. J. Geist, 35 Nassau St. Sec'y, Morris Fried, 7 E. 108th St. Jacob P. Adler No. 272, meets at 100 Essex St. on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Max Romanofsky, 991 Union Ave. Sec'y, Morris Levine, 182 Orchard St. Romanofsky, Max, Pres. Jacob P. Adler Lodge No. 272, I. 0. B. S. (100 Essex St.), since.1915. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Attended Public School in Russia. Res.: 991 Union Ave. Julius Dishkin Lodge No. 253, meets at 63 Liberty St. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., David Goldberg, '402 Sackman St., B'klyn. Sec'y, I. E. Klafter, 535 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Goldberg, David, Pres. The Julius Dishkin Lodge No. 253,1. 0. B. S. (63 Liberty St., B'klyn); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in England. Came to U. S. in 1872 Received public school education. Marshall of the City of N. Y.: 361 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 402 Sackman St., B'klyn. Kammemowder V. Piogro No. 306, meets at 133 Eldridge St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., S. Marberblatt, 376 E. 77th St. Sec'y, Jacob Nitishinsky, 184 E. 7th St. Kleshcheler No. 368, meets at 86 Attorney St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Isidore Blumenthal, 354 Myrtle Ave. B'klyn. Sec'y, Morris Dubin, 416 So. 5th St., B'klyn. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 946 Blumenthal, Isidore, Pres. Kleshcheler Lodge No. 386, I. O. B. S. (86 Attorney St.), since 1912. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1894. Received elementary school education. Tailor. Res.: 354 Myrtle Ave., B'klyn. Kolover Milnetzer No. 332, meets at 132 Essex St. on 2nd apId 4th Saturdays. Pres. Simon Sternberg, '475 Barbey St. Sec'y, Jacob Appelberg, 331 E. 6th St. Sternberg, Simon, Pres. Kosover Milnetzer Lodge No. 332, I. O. B. S. (132 Essex St.), since 1909. Term 6 months. Born 1852 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1884. Received general education. Furrier: 41 Bleecker St. Res.: 475 Barbey St., B'klyn. L. B. Cohn No. 273, meets at 390 Stone Ave., B'klyn on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres. Isaac Vatnevitch, 1995 Fulton St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Morris Rothman, 995 Eastern Parkway, B'klyn. Vatnevitch, Isaac, Pres. L. B. Cohn Lodge No. 273, I. O. B. S. (390 Stone Ave., B'klyn), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1882. Received general Jewish and secular education. Real state. Res.: 1995 Fulton St., B'klyn. Letitehever No. 261, meets at 77 Delancey St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Benjamin Bloomenfeld, 444 Claremont Parkway. Sec'y, S. Frankel, 33 W..114th St. Bloomenfeld, Benjamin, Pres. Letitchever Lodge No. 261, I. O. B. S. (77 Delancey St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish and secular education. Laundry. Res.: 444 Claremont Parkway. Lord Swaythling No. 242, meets at 98 Forsyth St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Benjamin Schleifer, 85 E. 107th St. Sec'y, I. Haskol, 1547 So. Blvd. Louis Damaszek No. 292, meets at 214 E. 2nd St. on 2nd and 4th W ednesday s. Pres.,. Leopold Preiser, 740 E. 5th St. Sec'y, H. Wohl, 148 E. B'way. Preiser, Leopold, Pres. Louis Damaszek Lodge No. 292, I. O. B. S. (214 E. 2nd St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1888. Attended high school. Auctioneer: 276 E. Houston St. Res.: 740 E. 5th St. Louis D. Brandeis No. 154, meets at 143 McKibben St., B'klyn on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., I. Peters, 795 DeKalb Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Daniel Gordon, 339 Stockton St., B'klyn. Peters, I., Pres. Louis D. Brandeis Lodge No. 154, I. O. 946 COMMUNAL REGISTER B. S. (143 McKibben St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish and secular education. Insurance. Res.: 795 DeKalb Ave., B'klyn. Louis Solomon No. 316, meets at 143 McKibbin St. on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., J. Kisselman, 344 Rockaway Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Jacob Letwen, 146 Floyd St., B'klyn. Loeiver Progressive No. 336, meets at 174 E. Houston St. on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Herman Shernen, 6 W. 114th St. Sec'y, Israel Traester, 810 E. 9th St. Shernen, Herman, Pres. Loeiver Prog. Lodge No. 336, I. O. B. S. (174 E. Houston St.), since 1911. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received public school education. Engineer: 64 E. 11th St. Res.: 6 W. 114th St. Moses Mendelssohn No. 285, meets at 143 McKibbin St., 2nd and 4th Sundays. Noah Cohen No. 335, meets at 61 Humboldt St., B'klyn on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., M. Ungar, 899 Jefferson Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Moses N. Helfgott, 676 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. 0. C. A. Radashowits No. 259, meets at 52 Market St. on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., H. L. Levin, 38 Jefferson St. Sec'y, Frank Adelson, 249 E. B'way. Oleszcyer No. 329, meets at 326 E. Houston St. on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., Samuel Lamensdorf, 40 Johnson Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Samuel Taffet, 1001 Findlay Ave. Lamensdorf, Samuel, Pres. Oleszcyer Lodge No. 329, I. O. B. S. (326 E. Houston St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Butcher. Res.: 40 Johnson Ave., B'klyn. Oscar S. Strauss No. 69, meets at 27 W. 116th St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres. B. Leventhal, 1423 Amsterdam Ave. Sec'y, Fred Strumlauf 155 E. 104th St. Paul A. Katshe No. 318, meets at 143 McKibben St., B'klyn on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., Samuel I. Cohen, 356 So. 4th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Charles Goldman, 79 Tompkins Ave., B'klyn. Cohen, Samuel I., Pres. Paul A. Katshe Lodge No. 318, I. O. B. S. (143 McKibben St., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1890 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received public school education. Res.: 356 So. 4th St., B'klyn. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 947 Dr. Philip Gardner, meets at 82 Clinton St. on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays at 80 Clinton St. Pres., Wolf Jacobs, 44 Suffolk St. Sec'y, Berel Roistacher, 214 Forsyth St. Jacobs, Wo 1 f, Pres. Dr. Philip Gardner Lodge, I. 0. B. S. (82 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1913. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 44 Suffolk St. Progressive Burstyner No. 142, meets at 79 E. 116th St. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Louis Glatzer, 584 Tinton Ave. Sec'y, Adolph Goldberger, 849 Beck St. Glatzer, Louis, Pres. Prog. Burstyner Lodge No. 1'42, I. O. B. S. (79 E. 116th St.), since 1913. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 584 Tinton Ave. Progressive Skwerer No. 197, meets at 80 Clinton S., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Sam Roffman, 91 Wayne St., Middle. Village, L. I. Sec'y. B. Edelman, 325 E. 101st St. Roffman, Sam, Pres. Prog. Skwerer Lodge No. 197 I. O. B. S. (80 Clinton St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 91 Wayne St., Middle Village, L. I. Rabbi Naftali Horowlts No. 342, meets at 326 E. Houston St. on 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Pres., N. Birnbaum, 520 Central Ave., Jersey City, N. J. Sec'y, Nathan Cohen, 674 E. 5th St. Roumania Gamel Chesed No. 308, meets at 98 Forsyth St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Abraham I. Mencher. 12 E. 97th St. Sec'y, Jacob Tater, 854. Intervale Ave. Mencher, Abraham I., Pres. Roumania Ga m el Chesed Lodge No. 308, I. O. B. S. (98 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish and secular education. Engraver. Res.: 12 E. 97th St. Royal No. 198, meets at 79 Forsyth St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Jacob Martin, 272 10th Ave. Sec'y, Samuel Warren, 180 So. 3rd St., B'klyn. Martin, Jacob, Pres. Royal Lodge No. 198, I. O. B. S. (79 Forsyth St.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general education. Tailor. Res.: 272 10th Ave. Rubzevitzer No. 341, meets at 162 Madison St. on 2nd and 4th SatUrdays. Pres., Harris Horowitz, 148 Sumner Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Max Wolinsky, 91 Henry St. 948 COMMUNAL REGISTER Horowitz, Harris, Pres. Rubzevitzer Lodge No. 341, I. O. B. S. (162 Madison St.), since 1908. Term 6 months. Born 1860 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received public school education. Res.: 148 Sumner Ave., B'klyn. Samuel Goldstein No. 298, meets at 1622 1st Ave. on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., A. Stern, 70 W. 106th St. Sec'y, B. Alter, 16 W. 111th St. Samuel Brenner No. 328, meets at 123 Essex St. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Moritz Blumenstein, 24 Ludlow St. Sec'y, Samuel Mandel, 147 Ridge St. Blumenstein, Moritz, Pres. Samuel Brenner Lodge No. 328, I. O. B. S. (123 Essex St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. B6rn 1870 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1890. Received public school education. Oilcloth: 26 2nd Ave. Res.: 24 Ludlow St. Samuel Sukloff No. 164, meets at 574 Broadway, B'klyn on 2 nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Julian Feder, 211a Lewis Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Bernstein, 156 Vernon Ave., B'klyn. Feder, Julian, Pres. Samuel Sukloff Lodge No. 164, I. O. B. S. (574 B'way, B'klyn); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Germany. Came to V. 8. 1883. Received general Jewish education. Grad-' uated high school. Cloth ing. Res.: 211a Lewis Ave., B'klyn. Schecherzower No. 275, meets at 106 Forsyth St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Harry Janovsky, 295 Stanhope St., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Gold, 49 Morton, St., B'klyn. Janovsky, Harry, Pres. Schecherzower Lodge No. 275, I. O. B. S. (106 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish and secular education. Salesman. Res.: 295 Stanhope St., B'klyn. Sochoczhlnger No. 295, meets at 82 Clinton St. on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Charles Rosen, 1778 Madison Ave. Sec'y, Max Levine, 34 W. 116th St. Rosen, Charles, Pres. Sochoczhinger Lodge No. 295, I. O. B. S. (82 Clinton St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1872. Attended public school. Res.: 1778 Madison Ave. Solomon Sufrin No. 73, meets, at 83 Forsyth St. oh 1st and 3rd Thursdays. Pres. Max Abramowitz, 124 E. 107th St. Sec'y, Julius Sufrin, 459 Claremont Parkway. Abramowitz, Max, Pres. Solomon Sufrin Lodge No. 73, I. O. B. S. (83 Forsyth St.). elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Roumania. Received Jewish and secular MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 949 education. Painter. Res.: 124 E. 107th St. Tobias Mandel No. 56, meets at 36 Rivington St. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Isaac Menoroch, 123 Ludlow St. Sec'y, Harry Markowitz, 170 Delancey St. United American Hebrew No. 288, meets at 257 E. Houston St. on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., S. Leider, 226 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn Sec'y, Moses Schwartzbarten, 25 E. 111th St. Unjover No. 322, meets at 100 W. 116th St. on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. P r e s., G. Krantz, 1038 Boston Road. Sec'y, Arthur Muenster, 999 E. 163rd St. Warschawer Charles Feigenbaum, No. 236, meets at 125 Rivington St. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Charles Feigenbaum, 427 E. 9th St. Sec'y, M. Felgenbaum, 198 So. 5th St., B'klyn. Zelozecer Nob350, meets at 26 Morrell St., B'klyn on 2nd and 4th Saturdays, Pres., J. Marder, 133 Varet St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Morris A. Samuel, 45 Morrell St., B'klyn. 950 Independent Order Free Sons of Israel 21 West 124th Street OFFICERS: Grand Master, Solon J. IAebeskind, 1 Madison Ave. Sec'y, Abraham Hafer, 21 W. 124th St. Established 1849. Incorporated 1884. MEMBERSHIP: Total number of lodges in U. S., 80. Number of lodges in N. Y. C., 44. Total membership in U. S., 7,200. Membership in N. Y. C., 4,500. Graduated insurance against sickness, death and accident. Fraternal system of insurance based on American Experience Table at 4%. BENEFITS: Graded Insurance against death. ACTIVITIES: Organization takes active interest in Army and Navy welfare work, and the Federation for the Jewish Philanthropies. Maintains a dramatic club, a Free Son Boys' Brigade, and club house, at 21 West 124th Street, and conducts a Department of Civics. Maintains a Relief and Employment Bureau. The unused Reserve Fund on December 31st, 1917, was $1,236,080.98. Capital was approximately $3,000,000.00. Beds have been endowed in Mt. Sinai, Lebanon and Brooklyn hospitals. Issues the "Free Son." LODGES IN NEW YORK CITY Aaron No. 20, meets at 227 Lenox Ave. on 1st and 3rd Sunday. Pres., Henry Marx, 115 B'way. Sec'y, H. H. Guttman, 1802 Croton Ave. Marx, Henry, Pres. Aaron Lodge No. 20, I. 0. F. S. I. (227 Lenox Ave.), since 1910. Term 1 year. Born 1882 in U. S. Received college and legal education. Lawyer: 115 B'way. Res.: 127 W. 112th St. Abraham Lodge No. 2, meets at.21 W. 124th St. on 3rd Sunday. Pres., Isaac Edward Brown, 1800 7th Ave. Sec'y, Louis Cohn, 169 E. 90th St. Brown, Isaac Edward, Pres. -Abraham Lodge No. 2, I. 0. F. S. I. (21 W. 124th St.), since 1912. Term 1 year. Born 1868 in N. Y Received public s c h o o 1 education. Merchant: 162 Pearl St. Res.: 1800 7th Ave. Achai Sholom No. 56, meets at 100 W. 116th St. on 3rd Sunday. Pres., Abraham Meyer, 608 W. 188th St. Sec'y, E. Herrman, 101 W. 140th St. Meyer, Abraham, Pres. Achai Sholom No. 56, I. 0. F. S. I. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 951 (100 W. 116th St.), since 1909. Term 1 year. Born 1850 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1870. Attended public school. Butcher. Res.: 608 W. 188th St. Akiba Eger No. 31, meets at 21 W. 124th St. on 4th Wednesday. Pres., Sigmund Berman, 1500 Hoe Ave. Sec'y, B. Laski, 222 Greene St. Berman, Sigmund, P r e s. Akiba Eger Lodge No. 31, I. O. F. S. I. (21 W. 124th St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1878 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received high school education. Res.: 1500 Hoe Ave. Amity No. 42, meets at 21 W. 124th St. on every 3rd Thursday. Pres., L. Sylvester Sobel, 77 W. 118th St. Sec'y, M. L. Seixas, 15 Wadsworth Ave. Sobel, L. Sylvester, Pres. Amity Lodge No. 42, I. O. F. S. I. (21 W. 124th St.), since 1907. Term 1 year. Born 1870 in U. S. Received college education. Physician. Res.: 77 W. 118th St. Ayreh No. 6, meets at 21 W. 124th St. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., B. Well, 1'20 E. 116th St. Sec'y, J. Ullman, 552 W. B'way. Asher No. 13, meets at 100 W. 116th St. on every 4th Monday. Pres., L. Hayman, 358 Lafayette Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Blumenthal, 83 Lenox Ave. ' Benjamin No. 15, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 1st Sunday. Pres., Herbert L. Wolf, 968 Forest Ave., Bronx. Sec'y, Henry Wolf, 968 Forest Ave., Bronx. Constellation No. 66, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on every 2nd Sunday. Pres., W. Bettman, 230 W. 99th St. Sec'y. E. J. Graetz, 611 W. 112th St. Dan No. 9, meets at 852 Gates Ave., B'klyn, on every 1st Wednesday. Pres., Dr. H. M. Weynberg, 980 E. 19th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. L. Wallach, 1515 President St., B'klyn. Daniel Webster No. 24, meets at 110 E. 125th St., on 2nd and '4th Thursdays. Pres., Max Meyer, 31 E. 27th St. Sec'y, B. Orbach, 516 W. 174th St. Deborah (Women's) No. 5, meets at 21 West 124th St., on every 2nd Sunday. Pres., Mrs. H. Oppenheimer, 485 E. 140th St. Sec'y, Sam Schramm, 3911 3rd Ave. Degree Society meets at 21 W. 124th St., on every 4th Sunday of March, June, September and December. Sec'y, Joseph S. Aul, 22 W. 112th St. Empire City No. 42, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Chas. 952 COMMUNAL REGISTER A. Windisch, 395 Manhattan Ave., Sec'y, Sam'l Autler, 63 Lenox Ave. Windiseh, Charles A., Pres. Empire City Lodge No. 42, I. 0. F. S. I. (21 W. 124th St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1873 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general education. Clerk. Res.: 395 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Gad No. 11, meets at 67 W. 125th St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., H e n r y Scheuer, 3505 B'way. Sec'y, H. Katz, 20 E. 97th St. Scheuer, Henry, Pres. Gad Lodge No. 11, I. O. F. S. I. (67 W. 125th St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1864 in U. S. Received public school education. Lace curtains: 43 E. 19th St. Res.: 3505 B'way. Henry Clay No. 19, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on every 3d Tuesday. Pres., L. Hess, 42 B'way. Sec'y, I. Strauss, 460 W. 147th St. Hillel No. 43, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 1st and 3d 'Sundays. Pres., H. Fraenkel, 129 W. 116th St. Sec'y, M. Gottschall, 1819 Holland Ave. Hoses No. 37, meets at 151 W. 125th St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., J. Meyer, clo J. Russell, 235 E. 68th St. Sec'y, C. A. Weigler, 50 W. 112th St. Issachar No. 7, meets at 27 W. 115th St., on every 3d Wednesday. Pres., F. W. Stern, 21 W. 128th St. Sec'y, M. Peyser, 35 Maiden Lane. Jonathan No. 27, meets at 879 Gates Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Thursdays. Pres.,M. Alexander, 692 Madison Ave. Sec'y, L. Furth, 319 New York Ave., B'klyn. Jordan No. 32, meets at 407 Bridge St., B'klyn, on every 4th Sunday. Pres., Henry Belvin, 719 8th Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Adler, 299 B'way. Belvin, Henry, Pres. Jordan Lodge No. 32, I. O. F. S. (407 Bridge St., B'klyn), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1842 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1864. Received high school education. Res.: 719 8th Ave., B'klyn. Joseph No. 14 meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 1st and 3d Thursdays. Pres., M. Arnstein, 912 Tiffany St. Sec'y, H. Abraham, 126 E. 83d St. Arnstein, Morris, Pres. Joseph Lodge No. 14, I. O. F. S. I. (21 E. 124th St.), since 1911. Term 1 year. Born 1858 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1868. Received general education. Knit underwear and Hosiery: 32 W. 23d St. Res.: 912 Tiffany St. Joshua No. 21, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., K. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 953 Henschel, 172 7th Ave. Sec'y, A. Bakofen, 1849 So. Blvd. King David No. 26, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., P. Berlowitz, 500 W. 172nd St. Sec'y, H. Hechinger, 460 W. 151st St. King Solomon No. 28, meets at '407 Bridge St., B'klyn, on every 4th Sunday. Sec'y, F. Morris, 443 49th St., B'klyn. Leah (Women's) No. 6, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., Mrs. Rosa Cohn, 29 W. 111th St.. Sec'y, Mrs. S. Heilbrun, 600 W. 150th St. C o hn, Rosa, Pres. Leah Lodge No. 6, I. O. F. S. I. (21 W. 124th St.), elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1855 in Prussia. Came to U. S. 1876. Received public school education. Res.: 29 W. 111th St. Levy No. 5, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., A. A. Kuttler. Sec'y, M. Rothschild, 2065 Valentine Ave. Manhattan No. 111, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on every 1st Thursday. Pres., S. Drucker, 121 W. 114th St. Sec'y, L. B. Adler, 3157 B'way. Menasse No. 17, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on every 2nd Sunday. Pres., E. I. Lichtenberg, 42 W. 120th St. Sec'y, J. Isaacs, 1381 Washington Ave. Metropolitan No. 60, meets at 21 W. 12'4th St., on every 3d Tuesday. Pres., Henry Levin, 621 W. 160th St. Sec'y, H. E. Horowitz, 40 St. Niclolas P1. Levin, Henry, Pres. Metropolitan Lodge No. 60, I. O. F. S. I. (21 W. 124th St.), elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1882 in U. S. Received public school education. Insurance: 123 William St. Res.: 521 W. 160th St. Mount Horeb No. 61, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on every 4th Saturday. Pres., Louis M. Heimerdinger, 3610 B'way. Sec'y, S. Hilpolsteiner, 2105 Daly Ave. Helmerdinger, L o nis M., Pres. Mount Horeb Lodge No. 61, I. O. F. S. I. (21 W. 124th St.), since 1912. Term 1 year. Born 1852 In U. S. Received public school education. Chiropodist: 47 W. 34th St. Res.: 3610 Broadway. Mt. Vernon No. 71, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., G. W. Lewis, 1'4 W. 91st St. Sec'y, C. Mints, 6 Harrison St. Nao mi (Women's) No. 2, meets at 29 W. 115th St., oh 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Carrie Daum, 2408 954 COMMUNAL REGISTER Grand Concourse. Sec'y, Mrs. F. Hyms, 242 W. 112th St. Daum, Mrs. Carrie, Pres. Naomi Lodge No. 2, I. O. F. S. I. (39 W. 115th St.), since 1910. Term 1 year. Bo r n 1861 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1882. Received public school education. Res.: 2403 Grand Concourse. Naphtali No. 10, meets at 121 W. 124th St., on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., A. Turner, 949 Faile St. Sec'y, L. Goldberg, 60 W. 129th St. New York No. 44, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Sec'y, A. Munzer. 938 St. Nicholas Ave. Palestine No. 36, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., H. Blank, 301 St. Nicholas Ave. Sec'y, A. M. Stern, 342 W. 71st St. Peter Cooper No. 98, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., I. Rass, 1751 Lexington Ave. Se'y, M. Taufstein, 1520 St. Nicholas Ave. Reuben No. 3, meets at 110 E. -125th St., on 1st and 3rd Tuesdays, Pres., L. Sonn, 127 E. 81st St. Sec'y, J. S. Aul, 22 W. 112th St. Sarah (Women's) No. 3, meets at 27 W. 115th St., on 2nd Wednesdays. Pres., B. Sallinger, 672 Tinton Ave. Sec'y, Mrs.. J. Fredericks, 601 W. 164th St. Sebulon No. 8, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., S. S. Bisgger, 2'43 W. 122nd St. Sec'y, H. Kramer, 666 W. 162nd St. Sinai No. 34, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on every 1st Wednesday. Pres., Herman Stirfel, 229 W. 78th St. Sec'y, S. Kirschbaum, 587 W. 177th St. Standard No. 30, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 4th Sunday. Pres., Henry Levy, 197 E. B'way. Sec'y, A. J. Cohn, 529 W. 111th St. Levy, Henry, Pres. Standard Lodge No. 30, I. O. F. S. I. (21 W. 124th St.), elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1854 in U. S. Received public school education. Salesman. Res.: 197 E. B'way. Union No. 65, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on every 1st Tuesday. Pres., B. H. Wasserman, 415 E. 24th St. Sec'y, D. Dreyfus, 600 W. 170th St, Washington No. 70, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Max Schoenholz, 522 W. 112th St. Sec'y, B. Asch, 949 B'way. Toechter (Women's) No. 1, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., Mrs. E. Haas, 154 E. 173rd St. Sec'y, Mrs. C. Weiss, 868 E. 156th St. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 955 Yorkville No. 69, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Sam Sturtz, 198 B'way. Sec'y, M. Peyser, 2483 University Ave. Zion No. 38, meets at 21 W. 124th St., on 2nd and 4th Suridays. Pres., S. Michaels, 245 W. 111th St. Sec'y, M. J. Rothschild, 518 W. 146th St. 956 Independent Order Sons of Benjamin 953 Third Avenue OFFICERS: Grand Master, Julius Gumpert, 1476 Lexington Ave. Grand Sec'y, Louis B. Franklin, 953 Third Ave. Established 1877. MEMBERSHIP: Total number of lodges in U. S., 25. Number of lodges in N. Y. C., 18. Total membership in U. S., 800. Membership in N. Y. C., 450. BENEFITS: Insurance against death. Burial ground. Issues policies under the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Per capita tax $6 per annum. LODGES IN NEW YORK CITY Hanover No. 29, meets at 1476 Lexington Ave. Pres., Isidore Fuchs, 127 E. 92nd St. Sec'y, J. Gumpert, 1476 Lexington Ave. Henry Clay No. 18, meets at 17 Sutton P1. Pres., N. Goldsmith, 535 E. 150th St. Sec'y, J. K. Rose, 17 Sutton P1. Jacob No 68, meets at 1041 Hoe Ave., once every 3 months. Pres., A. Zelenke, 102 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Spiro, 1041 Hoe Ave. New York No. 17, meets at 215 Audubon Ave., cdo T. Garden on 4th Thursday. Pres., H. Oppenheimer, 100 W. 80th St. Sec'y, Emile Ph. Lazarus, 215 Audubon Ave. Palestine No. 71, meets at 167 Rivington St. Pres., A. Frankel, 167 E. 109th St. Sec'y, Leon Stand, 167 Rivington St. Protection No. 243, meets at 953 Third Ave. Pres., Julius Gumper t, 1476 Lexington Ave. Sec'y, L. B. Franklin, 953 3rd Ave. Raphael Lodge No. 2, meets at 221 2nd St. Pres., Leopold Alexander, 241 E. 93d St. Sec'y, L. Fuchs, 221 2nd St. Wm. Heller No. 14, meets at 1476 Lexington Ave. Pres., Charles Mandelbaum, 413 E. 180t1l St. Sec'y, J. Gumpert, 1476 Lexington Ave. Yorkville No. 61, meets at 567 W. 191st St. Pres., Charles Fischer, 567 W. 191st St. Sec'y, Charles Fischer, 567 W. 191st St. 9T7 Independent Order of True Sisters 317 West 139th Street OFFICERS: Pres., Emma Schlesinger, 50 Landscape Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. Sec'y, Bianca B. Robitcher, 317 W. 139th St. Established 1846. MEMBERSHIP: 21 lodges in U. S. 10 lodges in N. Y. Total membership in U. S., 5,991; in N. Y. C., 2,412. Average cost to N. Y. members, $8 per annum. BENEFITS: Widows' endowment $250.00. Sick benefit, relief. ACTIVITIES: 1. Has Philanthropic League which alds crippled children. 2. Publishes monthly, "Orden's Echo." LODGES IN NEW YORK CITY America Lodge No. 14, meets at 8 Nevins St., B'klyn on 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., Lillian Bruce, 15 Livingston PI., B'klyn. Sec'y, Mrs. Rosalie Meyer, 1516 52nd St., B'klyn. Bathiah Lodge No. 10, meets at 2307 B'way on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Mrs. Leo Jacobs, 385 Central Park W. Sec'y, Mrs. Clara Lascoff, 1223 Lexington Ave. Columbia Lodge No., 13, meets at 2307 B'way on 1st an.d 3rd Thursdays. Pres., Mrs. B. Levor, 462 W. 148th St. Sec'y, Mrs. Carrie Adler, 310 Convent Ave. Grace Agullar Lodge No. 20, meets at 854 Flatbush Ave., B'klyn on 2nd and'4th Mondays. Pres., Mrs. Libbie Klein, 639 E. 28th St. Sec'y, Mrs. Hattie Barnett, 45 Hampton PI., B'klyn. Hadasaah Lodge No. 8, meets at 2307 B'way on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., Mrs. B. Binswanger, 533 W. 124th St. Sec'y, Mrs. Anna Cohen, 153 W. 120th St. Immanuel Lodge No. 1, meets at 155 E. 58th St. Pres., Mrs. Hermione Leffler, 11 Hawthorne St., Portchester, N. Y. Sec'y, Mrs. El's ie Nathan, 408 E. 50th St. Jael Lodge No. 6, meets at 155 E. 58th St. Pres., Mrs. Lena Heiman. Sec'y, Mrs. Sadie Jacobs, 101 W. 49th St. New York Lodge No. 15, meets at 31 W. 110th St. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Mrs. Josephine Beller. Sec'y, Mrs. Bertha G. Levis, 76 E. 93rd St. Mariamne Lodge No. 12, meets at 1914 Madison Ave. on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., Mrs. Fanny Solky, 1268 Grant Ave. Sec'y, Mrs. Marie Marks, 115 W. 114th St. Washington Lodge No. 21, meets at 2005 Amsterdam Ave. on 2nd and 4th TueSdays. Pres., Mrs. Ruth Wittelshoefer, 612 W. 184th St. Sec'y, Mrs. Selina B. Cohen, 560 W. 165th St. 958 Independent Western Star Order (Eastern Div.) Office: 40 Rivington Street 'OFFICERS: Grand Master, Max Levy. First Vice Grand Master (in N. Y.), Leo Wolfson. Established and incorporated 1894. MEMBERSHIP: Total membership in U. S., about 21,000; in N. Y., about 2,000. Number of lodges in N. Y. C., 24. BENEFITS: Insurance against death to the extent of $600.00. Accident insurance of $500.00. Funeral expenses, $S'o:00 MEMBERSHIP: Total membership in U. S., about 21,000. Number of lodges in N. Y. C., 24. Membership in N. y., 2,000. Average cost to New York members, $16 per annum. Wolfson, Leo, First Vice Grand Master, Ind. Western Star Order (40 Rivington St.), since 1916. Term 2 years. Born 1882 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Attended Roumanian Gymnasium, N. Y. U. Lawyer: 299 Broadway. Res.: 317 E. 18th St. LODGES IN NEW YORK CITY Abraham Glasserman, No. 199, meets at 125 Rivington St., 1st and 2nd Tuesdays. Pres., Motel Barasch, 67 E. 104th St. Sec'y, S. Talisman, 805 E. 6th St. Barasch, Motel, Pres. Abraham Glasserman Lodge No. 199, I. W. S. 0. (125 Rivington St.), since 1913. Term 1 year. Born 1864 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1909. 'Received general J e w i s h arid secular education. Res.: j67:E. 104th' St. American No. 314, meets at 142 2nd Ave., on 1st and 3d Saturday. Pres., Solomon Trager, 118 W. 114th St. Sec'y, I. Diamond, 81 E. 7th St. Trager, Solomon, Pres. American Lodge No. 314, I. W. 8.. (142.2d Ave.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1864 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general Jewish and secular education. Tailor: 327 E. 29th St. Res.: 118 W. 114th St. Aaron J. Levy No. 300, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Wednesday. Pres., Israel Krantzdorff, 180 Ave. C. Sec'y, Max Perlstein, 2 Clinton St. Krantzdorff, I s r a e I, Pres. Aaron J. Levy Lodge No. 300. I. W. S. 0. (98 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish and secular education. Insurance: 222 4th Ave. Res.: 180 Ave. C. David Miller No. 315, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on lat MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 959 and 3d Thursdays. Sec'y, J..Mittleman, 111 E. 7th St. Erste Trembowler No. 293, meets at 86 Attorney St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, Wm. Mamour, 157 Ludlow St. First New York No. 192, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Isaac Aberman, 1415 Fulton Ave. Sec'y, V. Trager, 832 Dawson St. Aberman, Isaac, Pres. First N. Y. Lodge No. 192, I. W. S. 0. (106 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1863 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Attended European school of commerce. Painting. Res.: 1415 Fulton Ave. First Yassier No. 295, meets at 106 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., Chas. Kalmanowitz, 916 So.;.lvd. Sec'y, L. Greenberg, 1274 1st Ave. Kalmanowits, Charles, Pres. First Yassier Lodge No. 295, I. W. S. 0. (106 Forsyth St.), since 1915.. Term 1 year. Born 1877 In Roumanla. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish education. Woolens and dress goods: 236 Fourth Ave. Res.: 916 So. Blvd. Greater New York No. 258, meets at 193 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Abraham Benikoff, 238 E. 14th St. Sec'y, D. Sedrowsky, 85 Stanton St. Benikoff, Abraham, P r e s. Greater New York Lodge No. 258, I. W. S. 0. (193 E. 2nd St.), since 1915. Term 3 years. Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 238 E. 14th St. Humboldt No. 266, meets at 41 W. 124th St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Sec'y, M. Elias, 858 Fox St. Ida and Isidore Straus No. 263, meets at 412 Grand St., B'klyn., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Sec'y, B. Stekelman, 153 Norfolk St. Ind. Kassover No. 334, meets at 86 Attorney St., on 2nd Sunday. Sec'y, I. Feldberg, 626 E. 11th St. Ind. Klever No. 255, meets at 210 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., I. Goldman, '865 Sutter Ave., B'klyn, Sec'y, A. Sadowsky, 80 E. 7th St. Ind. Sambor No. 197, meets at 214 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Jacob Schiller, 747 E. 6th St. Sec'y, J. Nadauer, 310 E. Houston St. I. W. Leon Braunsat.*ln Memorial No. 270, meets, at 72 E. 4th St., on. 1st,and- 3d Tuesdays. Sec'y, I Singer, -61 E. 118th St.. Klecheler No. 833, meets at -115 Rivington St,, on leat and 34 Saturday. Sec'y, I. Feldbprg, 626 lE, 11th St. CO0-JAMUNAL REGISU1IXI M. Dunkelman No. 266, meets at 41 W. 124th St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Dr. M. Markiewicz, 24 E. 106th St. Sec'y, A. Ellenbogen. Nathan Guth —Dr. Rader No. 317, meets at 209 E. 2nd St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., Asher Siegfried, 250 1st St. Sec'y, H. Fiesler, 324 E. 118th St. Nathan Vlodinger No. 276, meets at 205 Eldridge St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., Philip Hanf, 22 St. Marks P1. Sec'y, Wm. Neiger, 69 Ave. A. Hanf, Philip, Pres. Nathan Vlodinger Lodge No. 276, I. W. S. 0. (205 Eldridge St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1875 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1903. Received public school education..Painting. Res.: 22 St. Marks P1. Oest. G'milath Chasodim No. 301, meets at 461 Osborn St., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., S. Rosenzweig, 276 Watkins St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Baron, 354 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Samuel Harris Sassover No. 277, meets at 80 Clinton St., on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., Geo rge Arzt, 1317 Prospect Ave. Sec'y, J. Harrison, 5314 New Utrecht Ave., B'klyn. Arxt, George, Pres. Samuel Harris Sassover Lodge, No. 277, I.. W. S.0. (80 Clinton St.), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1868 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1893. Received public school education. Barber: 95 Ridge St. Res.: 1317 Prospect Ave. Sam Syrop No. 231, meets at 326 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Max Zeimer, 826 Jackson Ave. Sec'y, E. Bruchner, 316 W. 111th St. Zeimer, Max, Pres. Sam Syrop Lodge No. 231, I. W. S. 0. (326 E. Houston St.), since 1913. Term 1 year. Born 1863 in Austria. Came to U. P. 1881. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 826 Jackson Ave. Sons of Israel No. 278. Sec'y, J. Harrison, 4920 New Utrecht Ave., B'klyn. United Minsker No. 259, meets at 432 Blake Ave., B'klyn., on 1st and 3d Mondays. Sec'y, S. Ginsberg, 501 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. United States No. 316, meets at 56 Suffolk St.,.on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., Max S. Levine, 867 De KallI Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, W. Lew, 213 Clinton St. Levine, Max S., Pres. United States Lodge No. 316, I. W. S. 0. (56 Suffolk St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1875 In Russia. Came to U. S. 1894. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 867 De Kalb Ave., B'klyn. 961 Jewish National Workers' Alliance of America 89 Delancey Street OFFICERS: Pres., Isaac A. Hourwich, 341 E. 25th St. Sec'y, Meyer L. Brown, 89 Delancey St. Established in 1911. Incorporated in 1912. MEMBERSHIP: Total number of lodges in U. S., 116. Number of lodges in N. Y. C., 24. Total membership in U. S., 6,000. Membership in N. Y. C., 1,200. Average cost to N. Y. members, $15 per annum. Fraternal system of insurance based on American Experience Table at 4%. BENEFITS: Issues policies from $100 to $1,000. Health benefits. PRINCIPLES: "Nationalistic and Socialistic." ACTIVITIES: Conducts schools for children and adults. Issues monthly organ "The Jewish Workers' Voice," edited by J. Pinsky and Meyer L. Brown. Publishes various books on Jewish topics. Isaac A. Hourwich was born in Wilna, Russia, in 1860. He attended a classical Gymnasium at Minsk, from which he was graduated in 1877. He then went to Petrograd where he studied at the Academy of Medicine and Surgery,. changing later to the Demidov Juridical Lyceum of Jaro-.slave, from which he was graduated in 1887. He was admitted to the bar of Russia in the same year. He came to America in 1890 and entered Columbia University in 1891. In 1893 he took his degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Columbia University. In 1893-1895 Dr. Hourwich served as docent in statistics at the University of Chicago, a position from which he resigned because of his affiliation with the Populist Party. In addition to his other studies, Dr. Hourwich pursued a course in law and was admitted to the Illinois Bar in 1893 and to the New York Bar in 1896, practicing law until 1900. Subsequently he entered the United States Service, acting as translator from 1900 to 1902;' and as expert special agent of the Bureau of Census from 1902 to 1906 and from 1909 to 1913. From 19'08 to 1909, Dr. Hourwich served as Statistician of the Public Service Commission of New York City. Dr. Hourwich is considered an authority on immigration, and is the author of. the book "Immigration and Labor." He is a member of many learned societies, among them the Ameri 962 COMMUNAL REGISTER can Economic Association, the American Statistical Association, the American Politicil Science Association, the Academy of Political and Social Science, the International Law Association and the National Municipal League. In Jewish circles, Dr. Hourwich is known chiefly as a radical leader and as an able journalist. He is the president of the Jewish National Workers' Alliance, and was for one year chief clerk of the Cloakmakers' Union after their protocol agreement of 1910. He is also the Chairman of the Board of Election of the American Jewish Congress. Dr. Hourwich is a frequent contributor to radical publications in English, Russian and Yiddish. He is a steady contributor on the staff of the Yiddish daily, "The Day." LODGES IN NEW YORK CITY Bobruisker No. '105, meets at 46 E. 104th St., every 2nd Friday. Pres., Jacob Lipshitz, 342 Cherry St., Sec'y, S. Lifshitz, 69 E. 97th St. Lipshits, Jacob, Pres. Bobruisker No, 106, J. N. W. A. A. (46 E. 104th St.), since 1916. Born in Russia. Res.: 342 Cherry St. Brisker No. 85, meets at 206 E. B'way. Sec'y, H. Pryluck, 496 Williatms Ave. B'klyn. Bronx No. 8i, meets at 1387 Washington Ave., on 1st and Id Fridays. Pres., Dr. J. Kling, 924 E. 181st St. Sec'y, S. Zirkel, 48 E. 104th St. Brownsville Yngend No. 18, meets at 463 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Morris Zimmerman, 614 Hopkinson Ave. Sec'y, I. Nanness, 623 Chester Ave, B'klyn. Zimmerman, Morris, P r e s. Brownsville Yugend Lodge No. 18, J. N. W. A. A. (463 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received public school education. Res.: 614 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Chenstachower No. 111, meets at 89 Delancey St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., Morris Ceshinsky, 643 E. 13th St. Sec'y, S. Shlingbaum, 42 E. 112th St. Ceshlnsky, Morris, Pres. Chenstachower Lodge No. 111, J. N. W. A. A. (89 Delancey St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1889 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received public school education. Res,: 643 E. 13th St. Diviner No. 87, meets at 82 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Sec'y, M. Mqetzer, 182 Essex St. Drazner Ugend No. 97, meets at 188 Ludlow St., on 2nd MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 9634 and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, I. Bernstein, 109 2nd Ave. Harlem No. 67, meets at 46 E. 104th St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Samuel Levinson, 186 Bay 31st St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Leshinsky, 55 E. 109th St. Levinson, Samuel, Pres. Harlem Lodge No. 67, J. N. W. A. A. (46 E. 104th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish education. Machinist. Res.: 186 Bay 31st St., B'klyn. J. L. Perets No. 83, meets at 64 E. 4th St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, S. Kaplan, 817 Park Ave. Klever Branch No. 57, meets at 1611 Washington Ave., on 2nd and 4th Fridays. Pres., Max Gorelick, 1290 Webster Ave. Sec'y, H. Winoker, 1789 Bathgate Ave., Bronx. Gorelick, Max, Pres. Kiever Branch, No. 57, J. N. W. A. A. (1611 Washington Ave.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Salesman. Res.: 1290 Webster Ave. Kishinever Yugend No. 89, meets at 188 Ludlow St., on 1st and 3d Fridays. Sec'y, A. Mirochnik, 1272 Stebbins Ave. Kunrt Verein No. 100, meets at 188 Ludlow St., on 2nd and '4th Wednesdays. Sec'y, R. Merlin, 49 E. 102nd St. Mieletser No. 69, meets at 80 Pitt St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., D. Kass, 240 E. 7th St. Sec'y, A. Dinstog, 26 Lewis St. Mlaver Drazner Ugend No. 97, meets at 188 Ludlow St., e v e r y Saturday. Pres., H a r r y Silverman. Sec'y, Israel Bernstein, 109 2nd Ave. N. Y. J. N. W. A. No. 14, meets at 209 E. Broadway, on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Isidore Feder, 24 Orchard St. Sec'y, J.N. Rearson, 443 New Jersey Ave., B'klyn. Poale Zion Branch No. 40, meets at 188 Ludlow St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Sec'y, J. Paikoff, 452 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. Rakeshket No. 91, meets at 85 E. 4th St. Sec'y, S. Shapiro, 113 Harrison Ave., B'klyn. Russ-Polish No. 15, meets at 209 E. 2nd St., on every Monday. Sec'y, L. Grossflaum, 313-16 E. 4th St. Sherpser Laraminer No. 42, meets at 82 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Fridays. Pres., Saul P. Pfeffer, 344 So. 4th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Lichtenstein, clo Green, 244 So. 4th St., B'klyn. 964 COMMUNAL REGISTER Pfeffer, Saul P., Pres. Sherpser Laraminer Lodge No. 42, J. N. W. A. A. (82 Clinton St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1898 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1914. Received high school education. Res.: 344 S. 4th St., B'klyn. S,h o lom Aleichem No. 24, meets at 76 Graham Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and '4th Fridays. Sec'y, I. Berhemblitt, 561 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn. S h o lo m Aleichem No. 68, meets at 74 E. 4th St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Sec'y, F. Berry, 126 St. Marks P1. Tehetcherxher Prog. No. 80, meets at 85 E. 4th St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Max Albert, 404 Sheffield Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Bass, 69 E. 100th St. Albert, Max, Pres. Tchetchersher Prog. Lodge, No. 80, J. N. W. A. A. (85 B. 4th St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1903. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 404 Sheffield Ave., B'klyn. Warshauer Ralomer No. 10, meets at 188 Ludlow St., on 1st and 2nd Saturdays. Pres., Israel Greenblatt, 236 Linden St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Osofsky, 305 S. 2nd St., B'klyn. Greenblatt, I r a e, Pres. Warshauer Raiomer Lodge, No. 10, J. N. W. A. A. (188 Ludlow St.), elected 1917. Born 1890 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1912. Received general Jewish and secular education. General Mdse.: 66 E. Broadway. Res.: 236 Linden St., B'klyn. Zhitomirer No. 52, meets at 106 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres.,D. Shomorovsky, 382 6th Ave. Sec'y, E. Dubinsky, 60-52 E. 99th St. 966 Order B'rith Abraham 266-8 Grand Street OFFICERS: Pres., Samuel Dorf, 266-8 Grand St. Sec'y, George W. Leisersohn, 266-8 Grand St. Established 1859. Incorporated 1888. MEMBERSHIP: Total number of lodges in U. S,, 365. Total number of lodges in N. Y. C., 128. Total membership in U. S., 58,000. Members in N. Y. C., 17,000. Average cost for N. Y. members, $12 per annum. Fraternal system of insurance based on American Experience Table at 4%. BENEFITS: Insurance against death, disabilities, illness. Charitable relief. ACTIVITIES: Takes active interest in Jewish affairs. Contributes to charitable work. Samuel Dorf was born in Austria in 1858, where he received a general education. He arrived in the United States in 1865. Mr. Dorf is prominently connected with Jewish work in this city. He has been for the past twenty-five years Grand Master of the Order, a Director of the United Hebrew Charities, Executive Member of the American Jewish Committee and member of the Executive Committee of the Jewish Community of New York City. LODGES IN NEW YORK CITY Aaron No. 188, meets at 107 W. 116th St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Jacob Liebman, 201 W. 111th St. Sec'y, Rev. M. Epstein, 29 W. 111th St. Liebman, Jacob, Pres. Aaron Lodge No. 188, 0. B. A. (107 W. 116th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1850 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 201 W. 111th St. Aaron Wise No. 244, meets at 116 Lewis St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., M. Spielberger, 606 E. 6th St. Sec'y, M. Semmel, 57 Pitt St. Abraham No. 1, meets at 407 Bridge St., B'klyn., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Samuel Barnett, 894 Union Ave. Sec'y, E. Lehman, 601 W. 172nd St. B a r n e t t, Samuel, Pres. Abraham Lodge, No. 1, O. B. A. (407 Bridge St., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in England. Came' to U. S. 1877. Received public school education. Res.: 894 Union Ave. Admiral Schley No. 248, meets at 328 E. Houston St., on lst and 3d Mondays. Pres., I. Engel, 208 W. 141st St. 966 COMMUNAL REGISTER Sec'y, A. Lehrfeld, 330 E. 15th St. America No. 167, meets at 27 W. 115th St., on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., Max Rothman, 1084 Forest Ave. Sec'y, M. Lichtman, 414 Chester St., B'klyn. Rothman, Max, Pres. America Lodge No. 167, 0. B. A. (27 W. 115th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Attended Law School. Lawyer: 299 B'way. Res.: 1084 Forest Ave. American Hebrew No. 274, meets at 339 Dumont Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Louis Rosenbaum, 599 Hopkinson Ave. B'klyn. Sec'y, B. Wilson, 339 Dumont Ave. Rosenbaum, L o u i s, Pres. American Hebrew Lodge No. 274, 0. B. A. (339 Dumont Ave., B'klyn); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1858 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1891. Received thorough Jewish education. Contractor skirts: 947 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 599 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Amerlean Israelites No. 187, meets at 151 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Sat.urdays. Pres., H. Jacobson, 201 W. 48th St. Sec'y, J. Jarmulowsky, 81 B. 7th St. Anglo American No. 482, meets at 27 W. 115th St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., S. Saul, 30 W. 112th St. Sec'y, D. K. Levy, 51 E. 122nd St. Arjeh No. 3, meets at 73 Ludlow St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Benjamin Kuttner, 303 5th Ave. Sec'y, H. Schwartz, 592 Tinton Ave. Kuttner, Benjamin, P r e s. Arjeh Lodge No. 3, 0. B. A. (73 Ludlow St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in U. S. Received a college education. Insurance: 155 Park Row. Res.: 303 Fifth Ave. Arthur Lowy No. 532, meets at 62 E. 106th St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Samuel Cohen, 464 E. 187th St. Sec'y, A. Brady, 94 7th Ave., B'klyn. Cohen, Samuel, Pres. Arthur Lowy Lodge No. 532, 0. B. A. (62 E. 106th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Germany. Came to ti. S. 1890. Received elementary school education. Furs: 330 6th Ave. Res.: 464 E. 187th St. Aseher No. 27, meets at 81 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., H. B. Jacobs, 740 Riverside Drive. Sec'y, J. Jarmulowsky, 81 E. 7th St. Baron Rothschild No. 5, meets at 79 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Israel Feldman, 677 Marcy Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Hol MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 967 ofchiner, 1507 Charlotte St. Feldman, Israel, Pres. Baron Rothschild Lodge No. 55, 0. B. A. (79 Forsyth St.), since 1892. Term 6 months. Born 1857 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1875. Received general Jewish education. Builder. Res.: 677 Marcy A+., B'klyn. Benjamin No. 20, meets at 79 Forsyth St., on 2nd and- 4th Mondays. Pres., Julius Berliner, 74 Morton St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Simon Selig, 560 W. 179th St. Berliner, Julius, Pres. Benjamin Lodge No. 20, 0. B. A. (79 Forsyth St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in U. S. Received a public school education. Plumbing contractor: 109 E. 26th St. Res.: 74 Morton St., B'klyn. Benjamin Harrison No. 9, meets at 98 Forsyth St. on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Samuel Jaffe, 115 Henry St. Sec'y, H. G. Levin, 686 Beck St. Jaffe, Samuel, Pres. Benj&min Harrison Lodge No. 9, 0. B. A. (98 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general education. Printer: 162 Madison St. Res.: 115 Henry St. B'nai Abraham No. 43, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., Morris Hirsch, 62 E. 7th St. Sec'y, M. Labensky, 103 Bleecker St. Hirsch, Morris, Pres. B'nai Abraham No. 43, 0. B. A. (98 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months: Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Jeweler. Res.: 62 E. 7th St. B'nai Reuben No. 398, meets at 162 Madison St., on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Solomon Berkowitz, '404 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Merelis, 463 Howard Ave., B'klyn. Berkowitz, Solomon, Pres. B'nai Reuben Lodge No. 398, (162 Madison St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1855 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1895. Received education in Russia. Retired. Res.: 404 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. Brainsker Freundsehaft No. 444, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Morris Coleman, 2271 Church Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Mrs. D. Coleman, 2271 Church Ave., B'klyn. Bran sker Rodeph Sholom No. 322, meets at 63 Ludlow St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., A. Silverstein, 93 Stanton St. Sec'y, S. Rohssler, 346 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Broder No. 890, meets at 267 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., S. Elsenbruch, 49 E. 100th St. Sec'y, Max Levy, 60 So. 9th St., -B'klyn. 968 COMMUNAL REGISTER Brooklyn City No. 118, meets at 1564 B'way, B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Zigmund Appel, 212 Lewis Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, B. Leopold, 603 Q u i n c e y St., B'klyn. Appel, Zi g u n d, Pres., B'klyn City Lodge No. 118, 0. B. A. (1564 Broadway, B'klyn), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1878 In Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general Jewish education. Produce dealer: 159 Lewis Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 212 Lewis Ave., B'klyn. Centennial No. 100, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., Samuel Kaufman, 935 E. 163d St. Sec'y, H. S. Kramer, 1459 Madison Ave. Kaufman, Samuel, Pres. Centennial Lodge No. 100, 0. B. A. (110 W. 116th St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1900. Received a commercial education. Salesman. Res.: 935 E. 163d St. Charles Dushkind No. 300, meets at 209 E. B'way, on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., H. Mindlin, 856 /[elley St. Sec'y, S. Kieselstein, 603 Linwood St., B'klyn. teventshker No. 74, meets at 206 B. B'way, on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Morris Anshelowitz, 204 E. 6 th St. Sec'y, P. Hurwitz, 514 W. 126th St. Anshelowits, Morris, Pres. Devenishker Lodge No. 74, O. B. A. (206 E. B'way) since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish education. Hats and caps: 83 Canal St. Res.: 204 E. 6th St. Don Abarbanel No. 2, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Louis Rose, 10 W. 119th St. Sec'y, M. B. Kramer, 79 Bowery. Dr. Herzl No. 251, meets at 106 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., D. Goldstein, 988 Union Ave. Sec'y, I. Hamburger, 1 E. 106th St. Dr. Nordau No. 385, meets at 400 Stone Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Morris Edelman, 598 Barbey St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Slutsky, 1675 Eastern P'kway, B'klyn. Edelman, Morris, Pres. Dr. Nordau Lodge No. 385, 0. B. A. ('400 Stone Ave., B'klyn), since 1915. Term 2 years. Born 1830 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish and secular education. Real estate. Res.: 698 Barbey St., B'klyn. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 969 Eben Israel No. 69, meets at 209 E. B'way, on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., C. Weitzman, 456 Grand St. Sec'y, L. Grayevsky, 543 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Edward Lasker No. 28, meets at 160 E. 86th St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., S. Manheimer, 1188 Park Ave. Sec'y, L. Horowitz, 866 Beck St. Etx Chaim No. 222, meets at 227 E. B'way, on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., M. Keppler, 3 E. 101st St. Sec'y, D. Rabinowitz, 396 Grand St. Elehanan No. 33, meets at 206 E. B'way, on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., John Glaser, 1259 Lincoln Place, B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Balkin, 522 W. 183d St. Glaser, John, Pres. Elchanan Lodge No. 33, 0. B. A. (206 E. B'way), elected 1917. T e r m 6 months. Born 1888 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Attended gymnasium in Russia. Bookkeeper. Re s.: 1259 Lincoln PI., B'klyn. Elias Aaron No. 7, meets at 75 E. 116th St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., Solomon Adolph, 1017 Simpson St. Sec'y, E. Freeman, 2935 W. 30th St., B'klyn. Solomon, Adolph, Pres. Ellas Aaron Lodge No. 7, 0. B. A. (75 E. 116th St.), since 1909. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1882. Received high school education. Butter and eggs: 26 Harrison St. Res.: 1017 Simpson St. Elias Pollak No. 567, meets at 27 W. 115th St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., A. Rosenblaum, 1056 Hoe Ave. Sec'y, S. Frankel, 15 W. 112th St. Emnle Zola No. 239, meets at 10 W. 114th St., on 2nd Thursdays. Pres., W. Epner, 2240 2nd Ave. Sec'y, A. Z. Bluestone, 144 W. 113th St. Empire State No. 164, meets at 53 E. 93d St., every 3d Wednesday. Pres., A. J. Dworsky, 53 E. 93d St. Sec'y, S. Phillips, 1171 Bryant Ave. Excelsior No. 277, meets at 100 Essex St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., L. Katz, 68 Norfolk St. Sec'y, L. Hurwitz, 2579 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Fortuna No. 71, meets at 153 W. 125th St., on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., I. J. Samuelson, 106 W. 126th St. Sec'y, G. Gellin, 865 Stebbins Ave. 970 COMMUNAL REISTER Fortschritt No. 207, meets at 206 E. B'way, on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., Isidore Weiner, 138 W. 113th St. Sec'y, J. Jarmulowsky, 81 E. 7th St. Weiner, Isidore, Pres., Fortschritt Lodge No. 207, 0. B. A. (206 E. B'way), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish education. Contractor. Res.: 138 W. 113th St. Frieden No. 290, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., David Cantor, 45 W. 129th St. Sec'y, E. Weiss, 1142 40th St., B'klyn. Cantor, David, Pres. Frieden Lodge No. 290, O.B.A. (98 Forsyth St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1850 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish and secular education. Retired. Res.: 45 W. 129th St. Friendship of Israel No. 388, meets at 1861 Pitkin Ave.. B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., Sam. Goldstein, 51 Liberty St., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Pearlstone, 2052a Fulton St., B'klyn. Goldstein, Sam., Pres. Friendship of Israel Lodge No. 388, 0. B. A. (1861 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn), since 1911. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1901. Received gen eral Jewish e d u c a t io n. Painters' supplies. Res.: 51 Liberty St., B'klyn. General Grant No. 58, meets at 14 W. 114th St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., Herman Ettenson, 100 Cathedral Parkway. Sec'y, I. M. Marks, 788 Lafayette Ave., B'klyn. Ettenson, Dr. Herman, Pres. General Grant Lodge, No. 58, O. B. A. (12 W. 114th St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1881 in U. S. College education. Dentist. Res.: 100 Cathedral Parkway. General Washington No. 88, meets at 10 W. 114th St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Albert Van Damm, 129 Sherman Ave. Sec'y, Isidor Lincer, 203 W. 148th St. Van Damm, Albert, Pres. Gen. Washington Lodge No. 88, 0. B. A. (12 W. 114th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in N. Y. Expert on Taxation: 47 W. 34th St. Res.: 129 Sherman Ave. Glasgow No. 282, meets at 160 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres.,.I. Cohn, 376 Ralph Ave, B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Frankel, 33 W. 114th St. Goldman No. 462, meets at 261 Prospect Ave., B'klyn. Pres., o J. Margulies, 309 Grand St., B'klyn. Sec'y, D. Michalowitz, 474 7th Ave., B'klyn. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 971 Goldner No. 420, meets at 119 Rivington St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., C. Luttwak, 751 E. 5th St. Sec'y, M. Siegel, 157 Norfolk St. w,i Gottlieb No. 51, meets at 276 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Selig Goldstein, 296 So. 1st St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Brown, 312 E. 165th St. Goldstein, Selig, Pres. Gottlieb Lodge No. 51, 0. B. A. (276 E. Houston St.), since 1909. Term 6 months. Born 1873 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1882. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 296 S. 1st St., B'klyn. G. Rappaport No. 31, meets at 133 Eldridge St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., M. Levy, 1472 Brook Ave. Sec'y, J. Treihaft, 858 Hewitt P1. G. Richter No. 192, meets at 14 W. 114th St., on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., Harris Schwartz, 7 E. 119th St. Sec'y, M. C. Solomon, 1051 Kelly St. Schwartz, Harris, Pres. G. Richter Lodge No. 192, 0. B. A. (14 W. 114th St.), since 1912. Term 6 months. Born 1860 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1884. Received general Jewish education Auctioneer. Res.: 7 E. 119th St. Hamilton No. 107, meets at 203 E. 56th St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Louis Chas. Woolf, 561 74th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Kedziorek, 624 E. 148th St. Woolf, Louis Charles, Pres. Hamilton Lodge No. 107 0. B. A. (203 E. 56th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in England. Came to U. S. 1875. Received public school education. Postal clerk. Res.: 561 74th St., B'klyn. Harlem No. 84, meets at 29 W. 115th St., on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., Joseph Goldsmith, 823 Fox St. Sec'y, H. H. Green, 1414 5th Ave. Goldsmith, J o s e p h, Pres. Harlem Lodge No. 84, 0. B. A. (29 W. 115th St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1862 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1881. Received public school education. Collector. Res.: 823 Fox St. Hirsch Liska No. 66, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 2nd and ~4th Saturdays. Pres., S. S. Friedman, 1384 Prospect Ave. Sec'y, H. Goodfried, 529 W. 111th St. Ind. Baron Hirsch No. 560, meets at 143 McKibben St., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Max Lederman, 191 Varet St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Michaelofsky, 100 Cook St., B'klyn. Lederman, Max, Pres. Ind. Baron Hirsch Lodge No. 660, O. B. A. (143 McKibben St., B'klyn), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1876 in Rus 972 COMMUNAL REGISTER sia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Diamond dealer: 125 Graham Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 191 Varet St., B'klyn. Jacob H. Schiff No. 302, meets at 326 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., M. Block, 71 E. 7th St. Sec'y, H. Wasserman, 142 2nd St. Jacob Isenberg No. 256, meets at 30 E. 1st St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Jacob Isenberg, 7 Stanton St. Sec'y, H. Silverstein, 1370 Boston Road. Isenberg, Jacob, Pres. Jacob Isenberg Lodge, No. 256, 0. B. A. (30 E. 1st St.), since 1901. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1886. Received education in Austria. Real estate. Res.: 7 Stanton St. Jehudah No. 15, meets at 81 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Jacob Leveen, 353 Grand St. Sec'y, M. Dunkelman, 918 Leggett Ave. Jehudah Halevi No. 429, meets at 73 Ludlow St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Barnett Felt, 28 Louisiana Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Gogel, 643 E. 6th St. Felt, Barnett, Pres. Jehudah Halevi Lodge No. 429, 0. B. A. (73 Ludlow Street), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1868 in Austria. Came to U. 8. 1887. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 28 Louisianna Ave., B'klyn. Jonathan No. 77, meets at 79 E. 116th St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Louis Tauff, 1020 De Kalb Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Scheps, 2583 8th Ave. Tauff, Louis, Pres. Jonathan Lodge No. 77, 0. B. A. (75 E. 116th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1852 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish education. Retired. Res.: 1020 De Kalb Ave., B'klyn. Joseph No. 25, meets at 10 W. 114th St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Herman Glaser, 31 W. 124th St. Sec'y, J. Elias, 515 E. 83d St. Glaser, Herman, Pres. Joseph Lodge No. 25, 0. B. A. (10 W. 114th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1850 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1867. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 31 W. 124th St. Joseph Meisels No. 146, meets at 209 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., Herman Goldstein, 365 Grand St. Sec'y, S. Blumner, 353 E. 3d St. Goldstein, H e r m a n, Pres. Joseph Meisels Lodge No. 146, 0. B. A. (209 E. 2nd St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1866 in Austria. Came MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 972 to U. S. 1886. Attended public school in Austria. Barber: 257 Rivington St. Res.: 366 Grand St. Joseph Steinman No. 70, meets at 30 E. 1st St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., L. J. Gold, 1626 Madison Ave. Sec'y, A. Schlesinger, 603 Prospect Ave. Kaiser Franz Joseph No. 306, meets at 328 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Osias Feigenbaum, 366 Van Sicklen Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Horowitz, 606 E. 9th St. Feigenbaum, 0 a I a a, Pres. Kaiser Franz Joseph Lodge No. 306, 0. B. A. (328 E. Houston St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1881. Received general Jewish education. Tailor: 76 Jefferson St. Res.: 366 Van Sicklen Ave., B'klyn. Kaiser Friedrich No. 10, meets at 27 W. 115th St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., S. Elias, 858 Fox St. Sec'y, H. Goldschmidt, 961 Faile St. Kiev No. 237, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., Barnett Horowitz, 3651 3d Ave. Sec'y, H. Berend, 857 Fox St. Horowitz, B a r n e t t, Pres. Kiev Lodge No. 237, 0. B. A. (100 W. 116th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 3651 3rd Ave. Kings County Freundachaft No. 258, meets at 603 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn, on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., S. Jacobson, 842 Jefferson Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Katzenstein, 217 Bainbridge St.,. B'klyn. Koenig Saul No. 74, meets at 106 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Louis Nathanson, 28 Monroe St. Sec'y, Wolf Lew, 213 Clinton St. Nathanson, Louis, Pres. Koenig Saul Lodge No. 74, 0. B. A. (106 Forsyth St.), since 1911. Term 6 months. Born 1857 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Real estate. Res.: 28 Monroe St. Kutno No. 333, meets at 27 W. 115th St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., J os e p h Danziger, 766 E. 180th St. Sec'y, A. Danziger, 495 E. 140th St. Lebanon No. 360, meets at 953 So. Blvd., every 4th Monday. Pres., Jacob Cohen, 985 Fox St. Sec'y, J. Sinsheimer, 1963 Washington Ave. Lipkower No. 466, meets at 223 E. 2nd St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., S. Wieser, 62 2nd Ave. Sec'y, M. Feldman, 941 Simpson St. Long Island No. 232, meets at 115 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., S. Schmalheiser, 827 Park Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y. J. 974 COMMUNAL REGISTER Midas, 186 Rutland Road, B'klyn. Louis Kirsch No. 416, meets at 17 Ave. A, on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Simon Leiman, 178 E. 2nd St. Sec'y, A. Herz, 389 E. 8th St. Lelman, Simon, Pres. Louis Kirsch Lodge No. 416, 0. B. A. (17 Ave. A), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1899. Received general Jewish and secular education. Cloaks and suits: 14 Ave. A. Res.: 178 E. 2nd St. Manhattan No. 22, meets at 206 E. B'way, every 4th Sunday. Pres., L. Repchinsky, 454 Cherry St. Sec'y, A. Resnik, 1903 66th St., B'klyn. Markowits No. 472, meets at 83 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Sam Bernstein, 140 Ellery St., B'klyn. Sec'y, M. Backer, 1126 42nd St., B'klyn. Bernstein, Sam, Pres. Marl;owitz Lodge No. 472, 0. B. A. (83 Forsyth St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1883 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1900. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 140 Ellery St., B'klyn. Max Klein No. 415, meets at 41 W. 124th St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., L. Schwartz. Sec'y, A. Seelenfrehund, 325 E. 88d St. Mayer Malbin No. 64, meets at 206 E. B'way, on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., S. Rubin, 219 Harrison St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Jarmulowsky, 81 E. 7th St. Mharshuh No. 372, meets at 151 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., I. Taubman, 227 Clinton St. Sec'y, A. Sapqsnik, 186 Delancey St. M. Kittenplan No. 285, meets at 257 E. Houston St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., A. Frankel, 184 E. 109th St. Sec'y, H. Wo h l, 148 E. B'way. Mordecai No. 24, meets at 14 W. 114th St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Henry Sheinart, Woodside, L. I. Sec'y, J. Shapiro, 111 W. 113th St. Sheinart, Henry, Pres. Mordecai Lodge No. 2'4, 0. B. A. (14 W. 114th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in N. Y. Received general Jewish and secular education. Printers' rollers: 307 Pearl St. Res.: 28 Cameron Terrace, Woodside, L. I. M o s e s Sommerfileld No. 5, meets at 82 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., L. Newman, 505 E. 87th St. Sec'y, H. Fiedler, 324 E. 118th St. Mt. Carmel No. 289, meets at 4321 Blake Ave., B'klyn, on MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 975 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., Wolf Futeransky, 1450 E. N. Y. Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Fried, 241 Watkins St., B'klyn. Futeransky, Wolf, Pres. Mt. Carmel Lodge No. 289, 0. B. A. (4321 Blake Av., B'klyn), since 1905. Term 6 months. Born 1859 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish education. Mfgr. ladies' dresses: 145 W. 17th St. Res.: 1450 E. N. Y. Ave., B'klyn. Mount Sinai No. 18, meets at 81 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Thursdays. Pres., Samuel A. Diamond, 164 St. Nicholas Ave. Sec'y, L. Nusinoff, 140 Forsyth St. Diamond, Samuel A., Pres. Mt. Sinai Lodge No. 18, 0. B. A. (79 Forsyth St.), since 1913. 'Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general Jewish and secular education. Hair goods: 327 E. 119th St. Res.: 164 St. Nicholas Ave. Nathan Straus NO. 361, meets at 107 W. 116th St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., F. Deligilish, 844 Woolworth Bldg. Sec'y, M. Eichel, 516 W. 184th St. National Galazer No. 430, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Usher Eisenberg, 259 49th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, E. Rufeisen, 207 E. 15th St. Eisenberg, Usher, Pres. National Galazer Lodge No. 430, O. B. A. (98 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 6 mbnths. Born 1870 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1902. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 259 49th St., B'klyn. New Kurlander No. 95, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., L. Brill, 281 Brook Ave. Sec'y, B. Firkser, 20 W. 112th St. New York No. 16, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., C. Weinstein, 109 W. 129th St. Sec'y, M. B. Kramer, 79 Bowery. Ostrolenka No. 206, meets at 180 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., L. Feinstein, 521 E. 12th St. Sec'y, M. S. Cohen, 238 Madison St. Palestine No. 103, meets at 232 Broome St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. P r e s., Isidore Feinsilver, 60 Montgomery St. Sec'y, S. Kaufman, 2125 Gilbert P1. Feinsilver, I s i d o r e, Pres. Palestine Lodge No. 103, 0. B. A. (232 Broome St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 60 Montgomery St. 976 COMMUNAL REGISTER Paul Brown No. 421, meets at 83 Forsyth St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Morris Kaplan, 465 E. 167th St. Sec'y, I. Kaplan, 465 E. 167th St. Kaplan, Morris, Pres. Paul Brown Lodge No. 421, 0. B. A. (83 Forsyth St.), since 1906. Term 6 months. Born 1864 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jewish and secular education. Jeweler. Res.: 465 E. 167th St. Perfect No. 483, meets at 133 Eldridge St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Louis Donenfeld, 756 E. 155th St. Sec'y, H. Rubman, 107 Ross St., B'klyn. Donenfeld, Louis, Pres. Perfect Lodge No. 483, 0. B. A. (133 Eldridge St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1878 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1906. Received public school education. Carpenter. Res.: 756 E. 155th St. Pinsker Karlina No. 491, meets at 98 Forsyth St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., W. Grossman, 77 Forsyth St. Sec'y, M. Bregman, 5 Fulton St., B'klyn. Progress No. 184, meets at 193 B. 2nd St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., Hyman Bogoslofsky, 119 E. 1st St. Sec'y, S. Rubel, 636 E. 5th St. Bogoslofsky, Hyman, Pres. the Progressive Lodge Nor 184, 0. B. A. (183 E. 2nd St.). since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res.: 119 E. 1st St. Rabbi Horwitz No. 319, meets at 326 E. Houston St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., D. Hornburger, 220 E. 85th St. Sec'y, L. Kanner, 282 E. 3d St. Raphael No. 67, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., H. B. Isaacson, 23 Washington P1. Sec'y, M. H. Gittleson, 38 W. 113th St. Repplner No. 23, meets at 107 W. 116th St., on 1st and 3d Tuesdays. Pres., M o r r i s Frankenstein, 57 E. 117th St. Sec'y, M. Bette, 866 Tiffany St. Frankenstein, Morris, Pres. Reppiner Lodge No. 23, O. B. A. (107 W. 116th St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1864 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general education. Res.: 57 E. 117th St. Rev. K. Solomon No. 584, meets at 115 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn, on 1st and 3d Wednesdays. Pres., S. Mashelsky, 409 Bushwick Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, O. Erdheim, 174 Manhattan Ave., B'klyn. Romener No. 75, meets at 56 Orchard St., on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., H. J. Canton, 311 5th Ave. Sec'y, J. N. Seaman, 27 Thames St MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 977 Rofenstein No. 436, meets at 17 Ave. A, on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., E. Rosenstein, 147 Clinton St. Sec'y, B. Roistacher, 214 Forsyth St. Sad Bukowiner No. 445, meets at 43 E. 3d St., on 1st and 3d Mondays. Pres., B. Salamon, 15 W. 116th St. Sec'y, W. Rosenzweig, 643 Tinton Ave. Samuel Kanrich No. 357, meets at 14 W. 114th St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., Pincus Margulies, 935 Kelly St. Sec'y, M. Taylor, 405 Claremont Parkway. Margulies, Pi n c u s, Pres. Samuel Kanrich Lodge No. 357, 0. B. A. '(10 W. 114th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1906. Received public school education. Real estate. Res.: * 35 Kelly St. Sam Zuckerman No. 470, meets at 27 W. 114th St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Joseph Solomon, 162 E. 113th St. Sec'y, S. Zuckerman, 4 W. 130th St. Solomon, Joseph, Pres. Samuel Zuckerman Lodge No. 470, 0. B. A. (27 W. 114th St.), since 1915. Term ( months. Born 1869. Came to U. S. 1899. Received public school education. Insurance: 217 W. 125th St. Res.: 162 E. 113th St. She'ereth Israel No. 286, meets at 209 E. B'way, on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., N. Elfond, 43 Rivington St. Sec'y, S. Konheim, 512 W. 162nd St. Sholom No. 214, meets at 107 W. 116th St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., H. Levy, 819 Fox St. Sec'y, A. Glaser, 964 Tiffany St. Sluzewo Eliezer No. 89, meets at 107 W. 116th St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Abraham Morris, 943 Longwood Ave. Sec'y, I. Hirschberg, 500 E. 89th St. Morris, Abraham, Pres. Slu-' zewo Eliezer Lodge No. 89, O. B. A. (107 W. 116th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1874 in England. Came to U. S. 1878. Received public school education. Salesman. Res.: 943 Longwood Ave. Solomon Birnbaum No. 2SS. meets at 758 E. 158th St., on 1st and 3d Sundays. Pres., S. Krasnow, 516 Lenox Ave. Sec'y, I. Meyers, 865 Elsmere P1. Solomon Wiesen No. 452, meets at 1622 1st Ave., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., William Schneider, 983 Jennings St. Sec'y B. Alter, 16 W. 111th St. Schneider, William, P r e s. Solomon Wiesen Lodge No. '452, I. 0. B. A. (1622 1st Ave.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1877 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1905. Received high school education. Dyer. Res.: 982 Jennings St. 978 OOMMUNAL REGISTER Sons of Jacob No. 183, meets at 62 Pitt St., on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., M. Hyman, 3 W. 115th St. Sec'y, S. Mandelberg, 67 Pitt St. State of New York No. 205, meets at 100 W. 116th St., on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., Harris J. Algus, 1405 5th Ave. Sec'y, S. Seinson, 658 Jefferson P1. Algus, Harris Jack, Pres. State of New York Lodge No. 205, 0. B. A. (100 W. 116th St.), since 1915. Term 1 year Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general Jewish education. Furrier: 44 W. 28th St. Res.: 1405 5th Ave. Suwalk No. 379, meets at 162 Madison St., on 1st and 3d Saturdays. Pres., Samuel Helfand, 610 E. 140th St. Sec'y, J. Horn, 970 Tinton Ave. Helfand, Samuel, Pres. Suwalk Lodge No. 379, 0. B. A. (162 Madison St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general Jewish education. Tailor. Res.: 610 E. 140th St. Tarnapoler No. 501, meets at 96 Clinton St., on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., M. Pelzer, 160 So. 3rd St., B'klyn. Sec'y, P. Landesman, 206 Stanton St. Tissa Kalman No. 42, meets at 328 E. Houston St., on 1st an& 3d Mondays. Pres., Lud wig Weinberger, 86 AveA D. Sec'y, S. Goodman, 101 Hopkins St., B'klyn. Weinberger, Ludwig, Pres. Tisza Kalman Lodge No. 42, O. B. A. (328 E. Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1890. Received general Jewish education. Real estate. Res.: 86 Ave. D. True Friends' No. 14, meets at 107 W. 116th St. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Harry S. Green, 2339 Morris Ave. Sec'y, S. Shablow, 1024 Boston Road. Green, Harry S., Pres. True Friends' Lodge No. 14, 0. B. A. (107 W. 116th St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1881 in N. Y. Received public school education. Salesmall: 242 4th Ave. Res.: 2339 Morris Ave. 20th Century No. 292, meets at 237 E. 57th St. on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., A. D. Lind, 46 Cedar St. Sec'y. M. Springer, 540 Mlanhattan Ave. Twersker No. 428, meets at 136 Ludlow St. on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., I. Kritman, 88 E. 1st St. Sec'y. M. Vogel, 37 Clinton St. Union No. 61, meets at Broome and Mercer Sts. on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., M. Straitmann, 185 Hillside Ave., Newark, N. J. Sec'y, M. Engelberg, 237 Bank St.. Newark, N. J. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 979 United Israel No. 182, meets at 63 Ludlow St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., W. Goldstein, 207 Rodney St., B'klyn. Sec'y, L. Slevin, 737 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. United States No. 323, meets at 83 Forsyth St. on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., Morris Levine, 1016 Simpson St. Sec'y, W. Hirschler, 859 Beck St. Levine, Morris, Pres. United States Lodge No. 323, 0. B. A. (83 Forsyth St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1861 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1875. Received general Jewish education. Window Cleaning: 58 Thomas St. Res.: 1016 Simpson St. Universal No. 556, meets at 29 W. 115th St. on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Sigmund Kirsch, 543 W. 146th St. Sec'y, P. Steiniger, 727 Albert St., L. I. City. Kirsch, Sigmund, Pres. Universal Lodge No. 556 0. B. A. (29 W. 115th St.), since 1913. Born 1858 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1896. Received general Jewish education. Merchant: 211 4th Ave. Res.: 543 W. 146th St. Wanderer No. 278, meets at 193 2nd St., on 1st and 3rd Mondays. Pres., M. Schneer, 159 Delancey St. Sec'y, B. Kirschenbaum, 236 So. 3rd St., B'klyn. Weinberg No. 44, meets at 79 Delancey St., on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Nathan -Gerling, 1406 Vyse Ave. Sec'y, H. Rafalowitz, 1533 Hoe Ave. Gerling, Nathan, Pres. Weinberg Lodge No. 44, 0. B. A. (79 Delancey St.), since 1914. Term 6 months. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1876. Received general Jewish and secular education. Installment dealer. Res.: 1406 Vyse Ave. Wiesner No. 374, meets at 151 Clinton St. on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., J a c o b Levin, 818 163rd St. Sec'y, H. Sheinberg, 28 Scammel St. Levin, Jacob, Pres. Wiesner Lodge No. 374, 0. B. A. (151 Clinton St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1892. Received general Jeweducation. Binding: 4 0 5 6th Ave. Res.: 818 E. 163rd St. Yorkville No. 308, meets at 10 W. 114th St. on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Sol Cohen, 509 W. 160th St. Sec'y, C. Barrach, 1519 2nd Ave. Cohen, Sol, Pres. Yorkville Lodge No. 308, 0. B. A. (10 W. 114th St.), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1875 in England. Came to U. S. 1887. Attended high school. Chiropodist: 100 W. 23rd St. Res.: 509 W. 160th St. No. 104, meets at 232 Broome St. on 1st and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., Abraham Harris, 151 E. 112th St. Sec'y, R. Berger. 155 E. 4th St. Order Sons of Zion 44 East 23rd Street OFFICERS: Pres., Jacob S. Strahl, 807 Putnam Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Jacob Ish-Kishor, 140 Clara St., B'klyn. Established 1907. Incorporated 1910. MEMBERSHIP: Total number of lodges in U. S., 91. Number of lodges in N. Y. C., 21. Total membership in U. S., 4,500. Membership in N. Y. C., 1,350. Average cost to N. Y. members, $15.24 per annum. Fraternal system of insurance based on American Experience Table at 4%. PURPOSE: "Aims to improve the condition of the whole Jewish people at large and to help the Zionist Congress create for the Jewish people a publicly owned, legally secured home in Palestine." BENEFITS: Graded insurance against death ranging from $100.00 to $2,000.00. Health and accident insurance. ACTIVITIES: Supports Jewish and Zionist Educational Institutions. Encourages the study of the Hebrew language. Jacob S. Strahl was born in New York in 1876, was educated in the New York Public and High Schools and received his degree of Bachelor of Laws from the New York Law School in 1897. He was elected Justice of the Municipal Court of the City of New York in 1909. Prior thereto, for nine years, he was associated with former New York Supreme Court Justice James A. Blanchard. Judge Strahl has shown a great interest in Jewish work. He is the president of the Young Men's Hebrew Association of Williamsburg, and the Nasi of the Order B'nai Zion. CAMPS IN NEW YORK CITY A I t I e u I a n d Camp No. 45, J. Holtzager, 49 Varet St., meets at 86 Orchard St. on B'klyn. Thursdays. Pres., H. Abramson, 106 Eldridge St. Sec'y, Bar Cochba Camp No. 8, meets Wm. Goldsmith, 372 South at 953 So. Blvd., on 1st St. and 3rd Saturdays. Pres., I. Novack, 336 E. 13th St. Sec'y, L. P. Slutzky, 2118.Atereth Zion Camp No. 106, Clinton Ave., Bx. meets at 80 Forsyth St., every 3rd Monday. Pres., M. B'nal Zion Ass'n Camp No. 18, Levin, 34 W. 116th St. Sec'y, * meets at 310 Lenox Ave. on MUTUAL AID AGENClES Sat 3rd Tuesday. Pres., Hyman I. Barnett, 1665 43rd St., B'klyn. See'y,.L. Harris, 69 5th Ave. Barnett, Hyman, I, Pres. B'nal Zion Ass'n No. 18, O. S. Z. (310 Lenox Ave.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1877 Tn Russia. Came to U. S..1887. Received L. L. B. at N. Y. University Law School. Lawyer: 132 Nassau St. Res.: 1665 43rd St., B'klyn.. Braila Camp No. 29, meets at.57 St. Marks. PI., on 1st and 3rd 'Mondays. Pres., S. Napolion, 1449 Cropsey' Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Fischler, - 504' E. 120th St' Bronx Zion Camp No. 80, meets at 750 E. 150th St. on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., L. Wilson, 829 E. 167th St. Sec'y, N. Ellenbogen, 665 Union Ave. David Wolfsohn Camp No. 21, meets at 43 E. 3rd St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Abe Goldberg, 1857 W. 8th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, S. Judenfreund, 911 So. Blvd. Dr. Leon Pinaker No. 41, meets o-n.lst and 3d Sundays. Pres., Max Lurie, 1421 Prospect Ave. Sec'y, Ph.; Sokolsky, 2103 Vyse Ave., Bronx.. Lurie, Max, Pres. Dr. Leon Plnsker Camp No. 41, 0. S. Z.; elected 1917. Term ti months. Born 1866 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 1421 Prospect Ave. Dr. Solomon Neumann No. 33, meets at 57 St. Marks P1. on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Abraham Fensterstock, 39 W. 29th St. Sec'y, F. Arnold, 214 Forsyth St. Don Abarbanel Camp No. 49, meets at' 400 - Stone Ave., B'klyn on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., Victor Schwarz, 1572 E. Parkway, B'klyn. Sec'y, M. C. Laskowitz, 1707 Pitkin Ave. Schwarz, Victor, Pres. Don Abarbanel Camp No. 49, 0. S. Z. (400 Sto ne 'A ve., B'klyn)., since 1910. Term 6 mdnths. Born 1868 in Turkey. Came to U. S. 1904. Educated at German Biirgerschule, Viennese Gymnasium. Insurance: 1783 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 1572 Easterrr Parkway, B'klyn. Ezra Zion Camp No. 12, n eets at ' 601 Willoughby.AVe.. B'klyn on ls.t and 3rd Thursdays. Pres.,4 E1Ward Cahn, 132 Nassau St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Ph. Rosenblum, 892 B'way, B'klyn.,,., Frlends of Zion Camp No, 2, meets at 29 W. 115th St. on 982 COMMUNAL REGISTER 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., S. J. Weinstein, 919 Whitlock Ave. Sec'y, M. L. Gussow, 118 E. 114th St. Weinstein, S. J., Pres. Friends of Zion Camp No. 2, 0. S. Z. (29 W. 115th St.), since 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1897. Received general Jewish education. Vegetables and Oils: 1634 Park Ave. Res.: 919 Whitlock Ave. Goldfaden Camp No. 9, meets at 80 Clinton St. on 1st and 3rd Tuesdays. Pres., J. Weissman, 227 W. 38th St. Sec'y, H. Wertzheiser, 1575 Washington Ave. Hatechiya Camp No. 10, meets at 183 Madison St. on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., L. Rubinstein, 278 Division St. Sec'y, S. Goldberg, 196 E. B'way. Joseph Schatz Camp No. 92. meets at Y. M. H. A., 92nd St. and Lexington Ave., on 1st Monday. Pres., Nathan Padgug, 205 E. 10th St. Sec'y, A. J. Freedman, 1006 Stebbins Ave. Kinnereth Camp No. 59, meets at 1616 50th St., B'klyn on last Monday in month. Pres.. Julius Louis Jacoves, 1611 50th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. N. Elterman, 1332 40th St, B'klyn. Jacoves, Julius Louis, Pres. Kinnereth Camp No. 59, 0. S. Z. (1616 50th St., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1876 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received college and legal education. Lawyer: 198 B'way. Res.: 1611 50th St., B'klyn. Mogen David Camp No. 94, m e e t s at 428 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Pres., I. Periman, 412 Powell St., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. J. Friedman, 1006 Stebbins Ave. M'vassereth Zion Camp No. 7, meets at 281 E. 4th St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., M. Spiro, 48 E. 4th St. Sec'y, H. Noshack, 52 B. 7th St. Organization Camp No. 1. meets at 225-27 E. B'way on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., Dr. Geo. Jeshurun, 207 Clinton St. Sec'y, N. Cohen, 1353 5th Ave. Palestine Camp No. 22, meets at 296 Sackman St., B'klyn on 2nd Saturday. Pres., David Weiner, 310 Hinsdale St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Bernstein, 1548 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Weiner, David, Pres. Palestine Camp No. 22, 0. S. Z. 296 Sackman St., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES 983 Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received a thorough Jewish education. Installment business. Res.: 310 Hinsdale St., B'klyn. Rishen L'zion Camp No. 61. meets at 394 Hendrix St., B'klyn. Pres., M. Binkowitz, 446 IAnwood St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Charles Passman, 636 Essex St., B'klyn. Women's Branch of Solomon Neumann Camp No. 33, meets at 57 St. Marks PI. on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Mrs. E. Koppelman, 144 Rivington St. Sec'y, Miss Arnold, 85 Allen St. 984 Order of the United Hebrew Brothers 71 Second Street.....,.........9 9.s OFFICERS: Central Master, Meyer Greenberg, 99 Nassau St. Central Sec'ys, Joseph Demian, 71 2nd St.; Rachmiel Cherkass, 71 2nd St. MEMBERSHIP: Total membership, 1800. Lodges in N. Y. C., 12. Established 1915. Incorporated 1915. PURPOSE: "To promote social intercourse among members. To provide an opportunity for discussion of subjects relating to the betterment of their conditions, and to act thereon." BENEFITS: Free burial. Helps members in distress. Encourages its members to insure themselves with Postal Life Insurance Co. Greenberg, Meyer, Pres. Order United Hebrew Brothers (71 E. 2d St.), since 1915. Term 5 years. Born 1872 in N. Y. Graduated N. Y. U. Law School. Lawyer. Res.: 99 Nassau St. LODGES IN NEW YORK CITY Abraham No. 1, meets at 133 Eldridge St. on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., J. Cassel, 1607 Bathgate Ave. Sec'y., R. Cherkass, 230 Grand St. Brooklynites No. 16, meets at 121 Havemeyer St,, B'klyn on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays. Pres., B. Teichman. Sec'y. S. Gewirts, 158 Havemeyer St., B'klyn. Columbia No. 18, meets at 73 Ludlow St. on 1st and 3rd Wednesdays. Pres., M. Schall, 2068 3rd Ave. Sec'y, M. Jacobs, 844 Home St. Ezrath Israel No. 15, meets at 98 Forsyth St. on 2nd and, 4th Mondays. Pres.. T. Spec tor, 631 E. 168th St.,Sec'y, M. Leshkowitz, 6'40 Blake Ave., B1klyn. Ind. David Kulhofer Lodge No. 22, meets at 147 Suffolk St. Pres., H. Jabockman, 88 16th Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, E. Hertzberg, 147 Ridge St. Joachim Spiro No. 12, meets at 328 E. Houston St. on 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. Pres., Adolph Friedman, 445 E. 140th St. Sec'y, B. Lindner, 299 E. 3rd St. Friedman, Adolph, Pres. Joachim Spiro Lodge No. 12, O. U. H. B. (326 E. Houstoa St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1872 In Hun P'HILA NTHROI'1C.(,NCI ES 985 gary. Came to U. S. 1883. Educated in Hungary. Res.: 445 E. 140th St. Modern Young Friends No. 10, meets at 30 Ave. A. every Sunday. Pres. Samuel G. Demian, 212 E. 7th St. Sec'y, B. Schomer, 47 Pitt St. Demian, G. Samuel, Pres. Modern Young Friends No. 10, 0. U. H. B. (30 Ave. A), elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1895 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1900. Received public school and high school education. Mfgr. soaps: 309 Broadway. Res.: 212 E. 7th St. Monteflore Dreyfus Lodge No. 14, meets at 276 E. Houston St. on 2nd and 4th Mondays. Pres., H. Siegel, 712 Cauldwell Ave. Sec'y, L. Rothman, 190 So. 8th St., B'klyn. Plnsker Galiner No. 21, meets at 85 Forsyth St. on 2nd and 4th Sundays. Pres., M. Shiffman, 294 Broome St. Sec'y, M. Bregman, 9 Front St. Samuel Hirsh Lodge No. 20. meets at 326 E. Houston St. on 2nd and 4th Thursdays. Pres., Max Shildkret, 58 St. Marks PI. Sec'y, B: Lindner, 299 E. 3rd St. Sehildkret, Max, Pres. Sam Hirsh Lodge No. 20, 0. U. H. B. (326 Houston St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish education. Electrician. Res.: 58 St. Marks PI. Sholem Aleichem No. 5, meets at 219 Roebling St., B'klyn on 1st and 3rd Sundays. Pres., Morris Lostfogel, 105 Cook St., B'klyn. Sec'y, J. Demian, 280 Keap St., B'klyn. Lostfogel, M o r r i s, Pres. Sholom Aleichem Lodge No. 5, 0. U. H. B. (219 Roebling St., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general education. Res.: 105 Cook St., B'klyn. Toba Greenberg No. 9, meets at 169 Suffolk St. on 2nd and 4th Saturdays. Pres., Rosy Sheer, 142 Norfolk St. Sec'y, G. Kristenopoler, 323 E. 9th St. United Kalischer No. 17, meets at 125 Rivington St. Pres., Nuchim Ehrich, 64 Sheriff St. Sec'y, Mr. Feinsilver, 196 Livonia Ave., B'klyn. Ehrich, Nuchim, Pres. United Kalischer Lodge No. 17 0. U. H. B. (125 Rivington St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1872 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1901. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 64 Sheriff St. 'Vt Ut K Philanthropic Agencies 4 I I,. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 989 JEWISH PHILANTHROPY I N NEW YORK CITY By MORRIS D. WALDMAN, Executive Director, Federated Jewish Charities, Boston, Mass. It will no doubt astonish the average person who refers to the Communal Register to find so large a number of charitable relief societies. It is true that most of them are very small, many of them confining their activities to certain sections of the city or to certain groups of needy people. The very existence of many of them is even unknown to those actively engaged in social work. Under these circumstances there must be considerable relief work done in the city of New York by many groups of people in an unorganized and uncoordinated way. Duplication of relief, conflict and confusion in the treatment of families are inevitable. The only comfort that can be enjoyed in the thought of so large a number of unrelated organizations, is the fact that their number indicates how wide is the impulse for service that moves all elements in the Jewish population. These organizations constitute a tremendous potential force for good. The potentiality can only be realized if some means will be devised successfully to standardize their work and correlate their activities. Efforts have been made in this direction within the past two years by the establishment of two organizations, first, the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies, and second, the Bureau of Philanthropic Research. The Federation now embodies eighty-four Jewish charitable and educational organizations in Manhattan 990 COMMUNAL REGISTER and the Bronx, to whom it makes appropriations within the limitation of its income and subject to the restrictions surrounding its establishment. Because of these restrictions, the Federation has no authority to direct, supervise and standardize the work of the various organizations. It can influence them in their work only in so far as it controls the amount of appropriation to each organization in excess of its permanent commitment. This commitment is an annual appropriation equal to the average annual income of the organization during the five years prior to the establishment of the Federation. It can readily be seen that unless the Federation acquires a larger control in the direction of the work of the constituent societies, some other means must 'be employed to bring about improvement in the charitable activities in the city. The need for improvement, particularly for the elimination of duplication, better coordination and cooperation and provision for neglected needs became so apparent that the Bureau of Philanthropic Research was established at the instigation of the Kehillah and with the co-operation of the Council of Jewish Communal Institutions, with prominent and experienced persons on the Board of Trustees and an active advisory committee consisting of fifteen of the leading professional social workers. This Bureau has been effectively but quietly operating in the direction of studying the philanthropic needs of the community and promoting a better utilization of the existing resources for supplying those needs. The opportunity for this Bureau as the surveying, planning and organizing machinery of the Jewish philanthropic community PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 991 of New York is unlimited. Indeed, the technic and experience which it is fast developing could, in time, be placed at the disposal of other Jewish communities in the United States for similar purposes. The most significant thing that has been disclosed in the work among the Jewish poor of New York is not the fact that the number of dependents is larger than that of any other city in the country. This would naturally be expected because the Jewish population of New York is greatly in excess of that of any other city in the United States. The striking thing is, that in spite of the rapid increase of the Jewish population, due to immigration as well as to natural causes, the number of dependent families has steadily diminished year by year, not only proportionately but actually, with the exception of those few years in which business depressions produced much unemployment and distress. The following figures, published by the United Hebrew Charities during the period between 1901 and 1916, both of families under care and families materially aided, confirm this statement: No. of No. No. of No. Families Materially Families Materially Under Care Aided Under Care Aided 1901 11,447 -1909 10,296 6,576 1902 10,061 8,125 1910.9,283 5,655 1903 10,924 7,920 1911 7,838 5,177 1904 10,334 8,070 1912 7,140 4,589 1905 10,015 6,293 1913 6,498 3,996 1906 8,643 4,827 - 1914 7,208 4,285 1907 8,970 5,201 1915 9,274 5,454 1908 10,776 6,612 1916 6,014 3,681: 992 2COMMUNAL REGISTER: This is particularly gratifying in the light of the fact that the number of dependent families among other elements in the city, judging by the experience of other private relief agencies, has increased in proportion to the increase of their population. This proves that the Jews from eastern European countries are not willing dependents..On the contrary, they make every effort to care for themselves and thus remain self-respecting as well as self-supporting. It is impossible to determine with scientific accuracy what all of the factors have been that have produced this satisfying situation. There is no doubt, however, that notwithstanding the great handicaps which they have, suffered by reason of ignorance of the language and customs of this country, they have quickly adjusted themselves to the new conditions. Many of them have become very prosperous. No better evidence of this prosperity could be given than the experience within the past few weeks of the successful efforts made to raise five million dollars for war relief. The tremendous list of contributors contained the names of thousands of persons who gave in the hundreds and thousands of dollars but whose names heretofore had been unknown in the lists of contributors to the organized charities. The great majority of Jewish people still remain wage-earners, but in spite of the increase in the cost of living only a negligible number are obliged to resort to community aid and these consist, nearly entirely, of the permanently disabled including largely the chronic sick, widows and the aged. The masses of the people have organized for themselves their own agencies to protect them against emergencies PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 993 of unemployment, sickness and death of the breadwiiner. These agencies are the many hundreds of mutual aid organizations such as lodges, chevrahs and trade unions. The hope for Jewish philanthropy in New York rests largely in the possibilities of these mutual aid societies. They are increasingly responsible, there is little doubt, for the gradual diminution in the need for charitable relief. 994 COMMUNAL REGISTmE THE UNITED HEBREW CHARITIES OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK AND SUBSIDIARY RELIEF AGENCIES By Abraham Oseroff, Manager, United Hebrew Charities Through an effort tending toward greater coordination among relief agencies, the United Hebrew Charities was organized in 1874. Under a special act of the Legislature of the State of New York, incorporation was effected in 1877. At its inception, it was an outgrowth of the Hebrew Benevolent and Orphan Asylum Society and at the time of incorporation it included a confederation of the following organizations: The Hebrew Benevolent and Orphan Asylum Society, The Hebrew Benevolent Fuel Association, The Hebrew Relief Society, Cong. Shearith Israel, The Ladies' Benevolent Society, Cong. Gates of Prayer, The Hebrew Benevolent Ladies' Society of Yorkville. To-day the most important relief agencies, indeed nearly all, form the United Hebrew Charities, which stands out as the agency bearing the burden of the community's problem in the care of the poor in their homes. Through an arrangement with the non-Jewish organizations such as the Charity Organization Society, the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor and the St. Vincent de Paul Society, all Jewish families in need of care coming to their attention are referred to the United Hebrew Charities. The Jewish population looks to the United Hebrew Charities as the community's relief agency and comes to it for material aid or expert advice as the occasion arises. Its activities are limited to the Borough of Manhattan and the Bronx. The organization made itself responsible for the care of the poor of the community from the very first. It is interesting to note that even at the beginning, emphasis was placed on self-help and preventive agencies. As early as the-year 1875 an employment bureau, an industrial school and a loan fund had been established as activities of the new society. The desire to do more than merely ameliorative work is apparent throughout the history of the society. The policy of the organization has consistently attacked the causes of distress so far as it has been possible to do so. It was in line with this tendency that most of the subsidiary agencies were established. Through the relief department 4,962 families, including 22,945 individuals, were provided for in their homes during the past year. The expenditure for relief by the United Hebrew Charities during the year 1917 amounts to $344, PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 995 000. In the Supply Department 79,354 articles of clothing and household necessities were provided for the families coming to the attention of the organization. 15,117 garments were made and repaired, giving employment at the same time to a number of persons whom necessity has brought to the attention of a relief agency. In the Medical Department, through a staff of nurses assisted by cooperating clinics, medical aid and social service are administered. In the Self-Help and Self-Support Department 94 families were granted loans and started in small businesses in an effort to re-inculcate in these families individual responsibility and make them once more independent and selfreliant. In the Work Room, women were given employment and enabled to learn a trade, at the same time supporting themselves and families either wholly or in part. Through the Committee for the Care of the Jewish Tuberculous many persons afflicted with this disease, coming to the attention of the organization, were given proper and adequate treatment in their homes, with full emphasis laid upon preventive care for both the afflicted individual and the remaining members of his family. In the factory of this Committee, many tuberculous patients, discharged from the sanatoria, have been given employment and an opportunity to rehabilitate themselves in suitable work under conditions especially adapted for their proper care. Through the National Desertion Bureau, the problem of wife desertion has been given intensive treatment and the Bureau has made itself felt in a very practical way, in the reduction of the number of such cases handled by the United Hebrew Charities as well as in the reduction of the expenditure for these purposes. During the year prior to the establishment of this Bureau, the United Hebrew Charities handled over 400 cases of desertion; during the year 1917 this number has been reduced to 151. The Amount of relief disbursement to these families during the past year has been $12,090 as against $37,000 in the year prior to the establishment of the Bureau. Through the Community Employment Bureau, which is subventioned by the United Hebrew Charities, work has been obtained for those applicants who are physically able to work. In the Industrial Department 28,401 bags filled with castoff clothing and other materials have been collected from all parts of the City of New York. The material thus obtained has been used either directly for persons applying 996 OM M UNAL REGISTER for assistance, or renewed and disposed of, the proceeds being devoted to the needs of the Supply Department. In the Vocational Guidance Department special attention along educational and vocational lines is given to children of families under care. During the past year scholarships were granted for the Hebrew Technical Institute for Boys, the Hebrew Technical School for Girls, the Clara de Hirsch Home, the Stuyvesant High School, the High School of Commerce, Morris High School Commercial Course, the Julia Richman High School, the Washington Irving High School, the Vocational School for Boys and the Murray Hill Vocational School. Officers: Leopold Plaut, President, 17 East 47th Street; Adolph Lewisohn, Hon. Vice-Pres., 61 Broadway; Edgar J. Nathan, Vice-Pres., 128 Broadway; Louis Stern, Vice-Pres., 632 Broadway; Mark E. Stroock, Secretary, 11 East 26th Street; Samuel Weil, Treasurer, 194 Franklin Street; Abraham Oseroff, Executive Director. Plaut, Leopold, was born in Germany in 1861. As a child of seven, he was brought to New York City, where he received his education in the public schools ot New York City, and attended the College of the City of New York. He went into the business of lighting fixtures and became very successful. Mr. Plaut is intensely interested in philanthropy, and is actively connected with many Jewish, charitable institutions. He is the President of the United Hebrew Charities at 356 Second Avenue, the greatest Jewish charitable institution in the country. 997 UNITED HEBREW CHARITIES 356 Second Avenue I PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES LIST OF RELIEF SOCIETIES IN NEW YORK CITY 999 Amelia Relief Society, 113-115 E. 101st St. Pres., Mrs. L. Steinau, 885 West End Ave. Sec'y, Mrs. H. Lichtenstein, 226 W. 97th St. Org. 1896. Cooperates with the United Hebrew Charities. Constituent member of Federation for the support of Jewish Philanthropic Soc. Budget: $4,470. PURPOSE: To give relief of every kind to the worthy poor after investigation. ACTIVITIES: Provides money, fuel, clothing, groceries, medical aid, nurses and transportation. Takes poor children on outings. Secures employment. Conducts clubs, a circulating library, religious classes, literary, sewing and embroidery classes. Steinan, Mrs. L., Pres. Amelia Relief Soc. (113 E. 101st St.), since 1915. Term 3 years. Born 1862 in N. Y. Received public school education. Res.: 885 West End Ave. Beth Abraham Free Kosher Kitchen, 59 Throop Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Isidore Davidson, 151 Leonard St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Hyman Hirshhe, 21 Whipple St., B'klyn. Established 1914. PURPOSE: "To provide food for the poor at the kitchen and to send food to their homes." Davidson, lsidor, Pres. Beth Abraham Free Kosher Kitchen, since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1859 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1893. Received general education. Hardware business. Res.: 151 Leonard St., B'klyn. Beth-El Sisterhood, 329-331 E. 62nd St. Pres., Mrs. L. Kohns, 23 W. 56th St. Sec'y, Mrs. J. Anspach, 260 W. 70th St. Incorporated 1890. ACTIVITIES: Dispenses to the sick, infirm and worthy H e b r e w poor, nourishing food, clothing, medical aid and general relief. Contucts a day nursery and kindergarten, an employment bureau, sewing classes, religious schools, mothers' meetings, sewing society, working girls' clubs, home circle for young girls, boys' and girls' clubs, school childrens' lunches, study class, dressmaking, millinery and industrial classes, public baths, apron industry, synagogue, care for school children whose mothers are working. Beth Sholom Sisterhood, Bay 24th St. and Benson AvF. Pres., Mrs. Louise M. Stern, 8709 23d Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Mrs. E. Schreier, 8642 20th Ave., B'klyn. Estab. 1905. Budget, $3,000. Membership 142. PURPOSE: "To maintain a Jewish school. Com 1000 CO MM IJ NA 1, REGISTER. munity; Activities.. Imnmediate Charity." Stern, Mr. LouiSe M., Pres.' Beth Sholom Sisterhood (Bay 24th St., and Benson Ave., B'klyn), since 1914. Term 3 years. Born 1883 in N. Y. Received college education. Res.: 8709 23rd Ave., B'klyn. Brightside Summer O u"t 'n g Fund. Pres., Ida Clemons, 104 W. 70th St. Established 1910. PURPOSE: "To give day outings to mothers and children of the tenements in any part of the city of New York during the hot seasonq." During the 1917 season 29 outings were held; 839 individuals participated, of which 344 were adults and 495 were children. Brownsville Relief Hebrew Charity, 414 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Louis Goodman, 186 Christopher St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Nathan Getzoff, 425 Sackman St., B'klyn. Established and incorporated 1904. Budget, about $i,775. MemberShip 150. PURPOSE: "To help the poor." ACTIVITIES: Supplies coal to the poor, pay rents and give other assistance. Goo4man, Louis, Pres. Brownsville Relief Hebrew Charity (414 Stone Ave., B'klyn);- elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1867 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1887. Received general J e w i s h education. Confection(r;, 190 Christopher St.; B'klyn. Res.: 186 Christopher St., B'klyn. Ceres Sewing Circle, 113-115 E. 101st St. Pre!., Mrs. Belle E. Levor, 412 W. 148th St. Sec'y, Mrs. Annie Oppenheimer, 49 St. Nicholas Terrace. Esta blished 1887. Membership 190. Constituent member of Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies. PURPOSE: "To support the poor in the district." ACTIVIITIES: Distributes clothing, pays rents. Takes entire charge of applicants. Sewing Circle for Children. Lever, Belle E., Pres. Ceres Sewing Circle (115 E. 101st St.), since 1916. Born 1874 in N. Y. Received high school education. Res.: 412 W. 148th St. Committee for the Care of the Jewish Tuberculous of the United Hebrew Charities, Monteflore -Home, and the Free Synagogue, 356 Second Ave. Pres., Fred M. Stein. Sec'y, Dr. Leon M.' Adler. Established 1913. PURPOSE: "To provide before and after care for tuberculous patients in N. Y. C.,' accepted and discharged from 'sanatorla." ACTIVITIES:. Provides medical and nursing care for the family of patients; dental care and generil relief. Conducts a w.orkshop for patients... PHILANTHRlOPIC AGENCIES 1001 Consumptive Jewish Aid Soc., Temple Beth Elohim, Garfield P1. and 8th Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Gertrude Buchenholz, 68 Grove St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Mrs. Morris Adler, 328 Sterling PI., B'klyn, Established 1910. Membership a b o u t 1,200. Meeting every second Tuesday of the month. PURPOSE: "To assist in the prevention of tuberculosis and give aid in incipient cases, particularly to Jewish patients in the Borough of Brooklyn." ACTIVITIES: Provides diet for patients at home. Has standing committee for B'klyn Hospitals wh e r e there are Jewish charity patients. This committee gives needed aid to Jewish patients. Contributes to monthly allowance of the Day Camp Rutterford Ft. of -North 2nd St. A monthly allowance to the fresh air classes, connected with Brooklyn schools. Provides food and clothing to poor and needy. Buchenholz, Gertrude, Pres. Consumptive J e w i sh Aid Society,of Brooklyn (Garfield P1. and Eighth Ave., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 2 years. Born in U. S. Re-Ceived college education. Res.: 68 Grove St., B'klyn. The Children's Haven of Far Rockaway, Hollywood Ave., Far Rockaway, L. I. Pres., Florence M. Sommerich, Franklin Ave.. Par Rocka way, L. I. Sec'y, Mrs. Louis Wormser, Lawrence, L. 1. Matron, Mrs. Amy Levy, Hollywood Ave., Far Rockaway, L. I. Established 1914. Incorporated 1917. PURPOSE: "To care for children under the age of seven, whose mothers, because of illness, are temporarily unable to take care of them." Open to children from all parts of Greater New York, average length of stay being four weeks but varying from ten days to three months." Sommerich, Florence M., Pres. The Children's Haven of Far Rockaway (Hollywood Ave., Far Rockaway), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born in N. Y. Received college education. Res.: Franklin Ave., Far Rockaway, L. I. Emanuel Sisterhood of Personal Service, 318-320 E. 82nd St. Pres., Mrs. Alexander Kohut. Sec'y, Mrs. Leopold S. Bache. Sup't, Mrs. Carton, 318 E. 82nd St. Budget for 1917, $63,113. Constituent member of Federation for the support of Jewish Philanthropic Socities. ACTIVITIES: Relief for District between 76th Street and 90th Street, East of 5th Ave. Nursing Department, Visiting Nurses, Children's Clinic, Clinic for Women. Work-room for Handicapped Women, Employment Buretau for nay 1002 COMMUNAL REGISTER Workers, Day Nursery, Kindergarten, Religious School and Religious Services, Industrial Classes, Classes in Piano and Violin, Orchestra, Junior and Senior Clubs for Boys and Girls, Mothers' Club, Red Cross Unit, Civic Work with Aliens. Kohut, Mrs Alexander, Pres. Emanuel Sisterhood of Personal Service (320 E. 82nd St.), since 1915, and Federated Employment Bureau for Jewish Girls (60 W. 39th St.), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1866 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1869. Received a college education. Res.: 302 W. 87th St. Federation of Bronx Jewish Charities, 1685 Topping AVe. Established 1911. Incorporated 1913. Pres., Mrs. Anna E. Preindlich, 1652 University Ave., Bionx. Sec'y. May Levy. PURPOSE: Helping the poor to rehabilitate themselves by extending them appropriate aid and personal service; by the establishment of a Day and Night Nursery; the day nursery to fulfill the usual functions of such institutions; the Night Nursery to take care of children whose parents are temporarily unable for any worthy reason to care for them. Friendlich, Mrs, E., Pres., Federation of Bronx Jewish Charities (1685 Topping Ave.); since 1911. Term 1 year. -Born 1869 In U. S. Received High School education. Res. 1652 University Ave. The Hannah Lavanburg Home (Formerly Clara de Hirsch Home for Immigrant Girls), 319 E. 17th St. Pres., Mrs. Oscar Straus, 520 W. 76th St. Sec'y, Miss Carrie Wise, 146 Central Park West. Sup't, Miss Julia Rosenberg. 319 E. 17th St. Established and incorporated 1904. PURPOSE: "To help, protect and guide immigrant girls discharged from Ellis Island by the government." Girls are given personal direction. Care is taken that their surroundings a r e beneficial. They have access to classes in beginner's English and for their entertainment concerts, and social dancing are provided. Straus, Mrs. Oscar, Pres. The Hannah Lavanburg Home (319 E. 17th St.), since 1915. Also Pres. of the Clara de Hirsch Home (225 E. 63rd St.) Born in U. S. Educated in private schools. Res.: 5 W. 76th St. Hebra Hased Va Amet, 2 West 70th St. Pres., Samuel L. Hyman, 128 B'way. Sec'y L. Mankiewicz, 17 Colonial PI., New Rochelle, N. Y. Established, 1802. Incorporated 1857. Budget, $3,000. Membership, about 60. PURPOSE: Care of the sick and burial of the dead of the Congregation S h e a r i t h!rrael. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1003 Hebrew Benevolent Fuel Soelety, 2nd Ave. and 21st St. Pres., Samuel Well. Incorporated 1849. ACTIVITIES: Furnishes fuel to needy Hebrews through the United Hebrew Charities, of which it is a constituent. Hebrew Home and Relief for Consumptives, 7 G r a h a m Ave., B'klyn. Treas., Mrs. Paul A. Katske. Hebrew Relief Society of the City of New York. Incorporated by Act of Legislature passed April 11, 1831. L. Napbleon Levy, Pres., Albert J. Elias, Treas. The subsidiary Relief Society of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation Shearith Israel, which in the early years of the City, was the only association in N. 'Y., which gave assistance to their needy brethren. The Hebrew Relief Society "relieves indigent persons of the Jewish persuasion" and is one of the constituent societies of the United Hebrew Charities. Hnngaria Ladles' Aid Soc.. 660 W. 144th St. Pres., Mrs. Max Hirsh, 725 Riverside Drive. Sec'y, Miss Laura Kleinman, 560 W. 144th St. Established 1888. Incorporated 1892. Budget, about $3,000. Membership, about 260. ACTIVITIES: Gives immediate assistance to any family momentarily-In dOs tress, and continues such assistance until they can help themselves. Hirsh, Mrs. Max, Pres. Hungaria Ladies' Aid Soc. (560 W. 144th St.); elected 1917. Term unlimited. Born 1873 in Austria. Came to 'U. S. 1895. Received public school education. Res.: 725 Riverside Drive. Ind. Daughters of David of Jerusalem, 62 Pitt St. Pres., Mrs. Rose Lochov q85 E. 85th St. Sec'y, M.r Sarah Richland, 23 Willett St. Established and incorporated 1912. Meets on the first and third Saturdays, at 62 Pitt St. PURPOSE: To aid the aged people at Jerusalem. ACTIVITIES: Sends $1,500 annually to Jerusalem. Jewish Uplift Society, 93-99 Nassau St. Pres., David Shapiro, 99 Nassau St. Sec'y. Meyer Greenberg, 99 Nassau St. Incorporated 1910. PURPOSE: "For the suppression of the social evil and the protection of innocent women, particularly those of the Jewish faith, and the suppre s lon of other evils which threaten the welfare of the community." Jewish Women's Relief Assoelatloh. Organized 1905. Incorporated 1909. Pres., Mrs. A. W. Honor, 54 E. 122nd St. Treas., Mrs. L. Kamalky, 9 W. 120th St. Sec'y, Anita Rits, 1105 Forest Ave. Meets 1004 COMMUNAL REGISTER on the second and fourth Wednesday afternoon, at 31 W. 110th St. PURPOSE: To help recent arrivals to become self-supporting. All work done by personal service. No paid officers or investigators. Membership 226. Budget, $2,000. Jewish Working Girls' Vacation Society. Pres., Mrs. Samuel Greenbaum, 2 East 94th St. Treas., Mrs. Rachel Maya Established 1890. Incoil ated 1892. Budget for 1917, $17,000. Constituent member of the.Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies. PURPOSE: To provide vacation homes for working gi rls. The organization maintains home in Belleport, L. I., capacity 102; Big Indian, capacity 75, and Arverne, L. t., capacity 25. Girls over.sixteen years of age are eligible., The girls pay four dollars per week. During the summer of 1917, the society provided fortnightly vacations for 822 g!rls besides providing for week-end and mid-week holidays for girls and mothers. Ladies' Hebrew Lying-in Relief Society, Second Ave. and 21st St, Pres., Mrs. Frances Cohens 164 W. 82nd St. $Se'y, Mrs. L. Janecky, 138 W. 86th St., Incorporated 1877. Supported by voluntary contributions, AgTIVITIES1: Takes care of poor Hebrew mothI ers d u r i n g confinement, through the United Hebrew Charities, of which it is a constituent. Cases are attended at the maternity ward of Sydenham Hospital, 341 E. 116th St. Cohen, Frances A., Pres. Ladies' Heb. Lying-in Relief Soc. (356 2nd Ave.), since 1887. Term 1.year.. Born 1828 in U. S. Received general Jewish education. Charity Worker. Res.: 154 W. 82nd St. Lena Invalid Aid Society, 1943 Madison Ave. Pres., Mrs. Lizzie Seelig, 600 W. 175th St. Sec'y, Mrs, Ida Lowenberg, 439 Jersey Ave., Elizabeth, N. J. Estab. and incorporated 1894. Budget, about $1,000. Membership, 226. PURPOSE: "To help the poor." Seelig, Mrs. Lizzid, Pres. Lena Invalid Aid Society, (1943 Madison Ave.), since 1892. Term 1 year. Born 1857 in U. S. Received public school education. Res.: 600. W. 157th St. Maskel El Dol (Aid to the Poor),' 225 E. B'way. Pres., Jacob Cohen, 71 W. 116th;St. Sec'y, Jacob Reis, 457'Grand St. Established 1887.' Incorporated 1909. Budget, about $5,000. Membership, 400. PURPOSE: "To give immediate aid to needy poor through money and food." The New York Philanthropic /eague, affiliated with:. the PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1005 Independent Order of True Sisters. Supplies br a c e s, surgical appliances, m i 1 k, etc., to cripples. Pres., Mrs. Julius Baran, 21 Ft. Washington Ave. Sec'y, Mrs. I. Boehm, 210 E. 68th St. Ohab Zedek Sisterhood, 18 W. 116th St. Pres., Mrs. Moritz Newman. Sec'y, Mrs. M. Engleman. ACTIVITIES: Maintains a religious school in connection with the Synagogue. Newman, Clara, Pres. Ohab Zedek Sisterhood (18 W. 116th St.), since 1911. Term 1 year. Born 1870 in United States. Received college education. Res.: 114 W. 120th St. Oriental Ozer Dalim, 68 W. 117th St. Incorporated 1913. Membership 250. PURPOSE: To aid poor and needy Oriental Jews. Officers: Pres., Mrs. Florine Benoliel, 68 W. 117th St. Sec'y, Benoit Velensi, 15 Bowery. Passover Relief Ass'n. Pres., L. M. Silberstein. Sec'y, Adolph Schwartzbaum, 351 St. Nicholas Ave. Organized 18 7 7. Incorporated 1882. PURPOSE: "To aid poor observing Israelites, not assisted by other societies, in 'the observance of the Passover." Over 700 families aided in 1917. itandalls Island Helpers, 240 2nd Ave. Pres., D o r a Stowins, 2508 Seventh Ave. Sec'y, Rebecca Fischer, 1840 7th Ave. Established 1902. Membership 105. PURPOSE: "To improve conditions and promote the welfare of the Jewish feeble-minded and crippled inmates in the Hospital in Randalls Island. ACTIVITIES: Secures positions for those able to be discharged, provides necessaries and dainties for inmates confined to their beds. Stowins, Dora, Pres. Randall's Island H e l p e r s (240 2nd Ave.), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1891 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1893. Received public school and business school education. Bookkeeper and stenographer. Res.: 2508 7th Ave. Ray of Sunshine Club, established 1914. Founded by Mrs. Philip Simon for the education of the young. along philanthropic l i n e s. Chapter I. Pres., Ruth Shlanship, 750 Kelly St. Sec'y, Sylvia Levenson, 610 W. 178th St. Chapter II. Pres., Emma.Bernheim, 25 Mt. Morris Park West. Sec'y, Etta Martin, 152 W. 118th St. Senior Branch: Pres., Mrs. Philip Simon, 547 W. 157th St. Sec'y, Bertha Zobel,. Hotel Endicott. PURPOSE: To distribute "rays of sunshine" to those less' f o r t u n a te. ACTIVITIES: Club has been very "successful in creating happiness among the infants. or 1006 COMMUNAL REGISTER phans, w i d o w s, destitute, blind, crippled, the deaf and dumb, the aged and infirm, also the sick. The members have given entertainments for the inmates at various Institutions throughout the city. During holidays, they personally distributed dinners, consisting of groceries and other necessaries for the poor. Milk and ice were supplied for many families, also clothing. They have taken care of a stranded girl who was ill, by paying for her board and lodging until she was able to support herself. Slippers were supplied for the patients at onetof the hospitals. Picnic parties were given for hundreds of orphan children; they have also created scholarship funds for needy girls, helping them to go through high school by paying for their carfares and luncheons. They have also contributed their quota of endeavor towards the war by knitting mufflers, m a k i n g comfort -kits and pajamas for many soldiers and sailors. They have assisted at various Bazaars for the relief of war sufferers and are doing "their bW" in many ways. The work of the "Ray of Sunshine Club" helps these young girls to understand the art of living, in its truest sense, and teaches ~ them tb have direct interest in existing conditions and makes them understand that they are part and parcel of the-entire human family. Simon, Rachel, Pres., Ray of Sunshine Club, since 191'4. Born 1867 in England. Came to U. S. 1868. Received public school education. Res.: 547 W. 167th St. Roumanian Central Relief Committee. Organized 1907. Affiliated organizations 300. Meets on Mondays at 44 E. 77th St. Pres., Dr. P. A. Siegelstein, 220 E. 12th St..Sec'y, Dr. Leo E. Brownstein, Marcy Ave. and So. 9th St., B'klyn. Roumanian Hebrew Aid Ana'n, 44 7th St. Pres., Dr. P. A. Siegelstein, 220 E. 12th St. Sec'y, A. L. Kalman, 60 St. Marks P1. Established and incorporated 1897. Budget, $6,000. Membership 600. PURPOSE: "General aid and assistance to all co-religionists." Sisterhood Ahavath C h e e d Sha'ar Hashomayim, 126 E. 101st St. Pres., Mrs. Benjamin Leerburger, 1245 Madison Ave. Sec'y, Mrs. A. Miller, 310 W. 94th St. Est. and incorporated 1889. Branch of United Hebrew Charities. Membership 410. Covers distinct from 98th to 102nd Sts., from the East River to Fifth Ave., including the Avenue Blocks, Takes charge of 175 families of which a great num PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1007 ber are tuberculosis cases. Other activities are: afternoon -sewing classes, where the girls are taught sewing, the Sisterhood furnishing the material and whatever garments they make are their own; also evening classes for young 'girls and boys. In,the religious school there are about one hundred boys and girls ranging in ages from nine to fourteen. Mothers' meetings are well attended, having from 70 to 80 mothers. On Chanuka and Purim celebrations are held, and gifts of groceries and wearing apparel, which the ladies provide, are distributed. Although the society has a paid investigator, the ladies give personal service and visit the poor at their homes. Member of the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York City. First M o n d a y of each month. Board meeting. Second Monday, business meeting. Sisterhood of Atereth Israel, 323 E. 82nd St. Pres., Mrs. Henrietta Mayer, 1826 Washington Ave. Sec'y, Emanuel Daub, 125 E. 83rd St. Established 1887. Budget $500. PURPOSE: "To assist the congregation Atereth Israel in charitable work." Mayer, Henrietta, Pres. Sisterhood of Atereth Israel (323 E. 82nd St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born in U. S. Received general edu cation. Res.: 1826 Washington Ave. Sisterhood of the Congregation Orach Chalm, 1463 Lexington Ave. Pres., M r s. Moses Hyamson, 115 E. 95th St. Sec'y, Mrs. E. Kaufman, 981 Park Ave. Est. 1902. Budget, $3,500. Membership 145. PURPOSE: "To help the poor of the surrounding neighborhood." A C T I V ITIES: Provides religious instruction for 400 children of the poor. Gives clothing to the needy children. Mothers' sewing circle. Sisterhood of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, 133 Eldridge St. Pres., Mrs. Mortimer M. Menken, 149 W. 77th St. Est. 1897. Incorporated 1909. B u d g e t $10,000. Membership 350. Constituent member of Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York City. PURPOSE: "To do social. educational, religious and philanthropic work by personal service." ACTIVITIES: Maintains Neighborhood House at 133 Eldridge St., daily religious services and Talmud Torah, clubs, classes, kindergarten, entertainment, dancing, lectures, reading room, relief and neighborhood visiting, sewing circle to provide garments for the poor. Probation work in the Night and 1008 COMMUNAL REGISTER Day Courts with delinquent.gl r l s. Cooperation with Reformatories and Rescue Homes. Men ken, Mrs. Alice D., Pres. Sisterhood of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, and Chairman of Committee on Correctional and Penal Institutions in New York Section Council Jewish Women. Term, one year. Born 1870 in N. Y., received education at Gardner Institute. Volunteer Probation Officer. Res.: 149 W. 77th St. Temple Israel Sisterhood, 65 E. 120th St. Pres., Mrs. Bernard Whitlock 2 W. 86th St. Sec'y) Mrs. L. Metzger, 924 West End Ave. Constituent *member of Federation for Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies. Budget for 1917, $9,505. ACTIVITIES: Provides food, living expense, clothing, etc., for the poor. Maintains a Kindergarten and a sewing class for girls and classes in domestic science. United Charity Institutions of Jerusalem, 50 Suffolk St. Pres., Moses Weissman, 104 W. 115th St. Sec'y, Rev. Joshua Lerner, 50 Suffolk 'St. Budget for 1917, $70,000. Established 1841. Incorporated 1887. PURPOSE: To maintain Institutions in Palestine to care for the religious, educational and p h yBs i c a 1 needs of the Jews in Pales tine. ACTIVITIES: Gives Jewish training to youth of Palestine and supports institutions for the training of Rabbis. Offers vocational training to adolescents. Maintains a free hospital and dispensary. Provides the poor with food and clothing. Since the beginning of the war, the work of the United Charity Institutions of Jerusalem has been greatly hampered. Composed of the Talmud Torah, Yeshivath Etz Chaim, and Bikur Cholim Hospital of Jerusalem. United Jewish Aid Societies of B'klyn, 732 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Branch office at 1575 Pitkin Ave., B'kiyn, N. Y. Pres., Adolf Bergida, 31 Tompkins Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, Max Kraus, 935 B'way, B'klyn. Established and incorporated 1909. Constituent society of the B'klyn Federation of Jewish Charities. PURPOSE: "To keep intact families deprived of their bread-winners, to rehabilitate impoverished persons and rendering them self-sustaining by means of constructive methods of relief. Bergida, Adolf, Pres. United Jewish Aid Society of B'klyn (732 Flushing Ave., B'klyn), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1865 in Hungary. Received public school education. Grocer: 31 Tompkins Ave., B'klyn. Res.: 122 Tompkins Ave., B'klyn. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES United Krakauier Charity Aid Society, 6 W. 117th St. Pres. Solomon J. Manne, 48 W. 38th St. Sec'y, Mr. Scheller, 6 W. 117th St. Established 1890, incorporated 1891. Budget, about $6,000. Membership, about 450. PURPOSE: "To help our needy country-people to become self-supporting." ACTf'CITIES: Maintains pension list for regular monthly payments of stated amounts to poor in need of such assistarce, chiefly to old or sick, maintains b u r i a l ground for the poor. Manne, Sol. J., Pres., United Krakauer Charity & Aid Soc. (6 W. 117th St.); since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1868 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general education. Furrier: 48 W. 38th St. Res. 202 Riversid'e Drive. Widowed Mothers' Fund Ass'n, 190 Bowery. Pres., Mrs. Wm. Einstein, 121 E. 67th St. Sec'y, Mrs. Henry Bodenheimer, 40 E. 83rd St. Established 1908. Incorporated 1909. Budget of 1917, $40,000. PURPOSE: "To take care of widows with dependent children." Young Men's and Women's Social Service Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Federation of Jewish Charities, 732 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Algeron I. Nova, 50 Court St. B'klyn. Sec., Max Abelman, 732 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Established 1914. Incoroorated, 1915. PURPOSE 0'To unite the Jewish young men and women of the Borough of B'klyn into an organization of charitable endeavor in a concentrated effort to do social service work for the promotion of good fellowship." ACTIVITI ES: Maintains investigating officers at Children's court. Maintains a Jewish chaplain at the Raymond St. Jail. Conducts a Bureaus of advice and information. Big Brother and Big Sister Work. Hospital social service. Affiliated.with B'klyn Federation of Jewish Charities. Nova Algeron I., Pres., Y., W. & Y. M. Social Service (732 Flushing Ave., B'klyn); since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1881 in N. Y. Attended Polytechnic Institute, Columbia Uni4ersity L a w School. Lawyer: 50 Court St., B'klyn. Res. 257 Ne*' York Ave., B'klyn. The Yorkville Joint Passover Relief Fund. Officers: Sara' Hyamson, Chairman; Harry R o g g e n, Treasurer; Mrs. Harry Stroll, Secretary. The three Synagogues, Kehillath Jeshurun, Orach Chaim auid Pincus Elijah of West 95th St., and the Ahavath Chesed Sisterhood, the Athelibk ' Rilief Society, the Ceres-e'Sieing Circle, the Emanuel Sisterhood, thb Yotkville Ladies' Benevolont Soiletj, 1010 COMMUNAL REGISTER and the Widowed Mother's Fund Association combined to give adequately, Passover assistance to the poor who live in their section-in the district from 76th to 105th Streets, from river to river inclusive. Each.family in accordance with its size was given an ample supply of Matzoth, from 10 to 40 lbs., and even 66 lbs., from one to five dollars and a large number recieved groceries. Great care was taken to prevent over lapping and to ensure this desirable end, the Ladies' Fund Aid and the Passover Relief Association sent a list of those whom they helped and they were naturally dropped from the list of the Yorkville Joint Passover Relief Fund, and the United Hebrew Charities and the various Sisterhoods in the district, with their knowledge of the poor gave much valuable assistance. Expenditure for 1917, $1,984.37. ADEQUATE INFORMATION 1S LACKING ON THE FOLLOWING ORGANIZATIONS. B'noth Israel Malbish Arumim of B'klyn, cjo Mrs. J. Brodie, 178 Pulaski St. Bukowina Relief Committee, 169 E. Houston St., Central Committee K'nesseth Israel of Palestine, 187 Henry St., Daugfters of Charities, Penn. Ave. Cor. Atlantic Ave., B'klyn. Bronx Young Folks League of the Jewish Hospital for Convalesent. Deborah Ben. Sewing Society 147 E. 126th St. East Side Ladles Charity Ain.,207 Second Ave. Even Tov. Relief Ass'n., 143 McKiblhen St., B'klyn. First Van Nest Hebrew Ladies Aid Society, 1712 Garfield Ave. Friendly Relief Society of the Bronx, 1119 Forest Ave., General Relief Fund for the War Victims, clo I. Taubman, 227 Clinton St., Hebrew Ben. Society of Staten Island. 202 Madison Ave., Hebrew Ben. Society, 161 Smith St., Hebrew Charitable Society of Staten Island, 1096 Castleton Ave., W. Brighton.. I. PHILANTHROPIC AGtNCI]S 01ii Hebrew Ladies Dispenrary of Williamsburg, 84 Cook St. Hebrew Sisterhood of Yorkville, 304 E. 78th St., Hebrew Sisters of Charity. 851 Kelly St.. Jewish Aid Society, 554 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. Jewish Girls Welfare Society. Hotel Astor. Junior League, E. End Ave., & 78th St., Ladies' Montefiore Relief Society, Gun Hill Road and Bainbridge Ave. Nederland Isralite Sick Fund. 166 E. 58th St. Pincus Elijah Sisterhood, 118, W. 95th St. Pres., Mrs. Max L. Levenson, 800 Riverside Drive. Shaaray Teflla Sisterood of Personal Service, 60 W 119th St. Sisterhood of the Bohb American Israelite Cong., 310 B. 72nd St. Sisterhood of the Mi. Ziao Temple, 37 W. 119th St. The Hebrew Free Aid Society 4060 12th Ave., B'klyn. The Hebrew Sheltering Soe, of Harlem, 69 E. 107th St., The Ladies' Aux of the Bronx Hospital, 960 Prospect Ave. The Women's Aux. of the Jewish Hos. of B'klyn, Classan & St. Marks Ave., B'klyn. Tremont Sisterhood. 10t! St, & Concourse. United Sisterhood. 476 52rnd St., B'klyn. Young Folks Charity Ass's, 109 E. 116th St. 10,1 'COMMUNAL REG1ST2ERi THE FEDERATION OF SISTERHOODS By ABRAHAM OSEROFF Executive Director, United Hebrew Charities The Federation of Sisterhoods was formed in 1895 for the purpose of furthering co-operation and for an interchange of opinion in the consideration of problems of relief. It includes thirty-three women's organizations, with an individual membership of about 6000. The Sisterhoods had their origin in 1887 in the establishment of the Emanuel Sisterhood. The organization of the others followed in the same decade and the early part of the next decade. The development of their relationship with the United Hebrew Charities was one of gradual evolution, until to-day eleven, representing an annual expenditure of about $100,000, act in a co-operative capacity for the administration of relief. Four of these, The Ahawath Chesed Sisterhood, the Amelia Relief Society, the Ceres Sewing Circle and the Deborah Benevolent Society, are directly subsidized from the funds of the United Hebrew Charities. With one exception, the Sisterhood of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, which works only among Oriental -Jews, and takes in all parts of the city, relief work is apportioned to the sisterhoods in specific localities and limited within definite geographical boundaries outside of those sections of the city covered directly by the district offices of the United Hebrew Charities. The Sisterhood boundaries at present are as follows: Ahawath Chesed Sisterhood; Boundary lines: beginning immediately north ef 99th Street to and including 102d Street, from Fifth Avenue to the East River. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1013 Amelia Relief Society; Boundary lines: beginning immediately north of 102d Street to 104th Street, east of Fifth Avenue. Beth El Sisterhood; Boundary lines: beginning immediately north of 42d Street to and including both sides of 70th Street, from Fifth Avenue to the East River. B'nai Jeshurun Sisterhood; Boundary lines: beginning immediately north of 70th Street, including both sides of 76th Street, from Fifth Avenue to the East River. Ceres Sewing Circle; Boundary lines: beginning immediately north of 96th Street to and including both sides of 99th Street, east of Fifth Avenue. Deborah Benevolent Society; Boundary lines: beginning immediately north of 105th Street through 109th Street, from Fifth Avenue to the East River. Emanuel Sisterhood; Boundary lines: beginning immediately north of 76th Street to 90th Street, from Fifth Avenue to the East River. Rodoph Sholem Sisterhood; Boundary lines: beginning at 90th Street through 96th Street from Fifth Avenue to the East River. Shaaray Tefila Sisterhood; Boundary lines: From Battery to 110th Street, west of Fifth Avenue: Temple Israel Sisterhood; Boundary lines: East of Fifth Avenue from 119th Street to Harlem River and including entire west side of Harlem, north of 119th Street. In the year 1917 out of a total of 4962 cases handled by the United Hebrew Charities and the Sisterhood, 1175 or approximately 23.7%o were under the supervision of the latter, the remaining 3787 or 76.3% being United Hebrew Charities cases. During the same period the United Hebrew Charities expended for relief the sum of $343,387.93. 1014 COMMUNAL REGISTER LIST- OF JEWISH HOSPITALS IN NEW YORK CITY BETH ISRAEL HOSPITAL, Monroe and Cherry Sts., Inc. 1890. Situated in the heart of the lower East Side, the Beth Israel Hospital is designed to meet the peculiar needs of the sick poor among the Jewish immigrant population. It is equipped as a modern hospital. One of its unique features is the strictly kosher dietary maintained for the patients. In its free dispensary, open daily except Sundays from 1 to 5 P.M. 76,881 consultations were made and 72,878 prescriptions dispensed during the year 1916. Through its social service department, consisting of a staff of six trained medical social workers, the hospital cares for those who are discharged after a cure has been effected, and sends them to country boarding houses during the period of convalescence. By special arrangement with the United States Government, the hospital treats aliens suffering from trachoma, thus preventing deportation in numerous cases. A special social clinic for the treatment of patients suffering from heart disease is also maintained, particular effort being made to obtain suitable change of occupation to prevent recurrences. The work for sufferers from heart disease is extended to children, for whom a roof-garden has been equipped. A special department for the treatment of infantile paralysis is an additional feature of the work of the hospital. At present the hospital has 117 free beds, and 17 private beds. During the year 1916, 2,559 patients were treated, each remaining in the hospital an average of sixteen days. To meet the increased demand for the care of the sick poor, the Hospital Association is about to build a 500-bed hospital on Livingston Place, between 16th and 17th Streets. A convalescent home is also in the process of construction. The Hospital is a member of the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York City. The Budget for 1917 was $155;000, of which the Federation provided $76,425. The officers are: President, Joseph H. Cohen; Treasurer, Arnold Hermann; Hon. Secretary, Melville J. Scholle; Superintendent, Louis J. Frank. Cohen, Joseph H., was born in Russian Poland in 1864. He came to New York in 1X874 and here he was educated in the public schools and also received a general Jewish educa PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1015 tion. He later became a successful manufacturer and' is today the head of the firm of Joseph H. Cohen, cloak and suit manufacturers (30-38 E. 33rd Street). Mr. Cohen first became interested in Jewish philanthropic work when he identified himself' with the Beth Israel Hospital. After having served for some time as a member of the Board of Directors, he was elected president of the hospital in 1902 and has served in this capacity ever since During this period the Beth Israel Hospital grew rapidly and became one of the most important Jewish institutions in this city. The fact that the activities of this institution are conducted in such a manner that orthodox Jews may accept its services without in any way violating their religious scruples, is greatly due to the policy inaugurated and maintained by Mr. Cohen. As a member of the Board of Directors of the Machzike Talmud Torah, Mr. Cohen displayed great interest in the educational and cultural activities of the Jews of New York City. He is a member of the Board of Jewish School Aid. He is also the treasurer of the Jewish Center, which promises to become an unique institution by catering to the various religious, educational, cultural and social needs of its members. It is now erecting a building suitable for all these purposes. Mr. Cohen, as a representative type of conservative Jewry in this city, has always manifested great interest in all Jewish problems and has participated in every important Jewish activity. MT. SINAI HOSPITAL, (Inc. 1852, amended 1855 and 1857), 100th and 101st Sts., between Madison and Fifth Avenues. (Tel. Lenox 4010). Mt. Sinai Hospital is a general hospital for the medical and surgical care of the sick, except those suffering from contagious diseases. Situated in one of the most populous sections of New York City, it ministers to the needs of all classes, the poor sick being treated free of charge, while those who are able pay from $7.00 per week and upwards. Two dominant features have been present in the development of the Institution; on the one hand the effort to equip Mt. Sinai Hospital as a complete general hospital of the most advanced type, and on the other to make it a center of medical and surgical research of the highest scientific standing. To carry out this plan consistently, an elaborate building program has been undertaken by the Hospital, by which much needed additions will be made to the present buildings and equipment This program, 1016 COMMUNAL REGISTER when completed, will represent an expenditure of about $1,800,000. The plans, include the erection of a new Pathological Labatory, a new Children's Building, new accommodations for a number of special departments, a plan for the establishment of a more extensive and satisfactory service for semi-private patients, a new Home for additional pupil Nurses, additional accommodations for administrative officials, for the resident medical staff, and for more that 200 employees of both sexes. Some of these buildings are at present in the process of construction, among them the Pathological Labratory, the Servant's Domitory, the new Children's Dispensary, the latter being unique in its design and equipment. It will contain accommodations for the pediatric department of the Dispensary, for a cardiac clinic, for a milk station and conference room where mothers will be taught infant hygiene, for an over-night ward for the care of tonsils and adenoid cases, and for a small domitory to be used for the temporary care of the children of poor women who are undergoing treatment at the hospital. While most of the work done in the hospital is of purely curative character, the effort is made consistently to turn the results to scientific use by studying their significance for the development of the science and art of medicine. Thus, in the spring of 1914, the surgical service of the hospital was reorganized into four divisions, and arrangements made for each division to study intensively a selected group of cases. Funds for special investigations are placed at the disposal of the staff, and research is encouraged in every direction. k Additional features of the hospital are its outdoor relief and district corps of physicians, who care temporarily for cases outside of the hospital, for which beds cannot be immediately zprovided, and furnish nurses at the homes of -the sick poor; a training school for nurses; a free dispensary open daily, except Sundays and holidays, from 9 A.M. to 3 P. M.; and a social service department employing fourteen paid workers and numerous volunteers. The capacity of the hospital is 523 beds; the average number of patients, 439. During the year 1916, 9,283 cases were treated. In the dispensary the number of persons treated was 243,161 of whom 72,593 were new patients. The Hospital is a member of the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Society of New York City. The Budget for 1917 was $621,923.08 of which the Federation provided $265,666.92. In addition, the Federation PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1017 provided $11,530.95 for the work of the Mt. Sinai Ladies' Auxiliary, and $12,963.56 of a budget of $70,677.46 of the Mt. Sinai Training School for Nurses. The officers are: Geo. Blumenthal, Pres.; Leo Arnotein, Vice-Pres.; Henry L. Calman, Second Vice-Pres.; S. S. Prince, Treas.; S. Herbert Wolfe, Sec.; Director, Dr. S. S. Goldwater. Blumenthal, George, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, in 1858, where he received a general education. He arrived in the United States in 1882 and became a citizen in 1893. He is the senior partner of the banking house of Lazard Freres, and a director in the Continental Insurance Company, the General Chemical Company, the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Coal Company, and the American Light and Traction Company. Mr. Blumenthal takes a profound interest in the Arts and Sciences as well as in Philanthropy. He is a trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and associate member of the National Institute of Social Sciences. He is the President of Mount Sinai Hospital, the largest Jewish hospital in the city, vice-president of the United Hospital Fund, a director of the National Employment Exchange, and a member of the Executive Committee of the New York Chapter of the American Red Cross. MONTEFIORE HOME AND HOSPITAL FOR CHRONIC DISEASES (Incor. 1884) Gun Hill Road, near Jerome Ave., is a non-sectarian hospital affording medical treatment, food and shelter to persons who by reason of the apparent incurability or protracted course of their diseases are refused admission to hospitals and asylums. Men and women of all ages are admitted. For the support of the families of the inmates in the hospital, the income of a special fund, the "JULIUS HALLGARTEN FUND" is used. Patients leaving the Institution in an improved or cured condition are relieved from the Discharged Patients' Fund. The capacity of the Home is 450; Visiting days and hours, Wednesdays, Saturdays and Sundays, 2 to 4 P. M. The organization also conducts the Monteflore Home Country Sanitarium for Consumptives, familiarly known as the Bedford Sanitarium, at Bedford Hills, New York. The Sanitarium was opened in 1897, and admits men' anTd women, suffering from phthisis in the incipient stage. The inmates are housed in modern pavilions, located in a hilly country, and equipped with the latest hospital. improvements. Products for the use of the Sanitarium are raised 1018 COMMUNAL REGISTER on a farm of 210 acres. The capacity of the Sanitarium is 225; the average stay of patients is six months. There are two auxiliary societies connected with the organization, the Ladies' Auxiliary Society, which provides clothing for inmates, assists in the general care of the Home, and works for the welfare of the patients, and the Young Ladies' Welfare League, which furnishes entertainment to the inmates of the home. The Institution is a member of the Federation for the support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of N. Y. City. The Budget for 1917 was $390,583.48 of which the Federation provided $169,583.48. In addition to this the Federation contributed $14,698.00 towards a budget of $15,568.00 of the Montefiore Home Ladies' Auxiliary. The officers are:-Pres., Jacob H. Schiff, 965 Fifth Avenue; Vice-Presidents, Henry Solomon, 58 East 65th St., and Leopold Stern, 27 West 87th St.; Treas., Fred M. Stein, 15 W. 75th St.; lion. Sec., Arthur D. Wolf, 137 Madison Ave.; Medical Director, Dr. S. Wachsmann; Supt., M. D. Goodman; Supt., Country Sanitarium, Dr. B. Stivelman; Pres. Ladies' Auxiliary Society, Mrs. Sidney C. Borg. Schiff, Jacob Henry, was born in 1847, at Frankforton-the-Maine, Germany. He received his education in the schools of Frankfort. In 1865 he came to America, where he settled in New York City. Here, he joined the staff of a banking house. In 1873, he returned to Europe where he made connections with some of the chief German banking houses. Upon returning to the United States, he entered the banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb and Company, New York, of which he later became the head. His firm became the financial reconstructors of the Union Pacific Railroad, and since then is strongly interested in American railroads. Mr. Schiff's principle of "community of interests" among the chief railway combinations led to the formation of the Northern Securities Company, thus suppressing ruinous competition. The firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., floated the large Japanese War Loans of 1904-5, thus making possible the Japanese victory over Russia. Mr. Schiff is director of numerous financial companies, among them the Central Trust Company, Western Union Telegraph Company, the Wells Fargo Express Company. He has been several times vice-president of the New York Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Schiff is widely known for his many philanthropic activities.and for his interest in education. Of his numer PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1019 ous philanthropies only a few can be mentioned here. He founded the Chair in Social Economics at Columbia University; he presented the fund and the building for Semitic studies at Harvard, he has been Chairman of the East Asiatic Section of the Museum of Natural History of New York, which has sent out many expeditions for the study of Eastern history and conditions; he has made donations to the various museums of the city, and presented the New York Public Library with a large number of works dealing with Jewish subjects; he has presented to Barnard College the recently erected students' social hall. Mr. Schiff is the Jewish philanthropist par excellence. His philanthropies embrace every phase of Jewish life. He is intensely interested in hospital work and is the president of the Monteflore Home, and a contributor to Mount Sinai Hospital and all other important Jewish hospitals of the city. He is profoundly interested in Jewish education and took a leading part in the reorganization of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America; he is also the founder of the Bureau of Education. In addition Mr. Schiff is trustee of the Baron de Hirsch Fund and the Woodbine Agricultural School. He has provided the building and funds for the Young Men's Hebrew Association of New York City. Mr. Schiff has always used his wealth and his influence In the best interests of his people. He financed the enemies of autocratic Russia and used his financial influence to keep Russia from the money market of the United States. When last year, Mr. Schiff celebrated his seventieth birthday, all the factions of Jewry in the United States and elsewhere united in paying tribute to him. Beth David Hospital, 1824 Lexington Ave., Pres., Jacob Carlinger, 299 Broadway., Sec., David Trautman, 36 W. 113th St., Supt., Sholem Appel, Lexington Ave., and 113th St. Established 1886. Incorporated 1910. Budget for 1917. $45,000. ACTIVITIES: 1 —Gives medical and surgical treatment to the lsck poor. — Dispensary. — Out Door Maternity Department. Carlinger, Jacob, Pres., Beth David Hospital (Lex. Ave., & 113th St.); since 1913. Term 1 year. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Attended public school. Builder and Decorator, 299 B'way. Res. 105 Second Ave. Rikur Cholim Kosher Hospital of the Hebrew Ladies of Brooklyn. Established 1904. Incorporated 1911. Pres., Mrs. Mary'Arbeltt. 870 Flu 1020 COMMUNAL REGISTER shing Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, A. Teitelbaum. Membership 25,000. Dispensary at 84 Cook St., B'klyn. Dispensary Budget, $18,000. Arbeitt, Mrs. Mary, Pres., Bikur Cholim Kosher Hosp. of the Heb. Ladies of Brooklyn (84 Cook St., B'klyn); since 1906. Born 1862 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general Jewish and secular education. Res. 870 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Blythedale Home, Hawthorne, New York. Pres., Mrs. Edgar A. Hellman, 311 W. 71st St. Sec'y, Mrs. Fred Herz, 911 Park Ave. Supt., Edna M. Crysler, Hawthorne, N. Y. Inc. 1906. Budget for 1917, $12,058. PURPOSE: "Convalescent care and the training of children crippled by bone-tuberculosis who have attended clinics or have been free patients." ACTIVITIES: 1. Elementary School and vocational training under the Board of Education. 2. Vocati o n al training under the auspices of the Home. 3. Out-door * care of discharged inmates, Hellman, Mrs. Edgar A., Pres. Blythedale Home (Hawthorne, N. Y.). Term 1 year. Born 1884 in U. S. Res.: 311 W. 71st, St. Bronx Hospital and Dispensary Association, 1385 Fulton Ave. Pres., Alexander Gold-,,man, 1446 Prospect Ave.,,,$aec C,, Trosky. 8,69. Macy PI., Supt., Miss Eva K. Rolands, 1001 Faile St. Established and incorporated 1911. Budget for 1917: $8,953.64. Membership 650. PU RPOSE: "To erect and maintain a Hospital and Dispensary in the upper section of the Bronx. Goldman, Alexander, Pres. Bronx Hospital and Dispensary Ass'n (1385 Fulton Ave.). Term 1 year. Born 1872 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Studied in colleges of Rusia and France; graduated College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University. Res. 1446 Prospect Ave. Bronx Jewish Maternity Hospital, 1525 Washington Ave. (No information available.). The Bronx Maternity Hospital, 406 E. 149th St. Established and Incorporated 1914., Membership 1,000. Pres., Morris Lazar, 724 Beck St. Sec. Morris Weiss, 860 E. 161st St. PURPOSE: Renders free medical and nursing services to poor women in child-birth. In 1916 it attended 560 free maternity cases. Lazar, Morris, Pres. Bronx Maternity Hospital, (748 Kelly St.), since 1912. Term 1 year. Born 1866 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1885. Received public school education, Real Eatate,- I001 Prospect'Ave,.Res.. 724,.Beck St.,. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 102O Brownsville - and - ast New York Hospital Inc., 112 Glenmore Ave., B'klyn. Pres,, Max Banwer, 1388 Eastern Parkway, B'klyn. Sec'y., Jacob Falk, 50 Watkins St., Brooklyn. Established 1910. Incorporated, 1914. Budget for 1917 over $80,000. PURPOSE: "To establish strictly Kosher hospital for the community of Brownsville and East New York." Banwer, Max, Pres. Brownsville, E. N. Y. Hospital Inc., (112 Glenmore Ave., B'kiyn); since. 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1866 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1899. Received public school education. Jewelry & Novelties, 34 W. Houston St. Res.: 1388 E. Parkway, B'klyn. East New York Dispenssary. 131 Watkins St., B'klyn, N. Y. Est. 1895. Affiliated with the Federation of B'klyn Jewish Charities. Pres., Moses Ginsberg, 1237 Eastern Parkway, B'klyn. Sec'y, Simon H. Kugel, 1758 Union St., B'klyn. Superintendent, C. Eugene Strasser, 1162 Union St., B'klyn. PURPOSE: To care for the sick and poor of Brownsville and East New York. Hospital for Defrnmities and Joint Diseases, 1915-1921 Madison Ave.' Dispensary: 41-43. East 123rd Sit. Pres.. Lewis Straus, 44 -W. 44th St. Sec'y, HInry W,'.rauen thai, 160 W. 59th St.:Est. and Inc. 1905. Membership, 1,695. Budget for 1917, $186,080.53. PURPOSE; "To undertake the, treatment- of cases of acute and chronic Joint diseases, congenital or acquired, regardless of age, race, creed or color." Tile Hospital for Deformities and Joint Diseases is the only institution chartered to admit children from birth to four years of age, and adults over sixteen years of age, suffering from these conditions. Bed capacity is seventy. The Dispensary has a daily attendance of about six hundred patients. Straus, Lewis, Pres. Hospital for Defo rmiti es and Joint Diseases. Elected 1918. Term 1 year. Born 1869 in New York. Graduate of Princeton. Managing director of the firm of M. Straus and Sons- (wholesale leather goods), Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, N.; J. Res.: 44 W. 44th St. Jewish Home for Convalescents. Grand View on 'Hudson, No Y. Office: 185 Forsyth St. Pres., Samuel Goldstein, 955 Prospect Ave. Sec'y Charles L. Ornstein;61 Delaniey St. Established 1915. ' Incorporated 1917. PURPOSE: "To maintain a non-sectarian Hb me for Convalescents.'. Foindbd by the Federation: oft:.Rbu- anian Jawsw. of - AmerIa. Maintalrnedt.by dvblun1t'ry 1022 OOMMUNAL E RGISTR contributions. Accommodadates 8,000 to 4,000 persons per annum. Goldstein, Samuel, P r e. Grand View for Convalescents. (Grand View on the Hudson. City office (185 Forsyth St.); elected 1917, Term I year. Born 1875 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1886. Received general Jewish education. Leather Findings, 234 E. 35th St. Res.: 955 Prospect Ave. The Bronx Ladies' Auxiliary of the Jewish Home for Convalescents, 1258 Boston Rd. Pres., Mrs. Clara Philip L. Bereauo, 1316' Fulton Ave., B'x. Sec., Mrs. Rose Cohn, 793 E. 166th St. Established 1916. Membership, about 150. PURPOSE: "To help morally and financially The Jewish Home of Grand View on the Hudson." Bereano, Clara P. L, Pres. Bronx Ladies' Aux. to the Jewish Home for Convalescents (1258 Boston Rd.); since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1879 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1898. Receired general education. Res.: 1316 Fulton Ave. Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn (incorporated 1901), Classon and St. Marks Ave. and Prospect PI. The purpose of the hospital is to give free medical and surgical attendance to the sick poor. The. apacity it 285 beds..Thb hospital maintains a private ambulance service, a dispensary and a training school for nurses. Jewish Maternity Hospital. Incorporated 1906. 270 E. B'way. To provide medical and surgical care and treatment to patients during confinement. Capacity, 50 beds. Officers: Pres., Rev. Philip Jaches. Treas. H. H. Uris. Supt., Samuel G. Ascher. Jaches, Ph., Pres. Jewish Maternity Hospital (270 E. B'way), since 1907. Term 1 year. Born 1851 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1890. Studied at Yeshibah in Shably. Minister and Surgeon Mohel. Res.: 200 W. 111th St. Lebanon Hospital Association of the City of N. Y.. Westchester and Cauldwell Aves. Est. and Inc. 1893. Membership, 2,000. Budget for 1917, $189,000. Pres., Julius Heimann, 590 Broadway. Sec., Louis Coon, 141 Broadway. Supt., Wm. J. Abbott. Member of the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York City. ACTIVITIES: Besides its hospital work, the society conducts the following activities: 1. Maternity ward for poor women. 2. Ward for children in need of medical and surgical aid. 3. Trai-ning school for nurses. 4. Dispensary for patients. 5. Social Service Department PHILANTHROPIC AGEN CIE 102S Heimann, Julius, Pres., Lebanon Hospital Ass'n. of the City of N. Y. (Westchester & Cauldwell Ave.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1854 in Germany. Came to U. S. 1855. Received high school education. M'fr. Ladies' hats: 598 & 599 Broadway. Res.: 315 W. 105th St. Linath Hazedek Hospital Aid Society, 287 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Established 1906. Officers: Pres., H. Katz, 61 Thatford Ave., B'klyn, Sec., Samuel Gurnanow, 58 Powell St. B'klyn. PURPOSE: "To aid the sick poor.'& Katz, H., Pres. Linath Hazedek Hospital Aid Soc. (287 Stone Ave., B'klyni); since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1871 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received general J e w i s h education. Contractor. Res.: 61 Thatford Ave., B'klyn. 'Phe Maternity Hospital Soc. of Brownsville, 1666 Pitkin Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Bernard Trosky, 447 13th St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Mrs. R. Rosenfeld, 516 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Est. and Incor. 191'4. Building In process of construction. PURPOSE: "To build a maternity hospital which will provide medical care for poor mothers." New Utrecht Dispensary, 1246 42nd St., B'klyn. Pres., & Supt., Olga T. Lewinsohn, 311 W. 95th St. Sec., Mrs. A. L. Parker, 1151 46th St.. B'klyn. Est. 1911. Incorporated 1912. Membership 200. Young Folks' League.with a membership of 35. Budget $4,000. PURPOSE: "To provide medical help for the poor at a nominal fee." Lewinsohn, Olga T., Pres. N e w Utrecht Dispensary (1246 42d St., B'klyn), since 1911. Term 1 year. Born 1868 in U. S. Received general Jewish education. Res.: 311 W. 95th St. People's Hospital, 203 Second Ave. Established and incorporated 1908. Membership 300. Budget for 1917: $40,00'0. Pres., Moses Greenbaum, 3'42 E. 50th St. Sec., Isidore Grossman, 1427 Madison Ave. PURPOSE: "To maintain a Kosher Hospital." Greenbaum, Moses, P r e s. People's Hospital, (203 Second Ave.); since 1909. Term 1 year. Born 1850 in England. Came to U. S. 1855. Received public school education. Real Estate & Ins.. 198 Broadway. Res.: 342 W. 50th St. Sanitarium for Hebrew Children, Rockaway Park, L. I. Established 1877. Incorporated 1879. Pres., Maximillian Toch, 820 Fifth Ave. Sec'y, Nat Oberdorfer, Woolworth Building. Sup't, Mrs. Ettie M. Theuman, Rockaway Park. L. I. ' PURPOSE: 1024 COMMUNAL REGISTER "'1, To give fresh air treatment and convalescent care to poor sick children of the Jewish faith; 2, To give Boat Excursions for mothers and children of the Jewish faith." Budget for 1917, $50,000. During the summer the institution has a capacity of 400, with a minimum s:tay of 14 days. During the winter 60 convalescents are cared for with a minimum stay 'of four weeks. Solomon and Betty Loeb Memorial Home for Convalescents (incorporated 1906), East View, Westchester Co., N. Y. Office: 356 2nd Ave., N., Y. C. The object of the institution is to prdvide a suitable home for persons who are recovering from severe sickness or are in infrm 'health, and, who would probably be benefited by a temporary sojourn in the country. It has a capacity of 100 beds. Women and children over 5 years, regardless of faith or nationality, are admitted. Officers are, Mrs. Morris Loeb, Pres., 273 Madison Ave.; Isaac N. Seligman, Treas., 1 Williams St.; Felix M. Warburg, Sec'y, 52 Williams St.; Mrs. Jos. Grossman, Registrar, 356 2nd Ave.; Rose L. Johnson, Sup't, East View, N. Y. Waliington Heights Hospital. 552 W. 165th St. (No informaAon Available.) Zion Hospital Inc., 2140 Cropsey St. B'klyn. Established and Incorporated 1915. Membership 350. Budget for 1917, $18,000. Pres., Leo. D. Greenfield, 684 B'way. Sec., I. E. Ehrman, 515 Neptune Ave., Coney Island. Supt., William Smith, 2140 Cropsey St., B'klyn. PURPOSE: "To maintain a Private Charity Institution for the care of the sick poor." Greenfield, Leo D., Pres. Zion Hospital, Inc., (2140 Cropsey Ave., B'klyn); since ~ 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1876 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1879. Attended Hebrew Technical School. Merchant, 684 B'way. Res.: 143 Bay 31st St., B'klyn. __ _I II 1__~__I ~ I ~ _ I_~~ I~ ea I Xv z, I ' -^***''; ar i..g MT. SINAI HOSPITAL, 101st Street and Madison Avenue CD A WI rI 'I IQ I 10M7 BETH ISRAEL HOSPITAL, Monroe and Jefferson Streets * * * *: *: *. 1029 0 4~ Iz 0 zj I 4 *-.. f '. - v - T 0" JEWISH HOSPITAL OF BROOKLYN, Prospect Place 4 I 1, - ' - " 'It. i ", ", ': 11 PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1033 JEWISH DAY NURSERIES By ABRAHAM OSE)OFF Executive Director, United Hebrew Charities The day nursery, like every social institution, has a logical foundation. It arose in response to a definite need. The industrial revolution, the concentration of labor in the factories, the withdrawal of tasks from the home, the entrance of married women into industry,this was the sequence of steps which led to its origin. Although the historic development of the movement is but little comprehended in the United States, it has a long and interesting past. Johann Friedrich Oberlin, renowned Protestant pastor (1740-1826) was the founder of the nursery. Passing a little village in his native Vosges, (Switzerland), on a bright harvest day in 1769, he heard from a hut a chorus of childish voices. Entering, he found a group of little children seated around a girl of eighteen, who sang while spinning her thread. She was caring for the infants whose mothers were in the fields. Thereupon he conceived of a new social institution and engaged this young girl, Louise Scheppler, to organize in his presbytery "une garderie" where during working seasons, children between the ages of fifteen days and three years might be cared for while their mothers were at work. This, says Malarce, was the germ of the "creche" and the "salle d'asile." In 1801, Mme. de Pastoret attempted for the little ones of the Parisian workwomen, what Oberlin had done 1034 COMMUNAL REGISTER for the peasant women of the Vosges. She opened a "salle d'hospitalite" where, in two small rooms, about twelve children were sheltered. In 1810, Robert Owen, famous social reformer, having chanced upon stories of the work of Oberlin and Mme. de Pastoret, decided to aid his workers by creating at his cotton mills at New Lanark, Scotland, a school for the care of children from two to seven years of age. This was opened in 1812. From these beginnings, there developed in several European countries two distinct types of institutions for the care of children under the age of seven years. First, the "salles d'asiles" (later "ecoles maternelles,") of France, the infant schools of England, the "ecoles gardiennes" of Belgium and the kindergartens of Germany. These were for children over two and three years of age and their primary purpose was education. Second came the creche of France, the Krippe of Germany and the day nursery of England, taking infants up to three years, with the sole motive of physical care while the mother was at work. It is to this group that the day nursery of this country belongs. ~ The movement in the United States made slow progress at first, only about ten nurseries being founded previous in 1879. From that year on, however, its development was rapid. In 1905, the National Federation of Day Nurseries reported 260 and in 1915 there were more than 600 day nurseries in the country. Of these, 103 are located in New York City. Jewish effort in New York City began in 1888. Three nurseries were founded in the next seventeen years. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1035 Since 1905 twelve additional nurseries were organized, so that now there are sixteen nurseries in New York City under Jewish auspices. The Emanuel Sisterhood of Personal Service, organized in 1888, immediately undertook day nursery work as a phase of its wider activity. It was the first Jewish institution to undertake such work in the country. The Beth El Sisterhood Settlement, founded in 1890, began the conduct of a day nursery at that time. The Brightside, however, founded in 1893, was the first Jewish institution organized for the specific purpose of conducting a day nursery. In 1905, the Hebrew Kindergarten and Day Nursery was founded, followed by the establishment in 1906 of the Hebrew Day Nursery of Henry Street and in 1909 by the two Brooklyn institutions, the First Hebrew Day Nursery and the Hebrew Ladies' Day Nursery of Brownsville. Thereafter were organized the Haven and the Daughters of Israel in 1912, and within the past two years, the Bronx Federation, the Harlem Hebrew, the Harlem Branch of the Hebrew, the Day Nursery of the Sisterhood of Social Workers, the Jewish Day Nursery of the Bronx, and the Ahavath Chesed Day Nursery. In this latter period, also, the East Side Day Nursery, which had its inception in 1892 as a kindergarten, entered the field. Ten of these are now incorporated and the Beth El and Em4nuel Nurseries are organic parts of incorporated institutions. In the Jewish institutions there are on register daily over 1400 children under school age and school children who come in for meals. In addition to this number, there is a daily attendance of about 200 Jewish children 10W6 COMMUNAL REGISTIR receiving nursery care in other institutions. The sixteen day nurseries expend annually for maintenance alone over $65,000. This figure takes no cognizance of the value of plants and equipment. The day nursery, together with the movement of whieh it is a part, is one of the many attempts at adjustment in modern life. JEWISH DAY NURSERIES IN NEW YORK CITY NAME OF INSTITUTION DATE OF ORGANIZATION ANNUAL BUDGET II. Ahavath Chesed Day Nursery........ Beth-el Sisterhood Day Nursery....... Brightside Day Nursery and Kindergarten Daughters of Israel Day Nursery East Side Day Nursery.......... Emanuel Sisterhood Day Nursery...... Bronx Federation of Jewish Charities Day Nurseries First Hebrew Day Nursery of Brooklyn. Harlem Hebrew Day Nursery........ Haven Day Nursery........... Hebrew Day Nursery.......... Harlem Branch of the Hebrew Day Nursery. Hebrew Kindergarten and Day Nursery Hebrew Ladies' Day Nursery of Brownsville. Jewish Ladies' Day Nursery of the Bronx. Sisterhood of Social Workers' Day Nursery 1917 1890 1898 1912 1914 1888 1914 1909 1914 1912 1906 1914 1905 1909 1916 1911 Nursery finances not recorded separately $11,358.91 3,690.18 2,608.86 Nursery finances not recorded separately 1,249.34 1,476.90 1,501.60 3,909.84 10,153.91 Included in budget of Hebrew Day Nursery 21,788.50 Nursery finances not recorded separately 8,000.00 2,756.17 CAPACITY... 141 174 43 31 90 45 25 30 48 50( 60 237 40 85 35 AVERAGE CAPACITY, 72 a, I I I I i PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1039 LIST OF DAY NURSERIES IN NEW YORK CITY Ahavath Chesed Day Nursery, 394 Hendrix St., Brooklyn. Pres., D. L. Marcus, 369 Vermont St., B'klyn. Sec., Frank Warres, 659 Ashford St., B'klyn. Established 1917. PURPOSE: "To take care of poor childrer. while their mothers are at work." Marcus, D. L., Pres. Ahavath Chesed Day Nursery (394 Hendrix St.); since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1877 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received general education. Res.: 369 Vermont St. B'klyn. Auxiliary to the Ahavath Chesed Day Nursery, 394 Hendrix St., B'klyn. Pres., Emil Katzka, 355 Vermont St., B'klyn. Secretary, Jacob L. Goldfarb, 413 New Jersey Ave., B'klyn. Established 1916. Membership 100. PURPOSE: "To assist the Ahavath Chesed Day Nursery of East New York." Bethl-E Sisterhood Day Nursery, 329-31 E. 62nd St. Pres.,* Mrs. Lazarus Kohns. Sec., Mrs. Jake Anspach. Sup't., Miss S. Nassauer, 67 W. 86th St. Established and incorporated 1890. Caprcity, 141. PURPOSE: "To furnish to the poor, sick, and infirm, articles of necessary nourishment; to give better and higher ideas on subjeets of hygiene, morality, and education by eliminating in every posible way the condition of the poor." ACTIVITIES: The nursery provides all day care for babies and children under school age. In addition, school children come to the Nursery from school for lunch, and after school hours for play. Brightside Day Nursery and Kindergarten, 89-91 Cannon St. Pres., Mrs. S. R. Guggenheim, Plaza Hotel. Sec., Mrs. C. A. Strouse, 252 W. 78th St. Supt., Mrs. Elizabeth Rachel. Est. 1893. Annual Budget, $16,000. Capacity 174. Constituent member of Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies. PURPOSE: "To take care of children between the age of three weeks and eight years while the mothers are at work." ACTIVITIES: Babies are cared for, a kindergarten is conducted; School children are cared for after their school hours. Provides luncheon at 6c. The institution conducts mothers' meetings and mothers' clubs; classes in sewing, embroidery and millinery; boys' and girls' clubs; library and Sabbath School. Vacations are given to children at the summer home in Oak / '1040 COMMUNAL REGISTER hurst, N. J., and outings are held in the summer for mothers and babies. Guggenheim, Irene Rothschild. Pres. Brightside Day Nursery & Kindergarten (91 Cannon St.); since 1894. Born 1870 in U. S. Educated in private schools. Res.: Hotel Plaza. Bronx Federation of Jewish Charities Day and Night Nursery, 1685 Topping Ave. Pres., Mrs. E. Friendlich. Sec'y, Miss May Levy. Est. 1914. Inc. 1915. Annual b u d g e t, $5,000. Capacity, 100. PURPOSE: "To care for children whose mothers find it necessary to work outside the home." ACTIVITIES: Children from two years to school age are cared for day and night, school children coming for meals after school hours. Children are given clothes and shoes whenever necessary. Daughters of Israel Day Nursery, 220 V. 5th St. Pres., Mrs. Dora Sutta. Sec., A. Bass. Established 1912.. Incorporated 1914. Annual Budget, $4,500. Capacity 43. PURPOSE: "To feed and care for Jewish children whose mothers are out at work." ACTIVITIES: Children between two and onehalf years and six and onehalf years of age are cared for. Children are given clothing and shoes. Seventy-flve children between the ages of 6 and 12 are cared for and fed. East Side Day Nursery, 257 Henry St. Pres., Mrs. H. S. Oppenheimer. Sec'y., Miss Louise Heidelberg. Established 1914. Annual budget, $2,608.86. Capacity 31. PURPOSE: To furnish food,. shelter and a kindergarten education to Jewish children whose mothers are forced to go to work. ACTIVITIES: Children - between two and a half and six and a half years of age are cared for. They are given clothing and shoes whenever necessary. E m a n u e l Sisterhood Day Nursery, 318-320 E. 82nd St. Pres., Mrs. Alexander Kohut. Sec., Miss Carrie Wise. Supt., Mrs. R. F. Carton 318 E. 82nd St. Established and Incorporated 1888. PURPOSE: "To feed and care for children whose mothers work during the day." ACTIVITIES: Babies and children under six are cared for all day. School children come for lunch and to play after school hours. First Hebrew Day Nursery and Kindergarten of B'klyn. 320 S. 3rd St., B'klyn. Mrs. Leo Well, Pres. Miss 0. Rosenson, Sec'y. Est. and-Incorporated 1909. Annual budget $2,369.76. Capacity 25. PURPOSE: "To care for PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1041 children from 2 to 6 years of age whose mothers are obliged to work." ACTIVITIES: Besides the all day care of children under school age, school children come for meals. Haven Day Nursery, 445 West 24th St. Pres., Mrs. G. L. Beer. Sec'y, Mrs. J. E. Ehrich. Established 1912. Incorporated 1916. Annual budget, $3,909.84. PU RPOSE: To care for children under school age whose mothers are ill, deserted or widowed. ACTIVITIES: Children from 2 weeks to 6 years of age are cared for all day. A Montesori class is conducted. Mothers' meetings are held and children are provided with clothes and 'shoes whenever they are in need of these. Harlem Hebrew Day Nursery, 38 West 115th St. Pres., Mrs. B. Vogel. Sec'y., Mrs. I. Seidman. Established, 1914. Annual budget $1,501.60. Capacity, 30. PURPOSE: Sheltering and feeding of Jewish children whose mothers are compelled to work away from the home. ACTIVITIES: Children from two years of age to school age are cared for during the day and school children come in for meals and after school hours. Relief is given children in the form of clothes and a few mothers are given meals occasionally. Hebrew Day Nursery of New York, 262 Henry St. Pres. Mrs. Etta Fine, 602 West 157th St. Sec'y, Wolf Metchik, 262 Henry St. Sup't Hillel Gottler. Established 1905. Incorporated 1909. Annual budget $25,000; capacity 80. Harlem Branch: 61 E. 107th St. Capacity 60. PURPOSE: "Sheltering, nursing, and feeding of poor children who are either fatherless or motherless." ACTIVITIES: Children between the ages of two years and six years are cared for all day. School children come for meals after school hours. Kindergarten and Hebrew school conducted. Mothers' meetings are held. Clothes are given to children during the year and food to needy families on Jewish holidays. Fine, Etta, Pres. Heb. Day Nursery of N. Y., (262 Henry St. & 61 E. 107th St.); since 1905. Term 1 year. Born 1869 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1882. Received public school and high school education. S o c i a l worker. Res.: 602 W. 157th St. Hebrew Kindergarten and Day Nursery, 36 Montgomery St. Pres., Morris Abramovitz, 900 Riverside Drive. Sec., S. Zuckerman, 210 Division Ave., B'klyn. Sup't, J. H. Luria, 460 Grand St. Established 1905. Incorporated 1911. Annual budget, $26,135.45. 258 children cared for daily. PUR 1042 COMMUNAL REGISTER POSE: "To care for children when mothers are obliged to work." ACTIVITIES: Children between the ages of four weeks and eight years, are acepted for full time care. School children come in for meals and after school hours. Kindergarten and Hebrew Schools are conducted. Mothers' meetings are held. Clothes and shoes are given to the children in need. Ioyal League of the Hebrew Kindergarten and Day Nursery, of 35-37 Montgomery St., is an Auxiliary consisting of young ladies and young men, whose aim and object is to raise funds through various entertainments, affairs and dues, for the benefit of the Institution. Org. 1912. Young ladies and young men over'18 years of age are eligible to become members of this League. Dues are 25 cents per month. Annual budget $730. Meetings are held every Monday night at the Institution. Officers: Pres., Ben Palestine, 19 E. 7th St. Treas., Herman Goldberg. 161 Clinton St. Sec'y, Abr. Greenberg, 177 Clinton St. Young Friends of the Hebrew Kindergarten and Day Nursery, of 35-37 Montgomery St., is an Auxiliary consisting of young ladies and young men, whose aim ahd object is to provide the children of the Institution with s h o e s and necessary clothing. Org. 1910. Young ladies and young men over 18 years of age are eligible to become members of the Auxiliary. Dues are 25 cents per month. Annual budget $876.84. Meetings are held every Wednesday night at the Institution. Officers: Treas., Mr. Philip Heller, 200 Tremont St., B'klyn; Sec'y, Miss F. Bernstein, 359 Madison St. Chairman of the clothin g committee, Mr. Harry Rosenfeld, 278 Madison St. Hebrew Ladiem Day Nursery, 453 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Mrs. M. Hershkovitz, 306 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. Sec., Joseph Alpert, 115 Liberty Ave., B'klyn. Sup't., Philip Levin, 443 Amboy St., B'klyn. Est. in 1909. Incorporated 1910. Capacity, 40. PURPOSE: "To take care of Jewish children whose mothers are obliged to work."' ACTIVITIES: Children of the ages of two to seven years are cared for all day. School children are cared for after school hours and provided with meals. Hershkovitz, Minnie, Pres Hebrew Ladies' Day Nursery (453 Hopkinson Ave.. B'klyn); since 1916. Born 1872 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1888. Received general education. Res.: 306 Hopkinson Ave., B'klyn. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1043 Jewish Ladies Day Nursery of the Bronx, 1668 Bathgate Ave. Pres., Mrs. Theresa Wetzler, 380 E. 173rd St. Sec'y., Mrs. M. Koener, 1570 Washington Ave. Estab. and Inc. 1916. Budget for 1917, $3,000. Membership, about 1,000. PURPOSE: "To take care of poor children while their mothers are out working." ACTIVITIES: Takes care of about thirty-five children daily, giving them food and s h e 1 t e r. Accommodations are free in most cases. Fees when charged are very small. I BABY WARD, HEBREW KINDERGARTEN AND DAY NURSERY 36 Montgomery Street i, i, '. ", I r f 6",,(. - 11I,1 4, I, I DINING ROOM, HEBREW KINDERGARTEN AND DAY NURSERY --, VX'! -, 6,0 * c. C, C-,.-O: Cconoo, KINDERGARTEN, HEBREW KINDERGARTEN AND DAY NURSERY PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1051 PRESENT STATUS AND NEEDS OF JEWISH CHILD CARE IN GREATER NEW YORK By LUDWIG B. BERNSTEIN Superintendent Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, Pleasantville, N. Y.' I. Present Status At the beginning of the year 1918 the Jewish community of Greater New York finds itself in possession of the following child-caring institutions: 1. The Hebrew Orphan Asylum of New York, the largest Jewish orphan asylum in the world, with a total institution census of about 1250 children. 2. The Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Orphan Asylum of Pleasantville, New York, the most advanced educational type of a cottage-home orphan aslyum, with an institution census of somewhere between 615 and 625 children. 3. The Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum, a good type of congregate institution, with a population of approximately 700 children. The Jewish community may also boast of the fact that during the last decade it has developed the family home plan of taking care of Jewish dependent children as an integral part of orphan asylum work thru the organization of boarding bureaus attached to each of the three orphanages just mentioned, with a census approximately of 300 children for the Hebrew Orphan 1052 1COMMUNAL REGISTER Asylum; 300 for the Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, and 100 for the Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Thus the total number of orphans, half-orphans and destitute children taken care of by the three Jewish orphan asylums in Greater New York ranges somewhere between 3300 and 3400 children. The children in these orphan asylums are from 5 to 16 years old. For children below this age the facilities of the community unfortunately are much less adequate. To begin with, nearly 500 Jewish children in Greater New York are at the present time placed in non-Jewish homes and are under the supervision of non-Jewish institutions or agencies. The bulk of these children (nearly 400) is being taken care of by the Nursery and Child's Hospital. 4. Only 350 Jewish "infants"' are being cared for under Jewish auspices in the Home for Hebrew Infants, an institution magnificently equipped for the medical care of infants and babies. This institution may justly be called the most advanced hospital type of child-caring institution as distinguished from the family home type. Every scientific device for the care of sick babies has been provided. In addition to these older institutions there have recently sprung up smaller organizations, all situated in the congested districts of the City and therefore under unfavorable environmental conditions: 1. The National Jewish Orphan Asylum of East Seventh Street, with a branch on St. Marks Place, and a total census of about 100 children. From the point of *view of modern child-caring. standards, the buildings PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1053 are decidedly inferior and inadequate. Many of the more modern requirements of an up-to-date asylum are missing, such as adequate play rooms, play grounds, social rooms, club rooms, vocational and industrial shops, etc. 2. The Israel Orphan Asylum, situated on Second Street, owns a new and ingenious building, but it was not constructed with a comprehensive knowledge of the needs of present day child-caring institutions. It is as yet doubtful whether this orphanage will take care of so-called temporary cases, or of court cases, or of orphan children, or of all these three types of children. 3. A small Jewish Orphan Asylum in Brownsville which has not yet undertaken active child-caring work. Thus, numerically speaking, we are dealing with a problem of 1000 Jewish infants up to 5 years of agefof whom only 350 are under Jewish auspices, 500 under Gentile care, and about 150 either unprovided for or placed under the temporary care of day nurseries,-and with the still bigger problem of the 3500 Jewish dependent children ranging in age from 5 years upwards. The total number of Jewish normal child dependency is therefore 4500 children. IJ. The Needs of the Community 1. The most obvious weakness in our present scheme of communal effort for dependent children is the poor and inadequate provision for Jewish infants. Altho the Home for Hebrew Infants may well be proud of the generous and splendid men on its Board of Directors, and of its beautifully equipped buildings, its whole 1054 COMMUNAL REGISTER plan of taking care of infants of from 2 to 5 years of age is obsolete and contrary to the best practice, which is unmistakably the family home method. A sick child needs scientific medical care, a normally healthy baby needs a normal home atmosphere if it is to thrive and develop in a normal way. While the Home for Hebrew Infants cannot be blamed for not taking care of the whole problem of Jewish infants, which, as indicated before, is a problem of 1000 children, there is nothing to prevent that organization from starting, at the earliest possible moment, a large Boarding Home for the care of possibly 300 Jewish children ranging in age from 2 to 5 years, thus reserving its wonderful equipment for the care of 300 babies up to 2 years of age. Then again, unless the Home for Hebrew Infants is willing to undertake the whole problem, there is imperative need for the organization of another Hebrew Infant Asylum, to take care of at least 400 other Jewish infants if we are to escape the just criticism of our Gentile neighbors that we are neglectful of our very little ones. 2. Another weakness in our scheme of communal child care is the fact that no provision of any kind has been made for the institutional care of Jewish crippled children. Up to the present time there is only one such institution situated in Westchester County under Jewish auspices, the Blythedale Home, which ministers to about 35 children. That this institution cannot possibly cope with the whole problem goes of course without saying. In order to do justice to this unfortunate class of children, an institution for the case of at least 250 crippled children is needed. The opportunities for PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1055 pioneer work along educational as well as industrial and corrective lines are such as to challenge the brainiest men in the community. 3. Then there is a great need for the organization of an agency to take care of the pre-protectory cases. The Jewish Big Brothers have done and are doing splendid work in preventing commitments of boys to reforma-tories; but to those of us who are familiar with the type of boy frequently recommended by the courts to orphan asylums, as a way out of the protectory, it is quite clear that sooner or later the community must be prepared to establish a school or institution which will represent something between the orphan asylum and the protectory-a school with strong home influences and with great possibilities for industrial occupations. Judging from the present number of boys of this type committed annually to Jewish orphan asylums in Greater New York, such an institution, preferably to be conducted on the cottage home plan, should have facilities for not less than 200 boys. The number of girls belonging to the pre-protectory type, judging again from the number of commitments by the courts to the present orphan asylums, is not quite so large, but is sufficiently important to warrant the need of a pre-reformatory school, under Jewish auspices, for the care of at least 100 girls. 4. The temporary home of the type of the Far Rockaway Haven has distinctly proved its value in the scheme of community child welfare. As is well known, this little institution accommodates children up to 12 years of age, temporarily, during the illness of a father or 1056 COMMUNAL REGISTER mother. The existence of such a temporary home is of value to the community not merely in so far as it aids in keeping the home life more intact, but also in so far as it prevents many commitments to regular orphan asylum care. 5. Finally, there is need for greater harmony and better co-ordination among the various wings of our community in regard to child welfare. Indeed, nothing short of greater community statesmanship will bring system and order into the present chaos. In the face of the fact that the community has at its disposal some of the very best institutions of the country, is it not deplorable that small and insignificant Children's Homes, without proper facilities and without enlightened leadership, should spring up in the very heart of the ghetto? Is there not also something wrong with the uncompromising policy of the old institutions? Only by mutual concessions and compromises will it be possible to quicken the conscience of this whole community to the need of a broad, liberal and efficient community program in behalf of one of our greatest assets-the children. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1057 LIST AND DESCRIPTION OF ORPHAN ASYLUMS IN NEW YORK CITY HEBREW ORPHAN ASYLUM OF NEW YORK, Amsterdam Ave., 136th to 138th Sts. (Est. 1822, Inc. 1832). One of the earliest forms of caring for dependent children has been the method generally known as the congregate plan. According to this system, children are housed and cared for under one roof. While it is clear that under these conditions, the possibilities for intimate personal guidance and supervision are greatly reduced, there are compensating advantages possessed by a congregate institution located in a large city. Parents, relatives and friends have easier access to the orphan child, and thus the bonds of family life are not easily broken; the child has at its command all the varied educational facilities of a large city, and above all the orphan boy and girl lives practically the same life which he or she will have to live after leaving the asylum. Among the leading institutions of the congregate type, the Hebrew Orphan Asylum is unique in combining all the desirable features of a large congregate institution. Situated as it is in a metropolis offering exceptional educational opportunities, the Institution takes advantage of them by sending as large a number of its wards as possible, to the regular public schools, and those of special ability, to the high schools, technical schools and colleges of the city. In addition, the Institution offers instruction outside of school hours, in Hebrew and Jewish Religion, in stenography, typewriting, bookkeeping, wood-work, mechanical drawing, machine operating, dress-making and hand sewing, embroidering, darning and cooking. Among the more informal kinds of educational work carried on in the Institution, may be mentioned lectures and entertainments, educational work in the library of the Institution, and sex hygiene. The recreational life of the children finds expression in athletics and gymnastics, in general club activities, in the work of a glee club, a synagogue choir, an orchestra, a band, a well trained cadet corps, and in frequent outings and excursions during the summer months. As every modern child caring institution, the Hebrew, Orphan Asylum conducts also an After-Care Department. This department has charge of a Friendly Home for Girls in the Speyer School Building, on Lawrence Street. The Home is a large city apartment in charge of a house 1058 COMMUNAL REGISTER mother. No servant is employed, and all the girls, who at the same time attend school, are given thorough training in all phases of housekeeping and home making. After leaving the Home, those who have families to which they can return, are placed with them, either at employment, or continue their school attendance at the expense of a scholarship fund. Those without families are placed in homes in which they can work their way through high school while rendering some service in return for their board and lodging, and sufficient money is paid to cover their needs for clothing and incidental expenses. At present thirty girls are earning their education in this way. For boys who have been placed in employment and are earning their own living, but have no families to return to, the Junior League of the Hebrew Orphan Asylum has opened a home at 21 Charles Street, Greenwich Village. Here board is charged to the boys in accordance with their earnings. Every effort is made to render the place as homelike as possible. The House has room for 20 boys, and is in charge'of a competent couple, who act as house mother and house father. The Hebrew Orphan Asylum has a capacity of 1250 children. It is a constituent member of the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York City. Its budget for the year 1917 was $407,130.00, of which the Federation provided $148,171.77. The officers are: President, Louis Stern, 1000 Park Ave.; Secretary, Aaron Schiff, Amsterdam Ave., 136th and 138th St.; Treasurer, Martin Beckhard, 52 William St.; Superintendent, Solomon Lowenstein. HEBREW SHELTERING GUARDIAN SOCIETY OF NEW YORK (Orphan Asylum), Pleasantville, Westchester County, New York. The care of dependent children has always been one of the most cherished forms of Jewish communal work. It is therefore not surprising that many of the Jewish childcaring institutions in this country should be among the leading organizations of their type both in equipment and * in standards of care. Among these institutions, the Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, (founded in 1879, removed from New York City in 1912 to Pleasantville), stands out as one of the pioneers in the care of dependent children, according PHILANTHEOPIC AGENCIS 1059 to the most advanced plan thus far devised, namely the "cottage home plan." The ideal of the institution is to provide for the orphan children who are admitted "the right kind of home, the right kind of school, and the right kind of education." To reproduce as nearly as possible a genuine home atmosphere, the children are housed in cottages, each of which shelters a group of about thirty children. At the head of the household is a cottage mother, who is charged with the direct supervision and management of the household affairs of the cottage, and with creating the proper moral and social atmosphere. Under her guidance, the children do all the house-work and cooking. The cottage mothers meet the executive head of the Institution at frequent conferences, to discuss problems arising in the daily routine. To encourage the development of high standards in the social activities of the children, inter-cottage competitions are held for general efficiency, for a banner of cleanliness, of scholarship, and of personal appearance. To stimulate further individual development, the children are permitted to participate in a limited and carefully guided scheme of self-government, called the "cottage republic," and in the larger commonwealth of which each "republic" is a constituent unit. Among the distinctive features of the educational work carried on in the Institution, is a carefully graded curriculum, which makes it possible to cover the elementary and high school work within a period of nine years, instead of twelve years; a technical school in which the boys are taught drawing, wood-work, machine work, electrical work, stenography and typewriting, and the girls are instructed in drawing, sewing, embroidery, domestic science, dressmaking, stenography and typewriting. The training in academic subjects proceeds parallel with instruction in the essentials of a number of trades during a period of eight years. The ninth year is then devoted to vocational specializing. In this manner the child receives not only a broad general training, but is prepared to take its place in the community as a self-supporting individual. After leaving the Institution, the work of after-care is done through the Fellowship House, a social center, located at 32 West 115th St., New York City, equipped with club rooms, social rooms, game rooms, lecture halls, etc. Through the employment bureau of the House, the children are placed in suitable positions, and careful records are kept of their progress. Children who cannot be admitted to the Institution be 1060 COMMUNAL REGISTER cause of lack of room, are placed in carefully selected private homes in the city. The Institution shelters 365 children at Pleasantville; 300 more are supervised by the Boarding-Out Bureau. The organization is affiliated with the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York City. The budget for 1917 was $253,461.00, of which the Federation provided $80,661.00. The officers are: President, Adolph Lewisohn; Secretary, Bernard Naumburg; Treasurer, Julius H. Sussman; Superintendent, Ludwig B. Bernstein; Agent, Boarding-Out Bureau, Jacob Bashein; Head Worker Fellowship House, Jacob Kefels. Lewisohn, Adolph, was born in Hamburg, Germany, in 1849. He was educated at private schools. He entered his father's business at the age of 16, and at the age of 18 came to this country, settling in New York City, where he and his brother, the late Leonard Lewisohn, a few years later established the firm of Lewisohn Brothers. He was at first in the importing and exporting business, including metals, and in 1879 engaged actively in copper mining in Montana. At present Mr. Lewisohn is the senior member of the firm of Adolph Lewisohn & Sons. He is President of the General Development Company, Miami Copper Company, Kerr Lake Mining Company, Tennessee Copper Company, and actively connected with many other mining companies; also a director of the Importers' and Traders' National Bank. Mr. Lewisohn is widely known for his interest in educational matters and has made a number of large gifts to educational institutions, among them the school of Mines, which he donated to Columbia University, the Stadium, which he gave to the College of the City of New York, the Hebrew Technical School for Girls, and the Hebrew Technical Institute (for boys), to which he has been a large contributor. He is deeply interested in social and civic work. He is president of the National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor, vice-president of the International Child Welfare League, chairman of the Thrift Committee of the Y. M. C. A. and a Trustee of the War Camp Recreation Fund. Mr. Lewisohn is interested in many charities, among others the Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, the Young Men's Hebrew Association, the Educational Alliance and Mount Sinai Hospital. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1061 FELLOWSHIP HOUSE, Inc., 32 West 115th Street. Officers: Alice L. Seligsberg, Pres.; Mrs. Walter Weiss, Sec'y; Jacob Kefels, Head Worker. Established 1913. PurpQse: To follow up and to give after-care to every child discharged from the Orphanage of the Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society in Pleasantville, New York. Activities: 1. Free Employment Bureau, making first and subsequent placements; studying the relation between the Junior's (boy's or girl's) position, and the training he or she received at Pleasantville along vocational lines; collecting data to guide the orphanage in its vocational curriculum. 2. Directory of homes, securing first and subsequent homes at low cost, for children without relatives to go to; holding conferences with the children; and visiting the homes frequently. 3. Guild of Friends, supplying Big Brothers and Big Sisters to children in need of an adult friend. 4. Social Center at headquarters of Fellowship House, where clubs and classes are conducted, entertainments, dances, lectures, are provided; and all holidays-American and Jewish-are appropriately observed. 5. Summer Camp for Boys and Camp for Girls at Tent City, City Island, within the limits of New York City. No ground rent to pay. Conducted for week-enders, vacationists, and picnic parties. 6. Follow-up Department, especially for young children returned by enforced discharge from the orphanage to relatives. Homes visited prior and subsequent to the discharge. Children followed up in their homes at least twice, but generally oftener, every year; and connected up with such agencies as Talmud Torahs, schools, settlements, hospitals, relief societies, etc. BROOKLYN HEBREW ORPHAN ASYLUM, Ralph Ave., and Dean and Pacific Streets, Brooklyn, (Est. and Inc. 1878) is a modern child-caring institution, caring for children four to sixteen years of age, organized under the congregate plan. (See general description under Hebrew Orphan Asylum). The wards of the institution attend the public schools, (grammar, high and industrial). The institution also con 1062 COMMUNAL REGISTER ducts vocational classes in carpentry, printing, domestic science and art, mechanical drawing, stenography, typewriting, millinery and embroidery as well as gymnasium classes for boys and for girls. In addition, instruction in Hebrew and Biblical History is given. Social and civic organizations, under the direction of the supervisors in charge, outings to points of interest in and around New York City, a boys' military band, and a choir, are among the most important recreational activities of the Institution. A boarding-out bureau is maintained for children under six years of age. The after-care department supervises for a period of at least three years, children who have left the Institution. The capacity of the Institution is about 800. It is a constituent member of the Brooklyn Federation of Jewish Charities. Its budget for 1917 was $150,000. The officers are: President, Louis L. Firuski; 41 Flatbush Ave., B'klyn.; Secretary, David W. Farber, 161 Martense St., Brooklyn; Treasurer, A. N. Bernstein, 748 Flushing Ave., Brooklyn; Assistant Superintendent, A. L. Jacoby. Firuski, Louis L., Pres. Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum (Ralph Ave., Dean & Pacific Sts., B'klyn), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1865 in U. S. Received a public school education. Prop. Pioneer Warehouses: 41 Flatbush Ave., B'klyn. Res: 225 W. 86th St. WOMEN'S AUXILIARY OF THE BROOKLYN HEBREW ORPHAN ASYLUM, 373-393 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Pres. Mrs. Otto Kempner, 547 4th St., B'klyn; Sec'y., Mrs. Julia Coblens, 351 Jefferson Ave.,. B'klyn. Established: 1878. Incorporated: 1879. PURPOSE: "To promote the welfare of the children in the custody of or discharged from the B'klyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum." ACTIVITIES: Furnishes all dormitory linen, clothing, etc., for the inmates. Weekly sewing circle, millinery, dressmaking and cooking taught. Kempner, Sarahi, Pres. Women's Aux. of the Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum, (393 Ralph Ave., B'klyn), since 1912. Born 1860 in U. S. Received college education. Res: 547 4th St., B'klyn. Hebrew National O r p h an Sec., H. B. Rosen, 20 W. 38rd House, 57 E. 7th St. and 52 St. Executive Head, Mr. St. Marks P1. Pres., Leo Solomon Feinman, 65 E. 7th Lerner, 80 2nd Ave. Hon. St, BEt. 1914. Budget for PHILANTHIROPIC AGENCIES 1063 1917, $35,000. Voluntary contributions. An institution under the supervision of the Federation of Bessarabian Societies. PURPOSE: "To take care of poor orphans and destitute children of the Jewish race, from six years of age and up, and to remove as many children as possible from non-Jewish Institutions." Home for Hebrew Infants of the City of N. Y., Kingsbridge Rd. and University Ave. Pres., Aaron E. Nusbaum, 630 Park Ave. Sec'y, Lillian M. Freehauf, Kingsbridge Rd. and University Avenue. Incorporated 1895. Physical care and maintenance, under direction of attending Medical Staff and two resident physicians, of 400 destitute children under five years of age, committed by the Department of Public Charities and the Children's Court. These occupy three buildings. Two kindergarten teachers, furnished by Board of Education, and one kindergarten teacher and summer playground worker furnished by Institution. A speech defect instructor furnished by the Institution. A certain amount of adoption work is carried on by the Institution. Training School for Nursery Maids with weekly classroom instruction by Supervisor of Nurses, and lec tures by attending physicians. The nursery maids are housed in a beautiful new dormitory. AUXILIARIES: Ladi e s' Sewing Circle meets every Tuesday from May to October and does valuable work, and also supplies a great deal of material for clothes. An active Young Folks' League which renders valuable assistance with money and other donations, also supplies "treats" and parties for children and nursery maids. Nusbaum, Aaron E., Pres. Home for Hebrew Infants of City of N.. (Kingsbridge Rd. and University Ave.), since 1913. Term 1 year. Born 1861 in N. Y. Retired. Res.: 630 Park Ave. Independent Daughters of Israel Orphan Asylum of Brooklyn, 617 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. (No information available.) Israel Orphan Asylum, 274-8 E. 2nd St. Pres., Gustave Hartman, 243 E. 2nd St. Sec., Elias Saperstein, 310 E. '4th St. Established 1913. PURPOSE: "To provide a Jewish home for Jewish orphans." The institution is conducted along strictly Orthodox lines. Its building has been only recently completed and will soon be ready to accommodate children. 1064 COMMUNAL REGISTER Ladies' Auxiliary of Israel Orphan Asylum. Pres., Mrs. Rose Schoenberg, 43 St. Marks P1. Sec., Elias Saperstein, 274 E. 2nd St. Established 1905. PURPOSE: "To aid in the procuring of funds for the Support of the Israel Orphan Asylum." Schoenberg, Rose, Pres. Ladies' Auxiliary of Israel Orphan Asylum and Hebrew Free Burial Ass'n., (274 E. 2nd St.); since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1867 in Hungary. Came to U. S. 1885. Received gen'l Jewish education. Res.:.43 St. Marks P1. Jewish Orphan Asylum of Brownsville East N. Y.. 512 Sutter Ave., Brooklyn. Pres., Joseph Polonsky, 336 Pennsylvania Ave., B'klyn. Sec., Aaron Wiener, 134 Grafton St. Est. and Inc. 1916. Building in course of construction. PURPOSE: "To take care of Jewish Orphan children of Brownsville and East New York. Polonsky Joseph, Pres. The Jewish Orphan Asylum of Brooklyn and East New York, (512 Sutter Ave.); elected 1910. Term 1 year. Born 1883 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1907. Received high school e d u c a t ion. Pharmacist, 336 Pennsylvania Avenue, B'klyn. Res.: 340 Pennsylvania Avenue, B'klyn. rr~~ ~r* ~e ~~:ii* i: i i' ~.a * *~-:. r,~ - 4 ~~ .. *.n...: ~~ ~~~~ HEBREW ORPHAN ASYLUM, 137th Street and Amsterdam Avenue 0r G I I I D DINING ROOM, HEBREW ORPHAN ASYLUM TM 0 :*'. -:'.. '. ' -,,,,; * ' 'k\."';""'"'" "'.'. '(.. ' *;'. *. is;,~~ 'a,;K: "' " 'i ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, HEBREW SHELTERING GUARDIAN SOCIETY s Pleasantville. New York IL 0,.b. 4 "I YA C I"I$ 0.( * c vt"., L % 'q " ( -0 e L.1i, RICK 1071 0 -z 0 0 z 0 U 0, ': C, 1", 'O rl (11 " 4) a 0 O C I,::, C.:1 I -0 --- AT HOME WITH THE COTTAGE MOTHER. HEBREW SHELTERING 00 GUARDIAN SOCIETY * ' 6 c -I 'A BEFORE THE COURT OF THE GIRLS' REPUBLIC, HEBREW SHELTERING GUARDIAN SOCIETY 0 atI 1077 I MAIN BUILDING ANT, ANNEX HEBREW NATIONAL ORPHAN HOUSE 67 Seventh St., 52 St. Marks Place A CLASS IN HEBREW, HEBREW NATIONAL ORPHAN HOUSE I I..,!. I (I,., f-.! c c 0, -C C, ,4, -, O., C, '), 0 X, I - -t "(, 9 2. -, 0T THE COUNTRY HOME OF THE HEBREW NATIONAL ORPHAN HOUSE i - I Ij o C, * v ",, -..1 a 0 0 Ot, 01, c.:;a I) IC MAIN BUILDING. HOME FOR HEBREW INFANTS Kingsbridge Road and University Avenue 0 - A $ 4 BUILDING FOR INFANTS ONE YEAR AND UNDER, HOME FOR HEBREW INFANTS Iv I I i, i a I 1. )- -r, a -. WI X V. c - P. '.I "t ( 't,,, -<,; V,.% -:A-.. le -. - t; 1087 z z 0 -z 0 0 4 PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES.1089 THE JEWISH HANDICAPPED By RABBI A. J. AMATEAU, Manager of the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf Deaf-Mutes There are in New York City between 2800 and 3000 Jewish deaf-mutes. The ratio is higher for the Jews than for any other race due to the heavy Jewish immigration and the fact that it is customary among Jewish immigrants for near blood relations to marry, resulting very often in congenital deaf-muteness. Seventy-five per cent are natives and the remaining twenty-five per cent are adult immigrants who have accompanied their families to this country, the United States putting no obstacles to their entry, provided a bond is put up that they will not become public charges. The deaf-mutes present to the community two distinct problems, namely, the natives and the immigrants. The community has provided for the education of the native born deaf-mute through the school maintained by the Association for the Improved Instruction of Deaf-Mutes, situated at Lexington Avenue and 67th Street, which is conducted as a Jewish school, although supported by State, city and county. Their religious education both at this school and at other non-sectarian schools for the deaf where some prefer to send their children on account of the method in teaching (there are two methods: 1. lip-reading and speech; 2. signs and speech combined) is provided for by the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf. 1090 COMMUNAL REGISTER In addition to this, the Society maintains a wellequipped building at Nos. 40-42-44 West 115th Street, furnishing religious, vocational, educatioil, physical and social facilities for the welfare of the adult Jewish deaf mute of both sexes. As a result of the education which the deaf children receive at the schools for the deaf, and the trade they learn therein, and as a result further of the immediate care that the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf takes when they graduate from school, apprenticing them out in their chosen vocation and keeping in contact with them continuously thereafter, there is hardly any poverty or destitution among the Jewish deaf-mutes of Greater New York. The records of the United Hebrew Charities and other charitable institutions of New York indicate that there are only one or two cases of Jew.ish deaf-mutes applying for relief, annually. Those immigrants who are over 12 years of age when they arrive here, are barred from receiving an education by the entrance rules of the schools. As is often the case, such people have received no education in their native country. They are illiterate and unable to convey their thoughts to normal people as well as to their fellow-handicapped. The Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf has established evening classes with deaf-mute teachers who instruct such immigrants by means of crude mimic gestures and by object teaching and who teach them to read and write. There is an advanced class where they may continue their education. Debates and lectures in the sign language are also given in these classes. PHILANTHROPICd AGENCIES 1091 Hard of Hearing No survey of the extent of the problem has ever been made but it is estimated that there are from 4,000 to 5,000 Jews Jard of hearing in New York City. Their plight is most pitiable. While a person born deaf or one who becomes deaf at an early age can adjust himself to life in a normal world through the educational and social' facilities afforded them, there is no provision whatsoever made for those who lose their hearing either through accident or sickness, at maturity. It is well known that such people are afflicted with melancholia which renders them helpless and unable to readjust their lives. In the hope of saving their hearing they go from doctor to quack, spending their all. They are taken advantage of at every turn with no one to guide or aid them. They can no longer follow their chosen vocations or business on account of their handicap and their families and themselves become destitute. The community must create a social agency to care for these unfortunate people; to afford them medical service and to guide and advise them in their period of readjustment, providing for their learning of a new trade if necessary. Their social as well as their religious welfare must also be provided for. The Blind It is estimated that there are 1,100 Jewish blind in Greater New York, figuring at the ratio of 1 to every 1,200, there being about 1,300,000 Jews in Greater New York,. 1092 COMMUNAL REGISTEII The blind, like the deaf-mutes are also divided into two groups, namely: native born and immigrante. These divisions in turn may be subdivided into those who are born blind, those who lose their sight in childhood and those who lose their sight after maturity. There are two schools for the blind. The State School for the Blind and the Public Day School for the Blind. The leaders among the blind favor the former as it is a residential school and affords them greater facilities for education and vocational training than the Public Day School. This also eliminates the need for a guide to take the child to and from school. The three agencies engaged in the care for the Jewish blind are the Guild for the Jewish Blind, the Committee on Blind of the Council of Jewish Women, New York Section; and the Association for the Jewish Blind, the last being an organization composed of blind persons. Nothing of a constructive nature has been done by any one of these three agencies. The guild maintains a social worker who does mostly relief work and personal service work. Occasionally employment is found for them. It gives concerts for their benefit, twice a month.on Sundays, at the Educational Alliance, and the Young Women's Hebrew Association. The Guild'bnly attempts to care for the blind living in Manhattan and the Bronx. The Council of Jewish Women through its Committee also engages in similar work. The Association for the Jewish Blind, composed as it is of blind persons and led by some who have in spite of their handicap succeeded in their chosen vocations, have ' clearer conception of the problem. They are PHIIANTHEOPIC AGENC11 1093 attempting to do the work in a more or less systematic and constructive manner but fall short in that they receive no cooperation and support from the community. WHAT THE ATTITUDE OF THE COMMUNITY SHOULD BE The community must realize that it must create the necessary social agencies to care for its handicapped if it expects to deal with such a problem in an intelligent and humane manner and to redeem such of its handicapped as it is possible to redeem so as to enable them to become self-supporting and self-respecting members of the community. The community has so far created and supported agencies for the care of the Jewish deaf-mutes. It should bear in mind that although deaf-mutes do not procreate there is a steady increase in the Jewish deaf-mute population of Greater New York and it should therefore support with greater generosity the Association for the Improved Instruction of Deaf-Mutes and the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf. The Community should assist the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf to create a department for the care of the hard of hearing. Through the Federation for the Support of Philanthropic Societies it is now possible for the com ity to refuse to support more than one institution engaged in the same work. There is no room for duplication. Duplication at best pauperizes those whom it aims to help. The community ought to support with great generosity one of the existing agencies for the Jewish blind to care for the Jewish blind in an adequate manner. What 1094 COMMUNAL REGISTER is needed at the outset is a social center, centrally located and easy of access. A bureau of vocational guidance to guide parents of blind children in shaping the future of their children both as to education and training, thus doing away with the present situation of making a basket-weaver of every blind person; also to guide and advise those, who become blind after maturity in re-adjusting themselves and in choosing a new vocation. This must be done in an individual way. The blind have their likes and dislikes, and their aptitudes should be considered.. Many blind persons would become useful members of society if properly guided by such a bureau. Such an agency should not engage in relief or social service work. The U. H. C. exists for just this purpose. These are communal problenms and should be looked at from a communal viewpoint, and dealt with properly and intelligently, as behooves a great Jewish Community. *. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1095 LIST OF INSTITUTIONS FOR DEFECTIVES Association for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes, 904-922 Lexington Ave. Pres., Felix H. Levy, 128 Broadway. Sec'y., Samuel M. Newburger, 100 l'way. Princ., Harris Taylor, 904 Lexington Ave. Established 1864. Inc. 1869. Budget for 1917, $103,773. Constituent member of Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies. Oldest oral, and the only Jewish School for the deaf in America. PURPOSE: "To provide an education for deaf children by the oral method; to teach each child a trade so that he may b e c o m e self-supporting." ACTIVITIES: 1. Academic. 2. Trade School. (a) BoysCarpentry, cabinet-making, tailoring, sign-painting and mechanical dr awing. (b) Girls-Dress-making, millinery, cooking, domestic sciences and embroidery. Levy, Felix H., Pres. Association for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes, (904 Lexington Ave.); since 1911. Term 1 year. Born 1869 in Texas. Received B. A. and L. L. B. at University of Virginia. Lawyer, 128 B'way. Res.: 57 W. 88th St. Crippled Children's Driving Fund, 1526 E. 15th St., B'klyn. Pres., Joseph G. Dreyfus, 24 Broad St. Sec., Walter E. Sachs, 69 Wall St. Incorporated 1904. Organization owns stages. Budget for 1917, $6,000. Constituent member of Federation for the support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies. PURPOSE: "To furnish stage drives gratuitously to needy cripples aW convalescent children from April to October." Dreyfus, Joseph G., Pres. Crippled Childrens' Driving Fund, (1526 E. 15th St. B'klyn); since 1913. Term 1 year. Born 1874 in Switzerland. Came to U. S. 1885. Attended Columbia University. Broker, 24 Broad St. Res.: 304 W. 85th St. The Crippled Children's East Side Free School, 157 Henry St. Pres., Mrs. Arthur Lehman, 31 W. 66th St. Sec'y, Mrs. Albert Seligman, 80 Park Ave. Sup't, Miss Elinor Franklin, 157 Henry St. Established 1901. Incorporated 1907. Constituent member of Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies. Budget for 1917, $27,434. Attendance, 210. PURPOSE: ",To provide an education for crippled children who, because of their infirmities, cannot attend the regular school; to improve their physical condition; to train them to become self-supporting and to provide them with work." 1096 COMMUNAL REGISTER ACTIVITIES: 1, Playground. 2, Public School (under civic auspices). 3, Manual Training. '4, Workroom for adult cripples. Needle-work and paper-box making to order. 5, Summer home at Oakhurst, N. J. 6, Transportation to school. 7, House medical service. Hebrew Association for the Blind, 261 N]B'way. Pres., Benjamin Berinstein, 261 B'way. Sec'y., Catherine Cohen, 809 Freeman St. Est. 1914. Membership, about 150. PURPOSE: "To prevent blindness and in every way possible to improve the conditions of the Jewish Blind.' To publish and circulate Hebrew and Yiddish literature for the blind. Berinstein, Benjamin, Pres. Hebrew Ass'n for the Blind (261 B'way), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1887 in N. Y. Received college education. Lawyer: 261 B'way. Res.: 106 W. 115th St. N. Y. Guild for the Jewish Blind, 736 West End Ave. Pres., Ephraim B. Levy, 33 West 42nd St. Sec'y, Abraham Arndt, 106 Fulton St. Chairman, of Exec. Corn. Mrs. Joshua Piza, 736 West End Ave. Established 1914. Incorporated 1916. Membership 700. Budget for 1917, $9,150. PURPOSE: To care for the Jewish Blind. ACTIVITIES: 1, Conservation of vision; under care-of competent oculists. Direct treatment and preventive work by public dissemination of advice on the care of the eyes. 2, EducationClasses in religion and ethics for blind children; Vocational Training; Home Training for Children ineligible for attendance at the school; Citizenship classes for adults. 3, Conveyance to school, lunch counter. 4, Recreation-Summer Vacation, Outings; Guides for Walks; Reading aloud; monthly concerts; Holiday and birthday treats. 5, Social Service-Bureaus: Employment; Loans; Advice; Health: Medical and dental service; Nursing service; Improvement of family standards; Clearing house: Blind placed in schools, institutions and hospitals; Scholarships; Care for individual blind at the home by paid agent and volunteer Friendly Visitors. Levy, Ephraim B., Pres. New York Guild for the Jewish Blind (736 West End Ave.), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born in N. Y. Received college education. Real Estate: 33 W'. 42nd St. Res.: 2 W. 72nd St. Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf, 40 W. 115th St. Pres., Abraham Erlanger. 350 B'way. Sec'y, Norman M. Cohen, 694 A'way. Established and incorporated 1910. Budget, about $17,000. Membership 300. PURPOSE: "To furnish Industrial edu PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1097 cation and secure work for the unemployed Jewish deaf-mutes of N. Y., to promote their social and intellectual welfare and to provide them with religious instruction and opportunities for worship." ACTIVITIES: Employment Bureau, Bureau for advice and information. Personal service work. Eve ning classes. Lectures and motion pictures, clubs. Issues monthly "Jewish Deaf." Erlanger, Abraham, Pres. Soc. for Welfare of Jewish Deaf (40 W. 115th St.), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1855 in U. S. Received common school education. Merchant: 350 B'way. Res.: 48 W. 54th St. I I rI II IIj r0 0 THE EVENING CLASS FOR IMMIGRANT HEBREW DEAF, CONDUCTED BY THE co SOCIETY FOR THE WEBLFARE OF THE JEWISH DEAF, 40 West 115th Street -cI POSTER-MOUNTING SHOP, CONDUCTED BY THE LABOR DEPARTMENT OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE WELFARE OF THE JEWISH DEAF 0_ Q O- -,aCCQ a b-~ SISTERHOOD OF THE HEBREW DEAF-SUNDAY MORNING SEWING CIRCLE, CO THE SOCIETY FOR THE WELFARE OF THE JEWISH DEAF 4Q THE MEMBERS OF THE BROWNSVILLE ASSOCIATION OF THE HEBREW DEAF, & AT THEIR SOCIAL MEETING. THE SOCIETY FOR THE WELFARE OF THE JEWISH DEAF 10 - c ii 11 c;,.. . ". I I! I 1. 11; f I I, THE HEBREW CONGREGATION OF THE DEAF AT FRIDAY EVENING SERVICES, THE SOCIETY FOR THE WELFARE OF THE JEWISH DEAF * "'R ot 1. - I,.44, a -10 91. t. %k - 2.. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES not0 HOMES FOR THE AGED By ALBERT KRUGER Supt. of Home of the Daughters of Jacob The fourth commandment has always been held in the highest veneration by Jews of all ages and climes. It is not surprising to find, therefore, that in the number and size of its institutions for the care of the aged poor, New York Jewry has far surpassed its Gentile neighbors. The first of these Homes for the aged (in point of time) was the Home for the Aged and Infirm of New York, established in 1870, and whose magnificent buildings at 105th Street and Columbus Avenue house some 350 inmates of both sexes. For over thirty-seven years this institution proved adequate to meet the demands of the ever increasing body of the New York Jewish Community. As immigration increased, however, and the East Side became more and more congested, it was felt that local needs were sufficiently urgent to permit of the establishment of another Home, and accordingly the Home of the Daughters of Jacob was organized in 1897, of which Mrs. A. J. Dworsky has been President since its foundation and of which the writer of this article has been Superintendent since June, 1900. In its first Home at 40 Gouverneur Street, it provided accommodations for only thirty-two old people, but in its present location at 301 -302-303 East Broadway its spacious wards house 204. Plans for the new Home, now in course of construction at Findlay and Teller Avenues and 167th Street, Bronx, 1110 COMMUNAL REGISTER provide for the accommodation of one thousand inmates. Already 1,200 applications have been filed at the Home by persons waiting to be admitted. As the stream of immigration continued to pour its thousands into the outlying sections of New York, still other and more localized Homes, were founded. Among them were the Brooklyn Hebrew Home for Aged at Dumont and Howard Avenues in the East New York section, established in 1907; the Harlem Home of the Daughters of Israel, 32 East 119th Street, organized in 1907; the Home of the Sons and Daughters of Israel, at 230-232 East 10th Street, which had its inception in 1909; the Jewish Home for the Aged and Infirm, situated at Mt. Vernon, established 1912; and the Hebrew Home for the Aged and Hebrew Sheltering Society of 108 East 105th Street, founded in 1915. As has been pointed out, the reason for this apparent duplication of Homes for the Aged in various sections of the greater City has been the feeling of each local community that its own Home should provide for the aged of its own neighborhood. The natural consequence of this somewhat too far-reaching localization has been an increased difficulty in the raising of funds, because of so many mutually conflicting appeals. Aggravated as the situation is by the critical condition of Jewry abroad, which calls for the immediate enlistment of every ounce of energy and every dollar of money, it must be admitted that all local institutions alike must retrench to meet the changing conditions. A not unimportant factor, too, is the high cost of living, which has PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES -- 1111 materially reduced the normal yield of every dollar of the hardwon income. The end of the War will, no doubt, bring such farreaching changes in its path, that the problem of the Homes for the Aged will no longer be a purely private concern, but will become a public matter of the first importance, through the introduction of old age pensions, and other social legislation. 1112 COMMUNAL REGISTER List of Homes for the Aged HOME OF THE DAUGHTERS OF JACOB, 301-303 East Broadway. (Est. 1897, Inc. 1897) is a permanent shelter for poor and aged men and women, ranging in age from 60 years to 108 years. The Home houses at the present time 200 inmates, of whom 115 are men, and 89 women. 58 of the total number are patients in the hospital wards of the Home, some suffering from acute illnesses, the majority being chronic invalids. A special ward of ten rooms is set aside for the accommodation of married couples. The sources of income of the Institution are the annual fees of 3000 members, voluntary contributions, and the proceeds of an annual ball. To insure the financial stability of the Home, the "Daily Supporting System" was inaugurated in 1914, for the purpose of obtaining the support of 365 subscribers, each of whom would donate every year, the sum of $115, to cover the cost of maintenance of the Home for one day. The expenses of maintenance for the year 1916, were $50,760.27. The daily per capita cost is 56c. To meet the increased demands made upon the Home, the organization has begun the building of a modern home for the aged, at 167th St., between Findlay and Teller Avenues, Bronx. This Home when completed, will house about 1000 inmates. The officers are:-President, Mrs. A. J. Dworsky, 53 E. 93rd St.; Secretary, William G. Wulfarth, M.D., 97 E. 116th St.; Superintendent, Albert Kruger, 301 E. Broadway. Dworsky, Bertha, Pres. Home of Daughters of Jacob (301 E. B'way), since 1896. Term 1 year. Born 1866 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1884. Received public school education. Res. 53 E. 93rd St. THE HOME FOR AGED AND INFIRM HEBREWS OF NEW YORK, 121 W. 105th St., between Columbus and Amsterdam Aves. (Estab. 1870, Incorp. 1872). One of the characteristic forms in which the traditional respect for age has found expression among the Jews is the establishment and maintenance of homes where aged and decrepit men and women can live out the last years of their lives in peace and comparative comfort. The Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews was established almost fifty years ago by charitably inclined Jews of New York City for the purpose of giving shelter to unfortunate old men and women over sixty years' of age, who because of untoward circum-, PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1118 stances were robbed of their own homes. Here the best surgical and medical care is provided for the inmates; the monotony of their lonely life is enlivened by entertainments, concerts, dramatic recitals furnished by talented friends of the institution. Regular synagogue services are also conducted. Exercise out of doors, whenever the condition of the aged person, and the weather permit, is practiced and encouraged. The Institution accommodates 350 persons. Special wards are set aside for aged couples. The Society is a constituent member of the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York City. The budget for 1917 was $82,664.00, of which the Federation provided $72,699.00. The officers are:-President, Julius Ballin; Secretary, Arthur J. Cohn; Treasurer, Sol Friedman; Superintendent, Morris Pollatchek, 121 W. 105th St. Ballin, Julius, Pres. The Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews of N. Y. (105th & 106th Sts. West of Columbus Ave.), since 1904. Born in Germany. Came to U. S. 1862. Office 111 6th Ave. Res. 73 E. 91st St. B'nal B'rith Home for the Aged and Inflrm, Yonkers, N. Y. New York office: 2307 Broadway. Founded in 1882. Pres., Myron Sulzberg. Vicepres., Dr. J. L. Blumenthal. Sec'y, Dr. Bernard M. Kaplan. Treas., M. Minzesheimer. Capacity: 100. Number of inmates: 52. Budget for 1917:.$19,817.34. Maintained for the benefit of the members of the Independent Order B'nai B'rith. The Brooklyn Hebrew Home for the Aged, Dumont and Howard Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Mrs. Charles Rosenthal, Dumont and Howard Aves., B'klyn. Established and incorporated 1907. PURPOSE: "To shelter, maintaih and care for the Hebrew indi gent aged of Brooklyn and to administer to them in accordance with their physical, religious and spiritual needs." Harlem Home of the Daughters of Israel, 32-34 E. 119th St. Pres., Mrs. Dora Mulgood 100 W. 141st St. Sec'y, Helen Kaletzky, 133 Lenox Ave. Mgr., Barnet Attle. Established 1907. Number of inmates 68. PURPOSE: "To care for the homeless aged." Mulgood, Dora, Pres. Harlem Home, Daughters of Israel (32 E. 119th St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1853 in Russia: Came to U. S. 1867. Received public school education. Res.: 100 W. 141st St. 1114 COMMUNAL REGISTER Hebrew Home for the Aged and Hebrew Sheltering Soc., 108 E. 105th St. Pres., Wolf Epner, 2240 Second Ave. Sec'y, Isaac Segal, 63 E. 106th St. Established and incorporated 1915. PURPOSE: "To provide a home for the aged; to provide meals and lodging for several nights for wayfarers. Epner, W., Pres. Hebrew Home for Aged and Hebrew Sheltering Society (108 E. 105tfi St.), since 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1865 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1893. Received general Jewish education. Clothing, 2240 2nd Ave. Res.: 15 E. 108th St. Home of the Sons and Daughters of Israel, 232 E. 10th St. Pres., Judge Aaron J. Levy, 307 E. B'way. Sec'y and Sup't, Jacob Pompan, 225 E. 10th St. Established 1909. Incorporated 1912. Membership 3,000. Supported by voluntary contributions. Has 60 Inmates. PURPOSE: "To cheer and brighten the remainipg years of aged and indigent co-religionists." Levy, Aaron J., Pres. Home of the Sons and Daughters of Israel (230 E. 10th St.), since 1915. Term 1 'year. Born 1881 in N. Y. Graduated New York University. Justice, Municipal Court of City of New York; 264 Madison St. Res.: 307 E. B'way. Jewish Home for Aged and Infirm, 44 7th St. Pres., Dr. P. A. Siegelstein, 220 E. 12th St. Sec'y, Dr. Joseph E. Braunstein, 44 7th St. Honorary Sup't, Aaron Hinder, 107 W. 4th St., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Established and incorporated 1912. Membership 800. PURPOSE: "To aid and assist in housing and sheltering aged and infirm Hebrews of both sexes." Siegelstein, Dr. P. A., Pres. Jewish Home for Aged and Infirm (44 E. 7th St.), since 1912. Term 1 year. Born 1870 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1886. Received academic and medical education. Physician. Res.: 220 E. 12th St. 1115 A. ~ ~ ~ -~ .~~.~ i........ BUILDING OF HOME OF THE DAUGHTERS OF JACOB 301 East Broadway OLD MEN IN THE SYNAGOGUE STUDYING BETWEEN MINCAH AND MAARIV, HOME OF THE DAUGHTERS OF JACOB -*k *ta'. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES, 1119 PROFESSIONAL WORKERS IN PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES Abrams, Rebecca, 911 Fox St. After care work. Lebanon Hospital. Alexander, Isabel, 373 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Head Supervisor of Girls, Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Amateau, Albert J., 40 West 115th St. Rabbi and Executive Director, Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf. Asofsky, Isaac L., 33 Pike St. Chief Clerk, Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society. Avnet, Theresa S., 67 E. 95th St. Nurse, Committee Care of Jewish Tuberculous. Bach, Mrs. L., 556 W. 160th St. Lebanon Hospital. Barnett, Ray, 80 Maiden Lane. Stenographer and C o r r e - spondent, Baron de Hirsch Fund. Barnett, Mrs. A., 67 W. 10th St. Court Worker, Sisterh o o d Spanish Portuguese Synagogue. Bashein, Jacob, 470 W. 145th St. Boarding Out Department, H e b r e w Sheltering Guardian Society. Bass, Fanny, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Bauer, J., 24 E. 99th St. Social Service Worker, Mt. Sinai Hospital. Belikoff, May, 92 Jefferson St., B'klyn. Nurse, Committee for the Care of Jewish Tuberculous. Benery, Mrs. A., 732 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. United Jewish Aid Society. Bergman, Eva, 1226 Prospect Ave. Visitor, United Hebrew Charities. Berman, Bella, 2828 W. 22nd St., B'klyn. Field Worker, Committee for the Care of the Jewish Tuberculous. Bernstein, L. B., Sup't Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, Pleasantville, N. T. Best, Harry, University Settlement, Eldridge and Rivington Sts. Teacher of Evening Class, Society of the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf. Bettman, Blanche S., 566 2nd Ave. Secretary Executive Directo r, United Hebrew Charities. 1120 COMMUNAL BRGISTER Bielefeld,,, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 6th Ave. and 100th St. Block, Rema C., 14 Morningside Ave. Secretary, Free Synagogue, Social Service Dep't. Blumenthal, Ida, 373 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Head Supervisor of Girls, Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Boorum, Mrs. M. M., 122 W. 94th St. Head worker, Social Service Dep't, Mt. Sinai Hospital. Brannhut, Florence, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Bresler, Rose, 833 E. 167th St. Investigator, U n i t e d Hebrew Charities. Buekbinder, Mary, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother. Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Btarg, Fanny, 165 E. 110th St. Librarian. Emanuel Sisterhood. Burre, Fanny, BelleVue Hospital. Medical Social Worker, Free Synagogue. C a n t e r, saa, Pleasantville, N. Y. Principal Girls' Technical School, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Care, Alexander, Pleasantville, N. Y. Leader, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Carton, Roma Fried, 818 E. 82nd St. Head Worker, Emanuel Sisterhood. Caumana, Kate, 31 W. 110th St. Admitting Clerk, Mt. Sinai Hospital. Clair, M., 390 Clinton St., B'klyn. Brightside Day Nursery. Cobin, Eva. Supervisor of Girls, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Cohen, Eva, Pleasantville, N. Y. Music Teacher, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Cohen, Louli A., 81 Northern Ave. Teacher of Religious Class (Deaf), Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf. Collins, Mary M., Randall's Island. Welfare, New York Council of Jewish Women. Concors, Arthur, 229 B. B'way, Superintendent, H e b r e w Sheltering and Immigrant Society. Crystal, Hannah. Social Service Worker, Mt. Sinai Hospital. Dalnoff, Bella, 240 E. 105th St. Nurse, United Hebrew Charities. PHlLANTHROPIO AOENCIfl 1121 Daub, William, Sup't Lebanon Hospital, Westchester and Cauldwell Aves. Davis, Sara, 1118 Forest Ave. Investigator, United Hebrew Charities. Downs, I., Mt. Sinai Hospital, 5th Ave. and 100th St. Mt. Sinai Hospital. Ehinger, Mary, Pleasantville, N. Y. Teacher, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Eichenbaum, Nettle, Matron, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Eisenberg, Kate, 1048 Falle St. Cottage Mother, H e b r e w Sheltering Guardian Society. Epstein, Madeline, 180 Edgecomb Ave. Nurse, Emanuel Sisterhood. Fain, Jacob It, 229 E. B'way. General Manager, Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society. Falk, Fanny, 89 Cannon St. Assistant Kindergarten, Brightside Day Nursery. Finegold, R., 318 E. 82nd St. Sec'y to Head Worker, Emanuel Sisterhood. Felnman, Solomon, 62 Saint Marks P1. Sup't Hebrew National Orphan House. Finkelstone, Libble, 414 East 87th St. Information Clerk, United Hebrew Charities. Frank, Elizabeth, 856 Second A ve. Registrar, Solomon and Betty Loeb Home. Frank, Leah H., 2147 Washington Ave., clo Reis. Application Bureau, U n i t e d Hebrew Charities. Frank, Louis J., 70 Jefferson St. Superintendent, Beth Israel. Frankel, Fanny, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Friedlander, John, Pleasantville, N. Y. Head of Religious Dep't, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Friedlander, Rachel, 1560 Amsterdam Ave. After Care Worker, H e b r e w Orphan Asylum. Germaneck, A, 870 B ston Ave., Bridgeport, Conn. Trained Baby Nurse, Brightside Dayside (ursey. Giblan, Rose, 36 W. 68th St. Child Adoption Committee, Social Worker. Ginsberg, Paulthe, 1527 Morris Ave. Investigator, United Hebrew Charities. Glrxdianaky, William, Supervisor of Children, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. 1122 COMMUNAL REGISTER Gitnik, P. L., Adult Cardiac Worker, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 5th Ave. and 100th St. Glicksman, Esther, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering and Guardian Society. Glucksman, Harry L., Assista n t Executive Director, Jewish Board for Welfare Work in the U. S. Army and Navy, 19 W. 44th St. Gold, Beasie, 341 E. 3d St. United Hebiew Charities. Goldberg, Ida S, 36 W. 68th St. Mental Hygiene Worker, Free Synagogue. Goldberg, S, 318 E. 82nd St. Office Secretary, Emanuel Sisterhood. Goldenberg, George, Hebrew National Orphan Home. Supervisor, Hebrew National Orphan Home. Goldfarb, Mrs. Mamie, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Goldgar, Rachel, 132 E. 45th St. Social Service, Beth Israel Hospital. Goldrich, Leon W., Field Secretary, Jewish Board for Welfare Work in the U. S. Army and Navy, 19 W. 44th St. Goldstein, Sidney E., 600 W. 183d St. Director Social Service Dep't, Free Synagogue. Goldwasser, I. E., 220 W. 98th St. Executive Director, Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York City. Goldwater, S. S., 2 E. 100th St. Sup't, Mt. Sinai Hospital. Goodman, Lillian, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Goodman, M. D., Gun Hill Rd., near Jerome Ave. Superintendent, Monteflore Home. Goodman, Nathan, 356 Second Ave. Attorney and Investigator, National Desertion Bureau. Greissinger, Betty, 225 E. 63d St. Matron, Clara De Hirsch Home. Guardian, Dora, 240 E. 105th St. Investigator, Unit e d Hebrew Charities. Hagan, F. Social Worker, Beth Israel Hospital. Halpern, George E., Pleasantville, N. Y. Assistant Superintendent, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Halpern, Mr. M., 561 W. 147th St. Self-Support S u p e r - visor, United Hebrew Charities. CORRECTIONAL AGENCIES 1123 Heller, Irma H., 225 E. 63d St. Assistant Supt., Clara De Hirsch School. Hellerman, Mary, 138th St. and Amsterdam Ave. Investigator in After-c ar e Work, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Henoch, Henry, 833 Elton Ave. Collector, United Hebrew Charities. ' Hentel, Celia, 356 2nd Ave. Office Secretary. Committee for the Care of the Jewish Tuberculous. Hillman, Edith, 472 Hancock St., B'klyn. Head, Recreation Department, Hebrew Educational Society of B'klyn. Himmelstein, Min n ie, 1411 Grand Concourse. After Care Worker, Hebrew O r p h a n Asylum. Hindes, Mrs. Rose, 401 Quincy St., B'klyn. Nurse, Committee for the Care of the Jewish Tuberculous. Hlrsch, William, Ardsley, N. Y. Jewish Board for Welfare Work. Hirschfleld, Bessie, 373 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Head Supervisor of the Girls, B'klyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Hirsdansky, F a n n i e. Head Governess, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Hochhauser, Edward, 356 2nd Ave. Executive Sec'y, Committee for the Care of the Jewish Tuberculous. Hoffman, Ida, 132 E. 45th St. Supt. Social Service Department, Beth Israel Hospital. Hoffman, Rebecca, 373 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Governess. Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Horn, B., 1361 Madison Ave. Dental Surgeon, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Horowitz, Mrs. Pauline, 494 E. 141st St. Nurse. Committee for the Care of the Jewish Tuberculous. Hurwitz, Maximilian, 40 W. 115th St. Asst. Manager, Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf. Hyklns, Mrs. Rebecca, 566 B e c k S t. Investigator. United Hebrew Charities. Hyman, Zelda, 180 St. Nicholas Ave. Investigator. United Hebrew Charities. Jacobs, Stella, Social Worker. Beth Israel Hospital. Jacoby, Aaron L., 373 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Assistant Superintendent, Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Joffe, Isabelle, 356 Second Ave. Investigator, U n I t e d Hebrew Charities. 1124. COMMUNAL REGISTER Joffe, L u b a,. Supervisor of Girls, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Joffee, Robert, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Supervisor, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Jarwets, Rae, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother. Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Jessurun, Mrs. M. S., 4'47 High St., Newark, N. J. Investigator, United Hebrew Charities. Johnson, Helga, 825 Eagle Ave. Medical Social Worker, Lebanon Hospital. Jung, Mary, 89 Cannon St. Assistant and Trained Baby Nurse, Brightside Day Nursery. Kagen, F., Beth Israel Hospital. Social Worker, Beth Israel Hospital. Kahn, Louis, J., 229 E. B'way. Ellis Island Representative, Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society. Kaiser, Mrs. Yetta S., Ellis Island. Investigator, New York Council of Jewish Women. Kamlnetsky, Anna, 115 E. 101st St. District Supervisor, Amelia Relief Society and Ceres Sewing Circle. Kantor, Rose, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother. Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Kappler, Louise, 86 W. 68th St. Mental Hygiene Nurse, Free Synagogue. Karp, Augusta, 138th St. & Amsterdam Ave. Governess, Brooklyn Orphan Asylum. Katzman, Anna C., 10 W. 117th Street, District Supervisor, United Hebrew Charities. Ka u f man, Mrs. Deborah, Blackwell's Island. Welfare, New York Council of Jewish Women. Klombers, Rose, Gun Hill Rd. and Bainbridge Ave. Monteflore Home. Knopf, Eva, 356 Second Ave. Investigator, U n i t e d Hebrew Charities. Kohn, Samuel, 886 St. Nicholas Ave. Teacher of Evening Classes (Deaf), Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf. Kotinsky, R., Beth Israel Hospital. Social Worker, Beth Israel Hospital. Kramer, Jennie. Governess, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Lamiran, Celia, 373 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Governess, Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1125 Landsman, B., 5th Ave. and 100th St.. Mt. Sinai Hospital. Landy, Ray, Gun Hill Rd. and Bainbridge Ave. Monteflore Home. Lederer, Bessie, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Levy, Mrs. J., 140 E. 83d St. Neighborhood Worker, Sister Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue. Levy, Tess R., 225 E. 63d St. 2nd Asst. Superintendent, Clara De Hirsch Home. Lind, A., Lebanon Hospital. Masseuse, Free Synagogue. Lipkowitz, C a r a, Pleasantville, N. Y. Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Lipman, Herman, 373 Ralph Ave., Br o o klyn, Governor, Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Lipschitz, I., Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Supervisor, Boarding Dep't, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Lipsteln, Mrs. Bertha, 429 W. 124th St. Investigator, United Hebrew Charities. Lobel, Mrs. Amelia, 190 Bow, ery. Superintendent, Widowed Mothers' Fund. Long, Jean, Lebanon Hospital. Medical Social Worker, Free Synagogue. Low, Elizabeth, 878 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. G o v e r es. B'klyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Lowenstein, Harriet B., 52 William St. Federation of Philanthropic Societies. Lowenstein, Solomon, Amsterdam Ave. and 138th St. Superintendent, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Lubltz, Bertha, Pleasantville, N. Y. Teacher, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Lyon, Dolly, 660 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. Supervisor District Relief Work, United Hebrew Charities. McCleary, A., 5th Ave. and 100th St. Mt. Sinai Hospital. Malits, Joseph, 229 E. B'way.. Distribution Sec'y. Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society. Manheim, Viola, 88 St. Nicholas P1. Voc. Guidance Investigator, United Hebrew Charities. Margolles, H., 732 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. United Jewish Aid Society. Meyerowitz, Hannah. Governess, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. 1126 COMMUNAL REGISTER Mikels, R. M., 5th Ave. and 100th St. Mt. Sinai Hospital. Michelson, Sara, 664 E. 166th St. Visitor, United Hebrew Charities. Moroney, Delia, 125 Centre Ave., New Rochelle. Child Adoption Comm., Free Synagogue. Moses, H., 5th Ave. and 100th St. Mt. Sinai Hospital. Mundree, Louis, 373 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Governor, Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Muneo, Mrs. M., 5th Ave. and 100th St. Mt. Sinai Hospital. Murphy, M., 5th Ave. and 100th St. Mt. Sinai Hospital. Nabel, Sadie, 313 Wyona St., B'klyn. United Jewish Aid Societies. Nadelstein, Celia, 89 Cannon St. A s st. Kindergartner, Brightside Day Nursery. Nassauer, S., 57 E. 86th St. Superintendent, Bethel Sisterhood. Netter, Bertha C., 1867 Morris Ave. Kindergartner, Emanuel Brotherhood. Niedelman, Edna C., Office Secretary, Jewish Board for Welfare Work in the U. S.' Army and Navy, 19 W. 44th St. Nudel, Moe, 353 E. 49th St. Club Director, Beth-El Sisterhood. Nykerk, Esther, 1163 Vyse Ave. Relief Clerk, Emanuel Sisterhood. Oppenheimer, M. Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Investigator in After-care Work, Hebrew Orphan Asyluml Oseroff, Abraham, 48 W. 54th St. Executive Director, United Hebrew Charities of the City of New York. Pakchar, Julia, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Palier, Mrs. Anne M., 242 E. Broadway. H e a d Worker, New York Section, Council of Jewish Women, 71 St. Marks PI., N. Y. Palitz, Bernard A., General Agent, Baron de Hirsch Fund, 80 Maiden Lane. Palzer, Nathaniel, 71 W. 116th St. Supervisor, United Hebrew Charities. Portugaloff, E t elle, 1342 Franklin Ave. Lebanon Hospital. Medical S oci al Worker, Free Synagogue. Pos, Nora, 226 E. 63d St. Nurse, Clara De Hirsch. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1127 Pre ser, Edith, New York Council of Jewish Women. Blackwells Island. Press, Mrs. Esther, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Rabinoff, Clara, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. o Rabinovitch, Samuel, 14'42 Union St. Brooklyn Manager United Jewish Aid Society. Rachel, Mrs. Elise, 89 Cannon St. Superintendent, Brightside Day Nursery. Reubenstone, Helen D., 501 W. 170th St. Visitor, United Hebrew Charities. Rubinstein, Reuben R., Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Supervisor of Boys, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Robbins, Florence, Pleasantvllle, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Rokaw, Dora, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother. Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. R o s e, Hattie, Pleasatrtville, N. Y. Senior Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Rosenberg, Essmile, 839 Kelly St. Executive Clerk, Widowed Mothers' Fund. Rosenberg, Ida, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Governess, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Rosenstein, Rebecca, 904 Lexington Ave. Teacher of Evening Class, Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf. Rosovsky, Rebecca, Children's Cardiac Clinic, Mount Sinai Hospital, 5th Ave. and 100th St. Mount Sinai Hospital. Sapirstein, Sara, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Schrank, Henrietta. Governess, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Schonberg, Joseph B. 91 2nd Ave. Law Clerk and Investigator, National Desertion Bureau. Schulman, Evelyn L., 117 S. 9th St., Brooklyn. Nurse, United Hebrew Charities. Schur, Solomon H., 2118 Bryant Ave. Investigator, United Hebrew Charities. Schweitzer, David J., 82 W. 115th St. Head Worker, Fellowship House. Seadler, Miriam, 225 W. 110th St. Lebanon Hospital. 1128 COMMUNAL REGISTER Seebaeher, S. R., 16 Fort Washington Ave. District Supervisor, United Hebrew Charities. Seed, A., Lebanon Hospital. Masseuse, Free Synagogue. S e i g e l, Celia, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Senger, Mrs. Hattie, 418 E. 50th St. Superintendent Settlement House, New York Council of Jewish Women. S h a r I tt, Michael, Pleasantville, N. Y. Principal, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Sheinberg, Sara, Pleasantville, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Shodaky, Sadie, 820 Eastern Parkway. United Jewish Aid Society. Shomer, Rose, 120 W, 129th St..Relief Worker, Deborah Benevolent Soc. (Sisterhood) and United Hebrew Charities. Solender, Samuel S., Pleasantville, N. Y. Principal Technical Schools, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Solomon, Henrietta, Randall'. Island. New York Council of JeWish Women. Sommerfeld, Rose, 225 E. 63d St. Superintendent, Clara De Hirsch Home. Steer, H. B., 8 Vernon Ave., Brooklyn. Manager Educational Dep't, Hebrew Sheltering and -Immigrant Aid Society. Stern, Clara, 62 E. 89th St. Business Investigator, United Hebrew Charities. Sternberg, Ernestine, 19 W. 112th St. Workroom Director. Emanuel Sisterhood. Sternfels, Mras R. N., Ellis Island, N. Y. Investigator, New York Council of Jewish Women. Spratling, L., Mount S n a Hospital, 6th Ave. and 100th St. Mount Sinai Hospital. Teller, Chester J., Executive Director, Jewish Board for Welfare Work in the U. S. Army and Navy, 19 W. '44th St. Theuman, Mrs. Ettle M., Beach 111th St., Rockaway Park, L I. Sanitarium for Hebrew Children. Tokaji, Adrian, 4219 12th Ave., Brooklyn. Chief Clerk, Brooklyn H e b r-e w Orphan Asylum. Well, Addle, Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Head of Aftercare Department, H e b r e w Orphan Asylum. PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES 1129 Weias, Mrs. Celia, Blackwell's Island. Welfare, New York Council of Jewish Women. Weissman, Anna, 85 Amboy St., Brooklyn. Investigator, United Hebrew Charities. Williams, Mrs. Ida, 618 W. 136th St. I n v e s t ga t o r, United Hebrew Charities. Wolf, Mrs. D. B., 227 E. 72nd St. Chief Supervisor, United Hebrew Charities. Woltsohn, Rose, 250 Windsor Place, Brooklyn. Visitor, Widowed Mothers' Fund. Zachariah, K., Mount Sinai Hospital, 6th Ave. and 100th St. Mount Sinai Hospital. Zalinger, Rose, 89 Cannon St. Nurse, Brightside Day Nursery. Zinsher, Frances S., 63 St. M a r k s PI. Investigator, United Hebrew Charities. Zabinsko, Betty, 1605 45th St. After-care Worker, Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Znnser, Charles, 5711 14th Ave., Borough Park. Acting Secretary and Counsel, National Desertion Bureau. Correctional Agencies I CORRECTIONAL AGENCIES 1138 THE PROBLEM OF DELINQUENCY IN THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF NEW YORK CITY By ALEXANDER H. KAMINSKY, Managing Director, The Jewish Big Brothes Association The general problem of delinquency did not engage the attention of the public consciousness until rather late in the development of this country. All the energies of the new land were centered upon the rapid upbuilding of the industries, and at the beginning but very little time was given to the consideration of correctional work. An additional element in retarding the development of thought along Jewish correctional lines was the inability of the Jewish community to grasp fully the grave significance of the problem of delinquency in the new environment. Not so very long ago a statement was made in one of our criminal Courts by a Judge of renowned fairness and vision, that he would inflict heavier punishment upon a Jewish offender by reason of the fact that Jews were known as people exceptionally free from the taint of criminality. Unfortunately, the great influx of immigration, the economic conditions under which the immigrants lived, the estrangement between parent and child caused by new circumstances and influences, as well as the fixed ideas of the parents that could not adapt themselves to the aspirations of the younger generation, worked toward the creation of a condition which deprived the growing Jewish child of the advice and guidance so necessary for him. The boy or girl thrown into the new 1134 COMMUNAL REGISTER environment in the streets of the crowded districts without proper direction assimilated the sordid and base traits, and lacking parental guidance often fell victim to the vicious influences. The economic conditions which forced the youngster into industry, have arso contributed largely to the false spirit of independence, which was an additional element in the breaking up of the family circle. The Jewish child, having lost the benefit of proper home influences, had little or nothing to replace them. The Jewish community, as a whole, woke up to the situation entirely too late. It took notice of the conditions only when a substantial increase in crime among the younger members of our race forced attention to it. The entire problem logically divides itself into four groups, viz: (1) Prevention; (2) Probation; (3) Ministration to the Inmates of Prisons, and (4) After-care or Parole work. Jewish Correctional Work was not planned as a whole. Small beginnings in its various phases were made from time to time. Only recently an attempt has been made to coordinate and develop the work as a unit. Thus we find that the Rabbis having congregations near State Prisons from time to time volunteered their services in ministering to the wants of Jewish inmates. After a considerable period of service as volunteers they were in some instances placed upon the payrolls of our State Prison Department as religious instructors. This was followed by the formation of the Society for the Aid of Jewish Prisoners, which endeavored to coordinate the work of the chaplains, and in a small way, CORRECTIONAL AGENCIES 1135 to make a beginning in after-care work. Some years ago a number of the Judges of the Court of General Sessions called the attention of prominent Jews in our community to the need of investigators and probation officers for offenders of our race. About that time a movement, which culminated in the formation of the Jewish Protectory Society whose object was to build a Reformatory Institution for Jewish boys under sixteen, was inaugurated. Finally, as many of the leaders of the Jewish Protectory Movement were also identified with the Jewish Prisoners' Aid Society, it was deemed advisable to co-ordinate the work, and finally, a little more than a decade ago, the Jewish Prisoners' Aid Society and the Jewish Protectory and Aid Society were merged by special Act of Legislature into the Jewish Protectory and Aid Society, which was chartered by the State to deal in a comprehensive way with the entire problem of Jewish delinquency. At the -present time this Society has two major fields of activity: Hawthorne School at Hawthorne, New York, a reformatory institution for boys under sixteen, and its department of outside activities which deals with probation in the Courts of General Sessions; and Parole-Work and After-Care of Prisoners from our Penal Institutions. 1136 COMMUNAL REGISTBR I t List and Description of JEWISH CORRECTIONAL AGENCIES IN NEW YORK CITY THE JEWISH BIG BROTHER ASSOCIATION, (Estab. 1909), 356 Second Ave. The Jewish Big Brother Movement, a pioneer in this field of endeavor among the Jews, was established in 1909 as a direct result of the needs of Jewish Children arraigned in the Children's Courts of New York City. At that time but one Jewish Probation Officer, privately paid, devoted part of his time to the Manhattan Court. He was assigned to supervise the conduct of the Jewish children when placed on probation. The number of delinquents increased materially until one officer could do but little more than call the roll of the children at stated intervals. The idea was then conceived of interesting Jewish young men in aiding the probation officer by helping him supervise the conduct of a number of delinquent boys residing in the neighborhood of the volunteer workers. The idea was to simulate the activities of an older brother in a well-regulated family toward his younger brother. Thus the name "Big Brother" was adopted. With the advent of the city paid probation officers, the Jewish Big Brother Association turned its attention toward the preventive side of the problem of Jewish delinquency. While in the earlier stages of the work of the Big Brother Association, the volunteer worker was largely relied upon to bring about progress in the conduct of the boy who was assigned to his care, experience has shown that more satisfactory results could be obtained if the work of the volunteers were guided, and, in a measure, supplemented by paid professional workers. Accordingly the district system of supervision was inaugurated, under which three paid district workers, responsible to the Central office, organize the work of the Big Brothers in their respective districts, aid Big Brothers in specific problems, receive reports at regular intervals from them, and follow up those volunteers who do not discharge their self-imposed duties regularly. The Association numbers at present about 350 active members, who are carefully chosen for their qualifications as sympathetic and intelligent guides and friends to "Little Brothers." Requests for supervision are received by the Association from the Children's Court Judges, and probs CORRECTIONAL AGENCIBE 1137 tion officers, from principals of Public Schools, heads of settlements and social centres, and from parents and friends of ungovernable or delinquent boys ranging from 8 to 16 years in age. - The Association also maintains a representative In the Children's Court whose duty it is to advise parents whose children are arraigned, and to consult with the presiding Judge in special cases where co-operation is necessary. A temporary shelter is also maintained, where boys are housed for a period of one to four weeks until proper arrangements can be made for supervision and care of the boy. During the year 1917 the Association supervised approximately 800 boys. The Society is affiliated with the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of N. Y. The budget' for 1917 was $5,941.21, of which the Federation provided $5,901.21. The officers are:-President, Lawrence H. Marks, 47 W. 88th St.; Treasurer, Arthur J. Goldsmith, 33 Gold Street; Managing Director, Alexander H. Kaminsky, 356 2nd Ave. JEWISH BIG BROTHERS' COMMITTEE OF T1H YOUNG MEN'S AND WOMEN'S SOCIAL SERVICE AUXILIARY OF THE BROOKLYN FEDERATION OF CHARIt TIES, 102 Court St. Pres., Albert D. Schanzer, Sec., Max Abelman. Established, 1915. Membership, 900. ACTIVITIES: Individual association of members with first offenders. Takes care of discharged inmates of Hawthorne School (N. Y. Jewish Protectory) and cases from the House of Refuge and the Brooklyn Disciplinary School. SchAizer, Albert D., Pres. Jewish Big Brothers' Colnmittee of the Y. M. & W. Soc. Serv. Aux. of the Brooklyn Federaton of Jewish Charities (102 Court St., B'klyh), since 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1890. Graduate N. Y. J. Law School. Lawyer: 154 Nassau St. Res.: 39 Beaver St., B'klyn. COUNCIL HOME FOR JEWISH GIRLS, Rockaway Boulevard and Davis Avenue, Jamaica, L. I. Established: 1914, by Council of Jewish Women. President, Miss Rose Brenner, 252 Carroll Street, Brooklyn, Treasurer, Miss Emma Brown, 655 Eastern ParkWay, Brooklyn; Secretary, Mrs. Oswald Schlilsoh, 1162 Paecift St., B'klyn; Executive Head, Miss Helen Berkenthal. Bidget for 1917, $6,407.62. 1438i COMMUNAL REGISTER ' PURPOSE: To take charge of girls between 7 and 16 years of age who may become juvenile delinquents. ACTIVITIES: 1. Public School. 2. Domestic Department. 3.. Religious Instruction. 4. After-care Department. "THE JEWISH BIG SISTERS, (Estab. 1913), 137 E. 22nd St. -To meet the increasing demand for an adequate treatment of the problem of the Jewish delinquent girl, the Jewish Protectory and Aid Society, in 1912 appointed a Committee for Girls. This committee at first cared for those girls who were aTrrigned in the Children's Court, and particularly those who in the opinion of the Judges would respond to the supervision of an interested friend. The number of arraignments and commitments being comparatively small, the attention of this group of women was soon concentrated on the preventive aspects of the work, that is, caring for girls who come0 to them thru channels other than the court, A Big Sisters' organization was formed in 1913 to cope with- this problem. In general method, the work of the Big Sisters is similar to that of the Big Brothers. Visits to the home of the little sister, sympathetic study of the difficulties the girl has to meet within the home and outside of the home, cooperation with the central office of the organization to solve special problems, are some of the ways in which the Big, Sister attempts to prevent her charge from becoming a delinquent. To aid the volunteers in their work a paid professional worker makes preliminary investigations and, friendly visits until a Big Sister is assigned to take charge of the Little Sister. Frequent reports to the Central office are required from the Big Sisters. The organization at present numbers about 250. The officers are:-Chairman, Mrs. Sidney C. Borg; Executive Secretary, Mrs. Anthony Schlesinger, 137 E. 22nd St. HAWTHORNE SCHOOL OF THE JEWISH PROTECTORY AND AID SOCIETY, (Estab. 1907), Hawthorne, N. Y. Progress during the last few decades in the field of child welfare work has shown itself not only in the care of' de CORRECTIONAL AGENCIES 1139 pendent children, but also in the supervision of delinquent boys and girls. One of the most distinctive tendencies in both fields of work has been the effort to treat each child as an individual, in so far as that is possible in institutional life. In the care of dependent children, this tendency has found expression in the orphan asylum conducted on the cottage home plan. In the supervision of delinquent children the same methods are being adopted. Of the newer types of reformatory schools for boys, the Hawthorne School is a good example. Until its organization all Jewish boys committed by the children's courts were sent to reformatories maintained by other religious groups, such as the Catholic Protectory, or else to State schools, such as the House of Refuge. At present Jewish boys, residents of New York City, between the ages of 5 and 16 years are received at Hawthorne. The boys are housed in cottages, accommodating about thirty each. To reproduce as nearly.as possible the atmosphere of a home, a competent couple act as cottage father and cottage mother, and have general charge of household affairs. The educational work of the institution comprises religious training under the supervision of a rabbi, elementary school instruction, conducted as branch work of one of the New York public schools; vocational training in a fully equipped industrial school where every boy over twelve years of age receives instruction either in telegraphy, mechanical drawing, printing, carpentry, machine work, or music. To encourage proper behavior without the necessity of resorting to severe disciplinary measures, an Honor Cottage is set apart. The group occupying it has individual rooms and each boy is permitted a large amount of freedom. A certain measure of self-government is practised by the boys through the individual cottage Junior Republics. Among, the recreational activities of the School, may be mentioned boy scout work, weekly moving picture shows, weekly lectures and entertainments. To prevent return to the reformatory school of boys discharged after an average stay of eighteen months, a careful follow-up system has been developed. Trained workers' isit the homes of the discharged boy at frequent intervals, advising them, guiding them in difficult situations of readjustment, securing suitable work, and, if necessary, recommenpding the return of the boy to the institution. The capacity of the School is 375. There are 392 boys in the institution at present. The Society is a constituentt Yhn 1140 COMMUNAL REGISTER ber of the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York City. The Budget for 1917 was $127,071.21 (including the budget of Cedar Knolls School) of which the Federation provides $40,916.13. The officers are:-President, Mortimer L. Schiff, 52 William St.; Secretary, Joseph L. Lilienthal, 61 Broadway; Treasurer, Sam A. Lewisohn, 61 Broadway; General Superintendent, -John Klein, Hawthorne, N. Y. Schiff, Mortimer L., son of Jacob H. and Theresa Schiff, was born in New York in 1877. He attended Amherst College, class of 1896, and received honorary degree of M. A. in 1906. He studied railroading with the New York, Ontario & Western Railway, and the Great Northern Railway, and spent two years in London and Hamburg studying banking methods. Returning to the United States, he joined the fir.m of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., of which firm he is still a member. Mr. Schiff is connected with many financial companies, among them, the Union Pacific Railroad, the United States Mortgage and Trust Company, the United States Safe Deposit Company and the Western Union Telegraph Company. Mr. Mortimer L. Schiff is very much interested in Jewish Philanthropic Activities. He is the president of the Jewish Protectory and Aid Society, he is trustee and secretary of the Provident Loan Society of New York, vice-president of the Chattel Loan Society, vice-president of the Boy Scouts of America, and treasurer of the Hebrew Technical Institute, as well as a trustee of the United Hebrew Charities and of Temple Emanu-El. JEWISH PROTECTORY AND AID SOCIETY, DEPART-MENT OF PROBATION AND DELINQUENCY, 356-2d Ave. The work of this department is divided into two parts: Probation Work in the Court of General Sessions of the City of New York, and after-care work with paroled prisoners. In the Court of General Sessions the Society maintains probation officers, whose duties comprise the investigation of the record of those who have either pleaded guilty or.have been convicted of crime, so that in the light of the report submitted the Judge may pass a just sentence; and secondly the supervision of those placed on probation by the court. In connection With this work the Employment breau conducted by the Society is freely utilized, This R0UECTPIONAL AGENCIEM14 1141 Deprtnefl~ aso ide oer Uh~ pr baUoner or paroled man during the period of stress, aiding himx ln~atficIa-ly or pr'o'vdint tools or clothing. 1A representative of the Sotiety aits Inforinall7, withi the New' York, State Board of, Paro le so. As to 'receive from tliemn the paroled men placed In his charge. 'This Dep'artment also coordinates the work of the Jewish, chaplains in the City and State Correcti~mal Institutione,' iiio~ft -'6t wh are ~id by the City or State, but who are' usnall appo_'inted ixno~L -,ie recommendation of the S6iety.i -The.. apifflh'xldt 'nl' c-onducts'services in -the kih'sitt~dio, bt cea friendly visitor, and "is a coxrnecting link, bet*eefi ~'te Pritsoner; attd tho'se he -left behind In the hom6. Aft Thtportant 'par oftheChaplain's 'Work Is to prepare both the isoe afdhsfml or the home-coming 0b as to fac iitate i'ehabilitation of the released man. -Dufing the year 1917. the numbeWr df p~rsoititsott prebatflionsupervised-by-Ahe Department was 619; -'the' huiibet -Of paroled jpersowl supervised was 179.' The. budget for 1917 wae. $13,670.The oftiers,,are:-!Pres~dent, -Xortimner 1,. _Schiff;..Secretary-, Joseph L. ILlenthal; Treasurer,, Sapau 4L Ioewisohiu; Chairman of Committee on outside activities, -P1rec pTr, L_,P. Einstein. TISJIY c0EiAR jKXOa8 SCMOO 'rTH~JimSH~Z TECTORYt, 'Hawthorne', K4 Y. (Fst 1r3~ Among, the. most difficult problems thpt the Jp~hcommtuiitY' hos' to, face. Is that of dblinquettdy amoktt 'gii.~b rapid 'sfii6&'*ere big mdinciigwith thp Drobl~ ~itei uig~otet r Us~ega~d4'It waS. not:.~ft*I 191 ftht tihe"Ced'axl Kniols `ch86l, a riforiiatoty~ ~cqo foe ~rshh 's between the ages of five and sixteen, wae~orjki~ted' tO -Bett for, ~eueh-, girs As..have, prpved, thezm~v. %n%4T;nLgeAbi in their bomIne~n sclool, or have not respojtded to -proballionAl7 treatment saqoded them by the Cide~ ors The School was at first located In BronxvI11e, R'J-r?0' ih0 new school, built recently upon the grounds of the Hawthorne School, at Hawthorne, N. Y., is a modern correctional institution, accommodating at present 26 girls. Instruction is given in cooking, sewing, dressmaking and other useful occupations, In addition to rellgiuus and moral training. 1142 COMMUNAL REGISTER The School is jffiliated with the Federation for the Support of Jewish 'Philanthropic Societies of New York City. The officers are:-Chairman, Mrs. Sidney C. Borg, Ritz.Carlton Hotel; Secretary, Arthur Sacks, 68 E. 66th St.; Treasurer, Mrs. George L. Beer, 329 W. 71st St.; Superintendent Miss Anne M,, Emanuel, Hawthorne, N. Y. LAKEVIEW HOME, Arrochar, Staten Island., The purpose of this institution is.to maintain a home for Jewish unmarried mothers and their babies, and to train the mothers for industrial efficiency, so that they may become self-supportIn., after leaving the Home. The institution,admits only first offenders. The Field Department, at 31 E. 71t $St, New York City, through special agents, cares lor,.unimarried. mothers and their babies who cannot be admitted to the Home. -;,Thy central aim of the organization is to avoid as much as,possible, the methods of an ordinary correctional institution, and to surround its inmates with strong home influences, so conspicuously missing in their lives. The work of the charges in the institution, consists of regular household 'diites, "stdies in 'domestic science, sewing and the care of babied, and is calculated to develop a sense of responsibility 'And self-~respect. With the aid of a large volunteer committee, the workers in the after-care department of the organization, keep in close toch wtttheagirls after, their discharge from. the Home, 'dounsefi[k theri in difficult situations, add helping them to obtain proper employment and recreation. T' The aakeview Home was organized in 1905 and incorporated in. i90'. Its; present officers are:-President, Mrs. Jopepb., Pskaucr, New Rochelle, N, Y.; Secretary Mrs. Edwin M. Hydeimaia, 350 W. 88th St.; Executive Director, Mrs. 1.cLreyful, 304 W. 85th St.; Superintendent, Mrs. Sarah B. I finArrochar,, I., I.; i' 'roskaCer, Mrs. J6eeph, President The Lakeview Home.(At.rohar, S. I.), fince 1915. Term 1 year. Born in N. Y. Graduated Normal College. Res.: 3 Serpenttle Drive, New M Rochele, N. -Y. —,, I ', ~ CORlEMCTI1ONALL AQFJNbCLkS Il I PROFESSIONAL WORKERS IN CORRECTIONALAGENCIES Alexander, Louis, Hawthorne School, Hawthorne, N. T. Cottage Father. J e w s h Protectory and Aid Society. Alexander, Mrs. Louis, Hawthorne School, Hawthorne, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Barshell, D a v id, Hawthorne School, Hawthorne, N. Y. Teacher and Social Worker, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Beckhardt, Moses, P. 0. Box 44, Hawthorne, N. Y. Chaplain, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Bender, William, Hawthorne School, Hawthorne, N. Y. Cottage Father, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Berry, H., 108 Chester St., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Assistant Princip 1 Hawthorne School, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Besson, Mrs. E. L., Hawthorne School, Hawthorne, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Blank, IRoe, 31 E. 7th St. Visitor for After Care Committee, Lakeview Home. Rodo; Joseph, HaWthorne 'School. Hawthorni,' N: Y. Cottage Father, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Bodo, Mrs. Joseph, Hawthorne School, Hawthorne, N; Y. Cottage Mother, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society.' Buehler, Samuel, 324 Bainbridge St., B'klyn. Chaplain, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Burke, Nettle M., Cedar Knolls School, Bronxville, N. Y. Cedar Knolls School. ' Chambers, Priscilla, Hamilton, N. Y. Teacher and Social Worker, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Conway, Thomas, Hawthorne School, Hawthorne, N.' Y. Machinist Instructor, aewlvl Protectory and 'Aid Soclety. Edlin, Sarah, 31 East 7th. St. Superintendent; IAtke View Home, Arrochar, S. I. Elsas, Barnet A., 42 W. 7tid St. Chaplain, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. E m a n u el, Anie' 'M;,- Ceddl Knolls School,: awthorie, N. Y. Superintendent, Celar Knolls School. Ielnblatt, SIlnund, 2089 Vyse Ave. blrector Socfal AlA'srr', Jewish Protector' and; A'd Societ..., ":: '"' OOMMUNALJ R1ITFiR Felablatt, Mrs. S14inuad., 3089,1 Vyse Ave. Teacher, Jew-~. iffh P r ot e t or y and ~d Feltelbers, Abraham, 56 W. 112th; St. JV'ield Secretary,. Jewish Big Brother Asu'n. Flohr, ]Rebecca, Blackwell's Island, N. Y. New York Council Section of JeWih Women Fr'alk, isidor, 560 W. 144th St. Chaplain, Jewish Protectory and,Aid Society. Piraxibliau,b~la, 1945 Madison Ave. 'Cor'responding Secretary,. Jewish Big Brother Ami6clation".' I1riedliaue'r, M., 10 Vrospect Park S. W. Chaplafin, Jewish Protectory and Aid SoF 9us, ~i, I itMVfhorne Sehlo i; H t&*horn'e,' -9 Y. Oottage P -a r e n~ts,, Jewish.Protectory an4 -Aid -?ocfety. Friedman, Mrs. Adolph. Cot-,4~ge, 4(other, Hjawtbqrne, N..YJewish Protectory and Aid Spciety., th~prn.hqolp Hawtborne,.*,.T.Teacher. and ~octal Worker, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Fin ~or,,,F a in a I e, Arrochar, *Staten, Island. Sewlng In-' structor, Lakceview- AlQre, Qa~ael Jcoi, 1 W. Axh St. 1teprs~i~a~veatYhi~ rn's Asurt, Jeis Big Brother Gittleman, Jacob J., 531. W 123d St. Cha"Plain, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Greenbaum, J*eob, Hawthorne School, Hawthorne, N, Y. Cottage~ Father~_- Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Greenbaum, M Joaob, 1Aa~Wthorne Schoblo Hawfhbr-ne, N. Y. Cottage Mother, Jewish Protectory' and A-id Society. Greenberg, Max, 102:Court.-St., B.klyn. Big Beothers' Corn. Y ou ng Men's -xnd Young W om en'sa Social Service Auxiliary of -11 lh BrooklynFederation 'oV Jewish Charities., Greenstone, Cecilia, Ellis Island. Representati~e N'- W yo rk Council Of,Je'W'Is6h *onie~fl. Guttman, A., 102 Walnut'iP1., Syracuse. N. J~.,_Chaplain, Jewish "I'rote ior nAM Society. Halpeern, Irving W,6iW.147th St. S~upt. epet. of Delinq. & Prol Ptj*0 P~rotoc6tory) aend _A~d Stcidy. Rtail Glrace, IRawthorzij, N, Teacher and Soclial Worker. CORRERTIONAL AGENCIES 1145 'Jewish Protectory ant 'Aid Soliety. Hart, Maurlee, 1228 St. John's Pl., B'klyn. Cottage, Father. Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Hflrt, Mrs. Maurice, 1228 St. John's PI., B'klyn. Cottage Mother, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Holden, Jolm, 8201 W. 19th St. Cottage Father, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Holden, Mrs. John, 3201 W. 19th St. Cottage Mother, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Horn, Eugene, 1361 Ave. After Care Jewish Protectory Society. Madison Worker, and Aid fKafman Smauel 4 lt Homecrest Ave., Brboklyn. After Care Worker, JeWish Protectory and Aid Society, and District Worker; Big Brother Ass'n. Keever, John, Hawthorne, N. Y. Hawthorn9 School. Klely, Michael A., Hawthorne, N. Y. Physical Director, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Klein, John, Hawthorne, N. Y. G e n e r al Superintendent, Jewish Protectory and A1i Society. Knovles, Watfsn, Hawthoin e, N.. Band Master, 3eWish Protectory and Aid Society. Knowles, Mrs. Wats a, Haw.thorne. N, Y. Cottage 6tiher, Jewish,Protectory, and Aid Society. Koftoff, Reuben, Hawthorne, N. Y. Acting Assistant Superintendent, Hawthorne School. Krans, Sidney, 800 E. 173d St. District Worker, Jewish Big Brothers Ass'n. Krupin, Bealie, I77 Jackson Ave. Ass't. to Superintendent Dep't. of Delinquency and Probation, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Ingram, William, Hawthorne, N. Y. Carpentry Instructor, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Israel, Edith, Hawthorne, N. Y. Social Worker, Cedar Knolls School. Judelson,., 6 Lozier Place, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Chaplain, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Kaminsky, A. H, 856 Second Ave. Managing Director, Jewish Big Brother Ass'n. 1146 COMMUNAL REGISTEI Laddan,, Jeamne, 137 E. 22nd. St. Secretary, to Executive.,of Jewish Big Sisters., LeAker, H. ML,. 162 First St., Troy, N. Y. Chaplain;. Jewish Protectory and Aid So-. ciety. Levinson, Samuel J., 1063 E. 8th St., B'klyn. Chaplain, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Lewis, Harry S., 616 W. 184th St. Chaplain, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Lewis, Mrs. A, Arrochar, S. I. Matron, Lakeview Home. Mansimeld, Joa,. Hawthorne, N. Y. Printing Instructor.and Social Worker, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Meyer, Mrs. Gurse, 68 Lenox Ave. Pro b.a t i o n Officer, Jewish Protectory and 'Aid Society. Neubau, W. M, 356 2nd Ave. After Care Worker, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. Relngold, Louis S., 216 Bay 23d St., B'klyn. Parole Agent, J e w i s h Protectory and Aid Society. RoIenthal, Ida, 2275 Bassford Ave. Assistant Superintendent and Matron, Cedar Knolls School. Rutt, Jennie, Arrochar, Staten Island. Nurse, Lakeview Home. Ruskin, E., 31 E. 7th St. Investigator, L a k e v i e w Home. Schlesinger, Mrs. Anthony, 137.. 22d St. Executive Secretary, Jewish Big Sisters. Zucker, I., Arrochar, Staten Island. Night Nurse, Lakeview Home. / Coordiniating, Standardizing and Research Instittons ., I -.. I A ', '!. all"".1 I. 4., ";I.,, 0 : '. 1,., f, f- 11 Ar RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS 1149 COORDINATING, STANDARDIZING AND AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS By JULIUS DRACHSLER, Secretary of the Faculty, The School for Jewish Communal Work The great influx of Jewish immigration to America in 1882. marks an epoch in the history of American Jewry. During the generations preceding this event, Jewish life in America was, of necessity, limited in scope, simple in organization, and therefore devoid of all the baffling communal problems which confront the Jews in this country to-day. Within a decade after the tide of Eastern European immigration had reached these shores, the complexion of American Jewish life had changed radically. The Jewish population of the large American cities had increased phenomenally, the range of Jewish communal activities had expanded at an astonishing pace, and the number and complexity of the problems in Jewish communities had increased at an alarming rate. This was especially true of New York City where the Jewish population had grown to over one million souls at the end of the first decade of this century. With such a vast population, drawn from all climes and countries, differing in habits no less than in beliefs, it was but natural that a chaotic condition of communal life should result. The faster the Jews grew in numbers, the graver and the more unmanageable became the problems of poverty, sickness, delinquency, unemployment, recreation and educatin.. To add to the confusion, the needs of 1150 COMMUNAL REG1STER the Jewish community were necessarily being met, on the one hand, inadequately, and on the other, without a consistent plan of community organization. The cause of this unprecedented situation was not far to seek-the community simply did not know itself. No attempt had been made to study its problems as a unified.whole and on the basis of exact information. The community had no instrument at its command through which it could make an accurate self-analysis. Indeed, so vast was the work that no single agency, even if it had existed, would have been equal to the task. It was as a reaction to this chaotic communal life that the idea was conceived of establishing scientific bureaus of research that would perform the first and most fundamental task, before order and progress could be brought into the life of the Jewish community of New York, namely, to displace mere opinion and prejudice in communal matters by a knowledge of accurate facts, and by an impartial interpretation of them. The first of these Bureaus to be organized, was the Bureau of Jewish Education (1910). Its task was to study the problem of Jewish education in this city in all its varied aspects, and to help establish progressively higher educational standards. Similar organizations were instituted in quick succession: the Bureau of Industry (1914), to search out the factors that make for industrial disturbances in the economic life of the Jews in this city, and to harmonize conflicting interests of employer and employee; the National Council of Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations (1914), the chief aim of which is to study the recreational and cul RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS 1151 tural needs of the Jewish youth, and to help in the development of Y. M. H. A.'s, Y. W. H. A.'s, settlements and social centers; the Bureau of Jewish Statistics and Research (1914), whose aim is to gather facts on the most basic aspects of Jewish life in this country, such as immigration and vital statistics; the School for Jewish Communal Work (1915), the purpose of which is not only to train expert workers to carry on the manifold Jewish communal activities, but also to help formulate the underlying principles of Jewish life in America; the Bureau of Philanthropic Research (1916), organized to analyze the philanthropic problems of the Jewish community and to propose plans for the more efficient management and administration of the vast enterprises of the Jews in this city. It is interesting to note, that while in the minds of some of the leading Jewish communal workers, there had been evolved a complete system of scientific bureaus, these research institutions were not established according to a carefully worked out plan, but rather as the emergencies of special situations demanded. Nevertheless, one essential feature runs through the history of the organization of all these institutions-the effort to create communal agencies which will look for facts in a scientific spirit, and formulate upon the basis of this information, and not upon the basis of mere opinion and conjecture,. the largest and most comprehensive plans for dealing with the problems of Jewish communal life in America. It hardly needs elaborate argument to make clear that the future growth of all Jewish communal work in this city, as well as in other communities, is intimately bound 115 COMMUNAL REGISTER up with the development of these research organizations. There are three prerequisites for the conservation of Jewish life in this country: a communal will to become a vital part of the American people, contributing to America's life the best in the Jewish heritage; a plan of communal organization which, while recognizing the limitations under which it must be operated, at the same time encompasses all aspects of Jewish communal life, and, lastly, men and means to carry such a plan of communal organization into successful operation. No surer method of securing these three fundamentals can be devised than by encouraging the continued growth of impartial scientific Bureaus intent on only one goalthe discovery and the spreading of a knowledge of the exact truth in all that pertains to the life of the Jew in America. RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS 1153 LIST AND DESCRIPTION OF COORDINATING, STANDARDIZING AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS BUREAU OF JEWISH EDUCATION: To the student of American Jewish education, the year 1910 marks the beginning of an important epoch. Prior to that time, the educational work of the Jews of New York was carried on by isolated schools interested only in the particular groups of children whom they reached. Each school was laboring under the burden of its own local problems. There was no common effort to reach the great mass of children who were receiving no Jewish instruction whatever, nor was anyone studying seriously the problem of making the Jewish schools modern educational institutions, capable of attracting and of benefiting American Jewish children. Whatever may have been the results of this policy in the past, modern conditions -certainly demanded systematic coordinated effort. With the tremendous growth of the Jewish community of New York, the necessity of coordinating the varied efforts of the many Jewish schools became pressing. An agency was needed which would represent the entire Jewish community and deal with the problem as a non-partisan Jewish problem; not from the viewpoint of orthodoxy, reform or Zionism, but from the angle of the educational expert who is interested in rendering more efficient the schools of all the Jews. Not only was it necessary to bring about a certain amount of uniformity and order in the work of the existing Jewish schools, but it was equally necessary to create new schools and to try out new experiments in religious education, so as to reach all Jewish children in a systematic manner. In 1910 the Bureau of Education was organized, a"s one of the bureaus of the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York. It has since then (in 1917) been made an independent organization. Its trustees are: Dr. J. L. Magnes, Prof. I. Friedlaender, Prof. M. M. Kaplan, Mr. Louis Marshall, and Miss Henrietta Szold. The Director of the Bureau is Dr. S. Benderly. The purposes for which the Bureau was organized are three-fold: 1) to study the conditions of Jewish education in this country; 2) to stimulate and aid the existing 1154 COMMUNAL REGISTER schools in their work, and to coordinate their individual efforts so as to bring about some sort of Jewish school system; 3) to carry on experimentation in Jewish education, in order to determine how the various problems may be solved, and to suggest, upon the basis of these experiments, new plans and new methods for conducting Jewish schools. STUDY AND RESEARCH: The Bureau has made a number of surveys of the Jewish schools in this country, both in New York City and outside of New York. It issued several publications dealing with some of the results of these surveys. The work of further study and research is at present done by the Department of Study and Appraisal, whose purpose is to find out the facts in Jewish education upon which opinions and theories must be based. GUIDANCE AND COORDINATION: One of the most important practical phases of the work of the Bureau during the past seven years has been that of bringing together those who are now working in Jewish education. Through the Hebrew Principals' Association it organized the principals of the largest Jewish schools in this city, for the purpose of studying their problems in common, and of bringing about a desirable uniformity in content and methods among the Hebrew schools of New York. This Association also keeps in touch with many principals outside of New York, in various parts of the United States. The Jewish teachers, too, were organized by the aid of the Bureau of Education. The Jewish Teachers' Association serves to bring together the younger element among the Jewish teachers. The Bureau cooperates with this Association and aids it in issuing its quarterly "The Jewish Teacher," an educational journal in English. But besides the professional workers, (the principals and the teachers), the directors and trustees were also organized for common en-deavors in aiding and improving the conditions in their schools. The Board of Jewish School Aid, consisting of the,lay leaders of the largest Jewish schools in New York, was organized in 1917 for the immediate purpose of rendering Imore stable the financial status of the Jewish schools. Its policy contains large possibilities with regard to the elimination of waste and inefficiency in Jewish school work, and the erection of new Jewish school buildings to accommodate the great mass of children who do not at present receive any Jewish religious education. These three organizations represent the tangible forms '6f the Bureau's work of guidance and coordination. But RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS 1155 there is a great deal of personal work of this nature being done daily. Rabbis, principals and directors from the entire country come to the Bureau for advice and direction. The Department of Information and Propaganda keeps In constant touch with some 350 schools throughout the country, advising them with regard to difficulties of school management and policy, sending them helpful literature and educational material, and giving them the benefit of the experience of the Jewish schools of New York. Another important phase of practical coordination is carried on by the Department of Collection, Investigation and Attendance. Since the Jewish schools must derive their income largely from the tuition fees of children, the collection of these fees forms a. large factor in the efficient management of the schools. Previously, the pupils brought their money to the schools themselves, and gave it to the teacher, principal or secretary of the school. A great deal of confusion and demoralization resulted. The Bureau has taken the collection of tuition fees out of the hands of both teacher and principal, and through a staff of trained college men collects the fees regularly at the homes of the parents. These collectors also serve as intermediaries between the school and the home; they report upon the progress of the children, explain new rules and regulations, and bring back the attitude of the parents to the school principals. The Department has also carried on neighborhood canvasses for the purpose of inducing parents' to send their children to school. EXPERIMENTATION AND SUGGESTION: Perhaps the,most visible results of the Bureau's work have been in connection with its experimental activities in Jewish education. Before 1910 the education of Jewish girls In New York City was sadly neglected. The Bureau has brought it to the attention of the community, and is now itself conducting five graded Girls' Schools, In various parts of the city, with an enrollment of over 2,000 girls. (See Bureau of Jewish Education, under Jewish Schools).. The problem of secondary education for young men and young women beyond the elementary Talmud Torah grades, was wholly ignored. The Bureau organized classes for high school boys and high school girls who have graduated from the Talmud Torah or other Jewish schools. These young men and young women are prepared to enter the Teachers' Institute of the Jewish Theological Seminary to 'be trained for the profession of' Jewish teaching; 1156 COMMUNAL REGISTER The significant fact that the Jewish schools have been able to reach only a small proportion of the children whom they should reach, presented one of the most formidable problems in Jewish education. Through its Extension Department the Bureau has been elaborating a system of extensive, non-classroom education, which would make it possible to exert some sort of educative influence upon the 76% of Jewish children for whom no regular instruction is now provided. The Circle of Jewish Children of America, and the League of the Jewish Youth of America, have been dealing with this problem. They now reach about 20,000 boys and girls who are not receiving religious instruction in the Jewish schools. (See Bureau of Jewish Education, under Jewish schools). As regards the content of education, the Bureau has conducted from its very organization a series of far-reaching experiments. The Text Book Department has undertaken to issue a series of Hebrew text-books to be used for the study of the Hebrew language and of biblical and postbiblical literature. Seven of this text-book series have already appeared. In connection with the text-book department, the Bureau has also published "The Jewish Child," a magazine for Jewish children appearing weekly In the English language, and "Shacharuth," a Hebrew monthly for older pupils. The department has also produced a series of stereopticon slides, and published pamphlets and other aids for the teaching of Jewish history. A number of experiments have been carried on to determine the possibilities of teaching Jewish art to children and adolescents, particularly for the purpose of preparing them later to build aesthetic Jewish homes. Similarly, the Bureau has been testing out the possibilities of dramatics, club work and festival celebrations, as educative factors in training American Jewish children. Lastly, the Bureau has gathered about itself a number of university trained men and women who are devoting themselves wholly to Jewish education and to whom the experimental, creative phases of the work are of special interest. COUNCIL OF Y. M. H. AND KINDRED ASSOCIATIONS,(Estab. and Incorp. 1913). 31 Union Square West. Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations have been among the earliest- organized communal activities of Jewish communities in this country, partly because of RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS 1157 the spontaneous gathering of groups of young people for purely recreational purposes, and partly because of the community's solicitude to offset the evil effects of unorganized and irresponsible seeking after pleasure. Beginning with the organization in 1859 of the Y. M. H. A. in Cleveland, Ohio, (the earliest recorded institution of its kind), Y. M. H. and Kindred Associations have continued to multiply until to-day there are over 300 of these organizations in existence. That there should develop variation in type of institution, in standards of work, in outlook and aim, was but natural when the undirected, haphazard growth of these institutions is kept in mind. To students of the problem of the leisure-time activities of Jewish young men and women and to public-spirited Jewish men and women, it became clear that a central, coordinating agency was needed to study existing institutions, to standardize their work, and to point the way to a finer and broader concept of the aims of a Y.M.H.A. or Y.W.H.A. In 1913 a National Council of Y. M. H. and Kindred Institutions was established to experiment during a period of five years in this field. The work of the Council has grown to such proportions that it is now in close touch with over 300 associations and institutions thruout the country! Its activities, thru the work of properly qualified field secretaries, comprises work with existing institutions, such as the installation of new activities, the standardization of existing'activities, the conduct of membership and current expense campaign in various communities, and suggestions for building improvements; work in connection with the organization of new institutions, such as surveys of the needs of communities, preliminary campaigns for the organization of new institutions, and follow-up work; supervision of State Federations, including periodic conferences with the Chairmen and State Executive Committees, and of the various Departments of work of the several State Federations of Y. M. H. and Kindred Associations; the organization of new Federations, involving the survey of Institutions, to be federated, organization of Departments of Education, Americanization, Religious Work, Publicity, Law, Statistics, and finally, cooperation with other national agencies such as the National Americanization Committeey Mental Hygiene and Sex Hygiene Associations, Music Leagues, Young Judaea and others. 1158 COMMUNAL REGISTER Prior to the war the Council conducted a department of work for Jewish enlisted men in the United States Army and Navy. At the various military and naval posts representatives of the Council carried on lecture work, religious services and other similar educational activities. During the Mexican crisis post buildings were maintained at Douglas, Arizona and San Antonio, Texas. Largely profiting by this experience and under the pressure of war necessity, the Jewish Board of Welfare Work in the U. S. Army and Navy was organized. The officers of the Council are:-President, Judge Julian W. Mack, U. S. Circuit Court, Chicago, Ill.; Secretary, Felix M. Warburg, 52 William St., N. Y. City; Chairman, Advisory Board, I. E. Goldwasser, 1 Madison Ave.; General Secretary, S. A. Goldsmith. Mack, Julian W, (U. S. Circuit Judge), President Council of Y. M. H. & Kindred Associations, (31 Union Square), since 1913. Term 6 years. Born 1866 in U. S. Received a high school and college education. '(Harvard Law School, German Universities). Res., Chicago, Ill. BUREAU OF INDUSTRY, (Estab. 1914), 356 Second Ave. Tle Jew in industrial life in this city presents a distinct and separate problem. The problem is due largely to the fact that the overwhelming majority of the Jewish workers and employers in the city belong to the first generation of immigrants, who were trained for industry under conditions entirely different from those obtaining in New Yorl City atr the present time. A comprehensive plan to alleviate the distress and to overcome the difficulties resulting from this maladjustment presents a problem of economic and human conservation which only social engineering by the entire Jewish community can adequately meet. Industry, as far as the Jewish population of New York City is concerned, affects directly the vast majority of the workers and employers and, indirectly, the entire community. It presents the following specific problems: Race prejudice; Sabbath observance; employment of minor boys; working girls; over-supply of labor in certain trades and under-supply of labor in others; absence of employment bureaus commanding the confidence of employers and employees; unsatisfactory relations between employers and employees; handicapped workers; untrained adult workers. RESEARCH -INSTITUTIONS 1159 There are in existence at the present time agencies endeavoring to deal with one or the other phase of the problems stated. Some aspects of the problem are entirely neglected. All the specific problems are interrelated. The need of a comprehensive plan and scheme of coordinating the work of the different agencies was felt to be an obvious necessity. Accordingly the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York City organized in 1914 the Bureau of Industry to cope with the situation. This Bureau through its Division of Surveys, gathers, analyzes and interprets the vital facts bearing on the various specific Jewish industrial problems of the city. The continual strife in the industrial situation is especially keen in the Jewish industries. The strife ana chronic warfare carries with it an appalling amount of material and moral waste. The Bureau of Industry, through its Division of Mediation and Arbitration, helps in the development of rational organized effort among groups of employers and employees. Its representatives have an adequate knowledge of the conditions of the trades and command the confidence of employers and employees through their impartiality and community point of view. The Bureau mediates in the settlement of strikes and lockouts; it arbitrates specific disputes between employers and employees submitted to its representatives; it negotiates collective agreements between Unions and Employers' Associations. Through its Division of Employment, the Bureau of Industry is endeavoring to deal with the complex problem of employment as it specifically affects the Jews of New York. The Division of Employment is for the present conducting an employment bureau for such workers whose needs at the present time are not and cannot be met by any other agency. Through'its Division of Vocational Guidance and Training for adults and minors, the Bureau of Industry hopes to coordinate and develop facilities to improve, through training and guidance, the condition of workers, many of whom have not had, and have not now, full opportunities to acquire skill in their respective trades and callings. In May, 1917, in accordance with a resolution passed at the _eighth annual convention of the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York: City, the Bureau of Industry 1160 COMMUNAL REGISTER severed its relations with the Kehillah and was organized under an independent Board of Trustees. The Director of the Bureau is Dr. Paul Abelson. BUREAU OF PHILANTHROPIC RESEARCH, (Established 1916), 356 Second Avenue. The vast expansion of Jewish communal enterprises in New York City during the last decade made it imperative that a scientific bureau of research be organized if the community was to receive the most efficient service from existing philanthropic institutions, and, on the other hand, be enabled to plan more intelligently for its future needs. Accordingly, in 1916, acting on the suggestion of Morris D. Waldman, Executive Director of the United Hebrew Charities, the Bureau of Philanthropic Research was established under the joint auspices of the Council of Jewish Communal Institutions, and the Jewish Community (Kehillah) of New York City. From the outset the Bureau set itself a two-fold task: first the study of existing agencies and a constructive criticism of their work; secondly, an analysis of community needs and resources with a view of planning new agencies. Thru its division of surveys the Bureau has already undertaken a number of studies, notably a study of day nurseries in New York City. After careful analysis of existing conditions and standards of care in these institutions, the results of the survey were submitted to a conference committee composed of representatives of the institutions investigated, and plans drawn up for the permanent improvement of their work. Among other studies undertaken by the Bureau are a study of the provisions for and needs of temporary care of Jewish children, a study of delinquency among Jewish girls, cooperative credit unions, and care of the Jewish blind. Thru its division of investigation and information, the Bureau is of immediate and practical service to the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies. Organizations applying for admission to the Federation in whose cases the basis of admission is doubtful, are investigated by the Bureau and action taken upon its recommendation bythe Committee on Admissions. Investigations are also made in response to requests from individuals, advice is given to persons approached for the support of various philanthropic organizations, and improper solicitations of funds are followed up and efforts made to stop them. Organizations, either existing or proposed, which apply to RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS 1161 the Bureau for the endorsement of their work are also handled thru this division. Duplication of effort ic pointed out and methods proposed to eliminate it. Intimate cooperation is maintained by the Bureau with the Department of Public Charities of the City of New York, which regularly inspects all institutions subsidized by the City. The reports of the Department on Jewish Institutions are submitted to the Bureau promptly after each inspection so that pressure can be exerted to remedy defects in management and equipment. In a similar way there is an exchange of information between the Bureau and the Russell Sage Foundation as well as with the Bureau of Advice and Information of the Charity Organization Society. The Bureau also cooperates with the State Board of Charites. The Bureau is notified of all applications for certificates of incorporation on the part of the Jewish organizations, so that an investigation can be made and the Bureau's opinion submitted to the State Board of Charities before the certificate of incorporation is granted. While the Bureau has not at present a separate Division of Accounting and Record-keeping, careful study is always made of the methods of record-keeping and accounting of the institutions investigated. As an agency for community self-analysis and cooperation the Bureau of Philanthropic Research possesses large possibilities which will no doubt be realized more and more as its work grows and experience discloses increasingly efficient methods of study. The organization of the Bureau consists of a board of nine trustees, supplemented by an advisory committee of twelve.- The advisory committee includes experts in various phases of philanthropy. The executive staff consists of adirector, an assistant director, a chief of staff, a-secretary t-the director, a staff of investigators and clerical workers. Reqtuests for proposed surveys and studies are received in the executive office and submitted to the expert on the advisory committee, under whose supervision such a study would 'naturally come. The proposed study is then brought to the advisory committee with whose recommendation it is Submitted to the Board of Trustees of the Bureau, the latter taking action. Upon the completion of the survey it is again presented ii the same manner, and after consultation with the advisory committee is finally brought before the Board of Trustees with the recommendation of this committee. 1162 COMMUNAL REGISTER The officers are: —Chairman, Leo Arnstein; Vice-Chair-, man, Adolph Lewisohn; Treasurer, Cyrus L. Sulzberger; Secretary, Abraham Oseroff; Chief of Staff, Frank F. Rosenblatt. Leo Arnstein was born in the United States in 1877. He received his education at Dr. Sachs' private school and at Yale University. As a public-spirited citizen, Mr. Arnstein takes a great interest in many civic and philanthropic movements. He was a member of the Board of Education of New York City, is vice-chairman of the New York Child Labor Committee, Trustee of the National Child Labor Committee, a Director of the Henry Street Settlement and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the New York County Chapter, American Red Cross. Mr. Arnstein is prominently connected with JewishPhilanthropies. He is a vice-president of Mt. Sinai Hospital, President of the Council of Jewish Communal Institutions, President of the Bureau of Philanthropic Research and trustee of the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies. BUREAU OF JEWISH STATISTICS AND RESEARCH, (Estab. 1914). 31 Union Square. To facilitate its work by the possession of accurate knowledge of the basic facts of Jewish life in America and other countries, the American Jewish Committee organized in 1914, a Bureau of Jewish Statistics and Research. One of the chief functions of this Bureau is to bring together in accessible form all the materials relating to the social, religious and cultural conditions of the Jews in America, especially those which can be expressed numerically. In order to carry out this object expeditiously an elaborate, yet practical scheme of classification has been worked out by the Bureau. A reference library of over 300 -books and 500 pamphlets has been collected and catalogued. A classified index has beew prepared of the volumes of the Zeitschrift fur Demographie und Statistik der Juden, as this periodical contains many articles throwing light upon various aspects of the Jewish problem. Studies in such basic subjects as the Jewish. population of New York-City, and of the United States, have been made, and a list compiled of the various communities thruout the country having Jewish settlements of any considerable size. The facts of Jewish immigration to Amerlia have been carefully analyzed and prepared for use in further statistical inquiries into the life of American Jewry. RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS 1163 Among other studies that have been made by the Bureau may be mentioned a study of the Federation movement in philanthropy, a memoir on Jewish Charitable Institutions in New York State, inquiries into the number of Jews in the Army, Navy and National Guard, into Jewish burials and marriages in New York City during the past 15 years, into the number of Jews engaged in the present European war, and into the ratio of Jewish. criminality. Besides numerous investigations which the Bureau has undertaken at the request of local and national organizations, it has had charge of the preparation of the American Jewish yearbook since 1915. Investigations are at present under way on the subjects of Jewish prisoners thrureut the prisons, penitentiaries and reformatories in New York State, Jewish school children in New York City, Jewish communal workers, rabbis and university students in the United States. The affairs of the Bureau are in charge of a sub-committee of the American Jewish Committee of which the Chairman is Dr. Cyrus Adler, and the Secretary, David M. Heyman. The director of the Bureau is Samson D. Oppenheim. THE SCHOOL FOR JEWISH COMMUNAL WORK, (Estab. 1913), 356-2nd Ave. The School for Jewish Communal Work, the first institution for the training of Jewish communal workers in America, has been in Session since October 2d, 1916. The immediate purpose of the School is professional instruction, but its aims lie far beyond this task. Through scientific research into the problem of the adjustment of the Jew to America, the School is to lend its aid in the solution of the perplexing difficulties arising out of the transplantation of the Jew from an old to a new environment.. That the School has been conceived in this fundamental and comprehensive way is shown by its organization into six departments, each dealing with one aspect of Jewish communal life. These departments are: Department of Industry, Department of Philanthropy, Department of Correctional Work, Department of Religious Affairs, Department of Jewish Education, Department of Y. M. H. and Kindred Associations. The work as carried on through these departments is planned to reach the general public, the Jewish communal workers at present professionally engaged, and the' young meii and young women who wish to enter Jewish communal work. * 1164 COMMUNAL REGISTER During the year 1916-1917 a popular course of forty lectures was offered, in addition to courses for graduate students and professional workers. These lectures pictured in a non-technical form important aspects of Jewish communal work as carried on to-day. For the professional workers the School conducts special courses or Institutes. These are: Institute for Relief Workers, Institute for Workers in Medical Social Service, Institute for Workers in Correctional Agencies, Institute for Workers in Y. M. H. and Kindred Associations, Institute for Workers in Employment Exchanges and Vocation Bureaus. The total register in these courses during the academic year 1916-1917 was one hundred. The most elaborate part of the curriculum, however, is that organized for the graduate students of the School, numbering thirty-one at present. The period of training covers three to four years. To make the instruction of the graduate students essentially practical, the entrance requirement, besides the Bachelor's degree or its equivalent, is paid part-time work with some Jewish communal institu-tion. The student thus meets the actual demands of communal work from the outset of his academic career. To insure the practical training of the students still further, the Faculty and the Teaching Staff of the School have been selected from among Jewish communal workers of large experience as execut'ves of important Jewish communal enterprises in this country. Throughout the plan, the effort has been made to avoid duplication of work carried on by similar educational institutions. In conformity with this policy, Columbia University is cooperating with the School for Jewish Communal Work. Graduate students of the School receive credit towards the M. A. or higher degree of courses offered jointly by the School for Jewish Communal Work and Columbia University. The officers of the School are: Chairman of Board of Trustees, Justice Irving Lehman, 37 W. 69th St.; Treasurer, Felix M. Warburg, 62 William St.; Acting Secretary of Board of Trustees and Chairman of Administrative;Committee of the Faculty, S. Benderly, 356-2nd Ave.; Secretary of the Faculty, Julius Drachsler, 356-2nd Ave... ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH COMMUNAL STtJDIE TS, 366 Second Avenue. Pres. Alexander A. Dushkin, 201 West 118th Street. Sec'y, Meir Isaacs, 356 Second,Avenie. Membership composed of graduate students of the pchool for Jewish Communal Work. RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS 1165 PURPOSE: To study the problems of the Jewish community of America scientifically, and to foster a professional spirit among the workers in Jewish communal institutions. ACTIVITIES: Monthly meetings, lectures, and luncheons for purposes of discussion and study; cooperates with the School for Jewish Communal Work and the Intercollegiate Menorah Association in interesting college men and women in Jewish communal work as a profession or as an avocation. Dushkin, Alexander M., President Association of Jewish Communal Students (356 Second Ave.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1890 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1902. Received degree of B. A. (C. C. N. Y.), M. A. and Ph. D. (Columbia University). Editor of the "Jewish Teacher," 356 2nd Ave. Res.: 201 W. 118th St. PROFESSIONAL WORKERS IN RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS Abelson, Paul, Director, Bureau of Industry, 356 Second Ave. Benderly, S., Director, Bureau of Jewish Education, 356 Second Ave. Brenner, Louis, 1146 Eastern Parkway. Field secretary, Council Young Men's Hebrew Association. Drachsler, Julius, 1476 Lexington Ave. Secretary, The School for Jewish Communal Work, 356 2nd Ave. Goldsmith, Samuel A., 230 E. 173d St., General Secretary, Council Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations. Hauser, Leonora, 433 Central Park West. Registrar, The School for Jewish Communal Work. Herzog, Rose, Assistant Bureau of Jewish Statistics and Research. Kaplan, Benjamin D., 481 E. 171st St. Investigator Bureau of Philanthropic Research. Oppenheim, Samson D., 113 W. 121st St. Director, Bureau of Jewish Statistics and Research of'American Jewish Committee. Rosenblatt, Dr. Frank F., 356 2nd Ave., Chief of Staff, B u r e a u of Philanthropic Research. Sherline, Anna E., 100 W. 121st St. Sec'y to Director, Bur e a u of Philanthropic Research. Stavitsky, Michael, 31 Union Square West. Field Secretary, Council Young Men's Hebrew Association. "I Ir Ir Central and National Organizations Having Constituencies in New York City ir I I CENTRAL ALi" NATIONAL' OM'ANIZATIONS 1169 - A. RELIGIOU8 AGENCIES - THE CENTRAL CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN RABBIS By REV. DR. SAMUEL SCHULMAN The Central Conference of American Rabbis was organized in July, 1889, at Detroit, Michigan. Its founder was that great builder in American Judaism, Isaac M. Wise. His organizing genius unified the Reform elements of American Jewry by the Union of American Hebrew Congregations. He provided an institution for the training of Rabbis in the Hebrew Union College, and created the Central Conference which in members and influence is to-day the largest rabbinical organization in the land. The word "reform" is not found in the name of the Conference because the Conference felt and hoped that some day it would represent all Israel. As a matter of fact, it stands to-day as the representative of Reform tendencies in Judaism. Its 250 members represent every shade of thought, except extreme orthodoxy. When one studies the history of the Conference and the various resolutions adopted on important questions, the impression obtained, is that the Conference is neither radical nor.orthodox. It stands for American progressive Judaism which has never departed from its historical basis as far as the great traditional institutions of Judaism are concerned.: It has.proven a unifying for.ce in Apierican Israel by bringing the rabbis together, accustoming them:top, operation,, and by-annoucing from. trimoe fime: ritioritative principles and standards. Bit t 1170 COMMUNAL REGISTER leaves the individual absolutely free. Its membership is made up of two elements: active rabbis, who are qualified either because' they are graduates from theological schools or because they have served as Rabbis in congregations for a number of years; and professors of theological seminaries. The first president of the Conference was its founder, who held the office from 1889 to 1900. He was followed by the Reverend Drs. Joseph Silverman, Joseph Krauskopf, Joseph Stolz, David Philipson, Max Heller, Samuel Schulman, Moses J. Gries, William Rosenauf and the present incumbent of the office, Louis Grossman. For the last fourteen years its honorary president has been the distinguished rabbi, scholar and theologian, the Reverend Dr. Kaufman Kohler, President of the Hebrew Union College. The Conference holds annual meetings as a rule in the first week of July, and from time to time it has held meetings in the Spring or in the Fall. Its officers are, president, vice-president, treasurer, recording secretary and corresponding secretary, and an Executive Board of eleven members. The meetings of the Executive Board are usually held in Cincinnati. The most important work of the Conference, by which it has unified the Reform Congregations of America, has been its production of the Union Prayer Book, which it is now revising. This Prayer Book has been adopted not only by practically all Reform Congregations in the United States, but also by congregations in Canada and tie West Indies. In addition to the Union Prayer Book it has published the Union Hymnal, the Union Hagada, a CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1171 'book of prayers for personal devotion, a Minister's Hand Book, and Tracts to make Judaism better known to nonJewish readers. It has also published twenty-seven Annual Year Books which contain the records of the proceedings at its annual meetings and some very valuable scientific papers and addresses of more popular interest, some of which have been reprinted. The Central Conference has from its inception endeavored to cooperate with all other national organizations and to give enthusiastic service to every enterprise on behalf of American Israel. Its most noteworthy achievement in cooperation, has been its joint work with the Jewish Publication Society of America in producing the new English translation of the Bible. On thq Board of Editors of Seven, which made the translation, working eight years and completing it in 1916, the Conference was represented by three of its members. It has thus placed its impress upon American Judaism by a work which will remain an imperishable influence. Naturally, its main work of cooperation was with the Union of American Hebrew Congregations. The relations between, the two bodies have been most intimate and cordial. What the Union is for the laity of American Jewry, that the Conference is for the rabbis. It was through this cooperation that the Ministers' Pen. sion Fund was made possible, the foundation of which was laid by the munificent gift of the great philanthropist, Jacob H. Schiff. It has worked together with thte Union in the matter of Synagogue and School extension and in efforts made on behalf of the Jewish students ii W17t. 1 COMMUNAt ROISTIT.....neritities. Especially has it -signalized: its cooperation in the synagogue and school extension enterprise by its representatives on the Board of Editors of Text Books. It can be said that the Conference was instrumental in bringing about the Board of Editors. The Conference has also representatives on the Advisory Board of the Board of Governors of the Hebrew Union College. It has also a standing committee on co6peration with all national organizations, and from time to time it has been called upon to do practical work in con. junction with some of them. It has a number of standing committees, some of which reflect its main tendencies and its most important activities. Its committee on Church and State has given effective service. It has watched jealously and guarded against the encroachment of the Church upon the State in our land in which the-sacred principle of the separation of Church and State is the strongest bulwark of protection of freedom of conscience and therefore Of perfect freedom of American institutions. It has been compelled from time to time to take a strong stand against the reading of the Bible in the Public Schools and against any other subtle form of sectarian missionary effort. While its main work in this connection has of course been critical and negative, latterly the Conference has supplemented this traditional policy with oonstructive work, by an expression of sympathy with those efforts in American life which make for a better ethical and religious education of the American people. Its,.special, cmmittee on. week-day religious instruction CENTRAIL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1178 reflects this new policy. It has also been the work of the Committee on Church and State to protest against and seek to undo the insidious attempts made to slander the Jew in print or on the stage or in any other way in which he may be maliciously attacked. The Conference has done excellent work on behalf of religious education of the young. Its large standing Committee on Religious Education has year after year prepared a program for Conference Week, in which the problems of religious education have been discussed and many practical results have followed the discussions. It has a special commission on Civil and Religious Marriage Laws which has been studying the problems of marriage and divorce, as they are made especially acute by the diverse legislation in the different states of our country. It will soon formulate the results of its investigation, and action will undoubtedly follow its report. The Conference has a synagogue and social service department made up of three sections; one on synagogue and industrial relations, one on dependents, defectives and delinquents, and one, a special commission, on social justice. This department, with its sub-committees, reflects the interest of the Conference in the great social questions of the day.. The Conference has been occupying itself with them more and more. It has, during the last few years, had many stimulating discutssions on these questions and passed resolutions showing its sympathy witlthe progressive movement for the establishment of more social justice. Both individual members, and the Conference as a whole at its annual meetings, have been 1174 COMMUNAL REGISTER active in expressing their sympathy with the improvement of labor conditions. The Conference has felt that there is no more important question than that of the establishment of just and humane relations between employer and employee. The Central Conference of American Rabbis has thus been the clearing house of thought for the rabbinical profession on all the leading questions of the day as they affect American Israel. It has been an expression of the activities of the modern rabbi as theologian, preacher, superintendent of the religious school, social worker and leader of his people, in the spirit of the vision and ideals of the Hebrew Prophets. The Conference has in the course of its history been called upon to express the dominant opinion of its majority on many controverted questions in American Jewry. It can be fairly said that its uniform stand has been to emphasize the purely religious character of Israel in America. Central Conference of American Rabbis OFFICERS: Pres., Rabbi Louis Grossman, D. D., 528 Camden Ave., Avondale, Cincinnati, O. Corresponding Sec'y, Rabbi Louis Alolsey, Euclid Ave. Temple, Cleveland, 'O. Organized 1889. Budget for 1917 $20,000. Membership 249. PURPOSE: "To foster fellowship and cooperation among the Rabbis and Jewish scholars of America, to advance Jewish learning, to encourage the propagation of Judaism, and to provide for Rabbis in old age and disability." Has issued 26 volumes of its Year Book, the 'nion Prayer Book, the Union Hymnal, the Union Hagada, Prayers for private devotion, a special Army ritual for the soldiers pf the Jewish faith and various other publications. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1175 Grossman, Louis, Pres. Central Conference of American Rabbis; elected 1917. Born 1863 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1876. Received education at Hughes High School, University of Cincinnati, Hebrew Union College. Professor at Hebrew Union College, Principal of Teachers' Institute, Rabbi of Plum Street Temple. Res: 528 Camden Ave., Avondale, Cinn., O. New York City Members Anspacher, Abraham S., 561 W. 163rd St. Blum, A., 596 Riverside Drive. Braun, Frederick E., 260 Convent Ave. Cantor, Bernard, 36 W. 86th St. Cohen, Simon R., 272 Keap St., B'klyn. Elzas, Barnett A., 42 W. 72nd St. Enelow, Hyman G., 895 West End Ave. Friedlander, M., 10 Prospect Park South, B'klyn. Friceh, Ephraim, 400 W. 118th St. Grossman, Rudolph, 1347 Lexington Ave. Harris, Maurice H., 254 W. 103rd St. Hausman, Guntat N., 226 W. 105th St. Kaplan, Bernard M., 2307 B'way. Kohut, George Alexander, 302 W. 87th St. Krass, Nathan, 1172 Union St., B'klyn. Landman, Isaac, 1380 Cedar Ave., Far Rockaway, L. I. Levy, Clifton Harby, 2001 Morris Ave. Lewis, Harry Samuel, 616 W. 184th St. Limman, Edward, 18 8 7 7th Ave. Loewenberg, William, 542 W. 162nd St. Lowenstein, Solomon C., 1560 Amsterdam Ave. Lyons, Alexander, 526 8th St., B'klyn. Magnes, Judah L., 356 2nd Ave. Mannhelmer, Leo., 308 W. 82nd St. Mendes, F. De Sola, 154 W. 82nd St. 1176 COMMUNAL REGISTER Moses, Isaae S., 219 W. 81st St. Spiegel, Adolph, 47 W. 119th St. Raisin, Max, 1093 Sterling PI., B'klyn. Stern, Nathan, 201 W. 79th St. Relchler, Max, 860 E. 161st St. Tedeache, Sidney S., People's Temple, Bensonhurst. Schreiber, Emanuel, 470 W. 166th St. lintner, BenJ. A., 229 W. 97th St. Schulman, Samuel, 55 E. 92nd St. Winter, Leopold, 411 W. 115th Schwarz, Jacob, 18 E. 41st St. St. Silverman, Joseph, 45 E. 75th Wise, Stephen S., 23 W. 90th St. St. 46 CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1177 THE EASTERN COUNCIL OF REFORM RABBIS By REV. DR. JOSEPH SILVERMAN, President The Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis was organized in 1912, for the purpose of assisting in conserving Jewish religious interests in all the Eastern States, particularly in the Reform wing of Judaism, and to afford the rabbis of these States an opportunity of meeting in convention twice or oftener during the year, for the study and consideration of Jewish problems, especially of such as are particularly of local or Eastern concern. The Council holds usually two annual assemblies-in the fall and in the spring; and at present maintains a Jewish Chaplain in hospitals and correctional institutions. Under its auspices, also, the Lewisohn lectures on Judaism are held annually. A branch organization, known as the Jewish Religious School Union of New York City, has been organized and is being conducted under its auspices. This Council co-operates with the Central Conference of American Rabbis, and holds itself in readiness to carry into effect the policies of the Central Conference as far as these concern the Eastern States. The present officers are as follows: President: The Rev. Dr. Joseph Silverman, 45 East 75th Street, New York City. Secretary: The Rev. Dr. Max Raisin, 1093 Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. Treasurer: The Rev. Dr. Joseph Gorfinkle, Mt. Vernon, N. Y. 1178 COMMUNAL REGISTEB The office of Vice-President was occupied by the late Rev. Dr. J. Leonard Levy, and the vacancy has not yet been filled. Joseph Silverman was born in Cincinnati in 1860. He received his degree of Bachelor of Arts from the University of Cincinnati in 1883 and was ordained Rabbi in 1884. He officiated as Rabbi in Dallas, Texas, from 1886 to 1888. Since March 1st, 1888, he has been Minister of Temple Emanu-El. Dr. Silverman has written numerous treatises on religious topics and the Hebrew Union College conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Divinity. He was a member of the Council of the Religious Congress, which held its sessions during the Chicago Exposition of 1893. He was also a member of the National Committee for the Advancement of the Colored Race and the vice-president of the International Peace Forum. Dr. Silverman belongs to the reform wing of Judaism and is the president of the Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis. He has taken an active interest in Jewish communal affairs and is a member of the Executive Committee of the Jewish Community of New York and member of the American Jewish Committee. He was president of the Order B'nai B'rith, District No. 1, from 1913 to 1915. He is the founder and ex-president of the Emanu-El Brotherhood and a trustee of the Eumanu-El Sisterhood of Personal Service. He was president of the Central Conference'bf American Rabbis, 1900-1903; is a Governor of the Hebrew Union College; member of the Lake Mohonk Peace Conference; Director of the World Court League; a trustee of the Emanu-El Sisterhood and Past Grand Chaplain of New York State Grand Lodge of Masons. NEW YORK CITY MEMBERS Anspacher, S., 561 W. 163rd St. Elzas, Barnett A., 42 W. 72nd St. Blum, Abraham, 596 Riverside Drive. Drive Fishman, David, S h e r i d a n Boulevard, Far Rockaway, Braun, Frederick, 260 Con- Boulevard, Far Rockaway, vent Ave. Cronbac'h ' Abraham, 223 E. 12th St. JFriedlander, M., 10 Prospect Park, S. W., B'klyn: CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1179 Goldstein, Sidney E., 36 W. Mendes, F. De Sola, 154' W. 68th St. 82nd St. Greenfleld, S am u e, 241 W. Moses, Isaac S;, 219 W. 81st St. 115th St. Raisin, Max, 1093 Sterling PI. Grossman, Rudolph, 1347 Lex- B'klyn. ington Ave. Harris, Maurice M., 256 B. Retchler, Max, 860 E. 161st St. 103rd St. Schreiber, Emanuel, 470 W. Krass, Nathan, "The Belnord," 166th St. B'way and 86th St. Silverman, Joseph, 45 E. 76th Levy, Clifton H., 2003 Morris St. Ave., Bronx. Lewis, Harry., 616 W. 184th Thorner, Maurice, 303 E. 161st Lewis, Harry S., 616 W~. 184th St. St. St. Liaman, Edward, 1887 7th Tintner, Benjamin A., 100 W. Ave. 119th St. Lyon s, Alex., 526 8th St., Wise, Stephen S., 23 W. 90th B'klyn. St. 1180 COMMUNAL REGISTER THE UNION OF ORTHODOX RABBIS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA (;ftivo noon mrt1 Dwnnlyn cpjrmliv n Aon, ) By RABBI M. S. MARGOLIES, President For many years, the gravest problem of the orthodox rabbi in America was his isolation. His traditional and time-honored function, that of "Rov" or elder, of the man who stood sponsor for all the spiritual needs of his community, was continually being undermined by forces over which he had no control. This pathetic helplessness was still more aggravated by the fact that he stood alone. His immediate environment, the congregation, was as a rule too passive, too static to serve him as a source of inspiration for his work. He sank often to the level of a mere functionary and while he received his share of perfunctory deference by his 'Baale Batim," he was, in fact, a very humble, quiescent, apologetic official. It is not simply his material well-being, his personal comfort, I am speaking of. They were, and in a measure still are, a very sad reflection on the generosity and human kindness of our orthodox congregations. But then Torah and material comfort have rarely been playmates in the House of Israel. What I wish to emphasize here is the fact, that for many years past, the orthodox rabbi found himself a spiritual recluse, a harrowed man defending a principle of life, of Jewish life, amidst indifference or laughing scorn. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1181 The "gathering of the dispersion" which this country became to the Jews during the last two decades, wrought great havoc with our old, established conceptions of Jewish religious life. All the old standards were upset in the hurly-burly of economic adjustment and he, who in the midst of that new Babel of tongues, ideas and habits, would stand alone, was doomed to destruction. Organization, union, consolidation of effort was the only solution and the orthodox rabbi-heavily weighed down with care lest the great Jewish heritage entrusted to his keeping tome to irretrievable harm-resolved to try this expedient. It took quite some time for this sentiment among the orthodox rabbis of this country to crystallize into a concrete effort. Finally in 1902 the "Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada" was organized, an event which may justly be recorded as the beginning of a new era in the history of orthodox Jewry in America. The purpose and scope of the new organization was stated in a few simple words. It was declared to be the strengthening of the Jewish orthodox faith in this country. There were no qualifications and ho limitations. The fifty delegates who attended the first' convention of the Union in July, 1902, felt that their task Was a gigantic one and that the organization could not stultify itself by timid restrictions. What element of American Jewry, what phase of American Jewish life was wholesome and healthy enough so that it' couid d-di pense with the salutary influence which a united ep;iit 1182 1COMMUNAL REGISTER ual leadership expected to wield? The young generation needed guidance and leadership. But so did the older generation. If the sons were to be won for our future, the fathers had to be saved for the present. The Kashruth situation was an eyesore and an abomination to the God-fearing man, and needed attention. Religious education was at its lowest ebb. Sabbath observance was becoming obsolete and no one raised a voice of warning. Irresponsibility in purely rabbinical functions, particularly in Marriage and Divorce, was threatening the sanctity of the marital relationship. All this was from times immemorial the particular province of the "Rovy" and if changed conditions have deprived the individual rabbi of his power "to stand in the breach," then it devolved upon a united rabbinate to shoulder the burden. While, for very obvious reasons, the Union did not take it upon itself to lay down the rule directly concerning the qualifications of a rabbi in the orthodox sense, it nevertheless made its attitude clear on this point. It did not admit to membership anyone who did not receive the proper rabbinic authorization (Hatorath Horooh), so that the more discriminating.element among the orthodox Jews might have a standard to be guided by. This restriction in the admission of membership will also explain the fact why the number of members in the Union does not exceed one hundred and fifty, although the organization igs been in existence for more than fifteen years., - The influence of the organized orthodox rabbinate has CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1183 demonstrated itself in a very marked degree during these fifteen years. Orthodox Jews became more and more cognizant of its existence and turned to it for advice and authoritative intervention whenever it was confronted with a serious problem of a religious or congregational nature. Thus, the Union settled amicably many of the bitter disputes that would, from time to time, arise in the smaller congregations of the country. It.was particularly mindful of the country-town rabbi, whose lot was often embittered by the whimsical pettiness of his "Baale Batim" and it strove, wherever possible, to stamp out the factionalism of the provincial congregations. But aside from serving as the emergency squad of orthodox Jewry, rushing help wherever and whenever it was quickly needed, the Union was continually striving to do its share of the constructive work which the perpetuation of Orthodox Judaism in this country so urgently demanded. Through its National Committee on Religious Education, it stimulated and encouraged the organization of a number of Talmud Torahs, of parochial schools and Yeshiboth, all over the country. Being fully alive to the necessity of a higher school of learning for the training of young orthodox rabbis, the Union took under its wing the rabbinieal college, the Yeshibath Rabbi Yitzchok Elchonon, giving it all the support in its power and championing its cause among the orthodox Jews of America. Kashruth, Sabbath Observance, Marriage and Divorce, U94 OOMMUNAL REGISTER as well as the other vital problems of the Jewish corm-munity, have all received the undivided attention of the Union. Its standing committees are continually on guard to prevent infractions in those spheres where the influence of the orthodox rabbinate can make itself felt. In connection with this, it is necessary to emphasize that Jewish public opinion is the only powerful weapon which the orthodox rabbi may wield in this country with impunity. But the moulding of a Jewish public opinion, of all-public opinion, in fact, is a rather slow process; and the achievements of the Union in its ameliorating efforts must be measured and judged accordingly. It is true, the pulpit is a powerful medium for the fostering of a sound and salutary public opinion. But then it has also many limitations. The vastness of the community and the complexity of the problems require a more modern, more far-reaching medium. This medium is the press and it may be regarded as a good omen of the awakening of the hitherto somnolent orthodox rabbi, that he has finally resolved to employ the printed word, as well as the spoken one. The new bulletin which the Union is preparing to publish, will be the first step in this direction. While the spiritual and religious needs of the com-:munity are avowedly the primary reason for an organized orthodox rabbinate, the Union adheres to the principle that no sharp line of demarcation should be drawn between-the spiritual and the material wants of the Jewish people. The notion of converting the traditional rabbinate, wide awake to all the problems of the community, CENTRAL 4N]) NATIQNAL. OBRGANIZATIONS.4S85 into a. pale cleriealism, rotati -in a -sphere -of.ane. other-worldliness, was always resisted by the orthodox rabbi. Whatever affects Jewish: life, whether it- touches the soul of the Jew or his body, is the concern of -the orthodox rabbi, that is the "Rov," the leader. Nothing must remain strange to him. It is his burden and he must neither shift it nor shirk it. He may sometimes exclaim with the great teacher: "How can I by myself alone bear your cumbrance and your burden and your strife?" But having thus eased his mind, he again shoulders the cumbrance and the burden and the strife, because it is his to carry. In accordance with this view, the Union felt it its duty to further the war relief work, when the cry of agony and starvation reached our shores. It was upon its initiative that the Central Relief Committee was organized and it was its task to bring this medium of relief work into prominence among the 'orthodox elements of the country. Of still more far-reaching importance is the attitude of the Union towards our revived hope of regaining a national foothold in thq land of our fathers. There is a strong sentiment current among the members to align the organization with the active forces of the rejuvenation of the Holy Land. Careful consideration is now being giVei to-. the.methods and -plian of the-.iantci6pated work and there is no room to doubt that the organized orthodox rabbinate will see clearly where the path of its duty lies. This cursory review, outlining in broad strlkes t;te 1186 COMMUNAL RGISTES scope and activity of the organized orthodox rabbinate, would be incomplete if no mention was made of one of the major activities of the Union. I am referring to the work of organizing orthodox Jews the country over, for the purpose of enlisting their aid and influence in furthering the ideals which the Union stands for. These groups are called "Shlomay Emunay Yisroel," which may be rendered in English by the homely expression "The true blue of Israel." There are about fifteen such groups in the country now and an organizer is now touring the United States to increase their number. That these organizations will ultimately become a great source of strength to our cause may safely be predicted. But be this as it may, the enterprising spirit manifesting itself in this sort of work, is surely indicative of an aroused spirit, of a healthy aggressiveness which organization and purpose called forth in the erstwhile receding and forlorn orthodox rabbi. May he soon come into his own and restore the laurel of leadership to its wonted place. UNION OF ORTHODOX RABBIS OF UNITED STATES AND CANADA, 121 Canal St. Pres., Rabbi M. S. Margolies, 1225 Madison Ave.; Secy., Rabbi I. Isaacson, 121 Canal St.; Treas., Rabbi L. Silver, Harrisburg, Pa.; Chairman Executive Committee, Rabbi I. Siegel, Bayonne, New Jersey; Office Manager, Rabbi J. Koslowsky. HONORARY PRESIDENTS, Rabbi Dr. Ph. Klein, New York; Rabbi S. E. Jaffe, New York; Rabbi B. L. Levinthal, Phila., Pa.; Rabbi I. Rosenberg, Jersey City, N. J. VICE-PRESIDENTS: Rabbi M. S. Sivitz, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Rabbi Grossman, Philadelphia, Pa.; Rabbi A. Ginsburg, Wilkesbarre, Pa.; Rabbi B. Abramowitz, St. Louis, Mo. HONORARY SECRETARY: Rabbi M. L. Prael, Trenton, K. J CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1187 EXECUTIVE WESTERN BRANCH: Rabbi S. Schaffer, Baltimore, Md.; Rabbi H. A. Levin, Detroit, Mich. Established 1902, incorporated 1912. PURPOSE: "To strengthen Orthodox Judaism in America." ACTIVITIES: Committee on Jewish Education. Has helped to establish many parochial schools in New York and country towns and supports the Rabbinical College at 11 Montgomery St. Maintains a Board of Rabbis supervising the Rabbinical College. Committee on Sabbath Observance-Has furthered the movement for a five-day week. The organization has also a Committee on Kashruth and has organized several Orthodox Societies: Shlomei Emunei Yisroel, to strengthen the Orthodox faith in America. Takes active part in work of Central Relief Committee and established in cooperation with the Mizrachi "Ezrath Torah Fund" to aid rabbis, religious functionaries and institutions affected by the war. Chairman of Ezrath Torah Fund, Rabbi C. Rosenberg, Jersey City, N. J.; Sec'y, Rabbi J. Eskolsky; Treas., Dr. Philip Klein. New York City Members. Alishefsky, S. A. Bernstein, J. D. Burack, A. B., 154 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Chanowits, 82 E. 110th St. Cohen, B., 17 W. 114th St. Deckstein, H, 153 E. B'way. Eskolskl,' J., 254 E. B'way. Finkelstein, S. I., 341 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Flax, E. Z., 1103 Charlotte St. treed, I. BE 17 W. 115th St. Freedman, Dr. P. A., 295 Rivington St. Galant, A., 508 E. 140th St. Glick, S. H., 5704 Fourth Ave., B'klyn. Gold, W., 166 South 3rd St., B'klyn. Goldberg, Dr. L. G., 255 Schenectady Ave., B'klyn. Goosick, M., 251 E. B'way. Gordon, A., 139 Henry St. Gorehikow, [., 723 Hancock St., B'klyn. Guth, B., 100 E. 4th St. 1188 OOMMUNAIL REGISTrER isaseeon, i., 582 E[Indalo St., B'klyn. Zafe~.B. 20 7 M. B3'wa Y. Kanarek, J., 118 Columbia St. Klein, ]B'. B., 416 E. 85th St. Klein, Dr. Ph., 137 W. 119th St. ](oslowxky, A.. J., 637 Marcy,AVe., f'1jklyn'. Koslowsky, J.,-121 Canial St. Levinson, J., 86 Orchard St. margolies, m. S.. 1225 Madison * Ave. oronowitz, B., 119 W. 118th St. Pearl, B., 118 W. 112th St. Pikes, M. J., 1161 45th St., B'klyn. Port, M. J., 1 Windsor P1., Rabinowitz, M. H., 108 Thatford Ave., B'kl yn'.. Iteegleimez,.1., 120 W. 112th, St. Revel, Dr. IL, 16 E3. 96th St. Risiakof, IL. 48 Moore St.. B'klyn. Rosen, M. R., 72 Graham Ave., B'klyn. g4acks, J., 160 E. B'way.' Shwerenovsk-y, J., 11 Rutgers Place. Slatolof, S.,, 547 Van Sicklen Ave., B'klyn. Sterman, M., 66 W. 114th St. Tomashoff, B,,, 60-9 Sackman St., B'klyn. Wendrawsky, I. W., 312 Madison St. Werner, 0. W., 1531 Brook Ave. Wien, S. H., 1327.41st. St., B'klyn. Wiener, R., 1529, W~shington Ave. * * *: . CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS it89 JEWISH MINISTERS' ASSOCIATION OP AMERICA By RABBI S. L. HURWITZ, Secretary The Jewish Ministers' Association of America wq organized about a year ago. The pitiable condition of the Orthodox rabbis and preachers, the flagrant desecration of the Sabbath, the lamentable state of Jewish education, the ruined Jewish home-all of these prompted the organization of this body. During its brief career, the Jewish Ministers' Association of America has succeeded in making its influence felt in Jewish life in this city. Through the pulpit and the press it has urged the abolition of the abominable custom of holding prayer services in improper places during the High Holidays, as well as all the year round. The organization was also the first to respond to the call for welfare work among our Jewish soldiers; it aroused the Orthodox synagogues and collected funds for this cause. During the High Holidays large sums were raised othe Jewish war sufferers in response to the urgent appeals made by the members of this organization. They also aroused interest in Jewish education through at insistent agitation in the synagogue. The recent convention of the organization decided to make an effort to unite all the Orthodox congregations ii the country for the preservation of Judaism. It also resolved to create a Committee on Education, whose finietioneshouid be to stiniflate Jewish iducatioi and uinite all 1190 COMMUNAL. REGISTER the Jewish parents of the country in one huge parents' association. It also decided to open a bureau for the purpose of securing congregations for rabbis and supplying suitable rabbis to congregations. One of its plans is the establishing of a "Court of Arbitration," which should act as mediator in differences arising between rabbi and congregation, one congregation and another, as well as to settle disputes between fudividuals. The organization also has taken upon itself to work for the five-day week in Jewish industries, so that the Jewish worker may be enabled to rest on the Sabbath. The members of the Association are connected with many influential synagogues in Greater New York. Saturdays and Sundays they preach, in the aggregate, to seventy-five thousand Jews. They constitute a huge mouth-piece for moulding public opinion and they have greater possibilities than any similar organization to work for Jewish education, Sabbath Observance, Pales-. tine and all other Jewish problems. For a short time the membership of the Association was limited to rabbis and preachers residing in New York City. But since its first convention, the Association,has becopie a national organization and its roll of members contains names of rabbis from many cities in the United States. The convention unanimously resolved to work for-the restoration of Palestine, being convinced that without the inspiration of a Jewish homeland, genuine Jewish life can not be hoped for in this country. Needless to, say, the contemplated activities require CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1191 funds. An effort is now being made to raise ten thousand dollars for the worlk of the Association. The work of the Association is of unusual importance to the Orthodox Jews of America. It is their duty to support it whole-heartedly. By doing so they will help towards the perpetuation of Judaism in this country. Jewish Ministers' Association of America (Agudath Ho-Rabbonim Ha-Mattifim of America) 74 East 118th St. OFFICERS: Pres., Rabbi Abr. Yudelovitch, 13 Otisfield St., Roxbury, Mass. Sec'y, Rabbi S. L. Hurwitz, 66 West 118th St. Established 1916. Menibership 32. New York City Members Abeles, Sigmund, 196 Vernon Ave., B'klyn. Aisenstat, B. Z., 245 Thatford Ave., B'klyn. Backstein, A. S., 232 Dumont Ave., B'klyn. Bressler, N. W., 324 Keap St., B'klyn. Buehler, S., 324 Bainbrldge St., B'klyn. Cohen, B., 48 W. 116th St. Divorziz, 376 Bradford St., B'klyn. Drachman, B., 128 W. 121st St. Epstein, I. L., 301 Broome St. Estersohn, I. J., 113 E. 2nd St. Feinthal, M., 593 Greene Ave., B'klyn. Fleischer, B., 27 T h a t f o r d Ave., B'klyn. Gelernter, A., 201 E. 2nd St. Gold, WV., 166 S. 3rd St., B'klyn. Goldberg, G., 415 E. 6th St. Goldstein, H., 357 W. 27th St. Goodblatt, A., 182 Havemeyer St., B'klyn. Grossbein, S., 335 Crimmins Ave. 1192 COMMUNAL REGISTER.Hirmex,. A.. P., 15 University Mann, Abr., 27 W.. 114th St. * lace._Margolin,, I. J., 207 Monroe St. Hurwitz, Jacob, 270 Grand St. * -.Mailiannky, H., 171 Taylor -Hurwitx, S. L., 66 W. 118th St., B'klyn. St. Mosenson, H., 1856 Prospect Hyamxon, M., 115 E. 95th St. PI., B'klyn. Jaches, P., 200 W. 111th St. Newlander, Y., 936 Kelly St. Ka plan, H. A., 52 W. 117th St. Orlianxhy, H., 11 St. Nicholas Ave. Kaplan, Simon, 593 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Pearl, B., 120 W. 112th St. Klein, H. L., 364 E. 4th St. Rabinowitz, 307 E. 6th St. Kosjut, P., 25 W. 112th St. Rabinowits, Mt. H., 391 Pennsylvania Ave., B'klyn. Kovetsky, 223 Corona Ave., Corona, L6 I. Rosen, B., 128 Rivington St..Laks, J., 1923 B er g en St.,, Shafran, A., 20 E. 109th St. B'klyn. Siegel, Barnet, 255 E. B'way. Lasarow, L., 963 Kelly St. Sodden, I., 269 Division St. Lebowitz, Reuben, 49 W. 116th St. Tanenbaum, Mt.,. 49 St. Marks *Le~hrman, A.,- 133 W. 140th St. P1 Lev, Hym~an, 199 Christopher Wasserman, 1., 912 Tiff any * St. St.,Levy, B., 88 E. 4th St. Zimmermann, S., 147 E. B'Way. CANTORS' ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA (see page 305) C0NTRAL 'AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AI1l The Union of American Hebrew Congregations 62 Duttenhofer Building, Cincinnati, O. OFFICERS: Pres., J. Walter Freiberg. Sec'y, Rabbi George Zepin. - OBJECTS: "To maintain the Hebrew Union College of Cincinnati, O., an institution for the education of Rabbis;, to provide for the relief of Jews from political oppression and unjust discrimination; to promote religious instruction and to encourage the study of the tenets and history of Judaism." Was incorporated in 1873 and was active in preventing infringements upon Jewish rights the world over. It comprises the following departments: Board of Governors of the Hebrew Union College, and Teachers' Institute, Cincinnati, 0.; Alfred M. Cohen; Pres,, Isaac Bloom, Sec'y., Dr. Kaufman Kohler, Pres. of Hebrew Union College. Board of Delegates Civil Rights, Woodward Building, Washington, D. C. Simon Wolf, Chairman. Board of Managers of Synagog and School Extensiaon Duttenhofer Building, Cincinnati, O. Charles Shohl, Chair~man; Rabbi George Zepin, Sec'y, and Director. Constituents in New York City Ahavath Sholom. Free Synagogue. Ahavath Chesed Shaar Hasho- Temple Israel of B'klyn. mayim. Temple Israel of Far RockBeth El. away. Beth Elohim. Temple Israel of Harlem. -Temple Beth Elohim. New Synagogue. Temple bmanueL alodeph lkalou. / 1194 COMMUNAL REGISTER DEPARTMENT OF SYNAGOGUE AND SCHOOL EXTENSION, Duttenhofer Building, Cincinnati, Ohio. New York Branch Office, 1745 Washington Ave. Offices of the *New.York Committee: Chairman, Judge David Leventritt; Vice-chairman, Judge Irving Lehman; Treasurer, Ludwig Vogelstein. PURPOSE: "To further the interests of Jewish religious education in the United States." ACTIVITIES: The Department was organized in 1905 as a result of combining the Hebrew Sabbath School Union with the religious circuit work of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations. The work of the Department may be divided as follows: First, it cooperates with existing Sabbath and Sunday schools throughout the country. Its chief contribution in this connection consisted in issuing a series of leaflets and texts for Sunday school work. The development of the Sunday school curriculum in its various aspects, is among the main concerns of the department. Second, it conducts a Talmud Torah or a weekday school in the Bronx (see Ezra Hebrew School on p. 386), and cooperates with two congregational weekday schools in the Bronx. The Department has led the movement among Reform Religious Schools to introduce weekday sessions. Third, 'it encourages and organizes religious welfare work in neglected communities and for neglected groups, such as farmers, inmates of correctional institutions, inmates of hospitals, soldiers in military barracks, and college students. In 1916 the Depart-* ment made an educational survey of the Bronx, in which it showed that out of 50,000 Jewish children residing in that borough only 5,000 were receiving religious instruction. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1195 Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America 125 East 85th Street OFFICERS: Pres., Rev. Dr. Bernard Drachman, 128 W. 121st St. Sec'y, Albert Lucas, 20 Exchange Place. Established 1898. Incorporated 1915. BRANCHES in New York City, 25. PURPOSE: "To uphold and strengthen the observance of orthodox Judaism, by associating and uniting such congregations, organizations and individuals as adhere to or profess orthodox Judaism, and affording them mutual aid and encouragement in religious faith and devotion to their common ideals, by maintaining or encouraging the maintenance of synagogues, schools, and other institutions for the teaching or practicing the principles of orthodox Judaism; to promote the interests of orthodox Judaism by all lawful and proper means." Constituents in New York City Achim B'nai Israel. Agudath Aehim Anshel B'nai Israel. Agudath Aehim Anshel Kusnitse. Ahavath Abraham B'nai Kolo. Ahavath Achim. Anshel Emeth. Beth Haknesseth Anshel Homel. Beth Hamidrash Hagodol. Derech Emunah. F i r t Roumanian-American Congregation. Khal Adath Jeshurun. Keblllath Jeshurun. Nachlath Z'vi. Ohab Zedek. Orach Chaim. Pincus Elijah. Rodeph Sholom. Shaarei Tephillah. Shearith Israel (Spanish and Portuguese Congregation). Sons of Israel of Bath Beach. Sons of Israel of B'klyn. Torah Emunah. Young Ladies and Youna Men's Sabbath League. Zemach Zedek. Ziebron Ephralnm COMMUNAL REGISTER U:nited Synagogue of America 531-535 W. 123rd St. OFFICERS: Acting Pres., Prof. Louis Ginsberg, 531 W. 123rd St. Recording Sec'y, Rev. Dr. Jacob Kohn, 235 W. 110th St. Supervising Director, Rabbi Samuel M. Cohen, 531 W. 123rd St. Organized 1913. MEMBERSHIP: 75 Congregations, 1 Institution, 100 Individual members. PURPOSE: The advancement of the cause of Judaism in America and maintaining Jewish tradition in its historical continuity, with following ends in view: 1. To assert and establish loyalty to the Torah and its historical exposition. 2. To further the observance of the Sabbath and dietary laws. 3. To preserve in the service the reference to Israel's past, and hopes for Israel's restoration. 4. To maintain the traditional character of the liturgy with Hebrew as the language of prayer. 5. To foster Jewish religious life in the home as expressed in the traditional observances. 6. To encourage the establishment of Jewish Religious schools, in the curricula of which the study of the Hebrew language and literature shall be given a prominent place, both as the key to the true understanding of Judaism, and as a bond holding together the scattered communities of Israel throughout the world. Constituents in New York City Asrhel Chened. Peni-El. Beth Israel Anshei Emeth. Petach Tikvah. B'nal Israel (Bay Ridge). Pinnes Elijah. B'nal Israel (Bath Beach).rel Z Shaarei Zedek. Derech Emnunahb Shearith Judah. JEielSlath Israel. Monteflore Congregation. Son of Israel (Bronx) Mt. Slaal of Wa hlngto n Washington Heights CongreHeight,.. gation.. ' CENTRAL &NP )NATIONALR:IOTANIZATIONS k1W ~.B. EDUCATIONAL, Bureau of Jewish Education (See Page 1153). The Board of Jewish School Aid. There is no Board of Education for Jewish schools, comparable in function and power to the Board of Education of the public school system in this city. In 'iew of. the fact that Jewish education cannot be based either upon the legal power granted by a government or upon the clerical power of a centralized church, it must develop as a voluntary system based upon inner persuasion rather than upon outer compulsion. It is not post sible, and probably is unwise, to centralize the work of all the Jewish schools under the control of one body. But if the conditions of the schools are to improve, and if facilities in Jewish education are to be extended, it is important that some agency exist in the community which shall make. this work its own. For this purpose the Board of Jewish School Aid was organized in 1917, The Board consists of the presidents and officers of some of the largest Jewish schools in the city. The aims of the Board are: (1) to improve the eco, nomic status of the existing Jewish schools, and (2),to increase the facilities in Jewish education so as to reach the great number of children: who are not. now in.Jew; ish schools..-.: -. Its main achievement until now has. eonsisted in ear. ying; on negotiations.with.the Federation for the Sup; 1198 COMMUNAL REGISTER port of Jewish Philanthropic Societies, whereby that agency has consented to include the Hebrew schools among the affiliated institutions. The Jewish Theological Seminary of America The standard of scholarship and learning which a group demands of its leaders is indicative of the cultural level of that group. The Jews of New York began to discuss the establishment of higher schools for Jewish learning as early as 1843, when Judge Mordecai M. Noah advocated the opening of a Jewish university in this city. A number of attempts were made in New York prior to 1881 to create such schools, but without success. The large influx of Jews from Eastern Europe, who came to this country since 1881, bringing with them more intensive standards of Jewish scholarship than had prevailed among the previous immigrants, stimulated the efforts in this direction. In 1886 a conference of conservative Jewish ministers was held for the purpose of organizing a seminary, "to train teachers of future generations in sympathy with the spirit of conservative Judaism." The Hebrew Union College, established in Cincinnati in 1874, taught the tenets of Reform Judaism, and its graduates were not acceptable as rabbis to orthodox and conservative Jews. In January, 1887, the Jewish Theological Seminary was opened, under the presidency of Dr. Sabato Morais. Upon the death of Dr. Morais in 1897, the seminary continued tnder the general management of the Board of CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1199 Trustees, until 1901. In that year, the late Dr. Solomon Schechter was called from England to become its president, and the institution was reorganized as the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Under the leadership of Dr. Schechter the Seminary grew to be one of the most important schools of Jewish learning in this country. Dr. Schechter continued at its head until his death in 1915. The Seminary is situated at 531 West 123rd Street. It is recognized as a school of university rank, and is empowered to confer degrees of Rabbi, Chazan, Master and Doctor of Hebrew Literature, and Doctor of Divinity. Through its Teachers' Institute, it also awards certificates to teachers in Hebrew schools. The scope of instruction at the Seminary embraces the following subjects: Bible, Talmud, Midrashim, Codes, History, Philosophy, Theology, Liturgy and Homiletics. Courses in Chazanuth and in Public Speaking are also provided. The faculty is composed as follows: Dr. Cyrus Adler-Acting President. Prof. Israel Friedlaender-Biblical Literature and Exegesis. Prof. Louis Ginzberg-Talmud. Prof. Alexander Marx-History. Prof. Mordecai M. Kaplan-Homiletics. Prof. Israel Davidson-Medieval Hebrew Literature. Prof. Moses Hyamson-Codes. Rabbi Simon Jacobson-Chazanuth and Ceremonial Practices. 1200.. C0oMrU9WA.-m-oEGri * Mr- Walter Robinson-Public Speaking.:abbi Wilfred P. Kotkov —Talhmud. \.,Rabbi.Morris D. Levine —Hebrew. 'Students admitted as candidates for the degree of Rabbi must have received the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, or its equivalent, from some recognized college or university. They must also pass an entrance examination in Hebrew, Bible and Talmud. The Seminary conducts a Junior department for college students preparatory to their matriculation as applicants for the Rabbinate. The studies leading directly to the Jewish Rabbinate are pursued by some 75 young men. The library of the Seminary is one of the most notable Hebrew collections in the world. It contains 52,384 printed volumes and 1808 manuscripts. In it are found many rare books, incunabula, parchment prints, etc., Vhich have been gathered from all parts of the globe. T1e Ar'k of the Law in the synagogue of the Seminary is about 800 years old, and was brought to this country by the late Dr. Schechter from the Cairo Genizah., The men who were graduated from the Seminary in the thirty years of its existence are now leaders of Jewish communities, not only throughout the United States,~but also in other lands. In 1912 the Seminary organized its graduates, as well. as.other. leaders of conservative cong ti-ijntS^.p-t4e:U.nited Synagogue of America..:(See United Synagogue of America,) -. - ~': CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1201 The Rabbinical College of America In the same year that the Seminary was organized, there was incorporated in this city the first American Yeshibah, under the name of the Yeshibath Etz Chaim. On the one hand, it differed from the usual American Talmud Torah in that it laid greater stress on the study of the Talmud, and also in the fact that it offered secular studies together with the Jewish curriculum. On the other hand, it differed from its European prototype in that its pupils were young boys rather than advanced students, the school being an intermediate Talmud Cheder rather than a Talmudical academy. But the year 1897 saw the origin of the first higher American Yeshibah, the Yeshibath Yitzchak Elchannan, or the Rabbi Isaac, Elchannan Theological Seminary. It arose as the result of the desire on the part of a number of immigrant young men to continue their Talmudic studies in this country. After a separate existence for almost twenty years, these two Yeshibahs combined in 1915, into the Rabbinical College of America, with Dr. Bernard Revel as its president. The Rabbinical College, situated at 9-11 Montgomery Street, is a Jewish parochial school, with elemnentary, high school and collegiate courses. In its elementary and high schools, both Jewish and secular studies are taught. In its more advanced grades, only Jewish studies are offered, the students being given the opportunity to attend at the same time one of the colleges of the city. It has a total enrollment of 170 pupils, of whom 90 are in the elementary grades, 40 in the high school, and 50 1202 COMMUNAL REGISTER are pursuing more advanced studies for the rabbinate. The course of study for the advanced, or senior class, includes the reading of all the important Jewish mediaeval and modern commentaries on the Bible; the Targumim; Halachic and Hagadic Midrashim; the Babylonian and Palestinian Talmuds; and the Codes. Courses in Jewish History, Homiletics, and Public Speaking are also offered. Ordination (S'micha) is conferred by the college upon its graduates individually, after written and oral examinations. Several of its graduates are now holding positions as Rabbonim of Orthodox Congregations in different parts of the country. The faculty of Jewish studies is composed as follows: Dr. Bernard Revel-President, and head of Department of Talmud and Codes. Dr. Nahum Slouszch-Jewish History. Dr. S. Th. Hurwitz —Biblical and Semitic Philology. Dr. H. Pereira Mendes-Homiletics. Dr. Bernard Drachman-Pedagogy. Dr. Moses Seidel-Bible. Rabbi B. L. Levinthal-Midrash. Mr. J. D. Eisenstein-Midrash and Homiletics. Rabbi B. Aaronowitz-Talmud and Codes. Rabbi Samuel Gerstenfield —Talmud and Codes. Rabbi E. Sachs-Talmud. Rabbi J. Levine-Talmud. The faculty of general studies is composed as follows: Dr. S. Th. Hurwitz-English. Dr. Georges Bacarat-Classical and Modern Languages. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1203 Mr. David S. Stern-Mathematics. Mr. Isaac Rosengarten-History and English. Dr. Shelley R. Safir-Biology. Mr. Max Lieberman-Public Speaking. Mr. Solomon Friedman-English. School for Jewish Communal Work (See Page 1167) 1204 COMMUNAL REGISTER C. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL THE JEWISH BOARD FOR WELFARE WORK A PROGRAM AND A SENTIMENT By CHESTER J. TELLER, Executive Secretary It has been said that the entire welfare effort of the American people, in behalf of its soldiers and sailors, is founded upon a sentiment-an instinct deep rooted in the soul of the nation. Were it not for this instinct, the American citizen would be quite content to pay his taxes and look to his government to make such provision as it would, for clothing, food, training and comfort, for the men of the nation's army and navy. Not content to lay this burden at the door of the responsible officials, the people of America have seen fit of their own initiative, to promote a supplementary enterprise, so that as far as possible, military life may be rationalized, and normal life realized, for those hundreds of thousands to whom the call has gone forth, to prepare for the defense of all that America cherishes. Accordingly, great organizations, machine-like and efficient, yet breathing the breath of life and motivated by the ideals of human well-being, have been created and set in motion. Among these, three organizations are noteworthy. There is firstly the American Red Cross, with its wide laid plans for the relief of distress here and abroad, among both soldiers and civilians. There is the Commission on Training Camp Activities, financed partly by public, and partly by private funds, and CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1 charged with the task of developing for our men in uniform, a wholesome and healthful environment, both within and without the camp. Finally, there is the Young Men's Christian Association, through whose channels bothi Jews and Gentiles have undertaken to socialize the life in fort, camp and naval station. All these are the resultant of a powerful sentiment welling up in the hearts of all the people, expressing itself in countless works of helpfulness toward those upon whom the high task of defending the nation devolves most directly. While in the furtherance of this project, we Jews have everywhere played our appropriate part, we have come to realize that there is in us, as Jews, a special Jewish sentiment, which does not readily get itself translated into the general plans for welfare work. We are a minority group, and like all minorities, we must merge our ideals as far as that may be done, with those of the other groups with whose lives and destinies we mingle ours. But in this, as in every similar circumstance, Jewishsentiment craves its own expression, and as Jews, it is our duty, not to ourselves alone, but to the whole people as well, amply to satisfy this need for self-expression. It is because of this obligation that the Jewish Board for Welfare Work has been organized. Its aim is to make a contribution to the welfare program of the nation,-a contribution, however, directed in particular towards the needs of the American soldiers of Jewish blood, and ex. pressive of the character and sentiments of the American people of Jewish blood. What is this sentiment of the Jewish group with re 1206 COMMUNAL REGISTER gard to the fighting men it has given to the nation In what way is it unique? How does it differ from the sentiment of the country at large? Obviously there is the Jewish religious sentiment. No one will gainsay that in matters religious we Jews are distinct and distinctive. In war this distinctness takes on a new emphasis. The young soldier who faces, possibly for the first time in his life, the realities of the grim encounter, wants the solace of religion as he wants his food and raiment. He wants to pray his Jewish prayers; to sing his traditional melodies. When the day of departure comes for the land overseas, he requests that a Jewish benediction be spoken over his head. These religious ministrations and comforts the Jewish Welfare Board must provide. Chaplains and religious leaders must be stationed at every post, fort and camp where Jewish men assemble. In Camp Upton, the training ground for the men of New York City, no less than four such leaders are needed to minister to the vast congregation of twelve thousand young Jews. The entire rabbinate of America is being mobilized for this work. The sentiment of the Jewish people demands it; and the welfare plans of the Jewish Board must accord with this sentiment. There is another Jewish need, not so specifically religious perhaps, yet with a deep religious significance. If in every crisis of life the Jew feels the Fatherhood of God, he feels no less the Brotherhood of Man, and particularly the Brotherhood of Israel: "Kol Yisroel Chaverim. " Suddenly caught up from the midst of his little community in the West, in the South, wherever it may CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1207 be, transferred as in a night to a new kind of communal life that not even his imagination had ever pictured before, the Jew, that is, the thinking and the feeling Jew, is as one lost in a vast solitude. The Y. M. C. A., with its warm and cheery halls, can aid such a man, but the Jewish Welfare Board can aid him more. The Y. M. C. A. worker can understand such a man, but the Jewish representative can understand him very much better. To such as he, the need of cheer, of comfort, of a sense of contact with the life he has lived and left, perhaps for all time, the headquarters of the Jewish Welfare Board acts as a symbol of the Brotherhood of Israel-the Jewish worker, the messenger from that brotherhood, sent particularly to him. As one soldier put it to the Jewish representative, after having awaited him for days, "I came in for a Yiddische Wort. I feel now that my people have not utterly forgotten me; that there is something even away out here that binds me to them and them to me." This sense of identity with others of one's faith, this "consciousness of kind," as it has been called, is a very real element in the spiritual life of a man, and no doer of welfare work can ever afford to disregard it. Of one other Jewish sentiment we must here make special note-the sentiment of the Jewish folks "back home." There is a craving in the hearts of all our people, however remote they may be from the larger centers of Jewish life, to send on their way their departing sons and brothers, with a Jewish Godspeed. It is necessary that the Jewish Welfare Board organize every 1208 COMMUNAL REGISTER community of Jews throughout the country, so that they may give communal expression to their feelings as Jews, whether it be at the time of the soldiers' leave taking, or at the possibly sadder hour of their return. It is necessary that Jewish hospitality be extended to the soldiers of the nearby camps, particularly at the seasons of rejoicing, at Passover, Purim, Chanukah, and at the harvest festivals. It is essential that Jewish communities be instructed, so that gifts made possible by Jewish bounty, may find their way to the men in uniform, through Jewish channels. There are other ideals of hopefulness and helpfulness in the hearts of the Jews of America towards their sons in the war. They cover every phase and feature of the life of their boys-what they should eat; what they should read and write; what they should study or sing; how and how often they should pray-not an element in the whole regimen of daily life that some Jew or group of Jews has not thought about and felt about earnestly, deeply, persistently. The Jewish Welfare Board does not claim in its brief period of existence to have given adequate expression to all these sentiments; indeed it does not claim even to have determined what the sentiments may be. It does lay claim to this however: it recognizes that its high task and privilege it is to take account, as sympathetically as that can be done, of every Jewish hope and fear and ideal, whether it be voiced by one group or another; by the older settlers or the newcomers; by rabbis or laymen; by the parents of the soldiers, or by the soldiers themselves. And it CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1209 recognizes that as speedily as possible, these sentiments and hopes must be translated into conduct, the actual conduct of the welfare program. It is the purpose of the Board for welfare work that before many weeks shall have passed, it will be enabled to extend the sphere of its influence to every last camp and naval station where Jewish men may be, to the trenches in France, and the ships throughout the seas; that its service may be extended to the wives and children of these men, and to the men themselves upon their return, wherever such service may be needed; and that as this program develops from day to day, it will be true to the Jewish sentiment, nq f a group, not of a party, not of a profession, but of he entire body of Israel in America. The following organizations are affiliated with the Jewish Board of Welfare Work:Agudsth Horabbonim. Central Conference of American Rabbis Council of Jewish Women Council of Y. M. H. & Kindred Associations Independent Order B'nai B'rith, Dist. Lodge No. 1 Independent Order B'nai B'rith, Dist. Lodge No. 4 Independent Order B'rith Abraham. Jewish Publication Society of America National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods New York Board of Jewish Ministers Order B'rith Abraham. Union of American Hebrew Congregations Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations United Synagogue of America The officers of the Board are:-Chairman, Harry Cutler; Secretary and Executive Director, Chester J. Tel 1210 COMMUNAL REGISTER ler, 19 W. 44th St., N. Y. C.; Treasurer, Walter E. Sachs. The Local Committee for New York City, under the chairmanship of Israel Unterberg, is divided into two subcommittees: the Committee on Religious Affairs, (Chairman Justice Irving Lehman), whose task is to secure the cooperation of rabbis to supervise the religious activities in the training camps, near New York City; the sub-committee on general activities (Chairman, Joseph Rosenzweig) whose functions are to secure supplies of clothing and other necessary articles for soldiers and sailors in camp, to obtain the co-operation of volunt4. workers to help and advise the families of drafted men, to co-operate with the Y. M. C. A. in carrying on recreational activities in the camps. Council of Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations (See Page 1156) CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1211 THE MENORAH MOVEMENT AMONG JEWISH COLLEGE STUDENTS. In October, 1906, the first of the Menorah societies was organized in Harvard University. In the eleven years that have elapsed, the Menorah idea took hold of the students at other institutions, and similar societies arose throughout the country. Now there is a Menorah Society in practically every college and university in the United States where there are Jewish students in any number. In January, 1913, these societies organized themselves into the Intercollegiate Menorah Association which at present includes 62 undergraduate societies of American colleges and universities (including 3 in Canada). There are also 6 graduate or community societies. The aim of the Menorah movement is to study and advance Jewish culture and ideals, and to prepare university men and women for intelligent service to the community. It has adopted the Menorah, the seven-branched candelabrum, as its name and emblem, because of its symbolic connotation of Jewish enlightenment and idealism. The Menorah Societies, however, are not religious organizations. No religious qualification whatever is made for membership. Men and women of various kinds of religious belief are appealed to and brought together upon a purely intellectual' basis of study and impartial discussion. It follows, therefore, that the Menorah Societies are neither reform nor orthodox. Indeed they are not sectarian in any sense, since the membership is open to Jews and non-Jews of all beliefs. Nor are the Menorah Societies Zionistic. Zionism is naturally one of the subjects of discussion and study by the societies, but no Zionistic propaganda can be carried on by them. Not only are the Menorah Societies non-sectarian, but they are non-partisan on all Jewish questions as well as on all political and religious movements. Membership in an undergraduate society is open to all members of its college or university. The test for membership is purely intellectual and moral. The Menorah societies are neither "fraternities" nor social organizations. There is therefore no social selection whatever in their composition. The activities of the Menorah societies are carried on in a variety of ways. Regular meetings are held for the members and for others who are interested. At these meetings 1212 COMMUNAL REGISTER lectures are given by scholars or laymen, Jewish and nonJewish, on current Jewish questions, as well as on subjects in Jewish history, literature, religion, etc., followed usually by a general discussion. Forums are conducted which are devoted to all-sided discussion of current questions, the Menorah platform being open to the expression of every point of view. Special study circles are added to the regular courses of study. As stimuli to thorough study and research, the Menorah societies conduct prize competitions. Prizes of $100 have been offered for this purpose, at Harvard by Jacob H. Schiff, at Michigan and Wisconsin by Julius Rosenwald, at the College of the City of New York by Bernard M. Baruch, at Missouri and Washington by the late M. C. Reefer, etc. The aesthetic phases of Jewish life are presented to the students in the form of plays, concerts of Jewish music, and similar forms of expression. The Intercollegiate Menorah Association helps its constituent Menorah Societies by providing for an exchange of information and ideas between them, and by giving them suggestions and advice. It provides lectures for them; furnishes them with plans and syllabi of courses of study; and supplies them with Menorah libraries of Jewish books and periodicals. The Intercollegiate also conducts intervarsity prize competitions, offering general prizes like the Irving Lehman trophy and the annual medal for the best prize essay of the year. It has also been carrying on efforts aiming toward the establishment of regular courses of study in the curriculum and the founding of chairs of Jewish history, literature, etc. Lastly, it publishes The Menorah Journal, a Review of Jewish life and thought which has proven of the highest interest not only to Menorah members, but to all cultivated men and women who wish to approach Jewish history and ideals, and modern Jewish questions, from an intellectual and non-partisan point of view. The attitude of the university authorities towards the Intercollegiate Menorah Association has everywhere been that Of welcome, co-operation and appreciation. The authorities feel that the Menorah Societies are desirable, not only because they stand for study and devotion to ideals, but because the Intercollegiate Menorah Association is contributing to their institutions substantial assets and resources-lectures, books, prizes, etc. The influence of the Menorah movement upon the Jewish college students has been marked. It has promoted the CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1213 sense of noblesse oblige among Jewish university men and women through more intelligent appreciation of their heritage and ideals, and it has brought about a deeper understanding and respect for them on the part of the non-Jews. It has facilitated mutual understanding and cooperation between various groups of Jewish students by providing them with a common organization and a common ideal. It has stimulated students and graduates not only to study Jewish problems but to participate in Jewish life. It has provided non-partisan forums both within the universities and without, for the broader comprehension of Jewish issues and problems, especially in their relations to the general questions of the day. Finally, it has introduced a much greater interest in Jewish studies and in the Jewish. humanities at our colleges and universities, resulting in the establishment of regular courses and instructorships at an increasing number of institutions. LIST OF MENORAH SOCIETIES AND OFFICERS IN NEW YORK CITY. Adelphi Coflege: President, Miss Henrietta Weckstein, c/o Adelphi College. City College of New York: President, Frank Schaeffer, 419 Pennsylvania Ave.' Vice-Pres., George M. Hyman, 981 Park Ave.; Sec'y., Louis M. Levitsky, 22 W. 112th St.; Treas., Solomon E. Green, 28 Ridge St. Columbia University: President, Lionel S. Popkin, Hartley Hall, Columbia University. Vice-Pres., William Mazur, Columbia University; Cor. Sec'y, Paul Segal, 439 West 123rd St.; Rec. Sec'y, Isidor Ginsburg, 1819 Barnes Ave.; Treas., Jerome Bijur, Hotel Ansonia. Hunter College: President, Henriette S. van Nierop, 50 W. 129th St.; Cor. Sec'y, Bertha Singer, 143 W. 142nd St.; Rec. Sec'y, Eudice Elkind, 1327 Intervale Ave.; Treas., Gertrude Jaffin, 1706 Washington Ave. New York Universfty (University Heights): President, Harry Dvorken, 126 Perry St., Newark, N. J.; Vice-Pres., Herman Halperin, 42 Charlton St., Newark, N. J.; See'y, Ephraim Eisenberg, 328 So. 7th St., Newark, N. J.; Tres., Abraham Magida, 1336 Washington Ave., N. Y. New York University (Washington Square): President, Moses L. Gittelson, 1532 Minford PI.; Vice-Pres., Paul K. Owen, c/o N. Y. U., Washington Square; Sec'y., D. W. Bear, c/o N. Y. U., Washington Square; Treas., Samuel Newberg, 713 E. 9th St. 12.14 COMMUNAL REGSTZ THE HEBRAIC MOVEMENT IN AMERICA and the HISTADRUTH IBRITH IN NEW YORK By REUBEN BRAININ The number of Jews in the United States and Canada, who know Hebrew is much larger than the ordinary man, that is, one remaining at a distance from the Hebraic movement, would imagine. True, there are no authentic figures, but, basing his estimate on a number of facts and inquiries (too long to be enumerated here), the writer is inclined to put the figure at one hundred thousand, about three per cent. of the entire Jewish population. Jews who know Hebrew may be divided into three large groups. The first group comprises all those who know ancient Hebrew literature, but occasionally take excursions into our modern Hebrew books. Rabbis, Orthodox Jews, Jewish scholars, a few Reformers and religious functionaries generally, constitute this group. The second group consists of those who have sufficient knowledge of our ancient literature, but a more thorough knowledge of our modern literature. The most important element of this group is the Hebrew teacher. Next to him comes the old time Maskil. Business men, petty merchants, "Baale Batim" and office holders are the other elements of the second group. I The third group is represented through the younger element, the devotees of modern Hebrew literature. This element first began coming to America fifteen years ago. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1215 Its predominant type is the more modern Maskil. In its ranks will be found many manual workers, professionals and the pupils of the modern Hebrew schools. There is yet another large group which may properly be designated as "Hebraistic material." These are men who had received, in their early youth, a smattering of Hebrew learning, but which was entirely neglected later on. The strong national currents which of late have swayed the Jewish people, may, if the proper efforts are made, reclaim a great number of this group for the Hebraic movement. But then, this last group is not included in the one hundred thousand comprised in the first three groups. One thing, however, is certain: the number of Jews in America entirely ignorant of Hebrew is not very large. Most of our immigrant Jews attended Cheder, the Talmud Torah, and some of them the Yeshibah. It was the struggle for existence, in the new environment, that enstranged them from the studies of their childhood. The knowledge of Hebrew, in this country, is not limited to any one class or group of Jews. You will find it among the native Jews, as well as among the immigrants, among the wealthy, as well as among the poor. True, the preponderating number of Hebraists is to be found among the Orthodox Jews and among the nationalists. They are the most important asset of the Jewish people here, not less than in all the other countries of the dispersion. But Jews who know Hebrew may also be found among our extreme radicals and Socialists of all brands and, in passing, it may be said that although these last are generally neither religious nor na 1216 COMMUNAL REGISTER tionalistic, they are very much alive to all the spiritual and communal problems of our people. The knowledge of Hebrew was always looked upon as a badge of honor, an aristocratic distinction. It is almost always an indication of nobler parentage and a more extensive education. He who knows Hebrew has the key to a great culture and has become more deeply rooted in the Jewish past. It is a fact that the Jew who received an early training in our ancient lore, for which Hebrew was the only medium, found it easier to acquire secular knowledge later on. There were many among these "Lomdim" who really acquired a liberal education when they were quite mature men. This was rarely the ease among Jews wholly ignorant of Hebrew, unless they had the exceptional opportunity of being sent to a secular school. Till about ten years ago America was a most unfavorable spot for the fostering of the Hebraic spirit. There were here many Jews who knew Hebrew. There was even a considerable number reading Hebrew books. But they were scattered. Hardly any effort was made to organize them and for many years there was no center around which the Hebraists of this country could rally. Everything was missing, Hebrew-speaking clubs, publication societies, text-books, periodicals having any literary merit whatsoever. It seems that every Hebraist kept to himself. He believed that he was the only one who enjoyed the blessings of a Hebrew education and looked suspiciously on every other Jew as an "ignoramus." This may probably account for the unsavory CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1217 reputation of American Jewry for many years past. In the old world, America was always synonymous with "Am Ha'-Aratzus." It was simply because every Hebraist remained in seclusion. Publicity and organization, the two essentials of every popular cause, were entirely missing. The last ten years, however, saw a profound change in the Hebraic movement. Many modern Hebrew schools sprang up. The number of capable Hebrew teachers kept on increasing. These young pioneers blazed the trail. Hebrew-speaking clubs and literary societies were organized and while many of them disappeared soon, others remained alive and active. Repeated attempts were made to conduct evening classes for adults. Hebrew books published in Russia and Palestine were circulated. Later on, publication societies were organized for the purpose of publishing books for adults, as well as school books for children. Of late we have seen the organization on a sound.financial basis, of a publishing company by the name of "Asaf." This company has already begun the publication of a series of ancient and modern Hebrew classics. The two Hebrew weeklies (Hatoren and Haibri) have been appearing now for two years, consecutively-a rather unusual record of longevity for Hebrew periodicals in America-and are gaining firmer ground from day to day. The number of organizations affiliated with the Histadruth is also continually increasing and several of them publish Hebrew magazines from time to time. The Bureau of Jewish Education, which was founded by the Kehillah, has centered.around it many of the best 1218 COMMUNAL REGISTER Hebraists. Through the publication of text-books, a training school for teachers, a juvenile Hebrew monthly of very fine calibre, in short, through diligent, systematic, organized work, it has vastly contributed to the spreading of the Hebrew language and literature among our younger boys and girls. In recent years a Palestinian contingent of Hebraists arrived in this country. These young men and young women, numbering about five to six hundred, speak Hebrew almost exclusively and they display unusual zeal for everything that pertains to Hebraic culture and the revival of Hebrew. They are, no doubt, a very powerful leaven to the Hebrew movement in this country. Another important factor is the National Hebrew School for Girls (Madison Street, New York). This school has about five hundred pupils and during the eight years of its existence has contributed greatly to diffusing the knowledge of Hebrew among our girls. The language of instruction in the Teachers' Training School of the Mizrachi is Hebrew exclusively, and in the Yeshibath Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan, Jewish history is being taught in Hebrew. All of this is symptomatic of the rising Hebraic spirit in this country. It is a fact that the number of devotees to the living Hebrew word is continually growing and American Jewry is beginning to evince a desire to go back for its inspiration to its old spiritual sources. The Hebraic movement, which is the American counterpart of a similar revival among the Jews the world over, led ultimately to the organization of the Histad CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1219 ruth Ibrith, in this country. In the summer of 1916, a group of organizations and clubs (Achieber, Ivriah, Agudath Hachinuch, Histadruth Hamorim, B'nai Am Chai) took the initiative in creating a centralized body, looking towards the consolidation of all the Hebrew elements in this country. The first convention, held February 10 and 11, 1917, devoted itself to the consideration of many of the vital problems of the Hebraists in this country. A resolution was adopted to organize a publication company which should pay particular attention to the need of Hebrew text-books, specially adapted for the Hebrew schools of this country. The budget of the Histadruth, which up to the time of the convention was limited to $70. per month, was then increased to $150. Since the convention, the Histadruth has published several pamphlets, dealing with problems of particular importance to the Hebraist, such as the Hebrew language, the Hebrew book and the organization of Hebraists. At the last Zionist convention at Baltimore, the Histadruth took the initiative in arranging a "Day for Hebraists." This gave great prominence to the work of the Histadruth and the number of its constituent organizations began increasing continually. Since then, fifteen Zionist organizations have affiliated themselves with the Histadruth. Nine new groups were organized in the country. The number of all the societies affiliated with the Histadruth today is twenty-seven, having a collective membership of over twelve hundred. The number of individual members is one hundred and ten. The publication company of the Histadruth, under the name of "Kadimah," was chartered in August, 1917, J 1'220 COMMUNAL REGISTER and will ere long begin the publication of a series of popular-priced books. The series will contain the choice writings of our poets and men of letters. A special series of books, descriptive of Palestinian life, will be published for the guidance of those who will go to settle there, in the near future. There will be several other departments for the publication of special series of books. The Histadruth is in constant correspondence with its affiliated organizations. It is also making an effort to supply Hebrew speakers to the Hebrew organizations in New York City. In a word, it is continually striving to weld the Hebraic sentiment into an organized force which shall ultimately lead to the spiritual revival of American Jewry. HSTADRUTH IBRITH, 44 East 23rd Street. President, Dr. Schmaryahu Levin, 44 East 23d Street; Secretary, B. Bernstein, 44 East 23d Street. Established, 1917. Membership, 300. PURPOSE: To unite all Hebrew organizations and to strengthen the Hebraic movement in the United States. ACTIVITIES: 1. Propaganda by writings and lectures. 2. Founding of Hebrew-speaking organizations. 3. Established a Hebrew publishing company. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1221 SOCIETY OF JEWISH SOCIAL WORKERS OF GREATER NEW YORK, (Org. 1908). The vast extent of Jewish communal activities in New York naturally calls for a large number of workers who must give their best energies and their undivided attention to the successful operation of the various Jewish communal enterprises. While the volunteer still holds an important place in the field of communal work, the necessity for trained and responsible workers has become more and more marked. With the organization of the School for Jewish Communal Work the first definite step has been taken in the direction of placing the education of the Jewish worker on a par with the training received by men and women in other professional schools. But there is a kind of education which a formal training school course or series of courses for volunteer and paid worker, cannot very well offer, and that is an informal, more or less intimate acquaintance of Jewish communal workers with one another, opportunities for exchanging ideas and new points of view on matters of common interest to them, and of taking common counsel upon their status as professional workers. It is this aim that prompted the organization in 1908 of the Society of Jewish Social Workers of Greater New York. Thru periodic meetings at which papers on important phases of Jewish communal work are presented, thru frequent social gatherings held at the various large Jewish institutions, thru more formal business sessions, the attempt is made to develop a professional spirit among the Jewish communal workers in this city. The Society has an active membership of 200. The officers are:-President, I. E. Goldwasser, 1 Madison Ave. The following is a list of the members of the Society: Goldwasser, I. Edwin, was born in 1878 in New York City. He received his education in the Public and High Schools of New York City and attended the College of the City of New York, Columbia and New York Universities. After service as a teacher in the public schools of New York City, he became successively principal of Public Schools 34, 20, 62. His efficient management of the largest public school on the East Side earned for him the promotion to the office of the District Superintendent of schools of New York City. Besides his professional work, Mr. Goldwasser devoted 1222 COMMUNAL REGISTER a great part of his time to social work among'the Jews in New York City. He is the chief of the Board of Experts of the Council of the Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations, and is President of the Society of Jewish Social Workers of New York City. When the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Institutions was organized in 1916, Mr. Goldwasser, after resigning his position as District Superintendent of Schools of New York City, became its executive director. Membership List Society of Jewish Social Workers. Abelman, Max, 732 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Abelson, Dr. Paul, 1 W. 101st St. Abrams, Rebecca, L e b a n o n Hospital. Adelman, H. E., 245 Grand St. Affachiner, Miss R. G., 24 E. 99th St. Alexander, Miss Kate, 104 E. 116th St. Amateau, A. J., 40 W. 115 St. American, Miss Sadie, 448 Central Park West. Amolsky, Sadie, Jewish Hos-' pital, Classon Ave., B'klyn. Arnow, Irwin, 270 E. B'way. Ascher, Samuel G., 100th St. and 5th Ave. Ant, Miss Esther, 356 Second Ave. Avnet, Miss I., 356 Second AVe. Axman, Mrs. S. C., 1229 Park Ave. Barnet, Mrs. E., 57 West 10th St. Barnett, Miss Ray,, 155 W. 118th St. Barney, Dr. E. S., 34 Stuy vesant St. Barondess, Hon. Jos., 80 Maiden Lane. Bashein, Jac., 470 W. 145th St. Berger, Sophia, 561 W. 140th St. Berman, Miss Bella, 356 2nd Ave. Bernhelmer, Dr. Chas. S., Hebrew Edu. Soc., Hopkinson and Sutter Aves., B'klyn. Bernstein, Rev. Dr. L., Rockville Centre, L. I. Bernstein, Dr. L. B., Hebrew Sheltering G. S., Pleasantville, N. Y. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1223 Bettleheim, Cyd., 35 W. 82nd St. Bielefeld, Mrs. Rachel, 7 E. 101st St. Binswanger, Miss B., 157 Henry St. Birkenthal, Miss Helen, 445 Jefferson Ave., B'klyn. Blank, Miss Rose, 37 E. 7th St., Council of Jew. Women. Blaustein, Jos., 174 2nd Ave. Bloch, Miss Florence, 60 W. 39th St. Block, R. C., 36 W. 68th St. Bonime, Miss Rose, 782 Beck St. Borg, Mrs. S. C., Irvington-onHudson, N. Y. Braun, Miss J., 1033 Faile St. Bressler, Miss Anna, 174 2nd Ave. Bressler, David M., 84 William St. Bressler, Miss Rose, 356 2nd Ave. Cauman, Miss K., 356 2nd Ave. Clombers, Miss Rose, 656 W. 162nd St. Cohen, Miss Anna, 138th St. and Amsterdam Ave. Cohen, Louis J., 436 E. 138th St. Daub, William, Westchester and Cauldwell Aves. Davidson, Gabriel, 174 Second Ave. Davis, Miss Sarah, 1118 Forest Ave. Drachsler, Julius, 356 Second Ave. Dreyfus, Joe G., 304 W. 85th St. Eckstein, Miss V., 307 W. 98th St. Eichenbaum, Miss Nettie, 137th St. and Amqterdam Ave. Elzas, Dr. A. B., 42 W. 72nd St. Emanuel, Miss Annie M., Cedar Knolls School, Hawthorne, N. Y. Epstein, Miss Madeline, 180 Edgecomb Ave. Fein, Miss Augusta, 216 Madison St. Finkelstone, Miss Libbie, 356 2nd Ave. Fischer, Miss Emmie, 157 Henry St. Fleischer, Alex, 1 Madison Ave. Fleischman, Dr. Henry,. 197 E. B'way. 1224 COMMUNAL REGISTER Fox, Miss A. L., 356 2nd Ave. Prank, Isidore, 174 2nd Ave. Prank, Miss L. H., 372 E. 149th St. Frank, Louis J., Monroe and Jefferson Sts. Frankel, Dr. Lee K., 1 Madison Ave. Preekauf, Miss L. M., Univ. Ave. and Kingsbridge Rd. Pried, Miss R., 102 E. 75th St. Priedberg, Miss Ray, 356 2nd Ave. Friedlander, Dr. John, Pleasantville, N. Y. Friedlander, Miss R., 1560 Amsterdam Ave. Friedman,.Miss Etta, 316 E. 13th St. Friedman, Miss Helen, Lebanon Hospital, Westchester and Calldwell Aves. Freidus, A. S., 476 Fifth Ave. Futterman, Harry, 40 W. 115th St. Gedalecia, Joseph, 356 2nd Ave. Geismar, Siegfried. Gibian, MisM Rose, 31 West 110th St. Ginsberg, Miss Pauline, 370-E. 149th St. Goldberg, Miss I. S., 150 Jackson Ave., L. I. City. Goldflnger, Leo, 1081 Teller Ave. Goldstein, Jonah J., 366 B'way. Goldstein, Monroe M., 356 2nd Ave. Goldstein, Rev. Dr. S. E., 36 W. 68th St. Goldwasser, I. Edwin, 1 Madison Ave. Goodman, Miss L., 311 E. 116th St. Greenstein, Miss Celia, 1504 Charlotte St. Greenstein, L. A. Grubman, A. J., 868 Whitlock Ave. Guardian, Miss D., 240 E. 105th St. Halpern, Geo. E., H. S. G. S., Pleasantville, N. Y. Halpern, Irving, Criminal Court Building. Heineman, Mrs. S., 203 W. 119th St. Herling, David, Y. M. H. A., 92nd St. and Lexington Ave. Hirsdansky, Miss F., 137th St. and Amsterdam Ave. Hirsdansky, Simon. 2001 Morris Ave. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1225 Hirsh, William, 37 Greene St. Hoehhauser, Edward, 366 2nd Ave. Hochsteln, Miss Ida, 732 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Hykins, Miss R., 16'4 W. 116th St. Isaacs, Miss H. M., Lebanon Hospital, Westchester and Cauldwell Aves. Jacobs, A. E., 798 E. 161st St. Johnson, Miss R. L., Loeb Home, E. View, West. Co., N. Y. Jossum, Miss Celia, 137 East 22nd St. Kagen, Fannie, Beth Israel Hospital, Monroe and Jefferson Sts. Kaiser, Mrs. Y., 137 E. 22nd St. Kaminsky, A. H., 356 Second Ave. Kaplan, Benjamin D., 481 E. 171st St. Kaplan, Miss Harriet M., 904 Lexington Ave. Katinsky, Miss Selma, 1081 Eastern P'kway, B'klyn. Katsenstein, Leon, 148 E. 92nd St., Y. M. H. A. Katzman. Miss A., 356 Second Ave. Kaufman, Henry, 173 Hart St., B'klyn. Kellerman, Mrs. J. M., 356 Second Ave. Klein, Miss Esther, 540 West 165th St. Kronenberg, Mildred, 732 Flushing Ave. Kruger, Albert, 302 E. B'way. Lasker, Mrs., Hotel Essex, 56th St. and Madison Ave. Law, Miss E., 373 Ralph Ave. Levy, Mrs. A. H., Children's Haven, Far Rockaway. Levy, Mrs. J., 86 Orchard St. Lewis, Mrs. Eugene, 520 W. 184th St. Lipsitch, Irvitg I., Heb. Board of Relief, San Francisco. Littman, Samuel, Ellis Island. Long, Miss Jean, Lebanon Hospital, Westchester and Cauldwell Aves. Lowenstein, Miss H., 52 William St. Ilowensteln, Solomon, 137th St. and Amsterdam Ave. Lyons, Miss Dolly, 368 2nd Ave. Magid, Mrs. M. O., 982 Whitlock Ave. 1226 COMMUNAL REGISTER Manhein, Miss V., 1637 Washington Ave. Mannheimer, Dr. Leo, 356 2nd Ave. Mantinband, Charles, 67 Lenox Ave. Marcus, Morris, 137 E. 22nd St. Mlargold, Charles W. (Acting Sup't), Jewish Settlement of Cincinnati, 415 Clinton St. Masliansky, Rev. H., 197 East B'way. Mason, Samuel, 185 E. B'way. Mendelsohn, M., 232 W. Kenny St., Newark, N. J. Meyer, W., Pleasantville, N. Y. Meyers, Mrs. Dora, 506 West 122nd St. Michaels, Mrs., '470 W. 145th St. Michaelowsky, Mrs. B., 166 W, 129th St. Michaelson, Miss Sarah, 356 2nd Ave. Mikles, Miss R., 100th St. and 5th Ave. Mitchell, William, 920 Cauldwell Ave. Morgenroth, Mrs. A., 645 W. 160th St. Morrlm Miss A., 600 W. 115th St. Moses, Mrs. L., 373 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Nabel, Miss Sadie, 732 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Nykerk, Miss E., 318 E. 82nd St. Oppenheim, Miss L., 32 West 115th St. Oppenheimer, Miss B., 1483 2nd Ave. Oppenheimer, Edward, 189 Day St., Orange, N. J. Oser, Mrs. Anna, 519 W. 135th St. Oseroff, Abraham, 356 Second Ave. Palier, Mrs. A. M., 71 St. Marks Place. Palitz, Bern. A., 80 Maiden Lane.,Perlman, Miss Ray, 186 Chrystie St. Pincus, Joseph W, 174 2nd Ave. Piroshnikoff, Miss E., 137th St. & Amsterdam Ave. Pollatchek, Morris, 121 W. 105th St. Pollatchek, Mrs. M., 121 W. 105th St. Posner, Louis S., 20 Broad St. Posner, Miss Pauline, Lebanon Hosp. West. & Cauld. Aves CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1227 Prokesh, Rev. Z. S., Hawthorne, N. Y. Proskauer, Mrs. J., 3 Serpentine Drive, New Rochelle. Rabinovitch, Samuel, 732 Flushing Ave. Rindskoph, Miss I., University Ave. & Kingsbridge Rd. Robbins, Miss May, Florence Nightingale School. Robison, Rabbi A. G., 149 E. 92nd St. Rose, Harry L., 1125 Hoe Ave. Rose, Miss Jennie, 319 East 17th St. Rosenberg, Miss J., 319 East 17th St. Rosenberg, Miss Sadie, 508 W. 158th St. Rosenblatt, Frank F., 356 2nd Ave. Roth, Tobias, 309 E. 6th St. Rothchild, Miss tillie, 1361 Madison Ave. Ruskin, Miss Esther, 996 Aldus St. Sall, Miss S. E., 157 Henry St. Sartya, Miss D., 171 E. 81st St. Schaefer, Miss E., Pleasantville, N. Y. Schiff, Aaron, 137th St. & Amsterdam Ave. Schlesinger, Mr. & Mrs A., 710 West End Ave. Schulman, Miss Fannie, Council of Jewish Women, Hopkinson and Sutter Aves., B'klyn. Schur, Solomon, 2118 Bryant Ave. Schweid, Miss Hermine, 31 W. 110th St. Schweitzer, D. J., 32 W. 115th St. Seebacher, Miss S. R., 356 2nd Ave. Seifstein, Robert L., 373 Ralph Ave., B'klyn. Seinfel, Samuel, 108 2nd Ave. Sharlitt, Michael, H. S. G. S., Pleasantville, N. Y Shifrin, Miss F. A., 879 Macy Place. Shipley, Mrs. J., 938 St. Nicholas Ave. Sholsky, Miss Sadie, 732 Flushing Ave. Silverberg, Ethel, 60 St. Nicholas Ave. Silverstein, Miss A., 205 Sheffield Ave., B'klyn. Simon, M. J., 33 W. 98th St. Simmonds, Lionel J., 137th St. & Amsterdam Ave. Sommerfield, Miss C., 31 W. 110th St. Sommerfield, Rose, 225 E. 63d St. Spiro, Miss Dora S., 356 2nd Ave. 1228 tOMMUNAL REGISTER Stein, William, 801 E. 168th St. Strakosch, Mrs. E., 60 West 39th St. Suchman Miss E. 603 W. 139th St. Thueman, I. L., Sanitarium for Hebrew Children, Rockaway Park. Waldman, Morris D., 262 Washington St., Boston, Mass. Wohlhauser, Miss S., 137th St. & Amst. Ave. Wolf, Mrs. D. B., 366 Second Ave. Wurtzel, H. L., 68 E. 106th St. Youngerman, Miss M., Council of Jewish Women, Hopkinson and Sutter Avenues, B'klyn. Zabinsko, Miss E., 373 Ralph Ave., B'klxn. Zinsler, Miss S. V., 53 St. Marks P1. Zunser, Charles, 356 Second Ave. THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH SOCIAL WORKERS, (Org. 1911). The purpose of this organization is to provide the opportunity for Jewish communal workers thruout the country, to cultivate better personal understanding among themselves, to discuss the larger pkases of communal work and to develop among the workers a professional esprit de corps. The conferences of the Association held every year, present a review of the progress of Jewish social service and a constructive criticism of the most important types of work carried on by the various Jewish communities. The officers are:-President, Jacob Billikopf, Kansas City, Mo.; Secretary-Treasurer, M. M. Goldstein, 356-2nd. Ave., New York City. The following is a list of New York City members of the National Association of Jewish Social Workers: Abrams, Gustav, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 5th Ave. & 100th Sts. American, Sadie, 448 Central Park West. Ant, Esther, 136 E. 106th St. Barnet, Ray, Baron de Hirsch Fund, 80 Maiden Lane. Barney, Dr. Edgar S., Hebrew Technical Inst., Stuyvesant St. Barondess. Joseph, 29 Liberty St. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORHANI ZATIONS 122Y Bashein, Jacob, Hebrew Sheltering Guard Society, 407 E. 145th St. Bernheimer, Dr. C. L., Hebrew Educational Soc., 184 Eldridge St. Bettelhelm, Cyd, Emanuel Sisterhood, 46 W. 83rd St. Blaustein, Joseph, Industrial Removal Office, 174 2nd Ave. Bloch, Florence, 343 St. Nicholas Ave. Bressler, David M., 174 2nd Ave. Brodsky, Dr. B., 45 William St. Carton, Rosa F., Emanuel Sisterhood, 318 E. 82nd St. Cohen, Mrs. Ida, 122 E. 112th St. Cohen, Louis M., Baron- de Hirsch Fund, 43 Exchange P1. Davidson, Gabriel, Jewish Agricultural and Ind. Aid Society, 174 Second Ave. Debrest, Harold, 132 E. 111th St. Drachsler, Julius, School for Jewish Communal Work, 356 Second Ave. hinhman, David, 123 W. 80th *St. Fisher, Jennie, 523 W. 138th St. Frankel, Dr. Lee K, 1 Madison Ave. Freidus, Abraham 8., 42nd St. & 6th Ave. Friedlnender, Prof. I s r a e 1, Jewish Theological S e m inary, 531 W. 123rd St. Gassen, Celia, 187 Second St. Gedalecia, Joseph, 320 2nd Ave. Goldstein, Monroe M., National Desertion Bureau, 356 2nd Ave. Goldstein, Dr. Sidney, Free Synagogue, 36 W. 68th St. Goldwasser, I. Edwin, Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies, 1 Madison Ave. Grasson, Miss C., 187 Second Ave. Greenbaum, Mary, 240 Driggs Ave., B'klyn. Greenstone, Celia, Council of Jewish Women Ellis Island, N. Y. Halpern, Mrs. Marie, United Hebrew Charities, 356 2nd Ave. Housman, A., Montefiore Home, Kingsbridge Road. 1230 COMMUNAL REGISTER Jossum, Miss Celia, Children's Court, 137 E. 22d St. Kleinman, Minerva, 211 E. 85th St. Landau, Mrs. S., 19 Berkley PI., B'klyn. Langer, Samuel, 65 W. 127th St. Lass, Eva, 23 W. 119th St. Leff, Samuel, 207 E. 50th St. Levin, Mrs. Ida, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 100th St. & Mad. Ave. Levinson, Samuel J., Jewish Protectory and Aid Society, 671 Westminster Road, B'klyn. Lewkowitz, Mrs. Anna, BethEl Sisterhood, 329 E. 62nd St. Lowenstein, Solomon, Hebrew Orphan Asylum, 138th St. & Amst. Ave. Miller, Mrs. N. G., 437 West End Ave. Mitchell, William, 920 Cauldwell Ave. Monburg, Augusta, 346 3rd St., B'klyn. Neufeld, Elizabeth, 563 W. 148th St. Oseroff, Abraham, United Hebrew Charity, 356 2nd Ave. Palier, Mrs. Anne, 366 2nd Ave. Perlman, Ray, Recreation Rooms and Settlement, 186 Chrystie St. Pincus, J. W., Jewish Agr. So-. ciety, 174 Second Ave. Rabinovitch, Samuel J., United Jewish Aid Society, 732 Flushing Ave., B'klyn. Reinitz, Bernard S., 1621 Van Buren St., B'klyn. Rose, Jennie, 233 E. 13th St. Rosenberg, Dr. L., Monteflore Home, Kingsbridge Road. Safer, Max S., 266 Henry St. Schonberg, David, 630 Prospect Ave. Seebacher, Miss S. R., United Hebrew Charities, 356 2nd Ave. Seinfel, Samuel, Hebrew Free Loan Soc., 108 Second Ave. Simmonds, Lionel J., Hebrew Orphan Asylum, 137th St. & Amst. Ave. Sommerfeld, Rose, Clara de Hirsch Home, 225 E. 63rd St. Stone, Rosetta, 92 Morningside Ave. Sulzberger, Cyrus L., 516 West End Ave. Weihl, Addie, Hebrew Orphan Asylum, 138th St. and Amst. - Ave. White, Frances, L., Mt. Sinai Hospital, 100th St., & Madison Ave. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 11 NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN, (Est. 1893, Incorp. 1906). To utilize the vast possibilities for social service on the part of Jewish women and to carry on organized work in the fields of philanthropy, education and religion, the National Council of Jewish Women was created in 1893. The work is done thru National Committees on Religion, Religious Schools, Philanthropy, Blind Education, Social Hygiene, Purity of the Press, Reciprocity, Juniors and Peace and Arbitration. A Department of Immigrant Aid is conducted at 242 East Broadway, New York City, whose special function is the guidance and safeguarding of immigrant girls and women. The program of the Council's Work is issued triennially. Local activities are carried on thru various sections in 91 cities in 31 States and Canada. The officers are:-President, Mrs. Nathanial E. Harris, 114 South Ave., Bradford, Pa.; Recording Sec'y., Miss Grace Goldstein, 2409 N. Pearl St., Dallas, Texas; Executive Secretary, Mrs. E. B. Dreyfus, 3437 Pasco, Kansas City, Mo.; Treasurer, Mrs. Leon Stern, 669 Oak St., Terre Haute, Ind. NEW YORK SECTION OF THE COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN, (Org. 1894, Incor. 1909). The purpose of the New York Section is similar to that of the National Council. Among the activities carried on 'under the auspices of this Section may be mentioned, classes in the study of BiBle and Jewish History; religious instruction at the ChildreVs Hospital, Randall's Island, at Bedford Reformatory for Women, at the New York Training School for Girls, Hudson, N. Y., and all penal institutions which have among their inmates Jewish girls and women; immigrant aid work for girls and women (office, 71 St. Marks Place); supervision of Jewish girls paroled from State penal institutions; cooperation with all organizations doing work for the blind. The organization has a membership of 2500. The officers are:-rPresident, Mrs. Wm. D. Sporborg, Port Chester, N. Y.; Secretary, Miss Sarah X. Schottenfels, 69 W. 92nd St.; Treasurer, Mrs. Emil Klein, 974 St. Nicholas Ave. Sporborg, Mrs. Wm. D., Pres. N. Y. Section of Council of Jewish Women (71 St. Marks P1.), since 1916. Born 1880 in U. S. Received university education. Res.: Port Chester, N. Y. COMMUNAL REGISTER Brooklyn Section of the Council of Jewish Women, Hebrew Educational Bldg., Hopkinson and Sutter Aves. The activities of this Section include aid for girl and women immigrants; probation work in connection with the Children's Court and correctional institutions; volunteer visiting for the blind; maintenance of housekeeping centres where instruction is given to girls and young women in home-making, and the Council Home for Jewish Girls. The officers are:-President, Miss Rose Brenner, 252 Carrol St., B'klyn; Treasurer, Mrs. Louis J. Cohen, 168 Rutland Road, Brooklyn. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1233 D. ECONOMIC - AGENCIES BARON de HIRSCH FUND, (Organ. 1891), 80 Maiden Lane. * The mass migration of Russian Jews to the United States after 1882, directed the attention bf Baron Maurice de Hirsch, banker and philanthropist, to the needs of the newly arrived immigrants in America. In 1891 he endowed the Baron de Hirsch Fund with an initial capital of $2,500,000. The purposes of the fund as expressed in the deed of trust are as follows: Loans to emigrants from Russia and Roumania, agriculturists, and settlers within the United States, upon real or chattel securities; provision for the transportation of immigrants selected (after their arrival in any port in America) with reference to their age, character, and capacity, to places where it is expected that conditions of the labor market or the residence of friends will make them self-supporting; provision for training immigrants in a handicraft and contributing for their support while learning such a handicraft, for furnishing the necessary tools and implements and other assistance to enable them to earn a livelihood; provision for improved mechanical training for adults and youths-immigrants and their children-whereby persons of, industry and capacity may acquire some remunerative employment, either by payment of apprenticeship or tuition fee, or the instruction of adults or minors in trade schools or otherwise with contributions for temporary support; provision for instruction in the English language, and in the duties and obligations of life and citizenship in the United States, and for technical and trade education, and the establishment and subvention of special schools and workshops and other suitable agencies for promoting and maintaining such instruction; provision for instruction in agricultural work, and improved methods of farming, and for aiding settlers with tools and implements and the practical supervision of such instruction, conducted upon suitable tracts of land and the necessary buildings; co-operation with established agencies in various sections of the United States, whose duty it shall be in whole or part to furnish relief, and education of needy and deserving applicants coming within the classes designated herein; contributions toward the maintenance of individuals and families, while temporarily awaiting work, or when settled 1234 COMMUNAL REGISTER in the nev homes in which they may be established; such other and further modes of relief and such other and further contributions to education and in other departments of knowledge as the trustees of the fund or their successors shall from time to time decide. A portion of the capital of the Fund was spent immediately under the provision of the trust; the balance of the principal has been kept intact by the trustees. In 1916 it amounted to three million, eight hundred thousand dollars and in general only the income thereof is used. The Fund also receives subsidies from time to time by special appropriations from the Jewish Colonization Association of Paris for its schools. The agricultural and industrial removal work became so extensive that in 1900 it was necessary to found a separate society to take charge of these activities. Accordingly there was organized the Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society, which is maintained partly by funds donated from the Baron de Hirsch Fund and partly by contributions from the Jewish Colonization Association of Paris; also the Industrial Removal Office which is entirely supported by the Jewish Colonization Association of Paris. At present the following activities are conducted by the Fund: Baron de Hirsch Trade School, New York City; Baron de Hirsch Agricultural School, Woodbine, N. J., accommodating 100 pupils; The Woodbine Land Improvement Company, at Woodbine, N. J., where immigrant families can rent or purchase farms; English instruction to immigrants and relief work. The officers are:-President, Eugene S. Benjamin, 130 E. 25th St.; Honorary Secretary, Max J. Kohler, 52 William St.; General Agent, Bernard A. Palitz, 80 Maiden Lane; Treasurer, S. F. Rothchild, 420 Fulton St., B'klyn. Benjamin, Eugene S., President Baron de Hirsch Fund (80 Maiden Lane), since 1907. Term 1 year. Born 1862 in U. S. Received general education. Merchant, 130 E. 25th St. Res. 1019 Madison Ave. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS i236 NATIONAL JEWISH IMMIGRATION COUNCIL, 8 0 Maiden Lane. President, Abram I. Elkus, 111 Broadway; Secretary, David M.- Bressler, 80 Maiden Lane. Organized 1911. PURPOSE: General supervision of all work for Jewish Immigrants at the seaports of the United States. CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES: Jewish Immigration Committee, N. Y.; Jewish Immigrants' Information Bureau, Galveston; Association for the Protection of Jewish Immigrants, Phila.; Hebrew Immigrants' Protective Ass'n., Baltimore; Federated Charities of Baltimore; Federated Charities of Boston; American Jewish Committee, N. Y.; Board of Delegates of Union of American Hebrew Congregations, N. Y.; Executive Committee of the Union of Jewish Orthodox Congregations, N. Y.; Committee of Immigrant Aid of the National Council of Jewish Women. Abram I. Elkus was born in New York City, August 6, 1867. He received his education in the public schools, the College of the City of New York, and Columbia University. He was admitted to the practice of Law in 1888, and after a few years became a member of the firm of James, Scheel & Elkus, which was organized in 1896. The partnership soon came to be one of the leading law firms of New York City. Mr. Elkus succeeded Col. James as senior partner on the death of the two other members. He is a member of the Bar Association of the City of New York and is considered an authority on Corporation Law. He is the author of many treatises on legal subjects and his legal erudition was recognized by the University of St. Lawrence, which conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Comparative Law. Mr. Elkus has been active in almost all departments of the law. He was selected by the Federal Judges of the New York District to prosecute fraudulent bankrupts, a work in which he met with distinguished success. Among other things he established a precedent that perjury In bankruptcy proceedings is punishable as contempt. The Merchants' Association of New York City engaged him to promote legislation fair to the commercial interests of the state, and he has handled a good deal of litigation affecting the association. He also has acted as counsel to the Merchants' Protective Association of New York City. His practice before the United States Supreme Court has included many important cases. 1236 COMMUNAL REGISTER Mr. Elkus figured prominently in public life. In 1911 he was elected by the New York Legislature to be one of the state regents, entrusted with the administration of educational institutions, the examination of budding lawyers, doctors and other professional men, who are licensed by the State. During that same year he was named counsel of. the New -York State Factory Investigation Commission, which conducted an exhaustive investigation into the condition of factory workers, relating to hours, pay and other vital matters. Mr. Elkus gave a good part of his time to the inquiry and helped frame a report to the Legislature, making suggestions that were subsequently enacted into law. This work covered mpre than thirty bills, all of which are now laws. So valuable was the result that the commission was continued, Mr. Elkus remaining as counsel for four years. He was chairman of the Court House Condemnation Commission, and a member of the Heights Building Commission, both of New York City. Mr. Elkus is very much interested in Jewish affairs. He was vice-president of the Free Synagogue and a trustee of the Baron de Hirsch Fund. He was vice-president of the Hebrew Technical School for Girls and President of the Jewish Chautauqua Society. Mr. Elkus was for years interested in Jewish immigrants and is President of the National Jewish Immigration Council. In 1915 Mr. Elkus was sent as American Ambassador to Turkey, where he spent most of his time relieving the distress of war refugees. While at his work he contracted typhus, which almost cost him his life. Following the break of diplomatic relations between the United States and Turkey, Ambassador Elkus returned to America. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZAT'IONS 1237 JEWISH IMMIGRANT WORK By SAMUEL JOSEPH The great migration of Jews mainly from Russiaj Poland, Galicia and Roumania, which began a generation ago, may be characterized, with little hesitation, as the most significant event in American Jewish history. It has resulted in a Jewish population of over three millions, making this country one of the Jewish centers of the world, and has introduced a period of instability and transition, in the midst of which we are still living and the effects of which we are feeling keenly. How responsible a situation the continuance of this stream, now interrupted by the war, represents, may be seen in this, that in the fifteen years preceding the war no less than a million and a half Jewish immigrants entered this country. In other words there came here on the average every year one hundred thousand Jews, practically all of whom remain as permanent members of the community and the land. And this tide was on the point of rising to new heights, if we may judge this from the fact that in 1914 there were 138,000 Jewish immigrants. These newcomers must be taken care of in many ways; they must be protected from exploitation and harm, distributed as widely as possible, inducted into new ways of living, and trained to become good Americans. This begets an infinity of problems of evaery sort, not only for the lately arrived, but for the many earlier settlers whom fate has not treated so kindly. To meet their needs, special organizations have been created. The largest in membership is the Hebrew Shel-, 1238 COMMUNAL REGIS~T tering and Immigrant Aid Society of America. The work of this society centers chiefly about its activities at Ellis Island, the chief port of immigrant entry. The distinction between the desirable and the undesirable immigrants is sharply drawn; every effort is made to protect the just interests of the desirable immigrants and to see that they are treated fairly. Once admitted, the immigrants are guided to their destinations, provided with temporary shelter, given suitable work, guarded against exploitation, granted legal advice and aid, and educated into their civic and political responsibilities through citizenship classes, lectures, etc. Societies. doing similar work at Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston and San Francisco are affiliated with the parent organization, thus giving a national scope to these activities. The war offered the H. S. I. A. S. A. an opportunity to do splendid work in the direction of restoring the chains of communication between the Jewish immigrants here and their relatives abroad. Thousands of persons were located, postal communication was made possible and money was sent. -The Industrial Removal Office was founded to meet the- difficulties created by a growing congestion in the crowded quarters of several Eastern ports of entry. The distribution of 80,000 Jews over other parts of the country has been accomplished as the result of a careful and systematic process of selection, in which the active cooperation of responsible Jews in many communities played a great part. The dangers attendant upon the entry of young, unmarried Women or girls have received CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1239 the consideration of institutions like the Hannah Lavanburg Home and the Committee of Immigrant Aid of the National Council of Jewish Women. Much has been done. Jewish immigrant work is the envy of other nationalities; it has gained the respect and won the confidence of the authorities. But there is much weakness, much conflict, much "lost motion." Two things are needed, in the opinion of the writer: 1. A national policy. 2. A national organization or federation of organizations. These may be discussed as essentially the same problem, viewed from two angles. The difficulty has been that immigrant problems were attacked separately, with the result that the underlying unity of purpose and end was often missed. At different periods, different panaceas were sought. Agriculture! Distribution! Americanization! were used as battle-cries to solve once and for all the ills of the new immigration. A society was organized, work was begun, results examined. The disappointment that followed the discovery that the ills were not disposed of would have disappeared upon the thought that the immigrant is as many-sided as man himself, and that these various efforts are properly to be used as parts of a unified policy aiming at the improvement of the status of the immigrant. A national policy would seek to secure distribution, to promote agriculture, to spread sound ideas of Americanization, at the same time that it would aim at preventing the immigrant from being exploited, aiding him to solve his economic difficulties, and assisting him to bring up his 1240.COMMUNAL REGISTER children under conditions making for respect and understanding. The idea underlying this is, that there exists at present too little cooperation between the various immigrant societies, and no machinery for a united, concerted attack at immigrant problems. The present point of view is parochial, self-centered, independent, not interdependent. From the standpoint of true unity in the interests of the immigrants and the Jewish community, the societies should join hands, so that the agricultural societies would form the agricultural department, the removal office, the distribution department, the settlements, the educational and recreational department, the immigrant aid societies the immediate aid department of a large, nationally-spread and nationally-minded Jewish immigrant society. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1241 HEBREW SHELTERING AND IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 229 E. Broadway. Pres., John L. Bernstein, 229 E. Broadway. General Mgr., Jacob R. Fain, 229 E. Broadway; Sup't, J. Concors. Established 1890, incorporated 1906. Membership, 76,034. Budget for 1918, $192,642. PURPOSE: "To facilitate the lawful entry of Jewish immigrants at the various ports of the United States, to provide them with temporary assistance to prevent them from becoming public charges, to discourage their settling in congested cities, to encourage them to follow agricultural pursuits, to prevent ineligibles from immigrating to the United States, to foster American ideals, to instil in them a knowledge of American history and institutions and to make better known the advantage of desirable immigration." ACTIVITIES: 1. Maintains branches in Baltimore, Boston, Philadelphia, San Francisco and Seattle. 2. Helps immigrants to land. 3. Maintains Ellis Island Bureau. 4. Bureau of Information and Education (1916), supplied information to 25,940 persons; accommodated 3139 immigrants by finding their relatives, tracing their baggage, and assisted 8,602 aliens to make applications for first papers; 841 aided to obtain second papers. 5. Legal Aid Bureau (free) for all immigrants. 6. Dept. of Distribution and Transportation-concerned with the safe-conduct and transfer of all immigrants. 7. Shelter-2,923 immigrant persons and clothes to needy. 8. Employment-3,360 applicants successfully placed. 9. Social Service Bureau-helps immigrants adjust themselves to their new environments. 10. Agricultural Bureau-endeavors to interest persons in agricultural work by means of talks and lectures. I I 1243 HEBREW SHELTERING AND IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETY 229-231 East Broadway I CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1245 NATURALIZATION AID LEAGUE, 175 East Broadway. Pres. of the Advisory Council, Congressman Meyer London; legal advisor, Alexander Kahn; Chairman of Executive Committee, Max D. Danish; Sec'y of Executive Committee, Fannie M. Cohn. PURPOSE: To assist aliens to become American citizens. Affiliated Organizations: International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, United Hebrew Trades, Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, Workmen's Circle and Forward Association. Meyer London was born in Russia in 1871. He came to the United States in 1891. Mr. London has since been a resident of the so-called East Side of New York City and has been active in practically every movement for the betterment of the Jewish workmen. He became a convert to Socialism as a young man and for a number of years was the standard bearer of the Socialist Party on the East Side, where he ran for various State and Federal offices. After his admission to the New York bar in 1898, Mr. Loridon acted as counsel for a number of trade unions 'and the Workmen's Circle (Arbeiter Ring). There was scarcely a strike of any importance in which he did not play an important role. He was the leading spirit in the famous strikes of the waist-makers and the cloak-makers in New York City, which culminated in 1910 in the now famous "Protocol" system of collective bargaining between employers and employees. During the Russian massacres of 1905 and 1906, he was tireless in raising money for the Self Defense Fund which was collected by the Bundists in this country for the Bund in Russia to enable the Jewish workmen in that country to protect the lives and honor of the Jewish people. Mr. London is a member of the Executive Committee of the American Jewish Relief Committee. He was also one of the founders of the People's Relief Committee, of which he was president for about two years. He was elected from the 12th Congressional District to the 64th Congress by a plurality of more than 1,000 votes and re-elected in 1916 from the same district to the 65th Congress. 1246 COMMUNAL REGISTER INDUSTRIAL REMOVAL OFFICE, (Org. 1900), 174 Second Avenue. With the large influx of Jewish immigration to the United States after 1880, the problem of the congestion of the Jewish population in large industrial and commercial centres began to engage the attention of philanthropists.and communal workers. It was clear that if the Jewish immigrant population was to reap the full benefit of the opportunities offered in the new land, many of them would have to settle in the less congested cities where the competition was less severe and housing conditions more favorable. While in the early stages of the mass migration of Jews to America, the Baron de Hirsch Fund was ready to supply transportation to those immigrants who had expectations of employment outside of the larger cities, or who had relatives or friends willing to receive and care for them, the work of distribution was not systematic and done on a large scale until the organization of the Industrial Removal Office. Thru the co-operation of the National Conference of Jewish Charities, the aid of communal agencies thruout the country was enlisted and thus the work was placed upon a substantial basis. To bring home the importance of the proper distribution of Jewish immigrants, educational work was at first carried on among the newly-arrived immigrants and in the interior communities thru every available agency of publicity. Within a few years after the movement was first inaugurated, the work of the office and the number of applicants had assumed such large proportions that it became possible to discontinue practically every form of propaganda, as the reports of the successful settlement of a great majority of persons sent by the organization to the interior, brought to the central office a larger number of desirable applicants than it could properly make provision for. -The general method of procedure was to receive applications for removal at the central office in New York, to make a careful physical examination of the applicant, to secure if possible evidence of good moral character and fair competence in some trade, to select from carefully compiled data on industrial opportunities thruout the United States, a community where the applicant and his family, if he had any, could make a reasonable living, to make arrangements for his reception, and then to keep in 'touch with him thru the local agencies anid the traveling agents of tle central offile. -While in some cities the entire CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1247 work is in the hands of a paid agent of the Central Office who works under the supervision of a small committee, composed of representative members of the community, in other localities it is the function of the Independent Order B'nai B'rith. In the smaller communities the Rabbi is the acting representative of the central organization. A careful survey of the work of the Industrial Removal Office shows that from 1901 to 1912, 59,729 people were sent from New York City. The number of cities and towns reached was 1474, situated in every State of the Union. A considerable number was sent to Canada and one to Argentine. Besides this, the two branches in Boston and Philadelphia during an existence of nine years distributed 5,817 persons, making a grand total of 64,546. Since the outbreak of the European war, the work of the Industrial Removal Office has been practically at a standstill. It is clear that, in the event of another large influx of Jewish immigration after the war, the problem of distribution will again be in the forefront and distribution work such as the Industrial Removal Office has done so efficiently, will again be resumed. The officers are:-Chairman, Reuben Arkush, 159 W. 77th St.; Secretary, Nathan Bijur, 160 W. 75th St.; Acting Manager, I. Frank, 174-2nd Ave. 1248 COMMUNAL REGISTER INSTITUTIONS FOR PROMOTION OF AGRICUJTURE AMONG THE JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES By J. W. PINcus, Secretary of the Federation of Jewish Farmers The Jewish historians tell us that some Jews settled on farms in the early history of the United States, but the real agricultural movement among Jews did not start until 1881 with the coming of the Jewish immigrants from Russia, who were forced by the pogroms to migrate in large numbers. During the '80's many Jewish farm colonies were started in the West, South, and East, but unfortunately very few of these colonies survived. It is only with the organization of the Baron de Hirsch Fund in 1891 that the work of settling Jews on the farm began in a systematic and constructive manner. While the activities of the Baron de Hirsch Fund were of a broad character and included many educational, social and vocational undertakings for the welfare of Jewish immigrants in the United States, this article will be limited to its agricultural activities only. Baron de Hirsch Fund The agricultural activities of the Baron De Hirsch Fund may be divided into two classes: First: Financial assistance and encouragement to prospective farmers, as well as to those who already have farms of their own. Second: Thorough preparation and training of the CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1249 young generation of Jewish immigrants for agricultural pursuits. The first was accomplished by rendering financial assistance to the South Jersey colonies, by establishing the Woodbine Colony, and by granting loans to New York settlers or prospective settlers. Gradually this work assumed such large proportion that in 1900, a separate organization, known as the Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society was established, and all the agricultural work of the Baron de Hirsch Fund, with the exception of the agricultural school, was transferred to this Society. The funds of the Society are supplied by the Baron de Hirsch Fund and by the Jewish Colonization Association. Baron de Hirsch Agricultural School Recognizing that the future of Jewish agriculture in the United States depended upon the young generation, the Baron de Hirsch Fund established in 1893, the Baron de Hirsch Agricultural School at Woodbine. This school has the distinction of being the first agricultural school in the United States, and the first one that attempted to turn a city-bred boy into a farmer. Outside of the fact that the school trained hundreds of young men for agricultural pursuits, it showed to many boys the possibilities of scientific agricultural education. We find that agricultural colleges in this country, which up to 1898 had but a handful of students, now enroll hundreds of Jewish young men. Many of the Jewish graduates of the agricultural colleges now occupy prominent positions in the Federal and State Agricultural Service. 1250 COMMUNAL REGISTER Thanks to the generosity of Mr. Julius Rosenwald and Mr. Jacob H. Schiff, the Baron de Hirsch Agricultural School is to be moved, in the near future, to Peekskill, N. Y. In the latter part of this article the possibilities of this institution in its new home will be touched upon. Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society The Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society has made wonderful progress in its eighteen years of existence. Concerning one of its main activities, that of rendering financial assistance to Jewish farmers, the following figures speak for themselves. Up to January 1st, 1917, during the seventeen years of its existence, forty-one hundred loans, aggregating $2,330,091.77 were made. These loans were granted in thirty-six States, and notwithstanding the fact that most of these loans were granted on sub-standard security, the total amount of losses during that period amounted only to about 3.11%o. During the last nine years the Society established a number of other activities along educatonal, organization and cooperative lines. Its publication, "THE JEWISH FARMER," brings to the home of every Jewish farmer the latest agricultural information in Yiddish. Through the granting of free scholarships, it sends annually twelve to fifteen young men and women to take short courses at the State Agricultural College. Through its Farm Labor Bureau thousands of young men were given an opportunity to try themselves out to see whether they were fit for farm life. Many of them afterwards beeame CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1251 successful farmers. Through the Cooperative Credit Unions, the farmers were taught the principles of cooperation and self-help. Through its moral and financial support of the Federation of Jewish Farmers it has enabled the farmer to stand on his own feet and to become a real factor in the agricultural development of this country. Federation of Jewish Farmers The Federation of Jewish Farmers of America, organized in 1909, with 13 organizations of farmers, has now about 50 branches with a membership of about 1200. While its main activities are limited to the States of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, its influence reaches every other State where there are Jewish farmers. The Federation succeeded in bringing together the Jewish farmers residing on scattered farms, into local units for social and economic betterment. As a result of its nine years of activity it has produced: First,-The Co-operative Insurance Company of Sullivan and Ulster County with over 500 members, which has policies in force amounting to over one million and a quarter dollars, saving to its members thousands of dollars in premiums. Second,-Several creameries and pasteurizing plants in New York and Connecticut, bringing in better prices for milk to farmers. Third,-Co-operative Bank under the Land Bank of the State of New York, which granted over $35,000 on first mortgages in the three years of its existence. 1252 COMMUNAL REGISTER Fourth,-Formation of nineteen farm loan associations under the Federal Land Bank system with over a million dollars in mortgages. Fifth,-Twenty-two credit unions with a capital of about $12,000 giving an opportunity to farmers to borrow small sums of money for emergency needs. Sixth,-Formation of seven other co-operative organizations for the purchase of feed, seeds and fertilizers, etc. Seventh,-The Co-operative Purchasing Bureau, which, since its organization, during the eight years did over $234,000 worth of business and saved farmers considerable money in their purchases. Eighth,-Through its efforts, a Yiddish - speaking specialist was appointed by the New York State College of Cornell University. Lack of space does not permit me to enumerate. many other achievements of the Federation. Of special interest, however, has been its achievement in bringing the Gentile farmers in many Jewish communities into closer co-operation with the Jewish farmers in the co-operative creameries and in other co-operative undertakings. Outside of the fact that the bringing of the non-Jewish farmers into these organizations strengthens them, it also helps to bring about a better feeling between Jews and Gentiles. Outlook Now a word as to the outlook of these organizations for the future. Their development depends to a great extent upon the final result of the present revolution in Russia, and upon the new conditions in Palestine. If the immi CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS. 1253 gration into this country should discontinue, the work of the agricultural organizations may take a different turn. There is a constantly growing movement among the city inhabitants to go "back and forward to the land." This is particularly evidenced among the Jewish inhabitants, and within the last few years a large number of prospective farmers' associations were started spontaneously in various parts of the United States. At least eight different attempts have been made recently to start colonies in Utah, Texas, Georgia, Tennessee, etc. Another very hopeful sign is the constantly growing number of Jewish young men attending agricultural schools and colleges. The Baron de Hirsch School, after it removes to its new location at Peekskill, New York, will have a splendid opportunity of reaching hundreds of young men interested in agriculture. By extending its activities, it can reach hundreds of men in New York City through organizing evening classes in agriculture, arranging weekend excursions to the school, and establishing special winter courses for the hundreds of young men who are sent out by the Farm Labor Bureau of the Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society to work on farms during the summer. The Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society has also a broad feld for its activities. It will continue to assist in settling on farms the constantly growing number of graduates of agricultural schools and colleges. It should also extend still greater encouragement to the ~*1254 COMMUNAL REGISTER formation of such cooperative organizations as promote self-help among the Jewish farmers. The Federation of Jewish Farmers has also before it a long life of usefulness, not only in broadening its present activities dealing with the formation of co-operative organizations, but also by interesting associations and groups of city men and women in developing and improving educational, social and religious activities in farm communities. The Federation may also assume in time, a very important part in the development of agriculture in Russia and in Palestine. Undoubtedly among its members there will be found experienced farmers and experienced co-operators, who would be of great help to the Jews of Russia and of Palestine in the solution of their agricultural problems. LIST OF AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES THE JEWISH AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL AID SOCIETY, 174 Second Ave. Pres., Alfred Jaretzki. Sec., Cyrus L. Sulzberger; Director, Gabriel Davidson. Incorporated 1900. PURPOSE: "To encourage farming among Jewish immigrants in the United States." ACTIVITIES: Maintains an Agricultural Bureau of Information and Advice. Loans money to Jewish farmers and to Jews wishing to become farmers; maintains farm labor bureau for placing Jewish young men as farm laborers. Publishes the "Jewish Farmer," a Yiddish agricultural monthly; maintains itinerant agricultural instructors and grants free scholarship at agricultural colleges. Up to Sept. 1, 1916, granted 4100 loans aggregating to $2,330,092. Organized 19 credit unions. First cooperative agricultural bank in America. Instrumental in organization of Federation of Jewish Farmers with over sixty constituent farmers' associations; assisted in organizing a Cooperative Fire Insurance Company and sevrial CENTRAL AND 'NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1255 National Farm Loan Associations under New Federal Farm Loan Law. Jaretzki, Alfred, Pres. The Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Soc. (174 2nd Ave.), since 1908. Term 1 year. Lawyer, 49 Wall St. Res. 128 E. 74th St. THE FEDERATION OF JEWISH FARMERS OF AMERICA, 174 Second Ave. Pres., Ely Greenblatt, 174 2d Ave. Sec. Joseph W. Pincus, 174 2d Ave. Established, 1909, Incorporated 1917, budget $7,000, membership over 1,100 in fifty-eight organizations. Has been instrumental in establishing co-operatie credit unions which have been of great financial assistance to the farmers and in establishing a Cooperative Fire Insurance Company which carries about 1 4 -million insurance. Through its efforts-the First Farmers' Savings and Loan Ass'n was organized which has already granted over $35,000 worth in loans on first mortgages. Has built co-operative creameries and organized the Jewish Farmers' Co-operative exchanges for the buying of their supplies for the boarding houses as well as for farms cooperatively. Has organized Boys' and Girls' Clubs and encourages the organization of women's organizations. Has organized a Cooperative Purchasing Bureau and this enables the farmers to purchase goods at about 75% of the usual price. PURPOSE: To organize the Jewish farmers of America for co-operative activities. ACTIVITIES: 1. Holds farmers' meetings, demonstrations in various local associations, in order to teach them improved and scientific methods of farming. 2. Acts as a mediator in disputes between farmers and their hired men. 3. Aids war relief. Greenblatt, Ely, Pres. Federation of Jewish Farmers of America (174 2nd Ave.), since 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1870 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish education. Farmer, 174 2nd Ave. Res. Botsford, Conn. 1256 COMMUNAL REGISTER THE JEWISH SOCIALIST FEDERATION OF AMERICA By FRANK F. ROSENBLATT, Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research. The birth of the Jewish Socialist Federation in 1912 must be recognized as the most important landmark in the history of the Jewish Socialist movement in this country. The Federation was the outgrowth of a previous organization, the Jewish Socialist Agitation Bureau, which for a period of seven years led a precarious and inconsequential existence. The Agitation Bureau was organized at a time when the idea of Jewish nationalism began to spread its roots in the minds of the Jewish workmen. It is to the glory of the Jewish Socialist Bund in Russia that the question of nationalism, which in the minds of the Socialists of the older generation was synonymous with oppression and subjection,,was forced into the foreground. The idea, became ever more popular that nationalism and internationalism are by no means mutually exclusive terms, and that genuine internationalism is possible only when all nations are guaranteed full and equal rights. The heroic fight of the Bund against the old Russian autocracy caused thousands of its members and followers, many of them exiles to Siberia or under rigid surveillance by the gendarmes, to flee to this country. For some years these Bundists lived, as it were, in exile in a free country. Handicapped by ignorance of the language, they kept aloof from the life and activities of the Socialist Party, and even. those who considered it their CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1257 sacred duty to join the organization, could not participate in the discussions of practical or theoretical issues or exert any influence on the policy and administration of the respective branches. But they would not resign themselves to inactivity, and as a result a net of Bund branches was spread throughout the United States and Canada. For a number of years these branches, whose primary object was to collect funds for the Buid in Russia, were the most active and influential bodies in the Jewish radical world. Their members formed the vanguard of the Workmen's Circle (Arbeiter Ring), and swelled the ranks of the Jewish trade unions. The activities of the branches were coordinated and supervised by a Central-Verband which was elected at the annual conventions. At the same time, however, most of the members remained strange and indifferent to the American Socialist movement. This anomaly became particularly striking after the great influx of political refugees which the abortive Russian revolution of 1905 had swept to these shores. It was then that a number of Bundists began to talk of forming a Jewish Socialist organization on a somewhat modified platform of the Bund. The East Side Socialist "old timers," far from relinquishing their selfgenerated, self-moved, irresistible hatred of nationalism, were on the alert to stave off the danger of the Bund contagion, endeavoring at the same time to recruit the active and well-disciplined elements for the American Socialist movement. The Agitation Bureau was accordingly organized for the purpose of conducting Socialist propaganda in Yiddish. A number of branches were 1258 COMMUNAL REGISTER organized not as Jewish, but as Yiddish-speaking branches. Their relation to the Bureau was merely formal, inasmuch as each branch existed as a section of a city or county local of the Socialist Party and not as an integral part of a Jewish national body. The sphere of activity was narrowed down to general political and Socialist agitation, exclusive of all phases of Jewish life and Jewish problems. The influence of the Bureau was naturally limited both in scope and range. During the seven years of its existence it organized, but barely controlled, twenty-five branches with a membership of several hundred Yiddishspeaking Socialists, and published three pamphlets and a few political leaflets. The dissatisfaction which for some time had prevailed among the more active members and particularly among the young intellectuals, broke out in open revolt at the 1912 convention in Paterson, N. J. As a result, the Bureau was supplanted by the Federation, which was formed along the lines of the then existing Finnish Socialist Federation. The declaration of principles introduced by the Bundists stated that the object of the Federation was to function not merely as a propaganda agent, but as an autonomous Jewish Socialist organization which seeks, as far as compatible with the principles, platform, policy and discipline of the Socialist Party, to adapt its activities to the specific conditions of the Jewish masses and to satisfy the cultural and spiritual needs and aspirations of the Jewish workmen. This resolution was vigorously opposed by the anti-nationalist delegates who contended that there were no special Jewish conditions or special CENTRAL AVD NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1259 cultural requirements aside from those which are the concern of the general proletariat in this country. The resolution was lost by only two votes. When re-introduced about a year later, at the first convention of the Federation, which was held in New Haven in October, 1913, it was adopted with a preponderant majority. The growth of the Federation has since been gradual but steady. This can be seen from the average sale of membership dues stamps per month: 1st half year............................... 1,484 2nd half year............................... 2,016 3rd half year............................... 2,423 4th half year............................... 2,509 5th half year............................... 2,786 6th half year............................... 2,956 7th half year............................... 3,310 8th half year............................... 3,001 9th half year............................... 3,606 10th half year............................... 4,259 11th half year........................... over 5,000 Over a hundred branches in twenty-six States are at present affiliated with the Federation. The Young People's Socialist League, which was organized in 1916 and which numbers sixteen "circles" with a membership of one thousand, is also affiliated with the Federation. The Federation is administered by an executive committee which is nominated at the annual conventions and elected by referendum vote of the membership. In its activities the Federation is autonomous, subject only to general party discipline and to strict adherence to the principles and. platform of the national Socialist organization. * 1260 COMMUNAL REGISTE' The Federation has published twenty-seven leaflets from two to eight pages each, of which about two million copies have been distributed. The more important pamphlets published by the organization are as follows: A. BENSON-The Increasing Cost of Living, 32 pages, 10,000 copies. OSCAR EMERIGER-Uncle Sam's Life and Accomplishments, 64 pages, 10,000 copies. EUGENE V. DEBS-Unionism and Socialism, 32 pages, 10,000 copies. DR. M. GoLDFARB-Unemployment, 10,000 copies. THERESA MALKIEL-The Woman and Society, 10,000 copies. H. RoGoFF-The Government and the Workmen, 32 pages, 5,000 copies. A. S. SACKS-The A B C of Socialism. 24 pages, 5,000 copies. A. LITWAK-Man, Jew and Socialist, 64 pages, 10,000 copies. M. OLGIN-What do the Socialists Want? 64 pages, 10,000 copies. I. A. SHIPLAcOFF-The Work in the Assembly, 32 pages, 5,000 copies. The propaganda works published by the Federation include the following: MORRIS HILLQUIT-Socialism, 96 pages, 10,000 copies. The War, 64 pages, 5,000 copies. 'A. S. SACKS-The Doctrine of Socialism, 152 pages, 5,000 copies. MORRIS HILLQUIT-The Workman and the Law, 144 pages, 5,000 copies. JACOB LEVINE-The Truth About Palestine, 160 pp., 2,000 copies. Die Zeit, 3,000 copies. Jewish Year Book for 1914, 112 pages, 10,000 copies. Jewish Year Book for 1915, 160 pages, 6,000 copies. Jewish Year Book for 1916, 128 pages, 5,000 copies. Jewish Year Book for 1918, 128 pages, 5,000 copies. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1261 The Federation publishes a weekly party organ in Yiddish, Die Naye Welt, which exerts a marked influence on the Jewish radical readers. Besides its publications, the Federation carries on propaganda work by means of lectures and mass meetings all over the country. The Federation was one of the most important factors in the formation of the National Workmen's Committee on Jewish Rights. 1262 COMMUNAL REGISTER JEWISH SOCIALIST FEDERATION OF AMERICA, 175 East Broadway. Branches in United States: 100. Members: 10,000. Branches in New York City: 12. Members in New York City: 3,000. General Sec'y, Max E. Lulow; Treas., J. B. Salutsky. Branches in New York City Bronx Branch, No. 1. Sec'y, H. Colodny, 511 E. 149th St. Number of members: 350. Place of meeting: 1587 Washington Ave. Time of meeting: Every Friday. Bronx Branch, No. 2. Sec'y, Wm. Gottlieb, 266 E. 165th St. Number of members: 125. Place of meeting: 500 E. 140th St. Time of meet/ing: Every Friday. Bronx Branch, No. 3. Sec'y, B. Katelansky, 1045 Hoe Ave. Number of members: 175. Place of meeting: 1333 Wilkins Ave. Time of meeting: Every Wednesday. Harlem Branch. Sec'y, M. Vasiler, 165 E. 105th St. Number of members: 380. Place of meeting: 40 E. 104th St. Time of meeting:.Every Friday. Manhattan, Second Assembly District Branch. Sec'y, S. Singer, 202 E. B'way. Number of members: 420. Place of meeting: 202 E. B'way. Time of meeting: Every Monday. Manhattan, Fourth Assembly District Branch. Sec'y, Mr. Hiferling, 66 Pitt St. Number of members: 220. Place of meeting: 66 Pitt St. Time of meeting: Every Thursday. Manhattan, Eighth Assembly District Branch. Sec'y, Minnie Sussman, 231 E. 13th St. Number of members: 180. Place of meeting: 99 2nd Ave. Time of meeting: Every Wednesday. Brooklyn, Sixth Assembly District Branch. Sec'y, Ben. Zoleznick, 128 Hopkins St., B'klyn. Number of members: 80. Place of meeting: 167 Tompkins Ave., B'klyn. Time of meeting: Every Friday. Brooklyn, Fourteenth Axsembly District Branch. Sec'y, E. Bromberg, 228 Metropolitan Ave., B'klyn. Number of members: 120. Pla:e of meeting: 305 South 5ti St. Time of meeting: Every Friday. Brooklyn, Sixteenth Assembly District Branch. Secy, S. Kobacoff, 4215 15th Ave., B'klyn. Number bf menbers: 225. Place of meeting: 4018 14th Ave., B'klyn. rime of meeting: Every Friday. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1263 Brooklyn, Nineteenth Assembly District Branch. Sec'y, A. Koser, 80 Beaver St. Number of members: 500. Place of meeting: 18 Cook St. Time of meeting: Every Thursday. Brooklyn, Twenty-second Assembly District Branch. Sec'y, Fannie Cohen, 308 Alabama Ave., B'klyn. Number of members: 175. Place of meeting: 420 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Time of meeting: Every Friday. THE YOUNG PEOPLE'S SOCIALIST LEAGUE (Affiliated with the Jewish Socialist Federation of America), 175 East Broadway. Branches in United States: 16. Branches in New York City: 5. Sec'y, F. Lehrman. Organizer: J. Levine. Circles in New York City August Bebel Young Socialist Circle No. 10. Meets every Saturday, 62 E. 106th St. Ideal Young Socialist Circle, Branch No. 5. Sec'y, D. Fein, 676 Rockaway Ave., B'klyn. Meets at 949 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Jean Jaures Young Socialist Circle, No. 3. Sec'y, Sam. Odin, 1326 Brook Avenue. Meets every Friday, 1728 Washington Ave. Jewish Socialist Literary Circle, Branch No. 2. Sec'y, H. Dolmetitsky. Meets every Friday at their club rooms, 406 Dumont Ave., B'klyn. Young Socialist Educational Circle. Meets every Friday at their club rooms, 202 E. B'way. Sec'y, Sam Gross, 169 E. 2nd St. 1264 COMMUNAL REGISTER AMALGAMATED CLOTHING WORKERS OF AMERICA By JOSEPH SCHLOSSBERG, General Secretary For a generation the continuous endeavors to organize the Jewish tailors in this country on a permanent basis presented a veritable task of 'Sisyphus. Immigrants from European Ghettos, particularly those from Russia and Poland, had no knowledge of the labor movement and of the advantages of organization. In their new home they had to grope their way blindfolded, as it were, in a strange country with strange customs and institutions and a strange language. The natural instinct of workers to organize and fight for a better life was exploited by unscrupulous persons for their own ends. False leaders literally manufactured strikes of tailors whenever a season began, collected initiation fees from the strikers and contributions from sympathizers, and wound up the strikes as soon as they got all that "the traffic would bear." These professional strike manufacturers were very active in the '90's of the last century. The tailors kept up their struggling efforts at organization without tangible results until 1913. The strike of that year, particularly in the city of New York, was a spontaneous outbreak of unorganized workers against intolerable conditions and resulted in the establishment of a permanent organization. From the outset, however, there were radical differences of opinion between the membership and the officers CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1265 of the national organization. A clash took place at the, Biennial Convention of 1914 at Nashville, Tenn. A number of delegates representing an overwhelming majority of the members were forced to take matters in their own hands, and elected their own national officers. The name of Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America was subsequently adopted at a special convention held in December, 1914, in New York City. The policy of the Amalgamated is to avoid strikes wherever possible, but not to shrink from them if they cannot be avoided. The second Biennial Convention, held in Rochester, May, 1916, passed a resolution directing the general executive board to establish a 48-hour working week. The resolution was put into effect in the earlier part of 1917 in every clothing centre in the United States, while the 44-hour.system was adopted in Toronto, Canada. That was the first time in the history of the needle trades that a 48-hour week was established. The importance of this distinct victory of the Amalgamated can be fully appreciated by those who are familiar with the conditions and evils which had prevailed under the sweat shop and so-called task systems. The establishment of the 48-hour week in New York City necessitated a general strike of about 50,000 workers. For the first time in the history of the clothing workers a general strike was conducted and complete victory won without the least outside financial help. Since its organization the Amalgamated has been forced to order strikes-in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, St. Louis and a number of smaller places in the.United States, and. in Montreal, Toronto and 'Hamilton.. 1266 COMMUNAL REGISTER Canada. In every case the organization has by its conduct and methods succeeded in arousing and maintaining the full confidence of the workers and of the public at large. In many instances, however, wage increases have been secured of from $1 to $4 a week without a minute's loss in working time, by negotiation only. Two such cases have been recently settled by negotiation and arbitration in New York and Baltimore. In the New York case 10,000 children's clothing workers received a $4 increase in their weekly wages as a result of negotiations between.the union and the Manufacturers' Association; a $2 increase going into effect immediately and $2 on May 1st. The other case is the 10% increase in wages for the 4,000 employees of Henry Sonneborn & Co. of Baltimore, awarded by the board of arbitration of which Dr. Frank Goodnow, of Johns Hopkins University, is chairman. The Amalgamated has collective bargain agreements with Hart, Schaffner and Marx in Chicago, the largest clothing factory in the world, Henry Sonneborn & Co. of Baltimore and New York, the second largest clothing establishment in'the world, and with a number of other clothing manufacturers in various cities. The propaganda and activities of the Amalgamated have been instrumental in bringing'about considerable improvement in the working conditions, in sanitation, hours, wages and treatment in the manufacture of uniforms for our national army. Jews form the largest factor in the men's clothing industry: The employers and the employees are predominantly Jewish. There are, however, thousands of CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1267 Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, Bohemians and others,.all working harmoniously in spite of the differences in language, temperament and other racial characteristics. Of the 115 locals embracing a membership of 100,000 and covering all the clothing - centres of this country and Canada, 43 locals, with a membership of over 50,000, of whom about 35,000 are Jews, are operating in New York City. Of the 43 New York locals, 6 are non-Jewish. All the branches of the industry work harmoniously as a unit, but retain their separate local organizations along the lines of their trades. The cutters, who formerly had considered themselves the labor aristocrats, have learned to cooperate with all other clothing workers as equals. The organization is publishing five weeklies, viz., Fortschritt (in Yiddish), Advance (in English), Lavora (in Italian), Industrial Democracy (in Bohemian) and Industrial Democracy (in Polish). Since its organization the Amalgamated has contributed tens of thousands of dollars towards the support of other labor organizations in their struggles for better living conditions. The locals have also contributed generous sums to the fund of the People's Relief Committee for Jewish War Sufferers. Considerable attention is given to educational work. Series of lectures are given in a number of public schools in this city as well as in others. The members are taught to realize that a labor union is not merely a commercial agency but part and parcel of a wider social movement aiming at the elevation of the human race. '128 '". 78 COMMUNZAL 'RGISTMII -AGAAAMA.TED CLOTHING WORKERS OF AMERICA, 31 Unioxi Square, New York City. General President, Sidney Hilrfanri. General Secretary, Joseph Schlossberg.,dor list. of New York City locals see page 701. Hillman, Sidney, General President Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, 31 Union Square, New York. Born in 1887, in Zagory, Province of Kovno, Russia.' Studied Hebrew in Kovno, joined the Bund in 1902, left Russia for England 1906, arrived in this country July 17, 1907, connected with the clothing workers. Connected with the clothing workers' organization in Chicago strike in the Establishment of Hart, Schafner and Marx in 1910. Was elected Chief Clerk of the New York Cloak and Skirtmakers' Union, under the protocol in 1913. Elected President of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America in 1914. Mr. Hillman is one of the most popular leaders in the Jewish labor movement. Schlossberg, Joseph, General Secretary Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, 31 Union Square, New York. Born 1875, Russia. Arrived in New York 1888. Attended public school one year. Became a cloakmaker in 1889. Participated in the cloakmakers' lockout-strike of 1890, which ended with a shortlived victory for the workers. That was the first great Jewish labor struggle. It was truly a Jewish class struggle, both the workers and the employers being Jews. Joined the Socialist movement the same year, a member of the Socialist Labor Party (S. L. P.) since 1892. Participated in the second general strike of cloakmakers in 1894, which ended disastrously for the workers. Became Assistant Editor of the daily Abend Blatt, Yiddish organ of the S. L. P., in 1899, and Editor-in-Chief in 1900, remaining in that office until the paper was discontinued in 1902. Edited the Arbeiter, Yiddish weekly organ of the S. L. P., from 1904, when the paper began publication, until 1911, When. It discontinued., Was a student of Columbia University, Faculty of Political Science, 1905-1907. In 1911 and 1912 edited with David Pinski the weekly magazine, "Die Yiddlsche Wochenschrift." In 1913 elected Setfetary-Treasurer of the Joint Board of the United Brotherhood of Tailors, the New York coatmakers' organization of the United Garment Workers of America. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1269 In 1914 elected General Secretary of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. Now editing Advance and Fortschritt, English and Yiddish organs, respectively, of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. Mr. Schlossberg is well known as a writer on labor and political questions. THE NEW YORK JOINT BOARD, (A. C. W. A.)-The main body of the Men's Tailors of New York. Organized in 1913. General Manager, David Wolff, 192 Bowery; Secretary-Treasurer, Alex Cohen; President, William Dubin. CHILDREN'S CLOTHING JOINT BOARD, (A. C. W. A.) -The main body of the Children's Clothing workers. Organized 1915. General Manager, Harry Cohen; Secretary, Jacob Horn; President, Abraham Webman. INTERNATIONAL FUR WORKERS' UNION OF UNITED STATES AND CANADA, 9 Jackson Avenue, Long Island City. General President, A. W. Miller; General SecretaryTreasurer, Philip Silberstein. For list of New York City locals see page 700. JOINT BOARD OF NEW YORK, (I. F. W. U. U. S. & C.) Locals 1, 5, 10 and 15. Organized 1910; membership 6,000; purpose to improve the condition of workers in the Fur Industry in regard to wages, hours of work, sanitary conditions and education. President, Harris J. Algus, 1405 Fifth Avenue; Secretary-Treasurer, Abraham Rosenthal, 109 E. 29th Street; Manager Morris Kaufman. Meets every Tuesday evening, at 109 E. 29th Street. JOINT BOARD OF BROOKLYN, (I. F. W. U. U. S. & C.) Locals 2, 3, 4, 54, 55, 59, 61. Meets second and fourth Friday, at 949 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Pres., Theodore J. Schwartz, 128 Johnson Ave., Newark, N. J. Sec'y, John Gorsky, 192 Nassau Ave., B'klyn. Business Agents, Philip S. Silberstein, 949 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn; G. Shubbert, Morris Katz, 180 Gewortes St., Newark, N. J. JOINT BOARD FUR CAP AND TRIMMING MAKERS' UNION, (I. F. W. U. U. S. & C.) Locals 20, 51, 60, 63. Meets first and third Tuesday, at 81 Fourth Ave. Pres., Kussel Miller, 737 East 5th St. Sec'y, Pauline Singer, 1412 Washington Ave. Manager, Samuel Leibowitz, 447 East 9th St. Business Agents, Samuel Leibowitz and Charles Stetsky. 1270 COMMUNAL REGISTER THE INTERNATIONAL LADIES' GARMENT WORKERS' UNION By BENJAMIN SCHLESINGER, President The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, forming as it does an integral part of the American labor movement, has achieved its enviable strength and influence within a comparatively short period. It was in June, 1900, that eleven delegates representing 2310 cloakmakers of six Unions in three Eastern States convened in the City of New York for the unostentatious purpose of working out plans of placing a union label on the market. This convention laid the foundation for the International. The subsequent conventions held annually in various cities received reports which were anything but encouraging. Indeed, up to 1910, the history of the International was one series of desperate struggles against the manufacturers. The various locals composing the International were always engaged in either defensive or offensive contests. During the crisis of 1908, the very existence of the International was at stake. The treasuries of the locals were entirely exhausted. At the Convention held in 1909 at Philadelphia, the advisability of keeping up the International was taken into consideration, and one of the delegates actually brought in a resolution for a formal dissolution of the organization. This resolution, however, was not seconded. The proposition of having the International amalgamated with the United Garment Workers was rejected by the latter with the gratuitous CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1271 advice that the International surrender its charter to the American Federation of Labor. The turning point in the life of the International dates back to 1910. The struggle between the manufacturers and employees had reached its climax. No less than seventy-seven strikes and lockouts in the ladies' garments industry took place during 1909. These, however, we-re mere skirmishes in comparison with the strike of the Waist Makers, which began at the end of November, 1909, and lasted until the middle of February, 1910. The strike attracted attention not only in this country, but also in Europe. The heroic struggle of the women workers in this industry resulted in partial success. But even this partial success was a great factor at the 10th Convention of 1910 which was held in Boston. It spurred the workers in the cloak industry to fight for better conditions, for shorter hours, and for the abolition of the sweat shop system. The very first resolution adopted at that Convention by a large majority declared the calling of a general strike in the cloak trade in New York an "imperative necessity." After adequate preparations, the signal for a general strike was given on the 7th of July, 1910, and the enthusiastic response on the part of the workers was unprecedented. Jews, Russians, Poles, Hungarians and Italians, men and women, all joined together, marching out of their shops to the meeting halls assigned for them. The fight lasted about two months and culminated in the famous "protocol" of September 2nd, 1910. The manufacturers were compelled to recognize the Union, and obligated themselves to maintain Union shops and Union standards of wages, 1272 OOMMUNAL REGISTPR which on the average were raised about 30%o. The chief features of the "protocol," however, consisted in the creation of a board of sanitary control for the purpose of improving and maintaining sanitary conditions in the factories, as well as in the establishment of a Board of Grievances and a Board of Arbitration. These boards were created for the purpose of substituting mediation, arbitration and effective collective bargaining for the habitual and sporadic shop strikes. The Board of Arbitration consisted of Messrs. Louis D. Brandeis, Hamilton Holt and Morris Hillquit. Mr. Meyer London was the counsel for the International. Few disputes between the employers and employees were of such a nature that strikes and lockouts could not be prevented, and the machinery of the Boards worked well for both sides until 1915, when the manu*facturers decided to take advantage of the slack season and repudiated the "protocol." The efforts of the Council of Conciliation which was appointed by Mayor Mitchel and headed by Dr. Felix Adler were entirely unsuccessful. The manufacturers declared a lockout which resulted in the 1915 general strike of New York cloakmakers. Public opinion was entirely on the side of the strikers, whose solidarity and self-sacrifice could not but evoke universal admiration and support. A number of public-spirited men, such as Messrs. Jacob H. Schiff, Louis Marshall, Allan Robinson and others, ardently advocated the cause of the strikers and supported their demands for higher wages and shorter hours of work. After a bitter struggle the manufacturers finally signed;au agreement granting the just demands of the eloakmakers. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATION 1 1273 The International is generally referred to as the Cloakmakers' Union. This common error is due to the fact that the cloakmakers were the first to join the International. At present this organization includes 112 locals with a membership of 140,000 and controls the workers in the cloak, suit, skirt and reefer trades; the waist and dressmakers, white goods workers, children's dressmakers, wrapper and kimono workers, corsetmakers, as well as the men and women employed in establishments producing raincoats, bonnaz embroidery, Swiss embroidery, ladies' tailoring and private dressmaking. While the protocol in the New York cloak trade has been abolished, the system of mediation and arbitration finds successful application in a number of other trades controlled by the International in New York and other cities. Notable among these are the waist and dress industry and others. The Board of Arbitration in the waist industry is headed by Judge Julian W. Mack. Since the strike of 1]910, the sweat shop system has been wiped out almost entirely in practically every trade under the jurisdiction of the International. The improvement in the conditions of labor, in the hours of work, and in the actual earnings, is the natural result of a solidarity which the men and women affiliated with the International have learned to appreciate and cherish. A number of locals of the International have established mutual aid funds, besides those intended for strike benefits. Some of them maintain special funds for the payment of sick and tuberculosis benefit as well as loan funds. 1274 COMMUNAL REGISTER The publications of the Unions include the Ladies' Garment Worker " (in English and in Yiddish), the "New Post" of the cloakmakers and the " Gleichheit" of the Ladies' Waist Makers (in Yiddish), "The Message" of the Ladies' Waist Makers (in English), and two periodicals in Italian. Education is one of the most important features of the activities of the International. This feature was introduced as early as at the Convention of 1902, which declared "labor's intellectual power" as "the only effectual weapon to be used in the struggle for the emancipation of labor. " Realizing the importance of systematizing the lectures offered to the members of the various Locals, the International has recently established a Worker's University and a Unity Centre with curricula of courses by specialists on various scientific, historical, political and civic topics. By far the greatest bulk of the membership of the International consists of Jews. The organization has, therefore, always been interested in all phases of Jewish life. Its representatives were in the foremost ranks of the movement for Jewish rights and in the relief work for Jewish war sufferers. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1275 INTERNATIONAL LADIES' GARMENT W ORKERS UNION, 31 Union Sq. Pres. Benjamin Schlesinger, 31 Union Square; Sec. Abraham Baroff, 31 Union Square. Organized 1900. Membership, 140,000. Locals in U. S. 114. In N. Y. City, 19. Jewish membership about 80% of the total. For list of New York City locals, see page 704. Schlesinger, Benjamin, President of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, was born on the 25th of December, 1876. In 1890 he came to this country, and for a number of years lived in Chicago. He began to work in cloak shops at the age of 15, at the same time attending elementary evening school. As a lad of 16 he cast his lot with the labor movement and has worked ever since for the welfare of the cloak-makers, both in Chicago and in New York. In 1903 and 1904 he was the organizer of the Cloakmakers' Union in Chicago. In this position he won recognition as a leader of ability and character. He was elected President of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union in 1904, which office he held for one year. He then became manager of the New York Cloakmakers' Union. From 1907 to 1912 he was manager of the Jewish Daily Forward. He was elected President of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union in 1914, and re-elected in 1916. Mr. Schlesinger is keenly interested in social problems. He is a member of many Jewish organizations, and the chairman of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Relief Committee for the Jewish War Sufferers. Baroff, Abraham, General Secretary-Treasurer of the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union, was born in 1871 in Nikolaeff, Province of Kherson, Russia. He came to this country in 1890. Since 1891 he has been affiliated with the various organizations of the ladies' waist workers. He took an active part in the general strike of the waistmakers in 1893, as well as in a number of subsequent strikes. In 1911 and 1912 he was the leading spirit in the agitation for a general strike which in January, 1913, culminated in the agreement between the Union and the manufacturers, known as the "protocol" in the waist and dress industry. He was then elected manager of the department for the supervision of the several hundred nonassociation shops, which office he held until November, 1915, when he became the general secretary-treasurer of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. He was re-elected to this office at the convention of 1916. 1276 COMMUNAL REGISTER Mr. Baroff is also well known to the masses as a short story writer. His volume of "Types and Pictures" (Typen un Bilder), in Yiddish, was published in 1910. JOINT BOARD CLOAKMAKERS' UNION, (I. L. G. W. U.) 40 E. 23rd Street. Organized 1910. Membership, 60,000. President, I. Feinberg, 40 E. 23rd Street. Secretary, Louis Langer, 462 Graham Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Manager, Morris Sigman, 40 E. 23rd Street. UNITED CLOTH HAT AND CAP MAKERS OF NORTH AMERICA, 62 E. 4th St. Pres. Max Zaritzky, 62 E. 4th St.; Sec. Max Zuckerman, 62 E. 4th St. Established, 1902. Membership, 12,500, eleven locals in N. Y. For list of New York City locals, see page 707. Zaritsky, Max, Pres. United Cloth Hat and Cap Makers of North America (62 E. 4th St.) elected 1917. Term 2 years. Born 1885 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received high school education. Res. 16 E. 7th St. Zuckerman, Max, General Secretary-Treasurer of the United Cloth Hat and Cap Makers of North America, 62 E. 4th St., New York. Born 1868, Russia. Arrived in New York 1891. Became capmaker 1896. Was a member of Socialist Labor Party until 1897. Elected General Secretary-Treasurer of the United Cloth Hat and Cap Makers of North America, 1904. JOINT COUNCIL CAP MAKERS' UNION LOCALS, (U. C. H. 0. M. N. A.) 62 E. 4th Street. Chairman, Leopold Baker, Secretary-Treasurer, Max Zaritsky. JOINT BOARD MILLINERS' LOCALS, (U. C. H. C. M. N. A.) 62 East 4th Street. Secretary, Isidore Weinberg. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS:,'t -THE. UNITED HEBREW TRADES By FRANK F. ROSENBLATT, Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research The history of the United Hebrew Trades is synonymous with the birth and growth, the struggles and achievements of well-nigh every one of the one hundred organizations composing the all-embracing body of the Jewish labor movement in Greater New York. Organized in 1888 at a time when the Jewish immigrant had little, if any, schooling in trade unionism, the United Hebrew Trades had to contend with factors both within the ranks of labor and the ranks of employers. The sweat shop system was at its most notorious stage. The conditions of labor, the hours of work, the,relation between employers and employees and established public opinion were of such a nature, that only visionaries could hope for betterment in the near future. One may well have wondered whether the real Herculean task lay in the endeavor to compel the employers to grant more humane conditions, or in the process of awakening the wage-earners into realization of the power of union and concerted action in order to demand their rights. The record of the United Hebrew Trades is thus marked by one long series of bitter contests with employers and by incessant agitation and propaganda among the workers. The United Hebrew Trades is not a mere clearing house. It is both the organizing agency and the controlling centre of the Jewish labor movement. It is, however, a delegated body, and its strength and infiu 1278 COMMUNAL REGISTER ence depend primarily upon the conditions of its constituent organizations. For two decades the position of the United Hebrew Trades was worse than precarious. The vicissitudes of single organizations frequently put its very existence in jeopardy., Local ailments often threatened a general fatal reaction. It was only after the famous strike of the New York waist-workers, which lasted from the end of November, 1909, to the middle of February, 1910, that a marked change took place. The heroic struggle of the women workers, which resulted in partial success, served, as it were, as a signal for a general upheaval among the Jewish wage-earners in New York City, particularly in the needle industries. Strong unions were formed, one after another, all joining the United Hebrew Trades, and thus adding cumulative prestige and power to the organization. Its thirtieth anniversary is ushered in with a record-list of affiliated local unions, numbering one hundred and embracing a membership of a quarter of a million Jewish men and women in the city of New York. The activities of the United Hebrew Trades in the National Workmen's Committee on Jewish Rights and in the special campaign of the People's Relief Committee for Jewish War Sufferers deserve special mention. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1279 UNITED HEBREW TRADES, 175 E. Broadway. Officers: Pres. Reuben Guskin, 175 E. B'way. Sec. Max Pine, 175 E. B'way. Established, 1888. Membership, 250,000 -100 locals. For list of New York City locals, see page 708. Guskin, Reuben, Pres. United Hebrew Trades (175 East B'way), since 1915. Term 6 months. Born 1887 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1904. Received general education. Barber: 175 E. B'way. Res.: 174 Broome St. Pine, Max, Secretary of the United Hebrew Trades, was born in Russia in 1867, in the Province of Mohelev on the Dnieper. At the age of 15 he learned the printing trade. He came to this country in 1888 and for one year worked as a laborer in the coal yards of this city. He then became an operator in a men's tailor shop. Since then he has been one of the most active agitators for trade unionism and Socislism. From 1895 to 1898 he was organizer of the Knee Pants Workers' Union. In 1898 he became a member of the staff of the Jewish Daily Forward. The years following he was active either am an organizer of labor unions, or as a contributor to the Forward. From 1907 to 1909 he Was the Secretary of the United Hebrew Trades. For a few years he kept a printing shop which he gave up to accept the position of organizer of the United Garment Workers of America. In that capacity he was one of the leaders of the tailors' strike in 1913. Strife in the organization, however, led him to resign his position, and he went back to his printing shop. Since 1915 he has been secretary of the United Hebrew Trades. In 1914 he was elected a delegate from the United Hebrew Trades to the International Socialist Congress which was to be held in Vienna, but did not take place owing to the outbreak of the war., Mr. Pine is one of the most popular Jewish labor leaders in -his country. He is widely known among the Jewish workingmen as a speaker and writer on labor and social topics. '1280 COMMUNAL REGISTER,.. ~. E. MUTUAL AID AGENCIES (See lsp- under Fraternal Organizations) FEDERATION OF JEWISH COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES OF AMERICA, 61 Second Ave. Chairman Executive Committee, Joseph Gedalecia, 356 Second Ave. Sec'y, Aaron Stolinsky, 40 East 3rd St. The Federation of Jewish Co-.perative Societies of America was organized in January, 1918, for the purpose of promoting the cooperative idea among the Jews and to further the interests of existing Jewish cooperative organizations. Twenty-two cooperative organizations are now affiliated with the Federation. Constituents in New York Cooperative Boarding House, Cooperative Restaurant, 61 2d 1786 Lexington Ave. Avenue. Industrial and Agricultural CoOperative Butcher Store, 7 Coperatsve An, In. E. 3rd St. Cooperative Aw'n, Inc. E. 3rd St. Workingmen Codperative Cooperative Credit Union, 124 Vegetarian Society, 63 E. Delancey St. (See page 730.) 104th St. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 4281 F. PHILANTHBOPIC FEDERATION FOR THE SUPPORT OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETIES OF NEW YORK CITY By I. EDWIN GOLDWASSER Executive Director On February 26, 1916, a Committee on Federation appointed a Special Committee to consider all plans of Federation which have been proposed, and all criticisms and suggestions thereon, and also to act as Committee on Conciliation of all suggestions with reference to the conditions under which a plan shall be put in operation. For three months, the Special Committee studied the problem of philanthropy from all points of view. It investigated various proposed plans and invited criticisms and suggestions from societies and from persons interested. Opportunity for open discussion was afforded at a public meeting. On May 25, 1916, the Special Federation Committee with Abram I. Elkus as Chairman and Dr. H. G. Friedman as Secretary, and the following: Messrs. Leo Arnstein, Joseph H. Cohen, Samuel Greenbaum, William Goldman, Jesse I. Straus, Felix M. Warburg, as members, presented its report to the Committee on Federation. On June 6th, the last named committee adopted the following resolution: RESOLVED, that the Plan of Federation formulated by the Special Committee be adopted; t1t the Plan be submitted to the societies therein named, such societies to notify the Secretary of the Com 1282 COMMUNAL REGISTER mittee on Federation of their assent to the Plan and designate their representatives on the Organization Committee and on the Board of Delegates on or before July 15, 1916, that the Federation be organized as soon as the Plan shall have been assented to by societies receiving two-thirds of the total amount collected in 1915 in membership dues and subscriptions by the societies named in the Plan. In the Plan of Federation it was agreed that the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York City shall be declared operative when there shall have been secured from subscribers to the Federation an increase of $200,000 over the amount contributed by them in 1915 in membership dues or subscriptions and in donations other than for permanent or building funds to the beneficiary societies, or $700,000 in excess of the sum contributed by such subscribers in membership dues alone. The original Organization Committee consisted of ten representatives, none of whom was a director or an officer of the societies named, two representatives from each of the following societies: Montefiore Home and Hospital for Chronic Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital and United Hebrew Charities, and one representative from each of the following named: Association for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes, Beth Israel Hospital, Crippled Childrens' East Side Free School, Dispensary and Hospital for Deformities and Joint Diseases, Educational Alliance, Emanuel Sisterhood for Personal Service, Free Synagogue Social Service Department, Hebrew Free Loan Society, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, Hebrew Technical Institute, Hebrew Technical School for Girls, Home for Aged CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1283 a'nd Infirm Hebrews, Home for Hebrew Infants, Jewish Protectory and Aid Society, Joint Committee on Tuberculosis, Lebanon Hospital Association, Sanitarium for Hebrew Children, Widowed Mothers' Fund Association, Young Men's Hebrew Association and Young Women's Hebrew Association. On January 1, 1917, Federation was declared operative and the following officers were elected: Felix M. Warburg, President; Dr. Julius Goldman, Vice-President; Lee K. Frankel, Secretary; Harry Sachs, Treasurer; Harriet B. Lowenstein, Comptroller and Auditor; I. Edwin Goldwasser, Executive Director. On April 27, 1917, under Chapter 269 of the Laws of New York, the Federation was incorporated. The act of incorporation was as follows: SECTION 1. Felix M. Warburg, Leo Arnstein, Emil Baerwald, Mrs. Sidney C. Borg, Joseph L. Buttenwieser, Joseph H. Cohen, William N. Cohen, Julius J. Dukas, Mrs. William Einstein, Benjamin F. Feiner, Lee K. Frankel, Harry G. Friedman, Mrs. Henry Goldman, Julius Goldman, William Goldman, Emil Goldmark, Paul M. Herzog, Mark Hyman, Samuel I. Hyman, Sol Kohn, Lee Kohns, Mrs. Alexander Kohut, Edward Lauterbach, Arthur Lehman, Irving Lehman, Meyer London, Edwin S. Lorsch, Aaron E. Nusbaum, Leopold Plaut, Theodore ltosenwald, Harry Sachs, Samuel Sachs, Fred M. Stein, Maximilian Toch, Mrs. Israel Unterberg, Jacob Wertheim, Charles A. Wimpfheimer and Stephen S. Wise, together with such other persons as they may associate with them, and their successors, are hereby created a body corporate with perpetual succession by the name of Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York City, and by that name shall pos 1-284 COMMUNAL REGISTER sess all of the powers which by the general corporation law are conferred upon corporations' and in addition thereto, shall have all the powers and be subject to all the restrictions which now or may hereafter pertain by law to membership corporations, so far as the same are applicable thereto, and are not inconsistent with the provisions of this act. It shall also have the power to take and hold by bequest, devise, gift, purchase, lease, or by judicial order or decree, either absolutely or in trust for any of its purposes, or in trust for any of the corporations formed for charitable, benevolent or educational purposes referred to in the second section hereof, any property, real or personal, without limitation as to amount or value, except such limitation, if any, as the legislature may hereafter specifically impose; to sell, mortgage, lease, exchange, convey, or otherwise dispose of or transfer such property; to invest and reinvest the principal thereof and the surplus income therefrom; to expend the principal and income of any trust fund which it may take and hold as herein provided, in accordance with the terms of the trust upon which the same shall be held, and to expend the principal and income of any property held by it absolutely, or in trust for its general purposes, in such manner as in the judgment of its trustees will best promote its objects. SEC. 2. The objects of said corporation shall be, and it is hereby further empowered, to aid, support, and advise, and to conduct, by itself or in co-operation with any charitable, benevolent or educational corporation, association, committee, or any other agency, now or hereafter existing which shall be affiliated with the corporation hereby organized; any or all philanthropic work which shall be carried on within the State of New York or elsewhere, and which shall be primarily for the benefit of the Jews of New York City, including the suste*nanme, shelter and relief of the needy and of such persons CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1285 as are dependent and sick, crippled, deformed, chronic invalids, convalescents, infants, orphans, widows, aged, infirm, forsaken, deaf, dumb, blind, defectives or delinquents; the assistance of immigrants and their children; the moral, religious and physical training of the young and adolescent; the securing of employment for those in need thereof; the promotion of self-support and other cognate ends; but not excluding any other charitable or benevolent purposes not herein enumerated. SEC. 3. The objects of said corporation shall further be, to secure for the affiliated corporations referred to in section two hereof, heretofore or hereafter organized under any law of this State for any of the aforesaid purposes adequate means of support in furtherance of the purposes for which such corporations shall be severally formed; to provide efficient methods for the collection,and distribution of moneys or property contributed for their maintenance in accordance with the wishes of individual contributors, when expressed, and in default of any designation by the contributors, in such manner as it shall deem just and equitable; to relieve such corporations from making separate appeals to the public and independent collections of funds, so as to enable them the more effectively to carry on their philanthropic activities; to foster co-operation among them; to avoid waste in administration; to stimulate financial economy, and to encourage such further charitable, benevolent or educational work among the Jews of the City of New York as may not be sufficiently carried on by any existing organization. SEC. 4. The persons named in the first section of this act shall constitute the first board of trustees and members of the corporation. They, or a majority of them, shall hold a meeting to organize the corporation, and adopt by-laws not inconsistent with this act, or with the laws 1286 COMMUNAL REGISTER of the State, which shall prescribe the qualifications of members; the manner of their selection; the amount of annual dues to be paid by them; their voting power; the number of trustees, not less than thirty-six, by whom the business and affairs of the corporation shall be managed; the classification of such trustees and the duration of the terms of office of each class of trustees; the qualifications, powers and manner of selection of the several classes of trustees and of the officers of the corporation; the manner in which vacancies among the trustees occurring by death, resignation, increase in number, or in any other way, shall be filled; the creation of an executive committee with power to conduct the activities of the corporation between the several meetings of the trustees, and of a board of delegates to represent this corporation and the philanthropic corporations or agencies referred to in the second section hereof, and define the powers to be exercised by or which may be delegated to them; the method of amending the by-laws of the corporation, and such other provisions for its management and government, the disposition of its property and the regulation of its affairs, as may be deemed expedient. The by-laws may also prescribe the terms and conditions upon which the several philanthropic corporations or agencies specified in the second section hereof may become affiliated with this corporation as beneficiaries of its activities; regulate the relations between this corporation and such affiliated corporations or agencies; make provision to carry out any agreement with, or any terms and conditions accepted by, such corporations or agencies whereby membership in such corporations or agencies or any of them may be conferred on members of this corporation; empower such corporations or agencies now or hereafter affiliated with this corporation to designate such number of trustees with such voting power as may be stated in the by-laws, in addition to the trustees selected by the members of this corporation. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1287 SEC. 5. This corporation is not established and shall not be maintained or conducted for pecuniary profit, but shall be and remain a charitable corporation. None of its trustees, officers, members or employees shall receive or be lawfully entitled to receive any pecuniary profit from the operations thereof, except reasonable compensation for services in effecting one or more of its corporate objects or as proper beneficiaries of its strictly charitable purposes. On June 24th in accordance with the Enabling Act, the Federation was formally organized with the following societies declared affiliated: Assn. Improved Instruction Deaf Mutes, Beth Israel Hospital, Com. Care Jew. Tub., Crippled Children's East Side Free School, Educational Alliance, Emanuel Sisterhood, Free Synagogue Social Service, Hebrew Free Loan, Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian, Hebrew Technical Institute, Hebrew Technical School for Girls, Home Aged and Infirm Hebrews, Home. Hebrew Infants, Hospital Deformities Joint Diseases, Jewish Protectory, Lebanon Hospital, Montefiore Home, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Sanitarium Hebrew Children, United Hebrew Charities, Widowed Mothers' Fund, Y. M. H. A., Y. W. H. A., Ahawath Chesed Sisterhood, Amelia Relief, Beth El Sisterhood, Blythedale, B'nai Jeshurun, Brightside, Ceres Sewing Circle, Children's Haven, Columbia Religious and Industrial School, Crippled Children's Driving Fund, Emanuel Brotherhood, Federated Employment Bureau, Federation Settlement, Fellowship House, Jewish Big Brother Assn., Jewish Maternity Hospital, Jewish Sabbath Assn., Jewish Working Girls, Ladies' Ben. Soc'y., Ladies' Fuel and Aid, Lakeview Home, Mt. Sinai Training School, National Desertion Bureau,.National Hospital Consumptives, Recreation Rooms, Rodef Sholom Sisterhood, Shaaray Tefila, Sisterhood Spa 1288 COMMUNAL REGISTER nish and Portuguese, Stony Wold, Temple Israel Sisterhood. One of the most important questions the Organization Committee considered was the admission of religious educational societies, or as they are more commonly known, the Talmud Torahs. Because of the complexity of the problems involved, the admission of these societies was deferred until Federation was declared operative. On January 8, 1917, a temporary Committee of twentyfive organized to consider the financial aspect of Jewish religious education in New. York City, presented to the Board of Trustees of the Federation a formal application for the admission of six (6) religious educational societies to the Federation. The Committee consisted of: Messrs. Isaac Allen, Joseph Barondess, Samuel Bayer, S. Benderly, Joseph H. Cohen, Julius J. Dukas, Harry Fischel, William Fischman, Israel Friedlaender, S. I. Hyman, Leon Kamaiky, Mordecai M. Kaplan, Edwin Kaufman, Irving Lehman, P. Loubel, J. L. Magnes, Louis Marshall, H. Masliansky, Otto Rosalsky, J. H. Rubin, R. Sadowsky, Bernard Semel, Cyrus L. Sulzberger, Miss Henrietta Szold, with Israel Unterberg as Chairman. After three months of full discussion, the Board of Trustees to the Federation amended the constitution in such a way as to permit the admission of societies engaged in philanthropic religious activities. A Special Committee of Seven consisting of William N. Cohen, Chairman, Dr. H. G. Friedman, Secretary, Leo Arnstein, Emil Baerwald, Edward Lauterbach, Arthur Lehman and Fred M. Stein, reported on the conditions under which the religious educational societies CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1289 were to be admitted to the Federation. Portions of the report of this Committee will undoubtedly prove of great interest to our readers: "The application of religious schools for affiliation with Federation presents distinctly to Federation the problem of admitting societies carrying on religious education as distinguished from institutions engaged mainly in secular work. "When the plan of Federation was adopted it was agreed to be 'unwise for the Federation to complicate its problems at the beginning by taking over the support of institutions engaged in philanthropic-religious activities.' "The Committee which drew up the plan foresaw that the question of supporting societies engaged in philanthropic-religious activities should have to be considered again. " The societies conducting religious schools submit that this question be taken up now because Federation has made their present position, and, to a greater extent, their future development precarious. "As Federation becomes more successful and allies to itself the various elements in the community, it will become increasingly difficult for them to secure funds as independent organizations. The presidents of some of these societies stated that in many instances contributors have returned bills for dues with the single word "Federation," and that as a result some of the schools may be obliged to close their doors. "It is further submitted by the applicant societies that if they were to form a Federation of their own in 1290 COMMUNAL REGISTER order to finance their activities and make an appeal to the public, the result would be detrimental to both the religious schools and to Federation, the community would be disorganized by the establishment of more than one Federation, and the endeavor to unify philanthropic activities would be frustrated. There would result a separation in the community between those now active on behalf of secular philanthropies and those who are interested in religious education. "The support of religious education presents grave problems for Federation. As noted by the Committee which framed the plan of Federation, the community is not a unit in religious belief, and in Pederation there are represented the, most divergent shades of faith. Questions of conscience and conviction are involved, rather than those of policy and method. Grounds for differences are thus more deeply seated. Serious attention must, therefore, be given to objections to the inclusion in Federation of institutions with activities in reference to which there may be wide differences of opinion. "Your Committee, however, is of the view that these objections to the admission of religious societies to Federation are not sufficient to counterbalance the injury which might result from their exclusion, not merely to the cause of religious education, but also to the work of these schools as moral influences in the community for bridging the gap between parent and child, and for maintaining the influence of the home and the family. "Moreover, it is fundamental in the plan of Federation that each society shall have autonomy, in its internal management, and so long as this principle is observed there should be no reason why the difference of opinion or belief among subscribers to Federation should constitute a bar to the admission of these societies. If re CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1291 ligous societies are admitted, Federation must have nothing whatsoever to do with curriculum, or religious beliefs. The control of the policies of the schools must be left to each individual institution, and there must be no grounds for any suspicion that the Federation is in the remotest degree seeking to influence them in the instruction which they are to give in the matters of religion. " In November 1917, the conditions that had been set for the admission of the religious educational societies were properly met and the following were declared affiliated with the Federation: Schools and Extension activities of Bureau of Education, Central Jewish Institute, Downtown Talmud Torah, Salanter Talmud Torah, Machzike Talmud Torah, and Up Town Talmud Torah. At the close of its first year, the Federation shows on its list of affiliated societies eighty-four (84) organizations representing every type of philanthropic communal and religious work undertaken by Jews in the City of New York. The purpose of the Federation is to secure adequate support for the societies engaged in philanthropic work. Societies entering Federation are guaranteed AS A MINIMUM substantially their previous income from the public. The more effective methods possible under a centralized system of collection as well the economies that are effected thereby should assure larger funds available for the societies entering Federation. Affiliated societies should, therefore, receive from the Federation more than they have previously secured from the public. 1292 COMMUNAL REGISTER The Federation will solicit and collect money for the current expenses of all societies entering the Federation. Federation eliminates the duplication and waste in time and money resulting from independent appeals for funds by each institution and the maintenance of separate collection departments. The societies will abolish their collection departments; their officers and directors will no longer be obliged to solicit money. They will be able to devote themselves more fully to the actual work of the institutions. Societies joining the Federation will discontinue giving charity balls and entertainments for raising money. All societies engaged in philanthropic activities in behalf of Jewish residents of Manhattan and the Bronx are eligible for admission to the Federation. The Federation is intended to embrace alike, societies large and small. Societies are represented in the Board of Trustees of the Federation, on the basis of their income from membership or dues or subscriptions. The Federation does not interfere with the management of the affairs of a society. The administration of each society remains with its members, its directors and its officers. Federation enables the contributor to make a single subscription to cover all his contributions to Jewish philanthropies. It saves the subscriber from the annoyance of a multiplicity of appeals previously made by the individual societies. It frees the subscriber from the nuisance of tickets for charity balls, entertainments and affairs previously given by or for societies joining the Federation. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 129& Members of the Federation can maintain their interest in the institutions which they previously helped to support, by designating the amount to be paid to each society out of their subscriptions. They may designate how much is to be paid out of their subscriptions to any society which is not affiliated with the Federation. They can thus make a single subscription to all Jewish philanthropies, and the Federation will distribute the money according to directions. They may indicate how much of their subscriptions should be applied to the General Fund,-which is the only fund which the Federation has for the support of its affiliated institutions. Undesignated contributions are applied to the General Fund. When the Federation was declared operative, the total of subscriptions secured was $2,000,000, the number of subscriptions was 9500. At the end of the first year, the total of subscriptions was $2,400,000 and the number of subscriptions has been increased to 17,000. In addition to distributing funds to its affiliated organizations, the Federation sends to societies that are' not affiliated with it, all sums of money which may be designated for such societies. by the subscribers. This transmitting of funds is accomplished without any cost whatever to the unaffiliated societies and without any deduction being made by the Federation for the expense of handling the accounts. In other words, if a subscriber to the Federation designates $10 to a society that is not affiliated, the Federation will not only send the full $10 to such society but will also send the name of the subscriber, so that the ]'ederation has made of itself a; clear 1294 COMMUNAL REGISTER ing house for charitable contributions of these members. In addition to over $100,000 that has been distributed among the six religious education societies, the Federation has distributed its funds as follows: NAME OF INSTITUTION Ahawath Chesed Sisterhood.. Amelia Relief Society....... Assn. Impr. Instr. Deaf Mutes Beth El Sisterhood......... Beth Israel Hospital........ Beth Israel Ladies' Aux.... B'nai Jeshurun Sisterhood... Blythedale Home.......... Brightside Day Nursery.... Brightside Day Nursery, Aux. Guild................. Brightside Day Nursery Sum. Home................. Ceres Sewing Circle........ Children's Haven (Far Rock.) Columbia Rel. & Ind. School. Committee Care Jew. Tuberculous................. Crippled Child. Driving Fund Crippled Children's E. S. Free School................. Crippled Child. Jun. Workers Hospital Def. & Jt. Dis..... Hosp. Def. & Jt. Dis. Ladies' Aux......... Hosp. Def. & Jt. Dis. Brace Sup. Aux............... Educational Alliance...... Surprise Lake Camp....... Emanuel Brotherhood...... Emanuel Sisterhood Pers. Serv.................. Emanuel Sisterhood Summer Home................. Fed. Employment Bur. Jewish Girls.............. Budgetary Allowance Total Amt. 4,885.90 4,470.00 103,773.03 30,604.80 136,290.00 8,730.00 3,910.00 12,058.46 13,666.25 275.00 3,707.52 3,826.66 6,748.53 2,560.00 24,500.00 6,000.00 27,435.00 2,522.00 104,992.00 1,946.84 1,518.45 106,299.78 14,560.28 9,346.23 63,113.09 2,723.02 6,785.00 Provided by Federation Amt. of Budget 4,783.40 3,990.00 19,582.53 23,750.54 78,788.80 8,730.00 3,190.00 7,183.46 11,885.09 251.90 3,232.97 3,826.66 6,280.44 2,560.00 22,800.00 5,916.00 21,117.16 2,458.77 61,330.90 1,946.84 1,518.45 65,236.78 14,560.28 5,968.23 40,889.35 2,221.52 6,165.00 CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1295 NAME OF INSTITUTION Federation Settlement..... Fellowship House......... Free Synagogue Social Service Hebrew Free Loan Assn.. Hebrew Orphan Asylum Hebrew Orphan Asylum Lad. Sew. Cir.......... Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Jr. League Hebrew Shel. Guard. Soc.... Hebrew Technical Inst..... Hebrew Tech. School for Girls.................. Home for Aged & Infirm Hebrew.................. Home for Hebrew Infants... Home for Heb. Inf. Lad. Sew. Cir................... Jewish Big Brother Ass'n. Jewish Maternity Hospital.. Jew. Maternity Hosp. Lad. Aux.................... Jew. P. &. A. Soc. & Ced. Knolls Sch.............. Jewish Sabbath Ass'n. Jew. Working Girls' Vac. Soc. Ladies' Ben. Soc........... Ladies' Fuel & Aid Soc..... Lakeview Home........... Lebanon Hospital......... Lebanon Hosp., Lad. Aux.... Montefiore Home & Hosp.... Montefiore Home, Lad. Aux... Mount Sinai Hospital....... Mt. Sinai, Lad. Aux. Soc..... Mt. Sinai T. Sch. Nurses.... National Desertion Bureau.. Natl. Hosp. for Consumptives. Recreation Rooms & Stlment. Rodeph Sholom Sisterhood.. Sanitarium for Heb. Children San. for. Heb. Child. Jr. Leag. Shaaray Teflla Sisterhood... Budgetary Allowance Total Amt. 9,034.00 9,008.93 32,670.67 38,128.04 Provided by Federation Amt. of Budget 8,684.00 7,777.96 12,970.67 38,128.04 407,130.00 148,171.77 253,461.00 76,707.50 64,136.16 82,654.00 117,147.63 1,640.00 5,941.21 55,958.70 2,625.00 127,071.21 1,200.00 17,016.08 500.00 5,680.00 21,300.00 165,581.24 5,992.00 390,583.48 15,568.00 621,923.08 11,530.95 70,677.46 6,158.71 18,600.00 18,986.63 5,697.96 52,576.07 10.00 6,708.23 80,661.00 54,858.40 58,836.16 72,699.00 60,837.36 1,640.00 5,901.21 14,861.03 2,625.00 40,915.13 1,100.00 8,192.33 330.00 5,250.00 15,332.00 59,371.24 5,967.00 169,683.48 14,968.00 255,566.92 11,650.96 12,963.66 4,668.71 18,600.00 18,000.00 4,197.96 48,376.07 6,333.23 1296 COMMUNAL REGISTER NAME OF INSTITUTION Budgetary Provided by Allowance Federation Total Amt. Amt. of Budget Sisterhood Span. & Port. Syn. 9,155.00 10,560.00 Sisterhood Span. & Port. Syn. Special Approp.......... 2,550.00 Stony Wold San. Aux. 12 & 17 11,532.00 11,414.94 Temple Israel Sisterhood.... 9,505.07. 9,255.07 United Hebrew Charities.... 344,076.53 290,023.36 Widowed Mothers' Fund Assn. 41,445.00 40,425.00 Young Men's Hebrew Assn... 53,550.03 32,300.03 Young Women's Heb. Assn... 69,754.08 17,650.55 Bronx House............... 12,944.50 10,814.71 TOTAL $3,980,962.89 $2,117,417.01 NOTE:-The difference between the total budget and the amount supplied by the Federation is made up by moneys received from the city, from interest on endowments, from private patients, from students in classes, etc. In order to become a supporter of Jewish philanthropic work, it is necessary for an individual merely to fill out the designation blank and to send his check to the Treasurer of the Federation. Subscriptions are received to any amount. If the subscription is $10 or more, it makes the subscriber a member of Federation and entitles him to have a voice in its affairs. All moneys designated to the General Fund are left for distribution to the discretion of the Board of Trustees of the Federation. Where moneys are designated to particular societies, the Federation carries out in every instance the exact wishes of the subscriber. FELIX M. WARBURG was born in Hamburg, Germany, in 1871. He was educated in the public and high schools of his native city. Mr. Warburg received his business training in Frankfort, a/M, and came to this country in 189.4, and shortly thereafter joined the firm of Kuhp, Loeb & Com-pany. He.is affiliated with numerous financiai.corn-._, -, *. o.:..... -.:...-.. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS M257 panies and is a director of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company and the Bond and Mortgage Company, as well as a member of the Chamber of Commerce. As a public-spirited citizen, Mr. Warburg is concerned with all phases of the municipal life, but he manifests a particular interest In the cultural and educational activities of New York City. He is a member of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and of the American Geographic Society; a trustee of the American Museum of Natural History and of Teachers' College, Columbia University. In Jewish affairs, Mr. Warburg has always shown great interest in everything that tended to bring about greater coordination of Jewish communal effort, and especially in making available educational facilities to the immigrants. He has tried to put this theory into practice as Secretary of the Educational Alliance, as a member of the Board of Education and as President of the Y. M. H. A. He is also the main contributor to the National Council of the Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations, whose aim It is to coordinate the work of the Young Men's Hebrew Associations throughout the country. Mr. Warburg took a leading part in the movement for the coordination of all philanthropic efforts in New York City, and it is largely due to his efforts that the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies was organized. It was due to him and his co-workers that a sufficient sum of money was collected last fall to guarantee the normal annual Income of the charitable societies now affiliated with the Federation. Mr. Warburg is now president of the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies. I 1298 COMMUNAL REGISTER BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF FEDERATION Director Institution Represented D. A. Ansbacher..........Beth Israel Hospital Leo Arnstein............Mount Sinai Hospital Emil Baerwald..........Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society Samuel Bayer...........Talmud Torah Group Dr. S. Benderly.......... Talmud Torah Group Mrs. Sidney C. Borg.......at-large Joseph L. Buttenwieser.... Hebrew Technical Institute Judge Wm. N. Cohen......at-large G. Richard Davis J. G. Dreyfus...........Lakeview Home, Blythedale Home, Crippled Children's Driving Fund Julius J. Dukas...........Hebrew Free Loan Association Mrs. Wm. Einstein........Widowed Mothers' Fund Association Mrs. Samuel Elkeles......Ceres Sewing Circle, Rodeph Sholom Sisterhood, Ahawath Chesed Sisterhood, Shadray Tefila Sisterhood Hon. Abram I. Elkus......Hebrew Technical School for Girls Benjamin F. Feiner....... Association for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes Dr. Lee K. Frankel..... at-large Dr. Harry G. Friedman.... at-large Dr. Julius Goldman....... at-large William Goldman........Montefiore Home and Hospital Emil Goldmark..........Lebanon Hospital I. Edwin Goldwasser CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1299 BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF FEDERATION (Continued) Director Institution Represented Mrs. S. R. Guggenheim.... Brightside Settlement Paul M. Herzog......... Hospital for Deformities and Joint Diseases Mark Hyman............ at-large Solomon Kohn...........Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews Lee Kohns..............Educational Alliance Mrs. Alexander Kohut.....Emanuel Sisterhood Edward Lauterbach..... Hebrew Orphan Asylum Arthur Lehman..........Jewish Protectory and Aid Society Judge Irving Lehman......Young Men's Hebrew Association Meyer London...........at-large (at Washington) Aaron E. Nusbaum........ Home for Hebrew Infants Leopold Plaut...........United Hebrew Charities Judge Otto A. Rosalsky.... Talmud Torah Group Sol. G. Rosenbaum........by invitation Theodore Rosenwald......Hebrew Orphan Asylum Harry Sachs............. at-large, Treasurer, Federation Samuel Sachs............ Montefiore Home and Hospital Henry F. Samstag........by invitation Mrs. Albert Seligmann..... Crippled Children's East Side Free School Bernard Semel........... Talmud Torah Group Fred M. Stein............ Committee Care of Jewish Tuberculous - Max D. Steuer........... Beth Israel Hospital Chas. H. Studin..........National Jewish Hospital for Consumptives 1300 COMMUNAL REGISTER BOARD OP TRUSTEES OF FEDERATION (Continued) Director Institution Represented Maximilian Toch......... Sanitarium for Hebrew Children Benjamin Tuska......... Educational Alliance Mrs. Israel Unterberg.....Young Women's Hebrew Association, Ladies' Fuel and Aid Society Felix M. Warburg........ at-large, President, Federation Jacob Wertheim.......... tnited Hebrew Charities Charles A. Wimpfheimer.. Mt. Sinai Hospital Dr. Stephen S. Wise....... Free Synagogue Social Service Miss Harriet B. Lowenstein EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Leo Arnstein, Emil Baerwald, Mrs. Sidney C. Borg, Julius J. Dukas, Mrs. William Einstein, Benjamin F. Feiner, Lee K. Frankel, Harry G. Friedman, Julius Goldman, Wm. Goldman, Mark Hyman, Lee Kohns, Mrs. Alexander Kohut, Arthur Lehman, Irving Lehman, Miss Harriet B. Lowenstein, Leopold Plaut, Harry Sachs, Fred M. Stein, Mrs. Israel Unterberg, Felix M. Warburg, Chairman, Jacob Wertheim. ADMISSIONS COMMITTEE S. Benderly, William N. Cohen, H. G. Friedman, Julius Goldman, Irving Lehman, Chairman, Miss Harriet B. Lowenstein, Felix M. Warburg. ADVISORY EMPLOYMENT COMMITTEE Paul Abelson, Miss Sadie American, Nathan Peyser, Mrs. Bernard Pollak, Mrs. Francis D. Pollak, Theo. B. Richter. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1301 CHILD CARING COMMITTEE Emil Baerwald, Miss Harriet B. Lowenstein, Aaron E. Nusbaum, Theodore Rosenwald, Mrs. Albert Seligmann, Felix M. Warburg. DELINQUENCY COMMITTEE Mrs. Sidney C. Borg, Arthur Lehman, Otto A. Rosalsky, Felix M. Warburg. DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE Lee K. Frankel, Harry G. Friedman, Julius Goldman, Lee Kohns, Miss Harriet B. Lowenstein, Felix M. Warburg. EDUCATION COMMITTEE Joseph L. Buttenwieser, Mark Hyman, Miss Harriet B. Lowenstein, Fred M. Stein, Felix M. Warburg. EMPLOYMENT COMMITTEE Samuel Bayer, Emil Goldmark, Mrs. Alexander Kohut, Miss Harriet B. Lowenstein, Leopold Plaut, Fred M. Stein, Theodore Rosenwald, Felix M. Warburg. EXECUTIVE MEMBERSHIP COUNCIL D. A. Ansbacher, Mrs. Emil Baerwald, Morris S. Barnet, Mrs. Sidney C. Borg, G. Richard Davis, Mrs. Solomon T. De Lee, Mrs. J. J. Dukas, J. J. Dukas, Mrs. William Einstein, Mrs. Samuel Elkeles, William Fox, Wnm. Goldman, August Goldsmith, H. A. Guinzburg, Louis Heilbroner, Mrs. Alexander Kohut, Samuel Kridel, Arthur Lehman, Mrs. Max L. Levenson, Herman Linsner, Miss Harriet B. Lbwenstein, Mrs. Alexander J. Marcuse, Edwin L. Mayer, Leopold Plaut, Louis J. Robertson, Otto A. Rosalsky, H. B. o 1302 COMMUNAL REGISTER Rosen, Sol G. Rosenbaum, Henry L. Rosenfeld, Arthur Sachs, Samuel Sachs, Reuben Sadowsky, Henry F. Samstag, Dudley D. Sicher, Jacob Sperber, Mrs. Leopold Stern, Herbert N. Straus, Manny Strauss, Mrs. Israel Unterberg, Ludwig Vogelstein, Felix M. Warburg, Jacob Wertheim. FINANCE COMMITTEE Leo Arnstein, Lee Kohns, Arthur Lehman, Miss Harriet B. Lowenstein, Harry Sachs, Felix M. Warburg. LAW COMMITTEE Abram I. Elkus, Benjamin Feiner, Julius Goldman, Emil Goldmark, Paul M. Herzog, Mark Hyman, Sol Kohn, Max D. Steuer, Chas. H. Studin, Felix M. Warburg. MEDICAL COMMnITTEE D. A. Ansbacher, Leo Arnstein, Samuel Sachs, Fred M. Stein, Felix M. Warburg, Stephen S. Wise. MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Mrs. Sidney C. Borg, David M. Bressler, Wm. Goldman, Miss Harriet B. lowenstein, Otto A. Rosalsky, Sol G. Rosenbaum, Bernard Semel, Felix M. Warburg, Jacob Wertheim. OFFICE COMMITTEE Emil Baerwald, Lee K. Frankel, Miss H. B. Lowenstein, Aaron E. Nusbaum, Samuel Sachs, Fred M. Stein, Felix Warburg. PERSONAL SERVICE COMMITTEE Mrs. William Einstein, Mrs. Samuel Elkeles, Miss Harriet B. Lowenstein, Felix M. Warburg. CENTRAL ANt NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS PUBLICITY AND PROPAGANDA COMMITTEE Lee K. Frankel, Paul M. Herzog, Maximilian Toch, Felix M. Warburg, Jacob Wertheim. RELIEF COMMITTEE Mrs. William Einstein, Mrs. Alexander Kohut, Aaron E. Nusbaum, Leopold Plaut, Chas. H. Studin, Felix M. Warburg, Jacob Wertheim. RELIGIOUS EDUCATION COMMInTTEE F. Benderly, William N. Cohen, Julius J. Dukas, Harry G. Friedman, Julius Qoldman, Bernard Semel, Felix M. Warburg. REPAIR, EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE COMMITTEE Louis Allen Abramson, G. Richard Davis, Chairman, Myron S. Falk, Samuel A. Herzog, Harry Allan Jacobs, Theo. Joseph, Robert D. Kohn, Edgar A. Levy, Edward Necarsulmer, Maximilian Toch, RESEARCH AND STATISTICAL COMMITTEE Leo Arnstein, Benj. Feiner, Lee K. Frankel, H. G. Friedman, Lee Kohns, Miss Harriet B. Lowenstein, Felix M. Warburg. SOCIAL AND RECREATION COMMITTEE Mark Hyman, Miss Harriet B. Lowenstein, Fred M. Stein, Felix M. Warburg, Charles A. Wimpfheimer, Stephen S. Wise. SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE Meyer London, Mrs. Israel Unterberg, Felix M. Warburg. 1304 COMMUNAL REGISTER THE FEDERATION DRIVE FOR INCREASED MEMBERSHIP (January 14th to January 27th, 1918) At the inception of Federation, two vital aims were continually held in view: First, to secure larger sums for the support of the philanthropic institutions of the city, as the local charities were beginning to feel keenly the inclination of the Community to direct a large part of its active sympathy toward outside organizations, such as the Red Cross, Funds for War Sufferers, and other undertakings, which, though of a most worthy nature, were naturally beginning to hamper the work of the local philanthropies. Second, it was desired to increase the number of members, with a minimum membership fee of $10 annually, so that it could be justly said that Jewish charity was being supported by the entire Jewish community, and not by a few wealthy contributors. When; Federation was declared operative, it had a membership of 9,500 subscribers. In addition to these, however, there was a large number of persons, who had contributed and were contributing to the affiliated societies as members, but who had not become regular subscribers to the Federation. The membership had increased to such an extent during 1917, that by the end of the year there were 21,000 persons enrolled, both subscribers and members of the affiliated societies. In the campaign of the fall of 1916, a goal of $2,000,000 was set for the support of Jewish philanthropic CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 130 societies in New York. By Januaxy 1st, 1917, the Federation office had received the sum of $2,152,849.69 in pledges. At the end of that year, it was felt that the next great move of the Federation should be in the direction of enrolling every Jew in the community as a $10 member of the Federation, that being the minimum membership fee, so that it could point with pride to the fact that it did not depend necessarily on large private contributions. Then, too; the Federation felt that the cause of the weak, the sick, the maimed, the unfortunate and the starving should be the cause of a united Jewry, and that each should contribute his share to lightening the burden of those less fortunate than he. Toward this end, an elaborate organization was planned, to comb every district of the city, and to search through all the trades in order to secure $10 members for Federation. The following plans of campaign were formulated: Of those workers who had volunteered their services, the men were to canvass the city by trades, and the women by districts. The idea was to have the men and women work in teams. Thus, at the head of a team was the Trade Chairman, or Colonel, as he was called. Each Colonel was asked to select ten Captains, who would help in the Federation drive. The Captains, in their turn, were asked to obtain no less than ten Lieutenants, who would be best able to assist them in their particular line, -and who would be the actual field workers. The following are the Colonels, who were selected as being the most prominent both in their trades and in the philanthropic 1306 COMMUNAL REGISTER field, to serve under General Felix M. Warburg, President of the Federation: Mrs. Emil Baerwald, Mrs. Sidney C. Borg, Mrs. Julius J. Dukas, Mrs. Solomon De Lee, Mrs. William Einstein, Mrs. Samuel Elkeles, Mr. William Fox, Mr. William Goldman, Col. H. A. Guinzburg, Mrs. Alexander Kohut, Mrs. Max L. Levenson, Mrs. Alexander J. Marcuse, Mr. Louis J. Robertson, Mr. H. B. Rosen, Hon. Otto A. Rosalsky, Mr. Sol G. Rosenbaum, Mr. Arthur Sachs, Mr. Reuben Sadowsky, Mr. Henry F. Samstag, Mrs. Leopold Stern, Mr. Jacob Sperber, Mrs. Israel Unterberg, Mr. Ludwig Vogelstein and Mr. Jacob Wertheim. The plan of organization provided for a central committee in charge of the campaign to work directly with the Colonels. All instructions and methods with reference to the moves made in the drive were communicated by the Colonels to their Captains, who in turn communicated with their Lieutenants. The same method was employed with reference to the delivery of reports and requests for information on returns, and was found to be extremely helpful in centralizing the sources of information. In this systematic manner the Lieutenants reported their findings to their Captains, the Captains to the Colonels, and the Colonels in turn advised Headquarters of the progress made, new subscriptions obtained, and all other data. The drive was launched by General Felik M. Warburg with a "Hoover" fish supper, tendered to the'Colonels and Captains at the Hotel Biltmore on Sunday, January 6th, to discuss the ways and means of the campaign. The following week the Captains perfected their plans CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1307 for proceeding with the organization of their teams. As a result, it was found that 3,100 were enrolled as workers for the cause of Federation. In order to meet this great army of volunteers, General Warburg acted as host at another "Hoover" fish supper at the Hotel Biltmore on Sunday, January 13th. So great was the demand for admittance, that a large overflow meeting was held in the Crystal Room of the Ritz-Carlton. The enthusiasm that greeted the speakers, who were introduced by Mr. Jacob Wertheim, Toastmaster, forecast the remarkable success sure to attend the efforts of this eager, zealous and inspired company of workers. Addresses were made by Mr. Jacob H. Schiff, General Warburg, Mr. William Fox, Mr. H. B. Rosen, Mrs. Alexander KohUt, Mrs. Sidney C. Borg, Dr. Stephen S. Wise, Dr. Solomon Lowenstein, Mr. Louis J. Frank, and Dr. I. Edwin Goldwasser. Assignments were then distributed to the workers, and the goal set as "50,000 Members for Federation for 1918." With this as their slogan, the week that followed was filled with such activity as is given by those who have set their minds and hearts on the attainment of a certain goal and who give unstintingly of their time and energy towards its fulfillment. Meetings were held at 5 o'clock every afternoon, except on Friday, when they were called for 2:30 o'clock, and at that time the reports were handed in by the Lieutenants, or field workers, to the Captains, and the returns tabulated by the Special Committee of Federation that was conducting the campaign with headquarters at the Biltmore. The meetings were opened by the Hosts and Hostesses, who were the Colonels, three or 1308.COMMUNAL REGISTER four acting in this capacity each day. Five-minute addresses were then made on various topics, such as "Distribution of Funds by the Federation, '-Dr. Julius Goldman, Chairman of the Distribution Committee; "The Jewish Deaf,"-Colonel Louis J. Robertson; "Co6peration and its Wide Opportunities, "-Judge William N. Cohen; "Clubs for Young Men," —Mark Hyman. Other addresses were made by Colonel Jacob Wertheim, and Mr. Sam A. Lewisohn, who had kindly offered the use of his home for conferences prior to the organization of the campaign. The meetings closed with reports by the Colonels on the day's activities. Another feature was the issuing of letters to firms that were already subscribers, asking their coiperation in enrolling as members those of their employees, who were earning $2,000 a year or more. Many of the employers gave their hearty consent to this plan, and made ari earnest effort to enlist the support of their employees for Federation. In approaching a prospective subscriber, each Lieutenant was provided with the proper literature in the form of a "Kit"-this being distributed among the workers in the Army of Federation. The "Kit" contained among other things manuals containing essential facts regarding the Federation, membership blanks, blank cards for entering notations regarding new prospects to'be interviewed; designation blanks containing a list of the societies affiliated with the Federation; posters to be placed conspicuously in shop-windows and ciheck books to secure immediate payment of subscriptions, as the acceptance of cash was forbidden. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1309 The original plan was to conduct the campaign for one week, January 14th to January 20th. At the end of the first week, however, it was found that the organization was so thorough, the field so great, and the success that had crowned their efforts, so remarkable, that the workers themselves asked for the continuation of the drive for an additional week. The original aim had been to secure "50,000 members for Federation for 1918." The results of the first week's efforts so far exceeded that number, that it was felt that it would not be difficult, within the following week, to secure 50,000 new members for Federation. Encouraged by the inspiring returns received on all sides, the workers set out with new impetus for the attainment of the new goal; unbounded enthusiasm and remarkably sustained energy, marking their activities. The results of the campaign are phenomenal, and mark an epoch in the history of Jewish philanthropy. The number of new members obtained, whose payments have already been received in the office of the Federation, is upwards of 49,000; which together with the previous record of membership, makes a total of more than 70,000. That is, 70,000 members of the Jewish community are aiding in the uplift, education and amelioration, which go for building a better, stronger and cleaner race. Of noteworthy interest is the fact that the team working in conjunction with Colonel William Fox alone obtained nearly 17,000 new subscribers for Federation. Colonel Fox is to be especially commended for his untiring eihorts and splendid cooperation in the drive for democratizing the Federation. 1310 COMMUNAL REGISTER Another feature of the drive were the magnificent leadership and indefatigable energy shown by Colonel H. B. Rosen, whose team succeeded in securing almost 9,000 new members. Colonel Rosen was successful in enlisting the whole-hearted support of the large fraternal organizations, such as the Independent Order Free Sons of Israel, Independent Order B'nai B'rith, Independent Order B'rith Abraham; as well as the Retail Butchers' Association. A tour was made of these societies and the members were appealed to by General Warburg, who explained the purpose of the Federation drive and the kind of campaign that was being conducted. He explained furthermore, why it was necessary that every member of these organizations should become a subscriber to Federation and expressed the hope that in addition to joining the Federation, each one would use his best efforts to have every member of his family,man, woman and child, enrolled as either a senior or a junior member. Other addresses were made by Colonel Rosen and Dr. I. Edwin Goldwasser, Executive Director of the Federation, who spoke before the Retail Butchers' Association. Federation is also deeply grateful to the press of the city for its interest and cooperation by giving so much publicity, both editorially and in the news columns, to the details of the campaign and the minute desciption of the returns. Additional advertising facilities were provided by Mr. Jesse Winburn of the New York City Car Advertising Company, who was kind enough to furnish display cards in the surface cars containing facts CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1311 pertaining to the campaign, for which Federation is duly appreciative. The annual meeting marked the culmination of the campaign and was in the nature of a triumphal finale to the efforts of the workers. The jubilee meeting was held at the Manhattan Opera House on Sunday, January 27th, and the great House was taxed to capacity by the friends of the Federation anxious to hear of the results of the drive. Addresses were made by General Warburg, Mr. Jacob Wertheim and several of the other Colonels. The 1917 officers were unanimously re-elected for the year 1918. In addition, however, as a token of appreciation for the magnificent part played by the Women's Committees in the drive, it was decided to place a woman on the list of officers, and Mrs. Sidney C. Borg was unanimously elected Second Vice-President of the Federation. The meeting closed amid great rejoicing at the inspiring response of New York's Jewry to the cries of its dependents. 1312 COMMUNAL REGISTER BROOKLYN FEDERATION OF JEWISH CHARITIES, (incorp. 1909), 732 Flushing Ave., is the central organization for the collection and distribution of the funds' for the maintenance, in whole or in part, of affiliated charitable and philanthropic institutions. The Budget for 1917 was about $174,000. The following is a list of affiliated organizations: United Jewish Aid Societies; Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum; The Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn; Hebrew Educational Society; Training School for Nurses; Young Men's Hebrew Association; Women's Auxiliary, Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum; Women's Auxiliary, The Jewish Hospital; Council of Jewish Women (Brooklyn Section); Council Home for Jewish Girls (Amalie Seldner Memorial); Young Men's and Women's Social Service Auxiliary, East New York Dispensary, Young Men's Hebrew Ass'n of Bath Beach. Other affiliated societies to which allotments are made: Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids of New York City (estimated); Jewish Protectory and Aid Society (Brooklyn Cottage), Hawthorne, N. Y.; National Jewish Hospital for Consumptives, Denver, Col.; Jewish Consumptives' Relief Society, Denver, Col. The officers are: President Edward Lazansky, 115 Broadway, N. Y. C.; Hon. Secretary: Nathan S. Jonas, 774 Broadway, Bklyn., N. Y.; Treasurer: Julius Dahlman, 304 Garfield Place, Bklyn., N. Y. Lazansky, Edward, was born in 1872 in Brooklyn. He attended Columbia College, from which he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He took his degree of L. L. B. from the Columbia Law School. He was Secretary of State of New York from 1910 to 1912, and in 1917 was elected Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of New York. Judge Lazansky takes a great interest in Jewish charitable affairs and is now president of the Brooklyn Federation of Jewish Charities. CENTRAL A)ND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1313 THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH CHARITIES, (Org. 1899). The objects of the Conference are to discuss the problems of Jewish charities and to promote reforms in their administration; to promote uniformity of action and co-operation in all matters pertaining to the condition and betterment of the Jewish poor of the United States, without, however, interfering in any manner with the local work of any constituent society. The Conference succeeded in introducing the "Transportation Rules," an arrangement which makes each community responsible for the care of the Jewish poor, and copes effectively with the problem of transient applications for relief. The Conference also has devoted considerable time since its organization to the study of the problem of the care of dependent children, and has brought about many improvements in Jewish child-caring institutions. It has done educational propaganda for the spread of the child-placing policy, and widows' pensions, a forerunner of the present State pension allowances. Among other problems to which the Conference has given considerable thought, has been the question of tuberculosis. Under its auspices a scientific sturdy of the situation in Denver has been made. The Conference was instrumental also in organizing the National Desertion Bureau. Through its Field Bureau, which serves as an information agency, organizations throughout the country are enabled to utilize the services of the field secretary, and other experts in organizing and standardizing their activities. At present there are 177 constituent organizations in the Conference, representing eighty-eight cities and thirty-five States, with three in Canada. Any regularly organized Jewish society of the United States having charitable and philanthropic purposes, may become a member of the Association on application made to the- Secretary and on payment of membership dues. Individuals may "become subscribing members upon payment of $1.00 dues annually, for which they are entitled to all publications of the Conference, but have not the right to vote. Each constituent society is entitled to one delegate, but may send as many as it 'ses fit to attend the Biennial meeting. These delegates are entitled to participate in the meeting, but each society has but one vote. "Jewish Charities," the bulletin of the CttferenCe, is issued monthly. 1314 COMMUNAL REGISTER The officers are:-President, Aaron Cohen, Pittsburg, Pa.; Secretary, Louis H. Levin, 411 West Fayette St., Baltimore, Md.; Treasurer, Bernard Greensfelder, St. Louis, Mo. The following is a list of constituent societies of the National Conference of Jewish Charities, located in New York City: Baron de Hirsch Fund, 80 Maiden Lane. Beth Israel Hospital, Monroe, and Jefferson and Cherry Sts. Council of Jewish Women, 242 E. B'way. Dispensary and Hospital for Deformities and Joint Diseases, Madison Ave. and 122nd St. Emanuel Sisterhood of Personal Service, 318 E. 82nd St. Educational All i a n c e, East B'way and Jefferson Sts. Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies, 1 Madison Ave. Federated Employment Burean for Jewish Girls, 80 W. 39th St. Fellowship House, 32 W. 115th St. Free Synalogue, 36 W. 68th St. Hebrew Free Loan Society, Inc., 108 2nd Ave. Hebrew Orphan Asylum, 137th St. and Amsterdam Ave. Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society of America, 229 E. B'way. Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, 470 W. 145th St. Hebrew Technical Institute, 36 Stuyvesant St. Home of the Daughters of Jacob, 301 E. B'way. Industrial Removal Office, 174 2nd Ave. Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society, 174 2nd Ave. Jewish Protectory, Hawthorne, N. Y. 61 B'way. Jewish Ladies' Fuel and Aid Society, 61 E. 68th St. Lena Invalid Aid Society, 522 W. 157th St. Miriam Gottlieb Aid Society, 226 W. 125th St. Montefiore Home, Gun Hill Rd. near Jerome Ave. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Mount Sinai Hospital, 5th Ave. United Hebrew Chai and 100th St. 2nd Ave. Sanatorium for Hebrew Chil- Widowed Mothers' Fi dren, 224 W. 34th St. 92nd St. and Lexin Society for the Welfare of the Young Men's Hebr Jewish Deaf, 40 W. 115th St. 92nd St. and Lexin Temple Beth El, 5th Ave. and Young Women's Hebi 76th St. 31 W. 110th St. 1315 itties, 356 and Ass'n, gton Ave. ew As'n, gton Ave. rew AIIIn, 1316 COMMUNAL REGISTER NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE 8ISTSER HOODS, 62 Duttenhofer Bldg., Cincinnati, Ohio. No history of the development of the synagogue in this country would be complete without a large part of the account being devoted to the work of the various sisterhoods that grew up in connection with almost every synagogue of any considerable size. So vigorous has been the growth of this type of charitable work among communally minded Jewish women, that it was felt advisable to organize a co-ordinating agency thru which sisterhoods in one part of the country could benefit by the experience of organizations in other parts. The National Federation of Sisterhoods, a central agency of women's organizations connected with synagogues, has as its aim to help sisterhoods do more efficient religious work, to organize congregational sisterhoods and free religious schools, to raise funds for religious and educational services. The organization maintains an exchange bureau thru which successful experiments in Sisterhood work are made known to all constituent societies. It also provides funds for a number of scholarships at the Hebrew Union College. The officers are:-President, Mrs. Abram Simon; Executive Secretary, Rabbi George Zepin. The following is a list of the constituent societies of the Federation located in New York City. Simon, Mrs. Abram, Pres. National Fed. of Temple Sisterhoods since 1912. Term 2 years. Born in U. S. Res.: 2802 dathedral Ave., Washington, D. C. BROOKLYN, N. Y. The Woman's ux. of Temple Beth Elohim. Mrs. L. M. Streep, Pres.; Mrs. Frederick Loewenthal, Sec'y, 41 Fuller Place. Sisterhood Temple Beth Elohim, Keap St. Mrs. Florence B. Abrahams, Pres.; Mrs. J. Manne, Sec'y, 281 Park P1. Sisterhood of Temple Israel, Mrs. S. I. Gumport, Pres.; Mrs. S. J. Goldberg, Sec'y, 1137 Eastern Parkway. Ladle' Auxiliary of Temple Ahavath Sholom. Mrs. F. Gottliev, Pres.; Mrs. L. Behrmann, Sec'y, 92'4 Ave. P. FAR ROCKAWAY, N. Y. The Women's Auxiliary of Temple Israel of Far Rock CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1317 away. Mrs. Leo A. Levy, Pres.; Mrs. F r a n k Toch, Sec'y, 86 Roanoke St. NEW YORK, N. Y. Sisterhood of the New Synagogue. Mrs. I. H. Meyer, Pres.; Mrs. Minnie F. Rosenberger, Sec'y, 306 W. 99th St. Ladies' Aux. Society of Congr. A. C. S. H. Mrs. Sol Boehm, Pres.; Mrs. Joseph Grasheim, Sec'y, 560 W. 148th St. Sinai Sisterhood of the Bronx, Mrs. R. E. Helderman, Pres.; Mrs. S. Auerbach, Sec'y, 849 Beck St. The Daughters of the Covenant. Mrs. A. L. Bretzfelder, Pres.; Mrs. Doris P. Ducas, Sec'y, 427 Ft. Washington Ave. Ladies' Aux. Temple Israel. Mrs. I. H. Kempner, Pres., 343 W. 87th St. THE JEWISH CONSUMPTIVES' RELIEF SOCIETY, Denver, Colo. New York Office, 230 Grand St. Organized and incorporated in 1904. PURPOSE: To give relief and treatment to persons suffering from tuberculosis in all forms and stages. Maintains Sanitorium at Edgewater, Colo. Admission free. "Only indigent consumptives are admitted." Non-sectarian. Since 1904, 2,712 cases have been admitted, spending an aggregate number of days in the hospital of 430,095. Members and donors since organization, 65,000. Income for 1916, $127,368.57. Maintains farm, supplying dairy products and poultry; library, containing 4,000 volumes. Furnishes instruction in English and book-bindery. Maintains training school for nurses. Recreation for patients-graded walks, croquet, chess, lectures, entertainments, theatricals, games, moving pictures. Publishes "The Sanitorium," a quarterly magazine. OFFICERS: Pres., Dr. Philip Hillkowitz. Treas., Nathan - Striker. Sec'y, Dr. C. D. Spivak. New York representative, I. Spectorsky. 1318 FAMILY DESERTION AS A COMMUNITY PROBLEM AND ITS TREATMENT By CHARLES ZUNSER Acting Secretary sand Counsel, National Desertion Bureau Treated from a socio-legal point of view, family desertion may be divided into two classes, (1) non-support, (2) abandonment. The non-supporter is usually to be found at or about the home, readily amenable to the law, while the abandoner absents himself, usually migrating to another locality, leaving little or no clue to his destination. Where the deserter or non-supporter is within the jurisdiction of the state, the local non-support law, quasi-criminal in character, amply covers his case. The enforcement of this law in cities of the first class is made relatively simple by the special courts they possess, termed Domestic Relations Courts. Most cities are still without such courts. New York City faced a similar situation up to 1909. Under the old system, its domestic relations cases were "tried" before a police magistrate, who was usually wholly indifferent to the problem. He believed that a case of non-support constituted a private affair between husband and wife, and that its settlement, one way or another, had no "public interest," and was, therefore, regarded as a superfluous invasion of a busy court. The non-support case was often sandwiched in between a pocket-picking charge and a violation of the tenement house law. Orders for support, made by magistrates under such conditions; were rarely obeyed, and their evasion was made easier by the in CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1319 difference of the court, police and probation officers. Between the lethargy of the law and. the public, the nonsupporter had an easy time of it. The Domestic Relations Court of New York, and other large cities, have amply demonstrated the need for the special treatment of the problem. t The second and more aggravated class of cases is where the husband and father has left his family, usually journeying' to another state. Most of these cases are usually complicated because of the ensuing dependency of the families on the community. Abandonment is a social disease that threatens the very life of our civilization, by destroying the stability of the home. It tenrds to annihilate the very fabric of the marriage institution. It depletes the moral vitality of the family, often directly affecting the children, whose conceptions become warped by the conduct of the father. That the problem is more extensive than is generally realized will be gleaned from the fact that one out of every four children committed to public or private orphanages in the United States is a deserted child, mislabeled "orphan." The sad fact is that one out of every ten families, dependent upon public or private charities, is one where destitution is caused by the desertion of the breadwinner. It is a significant fact that only a very small percentage of family deserters are brought to account by the authorities or through social agencies. Only a few family deserters are sought and apprehended, and still fewer are located and punished. Only in recent years has any attempt been made to deal with this problem along systematic lines. Report after report of philan. 1320 COMMUNAL REGISTER thropic agencies, while admitting the gravity of the problem, acknowledge with regret that nothing could be done, that "a deserter is not worth running after." In 1905, the first attempt was made by the United Hebrew Charities of New York to treat the subject with some degree of thoroughness. At that time there was enacted a law which made the abandonment of a child in desti'tute circumstances by its parents, a felony and punishable by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than two years, and a fine of $1,000.In 1911, after a careful and comprehensive report by Morris Waldman, Executive Director of the United Hebrew Charities, and upon his recommendation, the work was broadened and the National Desertion Bureau was established by the National Conference of Jewish Charities in the United States, with Mr. Waldman as Chairman and Mr. Monroe M. Goldstein as counsel. Since that time, other social agencies have established similar bureaus along similar lines. New York City, acting upon the recommendation of Mr. Walter H. Liebmann, president of the Desertion Bureau, authorized the establishment of a city desertion bureau. This was done after it was shown that the maintenance of deserted children costs the city about one million dollars per annum. This it, of course, exclusive of the amount spent by private charity. It would not be an exaggeration to state that the total dependency due to desertion approximates $50,000,000 a year in the United States. This amount represents only cold dollars and does not take into account the great human wastage in these days, when the lesson of conservation has been so forcibly impressed upon us. A CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1821 And yet, we are not doing what ought to be done in solving this problem. In New York City, for every dollar spent for the maintenance of a deserted child, only one-half cent is spent to bring the parent responsible for this.,dependency to proper account, and New York City spends more money than any other community for the apprehension of deserters. In 1911, the National Desertion Bureau was established and defined its object as follows: It is primarily concerned with reconciling families, and in re-estabishing homes broken by the desertion of the father. Where reconciliations are not desirable or feasible, for any substantial reason, it seeks to secure from the father a reasonable allowance for the family's support. It is only in cases where neither of these arrangements can be effected, because of the obstreperousness of the deserter, that the Bureau invokes the aid of the law. The first problem is, of course, to find the deserter. Our records show that we have succeeded in locating the men in 73% of our cases. The total number of cases handled by the Bureau to date is nearly 10,000. These cases were referred to the Bureau by about 300 agencies in the United States and elsewhere. In upwards of 2,300 cases or about 33%, the Bureau effected reconciliations. In about 1,750 cases, or about 25% of the total, arrangements for separate support were effected. In only 17% of the cases was it found necessary to impose prison sentences. Perhaps several types of each of these three main groups should be cited, in order that a practical idea of the work of the Bureau may be had. 1322 1322 COMMUNAL REGISTER Case I. Man left family in Brooklyn without warning; had been away almost a year and made no contribution toward their support. Through publication of the man's picture in our "Gallery of Missing Husbands" he was located in Selma, Ala. He had established a -business in that city and was induced through our correspondence with a rabbi there, to send for his family. The reconciliation was complete, as our applicant later advised us. Case II. Family deserted in New York. Man located in Chicago, where it was ascertained he had instituted divorce proceedings. An indictment was secured under the Child Abandonment law, and he was extradited thereunder. Man pleaded guilty; sentence suspended, family reconciled. Man had labored under the impression that the law was as light as his profession (he was a comedian). He had the audacity to institute a suit, alleging that his wife deserted him for a period of two years, although it was apparent that he left home but a month before. He has now learned his lesson and we have had no trouble with him since. Case III. Man deserted family in Russia in 1904. Family arrived here in 1911 and filed immediately a complaint with the Bureau. Applicant had not seen her husband since her arrival, but countrymen had advised him of her presence. Man located in Brooklyn, invited to call at the Bureau, where a complete reconciliation was effected. Case IV. Charles W., a baker by trade, deserted family in 1911 in New York. Three months later located in St. Joseph, Mo. He expressed regret for his act. Wished to return to family, but was stranded without means. St. Joseph Charities communicated with Bureau and man returned at our expense. 1913, man deserted again. This time he was located in St. Louis, where he was living under an CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1L323 alias. He was indicted and rendition to this state followed. Sentenced to serve a term in the Penitentiary, but the Bureau secured his parole about six months thereafter. As a further example of some of the legal obstacles the Bureau has been called upon to overcome, the following case may be cited: D. left his wife and two children in New York January, 1913. It was not until June of the following year that he was located through our "Gallery" in Montreal. It must be stated here that Canada was a favorite nesting place of many of: these migrating birds. This was due to the fact that the extradition treaty between Canada and the United States fails to provide for the extradition of those charged with child abandonment. The Bureau decided to make a test case of this and it was done in the following manner. A warrant was issued at the Domestic Relations Court charging D. with nonsupport. As a second step, Mrs. D. was dispatched to Montreal where through the assistance of our ageht in that city, non-support proceedings were instituted in the local courts of Montreal. D. was duly convicted and his deportation ordered by the magistrate. Through co-operation with the Bureau of Immigration at Ottawa, definite arrangements were made and D. deported to Rouses' Point, New York, at a specified hour, when and where by prior arrangement, a New York officer was waiting with a local warrant. D. was brought to New York and duly convicted of being a disorderly person and sent to the Workhouse in lieu of a bond. Upon his release D. returned to his family and we have had no complaint since. The Bureau has had several cases of this sort since 1914, and we are glad to state that 1824 COMMUNALJ REGISTER deserters have lately found that Canada is a very unsafe place for them to go to. Perhaps a word may be added about the collusive and fictitious case. A collusive desertion is a conspiracy between husband and wife to obtain monetary assistance from charitable organizations by fraudulent statements regarding the alleged desertion. The case of a man who arranged with his wife to "fake" a desertion came to our attention. The case of Mrs. B., a chronic charity applicant. Quite accidentally her fraud was discovered. She called at the Bureau one day and asked for the return of her husband's picture as some fortune-teller promised to bring about his return by invoking the assistance of some ghostly ancestors. The circumstances seemed rather suspicious and a call was made at Mrs. B.'s home at an unexpected hour. The first clue discovered was the presence of a pair of untenanted trousers. Further inquiry resulted in the finding of the owner.of the trousers. It was none other than the husband himself. W~hen questioned, he made a. complete confession. The wife compelled her husband to stay away from the home in order to secure monetary relief from the charities. He claimed that he was not a willing party to her machinations, and showed some jewelry that the wife had managed to accumulate during his enforced absences. Relief was discontinued and the wife, having lost her revenue, is compelled to permit her husband to remain at home without molestation. These stories could be continued almost indefinitely, each one a human document, replete with interest for the sociologist, psychologist and student of human nature. The Bureau has recently- established a psychiatric CENTRAL AND. NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1325 clinic which attempts a scientific classification of the mental capacity of our families. As a factor in penology, the psychiatric clinic first took definite form in Chicago ten years ago, when Dr. William Healy was appointed adviser to the Juvenile Delinquent Court, for the purpose of advising the court in all cases in which the mentality of the juvenile delinquent seemed doubtful. The recommendations made to the court were based more on the capacities and limitations of the child, as determined by the mental examinations, than on the actual offense committed by the child. In psychopathic individuals the actual offenses committed are generally a matter of circumstances. The methods of such clinics are quite different from those inspired by Lombroso. These latter attempt to distinguish criminal types on the basis of anatomical characteristics and outward stigmata, such as protruding jaws, cauliflower ears, short and receding brows, etc. Psychiatric clinicians recognize mental anomalies only in so far as they indicate actual disease or pathological mental traits. A similar clinic has been established recently in the Children's Court in New York. The one established by Dr. Bernard Glueck at Sing Sing Prison has rendered very effective service, in gathering material on which present prison reform policies may be based. The work so far done by Dr. Glueck leaves little doubt that perhaps one-half of our male convicts are individuals whose crimes are the natural result, under present social conditions, of their weakened mentality, and that their problem is largely a medical problem. But the benefits to be derived from psychiatric clinics are not limited to criminals. Psy 1326 COMMUNAL REGISTER chiatry aims to recognize abnormal mental trends, and to correct them; to give suitable advice as to vocational fitness. (Many deserters are merely industrial inefficients and misfits, who find it hard to get along in their badly chosen vocations. Desertion under such circumstances seems an easy way out of it.) Such a clinic would help materially in understanding the people with whom we come in daily contact. In 1914, through the co-operation of the National Desertion Bureau, the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor established a desertion bureau, and a similar agency was later organized by the Charity Organization Society, both patterned after the National Desertion Bureau. With the publicity of the famous "Gallery of Missing Husbands," the effectiveness of its legal machinery (as, for instance, in putting a stop to men going to Reno, acquiring a fictitious residence there and obtaining divorce decrees) it has rendered the act of desertion less safe. No statistics can show how many hundreds of men on the verge of abandonment, hesitated because of the knowledge that the Bureau might ferret them out. The fear of being exposed in a newspaper gallery constitutes about as strong a deterrent as the fear of punishment. The result of the Bureau's activities has reduced to a large extent, the dependency upon individuals and charitable organizations, caused by the abandonment of the breadwinner. The United Hebrew Charities, as will be gleaned from another article in this volume, has saved approximately $130,000 in a period of six years, because it availed itself of the services of this Bureau. This was accomplished through CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1327 the enforcement of existing laws, through cooperation of the Department of Public Charities, by the very efficient help of the Probation Bureau, by enlisting the services of prosecuting attorneys, judges, magistrates and by the publicity campaign, which has awakened the community to a realization of the crying evil of desertion, and of the means to check it. NATIONAL DESERTION BUREAU, 356 Second Ave. Pres., Walter H. Liebmann, 233 Broadway; Acting Sec., Charles Zunser, 356 Second Ave. Established, 1911; incorporated, 1915; Budget for 1917, $12,600.00. Liebmann, Walter H., President National Desertion Bureau, Inc. (356 Second Ave.), since 1914. Term 1 year. Born 1874 in U. S. Received college education. Attorneyat-law, 233 Broadway. Res. 55 East 82nd Street. 1328 COMMUNAL REGISTER F. LANDSMANNSCHAFT ORGANIZATIONS THE VERBAND MOVEMENT IN NEW YORK CITY By S. MARGOSHES President, The Federation of Galician and Bucovinean Jews of America I. Rise and Development The origin of the six Federations or "Verbands" now existing in New York City, embracing hundreds of societies with a membership running into the tens of thousands, can be traced back to two fundamental human emotions: first, the feeling of kinship and, second, the sense of grievance. In the absence of a strong Jewish communal consciousness in New York City, it was only natural for the Jews coming from the same country to develop a high degree of consciousness of kind, extending in the main only to the members of their own group of countrymen. So the Spanish and the Portuguese Jews found it,!iflicult in the first half of the last century to admit whole-heartedly the German Jews to a close kinship with them-a difficulty which the German Jews experienced almost half a century later with the Jews hailing from Russia, and the Russian Jews in their turn only a decade later with the Jews coming from Galicia and Roumania. Because of this clannishness, several Jewish communities sprang up practically side by side in New York City-a Spanish Portuguese Community, a German Community, a Russian Community, an Oriental Community and a Galician, a Hungarian and a Roumanian Community. Almost every one of these Communities CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS -1829 was self-sufficient with its own synagogues, charitable and educational institutions, and, what was inevitable, with its own politics. Under such conditions, the least untoward act, fancied or real, on the part of one group led inevitably to strong separatistic tendencies in the other groups. So, for instance, did the ascendency of the German Community result in the struggle of the so-called Down Town against Up Town, a struggle in which the combatants were mainly Russian and German Jews. In the same way did the sense of grievance which the Galician, Roumanian, Russian-Polish and Bessarabian Jew felt against the ascendency of the Russian Jewish Community, find its outlet in the formation of separate Verbands. For the Verbands, in spite of their voluble protestations of good intentions, were invariably organized as offensive and defensive alliances-a sort of Verein zur Abwehr des Anti-Galizianerismus or AntiRumanierismus, as the case might be. Only subsequent conditions changed their original plans and induced a new course of development. Through the sheer fact of organization, the Federations had generated a great social energy. What were they to do with it? Keeping this energy idle until an opportunity presented itself for spending it in warding off attacks meant dissipating it. The next best thing to do was to harness it in the work of philanthropy-work always sure to make the strongest appeal to the East European Jewish imagination. Hence the sudden metamorphosis from a bellicose organization into a charitable society. The Galician Federation, the first and foremost among the federations, led with its Har Moriah Hospi 1330 COMMUNAL REGISTER tal - and the other Federations quickly followed: the Federation of Russian-Polish Hebrews of America with its Beth David Hospital; the Federation of Roumanian Jews with its Jewish Home for Convalescents and the Bessarabian Jews with the Hebrew National Orphan House. In the very nature of the case, this change had to have very far reaching effects on the Federations. In the first place, as charitable societies the Federations had to lose their separatistic characteristics, since, for legal and practical purposes, it was not feasible to run a charitable institution for Galicians, Roumanians, or Bessarabians exclusively; in the second place, as charitable societies the Federations could not manage to keep the clannish enthusiasm at that degree of white heat peculiar only to purely separatistic organizations. The result was that with their claims on the purely "local" interests greatly impaired, the Federations, now saddled with charitable institutions, invariably found themselves in financial straits, out of which they could be saved only by the aid of rich and philanthropically inclined individual members. The handing over, however, of the management of these institutions to the rich and influential members became everywhere a signal for a struggle of the "masses" against the "rich,' '-a struggle which when it did not end in utter bankruptcy as a consequence of the withdrawal of the rich, resulted in the institutions practically becoming the private property of a few individuals, over which the Federations had hardly any control. The latter is the state of affairs now obtaining in most of the charitable institutions established by the Federations. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1.831 II. Aims and Purposes The mere transition from a sort of tribal organization to a charitable society would in itself have amply sufficed to bring in its train a re-statement of the aims and purposes of the Federations, had not even greater changes outside the Federations taken place, which profoundly modified the function of a Landsmannschaft organization. At the time when the Federations took shape, the chaos in Jewish communal life was so great that the Federations, organizing as they did into single units hundreds of isolated Jewish bodies, represented a tremendous step forward in Jewish communal organization in New York City. Paradoxical as it may sound, it is nevertheless a fact that it is these very Federations, born out of a sense of grievance and distrust of one Jewish group to another, which have made Jewish communal organization, as we know it to-day in New York City, at all possible. They were the first simple and primitive forms of community organization-the indispensable antecedents of the higher forms of Jewish communal life that were to come later. But as with all early forms of development, so with the Federations; the arrival of higher forms meant their very doom. The Federations could and did perform a necessary function in the days when there was no unified Jewish community; but with a Jewish community established in New York that is city-wide in scope and that conceives of the entire Jewish communal work of the city as a unit, what are Landsmannschaft organizations if not vestiges of a rude and discordant past, to be discarded as soon as possible in the interests of the-harmony 1332 COMMUNAL REGISTER of the future? For there is no denying that the very physical fact of grouping large masses of Jews along sectional lines of cleavage, is bound to produce a psychological effect, not entirely favorable to a complete fusion of all Jewish elements in the Melting Pot of the larger Jewish Community of Greater New York. Much as the foregoing conclusion would seem to point to dissolution, rather than to the advisability of a restatement of aims on the part of the Federations, the Federations themselves, even at this late hour, still have aims other than nirvana. To be sure, they have to give up a good many of their pretensions in favor of the new power that has arisen in the last decade-the organized Jewish Community. The defence of Jewish groupinterests in America which was the main purpose of the Federations at their inception, is no more the same vital issue which it was fifteen years ago, when one Jewish group was set against the other. One can confidently look to the ever increasing Jewish communal consciousness and Jewish communal intelligence to do away with any need for such defence. On the,other hand, the Federations can no more be said to represent separate Jewish communities. Unlike the days gone by, New York City represents no more a mosaic of Jewish communities, there is only one Jewish communal organization, which is getting stronger from year to year, and which is bound to prevail. It is also clear by this time that the great Jewish problems of New York City, such as those of religious authority, Jewish education, philanthropy, recreation, correction and industry are community wide, transcending all Landsmannschaft boundaries, CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1383 and that because of it, the Jewish institutions in New York City, built and maintained for the purpose of coping with just those communal problems, must be operated as community plants with the entire community in mind, rather than any single group. This the Federations, which, until now thought in terms of Landsmannschaften and their interests, must fully appreciate. They must learn to speak of themselves as a part of a single community. They must understand that here in New York City, there are only Jewish Communal interests and that there are no Galician, Roumanian, RussianPolish or Bessarabian interests in America that are different from those of the entire Jewish community. Once this is admitted, the aim of the Federations becomes clear. Within the community they have no interests that are not shared by all Jews alike, but in addition, their main concern is with those of their Jewish brethren in Europe in whose welfare and development all other Jewish groups in America cannot be expected to have the same high degree of interest. While the Jewish community as a whole can be counted upon to be interested in the fate of, say, the Galician Jews now still in Galicia, it is the Galician Jews in America, who have left behind their fathers, mothers, sisters and brothers in Galicia, who have a special interest in what is happening to the Jews of Galicia. Thus the Federation of Bucovinean and Galician Jews of America must consider it as its first function to utilize the energy and interests of the entire Jewish community of New York City for the purpose of ameliorating the conditions of the Galician Jews on the other side of the Atlantic. This is the 1334 COMMUNAL REGISTER main reason for its existence. Only as secondary tasks can the Federation, as the expression of the will of the Galician Jews in America,-endeavor to integrate the Galician Jews in New York City in the larger Jewish community and to use the social force generated by the organization as a power for good in the furtherance of the interest of the Jewish people the world. over. The same is true of all other Federations existing in New York City-the Oriental, the Roumanian, the RussianPolish and the Bessarabian. In the measure that they restate and carry out these aims, they form a valuable asset in Jewish communal organizations; similarly, in the measure that they continue to draw the old line of cleavage between one Landsmannschaft and the other, they constitute a hindrance to the growth of Jewish communal consciousness and the sooner they are overcome the better. III. Present Status Of all Federations, it is the Galician Federation, the largest and the strongest of the six existing in New York City, that was first to fall in line with the new idea of what a Federation should be. By giving up its control over the Har Moriah Hospital, which it had founded and which it had maintained for years, the Federation of Galician and Bucovinean Jews of America gave up its character as a charitable society. Through a new formulation of its purposes, and a thorough re-organization of its departments, following its convention in the fall- of 1917, the Galician Federation put itself squarely. On.a new basis,-on the basis of a large. organization working CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1835 for its own purposes within the framework of an organized Jewish community. The other Federations meanwhile still continue to consume all their energy in the maintenance of small charitable institutions, which from the point of view of community work, are either negligible or altogether out of place. Of the Roumanian Verbands,- for there are two, the Federation of Roumanian Jews of America and the American Union of Roumanian Jews,-the latter conceives its aim in terms of help to the Jews in Roumania, while the former is still busy attending to those Roumanian Jews in America who are in need of its Home for Convalescents. The present plight of the Jews in Roumania and the presence of a Jewish commission from Roumania in the United States, was instrumental in bringing about an understanding between the two Roumanian Verbands, only, however, to give way, a short time later, to new dissensions based mainly on strictly personal grievances. The Federation of Russian-Polish Hebrews confines its activity to the Beth David Hospital, and is not heard from save on very rare occasions, such as, for instance, a quarrel on the American Jewish Congress. The Bessarabian Federation is still too young to have struck out on any definite program. Its activities are mainly charitable, though it is claimed that its Orphan House is a dubious proposition from the point of view of Jewish community needs. The Federation of Oriental Jews in America is successfully fulfilling its task of introducing the Oriental Jews in America to the rest of the Jewish community. Of'all Landsmannschaft organizations, the Oriental Federation was the first to 1386 COMMUNAL REGISTER appreciate the fact that though a Federation is based on sectional lines, its greatest contribution lies in wiping out these lines in the higher interests of the very Jews that it represents. The Jewish group last to be heard from in connection with the Federation Movement is the Hungarian. But it, too, now has a Federation of its own. It is still too early, however, to speak of the Federation of Hungarian Jews of America. The organization is now going through the early stages of infancy and, it can only be hoped, that benefiting by the experiences of the older Landsmannschaft federations, it will bring fresh vision to its task. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1337 AMERICAN UNION OF ROUMANIAN JEWS, 44 7th St. President, Dr. P. A. Siegelstein, 220 E. 12th St.; Secretaries, Edward Herbert, Dr. Jos. E. Braunstein, A. L. Kalman; Chairman Executive Committee, Leo Wolfson. Established and incorporated 1916. Membership, 68 organizations. PURPOSE: "To defend the interests of the Jews in Roumania, to work for their civic and political emancipation and for their economic reconstruction and rehabilitation; and to represent and further the interests of the Roumanian Jews in the U. S. and Canada." Siegelstein, Pierre A., President American Union of Roumanian Jews (44 East 7th St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1870 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1885. Received College Education. Physician. Res. 220 East 12th St. FEDERATION OF BESSARABIAN ORGANIZATIONS, 52 St. Marks Place. Pres., Leo Lerner, 116 Nassau Street; Secretary, M. Feldman, 941 Simpson Street. Established 1911, Incorporated 1912. Membership over 3000. PURPOSE: To organize the Jews coming from the provinces of Bessarabia and the Southern part of Russia for cooperative social effort. ACTIVITIES: Maintains the Hebrew National Orphan House. Lerner, Leo, President Federation of Bessarabian Organizations (52 St. Marks P1.) Also Pres. Hebrew National Orphan House (52 St. Marks PI.) Born 1859 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1891. Graduated N. Y. U. Law School. Lawyer 116 Nassau St. FEDERATION OF GALICIAN AND BUCOVINEAN JEWS OF AMERICA. 82 Second Avenue. President, Dr. Samuel Margoshes, 1223 Union Avenue; Vice Pres. S. Thau, 21 E. Houston St. Treas., F. Baron, 128 Rivington St. Rec. Sec'y., M. Baden, 2 E. 113th St. First Landsmannschaft Organization in New York City. Organized in 1903-has 300 branches in New York City, with a few branches dispersed all over the country. Membership-60,000. PURPOSE: To study the political, economic and social conditions of the Jews in Galicia and Bucovina, and to devise ways and means for ameliorating those conditions thru the exercise of the collective influence and energy of the Galician Jews of America. To work towards the fusion of GaliCian Jews of America into the larger Jewish community in this country, thus making possible the solution of communal problems that affect 1338 COMMUNAL REGIS'TER Galician Jews equally with the Jews hailing from other countries. To further the interests of the Jewish people the world over. ACTIVITIES: The Federation does its work thru the following departments: 1. Department of Data and Information, whose function is the collection of data bearing on Galician Jews here and in Galicia. e 2. Department of Publicity-which distributes information on various phases of Jewish life in Galicia as well as all the activities of the Federation thru special pamphlets, bulletins and by means 6f the public press. 3. Department of Co-operation with Galicia and Bucovina, whose function it is to secure for our brethren in those provinces the rights necessary for their protection as an ethnic group. 4. Department of Communal Education-which conducts educational work in the Galician quarter. 5. Department of Communal Welfare-doing civic and relief work for Immigrants in close co-operation with the existing agencies and institutions primarily interested in these phases of communal activity. 6. Department of American Jewish Affairs-dealing with matters affecting all Jews in America. 7. Department of Universal Jewish Affairs-dealing with general Jewish affairs affecting the Jews the world over. Margoshes, Samuel, was born in Galicia in 1887. Received his Jewish education in Cheder and Yeshivah and subsequently attended the Gymnasium at Tarnow, Galicia. Came to U. S. in 1905 and entered the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in 1907, from which he graduated as rabbi in 1911. Studied philosophy and sociology at Columbia University from 1908 to 1911; receiving the degree of M. A. in 1910. Studied education at Teachers' College, Columbia University. In 1917 he received the degree of Doctor of Hebrew Literature from the Jewish Theological Seminary. He contributed to the Hebrew and Yiddish press. He was elected to the American Jewish Congress in 1917, and in the fall of 1917 became president of the Federation of Galician and Bucovinean Jews of America. Since 1912, he bqs been affiliated with the Bureau of Jewish Education. ('ENTRAL AND) NATIONAL OItGANIZ.\TIONS 1339 FEDERATION OF ORIENTAL JEWS OF AMERICA, 3566 Second Ave. Officers: President, Joseph Gedalecia, 320 2nd Ave.; Secretary, A. J. Amateau, 40 W. 115th St. Established 1911. Incorporated 1912. PURPOSE: "To create a forum where communal problems are discussed and presented to the Oriental Community for solution." Gedalecia, Joseph, Pres. Oriental Jewish Community of N. Y. C. (12 E. 119th St.), since 1913. Term 1 year. Born 1876 in Turkey. Came to U. S. 1887. Received a high school education. Social Worker, 356 Second Ave. Res. 320 Second Ave. FEDERATION OF ROUMANIAN JEWS OF AMERICA, 185 Forsyth Street. President, Samuel Goldstein, 955 Prospect Avenue; Secretary, Charles L. Ornstein, 299 Broadway. Established and Incorporated 1908. PURPOSE: To work for the securing of equal civil and political rights for the Jews in Roumania and to participate in all movements of a Jewish national character. ACTIVITIES: Maintains a Jewish Home for Convalescents at Grand View, on the Hudson. Goldstein, Samuel, Pres. Federation of Roumanian Jews of America (185 Forsyth St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1875 in Roumania. Came to U. S. 1889. Received general Jewish education. Leather Merchant, 234 E. 35th St. Res. 955 Prospect Ave. FEDERATION OF RUSSIAN-POLISH HEBREWS Of - AMERICA, 1822 Lexington Avenue. President, Jacob Carlinger, 299 Broadway; Secretary, David Trautman, 36 W. 113th St. Established and incorporated 1908. Membership, about 40,000 in 251 branches. PURPOSE: To assist Jews arriving to this country from Russian Poland. ACTIVITIES: Maintains the Beth David Hospital. 1340 COMMUNAL REGISTER H. ZIONIST ORGANIZATIONS THE FEDERATION OF AMERICAN ZIONISTS By Louis LIPSKY, Chairman Executive Committee The Federation of American Zionists, the American branch of the International Zionist Organization, was organized in the fall of 1897, a few months after the adjournment of the first Zionist Congress held at Basle. Prof. Richard Gottheil, who had attended the Basle Congress as a delegate, was the convener of the first Zionist meeting in the United States for the organization of the Movement on the lines laid down by the Basle program. This meeting was held in the assembly room of the Jewish Theological Seminary, which was then located at Lexington Avenue, and resulted in the organization of the Federation of American Zionists, with Dr. Gottheil as the first president and Dr. Stephen S. Wise as the first secretary. The Federation gathered within its ranks a large number of Zionistic societies and Palestine colonization organizations that were in existence'in the United States for some years previous to the launching of the Herzlian Movement. The first regular convention was held in New York, in 1898, the second in Baltimore in 1899, the third in New York in 1900, and the fourth in Philadelphia in 1901. At the convention in Philadelphia it was decided to establish a monthly magazine to be printed in the English language. "The Maccabean" appeared in October, 1901, with Louis Lipsky as managing editor and with an editorial committee, of which Prof. Gottheil was the chairman. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1341 Upon his removal to Portland, Oregon, Dr. Wise resigned as the secretary of the Federation and was succeeded by Isidor D. Morrison, who remained in office until 1902, when Mr. Jacob de Haas, then of London, was elected to the position of secretary and editor of "The Maccabaean." Prof. Gottheil retired as president in 1903, and was succeeded by Dr. Harry Friedenwald, who was elected at the Cleveland Convention in 1904. Mr. de Haas resigned as secretary in 1904 and was succeeded by Dr. J. L. Magnes, who acted as honorary secretary until the Atlantic City Convention was held in 1908, when Rabbi Joseph Jasin was elected as secretary and administrator of the Federation offices. Rabbi Jasin retained the position of secretary for two years, and was followed by Miss Henrietta Szold as honorary secretary, acting in cooperation with an office committee. The office committee was composed of Prof. Israel Friedlaender, who became chairman of the committee, Joseph Jasin and Louis Lipsky. Miss Szold served as honorary secretary for one year and was compelled to retire owing to ill health. Her successor was Mr. Bernard A. Rosenblatt, but the administrative work of the organization was assumed by the office committee, of which Louis Lipsky was the chairman, having been elected chairman of the Executive Committee to succeed Prof. Friedlaender. The other members of the office committee were Messrs. Rosenblatt, Abel and Goldberg. The office committee was abolished in 1914 at the Rochester Convention. In 1907 the Federation undertook the organization of a Zionist insurance Order and formed the Order Sons 1342 COMMUNAL REGISTER of Zion, which now has a membership of four thousand. The President of the Order is Judge Jacob S. Strahl, the first vice-president, Joshua Sprayregen, second vicepresident, Max Perlman, the treasurer, H. B. Isaacson, and secretary, Jacob Ish-Kishor. An organization bf juvenile Zionists was formed in 1907 affiliated and supported by the Federation and known as Young Judaea, which devotes itself exclusively to Zionist educational work among Jewish young people. The president of the Young Judaea is Dr. David de Sola Pool; registrar, Mr. S. J. Borowsky; educational director, Emanuel Neumann. In connection with the Young Judaea work a magazine for juveniles was established in 1910, with David Schneeberg as its first editor. The second editor was Emanuel Neumann who retired in 1917 and was succeeded by Joshua Neumann, who is now in charge of the magazine. In 1908 the Federation established a weekly Yiddish publication called Dos Yiddishe Folk, which has an extensive circulation in New York City and in every Zionist centre. Dos Yiddishe Folk has been edited by Dr. Ch. Wortsman and Abram Goldberg, and is now under the editorial direction of Dr. Samuel M. Melamed, who is assisted by an editorial committee consisting of Dr. Schmarya Levin, Senior Abel and Louis Lipsky. Mr. Gershon Agronsky is the Managing Editor. The Federation includes within its jurisdiction the organizations known as Hadassah, Order Sons of Zion, Federated Zionist Societies of the Middlewest (formerly the Knights of Zion), the Intercollegiate Zionist Association and the Young Judaea, but each of these organizations is directly controlled and managed by executive CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1843 committees elected at conventions of delegates from societies specially affiliated with them. The membership of the Federation, estimated on the basis of per capita paying members in June, 1917 was about twenty-two thousand, exclusive of about fifty-eight thousand Shekelpaying members. The per capita membership on January 1, 1918, estimated on the basis of actual increase of members through the affiliation of new societies, was 23,176. Actually, however, the membership of-the Federation is not less than twenty-five per cent. over and above the per capita membership, for the various affili. ated societies pay per capita dues only for such members as have paid them, and there are always on the average of twenty-five per cent. of the membership in arrears. The Zionist organizations connected with the Federation are all interested in the collections for the National Fund, but these collections are controlled and administered by a special National Fund Bureau, which was established about eight years ago and is now under the supervision of a committee which consists of Messrs. Abel, Epstein, Robison, Schwarz and Zar. The manager of the Bureau is Mr. I. H. Rubin. The Federation has been the initiator of all Zionist activities in the United States since its inception. It was responsible for the sale of hundreds of shares of the Jewish Colonial Trust. It brought about the systematic collections for the National Fund, so that at the present time the National Fund receives from the United States not less than $50,000 per annum. It was instrumental in bringing to the United States Dr. Benzion Mossin 1344 COMMUNAL REGISTER sohn, who collected a large sum of money for the Jaffa Hebrew Gymnasium. It introduced to America the personality of Dr. Schmarya Levin, one of the most eloquent and persuasive Jewish orators that has ever come to this country. Dr. Levin was responsible for the collection of the funds that led to the establishment of the Haifa Technical Institute. Dr. Franz Oppenheimer, the well-known economist, and Dr. Ignatz Zollschan, the sociologist, were introduced to America by this Federation. Through Mr. Nahum Sokolow, the well-known Hebrew writer and Zionist propagandist, it brought aboilt the organization in the United States of the Palestine Land Development Company, which was to start with a capital of one million dollars. This company did not materialize owing to the breaking out of the war. The Federation of American Zionists was responsible for the organization of the Provisional Zionist Committee, of which it is practically the leading factor. FEDERATION OF AMERICAN ZIONISTS, 44 East 23rd Street. President, Harry Friedenwald, Baltimore, Md.; Chairman of Executive Committee, Louis Lipsky, 44 E. 23d St.; Treasurer, Louis Robison, 44 E. 23d St.; Executive Committee, S. Abel, M. L. Avner, Reuben Brainin, Israel B. Brodie, Charles A. Cowen, Mrs. Joseph Fels, Israel Friedlaender, Abr. Goldberg, Hirsch Masliansky, S. M. Melamed, David de Sola Pool, M. Rothenberg, Bernard A. Rosenblatt, Alice L. Seligsberg, Henrietta Szold. ZIONIST COUNCIL OF GREATER NEW YORK, 44 E. 23d St. Pres. Morris Rothenberg, 5 Beekman St.; Sec. Samuel Blitz, 44 E. 23d St. Established 1906. Membership, 52 societies with a membership of 4,000. PURPOSE: To coordinate Zionist work in New. York City., ACTIVITIES: Enrolls members into the Zionist organization by selling the 'Shekel,' 30,000 of which were sold dur CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1845 ing the current year. Raises funds for the Jewish National Fund of the International Zionist Organization. Supports Zionist institutions and Jewish agricultural colonies in Palestine by raising money for the Restoration Fund of the Provisional Zionist Committee. Maintains a Lecture Bureau, supplying Zionist speakers for public meetings. Arranges large public meetings for the celebration of Jewish holy-days, and Zionist events. The Council maintains a Class in Jewish History and Public Speaking. The Council is sub-divided into: Harlem District Committee, 22 W. 114th St. Central Zionist Committee of the Bronx, 1695 Washington Ave. South Brooklyn-Borough Park Committee, 1420 43rd St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Brownsville Zionist Headquarters, 296 Sackman St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Rothenberg, Morris, Pres. Zionist Council of Greater N. Y. (44 E. 23d St.), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1884 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1893. Received an academic education. Lawyer, 5 Beekman St. Res. 906 E. 173d St. Hiftadruth Achieber, 201 E. Broadway. Organized 1909. Membership 30. Hebrew speaking. Interested in promoting the publication of books and periodicals in Hebrew. President, Daniel Persky, 201 E. Broadway; Secretary, S. Erdberg, 201 E. Broadway. Persky, Daniel, 'Pres. Histadruth Achieber (201 East Broadway); elected 1917. Term six months. Born 1889 in Russia. Came to U. S. in 1905. Received thorough Jewish and secular education. Teacher. Res.: 201 E. Broadway. Agudah Zionit Maccabee, 193 Eldridge Street. Organized 1916. Membership 42, con sisting of Young Oriental Jews. Ladino-speaking. Engaged also in athletic activities. Publishes a semimonthly in Ladino, "La Renacencia." Secretary, N. Calef, 28 West 116th Street. Agudath Nes Tzionah, 161 E. 101st Street. Membership 25. President Z. Goldberg, 85 East 99th Street; Secretary, Wm. Goldsmith, 372 South Street. Altneuland Camp (See page 980). Austro-Hungarian Zionists, 43 East 3rd Street. Organized in 1905. Membership 200. President, Isaac Schuster,. 43 East 3rd Street; Secretary, Edward Spiegel, 48 E. 1346 COMMUNAL REGISTER 3rd Street. Club rooms maintained by this organization are a popular centre for Zionist activities in New York. Bar Cochba Camp (See page 980). Bayside Zion Society, 137 Bay 22d Street, Brooklyn. Membership 20. President, R. D. Kesselman, 1957 81st Street, B'klyn. Secretary, B. Jaffe, c/o Kesselman. B'nal Am Chai, 217 Henry St. Organized 1915. Membership 50. Hebrew-speaking. President, A. D. Mendelson, 339 E. 8th Street. Secretary, M. Katz, 217 Henry Street. Mendelson, Abraham D., Pres. B'nai Am Chai (217 Henry St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1894 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1914. Received general Jewish education. Residence: 339 E. 8th Street. Borough Park Zionist OrganisatiOn, 1'420 50th Street, Brooklyn. Membership 50. President, M. Kottler, 1325 47th Street, Brooklyn; Sec-retary, Henry Brinberg, 1006 53rd St., B'klyn. Braila Camp (See page 981). Bronx Zion Camp (See page 981). Brooklyn Zionist Organization, 630 Willoughby Ave., Brooklyn. Membership 50. Pres., Emanuel Neumann, 145 Sumner Ave., Bklyn. Sec'y, Miriam Raphael, 871 De Kalb Ave., B'klyn. Brownsville Zionist Organization, 296 Sackman Street. B'klyn. Membership 200. Pres., I. Hassin, 610 Howard Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y., A. Goldstein, 44 E. 23rd St. Builders of Zion, Secretary, B. D. Schwartz, 112 Debevoise Street, Brooklyn. Collegiate Zionist League, 125 E. 85th St. Organized 1906. Membership 25. ACTIVITIES: Spread Zionism among college graduates. Study circle and classes. Participation in Young Judaea Work. Pres., Isaac Rosengarten, 84 W. 113th St. Sec., Sarah Shapiro 212 Warren Street, Jersey City, N. J. Rosengarten, Isaac, P r e s. Collegiate Zionist League (125 E. 85th St.); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1888. *Received college education. Teacher. Residence: 84 W. 113th St. Deborah Zionist Society, 52 St. Marks Place. Membership 25. Pres., Mrs. Charles Spivak, 253 E. Broadway; Sec., Miss Rose Rose, 153 Suffolk Street. Don Abarbanel Camp (See page 981). CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1347 Emunath Zion Circle, 230 Seventh Ave. Organized 1912. Membership 15. Pres., H. B. Walder, 327 W. 27th St.; Sec'y., Sarah Kamrass, 231 W. 135th St. Ezra Zion Camp (See page 981). First Monastirischer Zionist Society. Secretary, B. Teitelbaum, 730 Driggs Ave., Brooklyn. Friends of Zion Camp (See page 981). Friends of Zion of Brownsville, 295 Sackman Street, Brooklyn. Membership 25. Sec'y., Ph. Shildkrout, 578 Hendrix St., B'klyn. Goldfaden Camp (See page 982). New York Chapter Hadassah (See page 1373). Hadassah of Brooklyn (See page 1373.) Hamispah Association, 125 E. 85th St. Membership 25. Pres., Dr. S. T. H. Hourwich, 217 East 69th St. Secy, I. L. Brill, 146 W. 111th St. Harlem Zionist Society, 206 Lenox Ave. Membership 50. Pres., Benjamin Bader, 109 E. 104th St. Secy, Miss Eva Kaplowitz, 74 East 93rd St. Hatechiya Camp (See page 982). Hazeflrah Zion Club, 8-10 Ave. A. Membership 30, Pres., M. Orenstein, 48% 7th Street. Secy., B. Felt, 36 St. Marks Place. Dr. Hersl Zion Club, 153 Clinton Street. Membership 25. President, N. Wiesen, 182 Broome Street. Secretary, Philip Bloom, 236 Clinton Street. Hashachar, 1695 Washington Ave. Membership 54. Pres., I. Sussmanowitz, 536 East 168th Street. Secy., Miss G. Halkin, 1426 Clinton Ave. Intervarsity Zionist Council of New York, Sec'y, Miss Juliette Benjamin, 44 E. 23d St. LAterary Circle B'noth Zion Kadimah, 184 Eldridge St. Membership 15. Pres., Dinah Harris, 388 Vernon Ave. Bklyn. Secy., Miss Frances Lichtman, 1580 Eastern Parkway, B'klyn. Maccabaean Society, 1420 50th St., Bklyn. Membership 26. Pres., Gustav Rosenberg, 1622 48th St., Bklyn. Secy., M. Cantor, 152~ 51st St., Bklyn. Masadah Hebrew Club. Membership 33. Sec'y., B o a z Lichtman, 10 E. 111th Street. (See also page 671.) 1348 COMMUNAL REGISTER M'vassereth Zion Camp (See page 982). Dr. Solomon Neumann Zion Gamp (See page 981). New York B'nal Zion Camp (See page 980). Nordau Z i o n I a t Girls, 18'4 Chrystie St. Membership 20. Pres., Clara Harris, 388 Vernon Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y., Celia Beeker, 69 Lee Ave., B'klyn. Nordau Zionist Society, 44 E. 23rd St. Membership 70. Organized 1902. Pres., Morris Margulies, 236 E. 165th St. Secy., Robert Goldstein, 655 Fox Street. Margulies, M o r r i s, Pres. Nordau Zionist Society, (44 E. 23rd St.) since 1907. Term 1 year. Born 1887 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1898. Received college education Salesman. Residence: 236 E. 165th Street. Organisation Camp (See page 982). Dr. Leon Pinaker Camp (See page 981). Riason L'ion Camp (See page 982). Roumanian Zionist Circle. Membership 35. Pres., Max Abrahams, 17 Avenue A. Secy., Miss Gazella Moskowits, 236 W. 144th Street. Joseph Schats Camp (See page 982). South Brooklyn Zionit Society, 374 Seventh St, Bklyn. Organized 1916. Membership 20. Pres., Jacob Silverman, 487 Seventh Ave., Bklyn. Secy., Samuel Cohen, 362 Prospect Avenue. B'klyn. Silverman, Jacob, Pres. So. B'klyn Zionist Soc. (374 7th St., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 1 year. Born 1898 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1910. Received high school education. Bookkeeper. Res.: 487 7th Ave., B'klyn. Tikwath Jehuda Zion Club, 134 Rivington St. Org. 1915. Membership 80. Pres., Abraham Meer, 134 E. 3rd St. Sec'y, May Nussbaum, 134 Rivington St. Meer, Abraham, Pres. Tikwath Jehudah Zion Club (134 Rivington St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1894 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1910. Received high school education. Res.: 134 E. 3rd St. Tiphereth Zion Association of East New York, 363 Pennsylvania Ave., B'klyn. Org. 1916. Membership 25. Pres., Jacob Dunn, 674 Pennsylvania Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, N. Aaronson, 440 Miller Ave., B'klyn. Tiphereth Zion Club of the B r o n x. Membership 15. Pres., Meyer Dvorkin, 1228 Union Ave. Sec'y, A. M. Heller, 1454 Wilkins Ave. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1849 David Wolffoohn Camp (See page 981). David Wolffmohn Zion Club, 289 E. B'way. Membership 90. Pres., William Lemush, 41 Henry St. Sec'y, Harry Scheuerman, 239 E. B'way. University Zion Society, 7 WV. 45th St. Org. 1915. Membership 92, consisting of university graduates a n d non-graduates who have distinguished themselves in commercial and civic pursuits. Pres., Eugene Meyer, Jr., 820 Fifth Ave. Sec'y, Elisha M. Friedman, 14 Wall St. Zionist Ass'n of Greater New York, '462 Riverside Drive. Org. 1912. Membership 100. Aim: Propagation of Zionism among the business and professional men of New York. Pres., Geo. H. Lubarsky, 452 Riverside Drive. Sec'y, Rehabiah Lewin-Epstein, 1036 Trinity Ave. Zion Benevolent Society, 209 E. B'way. Membership 25. Pres., I. Dunai, 69 E. B'way. Sec'y, A. Fleishman, 917 Longwood Ave. Zion Club Kadimah of East New York. Sec'y, I. Hamburger, 615 Sackman St., B'klyn. 1350 COMMUNAL REGISTER THE MIZRACHI By DR. MEYER WAXMAN Among the important national organizations which have their centre of activity in New York City, the Mizrachi occupies a prominent place, both in respect to membership and intensity of activity. Aims and Purposes of the Mizrachi The Mizrachi, whose large membership consists of orthodox Jews, is a part of the Zionist organization. Its aims are therefore the aims of Zionism in its truest interpretation. It declares that the only solution of the grave Jewish problem in all its phases, the spiritual, cultural and social, is the establishment in Palestine of a center of Jewish life with a political basis. The Zionist institutions which serve as the means to the realization of the great end, are its own institutions. The Mizrachi, furthermore, understands Zionism not only as a future solution of the Jewish problem, but as containing within its strivings the work for a revival of the Jewish spirit in the present, and in the lands of exile, and thus its program includes the present as well as the future, the Diaspora as well as Palestine. It differs, however, from the general Zionist organization in regard to the nature and mode of the Jewish revival and regeneration. The general Zionist organization has never worked out a complete plan of the work of regeneration which is to be carried on. Intending to embrace all elements of different shades and views within Jewry, it has attempted to adjust itself to the peculiar CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGAN IZATIONS 1351 situation by declaring that religion and tradition are matters of individual choice, and in its work of regeneration it has abstracted the general elements of a national character on which all agree, and thus formulated a program which is non-committal. On the whole, Zionist cultural work is rather indefinite. Different tendencies cross each other. It may be said that there is a tendency to create a Jewish culture on a secular basis. The Mizrachi views the situation in a different light. It believes that the Jewish religion and traditions are an essential part of our National equipment. In fact, they are inseparable from the National Jewish soul. The Jewish genius has expressed itself throughout innumerable ages in religious creation. Its greatest contribution to the sum total of human civilization was the pointing out to man, the way upward, the revealing to the human being his position in the world and his relation to the ultimate cause. The prophets, the sages, and thinkers, the poets of Israel, have all drawn their inspiration from the well of religious enthusiasm, and in expressing this elemental impulse have built up a literature, which in scope and extent embraces all phases of life, and stands out as a unique monument to human endeavor. Religion and tradition have been for thousands of years the web into which the Jewish people has woven itself, and thus preserved its existence. It has become commingled with all the habits of the nation and all feelings of nationalism. And if we are to judge the soul of our people in the light of its history, past experience, and genesis, can we then assume that the future development of Judaism in Palestine will be of a different nature than 1352 OOMMUNAL REGISTER its historic course hitherto? Can we imagine that the Jewish revival and the Jewish restoration should strike out new paths, unknown to the culture and civilization of the ages and foreign to the spirit of Judaism? Such a process would not be in accord with the principles of evolution. It would rather be a revolution than development and growth. The Mizrac' 1, therefore, adopts the view that Zionism, the Jewish revival and regeneration, should proceed on traditional lines, that its program should embrace that kind of activity which tends to strengthen the Jewish heritage, that the new Jewish national culture, which will rise as a consequence to this regeneration, should be permeated with the spirit of the old tradition. It emphasizes the religious type of Jewish culture and denounces as dangerous, the attempts of the extreme modernists among the Zionists, who strive to base this revival on purely secular principles. The aims and purposes of the Mizrachi and its program of activity, can be represented almost accurately by drawing the figure of a triangle, the base of which represents Am Israel, the people of Israel, and both sides respectively, the Torah of Israel, and the Land of Israel. The Mizrachi stands for the perfection and development of all three elements. It declares that two cannot stand without the third. It believes that Jewish Nationalism is essential to the existence of the Jews in the present and the future, and that it has always been an inseparable factor in Judaism, and that the Jewish religion is not complete without it. It further declares that the Land of Israer, Palestine, is the land of the CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1353 Jewish future, and that unless it is obtained, Jews. and Judaism are threatened with a grave danger.. Finally it asserts that these two can attain the ideal state only when they have as a base, Torath Israel, the true tradition of the people. Program of Activity The program of its activities embraces the three elements. It emphasizes the need of a present revival of the Jewish people and endeavors, with all the means at its disposal, by organization and agitation among the large Jewish Orthodox Masses, to strengthen the National Jewish consciousness, to make them realize that we are not only a religious sect,-for the great orthodox masses, though they do not deny Jewish nationalism theoretically, do so practically,-but a nation with national responsibilities and a future. The Mizrachi labors, along with the general Zionist organization, to obtain the realization of the great ideal. It supports the Zionist institutions, founds new ones, and increases the number of active Zionists. And finally, it concentrates great energy upon Judaism and Jewish culture. Whatever pertains to the preservation and strengthening of Judaism in the lands of the Diaspora and in Palestine, is of immediate interest to' the Mizrachi. It founds educational institutions and attempts to regulate and nationalize Jewish education in the schools. It is directly concerned with the increase of knowledge of the Torah, with the spread of the Hebrew Language and literature in all forms. All those various 1354 COMMUNAL REGISTER activities, it considers an important part of its.Zionist program, nothing extraneous or irrelevant. If Zionism is rightly understood, all Jewish life, present and future, is its field of activity. Organization and Influence The Mizrachi was founded fifteen years ago by the leaders of Orthodox Zionists in Russia and spread to Western Europe, and finally, the central office was also transferred to Germany. It established strong local organizations in many countries of Eastern and Western Europe, and has founded a number of institutions in Palestine. With the outbreak of the war, the main office was removed to this country. The spread of the Mizraehi in this country during the last four years, is a remarkable achievement, and is to be credited to its leader, Rabbi Mayer Berlin, to whose unremitting labor the growth is due. The Mizrachi has over one hundred and twenty societies (120), distributed over twenty-three States, comprising a total membership of twelve thousand, an excellent organization with.a central bureau.in New York. In New York City alone, the number of its societies is about fifteen, besides a number of synagogues which are affiliated with it. The New York societies are united into a council, known as the Mizrachi Council of New York; But the Mizrachi exerts afar greater and deeper.influence on Jewish life in New York than the mere number of its societies would enable it to; for in addition to the regular society members, it has a number of; ontributing members, among whom are found the most in (:1;N'I'A\LI, AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1355r fluential members of the community, and through them the Mizrachi influence is felt in various phases of Jewish life. Especially noteworthy is the fact that the Mizrachi Bureau was the first to raise the agitation for a five-day labor week, so as to enable the thousands of Jewish working men to whom the Sabbath is dear, to observe the sacred day. It is now preparing a memorandum on this question, which will be sent to manufacturers, labor unions and leaders, social workers and legislators, and with a request for their endorsement of the plan. Institutions The most important institution of the Mizrachi in the lands of the Diaspora, an institution which is destined to exert a profound influence on Jewish education in America in general and New York City in particular, is the Mizrachi Teachers' Institute of this city. The Mizrachi, true to its program of laboring for genuine Jewish education of the young generation, has organized during the last year, the Hebrew Teachers' Institute. After studying the educational situation in this country, it has come to the conclusion that the greatest bane of Jewish Education in America is the lack of properly trained teachers, men imbued with the genuine Jewish spirit, filled with love for our past, and idealism for the future, thoroughly trained in Hebrew, Talmud, and Jewish history, and at the same time possessing. a sufficient secular education. The institute intends to fll this need. The language of the institution is Hebrew, and the program so wide and thorough in its scope, that the graduates of the Institute, will, by virtue of their 1356 COMMUNAL REGISTER education, occupy a leading position in the Jewish community. The Institute has at present thirty students, all of New York, with the exception of two from Boston. The Institute contains at present two- classes embracing the first and second-year work, the entire course being a five-year course. A third-year class will be added at the beginning of the academic year. The faculty consists of Rabbi Jacob Lewinson, formerly of Chicago, instructor in Talmud, Dr. Meyer Waxman, instructor in Bible, History and History of Jewish Literature, Rabbi Julius Caplan, M. A., instructor in Hebrew Grammar and Agada. The Institute is for the present located at 86 Orchard Street. The Mizrachi has also established a number of institutions in Palestine, the chief among which is the "Tachkemoni," a gymnasium in the European sense of the word. It gives its students a full secular course in languages and sciences, according to the program of such secondary schools in Germany, together with a thorough Jewish training in Bible, Hebrew, Talmud, religion and history. Among the various funds established by the Mizrachi, the most important is the Palestine Fund, originally fixed at $100,000 (One Hundred Thousand Dollars) but it is contemplated to raise it to a higher sum. The purpose of this Fund is to rebuild with the money collected the ruins of the Jewish Settlement in the Holy Land, caused by the war, and also to buy with the proceeds, the sacred historical places of our land, and preserve them as National Monuments. Thus "The Mizrachi" With its many-sided activities illittrates one more.phase of the multicolored Jewish life of metropolitan New York. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1357 THE MIZRACHI OF AMERICA, 86 Orchard St. Prf., Rabbi Mayel Berlin, 86 Orchard St.; Sec'y Dr. J. I. Bluestone. Established, 1912; incorporated, 1912. Budget for 1917, $23,000. Membership, 200 societies in U. S., 15 in New York City. PURPOSE: "To colonize and cultivate Palestine in a religious national spirit." Berlin, Mayer, President The Mizrachi of America (86 Orchard St.), since 1915. Term 1 year. Born 1880 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1915. Received thorough Jewish education. Rabbi. Res. 86 Orchard St. Agudath Sha'arei Mizrach, 86 Orchard St. Org. 1916. Membership: 160. Pres., Rabbi Aaron David Burack, 154 Pulaski St., B'klyn. Sec'y, F. Dargo, 30 Rivington St. Burack, Aaron David, Pres. Agudath Sha'arei Mixrach (86 Orchard St.), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1891 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1913. Graduate of a Rabbinical college in Telshi, Russia. Rabbi: "Ohel Moshe Chevrah Tehilim", Willoughby and Tompkins Aves., B'klyn. Res.: 164 Pulaski St., B'klyn. B'noth Jerusalem Misrachi, 86 Orchard Street. Org. 1911. Membership 80. Pres., Rae Gross, 25 Ave. C. Sec'y, Sarah Cooper, 13 Pitt St. Gross, Rae, Pres. B'noth Jerusalem Misrachi (86 Orchard St.); elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1896 in Russia. Came to U. S. in 1906. Attended high school. 'Bookkeeper. Res.: 25 Ave. C. Dovrel.Ivrith Misrachi, 214 E. B'way. Org. 1916. Membership: 40. Hebrew speaking. Pres., J e h u d a h Damesek, 825 Wallabout St., B'klyn. Sec'y, Benjamin J. Solomon. 246 Clinton St. Shaarei Misrach. Membership 80. Pres., Moses Epstein, 36 E. 3rd St. Epstein, Moses, Pres. Shaarei Mizrach. Born in Russia. Came to U. S. 1905. Received a thorough Jewish education. Hebrew teacher and writer. Res.: 36 E. 3rd St. Tifereth Zion Misrachi, 417 New Jersey Ave., B'klyn. Org. 1911. Membership, 40. Pres., Albert Schwartz, 636 Barbey St., B'klyn. Sec'y, H. S. Hellig, 415 Bradford St. Se wat s, Albert, Pres., Tifereth Zion Misrachi (417 New Jersey Ave., B'klyn), since 1916. Term 6 months. Born 1886 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1906. Received general Jewish and secular education. B r e a d dealer. Res.: 616 8arbey 8t., B'kln. 1358 COMMUNAL REGISTER ADEQUATE INFORMATION IS LACKING ON THE FOLLOWING SOCIETIES a Bnoth-Zion, Pres. Mrs. Neuman. 145 Sumner Ave., B'klyn. Chovavel Eretz Israel. Pres. M. S. Sigilman, 90 Graham Ave., Sec'y, A. Bokian, 143 Taylor St., B'klyn. Hebrew League Mlzrachi of Brownsville, 1554 St. Marks Ave. Pres., M. Dorfman, 526 Warwick St., Brownsville. Sec'y, L. Finkelstein, 341 Stone Ave., B'klyn. Meets Saturday night. Misrachi, Borough Park. Pres., S. Silverman, 1138 40th St.. B'klyn. Sec'y, H. Neufeld. 1164 40th St., B'klyn. Meets once a month. Misrachi of Brownsville. Pres., H. Allen, 1847 Prospect PI.,. Brooklyn. Meets once a month. Misrachi Hebrew League. Membership 150. Pres., 3 Koenigsberg, 65 Pitt St Sec'y, A. S. Stern, 115 Division St. Place of meeting, 214 E. B'way. Misrachi Hunts Point. Pres., M. M. Horowitz, 868 Whitlock Ave., Brpnx. Sec'y, H. B. Isaacson, 23 Washington Place, City. Misraehi Uptown. Pres., H. Keller, 207 W. 110th St. Sec'y, S. Seifereth, 1377 Franklin Ave., Bronx. Place of meeting, 152 E. 111th St. Shaare Zion Mizrachi. Pres., A. S. Poliatschich, 19 61 Mapes Ave. Sec'y, I. Woulff, 1905 Marmion Ave. Tiferes Mizrachi. Pres., A. S. Gross, 25 Ave. C. Sec'y, P. S. Zahn, 142 Columbia St. Place of meeting, 86 Orchard St. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 18.59 HADASSAH, THE WOMEN'S ZIONIST ORGANIZATION By LOTTA LEVENSOHN Quite as a matter of course, without discussion or controversy, women were fully enfranchised within the Zionist movement when it was organized twenty years ago, for the then daring purpose of founding a modern Jewish commonwealth in Palestine. To the women Zionists, the right of suffrage brought with it more than corresponding obligations. Every new electorate must have intensive -training and education in organization, in methods of transacting public business, in national affairs. Jewish women have had very little contact with such matters. The women pioneers in Zionism had the trying task of fitting their electorate to assume its normal duties within the organization. But that was only an elementary duty. Neither the modern social conscience nor the- traditional sense of responsibility toward Palestine, allowed the women Zionists to forget' that they had a special responsibility towards the women and children of Palestine., The scope of motherhood has long since transcended the bounds of the family. As time went on, it became obvious to women Zionists in America that it was for them to perform the functions of what Ellet Key calls "collective motherhood" in the Land of their hopes.: In this sense of responsibility toward Palestine, they were in harmony with the official Zionist program. The Zionist aim of establishing a home in Palestine for the 1860 OOMMUNALJ RGISTU Jewish people, predicates two main lines of action: preparing the Jewish people for the return to the Land by arousing the national consciousness and directing it into organized channels; and preparing the Land for' the reception of the homecoming Jewish people; Much has been done to build up a flourishing, progressive New Settlement in Palestine. But the Old Settlement of the cities could not be overlooked or neglected in the regeneration of the Land. American women Zionists who visited Palestine brought back the message that there was a crying need for medical and hygienic service, especially for maternity care. Hadassah Some six years ago, a little study group of women Zionists in New York called Hadassah, knowing all these things, came together and took counsel. They had seen many women's Zionist societies rise, live a brief day, and melt into thin air. A potent reason for this instability seemed to be the laek of a tangible purpose to which the driving power of the Zionist idea might be harnessed. And, while women Zionists in America were at loose ends, expectant mothers in Jerusalem might take their choice of a bundle of straw on a dirt floor for a bed, or else go to a missionary hospital that held out the attractions of baptism for their babies and a diet of converionist prayers for themselves. Little children were going blind for lack of the simple treatment for trachoma, which is endemic in the Orient. The little group valiantly resolved to "stop talking and do something!" They did not stop talking, but CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1361 went on to such good purpose that by Purim 5672 (1912) the first Chapter of Hadassah, the women's Zionist organization of the United States (at first known as the Daughters of Zion) was established in New York, and announced a double object: "In America: To foster Zionist ideals. In Palestine: To promote Jewish institutions and enterprises." A motto was adopted: "The Healing of the Daugher of My People" (Jeremiah 8, 2). The first enterprise in Palestine was to be of a medical and hygienic nature, particularly devoted to the welfare of women and children, and a system of District Visiting Nursing was decided upon. The system of Nursing was ultimately to embrace all the towns and villages of Palestine, and Jerusalem was selected as the natural starting point. IN PALESTINE Before the year was out (January 1913) Hadassah, with the generous assistance of Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Straus and a non-Zionist group known as the Committee on Palestinian Welfare of Chicago, was able to send two American trained nurses to Palestine, the Misses Rose Kaplan and Rachel Landy. Jerusalem A Settlement House was rented by Hadassah for the nurses' headquarters, and comfortably furnished through the kindness of Mrs. Straus. The Settlement became a gathering place for all who could come for treatment (which was administered under the direction of a physician), and for many who came to seek counsel on all sorts of matters. The nurses secured the co-operation of Dr. I. Segal, 1362 COMMUNAL REGISTER head of the Rothschild Hospital in Jerusalem, for medical care of their patients, including maternity cases; and of Dr. A. Ticho, specialist-in-charge of the Le-Maan Zion Eye Clinic, as director of the trachoma work. Hospital facilities are extremely limited in Jerusalem, and there is no maternity hospital in all of Palestine. Before the Hadassah work was initiated, Miss Eva Leon of New York had established a midwife service in Jerusalem, which the nurses took over and supervised. The number of midwives was increased from three to six. Maternity cases almost always required more than nursing and the care of a midwife or physician, as the women were found half-starved, and linens for mothers and babies had to be furnished by the nurses. Food and medicines also had to be provided as part of the nurses' ministrations. Trachoma, while it is the eye scourge of the East and very contagious, yields readily to treatment in its early stages. A large percentage of the school children were found to be affected. Then, the prejudices of parents and teachers and of the children themselves had to be overcome. The treatments were administered by the two nurses at the Eye Clinic under the supervision of Dr. Ticho. The statistics of the trachoma work show a striking decrease in the percentage of children affected. *Home visits were paid in the very poorest Jewish quarters of Jerusalem. Though malaria, spinal meningitis and trachoma are common, the chief malady is hunger. Patients almost always have had to be " fed up"' before the medical treatment could have any effect. Urgent cases were taken to the hospitals. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1363 When the war broke out in the summer of 1914, the Hladassah nurses remained staunchly at their posts, and did much to make life more tolerable for the Jerusalem poor during the unsettled days that followed. Early in 1915, Miss Kaplan returned to America owing to illness. Eight months later, Miss Landy was compelled for persolnaJLcons to follow her, which she did with extreme relTIctavIce. But the nurses' work had been so organized and systematized that it could be turned over intac'and entire to be continued by others. The Settleritent Hoase was closed and placed under the seal of the American Consul against the time when Hadassah could send other nurses. The trachoma treatment was continued by Dr. Ticho at the Eye Clinic, with the assistance of young girl probationers whom the nurses had trained. The supervision of the midwife service was taken over by Dr. Bertha Kagan, a young physician, who has shown rare organizing skill and understanding. In January 1916, Hadassah established a Policlinic for women and children, which is conducted and supervised by Dr. Kagan. Jaffa When the Jewish hospital at Jaffa closed its doors and few physicians remained in the city, the Jaffa community asked Hadassah to extend the maternity care to their city. When the request was received, Hadassah placed the matter before the Chicago Committee on Palestinian Welfare, with the result that the Committee made an appropriation of $100 a month for the Jaffa midwife service. Dr. Kagan was asked to assist the Jaffa community in installing the midwife service. In the 1364 COMMUNAL REGISTER meantime (April 1917), Jaffa was evacuated by' order of the Turkish military authorities, and the city has since been captured by the British Expeditionary Forces in Palestine. No reports have come to hand about maternity work in Jaffa, but it is very probable that the funds intended for the purpose were applied to caring for the Jaffa refugees, who are scattered about in the Jewish colonies. Alexandria A few months after Turkey enteredethe war, some thousands of Jews who were not Ottoman subjects were compelled to leave Palestine. Most of them were carried to Alexandria (Egypt) on the U. S. cruiser "Tennessee." The refugees were placed in encampments in charge of an agent of the British Government at Alexandria, Mr. W. C. Hornblower. As, by this time, it had become impossible to send nurses into Palestine, Hadassah felt that the next best thing would be to send a nurse to care for the refugees in the encampments at Alexandria. Miss Kaplan, who had returned to America in January 1915, after two years as a Hadassah nurse at Jerusalem, left for Alexandria in November of the same year. Miss Kaplan continued the home visits to patients as in Jerusalem,. provided a special diet for nursing mothers and babies, and treated the children for diseases of the eyes and head. Baths for the children became a special institution. The director of the encampment was most favorably impressed by Miss Kaplan's work, and asked her to take charge of the Wardian Hospital, (connected with the camps) as chief nurse and manager. Miss Kap CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1365 lan consented, with the approval of Hadassah, and the work in the encampments was carried on under her supervision by an assistant whom she had trained. She thus performed double duty, in spite of a year's mortal illness of which she gave not the least hint in her reports. Early in August 1917, she passed away, having remained at her post of duty almost to the very last. Of such heroic stuff was Rose Kaplan made. Miss Ida Hoffman, of the Beth Israel Hospital of New York, has been chosen to succeed Miss Kaplan at Alexandria. Medical Unit for Palestine What Hadassah regards as its largest opportunity for service came in June 1916, when the Palestinians reported to the International Zionist headquarters their dire need of medical and hygienic aid. Typhus and cholera were rife in the country. These dread diseases were no longer to be regarded as epidemics; they had become endemic. Very few physicians were left in Palestine: some had died fighting the plagues, others had been expelled as enemy aliens, and still others had been called to serve under the colors of their respective governments. Practically no drugs were obtainable. The governing Zionist body turned to the one source whence help could come-America. And in America there was ready to hand an instrument for medical and hygienic work in Palestine, with three years' experience of such work in Palestine-the women's Zionist organization Hadassah. Hadassah promptly undertook to organize and equip a Medical Unit to consist of ten 1366 COMMUNAL REGISTER physicians and ten nurses, and to send an adequate supply of drugs with them. For a time it seemed as if all the complicated diplomatic arrangements for the entry, of the Unit into Palestine could be perfected, but later the preparations had to be halted. With the successful military operations of the British in Palestine the way has been opened for the Medical Unit, which Hadassah hopes to despatch early in 1918. A Medical Unit Fund was initiated as an item of the Zionist Emergency Fund which has been gathered since the outbreak of the war. A vivid idea of the need of the Medical Unit in Palestine can be gathered from a report from the Hadassah physicians in Jerusalem, Drs. Ticho and Kagan, Which, though dated January, 1917, was received many months later, and from which the following is quoted: "We want you to know the details of our Hadassah work, as well as our wishes and plans for the future, based upon the present situation. 'I. Trachoma Treatments. Since May, 1913, Hadassah has included among its activities trachoma treatments in the Jewish schools and institutions. At present we are giving treatment in 21 schools. These treatments, which are given daily, are in the hands of three probationers who work under my [Dr. Ticho's] supervision. I examine the patients every two weeks. Drugs and appliances are provided gratis. Not only trachoma but other eye diseases as well are treated. The value of this activity is evident from the fact that in our first year's work 27.96 per cent. of the 4,525 children in the schools had trachoma, whereas the examinations made in OctoberNovember 1916, showed that out of 1,321 children only / CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1367 437 or 14 per cent. were thus afflicted. Moreover, we must not forget that a large percentage of the newly admitted pupils were sufferers from trachoma......... "II. Maternity Service. Hadassah was the first Jewish organization in Palestine to institute a midwife service. This was before the trachoma work was 'begun. The maternity work of Hadassah consists in giving prenatal examinations and treatments, in furnishing the services of a midwife, and, in abnormal cases, of a physician; in rendering material assistance during th6 confinement and providing a wet-nurse when necessary. Up to the departure of the two nurses [January and September 1915] about forty cases were cared for each month. Afterwards it was decided to cut down the number of cases to 25. The Central Committee [of Hadassah] acted upon the information that the Jewish population of Jerusalem had decreased, but neglected to take into 'consideration the fact that as a result of the prevailing misery there is a far greater number of calls for assistance............. "III. PoZiclinic. At the end of January, 1916, the Central Committee [of Hadassah] suggested that we found a clinic for women's and children's diseases. They left the organization of the new undertaking to us, for which the sum of 230 francs a month (including 125 francs for the salary of the physician) was set aside. This sum was to be utilized for the purchase of drugs to be distributed among the patients gratis. Dr. Kagan paid the expenses of rent, cleaning-woman, assistant midwife, hot water, soap and laundry, out of her oWn pocket. The Policlinic, which was planned on a very small scale, has grown rapidly in spite of our efforts to prevent its being overrun by applicants, for the distress of the population is great, and, moreover, it is the only clinic which treats women's diseases............ "IV. Home Visits to Patients. Before the war, this was an important feature of the Hadassah work. The 1368 COMMUNAL REGIThR American nurses paid the preliminary visit to the patient, and in serious cases summoned a physician who either treated the patient in his home or arranged for his transportation to a hospital. The patients were cared for, and were given food and medicines. After the departure of Dr. Segal [head of the Rothschild Hospital in Jerusalem], this important activity was discontinued. And now, when the distress of the population is greater than it ever was before, when the dearth of physicians gives the remaining practitioners so much to do that they have almost no time for visiting the poor, now that the missionary doctors have left the country, the need for district nursing is doubly great. The Vaad ha-M'uchad [the Jerusalem committee of the American Jewish Relief Committee] ceased to function three months ago. Therefore Dr. Kagan, without the knowledge or the sanction of the Central Committee of Hadassah, found it necessary to undertake these visits and to supply the patients with medicine at the expense of Hadassah..... Naturally, this work was carried on on a very small scale, as we had neither nurses nor means at our disposal. Nevertheless, in the last three months the home visits to patients reached the number of 506. "The present situation (epidemics, lack of food, etc.) calls for medical assistance on a large scale. Dr. Thon and Dr. Ruppin [of the official Zionist Bureau in Palestine] have suggested that we work out a plan of action together with the other physicians of Jerusalem. The work is to be financed by Dr. Thon, the Hilfsverein, the Straus Health Bureau and Hadassah." A memorandum was received somewhat later in which physicians of Jerusalem outlined the scope and purpose of the proposed Co-operative District Medical Service (in Hebrew, "Ezra Meditsinit"). The Ezra Meditsinit began to function in January 1917 to good purpose, as their detailed reports indicate. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1369 Finances All of Hadassah's activity in the East has been carried on with exceedingly modest means. For the year 1917, the budget totaled $7200: Jerusalem, $4200; Jaffa, $1200; Alexandria, $1800. For 1918, the budget will have to be increased by at least 50%, or to about $11,000. This is exclusive of the Medical Unit, for which the former estimate of $100,000 is now found entirely inadequate in view of the increased needs and of the depreciation of money to about twenty per cent. of its original value. IN AMERICA Organization The structural organization of Hadassah, which ranks as a sub-federation within the Federation of American Zionists, is very simple. It is now [December 1917] composed of 47 chapters in all parts of the United States, with a membership of about 4,000. (A chapter to a city is the Hadassah policy.) Each chapter is directly affiliated with the Federation of American Zionists, but all business is transacted through the Central Committee, to which the chapters are responsible. The Central Committee is the administrative and executive body, composed of nine members, all resident in New York. The officers are: Miss Henrietta Szold, Chairman; and Mrs. Dorothy Lefkowitz, Treasurer. The offices are at the general Zionist headquarters, 44 East 23rd Street, New York. The Central Committee is responsible to the Hadassah sub-convention, which is held 1370 COMMUNAL REGISTER annually in conjunction with the Conventions of the Federation of American Zionists. Every Jewish woman who accepts the Zionist program is eligible to membership. The dues are $3 per annum, of which one-half is devoted to the Palestinian enterprises, of Hadassah; and the other half to paying the Shekel (poll tax of the International Zionist Organization), the dues to the Federation of American Zionists; and to defraying the expenses of the Central Committee for administration and propaganda. There are some Jewish women who, though they do not accept the Zionist program, cherish the traditional love of Palestine inherited from their foremothers. A half dozen or more such groups have been formed in as many cities under the name of "Palestine Welfare Societies," which contribute funds for the support of the Hadassah enterprises in Palestine, of which they cordially approve. The Chicago Committee on Palestinian' Welfare has already been referred to. That Committee sponsored the second *Hadassah nurse in Palestine for five years, and also guaranteed the funds for the Jaffa midwife service. A 'similar Committee in Pittsburg pledged itself to support a third nurse in Palestine, but war conditions have hitherto made it impossible to take advantage of the offer. Hadassah School of Zionism;Hadassah has availed itself of every avenue of approach 'to;the, hearts and minds of American Jewish women.. However; primary importance must be ascribed to the.Hadaasah Jchool of Zionism in the task of "foster CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1371 ing Zionist ideals in America." The School proceeds on the assumption that the Zionist house will have been built on shifting sands unless the workers and leaders receive an intensive Zionist education. It has established classes in the history, principles and institutions of Zionism; in Jewish history as interpreted in the Zionist philosophy; Bible Study, Class Leadership and Public Speaking. There are reading and study circles for those who desire less intensive training, and a correspondence course for isolated students who cannot join a group. The formation of Hebrew-speaking groups has been persistently encouraged. Propaganda An active propaganda has been carried on by tongue and pen. Speakers have toured many parts of the country. A number of tours for the founding of new chapters and the stimulation of the existing chapters have been undertaken for the season of 1917-18. The chapters organize open meetings for the general public of their respective cities, and more intensive propaganda is carried on by means of informal parlor and neighborhood meetings. Pamphlets on general Zionist subjects and o' the specific aims and activities of Hadassah have been widely circulated. A monthly Bulletin places the Chapters in close touch with the work of the Central Committee, and keeps them informed of each other's activities. The Hadassah Library supplements the propaganda literature by loaning to Hadassah members 1372 COMMUNAL REGISTER books and periodicals on Jewish and Zionist subjects, in English, Yiddish and German. Choral Unions The New York Chapter of Hadassah has opened the way for disseminating a knowledge of Hebrew and Zionist songs and music through its Choral Union, which has given very successful public entertainments. The idea has met with much favor, and a number of other chapters have formed choral unions after the New York model. Sewing Circles At an early stage in their experiences in Jerusalem, the Hadassah nurses began to call for baby and bed linens and for garments for the mothers. This led to the formation of Sewing Circles in many Chapters, that American Jewish women might have the opportunity to perform a labor of love with their own hands for the mothers and babies of Palestine. An increasing quantity of well made garments gives evidence of their interest. This, in outline, sums up the essential aims and features of the work of Hadassah. There has been much looking ahead and planning for the remoter future. Hopes of a nurses' training school, a maternity hospital, a children's hospital, have been cherished. Hadassah's role in the Jewish Palestine that is to arise in the happier days after the war will not permit of definition now. Opportunities for service are certain to be ample, and that is all it seeks. For the present, Hadassah is content CENTRAL AND NATIONAL OMiANIZATIONS 1378 to know that what it has created has an honorable place in Zionist work in Palestine; and that its undertakings might well fit into the scope of a future Palestinian Department of Health. NEW YORK CHAPTER: President, Mrs. J. C. Guggenheimer; Secretary, Miss Flora Cohen, 44 East 23rd Street; Treasurer, Mrs. R. S. Hartogensis. BROOKLYN CHAPTER: President, Mrs. Charles Zunser; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Rachel Natelson, 1425 46th St., Brooklyn; Treasurer, Mrs. H.'Cutler. ORDER SONS OF ZION (See Page 980) 1374 COMMUNAL REGISTER THE POAL-ZION MOVEMENT By A. KRETCHMAR-ISREELI What is Poal-Zionism? Is it the extreme nationalist wing of the Jewish working class, or is it but the Socialist wing of the Zionist movement? That is a question about which debate is not yet ended. As a matter of fact, however, Poal-Zionism did carry on its initial activities in the Zionist field. The city of Minsk has had a large share in the theory and practice of the Poal-Zionist movement, A Minsk Jew, with a stormy, restless heart and the mind of a seer used to live in Switzerland, the cradle of the Russian Revolutionary parties and of the Zionist Congresses. He thought constantly about bridging the chaslm between Zionism and Socialism., This 3iMinsk Jew ---tle first prophet of the Zionist-Socialist movement-was the now gray-haired Dr. Nahum Syrkii, who has since settled in America. He incorporated his first dreams in a symbolic publication called " Hacherus " (" Freedom"), a Hebrew journal for the advocacy of co-operation between Zionism and Socialism. Dr. Syrkin's theories were kept out of Russia by the Russian police; but at that very time, in AMinsk vigorous Jewish workmen who belonged to the Zionist organization decided that it was impossible for them, as workmen, to fraternize in Zionist societies with their employers, with whom they were then carrying on an economic struggle for higher wages and shorter hours. This resulted in special Zionist workmen's societies, which were called Poale-Zion. The name was given ty a Jewish writer who is now CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1375 also in America-A. Litwin, of the staff of the Jewish Daily Forward. At that time there belonged to the Poale-Zion of Minsk the present city editor of the Forward, B. Vladeck, and the present Russian correspondent of the Forward, S. Niger. That was the period from about 1901 to 1903. In 1904, radical Zionist groups sprang up spontaneously and independently of one another, in Poland, in Vitebsk and in South Russia: Odessa, Ekaterinoslav, Poltava. But their purpose, again, was quite different; they intended to participate in the political struggle of the Russian democracy against Czarism. The general Zionist organization assumed, as is well known, a neutral- attitude towards the political struggle in Russia. This spurred the radical Zionist youth to form new groups which would include the political struggle in their program. At the first great Zionist Congress in Minsk in 1904, the Poale-Zion of Minsk came into contact with the Zionist-Socialists, and the Poale-Zion divided; one section adopted the Russian political struggle as an item of its program, and became officially Socialistic. A very large part in the Zionist-Socialist movement was taken at that time by a capable young writer of Vitebsk, who wrote under the pseudonym of Vitebsky. He was Alexander Chasin, or the Hebrew author, Zevi Auerbach, who also recently visited America. The economic groups of the Poale-Zion vigorously opposed Socialism and participation in the political struggle, and united under the name of Nes Le-Zion. 1376 COMMUNAL REGISTER Thus the different groups carried on their specific activities until the Seventh Zionist Congress in 1905, at which the split came between the Palestinians and the Territorialists. Among the radical groups the controversy concerning Uganda and Palestine was more intense than in the general Zionist organization. This was because some of the radical youth held that no territory at all was needed, but that Jewish administrative autonomy (a Saym) in a free Russia was quite sufficient. Golus nationalism was then hatched, and "Yiddishism" had already gained ground. Zionist-Socialism, however, was enriched by an extraordinarily strong new force: B. Boruchov, who has just died in Kiev. He declared himself a Poal-Zion in Switzerland, at the time of the Seventh Zionist Congress. He had been a Socialist for a long time. Thereafter he joined the Zionist organization, and distinguished himself by his hard work. Joining the Poale-Zion, he introduced a theory which was necessarily very popular among the Jewish masses, who were at that time Socialistic through and through. He contended that only through a land of their own in Zion could the Jewish people have a proletariat, and that Zionism ought therefore to join forces with Socialism, because in Golus the Jews are not even permitted to be workmen. Large industries are barred to them. They have become a "Lumpenproletariat." Boruohov termed his theory "der stichischer prozess vun Zionism," that is, the Jews will inevitably be driven to Zionism because in Golus they will not be able to build up a normal proletariat. Zion CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1377 ism thus received a Marxist basis, and appealed strongly to the masses Boruchov lived at that time in Poltava, where the Poale-Zion were influenced by that strong spirit, J. BenZwi, later a leader of the Poale-Zion in Palestine. In November of 1905, Borochov and Ben-Zwi organized a conference of the Poale-Zion of the Province of Poltava, and in December of that year, at the time of the great Russian general strike, they organized a Jewish Russian conference in Berditchev. There the anti-Palestinians separated from the Poale-Zion, and three months later (Purim 1906), the first All-Russian Conference of the Poale-Zion, including the Polish branches, met in Poltava. This conference laid the foundation stone of the Social Democratic Zionist Party Poale-Zion. Boruchov, with the assistance of other intellectual comrades-a number of them students-took charge of a number of periodicals in Russian and Yiddish, which the Russian Government suppressed one after the other. (In Russian: "The Jewish Workmen's Chronicle" and "The Hammer." In Yiddish: "The Proletarian Idea," the "Forward," and an edition of books called the "Hammer.") At the same time that the party was organized in Russia, sister societies were organized in America, in Austria, in England, and, finally, in Palestine. The other parties went through practically the same course as the Russian party. The Palestine party had an especially stormy career. Its first leaders were Israel Schochat, the very popular labor leader in Palestine, 1378 COMMUNAL REGISTER who was banished by the Turkish Government to Broussa, and, later, J. Ben-Gorion, who is now in America. The Poale-Zion began their career in Palestine with a Yiddish paper, "Der Anfang." Later, in 1909, at their sixth conference, they adopted Hebrew as their official language, and as soon as the Turkish constitution was adopted, they began to publish their Hebrew paper "Ha-achduth" ("Unity"). This paper appeared until Tammuz 1914, when it was suppressed by the Turkish Government, and its editor, Zerubabbel, condemned to life imprisonment. In Palestine, the Poale-Zion have had a severe struggle with another workmen's party, the Ha-poel Ha-zoir (The Young Workmen) which is not Socialistic, and is opposed to strikes. The Poale-Zion were, however, recognized as a part of the Socialist party in Turkey, which gave the party the possibility of influencing the international Socialist movement in favor of Zionism and the Jewish national aims. The most important achievement of the Poale-Zion in Palestine was the organization of Ha-Shomer (The Watchman), an organization of heroic young guards who protect the property of the colonies with their lives, against thieving Arabs. They have aroused the respect of the Arabs for the Jewish name, and have awakened the spirit of heroism in the Jewish youth of Palestine. In 1907, during the Zionist congress at The Hague, delegates of the Poale-Zion parties of various countries assembled at a conference and organized the Poale-Zion Weltverband ("World Organization"), which watches over the international interests of the Poale-Zion in the Zionist and the Socialist worlds. It organizes constructive work in Palestine. A "Palestine Workers' CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1379 Fund," which is collected from Jews all over the world, is administered by the "World Organization." This "Palestine Workers' Fund" is used for the support of cooperative undertakings, educational and other workmen's enterprises in Palestine. During the war the "World Organization," which is at the present time directed by J. Kaplansky, L. Chazanowitch and B. Locker, at The Hague, has done much in the interest of the Palestinian workingmen. Through its propaganda in the Socialist International and the English Labor Party, the "World Organization" has succeeded in securing a favorable attitude towards Zionist aims on the part of Socialists and labor leaders. As a result, a Jewish home in Palestine is one of the points in the peace program of the "International" and of the English Labor Party. The Poale-Zion in America In the far-reaching work of the international PoaleZionist movement, the "Jewish Socialist Labor Party Poale Zion" of America plays the most important role after the Palestine party. The Russian reaction of 1906-1917 caused the real centre of the movement to shift to America, and since the *war the American party has been joined by all of the important founders and spokesmen of the party from Russia, Austria and Palestine. The American party has collected larger sums of money than any of the others for Palestine and for the work of the Poale-Zionist Bureau at The Hague. With the help of the American party, the "World Organization" presented a Memorandum ("The Red Book") to the Socialist International. 1380 COMMUNAL REGISTER This appeared in a number of languages. It is a declaration of the Jewish nationalist working classes to the workmen of all nations concerning Jewish misery and Jewish aspirations in all lands, as also in Palestine. Thanks to the American Poale-Zion, the Federation of Labor at its convention in Buffalo, and the meeting of workers in Minneapolis, adopted resolutions favoring the creation of a Jewish home in Palestine as a point of their peace program. But even more important has been the recent role of the Poale-Zion in American Jewish life itself, and particularly among the American Jewish working classes. The number of members in the party is small, in all from three to four thousand, but its strength lies, first, in its broad international relations, which give the party the possibility of thoroughly informing itself on all Jewish questions; and, second, in the parallel movements which the party has created. The party brought into life a new insurance order for workers, the National Workers' Alliance, which has become well known among the workers because of its idealism and power of self-sacrifice. Its president is Prof. I. A. Hourwich. The movement for national radical schools has been created by the initiative of the Poale-Zion, and is growing from day to day. The chief strength of the party in the Zionist camp, is that it has a better understanding than general Zionist-circles of the conditions needed for immediate work, and of local interests. In the labor world, the party is strong because it is very loyal to the Jewish interests of the worker. For that reason, when the Poale-Zionists begin CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1381 a movement here, they carry along with them a large number of the Zionists on the one hand and of the workers on the other, because the masses do not find answers to all their questions either in Zionism, which lives almost exclusively with the thought of Palestine, nor in the labor movement, which is absorbed exclusively with economic interests. The strength of Poal-Zionism lies in this: that it builds the future upon the present, and for that reason its relation to Yiddish, to Jewish life in Golus, to the "Golus values," is more respectful and more tender than that of either Zionists or workmen. It is a party not for Palestine alone, but also for the Golus and its interests. For this reason, Poal-Zionism is the centre of the East Side, from which come forth almost all Jewish American movements, or without which no movement can prosper. The Poale-Zion created the Peoples' Relief; they started the Congress movement; and they have always had about them much larger masses than the number of their members would indicate. In the New York Kehillah, the Poale-Zion were the first of the Jewish working classes to recognize the necessity of the Kehillah and to participate in it. Unfortunately, due to numerous causes, the relations between the Kehillah and the Poale-Zion were broken off too soon. The Poale-Zion have made their best record in the Congress movement, where they forced the whole Jewish laboring class on the one hand, and the Zionists on the other hand, as well as the better-to-do elements, to partieipate. During the Congress movement, they united 1382 COMMUNAL REGISTER all of the national radical elements in the National Socialist Workmen's Committee, which published a weekly, "The Jewish Congress." They found a capable coworker in P. Rutenberg, the well known Socialist Revolutionary, who later became the right hand of Premier A. F. Kerensky in the position of Vice-Commandant of the Petrograd Military District. Rutenberg, together with Dr. H. Schitlowsky, and a large number of other intellectuals, later officially joined the party as members. The Poale-Zion are carrying on a bitter struggle with the Provisional Zionist Committee, whose undemocratic conduct they refuse to sanction. They withdrew from the Provisional Committee because of the autocracy of the Committee, and they refused to take part in the conference of the Committee recently held in Baltimore. On the other hand, the Poale-Zion are carrying on a life-and-death struggle with the official labor leadership which is centered in the Jewish Daily Forward, because of its indifference to the Jewish.interests of the workmen, to the historical interests of the Jewish people. But the opponents in both camps respect the Poale-Zion; it is known that they are not fighting for their own benefit, nor for prestige, but that they are rather a party of idealists, of self-sacrificing champions of a better Jewish future here, in every other land, and in Palestine. The party publishes a weekly, "Der Yiddisher Kaempfer," which is edited by the gifted Jewish author, David Pinski. In addition, the Palestine Committee of the PoaleZion issued this year an important book, "Yiskor," in memory of the fallen guards (Shomerim) in Palestine; also a book "Erez Israel," containing comprehensive data on CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1383 the economic, political and social life of Palestine. They have also issued a number of smaller publications. There are about one hundred Poale-Zionist societies in America and there are also more than one hundred societies in the National Workers' Alliance, which cooperates with the Poale-Zion. The National Socialist Labor Committee has also a number of societies, as does the Alliance of the National Radical Schools. All of this constitutes a strong national-Socialist movement in America under the spiritual leadership of Poal-Zionism. 1384 COMMUNAL 'REGISTER JEWISH SOCIALIST LABOR ORGANIZATION: POALE ZION, 266 Grand St. Sec., H. Ehrenreich, 266 Grand St. Established 1903, incorporated, 1909. Budget for 1917, $12,000. Membership, 4,700. Branches in N. Y. C. 14. PURPOSE: "The restoration of the Jewish people in Palestine; the establishment of a socialistic commonwealth; the organization of the Jewish labor class for its economic and political interests in America; the organization of the Jewish workmen ready to settle in Palestine in cooperative groups for the creation of better living conditions; the education of the Jewish masses in America; the issuing of literature devoted to the interests of the Jewish workmen and of books treating the life of the new Jew developing in Palestine; the organization of the Jewish labor classes into trade unions." ISSUES: "Der Yiddisher Kaempfer." Poale Zion of Williamsburg, 356 Bedford Ave., B'klyn. Org. 1917. Membership, 25. Sec'y, S. Sarnotzky, 114 So. 2nd St., B'klyn. Poale Zion Benev. Soc. Branch No. 40, J. N. W. A. A. (see under J. N. W A. A.). Social Democ. Br. of Poale Zion Party, 188 Ludlow St. Org. 1914. Membership, 94. Sec'y, A. Aronoff, 266 Grand St. Austrian Poale Zion, 101 Attorney St. Org. 1915. Membership, 60. Sec'y, Solomon Einspruch, 255 E. 7th St. Poale Zion of Harlem, 46 E. 104th St. Org. 1913. Membership: 65. Sec'y, Aaron Mandel, 87 E. 114th St. Poale Zion of B'klyn. Org. 1914. Membership 70. Sec'y, Joe Lipsky, 372 Wallabout St. The Poale Zion of Boro Park, 1302 40th St., B'klyn. Org. 1916. Membership, 80. Sec'y, Herman Yarmowsky, 4315 14th Ave. The Poale Zion Singing Society, 184 Eldridge St. Org. 1911. Membership, 90. Aim: to cultivate Jewish National Music and Jewish folk songs. Director: Henry Lefkowitz, 70 5th Ave. Sec'y, Joseph Bauman, 231 Madison St. Poale Zion Br. No. 1, N. Y. C., 206 E. B'way. Org. 1905. Membership: 105. Sec'y, Rose Kahn, 609 E. 170th St. Branch No. 3 Poalei ZionDovrei Ivrith, 188 Ludlow St. Org. 1913. Membership: 35 Hebrew speaking. Sec'y, Eliezer Marchaim, 741 E. 5th St. Poale Zion Branch No. 4, 188 Ludlow St. Org. 1916. Membership 40. Pres., Chas. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1385 Wiesen, 182 Broome St. Org. 1916. Sec'y, Charles Bernstock, 60 E. 102nd St. Wiexen, Charles R., Pres. Poale Zion, Branch No. 4 (188 Ludlow St.), elected 1917. Term 6 months. Born 1892 in Austria. Came to U. S. 1905. Received College education. Res.: 182 Broome St. Poale Zion of the Bronx, 1387 Washington Ave. Org. 1015. M e m b e r s h ip,. Sec'y, Jacob Krupitzky, 80t Freeman St. ADEQUATE INFORMATION IS LACKING ON THE FOLLOWING SOCIETIES s Poale Zion No. 2. Sec'y, D. Saragrad, 103 Ave. A. Place of meeting, 85 East 4th St. Paole Zion of Brownsville. Sec'y, S. Glauberman, 430 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. Place of meeting, 731 Pitkin Avenue, B'klyn. 1386 COMMUNAL REGISTER THE SOCIALIST TERRITORIALIST LABOR PARTY By A. GLANZ, Member of Central Committee The Socialist Territorialist Labor Party has for nearly fifteen years advocated the necessity of a Jewish territory, that is, of a place where the majority of the Jews could settle and build an independent Jewish society. In this, the Socialist Territorialists saw the solution of the Jewish problem in all of its aspects. As Socialists, they were interested in the economic emancipation of the Jewish working class, and they maintained that in the Diaspora, the Jewish workers must necessarily occupy the lower steps of the social and economic ladder. The S. T. (Socialist Territorialists) were, and still are convinced that the Jewish working class cannot realize its Socialistic ideals unless it becomes part of an independent people that moulds its own destinies and develops by its own internal forces. The interests of the working class, the S. T. held, are closely connected with those of the entire nation, since the nation's destinies have the greatest influence on its own fate. As to the nationalism of the S. T., they never were romanticists, and the fact that Palestine was the land of the Jewish past, never played any determining role in their policy. When, therefore, in 1904, there came the proposal of the British Government to turn over a certain area of its East African possession to the Jews for purposes of settlement, the S. T. were among the first to advocate the acceptance of this proposal. When the Zionist Congress in 1905 rejected the plan, CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1387 the S. T. left the Zionist -organization, and have ever since been striving to obtain a suitable territory in any part of the world in which to realize their ideal of the territorial concentration of the Jewish masses. It must be emphasized, however, that the opposition to Palestine was never an opposition on principle. The opposition was rather a result of practical considerations. As long as it seemed that Palestine could not be considered as a territorial possibility either for political reasons or for agricultural reasons, that is, as long as it seemed unfit as a place for a concentrated Jewish coloni. zation on a vast scale, and as long as they -believed that a more suitable place could be found somewhere else, the S. T. did not think it either practicable or desirable to adhere to Palestine. During recent years the situation has changed radically. On the one hand, their efforts to find a territory were not crowned with success. On the other, the question of creating a Jewish home-land in Palestine loomed up, owing to the great war, as a question of practical international policy. It became more and more clear that the Allies are determined not to leave Palestine in the same condition as it was before the war. Moreover, the Jewish question also assumed new aspects. It has become an international question. The future disposition of the Jews fitted very well into the formula which the Allies proclaimed in the very first year of the war: the full emancipation and self-determination of all peoples, both great and small. To make practical the considerations of Palestine as the place where the Jews could be fully emancipated, as 1388 COMMUNAL REGISTER a people, one step was needed, and that step was made by the historic Declaration of the British Government through its Foreign Minister, Mr. A. J. Balfour, to the effect that the Allies are in favor of such a solution of both the Jewish problem and of the problem of Palestine. The S. T. were not late in realizing that this new fact materially changed the entire situation and made the territorial acquisition of Palestine a real possibility. Indeed, even before Mr. Balfour's Declaration, the S. T. of America called a special convention, which took place May 1917, in New York, and adopted a resolution to support the demand for Palestine as the Jewish land. At that time, however, they did not consider it advisable to unite with other Zionist bodies, with the Poale Zion, for instance, who are nearest to the S. T., since they are also Socialists. The S. T. still held that Palestine was only a possibility but not the possibility. They refrained from binding themselves definitely to the Palestine idea. They made their support of Palestine conditional, reserving the right to withdraw their support should Palestine again cease to be suitable or practical. Having decided upon the new policy, it became clear to the S. T. that if they are to work for Palestine, they cannot keep aloof from those organizations which have been doing that work in the past, and which are the natural bodies for realizing the new possibilities. The Declaration of Mr. Balfour has been an additional deciding influence in the same direction. In December, 1917, therefore, a special council of the Executive Committee of the S. T. Labor Party, and of representatives of many local organizations from all over. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1389 the country, was called in New York. This council adopted a resolution to take immediate steps for uniting the S. T. Party with that of the Poale Zion. Negotiations are pending while these words are being written. But it may be stated that the result will depend chiefly on the attitude that the Poale Zion will take with regard to the question of language. The S. T. are Yiddishists. They consider Yiddish as the only national language of the Jewish people. They believe that Yiddish should be 4The basis of any Jewish autonomy that can be achieved outside of Palestine in the Diaspora. In Ukraine, this has already been attained owing largely to the efforts of the S. T. in Russia. But the S. T. maintain that Yiddish should also be the official language of the Jewish autonomous state in Palestine. Now, while this question of Yiddish may at first appear as one of linguistic and academic interest, it is not so, if we examine it a little more closely. In truth, a great principle of the most thoroughgoing importance is involved in it. One of the basic views of the S. T. is that the Jews of the entire world are one people. Since language is the strongest uniting tie of all modern nationalities, the question of language is therefore a question affecting both the present and the future of our people. The S. T. do not propose to bring back the past, but to continue to develop, perfect and reconstruct the Jewish present. Yiddish being the language of ninety per cent of our people all over the world, it should also be the language of that community which will crown the strue 1390 COMMUNAL REGISTER ture of Jewish national self-determination and independence everywhere. The Poale Zion, on the one hand, are bilingual in their attitude towards the language problem. They recognize both Yiddish and Hebrew as the national languages of the Jews, and shape their policy accordingly. In the so-called National Radical Schools organized by the Poale Zion, both Hebrew and Yiddish are taught as necessary elements of Jewish progressive education. But while such a policy nmay appear as a concession to the language of the Jewish masses, it is in truth a latent denial of the claim of Yiddish as the Jewish national language. The Poalei Zion will understand, however, that a people cannot have two languages. The fact that they now make concessions to Yiddish, shows that they cannot do otherwise. To declare Hebrew as the only national language in the Diaspora would naturally involve the hope of making Hebrew a living tongue. But only romantic fanatics can believe this possible. The Poale Zion are too practical for that. They are Socialists, after all, and they know that their insistence on Hebrew would only result in making the language of the Jewish masses Russian in Russia, Polish in Poland, and Ukrainian in Ukraine;-this, in the long run would be the shortest cut to national and cultural assimilation. The Poale Zion are "wiser than good"' and are therefore "lenient" to Yiddish. As to Palestine, however, they are Hebraists. They believe that in the land of the Jewish past we must return to the language of the Jewish past, and that the Hebrew of the prophet and of the Bible must be re CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1391 vived. Leaving all questions of the possibility of reviving an extinct language aside, let us consider for a moment what this effort would lead to practically. It must be clear, to all but hopeless idealists, that only a minority of the Jewish people will settle in Palestine. The large majority will remain in the countries where they live now. The Russian Revolution, with its prospects of full political, civic and national emancipation for the Jews, necessarily undermines the now obsolete belief of getting the six million Russian Jews out of the former Czar's dominions. It seems more than probable that the bulk of the Russian Jews will remain where they are. The interrelation of the autonomous Jewish communities in the Diaspora and of the independent Jewish community in Palestine, will be firm and beneficent for all, only if all the parts of Jewry in the world will be one people. The strongest unity will, after all, be vested in the language. But if the language of the Jewish people in Palestine will be different from that of the Jews in other parts of the world, it will result in the separation of the Palestine Jews from their brethren elsewhere. The menace that Palestine Jewry may sink into the mire of Oriental backwardness and barbarism, if so strong an expression is permitted, is none too slight, and should, of course, be guarded against by all those who see in the creation of an autonomous Jewish state, the source of new strength and new glory, and of an unhampered mighty development in the latent forces of our people. This is the main difference between the S. T. and the Poale Zion. The former adopted Palestine as a possible 1392 COMMUNAL REGISTER Jewish territory and are ready to work for it with all their hearts and souls. But they have not become Zionists. They have not adopted the Zionist philosophy and the Zionist conception. They remained what they were until now, a party of the Jewish masses, devoted to the furtherance of the interests of the Jewish masses. Since these interests do not look backward but forward, they care less for the past than for the future. It is evident, therefore, that the problem of Yiddish is an all-important one with the S. T. This is Why they made the recognition of the Yiddishist faction as a conditio sine qua non for a union between the S. T. and the Poale Zion. The S. T. do not demand of the Poale Zion that they relinquish their position. They do not require of their cousins, and possible brothers, to adopt for themselves the Yiddishist standpoint. What they do demand is that the Poale Zion shall not force upon the S. T. a view which is utterly against their convictions, and which would indeed mean the suicide of the entire S. T. conception of Jewish life. The spirit of union between all factions among the Jewish workers is now abroad everywhere. In Russia, the local S. T. have already effected a uniojn between themselves and the 'so-called Seimists. At this time conferences are also being held there for uniting the amalgamated party with a third party, namely "the Bund," which has for years been the strongest Jewish Socialist organization in the world. Undoubtedly, every unity must entail compromises and concessions. The S. T. in Russia certainly have made some concessions to their rigorous views on tervitorialism if they determine to t CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1398 unite with "the Bund." But the. Bund must also, on the other hand,, have given up most of its opposition to territorialism, in its decision to unite with the S. T. As to this country, the S. T. are ready to make compromises, as long as these compromises do not touch the heart of their convictions. If the Poale Zion are really inspired by the ideal of unity, they will not hesitate to make such compromises as are absolutely justified. Since this article was written, the actual union of the Socialist Territorialists with the Poale Zion has been accomplished. The Central Committee of the Poale Zion was tactful enough to recognize the main conditions of the Socialist Territorialists, and let us hope that this amalgamation of the two Jewish Socialist 'Organhizati6on in this country will be the initial step towards the rerating of one united and mighty Jewish Labor Party of the entire world. *. ' OQMI fUNAIa EGISTJIt Oir(1MtICA,'19'6 East Br'oadway.' secretary, I. I1.ev1ne, 41~i61(I~fBrb~dway~.' F~lstitblished, 1905. ~Meinbti'slftp~V1200.;#PUIW9OSV: To advocate the se~tlewent of the. Jewlelh people on Its QWfl territory and the establishment of a SWialist On'er: of -society. AQTIVITIES: Conducting a Jewish National _IWadoa ~chpoo1. A~dvottatng it peimanent Jeia~sh, congresiy.: 44dvpan requlatiori.,oZ Jewlsl, immigration. -i~ublishfng Yiddish mon'thly-"Unser Wort."' Brownsville Branch SocialistTerritorial So c ie ty. Org. 1915. Membership: 29. Sec'y, S. Wierner, 321 Stone Ave.. B'klyn. A,.kHUAVINFPRMAT19N. S LCA'CK'k1#G_0- THE, FOLL6iWING (SOCIEVIIESs Dinlin,. 1786 Lexington, Ave. P6~ filbeettin4, 62 ~'ast 4th;. H. Grushin, 1657 Bathgate Ave. Place of meeting. 1387 Washington Ave., every 2nd Friday. Soc. Territo. Branch of A. B..No..255..Sec'y, J., LevIne, 196 ]East W3way.William'xburg Org. Financial S-c'y, S. gantirin, 32&- Rodney, -St.. B'klyn.. See'y, N. T ra b In, _409 Hewes St., B'Lklyn. Place of. Miseting. 66 Lee Ave., B')irly PCWiC2OMMAT1ff ZIONST ASS'N OF AM1, ifdCA', ~554~ M jQi*ldh, OL Battimol'e, Md.~ Object:-"The obeject o6f this'Association shall be to study and promote thp. Zionilpt movement, to organize the Jewish student body of Ai~iefida on the basis of Jewrsh national consciousness; to participate actively In all Zionist enterprises." Activities: 1 -Organization of constituent societies at all American colleges and universities attended by Jewish students. 2 --* Encouragement and aid In the work of those socIeties. 3 -Organization and leadership of Junior societies. 4-Production of Zionist literature In the English language, including publication of books and pamphlets of educational and propagandist nature. 5-Participation in, pnd encour* agement of, all Zionist'activities. Number of constituent societies, thirty. Number of con'stituibnt societies In New York, seven, under the direction of the Intervarsity Zionist Council -of New York. intercollegiate officersi: President, Dr. Aaron Schaff er, 2586 McCulloh Street, Baltimore, Md., Secretary, A-DB. Makover, 3112 Auchentoroly Terrace, Baltimore Md. Acting I I CENTRAL AND NATIONALIOJIGANIZATIONS l89s Secretary, Aarcn4 1. Barowsky, 2554 McfuJflok Street, Baltimore, Md. ' Constituents in New York City Zionist Society of -thle College of the City of Ne* Vtok,. Pres., Max Gooqdman, 1432 Crotona Park E. Secy., -Chmrles! Bk~o~wnsteln, 62 Columbia Street. Oln iaVniv616triy -Zieufst ~oit.Pres., David Tran-.,nenbau,W', 701 Madison St.,.B'kl-yril. Sedy., 'Isadore B Ho!Crnan, Hartley, Hall, Columblia 'Universitty. Collegate -A ais t Leagle. -~tSeo 4P. 1 04.) Hunter College Zionist hoeiety. Pres., Sarah PitkowJulliet N. BehnJ'am-in," 1951 '813t St., B'kl~n. M ai-lunzenthai 4Siiit -6of mnary. P~res., Nahum IKrue ger, 261 W. 112th St. Secy., Norman Salit, 100 Pineapple St., B'klyn. New York VUniverslty Stpoixit Society. Pres., Max D. Da,vidsion,, 118 Goiuld'ilall, 14teW; York University. Z I o a I is t 'Soaietl RtabMAIiiie College of.Amerioa,.9 Mqnt-_, gomery St. Organized 1916. MeMbership 24. -Preside~toi Julius L. S1egeP,4 72l J~th Ave., B'klyn. Secretary',-t. L, CooPerj- 1)805 -Mn~ftdi Ave. Pe.~b Siege'l, Julius i., res'ab ci~ty, (99 Montgomery,~t) tria. Came to U3. S, 1910. iielAdetV4 ia 'hfgh sch-oel d Henry St. 1.-ACAIIZA-RI Aohqeoumik res 4 3 ~ V 3d 'St. Or.191.4. Membership: -109. Siegel, 123 lst 8t. R4qebl*04,B-e -,Ai 4 ~ Pres. Zion Commonwealth!Teirk 1-year.: 13rorr4406,11 Russia. Came, t9 tJ. P..18 9 Attghe ~&itk&ar Pt. Org, 1914.' Membership: Res.: 1391 Ma%1la8f -e agricultur~i " l~d ir PaleoAve. Sec y, Ittarmar 4Rn D.,Kobok 412.?ed ord y Aoki 1W. 1 W -O * fH,(ii Si. 1896 9COMMUNAL EGI1STER YOUNG JUDAEA By JOSHUA H. NEUMANN Editor of "Young Judaean" The purposes of Young Judaea are twofold. First it aims to foster, or even arouse, if need be, that'Jewish consciousness among the Jewish youth that is so necessary for the full realization of Jewish life; and secondly, it endeavors to direct Jewish, work among the youth along nationalistic, and more particularly, Zionistic lines. Although its outlook upon Jewish life is broad, the organization insists that 'Jewish life devoid of riationalistic elements is lacking in one of its most important essentials. The medium through which Young Judaea Works is generally the club or' group of clubs of Jewish children, ranging in age from ten to twenty years. These clubs usually meet in some communal centre; under the Aupervision of a leader or director, who is in constant communication with the central organization. The actual work of' the individual club, although necessarily prescribed in pertain details by the organization, is left to ~ the leader. In general, it consists of the celebration of Jewish holida:ys by means of public gatherings and festive meetings; the study of Jewish history through lec" tures by 'leders and compositions by club members;, the boiettation of the individual members on topics of current Jewish interest through short talks 'iy leaders,. or discussions and debates by the children ttemselves'; and finally, the fostering of the Jewish spirit by insisting. on CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1397 a positive and reverent attitude towards the Jewish religion and an intelligent interest in all Jewish affairs. In addition, Young Judaea encourages among its clubs, active participation in Zionist work, and devotion to nationalistic ideals. The policies of the organization are usually determined at the annual Young Judaea Convention of club leaders and members, generally held in the month of July. History Young Judaea as a distinct national organization came into existence in 1909. Before that time there hadbeen spasmodic attempts in New York City and elsewhere to found organizations similar to Young Judaea.- The credit for accomplishing a successful consolidation of various juvenile Jewish clubs belongs to the Federation of American Zionists, which first united a number of junior Zionist clubs into one central organization. Due -to the efforts of Professor Israel Friedlaender, its first tpresi dent, and Mr. David Schneebergi its secretary, the organization made remarkable progress during the first three years of its existence. 'A number of new clubs were organized, and the old ones strengthened and broight into the movement. In 1912, however, owing to the inability of both the president and the searm tary to continue their activities in behalf of the orgarization, Young Judaea suffered a serious relapse. It was due to the self-sacrifice and devotion of Mr. Sundel Doniger, who assumed the chairmanship of the executiv committee, and to Mr: Jacob I. Shapiro, the seeretary, that the organization was enabled to tide over the cris that followed. Again the Federation of American Zion 109$ COMMUNAL -BEGISTZR ists dame to its absixtance. In 1914, Dr. D.f de Sola Poo was, elected pItesi~nt- of the organization, in, which. office he' has -remained until the preselt. -Moreover, -a perma. nent o ffice Was- established, -and Mr. David Schneeberg. was induced to resume his work as executive secretary. -4Fhe pest -three- years have been the most -important in thd 'hsoyof the organizations. The -experimentation An xesvns of f orm~er years.have.now -definiitely~ given way to systematization of method and intensiflea-, tion of club work. Young Judaea has grown from a merely. local gr'oup to a national. Grganization of soxne fivechtmdred colubs with;a membership of ten thousand, thus: ttrehling, the ntumber 'of -affiliated clubs - n three yei6.rs. -Of tAhese. one hundred and fifty are boys',clubs, two' hunidftd girls',, and - the remainader.of both sexes. Classified- acctrdlng to age, thirteen: per cent. are seios abov-e1 the jage, of eighteen; thiirty-four prcn, telmbdiites~between —the,-ages of fifteen and -eigbleen-eanid fifty,4threefpeft cent., ji-xiiors, beloW fifteen..~Baeoganizationi of Young Judaea. clbs have bee* emudodi in -New York, New Jersey, Oonnecticu4' Maassr ehuietts,)Pennayliania, Ohio, and the Southern Iistriat (Idr N. irginiaj,.Tennessee -and 'Florida): Special -city aoWMi haebenorganized in- Bostona, Philadblphial Clhiagoe,, Baltimore and; in -about thirty othezr impottant eities-ithrciighoU it the Union;- - n New. Yowk tity wher ~.'feniriidea, has, bea, -perfected-, ithe~ orgdhiization ftimnt IAan bParate,ofihets and appoints ~special- Iistrict Wt~ervisors, for. the' 'vari ous -sections,of, the city. *Whfo,~lovfng,Are..the. prweseit -aleso tentoa Itai~iu~ Dr D.T~Bl.2ol rea:dentllM*' KC CENTRAL AN'D NATIONAL; ORGANIZATIONS (iaa9* Charled A. G(owe^, Vi e-Pregident; Mr. Da'4id' SehOeeberg% Executive Secretary in Charge of Field We* lsnd Mr. J. Bowowsky, Registrar. ', 4.ctivit'ies: The wativities of the eentraii rgani2ation ae imaiffild. First, through its Edueatiornal Departtneant it offera;i aterial and suggestions to club leaders rnad indi+idcal lernbers it preparing the educational ptirt of t1iehr'dlub programs. Secondly, through the 'Leadershilb De3partmert, it; conduets, by correspondence and by acetual- in. struction, training groups for leaders in. various Iocafities. Thirdly, through its Field Work Department,:;it keeps' in touch with the blubs throughout tihe country by the visits of its Field Secretary. Finally, itissuet three publications for its club members and leaders: The Young Judaean, an illustrated monthly magazine for Jewish children; The Leaders' Bulletin, a monthly pamphlet devoted to the interests of club leaders and to the problems of club leadership, and the Yizr'el, an illustrated collection of Hebrew reading matter for children. In addition to these periodical publications, Young Judaea has also issued from time to time publications of more permanent value. Thus, for example, it has published two editions of a new Hebrew wall map of Palestine for the use of its clubs, three editions of a collection of poems suitable for recitation, entitled, Poems for Young Judaeans, a Young Judaea Syllabus on club leadership, a collection of articles on Jewish Nationalism and Zionism entitled, The Zionist Primer, and in addi-, tion, many special publications of the -Educational Department. 1400, COMMUNAL REISTER At present the emphasis seems to be on greater concentratior on the activities already begun, rather than on branching out into new fields. In the main, the organization seems to have settled down to a definite program of work, which it intends to carry out in full detail. This does not, of course, preclude further development and experimentation, but rather indicates broadly the probable line of future activity. The Young Judaea ideal, however, is something much greater than that which has been outlined above.t We of the organization fondly look forward to the day when the -Young Judaea idea, no longer locally American, shall have united in one powerful organization, on the common platform of service to the cause of Israel, the entire Jewish youth of the world. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGNANIZATIONS 1401 YOUNG JUDAEA, 44 E. 23rd St., Pres., Dr.,D. de Sola Pool, 102 W. 75th St. Sec. David Schneeberg, 44 E. 23d St. Established June, i909. Membership, 10,000. PURPOSE: "To advance the cause of Zionism; to further the mental, moral, and physical development of the Jewish youth; and to promote Jewish culture and ideals in accord. ance with Jewish tradition." ACTIVITIES: 1. Publishes three monthly papers and an annual; The Young Judaean, monthly magazine in English for Jewish youth; Yisr'el, same in Hebrew; Leaders' Bulletin' Young Judaea Annual Directory. 2. Clubs: 341-from the.ages of 9 to 21. Clubs are self-governing though under guidance of leader thoroughly inbued with Jewish spirit. Assists clubs by its district councils, by providing leaders, supplies meeting places, supervises club work, national celebrations. 3. Hebrew council which encourages the formation of more Hebrew-speaking groups. 4. Physical Training: Encourages athletics by meets, contests, and tournaments. 5. Leadership: Has a Training School for Leaders' which offers courses in Jewish History, Bible, Zionism and Club Leadership. Pool, David De Sola, was born in England in 1856. He received his primary education at University College Sthool of-London. He studied at the universities of London, Berlin and Heidelberg, from which latter university he received his' degree of Doctor of Philosophy (sumna, cn...laude). In addition he pursued his Jewish studies at Jews' College, London and at the Rabbiner Seminary and the Lehtanstalt in Berlin. In 1907, he came to America and became assistant Rabbi to Dr. Pereira Mendes of the -Spanislr and Portuguese Congregation-Shearith Israel, 70th Street and Central Park West. Rev. Dr. de Sola Pool takes a leading interest in the Zionist Movement and is President of Young Judea, He is identified with the conservative wing of Judaism, and was President of the New York Board of Jewish Ministers. 1A02 A-T 14Q2 C O)IMUNAL REQ1STM (AIILESOF YOUN.JUDARA IN; NEW YORK CIT Altneuland Club, mneets at 186 Christy St. every Saturda~y,,at. 8 P. in. Sec'y, David Teliger, 828 B.' 12th St. A&AW* Yoxlfts Jwdneans, Meets, at 182 E. 111th St. every Saturday, at 8 p. in. Director, Louis J. Greenberg, 33 Alaland Girls, Sr. meets, at' 130 Liberty Ave. every Sun~day, at 7 p. in. Director, Miss Jacobowitz.' Altiteilnad Girls, Jr., meets at j~39aibrW~Ae.-every Satu rday. at 6.miDirector, Miss S. Brown. Bar Koehba Zion Club, meets at 790 E. 156th St. every Iaturday, at 8:3tY P. mi. Seely, Harry Pordy. 636 Fox,on, -N. X. Director., M. _-B~y~row1tz,,.669 JPr4pepect Ave., Bronx, 14. "t.I1 Bak* Xecbi~b, r., mde~ts at,,799 E].- 186th St, evtlry Sunday, &. n Se'r Saul Ellenf~bokgern 1607:Rr'yant- Ave., 1Bronx, N. Yi Directors Sam-. n4pe jndsman, -13&0 Prospeet O.~w,KStoniX, N. Y. DAt- Kahba4, 'Jri., mie etsa at '790. ~tt5/'6d9 ~r~pectAve., Ifl~h,. ~iDirector, Max, Ave., Bronx, N. Y. Bar Kochbb Girls, meets at 790 B. 156th St.eiry aurday, 6 p. mi. $ec'y, Mary Schwartz, 799 B. 186th St., -Bronix, N. Y. Directol~, Al-~ f red Frish, ~ 1006, Kelly St.,Bro~ix,, N. Y. Blossoms of Zion, ino 4t s a t Downtown T. T. every Saturda~y, S P. xw. Secyl, Vsth~eij Reich. Direc'tor, L. E, ~ stein,_ 134 Cannon t gBlue Bird Zionist Club, meets at T. M. H.' A., 33d St., aiid 8th Ayei, every- Turesdair night. Secly,, Beatrice.. G~rjess 957 8th Ave. Director, David, 3. Brown, 462 8th Ave. Bar Kochba Circle, meets -at 373 Saratoga Ave. every Sunday, 4 p. n.' Sec'y, ~;ol L. `Shand016,1n.' 149# -St., Marks Ave., B.'klyn. Direzitor,Bn.. d, 6 Stone Ave.,'13"k1lyxi. B'nai Zion Cllxb,. meets *4t 1,73d St. atid W~ashlhgI~l ~ Bronx, everV usa' e', JYa cob Saff ersteiW,' -2 t Washington AVe4; — rofl*,-, Direcdtor, Morris Pfiiiitpj 5-2f',Boys of Judah, mteets at West, E9nd! Zion Cefitir. Slac"Y, l vid- Sodowsk3Y. 'Dti te to r, _15th St., B'ily'n. 4 meets at 1261 r'ran.p14 r~, CENTRAL Wft- ~qAitIch#AL'drtdANIZATIONS -rnevery Safturday,, 8 -.M. Sec'y# J*,cob. Eiron, 10091 Prospect Ave. Director. David Lovino, 1412 Charlotte St., Bronx, N. Y. Du-d. of Zion, -meets at 181 Me~ibbin St., B'klyn, every Sunday, 8 p. m.Sec'y, Dora Beckhamne, " 180 Moore St. Director, Mollie B. Schneider, 355 -So. 9th, St.Buds of Zion, meets at 1420 50th St., Borough Park, every Sunday, 2 p. m. Sec'y, Rebecca Schaur, 1419 -44th St.' Director, Tanta Brin'berg, 1006 53d St. Chovevel Zion, meets at West End Zion Centre every Tuesday evening. Director, Belle Segerman. 39 Bay 23d St., Bath Beach. Daughters of Deborah, meets at So. 1st and Rodney Sts., B'klyn, every Saturday, 8 0. m. 'Seb'Y, 1tebeeca"Weiss, 806 So.- Ind St. Director, Anina Krasnow, 46 Oo. 9th "St. Daughters of Diaspora, meets At H. E. S. building every Sunday, 6 to. m'. Sec'y Re-; becca Janowsky,, 601 BSackman St. Dfrector, Bertha Cohen, 198, Grafton, Stteet, B'klyn. b1gtighitors of l~sr**i, maetfr ait 125 IA~ 3th St. ever? Mdnda,6p.-r.' geo'Y', Lilitan Heskofi'tz.' Director,. Flora Leonson, 10 ID 97th.St, DaUghtesa of Iswael, meets at. H. E. S. building every Sunday, 4 p. m. Sec'y, Fannie Kamenkowitz. -D I r e c t o r, — Bertha Cohen. 198 Grafton St., B'klyn. Daughters of Jude"~, ifteetig-at 630 -Willoughby Ave. every. Sunday,'~p m. Sec'y, Henrietta H-arris.. D Ire o~t '6r, Ralph Wechsler. 795 DeKiltb Ave., B'klyn Daughters of Mirliam, mheets- at 236 E. 106th St. e-V1'Y Mmnday, 4 p. m. Director, Miss Teuir. Daughters of ZIon_,,M'eets 181 McKibbin St. Director, Rose Nizen, 8 7 4 Gates 'Ave., B'klyn. Daughters of Zion,.meets,at H, E B.- building every Sunday, 3 p. m. Sec'y, Jennie Rap~paport,, 5809 Clvp4.St,. Director, Dr~. H.D Rs enberg, 446.LInwoQ4.S-tI. Daughters, of, Zion,: neets-31 -W. 110th, St. every, Sundl~y, 4:30 P. M. Sec'y, G ussl ie Feuer, 3 21 E. 10-Ist St, t. DU -reetor, Lillian Leonsen.,10;E. 97th St. Datzghtoti of jsaaekw nleetB at 1005 Sutter Ave. every Sun-, -eday V4 n~.!in, -,~'sdi 1404 COMMUNAL REGISTER Cohen, 198 Grafton St., B'klyn. Jr. Daughters of Judaea, meets at 981 Sutter Ave. every Sunday, 2 p. m. Sec'y, Sertie Helfert. Director, Sadie Cohen, 198 Grafton St., B'klyn. Deborah Circle, meets at 373 Saratoga Ave. every Saturday, 5 p. m. Sec'y, Fanny Warkow, 1143 Herkimer St., B'klyn. Disraeli Young Judaea, meets at Harlem Y. M. H. A. every Saturday, 7 p. m. Dr. Herzl Literary Club, Sr., meets at 130 Liberty Ave. every Saturday, 8 p. m. Director, M. Cohen, 520 Sutter Ave., B'klyn. Dr. Hersl Literary Club, Jr., meets at 130 Liberty Ave. every Sunday, 8 p. m. Director, Mr. Heishberg. Emunal Zion Club, meets at 1162 Jackson Ave. every Saturday, 8 p. m. Sec'y, Sam Kantowitz, 1106 Southern Blvd. Director, Sam Benjamin, 143 W. 117th St. Emunal Zion Club, Jr., meets at Macy and Hewitt Place every Thursday, 8 p. m. Director, Hyman Jackson, 811 Tinton Ave., the Bronx. Excelsior Young J u d a e a n, meets at 92tid St. and Lox ington Ave. every Saturday. 8 p. m. Sec'y, David Hechtman, 3 E. 101st St. Director, Max Leichtman, 305 St. Anns Ave. Flowers of Zion, meets at 630 Willoughby Ave. every Sunday. Director, Louis Abramowitz, 954 B'way, B'klyn. Followers of Esther, meets at 630 Willoughby Ave. Director, Mildred Katofsky, 715 B'way, B'klyn. Girls of Zion, meets at South 1st and Rodney Sts. Sec'y,, Mollie Causovoy. Director, Julia Jorus, 285 Division Ave., B'klyn. Glrls Zionlstic Club, meets at 232 E. 79th St. every Saturday, 7:30 p. m. Sec'y, Dorothy Sanes, 1333 2nd Ave. Director, Dora Tannenbaum, 305 E. 99th St. Girls of the White and Blue, meets at 1420 50th St. every Sunday, 11 a. m. Sec'y, Anne Ottenstein, 1327 45th St. Director, Miss T. Steinberg, 1337 42nd St., B'klyn. Glory of Zion, meets at 1814 Clinton Ave. every Sunday,' 4 p. m. Director, Maurice Leiberman, 1814 Clinton Ave. Glory of Zion, meets at 236 E. 105th St. every Sunday, 2:30 p. m. Sec'y. Anna Gittle. 173 CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1405 a;. 105th St. Director, Yetta Cohen, 692 Cauldwell Ave. Glory of Judaea. Sec'y, Pauline Siverling, 1543 53rd St. Director, George Gold, 1006 53d St., Borough Park. Grace Aguilar Young Judaea, meets at Shaarei Zedek, 21 W. 118th St. every Saturday, 7 p. m. Director, Anna Kesselman, 1314 Park Ave. Gmards of Zion, meets at P. S. 63 every Saturday evening. Sec'y, Louis Rothfield, 117 Columbia St. Hadassah Club, meets at 43 E. '4th St. every Sunday, 4 p. m. Sec'y, Sadie Shenklin, 710 E. 5th St. Director, Mr. Shussheim, 746 E. 6th St. Hadassah, Jr., meets at Anshe Chesed every Monday, 4:30 p. m. Director, Blanche Coon, 123 W. 112th St. Hannah Young Judaea Club, meets at Uptown T. T. every Saturday, 8 p. m. Sec'y, Frieda Novom, 80 E. 115th St. Director, Lillian Leonson, 10 E. 97th St. Jr. Hannah Young Judaea, meets at Uptown T. T. every Sunday, 3 p. m. Sec'y, Sadie Novoom, 80 E. 115th St. Director, Pauline Kaiser, 71 E. 115th St. harps of Zion, meets at Downtown T. T.,- S;i E. fHouston St., every Saturday, 8 p..m. Sec'y, Hyman Falk, 135 Pitt St. Director, Samuel Nadel, 122 Sheriff St. Haaheloah, meets at South 1st and Rodney Sts. every Saturday, 8 p. m. Director, Eva Berkowitz. Herzl Branch of I. H. S. Z. meets at 132 E. 111th St. every Saturday. Sec'y, M. E. White, 128 E. 113th St. Director, J. J. Holub, 1656 Madison Ave. Herzl Boys, meets at 1162 Jackson Ave. every Saturday, 8 p. m. Director, David S. Grossman, 1136 Simpson St., The Bronx. Herzl Circle, meets at 373 Saratoga Ave. Sec'y, Louis Kalinkowitz, 2106 Dean St. Director, Moses Cohen, 1464 East New York Ave.. B'klyn. Herzillia, meets at 400 Stone Ave., B'klyn, every Sunday, at 3 p. m. Sec'y, M. Sorberblatt, 368 Christopher St. Director, M. Zeldin, 284 Christopher St. High School Zionist Girls, meets at Uptown T. T. every Saturday, 8 p. m. Sec'y, Bessie Horowitz, 66 W. 118th St. Director, Frieda A. Goldin, 18 E. 120th St.Hope of Zion, meets at Uptown T. T. every Saturday. 1406 COMMUNAL REOISTER 8 p. m. Sec'y, Miss R. Shifman, 565. 109th St. Hope of Zion, meets at West End Zion Center every Friday, 4 p. m. Sec'y, Madeline Landsberg, 8697 21st Ave., Bath Beach. Director, Sophie Luft. Iope of Zion, Jr., meets at Uptown T. T. every Saturday, 8 p. m. Sec'y, Bessie Barkan, 54 E. 105th St. Director, Ray Brill, 146 West 111th St. Huldah Club, meets at South 1st and Rodney Sts. every Saturday, 8 p. m. Sec'y, Susan Berger, 675 Bedford Ave. Directorj Yetta Goldman, 858 Driggs Ave., B'klyn. Irael Literary, meets at P. S. 188, lower Manhattan, every Saturday, 8 p. m. Sec'y, Harry Puchs, 264 Stanton St. The Invincible Judaeans, meets at 1378 Prospect Ave., The Bronx, every Saturday, 8 p. m. Sec'y, Leon West, 780 Hewitt P1. Director, Samuel Stickle, 800 E. 168th St. Judaean Literary Club, meets at' South 1st and Rodney Sts. Sec'y, Isidor Wien, 156 South 1st St..Junior Leagte J. I. e So meets at 236 Harrison St.. every Sunday evening. Sec'y, Harry Elkins, 369 Pacific St. Director, Mr. Thomas, 369 Vernon Ave., Coney Island. Julia Herzl Zionist Circle, meets at 630 Willoughby Ave. Director, Jeannette N. Leibel, 9 Varet St., B'klyn. Kadimoh, meets at Macy and Hewitt P1. every Thursday, 8 p. m. Sec'y, Jacob Shattanoff. Director, Silas A. Stickle, 751 Dawson St., Bronx. Kadimoh Girls, meet at Macy and Hewitt P1. every Thursday, 8 p. m. Director, Jennie Cottler, 781 WestchesterAve., Bronx. Knights of Zion, meets at 132 E. 111th St. every Saturday, 8 p. m. Director, J. Lukashak, 601 W. 190th St. Light of Zion, meets at 1342 Stebbins Ave. every Saturday, 8 p. m. Sec'y, Isidor Gordan, 1385 Stebbins Ave. Director, Leonard S i n g er, 1507 Charlotte St., Bronx. Little Daughters of Israel, meets at HI. E. S. building every Sunday, 4 p. m., B'klyn. Sec'y, Fannie Kamenkowitz. Director, Bertha Cohen, 198 Grafton St. Maecabean Circle, meets at 373 Saratoga Ave. Sec'y, Abraham Abrams, -15'5 Sterling Pi. Director, Abra CENTRAL AND) NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1407 ham Green, 1894 Berger St., B'klyn. Migdol Zion Club, meets at 1342 Stebbins Ave., Bronx. Director, A. M. Heller, 1451 Wilkins Ave. i' Miriam Girls, meets at 630 Willoughby Ave. Director, Ida Dunn, 336 Throop Ave. Montef ore Ytoung Judaea Centre, meets at Macy and Hewitt P1. every Thursday, 7:30 p. m. Director, Samuel Stickle, 800'E. 168th St. Naarei Zion Club, meets at Temple Beth Israel, 72nd St. and Lexington Ave. every Saturday, 6 p. m. Director, Joseph Marcus 1493 Fifth Ave. Naomi Club, meets at 230 2nd Ave. every Sunday, at 3 p. m. -Sec'y, Miss P. Carpnel, 218 W. 21st St. Director, S. Kaurass, 231 W. 185th St. Nordau Social Club, meets at 630 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Director, George Cohen, 135 Vernon Ave. Nibml Circle, meets at 373 Saratoga Ave., B'klyn. Sec'y, P a ul i n e Luchansky, 1785 Park Ave. Director, Frieda Nathanson, 191 Sumpth St. Patriots of Zion, meets atHebrew Te&hnical School svery Tuesday night. See'y, M. Ross, 231 E. Sth St. Pioneers of Zien, meets at W. End Zion Centre every Thursday evening. Sec'y, Sol Graetz, 200 Bay l1th t., Bath Beach. Progress (TuIhia), meets at 130 Liberty Ave., B'klyn, every Sunday, 8 p. m. Director, S. Streicher, 26 Chester St. Roses of Sharon, meets at West Side Zion Centre every Tuesday evening. Director, May Smink, 8699 22nd Ave. Sec'y, Anna Levy, 119 Bay 22nd St., Bath Beach. Rak Ivrlth, meets at 210 Stockton Ave., B'klyn, every Wednesday evening. Sec'y, Benlj Lasser, 98 Vernon Ave. Roses of Sharon, meets at So. 1st and Rodney Sts., B'klyn. Director, Ida Heller, 60 1.-c dridge St. Roses of Sharon, meets at P. S. 63, 4th St. and Ave.:A., every. Saturday, 8 p. m. Sec'y, Pauline Podhorserr 24fl E. 10th St. Director, Fannie 'Rodetzky, 212-14 E. 13th St. Sholem Alelehem, meets at 8t3 Saratoga Ave., at Saturday evening. Sec'y, A. Goldman, 2310 Atlantic A-v*+; Direet-: tor, Elias Gartman, 3a1i HOpkins Ave., B'klyn.;: Sisters of Esther, meets A.t Macy and HewittPlL, DBronem *very ThkuaBsday, 8 1, m, dI 1408 COMMUNAL REGISTER rector, F. R u tchik, 912 Bronx Park South. Sons of Herzl, meets at West End Zion Centre every Thursday evening. Director, R. D. Kesselman, 1957 81st St., Bath Beach. Sons of Israel, meets at 527 E. 146th St., Bronx, every Wednesday, 8 p. m. Sec'y, Louis Smolen, 542 E. 139th St. Director, Samuel Stickle, 800 E. 168th St. Sons of Judaea, meets at 630 Willoughby Ave. Director, Louis Abramowitz, 954 B'way, B'klyn. Sons of Judah, meets at 1162 Jackson Ave., Bronx. Director, Sam Jacobson, 1314 Stebbins Ave. Sons of the White 'and Blue, meets at P. S. 63, lower Manhattan, every Saturday, 8 p. m. Director, Joseph Steinhardt, 78 Ridge St. Stars of Judah, meets at 210 Stockton St. every Sunday 2 p. m. Sec'y, S. Rosenthal, 134 Floyd St. Director, Benj. Fain, 815 Willoughby Ave., B'klyn. Stars of Zion, Sr., meets at 180 Liberty Ave. every Saturday 8 p. m. Director, Max Cohen, 520 Sutter Ave. Stari of Zlon, meets at H. E. S. -building every uinday, 4 p. m. Sec'y, Sarah Lurie, H. E. S. Director, Minnie Cohen, 198 Grafton St. Social Young Judaeans, meets.at rUniversity Settlement *.ery Saturday, 8 p. m. Sec'* A Berkowitz, 56 7th St. Director, Morris Weidenbaum, 250 Broome St. Social Zionist, meets at P. S. 188, lower Manhattan, every Saturday, 8 p. m. Sec'y, A. Chitel, 25 Pitt St. Sons of Palestine, meets at 527 *E. 146th St., every Wednesf AY 8 p. m. Sec'y, S. Ster'Cibuch, 354 Cypress Ave. Director, L. Boligh, 454 Brook Ave. Sons of Jerusalem, meets at 1342 Stebbins Ave. every Saturday, 8 p. m. Director, J. E. Cohen, 666 E. 164th St. Strivers of Zion, Sr., meets at 130 Liberty Ave., B'klyn, every Saturday, 8 p. m. Director, Max Cohen, 520 Sutter Ave. Strivers of Zion Int., meets at 130 Liberty Ave., B'klynh, every Sunday, 3 p. m. Director, Dave Tannenbaum, 701 Madison St. Sons of Zion, meets at 1420 50th St. every Sunday, 2 p. m.- Sec'y, Marcus Ducoff, Director, Henry Brinberg, 1006.53d St. CENTRAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIO N S 1409 Stars of Zion Int., meets at 130 Liberty Ave. every Saturday, 6 p. mn. Director, Sarah Cohen, 198 Grafton St. Union Zion League, e t? 790 E. 156th St. ~vy Saturday, 8 p. m. Sec'y, Goldie Schwartz, 525 Union Ave. Director, Edward Shownfield, 576 Fox St. W'msburgh Zion Circle, meets at 630 Willoughby Ave. every Saturday, 8 p. m. Pres., Alex. Granick, 1085 Myrtle Ave. Workers of Zion, meetvt. 1342 Stebbins Ave. every Saturday, 8 p. m. Director, Samuel Magnus, 1550 Minford P1. Workers of Judaea, meets at 1251 Franklin Ave., Bronx, every Sunday, 8 p. m. Wolfsohn Circle, meets at 373 Saratoga Ave. every Saturday, 8 p. m. Sec'y, Elias Gartman, 300 Hopkinson Ave. Young Boys' Hebrew Friendship, meets at 341 W. 35th St., Sunday, at 2 p. m. Sec'y, Sol Carcus, 338 W. 37th St. Director, M. S. Rosen, 1118 Washington Ave. Young Daughters of Zion, Sr., meets at 130 Liberty Ave., B'klyn. Young Judaeans, meets at W. End Zion Centre. Sec'y, Myron Schwarzschild, 1359 51st St. Director, George Gold, 1006 53d St., B'klyn. Young Maccabeans, meet at 790 E. 156th St., Bronx, every Saturday, 7 p. m. Sec'y, George Steinberg, 576 Fox St. Director, Saul E'llenbogen, 1507 Bryant Ave. Young Men's Zion Club, meets at 210 Stockton St. every Sunday evening. Sec'y, Wm. Starr, 81 Lewis Ave. Young Daughters of Zion, meets at H. E. S. building every Sunday, '4 p. m. Sec'y, Anna Jaffe, Director, Miss R. Janowsky, 608 Stone Ave. Jr. Young Judaeansi, meet at West End Zion Centre. Sec'y, Benj. Komviech, 4817 15th Ave. Director, Myron Schwartzschild, 1359 51st St. Young Daughters of Zion Int., meet at 130 Liberty Ave. every Saturday 6 p. m. Director, Julia Pivto. Zionah, meets at West End Zion Centre every Thursday evening. Sec'y, Miss Levy,, 119 Bay 22nd St. Director, Rebecca Rabinowitz, 155 Bay 34th St. Junior Zionists, Salanter Talmud Torah meets at Salanter Talmud Torah, every Sunday, 3 p. m. Director, David Arbuse, 1 E. 13th St. Eion Literary Society. Sec'y, Louis Silverman, 805 E. 5tb. St. American Organizations Concerned with International Jewish Affairs. Ir I I INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1418 THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE By Louis MARSHALL, President A. Organization The American Jewish Committee was organized in 1906 after conferences in which representative Jews from all sections of the United States participated. The rapid increase in the Jewish population of the community produced new problems in Jewish social, philanthropic, religious and economic life in the United States. The terrible Russian massacres of 1903 and 1905, which shocked the world, served to crystallize the feeling that a Jewish organization, capable of coping with similar emergencies or their consequences, was essential. In other countries where the Jews were accorded full rights of citizenship, such organizations had been created in response to similar needs. Various methods of constituting such a central organization in the United States were proposed, but the only suggestion upon which a majority of the conferees agreed as a whole. It was not claimed by its organizers that the Committee had power to bind any constituency. The Committee expected to exercise its influence, not by virtue of power, conferred in advance, but through the support of those who might sympathize with the opinions was that a small committee be formed of persons who, while representative of American Jewry, need not necessarily be formally accredited representatives of any organization or group, nor in a political sense of the Jews and approve of the acts of the committee. i4i "I '-dOMMTNAL REGT!TER' 'iJcgke MaSelr Sulzbergeir, who presided at the preliminary conference, was, authorized to appoint a committee of 15, with power to increase its number to 50, "for the purpose of cooperating with the various national Jewish bodies in this country and abroad on questions of national and international moment to the Jewish people;" On November 11, 1906, the first general meeting of the committee of 50, since called the American Jewish Committee, was held. Immediately upon its organization, the Committee took steps to increase its representative character. All the important national Jewish organizations were invited to elect delegates to the Committee and in some districts, local advisory councils were successfully organized. When the creation of organized Jewish communities (.Kehillahs) began, these were also incorporated as constituencies of the Committee and wherever such organized Kehillahs exist, as in New York, Philadelphia and Denver, the members of the American Jewish Committ.ee from those localities, are chosen by the respective communities, and by them alone. In 1915, the composition of the Committee was further enlarged, by the adoption of provisions for proportionate representation of national organizations and for an increase in its geneira membership. By Chapter 16 of the Laws of 1911 of ibe State of New York, the Committee became a char: tered body. - B. Objects LThe task which this Committee set for itself in its Constitution, and later in its corporate charter, was fourfold: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1415 (1) To prevent the infraction of. the. civil and religious rights of Jews in any part of the world.:;' (2) To render all lawful assistance and to, take apt propriate remedial action in the event of threatened 6: actual invasion or restridtion. of such rights. o of un+ favorable discrimination with respect therdto,.: (3) To secure for the Jews equality of economie, as cial and educational opportunities..; (4) To alleviate the consequences of persecution wherever they may omcur, and to afford relief, froi calamities affecting Jews. In 'order to know the facts regarding Jewish life and activities and to have information at hand' for insttuctive and defensive purposes, the Committee established a Bureau of Jewish Statistics, and cooperated' with the Jewish Publication Society of America in the ptbliea. tion of the American Jewish Yeat-Book. This Bnuret was' considerably enlarged in 1913 by means of the asi sistance afforded by the New York-Fouen datin.:,' The Committee appreciating the importance 'f deop eration with kindred associations in Europe MandTArit ica, has established cordial relations with the most important national organizations of both continentse. The! general expenses of the office of the Comb'ifte are met out of' a General Fund; which is raised each y6ar by voluntary contributions.:Any Jew who cbn-tribute one dollar or more, annually, becomesna coitributim -member, is entitled to receive the annual 'rept ir aund such other literature ad ithe Cotnmitte may isipj'qad aay vote for theiyepreaentatives of hi d-espectiY,:diti trict. - tf i-. ^ i,n fi 1416 COMMUNAL REG1STER In December, 1912, by a decree of the Supreme Court of the State of New 'York, the Committee was adjudged to be entitled to the balance remaining in the hands of the National Committee for the Relief of Sufferers by the Russian Massacres, which amounted to $190,000. This fund has since been practically exhausted by appropriations for various purposes mentioned below. C. The Work of the Committee The work done by the American Jewish Committee may be conveniently summarized in accordance with the four objects quoted above. I. PREVENTION OF INFRACTION OF CIVIL AND REIIGIOUS RIGHTS The Census BiU.-The Committee successfully opposed the bill introduced in Congress in 1909, providing that census enumerators should ascertain the races of all inhabitants of the United States. Such a census the Committee believed to be not only practically difficult and unreliable, but also capable of giving rise to invidious and unjustifiable comparisons. Naturalization Laws.-The Committee also opposed with success the passage of legislation and the rendering of judicial decisions, by which it was sought to deprive "Asiatics" of the privilege of naturalization because it believed that such laws would deprive Jews coming from Asia of the right to become citizens. Schechitah.-Noting that there was an organized propaganda in several States of the Union against the practice of Schechitah, the Committee combated this movement energetically and successfully. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1417 Extradition of Pouren and Rudovitz.-In 1909, the Russian Government sought the extradition of two political refugees, Pouren and Rudovitz, who had fled to this country. The Committee appreciated the bearing of their cases upon a large number of Jews who had taken part in the Russian Revolution, and who had sought, or who might seek, an asylum in this country, and in cooperation with others succeeded in defeating the attempt of Russia. The Beilis Case.-Similar services were rendered by the Committee in 1912, when Mendel Beilis was accused of having committed murder for ritual purposes. By the circulation in the American press of authentic information, the Committee succeeded in interesting journalists to such an extent, that the entire country was >convinced of the infamous character of the charge brought against Beilis, and the leading Christian divines of America addressed a solemn protest to the Russian government against the proceedings, and disavowed their belief in the atrocious charge. Fortunately, after a long trial, Beilis was acquitted. The Jews in the Balkans.-When, at the conclusion of the Balkan Wars in August, 1913, a considerable region formerly belonging to the Ottoman Empire, passed into the hands of the Balkan Allies, thus bringing about subh stantial increases in the Jewish population of Roumania, Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria, the Committee Auccessfully approached our Government with the request that it employ its good offices with a view to securing adequate guarantees for the protection of the rights of the popu 1'4I8 COMMUNAL 'BREGISTER lition of the cdmaqereid territories 'without distinction -of raeg or creed I,1. EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY. Theo Restriction of Immigration.-The danger that!the enactment of repressive immigration legislation might deprive the persecuted Jews of Russia, of Roumiania adi of Qalicia, of the opportunity of reconstructing their lives in this country, caused the Committee the greatest anxiety, and occupied much of its attention. Through tlie eforts of those favoring the liberal immigration policy, the "harshness of' the laws proposed at the opening sessioh of; Congress in 1906 was' mitigated and the Act 6f February, 1907, was passed, providing among other things, for the appointment of an Immigration Comiission..' The Committee offered to put at the disposal of the t0onitsission data that might be of use in the endeavor tr teach'a' jrst'and unbiased conclusion, and in boeperatioh with other Jewish organizations, submitted reidonimendations designed to end' various injustices and ahases V "' After three years of study, the report of the Commission evideneed but slight desire on its part to depart fromm the tim.-honored tradition that has made this country; a refuge for the oppressed of, all lands, but it nevert$heess teotendied.that on economic grounds, the increase of our population by immigration was too rapid and riommnended the adoption of a reading and writing test as the anmst; equitable method of bringing about a measMe; ofifnestrietiona?.. *- -. ' ': ':' j;this:; eport iwas a signal for the fornation of various 1NTERNATIONAL ORGA.NWZATIONS.1 1AIP. restrictive measures. Three restrictive bills, 9oltanI aliteracy test, were. successively passed by Congress, bptall were, vetoed; one by Preident Taft), qind two, bY, President Wilson., In the three instances, the,,Copuitteepresented arguments to the President of the T.Juit0, States urging his.disapproval of th9 bills.as, paaqe~.4- IP, the third instance, despite the en~phatiq veto of.PPi9e1 -dentWilonthe bill is claimed tohv ~~d vr i vqto. The Committee opposed this legislation at eieY,U stage and, succeeded in having incorporated several, nmodifications whiblh make clearer its intent and slightly. mitigtt vioiIt also sucqeeede in. pro uig trhe adoption, of a, clause which excluded from the operationa o.teliteracy- test, those who come to this conty D ~ avoid relig~ious persecution,- whether. induced, -by. ovqt, aep, by, oppressive laws, or by governmentslrgus, in An'. imortn aedment was alopoued earn the application of the law to, Russi~a territory in Asia4 This hoAda vital bearing on. the internation~al gt~tisudof, tlw United-States apd Rus~a fecting.futu;Q. traty., rejatins., Other~ dangeroufi am~ndmneuts wore dlefea;e41 M. ACTION To REMEDY RESTRI&16t'tOO0mo Tho, Pa;;port Questiort. —The, _Comtte cosdr tuat it-was one of itp mostm iqnotntfieir. t e4 ever effort tqward the sqluti~n Qf' 1*e jp wsportq qWU5tL4 whicl, Arose put of tOmiltpnbrte~~sa P~Z Pmqnt of a treaty, between tha~t-,Gove ePjqnt, andth hh! te4,.States made. -in, 18, Tii y fg0~ b Qovernments -to aqcorOd to -all, the1f gitize? iof tlil (PtJWr 4'20 COMMUNAL REGISTER and to guarantee to them security and protection. But for more than forty years the Russian Government persisted in refusing to recognize the American passport in the hands of American citizens of the Jewish faith. The Russian Government required its consuls within the jurisdiction of the United States to interrogate American citizens as to their race and religious faith and upon ascertainment thereof to deny to Jews the authentication of passports for use in Russia. This practice involved not only such American citizens of the Jewish faith as had been former subjects of Russia, but all American Jews no matter what their antecedents. The Committee, after serious consideration, determined to recommend to the President the abrogation of the treaty with Russia, and on May 18, 1908, dispatched a letter to President Roosevelt. This began the attempt on the part of' the organization to induce our Government to take some effective action to terminate the controversy. Correspondence with the same end in view was also had with President Taft and was supplemented by personal interviews with the President and with Secretaries of State, Root and Knox. All these endeavors proving ineffectual, the Committee decided to lay the facts before the people of the United States, and with the complete cooperation of almost every Jewish organization in the United States, a campaign of publicity was entered upon, which finally resulted in the issuance by President Taft of a notice to the Russian Government of the intention of the Government of the United States to terminate the Treaty of 1882. This action Wasasubsequently ratified by the Sen INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1421 ate and the House of Representatives with but one dissenting vote in the latter House. The effect of the termination of the treaty, was the declaration of the national policy of the United. States, that it would not tolerate further discrimination against American citizens of the Jewish faith. Since treaties are, under the Constitution, the supreme law of the land, with the termination of the treaty there no longer exists a law which according to the Russian Government's contention was susceptible of the unconstitutional construction that our Government permitted discrimination against American citizens on account of race or religion. The'action of President Taft and of the 0ongress of the United States was subsequently approved by all the great political parties of the country, in the platforms adopted by them in 1912, and again in 1916. 'The Civil Rights Law.-In the summer' of 1913 the Committee succeeded in securing the passage by the Legislature of the State of New York of an amendment to the Civil Rights Law of the State explicitly prohibiting religious or racial discrimination by keepers of public resorts.; Similar action has been taken in Pennsylvania and is contemplated in other States of the Union. IV. ALLEVIATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF PERSECUTION AND DISASTER As already pointed out, the direct cause of the formation of the Committee- was the need for some organization which, in emergencies such as that which.faced the Jews in 1903*5, could extend relief of a material nature. COMMUNAL REGISTER Vihen: the Committee was organized, the Russian massacres had come to an end, but other calamities involving jewps have frequently occurred since that time.. At the first meeting of the General Committee held in November, 1906, the needs of the Jewish religious and educational institutions of San Francisco, by reason of the earthquake and fire which had occurred there, were brought to the attention of the Committee. It was decided to raise a fund, and as a result of an appeal, over $37,000 was collected and distributed. When in August, 1907, as a result of an attack by the IKabyles at Casablanca, Morocco, a number of Jews lost their livesi many were wounded, and a large number of woman and children were carried off, the National Committee for:the Relief of Sufferers by Russian Massacres, at the request of the Committee, forwarded 5,000 francs fpr their'relief..fi Similar action was taken at the time of the outbreaks against the Jews of Roumania in March, 1907, and in Margh, 1908, when a fire destroyed a large section of the Joist, quarter at Constantinople, leaving 6,000 Jews destitute. When, in April, 1912, in the course of diswr4es attending 4 revolt of the Arabs against the French Government, the Jewish quarter of Fez, Morocco, was pillaged and almost entirely destroyed, twelve thousand dollarswere eat 'ftr the relief '6f th'fictiims. ' Substantial contribtuttols have' beefn made to other worthy cAusea. -,.Un several instanees persecution of Jews: oeurred of.Uelba!&^turethat it became obvious that publicity aS to tlfSts >(iwa: mre neeassaty thani 'finaneial:i8AtaB1e: INTERBNAIONALI ORGANIZATIONS. l S 23 Suich was the situation when, in the winter of 190849~ a policy of repression and expulsion of the Jewa, was inaugurated by the; Russified Government of Finlahnd The,facts were not published in the daily newspaper seiwBd by the Associated Press, until the Committee calle the matter to the attention of the officers of the organization. The Committee then and subsequently took ocea^di&i to bring t0 the notice of the officers of the Associated Ptess the remarkable paucity of Russian and.RussianJeWeh news supplied by it to the press of this country. On several occasions it was the Committee's dutt to inform the public that reports of excesses against Jews were unfounded or exaggerated. This- was the case il July, 1909, when a massacre of Jews in Bessarabia was reported and in September of the same year when a massacre in Kiev was reported.,; The Balkan, Wars, 1912-1913.-,The wars in the Balkan Peninsula in 1912 and 1913 were of momentous interest to the Jews. The sufferings of our brethren were intense. Many lives 'were lost, many were woaided'; ldiaease was-widespread. Hundreds,of refugees crowded the large cities.;.. ' In December, 1912, the American Jewish Commifttee established a fund for the relief of the sufferers, aeaiulte ing in the collection of over $28,000, and the National Committee for the Relief of Sufferers by- MasswcresF ppropriated $5,000 for immediate transmissioi., The CGorm mrttee also joined.a.number of the largest Eurpeah organizations in the,formatioen,of:a probisional! body called the. Union ds Associatons Israelites,whieh gath, ered,and:isbursed aimost - qtarterof a million idollaR 1424 COMMUNAL REGISTER and sent a committee to the scene of hostilities to organize the relief work on the spot. The European War.-Immediately after the outbreak of the European War, the Committee in cooperation with the Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs raised the sum of $50,000 and transmitted it to Palestine. The sum of $5,000 was sent for the relief of the Jews of Antwerp and Belgium during the first months of the war. In facing the larger questions of relief, the Committee appreciated that nothing less than the co-operation of all the Jews in America could meet the incalculable needs of our brethren in Europe and Asia, and called a conference of representatives of Jewish National Organizations, which met on October 24th, 1914, and organized the American Jewish Relief Committee. The American Jewish Committee appropriated the sum of $100,000 from its Emergency Trust Fund -as the nucleus of the relief fund. The American Jewish Relief Committee in cooperation with the Central and the People's Relief Committees, constituted a Joint Distribution Committee which, up to January lsti 1918, has received approximately $18,000,000, a large part of which has already, been distributed. The Committee has interested itself in a number of cases in which former Jewish residents 'of the United States were unable to leave belligerent countries at the outbreak of the war, 'and upon proper representations to the Department of State, the departure from Europe of, such persons was facilitated. It 'has studied eondi INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1425 tions in the various European countries and has collected valuable material, some of which has hitherto proven of great value, and all of which is certain to prove of the highest importance hereafter. Upon the entry of the United States in the war, the Committee interested itself in the thousands of young men of the Jewish faith who joined the colors. Some of its members were active in organizing the Jewish Board for Welfare Work in the Army and Navy. The Committee has set out to gather complete statistics with regard to the participation of Jews of America in the war and has established for this purpose a branch office in Washington. It has already had to deal with several instances of apparent discrimination against Jews in connection with the war. Recently it called the attention of the War Department to advertising by army contractors which discriminated against Jewish carpenters, and it is constantly on guard against any instances of discrimination in the army and navy itself, not only with a view of upholding justice and fair play, but also to prevent any impairment of the morale of our military forces. The revolution in Russia having at a single stroke emancipated the Jews of that country,- the Committee, though continuing its study of the Russian situation, has largely concentrated its attention upon the Roumanian Jewish problem and is now engaged, in cooperation with various European organizations, in dealing with it. Nor has the Committee been oblivious to the future of the Jews in Palestine. It has watched with sympathetic interest the marvelous changes which are now being 9 1426 COMMUNAL REGISTER wrought upon its sacred soil, the advance of the British army and the capture of Jerusalem, and it appreciates the glorious possibilities that the morrow may bring forth. Officers: President, Louis Marshall; Vice-Presidents, Cyrus Adler, Julius Rosenwald; Treasurer, Isaac W. Bernhelm. Executive Committee: Cyrus Adler, Philadelphia, Pa.; Isaac W. Bernheim, Louisville, Ky.; Harry Cutler, Providence, R. I.; Samuel Dorf, New York, N. Y.; Jacob H. Hollander, Baltimore, Md.; Julian W. Mack, Chicago, Ill.; Judah L. Magnes, New York, N. Y.; Louis Marshall, New York, N. Y.; Julius Rosenwald, Chicago, Ill.; Jacob H. Schiff, New York, N. Y.; Isador Sobel, Erie, Pa.; Oscar S. Straus, New York, N. Y.; Cyrus L. Sulzberger, New York, N. Y.; Mayer Sulzberger, Philadelphia, Pa.; A. Leo Well, Pittsburgh, Pa. Assistant Secretary, Harry Schneiderman, 31 Union Square. New York Members: Isaac Allen, Joseph Barondess, S. Benderly, Louis Borgenicht, Elias A. Cohen, Julius J. Dukas, Samuel Dorf, Mrs. William Einstein, Harry Fischel, Abraham Erlanger, Israel Friedlaender, H. M. Goldfogle, Jacob Kohn, David Kornblueh, Herbert H. Lehman, Leo Lerner, Adolph Lewisohn, William Liebermann, Louis Marshall, J. L. Magnes, H. Masliansky, Jacob Massel, William Fischman, H. Pereira Mendes, Eugene Meyer, Jr., Leon Moisseiff, S. Neumann, S. Rottenberg, Leon Sanders, Jacob H. Schiff, Bernard Semel, P. A. Siegelstein, Joseph Silverman, I. M. Stettenheim, Cyrus L. Sulzberger, Israel Unterberg, Felix M. Warburg and Jacob Wertheim. Members at large for N. Y. C.: Herman Bernstein, Nathan Bijur, Lee K. Frankel, Samuel C. Lamport, Oscar S. Straus. Marshall, Louis, was born in Syracuse, New York, on December 14, 1856. He attended the public school and the high school of his native city, and later he entered the Law School of Columbia University. He began practising law at Syracuse in 1878, removing to N. Y. City in 1894, where he became a member of the law firm Guggenheimer, Untermeyer & Marshall. As a member of the bar, he has attained a distinguished position. He has argued in many important cases in higher courts, and earned a reputation as an authority on constitutional and corporatior law. A public-spirited INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1427 citizen, Mr. Marshall served his city and State in many capacities. He is the first citizen in the State to have served in three constitutional conventions-those, of 1890, 1894, 1915-in 1894, serving as chairman of the Committee on Future Amendments. He was active in the Convention of 1915, and was the chairman of the Committee on Bill of Rights and on the Judiciary Conservation Committee. In 1905, Mr. Marshall was appointed by Mayor Low of New York City as one of a oommission to investigate East Side conditions. In 1908, he served as Chairman of the New York State Immigration Commission appointed by Governor Hughes. He has been for many years chairman of the Committee on the Amendment of the Law of the Bar Association. His protocol of the Cloakmakers' Strike of 1910 served as a basis for numerous strike adjustments since effected. Mr. Marshall was instrumental in procuring reform legislation in many directions, such as the regulation of foreign and private bankers. As a legal authority, Mr. Marshall was called upon to deliver a series of lectures on constitutional law at the Law School of the University of Syracuse, and at the New York Law School. Besides law, Mr. Marshall is interested in many scientific pursuits. He is a member of the Historical Society of New York, Museum of Natural History, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Botanical Society, Zoological Society and of the Academy of Science. He has since its organization been President of the New York State College of Forestry. He is also one of the trustees of Syracuse University, which bestowed upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. He is Vice-President of tde Jewish Agricultural Experiment Station in Palestine. He is now serving as a member of the District Board under the Conscription Act., In addition to his manifold activities. for the general welfare, Mr. Marshall has devoted a great part of his life to the interests of the Jewish people. He is interested in every phase of Jewish life. He is the acknowledged champion of Jewish rights. As the president of the American Jewish Committee, he has watched over Jewish interests the world over, and was particularly prominent as the leader in the movement for the abrogation of the treaty with Russia. He is a ranking member of the Executive Committee of the Jewish Community (Kehillah) of New York City. He is the president of Temple Emanu-El and founder and a director of the Jewish Protectory and Aid Society. He is profoundly interested in Jewish education and has endowed the Florence Marshall Memorial Fund for the pur 1428 COMMUNAL REGISTER pose of enabling deserving Jewish girls to get a Jewish education. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Bureau of Jewish Education;- chairman of the Board of Directors and of the Executive Committee of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and member of the Board of Trustees of the Educational Alliance, of Dropsie College, of the Board for Jewish Welfare Work and of the Council of Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations. He is a great force in war relief work, and the president of the American Jewish Relief Committee. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1429 THE AMERICAN JEWISH CONGRESS By BERNARD G. RICHARDS, Executive Secretary, Executive Committee for an American Jewish Congress The outbreak of the great world war in August, 1914, which at once hurled millions of our brethren into the cataclysm of ruin, devastation and death, brought American Jewry to a sudden sense of its responsibility, as the only large Jewish center which had escaped the catastrophe and was living in freedom and prosperity. With that'awakening came also the realization of the lack of a central and comprehensive organization which could speak for all the Jews, which could claim the cooperation of all elements and groups and which could thus muster all the moral and material forces of the whole American Jewry to deal with the new problems with which we were confronted. It was recalled that plans for a general assembly or central organization had been advocated in earlier years. The Union of American Hebrew Congregations had proposed in 1903 a permanent American Jewish Congress to deal with Jewish questions. The calling of an American Jewish Congress was also proposed in 1907, after the Kishineff pogroms. These and other plans formerly proposed, were now revived. The large numbers of immigrant Jews and Jews of immigrant origin being most vitally concerned in the new occurrences abroad and feeling that their views were not being represented through the existing organizations which endeavored to cope with the more important Jewish problems, were especially desirous of calling into 1430 COMMUNAL REGISTER being a new organization which should be modeled on democratic principles. The agitation for a union of all Jewish forces soon began in the Jewish press and the project was first considered and -approved at a conference convened by the Zionists and held in New York on August 30th, 1914, a resolution on the subject having been presented by Dr. N. Syrkin, B. Zuckerman and B. G. Richards. On October 21st, the Hon. Louis D. Brandeis, in behalf of the Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs, constituted the day before, addressed a letter to Mr. Louis Marshall as President of the American Jewish Committee, inviting that body to co-operate "in calling a conference of representatives of all important Jewish organizations and groups in the country." This led to further correspondence with Dr. Cyrus Adler, also acting for the American Jewish Committee, and to conferences between representatives of the two groups, with a view of arriving at an understanding as to the methods of organization to be pursued. No understanding as to the larger assembly was reached and the American Jewish Committee taking up the matter of relief funds, convened a gathering of representatives from a number of organizations on October 25thi 1914, which resulted in the formation of the American Jewish Relief Committee. The idea of the general assembly of all Jews was endorsed by a number of large Jewish organizations, especially fraternal orders meeting successively in annual convention. The Jewish Daily News took up the advocacy of the plan in January, 1915, and soon after, the INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1431 Warheit, the Jewish Leader and the Day, rallied to the support of the idea, which a little later came to be known as that of the proposed Jewish Congress. On November 22nd, 1914, Dr. Joseph Krimsky of Brooklyn called a conference in New York City of a number of persons interested in the question of securing full rights for the Jews in belligerent countries after the war. This and other meetings led to the organization of the Jewish Emancipation Committee. The attempt to organize the movement in favor of Jewish enfranchisement, later took the form of the Jewish Rights League, which first met on March 4th, 1915. Shortly after, Commissioner Barondess convened a Conference of the officers of Jewish organizations to consider the advisability and possibility of organizing this movement. Several other such Conferences were held and. with the aid of the Jewish press, which continued to agitate the Congress idea, the Jewish Congress Organization Committee was organized on March 21, 1915 with Mr. Gedalia Bublick as Chairman and Dr. Max Girsdansky as Secretary, the Committee being largely made up of delegates from national and central organizations having their headquarters in New York City. The Committee held its first meetings at the building of the Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society, 299 East Broadway, which was one of the constituent organizations. Springing mainly from fundamentally opposite conceptions of Jewish life, and involving principles pertaining to the Jewish national identity and future, the differences of opinion as to the methods of organization to be followed,'gradually grew to the 1432 COMMUNAL REGISTER proportions of a heated controversy and, while many organizations and active communal workers favored the Congress idea, other representative bodies and leading members of the community opposed the project, expressing the fear that through the holding of a large general assembly American neutrality in the war might be. vio lated and that harm might be done to the Jewish cause by unduly antagonizing the Russian and other Governments which were at war and under which discrimination against the Jews was being practised. The intense sincerity which was felt on both sides of the controversy only added to the heat, fervor and acrimony of the discussion. The pros and cons of the argument were given their-largest and most conspicuous hearing at the annual convention of the Jewish Community (Kehillah) of New York City, held on April 24, 1915 and again at the special convention held on May 29th, 1915. The impressive and enlightening debate at the special Kehillah Convention in which, among others, the Chairman, Dr. J. L. Magnes, spoke for the Congress, brought about the first rapprochment of the opposing forces. The advocates of the Congress agreed to substitute the word Conference for Congress and the following resolution was adopted with practical unanimity: "WHEREAS: This Convention of the Jewish Community (Kehillah) of New York City favors the idea of the holding of a conference of delegates of Jewish societies throughout the country chosen by their membership, for the sole purpose of considering the Jewish question as it affects our brethren in belligerent lands, and in view of the fact that the American Jewish Committee has heretofore decided to hold a conference to which the INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1433 heads of the leading Jewish organizations of the country are to be invited for the purpose of considering the same subject, be it "RESOLVED: That the Jewish Community (Kehillah) of New York City, as a constituent part of the American Jewish Committee, recommend to the latter that it hold a special meeting of its members with all convenient dispatch, to consider the advisability of calling a conference of the character favored by this convention in lieu of the Conference which the American Jewish Committee has hitherto planned." At the Zionist Convention held in Boston on March 26th and 27th, 1915, the Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs officially endorsed the Congress movement, and thereafter the Federation of American Zionists formally sent three delegates to the Jewish Congress Committee. The special meeting of the American Jewish.Committee was held on January 20, 1915 and a resolution was adopted to convene a Conference of representatives from Jewish organizations to deal with the problem. of the attainment of Jewish rights. The Conference was to be held on October 24th at Washington, D. C.,, but the plan of organization as announced shortly after the meeting of June 20th did not prove acceptable to the advocates for a Congress. On August 19th, 1915, the Jewish Congress Committee held a large demonstration at Cooper Union and a conference of out-of-town delegates which met in New York a day later, took steps to -orgauze Jewish Congress Committees in different eqnmunities of the country, such Committees to be formed:of delegates from local.rganizations., j 1434 COMMUNAL REGISTER At the convention of labor organizations held in New York City on September 6th and 7th, 1915, the Congress idea was adopted in principle, and the National Workmen's Committee organized with the object of co-operating in the work for Jewish emancipation. The convention, however, recognizing the differences which prevailed between the advocates of the Congress and the proponents of a Conference, appointed a Committee to seek to bring about an understanding between the Jewish Congress Committee and the American Jewish Committee and other organizations interested in the proposed Conferenc'e. At this time Mr. Adolf Kraus, Grand Master of the Independent Order B'nai B'rith, convened a Conference of the heads of Jewish national organizations, "with the object of having a full and. free discussion of the prevailing differences and to endeavor, if possible, to arrive at a consensus of opinion." The Conference was held on October 3rd, 1915, and twenty-two presidents of national organizations and institutions were present. The sessions continued all day, but no decision was reached. Negotiations were then opened and carried on between sub-committees of the National Workmen's Committee, the American Jewish Committee, and the Jewish Congress Committee, but though a number of meetings were held, little progress was made in the direction of reaching an agreement. Meanwhile the American Jewish Committee met in annual session on November 14th, 1915, and decided in favor of the holding of a Conference together with other national organizations for the purpose of considering the rights of Jews in belligerent countries, and, "that this Conference take V, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1435 steps to call a Congress on a democratic basis after the termination of hostilities." The negotiations between the three groups which were continued now, centered around the question of the time of the Congress, the supporters of the Conference urging war conditions as reason for caution and7 delay, and advocates of the Congress insisting that the date of the Congress be left to the decision of a Preliminary Conference of all elements participating in the movement. The Conference up to this time failed to reach an agreement, and the Jewish Congress Committee, urged by its constituents to take action, and greatly strengthened by the convention of Middle Western organizations held in Chicago on January 23, 1916, decided to call a Preliminary Conference in Philadelphia on March 26th and 27th. The Call to the Preliminary Conference, which was issued on February 27th, 1916, was sent to all national and central organizations and Congress Committees which, by that time, had been organized in 83 cities of the country. The Conference was made up of 367 delegates and represented approximately 6000 individual organizations throughout the country. The Conference adopted a series of resolutions outlining a complete program for the proposed Congress, to labor for the attainment of full rights in all lands, for national rights wherever such are recognized, and for the furtherance of Jewish interests in Palestine, made provision for the working out of a plan of elections to the Congress, for the preparations of the necessary studies of Jewish conditions abroad, for the securing of the affilia. tion of all elements which had not yet identified them 1436 COMMUNAL REGISTER I selves with the movement, and elected an Executive Committee to be known as the Jewish Congress Organization * Committee, consisting of 70 members, with the following as officers: Hon. Louis D. Brandeis, Chairman; Jacob Carlinger, Treasurer, and Bernard G. Richards, Secretary. The impressiveness, enthusiasm and good order prevailing at the sessions, elicited the admiration of the whole Jewish press, and of Congressists and antiCongressists alike. The success of the Preliminary Conference paved the way for the final coming together of all elements. The American Jewish Committee, in conjunction with the National Workmen's Committee, then convened a Conference of representatives from national organizations which were committed to the Conference and were not in agreement with the program of the Congress Organization. This gathering, which has since become known as the Hotel Astor Conference, was held on July 16th, 1916, and the newly formed Congress Organization sent to it a delegation consisting of Justice Louis D. Brandeis, Judge Hugo Pam and former Jutidge Leon Sanders, to place before the gathering the objects of the Congress movement. The Conference, over which Mr. Marshall presided and which brought together eminent men from all parts of the country, declared among other things, in favor of a Congress "to be held for the sole purpose of securing full rights for the Jews of all lands, including group rights wherever such are recognized and desired by the Jews themselves." The body then formed was designated as the COon INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1437 ference of Jewish National Organizations, and all preliminary activities pertaining to the convening of the Congress, were delegated to an Executive Committee of 25. Negotiations were then resumed between representatives of the Conference of Jewish National Organizations and the Jewish Congress Organization Committee, and mention should be made here of the gentlemen who represented both sides, because of whose zeal for unity, earnestness and tactfulness, an understanding was finally reached. The sub-committee of the Conference of the Jewish National Organizations was made up of Colonel Harry Cutler, Judge Julian W. Mack, Dr. Samuel Schulman, Jacob Massel and Dr. Frank F. Rosenblatt; representing the Congress Organization were Judge Hugo Pam, Leon Sanders, Abraham S. Schomer, Joseph Barondess, Maurice Kass, Louis Lipsky and Jacob G. Grossberg. After long and earnest discussions which extended over a number of meetings, the most difficult points of which continued to be the questions of Palestine and Jewish national rights, an agreement was finally reached on October 2, 1916, and this agreement was subsequently ratified by the constituent elements of the two groups of organizations, the Congress Organization having submitted the programme to a referendum vote of all delegates to the Preliminary Conference. The agreement, which took the form of a Call to the Congress, was in the main as follows: "By virtue of the authority vested in us, as the Executive Committee of the American Jewish Congress, the Jews of America are earnestly requested to select r9pre 1438 COMMUNAL REGISTER sentatives to an American Jewish Congress which shall meet at...................... on.............. exclusively for the purpose of defining methods whereby, in co-operation with the Jews of the world, full rights may be secured for the Jews of all lands, and all laws discriminating against them may be abrogated. It being understood that the phrase 'full rights' is deemed to include: "1) Civil, religious, and political rights, and in addition thereto 0 "2) Wherever the various peoples of any land are or may be recognized as having rights as such, the conferring upon the Jewish people of the land affected, of like rights, if desired by them, as determined and ascertained by the Congress. "3) The securing and protection of Jewish rights in Palestine. "No resolution shall be introduced, considered or acted upon at the Congress, which shall in any way purport or tend to commit the Congress as a body, or any of its delegates or any of the communities or organizations which shall be represented therein, to the adoption, recognition or endorsement of any general theory or philosophy of Jewish life, or any theoretical principle of a racial, political, economic or religious character, or which shall involve the perpetuation of such Congress. "The calling and holding of the Congress shiall in no manner affect the autonomy of any existing American Jewish organizations, but in so far as the Executive Committee selected by such Congress shall take action for the securing of Jewish rights as defined in the Call for such Congress, the activities of such Executive Committee shall, during the period of its existence, be regarded as having precedence over those of any other organizations which shall participate in such Congress." In keeping with this agreement, a new Executive Com INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1439 mittee consisting of 140 members, 70 members representing each of the two groups of organizations, was formed. This Committee met and organized at the Hotel Savoy, New York, on December 25th, 1916, electing an Administrative Committee of 70 members and choosing the following as officers: Nathan Straus, Chairman; Harry Cutler, Morris Hillquit, Harry Friedenwald, Isaac A. Hourwich and Leon Sanders, Vice-Chairmen; Adolph Lewisohn, Treasurer; Jacob Carlinger, Honorary Financial Secretary; Bernard G. Richards, Executive Secretary. The Administrative Committee met and organized the day after with Colonel Harry Cutler as Chairman. The members of the Administrative Committee in addition to the above officers are as follows: Senior Abel, Sholom Asch, A. M. Ashinsky, Maurice L. Avner, Joseph Barondess, Isaac W. Bernheim, J. I. Bluestone, Israel B. Brodie, Meyer L. Brown, Gedalia Bublick, Joel Enteen, Mrs. Joseph Fels, Jacob de Haas, Emil G. Hirsch, Max L. Hollander, Maurice Kass, Louis E. Kirstein, Adolf Kraus, B. L. Levinthal, Aaron J. Levy, Louis Lipsky, Julian W. Mack, J. L. Magnes, Louis Marshall, H. Pereira Mendes, Martin A. Meyer, Henry Morgenthau, Hugo Pam, Julius I. Peyser, David Pinski, Edwin Romberg, Bernard A. Rosenblatt, Victor Rosewater, Louis S. Rubinsohn, Jacob H. Schiff, Samuel Schulman, Bernard Semel, Max Silverstein, C. D. Spivak, Joshua Sprayregen, Oscar S. Straus, Solomon Sufrin, Cyrus L. Sulzberger, Isaac M. Ullman, Stephen S. Wise, Leo Wolfson, B. Zuckerman. The offices maintained by the old Congress Organization at 1 Madison Avenue, were taken over and are being continued as headquarters of the new Organization. 1440 COMMUNAL REGISTER The Organization meeting also dealt with the question of the methods of election to the Congress, with the date of the Congress, the preparation of material with reference to the conditions of the Jews in the different countries, and among other things decided that the subject of constructive relief otherwise referred to as the "economic reconstruction of the Jewish communities in the war zones" be placed on the agenda of the Congress. With reference to the convening of the Congress it was decided to hold elections immediately and to leave to the Administrative Committee the fixing of the exact date which was in no event to be later than the first day of May, 1917, "unless on or before the 15th of March, 1917, the Administrative Committee by a two-thirds vote shall deem it unwise to hold the Congress before said date, then this Executive Committee shall reconvene on the first Sunday of April, 1917, and shall then determine upon the date of the Congress." The Executive Committee, meeting on April 1st, set the date for September 2nd. ~ Under the direction of the General Board of Elections of which Prof. Isaac A. Hourwich was Chairman and Mr. Solomon Sufrin Secretary, nominations for delegates to the American Jewish Congress were held through nominating conventions in all parts of the country between May 12th and May 14th. The general election was held in all Jewish communities of the United States on June 10th and it proved to be a remarkable demonstration of the popular interest in the Congress, 133,000 men and women having cast their votes for delegates. In accordance with the plan previously adopted, 300 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1441 delegates were to be chosen by popular vote and 100 were to be selected by the national Jewish organizations. The list of the 100 delegats elected in New York City, is given below. The technical work pertaining to the elections proved to be a larger and more expensive task than was at first anticipated, and a number of contests and other complications arose, the consideration of which extended until long after the date for the Congress originally set. A later decision of the Administrative Committee, fixed the date for November 18th. Owing to the entrance of the United States into the war, it was deemed advisable again to reconsider the question of the time of the Congress and the Executive Committee meeting on October 14thb adopted, by a large majority, a resolution to the effect that the Congress be not called until peace negotiations are begun, the Administrative Committee being authorized to fix the date of the same, With the whole of organized American Jewry united oa the programme, with the delegates chosen, with the reports of the Commissions on the condition of the Jews in the different countries practically completed and ready to be submitted at short notice, all is in readiness for the convening of the Congress when the opportune moment will arrive. 1442 COMMUNAL REGISTER AMERICAN JEWISH CONGRESS COMMITTEE, 1 Madison Avenue. President, Nathan Straus, 29 W. 42d St.; Secretary, Bernard G. Richards, 1 Madison Ave. Established 1914. Membership, 140 members representing National Organizations and leading committees. Straus, Nathan, was born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1848. He was brought to the United States as a child and settled with his father in Talbotton, Georgia, where he attended school. After the Civil War he came to New York. and joined the firm of L. Straus & Sons, importers of glassware and pottery. In 1888, he became a partner in the firm of R. H. Macy & Co., with which firm he. was connected until 1914. He retired from business in 1914, to give his entire time to charitable work. Mr. Nathan Straus is widely known for his philanthropies. He originated in 1893 and still maintains a system of pasteurized milk distribution among the poor of New Yorka system which, according to the statistics of the Board of Health, has saved the lives of thousands of infants. He also originated and maintained in 1893-4 a system of distributing coal in winter to the poor of New York. During the panic of the winter of 1893 and 1894, he maintained a number of lodging houses for the poor and the homeless. Mr. Nathan Straus has taken an active interest in many civic movements, and was given the honor of the nomination for Mayor of New York City on the Democratic ticket, which,he declined. He was also president of the Board of Health in 1898, Park Commissioner of New York City in 1893. During the last few years, Mr. Nathan Straus has been taking an active interest in the movement for the colonization of Palestine. He has donated large sums of money for Jewish institutions 'in Palestine and in 1912, established soup kitchens in Jerusalem for the relief of the destitute. He also organized a Health Bureau for the elimination of the causes of malaria in Palestine. In the controversy that ranged around the Jewish Congress issue, Mr. Straus sided with the Zionists. He is now chairman of the American Jewish Congress Committee. e INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1443 Since the war broke out, Mr. Straus has become an indefatigable worker in the cause of relief of the Jews in the warring countries. He has donated more than half a million dollars to the war relief fund, and was instrumental in raising large sums of money for the various Jewish relief campaigns. List of Delegates Elected to Represent New York City at the Congress ISAAC ALLEN CHARLES A. APFEL JOSEPH BARONDESS MORRIS BINKOWITZ J. I. BLUESTONE S. BONCHECK MEYER BROWN GEDALIA BUBLICK J. BUNIN Z. CUTLER JACOB DUNN WILLIAM EDLIN H-. EHREREEICH D. EHRLICH HENRY EISER JOEL ENTEEN HYMAN J. EPSTEIN J. J. ESTERSOHN MRS. JOSEPH FELS REUBEN FINKELSTEIN ABRAHAM GALLANT MRS. H. GELLSPAN WOLF GOLD DAVD GOLDBERG JOSHUA GbLDMAN EMANUEL HERTZ HEMAN HEBTZBmE SIMON HIRSDANSKY HIRSCH W. HONOR ISAAC A. HOURWICH ELIHU INSELBUCH EPHRAIM ISH-KISHOR HARRY J. KAHN EPHRAIM KAPLAN M. A. KAPLAN A. D. KATCHER PHILIP KLEIN B. KOENIGSBERG J. KOHN I. KOPELOF MORRIS KRAMER JOSEPH KRIMSKY ALBERT KRUGER B. LAST MRS. IDA LEVINE SAMUEL LEVINSON I. A. LEVINTHAL ABRAHAM LEVY Louis LIPrKY LEO MANNHEIMER SAMUEL MARGOSHES MORRIS MARGULIES SAMUEL MARkEWIOH LOUIS MaatSHAL .1444 COMMUNAL - REGISTER H. MASULANSrT MRS. SAMUEL MASON HENRY MoRGENTHAu EMANuEL NEUMANN B. PERLMUTTER JACOB PFEIFFER DAVID PINSKI BENJAMIN PLOTLE S. E. Posnr MAX RAISIN 3. RcDELH&IM MORMIs ROBINSON BEsNARD A. ROSENBLATT MoM~uS ROTHENBERG M. BuN MRS. STltLA SCHAEFER-EPSTEIN ABRAHAM S. SCHOMER BOSE SCHOMER Ross SCHULOFF VICTOI SCHWARTZ BWIA1RD BSIEL SAMUEL SIEGEL JoSEPH SILVERMAN Jam LSLONIM HENRY L. SLOBODIN H. SLUTSKY HILLEL SOLOTAROFF MRs. HILLEL SOLOTAROF'P MRS. CHARLES A. SPIVACKE JACOB S. STRAUL NATHAN STRATJS SOLOMON StTFRIN N. SYRKIN HENRIETTA SZOLD J. TEITELMAN PHILIP WATTENBERG MORRIS WEINBERG DAVID WERBELOWSKY MOE WERBELOWSKY STEPHEN S. WISE A. WOHLINER I. WOLF' YEHOASH (S. BLOORGARDEN) I. ZAR B. ZUCKERMAN MRS. CHARLES ZUNSER INTERNATIONAL OiGANIZATIONS 1445 THI NATIONAL WORKMEN'S COMMIITTEE ON JEWISH RIGHTS By FRANK F. ROSENBLATT Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research.. Organized activities of the Jewish workmen in the United States extend as far back as the eighties of the last century. If listed, they would form an imposing catalogue embracing all phases of economic, social, political, fraternal, cultural and spiritual life. Curious as it may appear, however, there is one field which up to 1915 remained absolute terra incognita for the rank and file of the Jewish labor movement: the field of Jewish activities par excellence. The blame for this must be laid directly at the door of the leaders of the masses. No energy has been spared, no self-sacrifice denied by the masterbuilders of the Jewish labor movement in the Herculean task of organizing the Jewish workmen along economic and political lines. The goal was immediate economic improvement of conditions and ultimate economic emancipation of the Jewish workman. The concern was about the workman; the fact of his being a Jew was regarded as a mere incident, if not as an actual accident. To this must be added the lack of external tangible factors, such as in old autocratic Russia, for instance, instigated and fostered a national consciousness which found expression in the Jewish Socialist Bund. In this country Jew and Gentile are equal before the law; Jew and non-Jew enjoy equal political, civil and religious rights. As apostles of the gospel of class struggle, the leaders were indifferent, if not actually hostile, to the developmentt of a coItmm - $ 1446 4 COMMUNAL REGISTER ity consciousness. Jewish national aspirations were branded as reactionary and as such were tabooed. Indeed, here and there stray propagandists, notably from the Poale Zion group, held out the hope of a Jewish national life. But their influence, insignificant as it appeared to be, was looked upon as a rather disturbing factor in the Jewish labor movement. The reaction came with the world cataclysm of 1914. While hundreds of thousands of Jewish soldiers were fighting in the Russian army, atrocities unheard of even in Russia, atrocities against their kin, their wives, their children, against themselves, were perpetrated by the old Russian government, in order to cover its own corruption and treachery. Jewish communities were massacred, sacked and devastated; wives of soldiers and their innocent children, old men and sick women, many of them expiring on the way, were driven into exile. The outer world was made to believe that these atrocities were C" war measures " and began to look upon them philosophically as indispensable evils coincident with war. But the cry of agony, the cry of a whole people, re-echoed to this side of the ocean and filled the heart of every Jew with horror. Something had to be done; at the least, the true situation had to be revealed to the American people and to the American Government. It was this consciousness of an immediate duty, coupled with the hope that the ultimate peace covenant would settle the Jewish Question, as all others, in accordance with the principles of justice and democracy, that,gave rise to the formation of the National Workmen's Committee on Jewish Rights, which was destined to play 1447 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS an important role in the Jevish Congress movement. The National Workmen's Committee was organized in the early part of 1915, by representatives of the four leading radical organizations, viz.: The Workmen's Circle, the United Hebrew Trades, the Jewish Socialist Federation of America, and the Forward Association. The object was set forth in a declaration calling upon all labor and radical organizations to join in a movement for the achievement of equal rights for the Jews in all countries where they were deprived of such rights. From the outset the founders aimed to make the Committee truly democratic and representative. For this purpose a conference of all labor and radical organizations was held on the 18th of April, 1915. Over two hundred organizations were represented, including branches of the Workmen's Circle, locals of Trade Unions, Socialist branches, and others. The Conference adopted a resolution endorsing the declaration of the Provisional National Workmen's Committee and elected a local executive committee. Similar conferences were held, in practically every important Jewish community all over the United States, and local executive committees were elected. The local conferences constituted themselves branches of the National Workmen's Committee andadopted the platform of the latter. This platform called upon the Jewish workmen of this country to organize a campaign for the achievement of civil, political and national rights for the Jews in Russia, Poland, Galigia, Roumania and Palestine. The national organization was authorized to carry on propaganda for the purpose, of arousing the interest of the American people.and. the 1448 COMMUNAL REGISTER American Government ini the condition of the Jews abroad, to exert its influence with the Socialist and. labor organizations in America and Europe, and to secure the cooperation of the working class in all countries in the campaign for equal Jewish rights. The first convention of the National Workmen's Committee was held in New York City on the 4th, 5th and 6th of September, 1915. Several hundred organizations from various parts of the country, representing a total membership of half a million Jewish workmen, participated. Delegates were sent from the most distant States, such as Colorado, California and others. The convention was epoch-making in the Jewish labor movement. It was the first time that representatives of all radical wings convened for one purpose. Socialists, trade unionists, anti-nationalists, nationalists and Zionists came as authorized spokesmen from their respective organizations, with the avowed purpose of forming a democratic labor institution for the achievement of full rights for the Jews. Indescribable enthusiasm pervaded the assembly. The several hundred delegates felt the historical moment and, in spite of differences of opinion, sought to reach a unanimous decision on every question relating to the organization, the objects and the program of the newly formed body. The Convention elected a permanent National Executive Committee, and minority representation was given to the Poale Zion Party, the National Workmen's Alliance and the Socialist Territorialists. The Executive Committee was charged with the propaganda work for.equal-civil, political and national rights for the Jews. As INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1449 a concession to the Socialist-Zionist elements, Palestine was singled out in the resolution, which declared for free colonization and the removal of all anti-Jewish restrictions in that country. The most important decision of the Convention, however, was expressed in the resolution which directed the Executive Committee to participate in the organization of an American Jewish Congress, provided, however, that such a Congress should not function as a permanent Jewish body, and that it be organized on a thoroughly democratic basis. Propaganda for a Jewish Congress had been carried on by the Jewish Congress Committee. The American Jewish Committee, opposed the idea of a Congress and proposed a conference of national Jewish organizations. The two organizations differed on the question of method rather than of principle. The Convention accordingly elected a Special Committee of Seven for the purpose of bringing together all groups of American Jewry in the work of Jewish rights. A number of conferences were held between representatives of the National Workmen's Committee and of the American Jewish Committee. The former included Messrs. Sholom Asch, David Pinski, Max Goldfarb, B. Zuckerman and Frank F. Rosenblatt; the latter included Messrs. Louis Marshall, J. L. Magnes, Cyrus L. Sulzberger, Cyrus Adler, Col. Harry Cutler, and others. Several;conferences were also held with representatives of the Jewish Congress Committee, viz., Messrs. Louis D. Brandeis, Louis Lipsky, G. Bublick, A. Goldberg, B. G. Richards, and others. After the objection of the American Jewish Committee to the term "national rights" had been over 1450 COMMUNAL REGISTER come, several joint conferences were held by representatives of the three committees. These conferences, however, were suddenly broken off by the Jewish Congress Committee, because of differences of opinion as to the time when the Congress should take place. The American Jewish Committee insisted that, for the sake of caution and safety, the Congress should be held after the termination of hostilities. The majority of the National Workmen's Committee sided with the American Jewish Committee, as over against the Jewish Congress Committee, who insisted on the immediate organization, if not the actual holding, of the Congress. It was at that time that the minority members of the Executive Committee of the National Workmen's Committee, the representatives of the Poale Zion and the National Workmen's Alliance, withdrew from the Executive Committee, and cast their influence with the Jewish Congress Committee, which issued a call for a preliminary conference of Jewish organizations. This conference was held in Philadelphia on the 26th and 27th of March, 1916. In order to ascertain whether the constituent branches of the National Workmen's Committee were in accord with the majority of the Executive Committee, a conference of branches of the Eastern States was held in New York City, on the 26th of March, 1916, while another conference of branches of the Western States was held two weeks later in Chicago. Both conferences expressed their agreement with and confidence in the the National Executive Committee. Realizing the need for concerted action on behalf of the Jews abroad, the National Workmen's Committee, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1451 after several conferences with the American Jewish Committee, decided to subscribe to the call issued by the latter and other committees for a conference of national organizations in New York City. Such a conference, which was held on the 16th of July, 1916, at the Hotel Astor and was presided over by Mr. Louis Marshall, declared in favor of a Congress, for the purpose of securing full rights for the Jews of all lands, "including group rights wherever such are recognized and desired by the Jews themselves." A sub-committee of the conference was elected for the purpose of reaching an agreement with the Jewish Congress Committee on all questions relating to the objects, organization and platform of the Congress. A series of conferences were held between the sub-committee of the conference and that of the Jewish Congress Committee. The negotiations centeqed around the terms "national rights" and "group rights." Both terms were finally substituted by the first and second clauses in the agreement which interpreted the phrase "full rights" to include: "1. Civil, religious and political rights, and in addition thereto: "2. Wherever the various peoples of any land are or may be recognized as having rights as such, the conferring upon the Jewish people of the land affected, of like rights, if desired by them, as determined and ascertained by the Congress." The agreement was ratified by the three respective organizations, and issued in the form of a call to all American Jewry. A new organization consisting of 140 1452 COOMMtUNAtL RSISTRg members representing the three committees was then formed- nder the name of the American Jewish Congress. Each of the three committees, however, retained its independent existence, and its autonomy was guaranteed by the agreement. The American Jewish Congress Committee held its first meeting on the 25th of December, 1916, at the Hotel Savqy, New York City, at which an administrative committee of seventy was elected. The members of the National Workmen's Committee were active in the administrative committee of the American Jewish Congress and in the various sub-committees, such as the General Board of Elections and others. During the preparations for the elections of delegates to the Congress, the Second Convention of the National Workmen's Committee was held in New York City, on the 11th and 12th of February, 1917. This Convention reiterated its belief in the necessity of a democratic Jewish Congress and adopted a set of resolutions similar to those of the first Convention. The National Workmen's Committee was then declared a permanent organization, and the newly elected Executive Committee was authorized to continue in power until the next Convention, for which no date was set. The revolution in Russia caused the withdrawal of the National Workmen's Committee from the American Jewish Congress. The revolution abolished all restrictions and discriminations against the Jews in Russia, and, since the bulk of the Jewish people live in that country, the majority of the Executive Committee failed to see the need for a Jewish Congress. The Committee notified its branches of its withdrawal and advised non-participa* INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1453 tion in the-elections of delegates to the Congress. At the same time it called a conference of former delegates to the two Conventions, at which the withdrawal of the Executive Committee from the Congress movement was ratified by an overwhelming majority. The Conference authorized the Executive Committee to enlarge the scope of its activities and to prepare for the emergencies which will arise after the termination of the war, by organizing a Labor Exchange and Immigration Bureau. In accordance with the resolution of the first Convention, the Executive Committee availed itself of every opportunity to arouse American public opinion on behalf of the Jews abroad. Statements about the condition of the Jews in Russia were systematically supplied to newspapers all over the country. The Committee was successful in having the Executive Committees of the American Federation of Labor and of the Socialist Party adopt resolutions pledging full support of the American labor movement to the cause of the National Workmen's Committee on Jewish Rights. The Committee also sought the cooperation of various European labor and Socialist organizations. In connection with its propaganda work, special mention must be made of the "Black Book" which was published by the National Workmen's Committee in March, 1916. This book, containing a compilation of material on the conditions of the Jews in Russia and the atrocities perpetrated by the old Russian Government, was sent to the President and the members of both Houses of Congress of the United States, as well as to almost every English newspaper in the United States. The present conditions in this country have paralyzed 1454 COMMUNAL REGISTER the activities of the Executive Committee. The National Workmen's Committee, however, has come to stay. It is a Jewish Committee, and unfortunately the Jewish question has not yet been wholly solved. The officers of the Committee are: Frank F. Rosenblatt, Treasurer; J. B. Salutsky, Secretary. The Executive Committee consists of: A. Baroff M. Lulow I. Baskin M. Olgin. Isidor Cohen Jacob Panken M. Gillis Max Pine J. Halpern Frank F. Rosenblatt Dr. J. Halpern J. B. Salutsky A. Held L. Schaffer B. Hoffman J. Schlossberg E. H. Jeshurin S. Valitzky H. Lang B. Vladeck M. Winchevsky INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1455 CENTRAL VERBAND OF THE BUND ORGANIZATIONS OF AMERICA, 202 East Broadway. PURPOSE: Financial aid to the Jewish Socialist Bund in Russia, Poland and Lithuania. Branches in all cities of the United States and Canada. At one time, particularly during the years 1904 to 1907, the branches of the Bund were the most active and influential bodies in the Jewish radical spheres in this country. Their members were found in the vanguard of the Jewish trade unions and swelled the ranks of the Workmen's Circle. During the massacres of 1905 and 1906, the Central Verband obtained tens of thousands of dollars for the self-defense fund of the Bund in Russia. The Buqd. played an important part in educational work of the Jewish masses of the United States. Since the' Russian Revolution in 1917, the Central Verband of the Bund has been active in collecting funds to assist the Russian Bund in its work against counter revolution forces and against the agitation by the Black Hundred for massacres of the Jews. Sec'y, M. Gurwich, 202 E. B'way; Treas., Dr. C. Kopelson, 965 Hoe Ave. 1456 COMMUNAL RMGISET1R THE PROVISIONAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FOR ZIONIST AFFAIRS By JACOB DE HAAS, Secretary The Provisional Zionist Committee was organized on August 31, 1914, at an Extraordinary Conference of American Zionists, held in New York City. It was formed to take up the functions of the International Zionist Organization in connection with the countries not involved in the European war at that time, and to discharge all the Zionist financial and moral obligations in connection with the Jewish settlement in Palestine. To enable it to meet its obligations, the Provisional Zionist Committee called for collections to be made for Palestine and Zionist purposes and established a fund known as The Zionist Emergency Fund. The Chairman of the Provisional Committee elected at the Hotel Marseilles Conference was Louis D. Brandeis of Boston, subsequently elevated to the United States Supreme Court Bench. Assuming the burdens of Zionist obligations in Palestine, the Provisioal Committee had to initiate propaganda for the raising of funds. It utilized the machinery of the Federation of American Zionists, which was almost wholly absorbed in the task of raising the funds through agitation. This phase of the activity of the Provisional Committee lasted until the Spring of 1915. By that time it was apparent that the war would not end as had been anticipated, within a few months, and that the small Palestinian fund suggested at the Conference in August, 1914, would be insufficient to maintain the institutions in Palestine, and that, further INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1451 more, the preservation of these interests was not merely a matter of money. Through the emergency conditions arising in Palestine and the effect upon the Anglo-Palestine Bank of the entrance of Turkey into the war, a million dollars in deposits and collateral securities were involved in the closing of the bank, and for this sum the Zionist Organization had become morally responsible. Beyond this there was an endless series of loans- for. colonies, cooperative associations and the like. The Provisional Zionist Committee soon realized that if the war continued for some time, all the Zionist possessions in Palestine would be absorbed as collateral for loans to maintain conditions. What was needed was the prestige to provide an emergency credit and give authority to the decisions of the Provisional Committee. This could result only from a well-developed organization. The Provisional Committee therefore set out upon the task of developing the Zionist Organization in America, to which a great deal of its attention and a considerable part of its funds were devoted. At the beginning of the activities of the Committee, a Transfer Department was opened for the transfer of funds from individuals in this country to friends or relatives in the belligerent lands. Since the inception of the Transfer Department, as reported at the Baltimore Convention in 1917, over one million dollars was remitted-to the belligerent lands. The work went on uninterruptedly, the Department overcoming, step by step, all the hindrances which the lack of regular communication compelled. Through the Transfer Department the LI6O COMMUNAL REGISTER Zionist Organization created a facility by which the sender and recipient, without cost to either, send and receive money practically to and from all parts of the world within the war zones. The Provisional Zionist Committee has been responsible for the-political activities of the Zionist Organization in the United States, acting through a sub-committee entrusted with this work. Thanks to the efforts of the Committee, a considerable amount of public sympathy has been created in the United States, and the United States Government itself has been favorably interested in the Zionist cause. The Provisional Zionist Committee has co-operated in all its political negotiations with the Committee in London, acting as the American representative in all negotiations directly and indirectly related to the successful negotiations that led to the publication of the British Declaration, in which the British Government gave its pledge to view with favor "the establishment in Palestine of a National home for the Jewish people and to use its best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country." The budget of the Provisional Committee relating to Palestine as adopted in August 1914, was $50,000, which represented in fact the ideal of the Zionist Organization in its efforts to secure financial support, but since that time the obligations of the Organization have so increased that the Provisional Zionist Committee has had INTERNATIONAL OtAt"ZATlONS 1459 to set up a budget each year considerably larger than the year previous. From Aug. 30, 1914 to May 31, 1917, the Provisional Committee has passed through the Transfer Department $1,007,022.18. It has received for the Emergency Fund $347,204.53. It has received for the Relief Fund $345,140.90; for the School, Medical and like funds, $34,221.52; for the Administration Fund, $35,963.98; for special propaganda $55,478.27, a total of $1,825,631.38. Of this amount, $403,894.97 was disbursed in Palestine proper; $52,213.38 was disbursed in Europe for Zionist purposes; $15,894 was disbursed in Poland and Lithuania. $3,150 was spent in Egypt in connection with the relief for Palestine refugees; and, of course, the transfer funds, $1,007,022.18, were remitted to the individuals for whom they were designated. The cost of the Transfer Department is borne by the Emergency Fund. Naturally with events changing from week to week, it was impossible for the Provisional Zionist Committee to adhere strictly to any budget set up at the beginning of the year. Pressing circumstances had a great deal to do with the alteration of the plans of the Committee with regard to expenditures for Zionist purposes. The aim of the Provisional Zionist Committee as formulated at the Baltimore Convention in 1917, was to secure an income of at least half a million dollars 'to be devoted to Zionist purposes in and out of Palestine, including the extension of our Zionist Organization in this country, and the giving of aid to Zionist Organiza 1460 COMMUNAL REGISTEE tions elsewhere. All these plans, however, were dislocated by the British Declaration, which- placed new demands upon the strength of the Zionist Organization. In order to meet the new conditions, the Provisional Committee called a conference of organized Zionists in Baltimore, which was held on December 16, 1917, at which Conference it was decided to raise the first installment of one million dollars of the Palestine Restoration Eund, to be collected within 60 days. The Pales-. tine Restoration Fund is to be devoted to all the needs of the Zionist Organization, outside and inside of Palestine, to enable it to realize the aim of the Zionist Movement. This is the immediate obligation of the Provisional Zionist Committee, and it is now devoting a large part of its attention to the financial problems involved in the raising of this amount. The Zionist Organization with the co-operation of the Provisional Zionist Committee is engaged in enlarging the Zionist Organization through the enrollment of Shekel payers. This work is progressing with remarkable success. When Mr. Brandeis retired as Chairman of the Provisional Zionist Committee, Dr. Stephen S. Wise was elected to succeed him. The first Secretary of the Provisional Zionist Combnittee was Benjamin Perlstein, who was succeeded in June 1916 by Mr. Jacob de Haas. The Treasurer of the Committee is Mr. E. W. Lewin-Epstein. Wise, Stephen S., was born at Buda-Pest, Hungary, in 1872. As a boy of six, he came to New York City, where he received his education in the public and high schools, and in the College of the City of New York, from which institution he was graduated in 1891. He took his Master's Degree at Columbia University in 1892 and the degree of Doctor of INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1461 Philosophy in.1001, presentini as his dissertation the translation of Solomon ibn Gabirol's "Improvement of the Qualities of the Soul" from the original Arabic. From 1893 to 1900, Dr. Wise served as Rabbi of the Madison Avenue Synagogue, and from 1900 to 1906, he occupied the pulpit of the Beth Israel Synagogue. Dissatisfied with the conditions obtaining in most of the Reform synagogues, he became the.founder of the Free Synagogue, of which he is still the religious leader. Dr. Wise is intensely interested in social service and is known all over the country as a spokesman of social reform. He is affiliated with many organizations doing social work, 'among them, the Oregon State Conference of Charities and Correction, the State Commission of Child Labor in Oregon, the National League for the Protection of the Family, the International Child Welfare League, the American Association for Labor Legislation, the New York State Commission on Congestion and National Child Labor Committee. In religion, Dr. Wise belongs definitely to the Reform wing of Judaism. He is the founder and a director of the Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis and is a ranking member of the Central Conference of American Rabbis. Dr. Wise has been prominently connected with the Zionist Movement in America since its inception, He was the founder and first secretary of the Federation of American, Zionists. When the war broke out and the Provisional Committee for General Zionist Affairs was organized in America with Justice Brandeis at its head, for the purpose of continuing the work of the European Zionist Organizations which' have broken down as a result of the war, Dr. Wise joined the Committee of which, subsequent to the resignation of Louis D. Brandeis, he became the Chairman. JEWISH NATIONAL FUND BUREAU FOR AMERICA, 44 E. 23rd St. Pres. S. Abel, 44 E. 23rd St. Sec. I. H. Rubin, 44 E. 23rd St. Founded 1901, incorporated 1907. Collections in America, 1917-$60,156.78. The Jewish National Fund is one of the agencies for realizing the objects of the Zionist movement. PURPOSE: To acquire land in Palestine as the permanent and inalienable property of the Jewish people and settle Jews thereon. METHODS OF DONATION: (a) Voluntary annual tax. (b) Purchasing land ($10.00) and presenting it to the National Fund. (c) y planting trees ($1.50) for aforestization and maintenance of schools. (d) By inscription in the Golden Book'of the Jewish National Fund ($50.00). 1462 COMMUNAL REGISTER THE JEWS OF NEW YORK IN THE RELIEF WORK By HENRY GOODMAN It is significant of New York Jewry's closeness and sympathy with the Jewish war-sufferers of Europe and of Palestine, that the $5,000,000 campaign just ended, has been carried "over the top" on a wave of generous giving such as has never been exhibited before. Klnowing what need has evoked the giving, we may say, "It was to be expected that the Jews of New York would give in measure to their wealth," and in fast the slogan and encouraging cry of the campaign, read "New York will do its duty." But history, which will have so much of the unusual to set down when she writes for all time the story of the last few years, will not fail to note, and will write fondly, perhaps, of the large-.hearted generosity shown by the Jews of the metropolis of the world. Surely history will confirm the view that never before in the knowledge and the experience of man was there shown such a vital unity of purpose, such an absorbing, intense devotion to the work of relieving suffering, as that which made the Jews of New York one! in mind and purpose in the year 1917, and particularly in the days from December 3 to 16. The great deeds of man have always come through * great provocation. A people is moved by a stirring cry for national vengeance, or there may come a violent massupheaval in the effort to realize a rebellious dream. In such cases, and history offers many to the eye of the INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1463 student or even the casual reader, whatever mass-action is manifested, is shown in the face of a promise, in the hope of a reward, however remote. To know what was the impetus at the bottom of this great wave of purely altruistic mass-generosity which agitated and still is stirring the Jews of New York in its wide undulations, is to know the greater disaster in the tragic Diaspora life of the Jewish people; it is to sound the deepest ocean of agony that ever rolled black, advancing waters upon terrified and succumbing victims; it is to peer, awe-struck and gasping, upon men, women and children, helpless in the fury of a holocaust that ruthlessly bears nations down to despair-it is to know the tragedy of the Jews of Poland, Galicia and Palestine. The conditions under which the 3,500,000 Jews of Russian Poland and Galicia lived before the war, were always best described by the one word-wretched. Years of persecution and elaborate intolerance on the part of an oppressive government had made the Jewish inhabitants calloused and almost fatalistic. The repressions, extending even to elementary economic activities, had brought a condition ad nearly static as could well be devised through conscious planning. Nothing flourished but need, and about the only vital force fully alive in the Jewish centers was that called out by need for satisfying material wants. Did a Jewish writer seek a background of poverty and unmitigated squalor in which the Jewish masses were swallowed up and submerged, all he had to do was to draw on that reservoir of 1464 COMMUNAL REGISTER economic destitution and stagnation, and he could paint the very color of despair, the very texture of material want. As can be readily imagined, the Jew in Poland and Galicia had never known happiness. There was over him the constant menace of discrimination and persecution, and in addition there was always before him the mean face of economic need. The smaller towns found the Jewish population huddled in miserable houses; the larger towns and cities forced the masses of Jews into larger settlements that nevertheless flew the same flagwant. And this, despite the fact that month in, month out, devoted sons and daughters who had sought and found in America greater economic freedom and opportunity, were sending sums of money to their parents and relatives in Poland and Galicia, and despite the fact that well-organized and efficient agencies in Poland and Galicia were working for the uplift of the Jewish people there. If in Palestine there was an atmosphere of greater freedom and a less restricted field of economic effort, it must not be forgotten that Palestine was practically a frontier country-had been that for many, many years. This meant that the Jewish colonists had to wrestle hard with the brown hills and flats for agricultural produce that would yield them a sustenance. If this yield was slow in coming, no matter, for did not the good friends in America and Europe send money to the colonists, to help them tide over the lean years? The, outbreak of the war in 1914 was a cataclysm in INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1465 more ways than one. It cut the life-cord which was feeding Palestine and it threw Poland and Galicia into the chaos of terror. In Palestine, where there were beginning to make themselves evident the first signs and promises of ultimate agricultural and colonial success, the sudden cutting off of assistance from Europe sent the spectre of starvation through the streets of the Jewish settlements. But Russian Poland and Galicia saw the Jewish towns and cities immediately invaded by war. Where there had been despair and economic hopelessness, now there came also the massed violence of combat. The shifting tides of battle swept through the dismal Jewish settlements, shattering homes and institutions and throwing men, women and children into the streets and fields about the towns. The conditions, as they touched American Jewry and New York Jews in particular, were later described by Dr. Magnes who came from seeing them, in the following words: "There is a people, a whole people of tens and hundreds of thousands standing in line, asking for bread, asking for soup, asking for the physical necessities of life, so that body and soul may be kept together. "What you see is a whole people-a million and a half of Jews in the region touched by the funds that we have sent [Dr. Magnes' report was made in 1916, after the relief work was in full swing]-you see a Whole people in misery, a whole people, day by day, month by montA, and now, we can almost say year by year, not ktibfiwng I 1466 COMMUNAL REGISTER where the bread is coming from that they and their children are to have tomorrow. A people, standing in line, waiting to be fed; a people without clothes; a people in rags; a people without shoes; a people without light in their houses; a people without warmth during the coming winter; a people that has such tremendous vitality, such tremendous desire to live, that it will not die-but a people that is gradually, day by day, getting weaker and weaker; the children's legs are getting thinner, and their eyes larger, and their cheeks more hollow, day by day, so that they themselves are hardly aware of what is happening to them, except that they know that more people Ore dying, that fewer babes are born, that more are sick, that some, children that once couqld walk, cannot walk any more, that some people that once could carry bundles cannot carry them any more; a people without work. " New York Jewry, a vital, wholesome youth in whom * the sap of hope and of courage, of noble ambitions and achievements runs high, heard the call of his stricken brethren. In his many homes in Europe, long before his coming here, he had learned the sweet lesson of " Gemilath Chasodim. " He had been schooled in the needs of his people subject to the cruel whims of the capricious fates, in the shape of intolerant kings and governments. He had learned the arts of healing, the sad duty of binding the injuries brought by pogroms, the sturdy standing up agaigst all persecutions. Came the cry from Palestine-i "Help us, brother, lest INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1467 we go under," and before even the first blast of the trumpets of war died in echoes beyond the hills of struggling Europe, New York Jewry leaped to the-task. He had hoped that such sad duties would nevermore fall to his lot; he had hoped that Kishineff and the later pogroms in Roumania would be the last scenes of suffering for his brothers and sisters. However, if it were to be otherwise-whatever of strength he had, whatever of tenderness to bind and heal was his, was at the command of those who called. Palestine is like a beloved older brother whom the Jews of New York have not seen in many, many years. But how dear he is to them! With how much concern they watch his every move, pained by his pains, gladdened by his successes, distressed by his set-backs. And now that Palestine called, asked for help, there could be nothing else to do but to give it at once. On August 31, 1914; at a meeting of the Executive Committee of the American Jewish Committee an appropriation of $25,000 was voted. Jacob H. Schiff offered to contribute additional $12,500 on the assurance that the Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs would give a similar sum. The money was sent off at once and on the receipt of *e cable, Hon. Henry Morgenthau, then Ambassador to Turkey, named a committee to distribute the money. The consciousness that New York was the great center of American Jews stirred Jewish organizations of the city into immediate activity. A few months after the sending of the $50,000 to the Jews of Palestine, there 1468 COMMkJNAL REGISTER was formed the Central Committee for the Relief of Jews Suffering through the War. This organization, which took its inception in the efforts of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations, was formed "for the purpose of obtaining the co-operation and collecting the contributions of all orthodox Jews of America towards war relief." Following rapidly on the organization of the Central Relief Committee there came the formation of the American Jewish Relief Committee, which aimed to work specifically through the Jewish organizations of the United States. The People's Relief Committee was formed August 6, 1915, the founders having in mind the mass of the Jewish working people, who, they feared, would not be reached by the efforts of the other relief agencies. The spirit in which the relief work was undertaken by the Jews of America was enunciated in the following words, part of a statement sent out by the American Jewish Committee before the formation of the American Jewish Relief Committee: "They must assume the duty of giving relief commensurate with the existing needs. They must be prepared tb make sacrifices and to proceed systematically in collecting and distributing a fund which will, as far as possible, alleviate this extraordinary distress."' The task before New York was to bear its share of the burden put on the whole of American Jewry. Methods of procedure were formulated, calling for massmeetings throughout the city. At the synagogues appeals were made; circular letters were sent broadcast INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1469 to the Jews of the city; the Jewish newspapers gave liberally of space in which were stated the needs of the hour; Jewish organizations, social, labor and fraternal, were urged to contribute as organizations and were asked to urge their members to contribute again and again. But it is without shame to the Jews of New York to say that their first response to the call for relief was woefully inadequate. It was a shortcoming which the Jews of New York shared with all the Jews of America. The sum total of moneys collected from the beginning of war to the end of 1915, was only about $1,500,000, this sum including the moneys contributed by the Jews of New York. There were 3,500,000 Jews in Europe alone, who were in need of help from the Jews of America, and yet all the money collected from the end of August 1914, to the end of December 1915, was less than a dollar a piece for the victims of the war. There were those in New York who realized that this sum, and these efforts, were far short of what would have to be done if the Jewish communities of Poland, Galicia and Palestine were to be saved. Urged on by this realization of the situation, the American Jewish Relief Copnmittee began a series of mass meetings with the 6bjct of raising $5,000,000 by the end of 1916. The Cefntral and the People's Committees immediately threw themselves into the work of the new campaign. The first meeting of the campaign, held at Carnegie Hall, fDebmber 21, 1915, gave proof that the Jews of NewtV Yrk * *, t!{ *~-. 1470 1470 COMMUNAL. REGISTER had themselves become aware that their previous contributions were too little. That night $400,000 in cash was raised and more than $500,000 was pledged. The Jews of New York were awaking to the need of their brothers in Europe. This is what "East and West," a New York periodical no longer in existence, said of the Carnegie Hall meeting: "The Jews of New York have at last risen to the terrible occasion of their nation's tragedy in the warring countries. The great campaign of relief work launched at the mass meeting at Carnegie Hall, on the 21st of December, was the first full response to the woe-call, the first real attempt to make the help offered equal iu measure to the tremendous need. "The gathering at the great hall will remain forever a golden page in the history of the Jews of New York. It was wonderful not alone for the enormous sum collected, not alone for the great soul of charity that the mass displayed, but also for the spirit of true brotherhood, for the spirit of true democracy and union manifested by all present. The call for the meeting was issued to all good-hearted people of the city; but only Jews came, Jews of all ranks and classes; Jews from Wall Street banking houses and Fifth Avenue mansions, and. Jews from the East Side sweat shops and East Side tenements. - "They all came with one and the same feeling, in their hearts and one and the same thought in their minds. They came to cry out against the terrible tragedy * f the Jews in Russia and to join hands in the work of immediate help and relief of the sufferers." INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1471 A year later at a similar mass meeting, announcement was made that in the year of 1917 the'three relief committees would seek to raise $10,000,000. This announce ment came in consequence of the first hand observations which Dr. Magnes and Dr. Alexander M. Dushkin had made in their trip through the areas where the Jewish war sufferers of Europe were most numerous. Tte Joint Distribution Committee, which had been organized in November 1914 to facilitate the work of distribution then being done by the American Jewish Relief Committee and the Central Committee for the Relief of Jews Suffering through the War, decided in the summer of 1916 to send a commission to Europe to see at close hand the workings of the various distributing committees to which was entrusted the administration of the funds forwarded from America. Difficulties arose which made it impossible for the entire commission to go, but the two who vlid, Dr. Magnes and Dr. Dushkin, had seen enough to show them that the Jews of America were in honor and duty bound to put forth greater and yet greater efforts in behalf of their brothers in need. The Jews of the United States entered on this new $10,000,000 campaign with a vim. The story of individual contributions makes a page bright with the names of men and women who gave glad-heartedly and without stint. The million dollar contribution of Julius Rosenwald of Chicago was such as to call forth the commendation of President Wilson wh6 said, "Your contribution of $1,000,000 to the $10,000,000 fund for the relief of Jewish war suffierers serves democracy as well as humanity. ' 1472 COMMUNAL REGISTER: But perhaps the best proof that the Jews of America are serious in their desire to help, and help effectively, the Jewish war sufferers of Europe, is that given by the Jews of New York in the memorable campaign of December 3rd to 16th, 1917, in which they contributed more than $5,000,000 to the $10,000,000 fund. New names were added to the old lists of those who were looked upon as the big donors, but the significant and striding fact is that in this short period of two weeks, the Jews of New York alone gave a sum equal to that which, in the previous year, had been given by the Jews of the whole of the United States. With the great part played by the Jews of New York vivid in the mind, is it to be wondered that the relief committees are even now getting ready to clear the decks for the great $50,000,000 fund to be raised in 1918? And can there be any doubt that the Jews of New York will contribute liberally to the new campaign?, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1473 CENTRAL COMMITTEE FOR THE RELIEF OF JEWS SUFFERING THROUGH THE WAR. 51 Chambers Street. The Central Committee for the Relief of Jews Suffering Through the War was organized October 4, 1914, as the result of a call sent out a few days previously, by the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations, to all the Orthodox synagogues and affiiated organizations throughout the country. It has collected about $2,000,000, which it transfers to the Joint Distribution Committee. Its funds are collected through mass meetings and through contributions in the synagogues after appeals by the rabbis and other noted speakers who co-operate With the Committee and its branches in all parts of the country. The officers of the Committee are: Leon Kamaiky, Chairman; Rabbi Israel Rosenberg, First Vice-Chairman; Rabbi Meyer Berlin, Second Vice-Chairman; Peter Wiernik, Third Vice-Chairman; Julius J. Dukas, Fourth Vice-Chairman; Harry Fischel, Treasurer; Albert Lucas, Executive Secretary; Morris Engelman, Financial Secretary; Rabbi Aaron Teitelbaum, Corresponding Secretary; Stanley Bero, Manager. THE AMERICAN JEWISH RELIEF COMMITTEE 30 East 42nd Street. The American Jewish Relief Committee was organizedafter a conference held in New York City, October 25, 1914. The call had been sent out by the American Jewish Committee to all national Jewish organizations in the United States and about 40 organizations were represented. Branches have been established in all the chief cities throughout the country and personal appeals, mass meetings, etc., have been the means employed for raising the funds. The national treasurer has received from the inception of the Committee up to and including December 15, 1917 -$9,041,497.63. The greater part of this sum was collected within the last eighteen months, when the reports from the war zones indicated that the distress among the Jews was unparalleled in history and that therefore, unprecedented efforts and greater sacrifices by the Jews of America would have to be made. 1474 COMMUNAL REGISTER The first mass meeting was held in New York City, December 21, 1915. Similar meetings were convened in other cities where large sums were also contributed and pledged. The officers of the American Jewish Relief Committee are: Louis Marshall, Chairman; Judah L. Magnes, ViceChairman; Cyrus L. Sulzberger, Secretary; Arthur Lehman, Treasurer, and Paul Baerwald, Associate Treasurer. THE JEWISH PEOPLE'S RELIEF COMMITTEE OF AMERICA 175 East Broadway The Jewish People's Relief Committee of America was organized in August, 1915. Its object is to reach persons who can afford to give only very small amounts and who, it was claimed, were not reached by the appeals of the other Committees then in existence. The National Treasurer had received from the organization of the Committee up to the end of 1917 about $1,225,000. Volunteer collectors visit the Jewish residential sections of all the large cities, and public entertainments, weddings and festivals are also canvassed. Receipts bearing the stamp of the People's Committee are given for the sums collected in this manner. The receipts are issued to represent payments of 5c, 10c, 25c, 50c and $1.00. Bazaars, entertainments and similar methods for raising -money have also been employed. Tag days, flag days, flower days and other special days for collecting money on the streets have been instituted. In the recent Five Million Dollar' Campaign, the People's Committee played an important part in democratizing the campaign. It appealed to the masses through the press, special letters, conferences, mass meetings, in the theatres, in the shops, etc. It secured the cooperation of such organizations as the United Hebrew Trades, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, the Internationai Ladies' Garment Workers, etc., adopting the slogan "Contribute one day's pay." It also collected 10 per cent. of their gross receipts on an ordinary business day from a number of business men. The officers of the Jewish People's Relief Committee are: Alexander Kahn, Chairman; Sholom Asch and S. Shore, Vice-Chairman; Shepard J. Goldberg, Treasurer, and B. Zuckerman, Manager. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1475 The officers of the New York City Campaign Committee included: Morris Hillquit, Chairman; Frank F. Rosenblatt, Executive Director; and Jacob Milch, Treasurer. Kahn, Alexander, Pres. People's Relief Committee (196 E. B'way); elected 1917. Term 1 year. Born 1881 in Russia. Came to U. S. 1893. Received a college education. Lawyer, 320 Broadway. Res.: 823 Manida St. THE JOINT DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE OIP THE AMERICAN FUNDS FOR JEWISH WAR SUFFERERS 20 Exclhange Place. The American Jewish Relief Committee and the Central Committee for the Relief of Jews Suffering Through the War organized a Joint Distribution Committee on November 27, 1914, consisting of representatives of both organizations. In November 1915, the Jewish People's Relief Committee which had been organized a few months before, also sent representatives to the Joint Distribution Committee. This body, as its name implies, apportions and sends abroad all the funds collected for Jewish War Relief. A special Sub-Committee of Eight, consisting of Paul Baerwald, Harry Fischel, Alexander Kahn, Arthur Lehman, Albert Lucas, Judah L. Magnes, Morris Rothenberg and Felix M. Warburg receives and digests all reports concerning conditions abroad and on the basis of these reports make its recommendations to the full Committee, which decides the amount that shall be allotted accordingly. In July 1916, it was planned to send a commission to Europe to investigate the workings of the committees there, through whose agencies the American funds had been distributed. Diplomatic difficulties prevented the entire commission from sailing, so that Dr. Judah L. Magnes alone was able to go, and his investigations were limited for the same reason to parts of Poland then under German and Austrian occupation. He reported at a meeting of representatives of the constituent committees of the Joint Distribution Committee, held at the Young Men's Hebrew Association, November 5, 1916. As a result of his investigations, he stated that While the work abroad had been most efficiently done, the amounts sent were quite inadequate and that the goal for the year 1917 should be at least $10,000,000 for relief, while a huge 147.6 COMMUNAL REGISTER sum, probably not less than $100,000,000, would eventually have to be raised in America for rehabilitation purposes. On December 21, 1916, on the anniversary of the first mass meeting, another mass meeting was held in Carnegie Hall, under the auspices of the Joint Distribution Committee, when the $10,000,000 campaign for 1917 was inaugurated. Similar meetings were held throughout the country. In March 1917, Mr. Julius Rosenwald of Chicago gave great impetus to the movement by his offer to give 10% of the total amount raised ly the end of the year, up to $1,000,000. This example was followed by a number of persons, who offered to give 10% of the amounts raised in their various cities and states. The entry of the United States into the war affected the whole situation abroad, and on August 13, 1917, two commissioners, Mr. Max Senior and Dr. Boris Bogen were sent, with the approval of the U. S. Department of State, to establish a branch bureau of the Joint Distribution Committee in Holland. The national treasurers of the constituent committees have paid into the Treasury of the Joint Distribution Committee $15,506,777.78, out of which the following appropriations have been made and sent abroad, up to Feb. 28, 1918: pISBURSEMENTS Russia, General Relief.................2,353,800.00 Jewish Writers.................... 1,500.00 Mefltze Haskalah.................. 40,000.00 Galician Refugees and Prisoners... 150,000.00 Feeding and Clothing Jewish School Children................. 25,000.00 Refugee Rabbis................... 62,000.00 $2,632,300.00 Poland and Lithuania, General Relief..3,702,843.30 Warsaw.......................... 107,000.00 Feeding and Clothing Children in all Hebrew Schools............ 205,000.00 Jewish Writers.................... 7,500.00 Foodstuffs purchased in Scandinavia....................... 20,134.04 4,042,477.34 INTatNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1477, Austria-HungaryHungary........................ 60,000.00 Galician Refugees in Hungary.... 80,000,00 Galicia........................... 795,000.00 Austria.......................... 800,000.00 Occupied Territories of Galicia and Poland....................... 375,000.00 Refugee Rabbis.................... 15,700.00 Bureau of Jewish Statistics....... ~ 8,000.00 1,583,700.00 Palestine, General Relief............. 941,498.45 S. S. Vulcan...................... 64,506.09 Medicines....................... 16,830.22 Dreyfus and Nathan Straus Soup Kitchens and Health Bureads. 128,500.00 1,151,334.76 Turkey, outside of Palestine, including Syria..................... 291,962.30 Syria, Matzos, Rice and Sugar per U. S. Collier "Caesar"...........2,542.00 Soup Kitchens................... 100,000.00 Smyrna........................... 5,000.00 399,6504.30 Alexandria, Palestinian Refugees................ 52,394.84 Greece.......................................... 90,421.88 Servia........................................... 19,500.00 Roumania....................................... 105,900.00 Bulgaria........................................ 18,500.00 Tunis, Algiers and Morocco...................... 9,000.00 University Students and Writers in Denmark and Switzerland................................. 9,200.00 Destitute Families of Russian Jews in France... 5,000.00 Spain-Turkish Refugees....................... 8,000.00 Persia.......................................... 700.00 Kosher Food for Jewish Prisoners of War in Internment Camps.......................... 10,000.00 Advanced Account-Refugees from Palestine..... 12,330.87 $10,150,263.99 The officers and members of the Joint Distribution Committee are: Felix M. Warburg, Chairman; Arthur Lehman, Treasurer; Paul Baerwald, Associate Treasurer; Albert Lucas, Secretary. Cyrus Adler, Sholom Asch, Paul Baerwald, Mayer Berlin, Stanley Bero, Jacob Billikopf, Boris D. 1478 COMMUNAL BGIMIST Bogen, David M. Bressler, David A. Brown, Fulton Brylawski, Edward N. Calisch, Harry Cutler, Samuel Dorf, Abram I. Elkus, Morris Engelman, Boris Fingerhood, Harry Fischel, Mortimer Fleischhacker, Lee K. Frankel, J. Walter Frieberg; Harry Friedenwald, Israel Friedlaender, Felix Fuld, Meyer Gillis, Moses J. Gries, Mrs. Janet Simmons Harris, Isidore Hershfield, Emil G. Hirsch, Louis Isaacs, J. G. Joseph, Alexander Kahn, Leon Kamaiky, Louis E. Kirstein, Louis J. Kopald, Nathan Krass, Albert D. Lasker, Arthur Lehman, Herbert H. Lehman, Julius Levy, E. W. Lewin-Epstein, Jacob D. Lit, Meyer London, Miss Harriet B. Lowenstein, Albert Lucas, Julian W. Mack, J.. L. Magnes, M. S. Margolies, Louis Marshall, Joseph Michaels, Henry Morgenthau, Samuel Phillipson, Samuel Rauh, Otto A. Rosalsky, Julius Rosenwald, Morris Rothenberg, Leon Sanders, Max Senior, Jos. H. Schanfeld, Jacob H. Schiff, Moses Schoenberg, Mrs. Abram Simon, Nathan Straus, Oscar S. Straus, Nat Stone, Cyrus L. Sulzberger, Mayer Sulzberger, Aaron Teitelbaum, Louis Topkis, Marion M. Travis, Isaac M. Ullman, Felix M. Warburg, A. Leo Weil, Harris Weinstock, Jacob Wertheim, A. C. Wurmser, Peter Wiernik, Stephen S. Wise, Harry B. Zimman, Baruch Zuckerman. \ INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1479 FIVE MILLION DOLLAR CAMPAIGN IN THIS THE DARKEST TRAGEDY OF OUR RACE I ASK YOUR AID An Appeal By JACOB H. SCHIFF -I Wish to sound for you the most terrible cry, the most urgent call for aid that Jewish ears have heard in three thousand years! I wish to have you hear the final call before the death of a whole Jewish People-about to die! I wish to ask you to look with me at a scene of absolute misery and starvation that Jewish Martyrdom in all its history has never equalled. I wish to ask you to look with me upon a whole Jewish People-actually about to die! I cannot possibly paint this terrible picture for you. And yet, I must ask your help, and try, to get you to see the awful tragedy in which unknown thousands of your brethren are starving. Today, in Poland, in Galicia, in Lithuania, in Russia, in Palestine and Turkey old men are dying, mothers are wandering homeless with babies in their arms. Thousands, yes thousands of little suffering children, whose feet and arms and little faces are swollen, are dying from disease, and Oh! God! from awful hunger! In this blackest tragedy of our race, I ask your aid. You may have already given. We all have given. We all must give again. 1480 ' 1 COMMUNAL REGISTER;'' We~haiVe not yet sent enough to keep them all 'alive. Even doling out but barley steeped in warm water to our brethren, we have actually failed to send enough for all. And daily, from the long lines, hundreds are actually turned away to starve with their families through another day, because there is no more, because, even of this poor food, you and I do not send enough. And it cannot even be promised that we may save these people-if the war is to last. But we can at least prove ourselves Jews, prove ourselves their brothers and postpone the end. We need not, we must not let them die. I say "we." But the duty is ours individually. And for every Jew who does not meet this call, meet it quickly and generously, someone of our brethren dies! No one can give your share. The duty and obligation is individually yours. Will you not join me in this effort to save the lives of the Jews now in such imminent danger? New York, December 10, 1917. CIS F 1IECEIF WiSE THE CAB=GM WL TRANSMIT 4ED AT 9ULBA eEWCOuMS CARLTON. Pfts1"MTf GKORGE W. IL ATKINS.FevceraIW 1Mwm MOS N-bew im 3 NsTkw Weed fend th. following Cablegramm, subject to di. terms esbeek hereof, whiss swe hereby agreed to COPY CABLEGRAM RECEIVED-OCTOBER 31, 31917 BYSTATE DEPARTMENT AT WASHINGTON FROM AMERICAN LEGATION INi COPENUAGEN."THE SUPERING Or JEWS POLAND LITHUANIA BEYOND DESCRIPTION. WANT FOO'D 0LOTHNIG AND FWL CHILDMES LEGS CANNOT CARRY TH114. PARENTS HIDE DEA&TH OF CHILDREN TO RETAIN BRE&J CARDS SPR)EADING DISEASE AND PESTILENC1E IN HOUSES. *THOUSANDS. CHILDBEM TUBERCULOUS WANT OF FOOD. OF NINETY THOUSAND JEWISH CHILDREN WARSAW ONLY TWENTY "ONE THOUSAND IN HOME OTHERS BEGGING STREETS. JEWISH GIRLS BFG SOLDIERS FOR BREAD EXPOSED GREAT DAN4GERS. WIVESAND WIDOWS RUSSIAN SOLDIERS GO MAD PROM A.WFEUL SUFFERINGS. OF 340,000 JEWS 224,000 RECEIVE PUBLIC HELP MONEY ANTD FOOD AMONG THESE MLNY WHO OWNED FIFllY TO S'IXTY. THOUSAND RUBLES. LITHUANIA WORSE. SUFFE!RERS IN OCCUPIED DISTRICTS OVER ONE AND HAL) MILLION. THO0ROUGILY NEEDED ASYLUMS ORPHANAGES, MA.INTEHA.NE AGED SOtIP.-KITCHENS, H0OLES FOR TUBERCULOUS CHILDREN IN COUNTRY, CONDENSED MILK, BOOTS., CLOTHING, FUEL. IN PALESTIIE %A.BUT SIXTY T-HOUSAND' DEST'ITVTES-.MANY LIVE IN FIELDS-.WINTER APPROACHING. 1483 Will the Finger of Scorn Point You Out?:.- I I- - 11 ~ f2~~j I..zcla ~;~f CL~~l-cll'A 'Wi.: % e /I INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1485 REPORT IN THE NEW YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, DECEMBER 16, 1917 JEWISH CAMPAIGN PASSES $5,000,000 Total Set for Drive Reported Achieved at Final Meeting, and More Coming, In. OVATION FOR MR. SCHIFF Team Leaders Vie with Each Other in Praising Their Helpers-Great Work by Women. The campaign to raise $5,000,000 in New York for Jewish war relief and welfare work in the army and navy came to a triumphant close yesterday, when, at the end of two weeks of labor, the five millions was in hand, with a slight margin over and more to come. Something more than half a million dollars was added to the fund on the last day and reported at the meeting of the captains and members of the forty-nine teams at 19 West Fortyfourth Street yesterday afternoon. When, towards the close of the meeting, it was announced that $500,815 was the total for the day, and that the grand total received had come to $4,958,579, Jacob H. Schiff, General Chairman of the committee in charge of the work, announced that he would consider it a privilege to make up the total to five millions. This subscription of $41,421 is the largest individual contribution the campaign, with the exception of Mr. Schiff's own opening gift of $200,000. A- moment later, however, more subscriptions were coming in, and several thousand dollars additional was reported before the meeting broke up. The Brooklyn committee is closing its campaign today and expects to have a large additional sum to report, and Jacob Billif-opf, general director of the campaign, said that at least $50,000 was still to be expected through the mails. Whei the triumphant oversubscription had been followed by the further announcement by Mr. Billikopf, in charge of the national campaign, that the $10,000,000 sought the country over had already been raised without including the $1,250,000 which is expected from the day's wage pledged by the east side unions, the crowd was stilled to silence as Mr. Schiff delivered a final summary of -the significance of the campaign. "This has been perhaps the crowning work of my life," he said. "I am in life's evening. Here in this country, in this city, I have lived and worked and made friends. Here, through this campaign, I have made new friends, and many whom I had not known heretofore I have inclosed within my heart. And at the end of the present terrible conflict which has made this campaign necessary, when Jew and Gentile alike in patriotism have enabled our country to come outvictoriously from the unselfish confict in which it is engaged, then Jew and Gentile will know: no, differ 1486 COMMUNAL REGISTER ences hereafter. This is the crowning success of our campaign. Result of Unity and Strength "I have never witnessed anything like this campaign. Fifty-two years ago, when I came to this country, I don't believe the combined wealth of American Jewry was equal to $5,000,000. See where we have arrived; see where unity and strength have brought us. For this could never have been obtained if we had not been united. See now what we can do if we work together, trusting one another, and having confidence in one another. Ladies and gentlemen, if we do that we can accomplish anything that is right and good and just, and we don't want to accomplish anything else. 'The best thing about this campaign is that it was not a rich man's campaign. Many of you. wealthy men have given much, but a great sum has come from the workingmen, to whom this work has given a real stimulus and without whom we should never have reached our total. The bulk of the money has come from men of small means, men to whom $10 means more than $250,000 does to me, from men and women to whom a single dollar is more than the ten thousand or twenty thousand that others have given. "The heart of the people has been in it. It is a triumph, not for the rich man whose heart was turned into stone, but for poor people who have opened their hearts and given every penny. "Another thing that makes me very happy is that in all these bourt together there has been not one single note of discord. These meetings have been our greatest pleasure and our greatest entertainment, so that it is no wonder that our theatrical friends have been so prominent in the work and have done so well. "To two men is due the real success of this movement, Jacob Billikopf and David A. Brown. These men have really sacrificed themselves. They have worked from 12 o'clock midnight till 1 o'clock in the morning-not that morning, but the next morning; they have worked twenty-five hours a day. They have been our best team and the most willing team in the whole campaign. "And as I come now to thank the captains and members of the teams, I take my hat off to each and every one of them. They have all done well, they have all done their best. I have not done anything. I have done mighty little, so little that I am almost ashamed of it. These men-I don't want to name.any of them, for the least has done as much as the most-I thank you, my friends, from all my heart for what you have accomplished. Gives First Place to the Ladies "To the ladies, to whom at the times when they were disheartened I said that they would bring us over the top, I give my thanks, for they have brought in from $250,000 to $800,000. If they had not obtained it we would not tonight have our five millions. Ladies, isn't it you who finished it up? We men bow before you, and give you the first place. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1487 "The publishers of the newspapers have given freely of their space, and we are grateful to them. And there is another class, if classes there are, to whom we are deeply grateful. speak of our Gentile fellow-citizens. First of all is Charles Ward of the Young Men's Christian Association. He came to us of his own accord at the inception of our campaign, and said, 'Gentlemen, if my experience is of any help to you it is freely at your disposal.' His experience has guided us, has guarded us against mistakes, and has stimulated our efficiency. "With him and behind him are a host of our Gentile fellow-citizens who have given with a free hand, unasked, and just after they themselves had passed through a subcessful campaign for many millions of dollars. The greatest thing in this campaign is that it has brought Jew nearer to Gentile and Gentile to Jew. I may make bold to say that the Gentiles, or many of them, have learned better now to understand the spirit of the Jew, and the Jew has learned now better to understand the great heart of his Gentile neighbor." And when Mr. Schiff had ended Louis Marshall took the stand to supply something that he declared Mr. Schiff had omitted. "It is very true," he said, "that without Mr. Billikopf and Mr. Brown we could not have succeeded. But Mr. Schiff it was who was our pilot, who was able to steer safely around every shoal. He was able to inspire the crew of his ship with enthusiasm and zeal. "He gave of his spirit to those who willingly pledged thefr ujiport. Without him this movement would have lost the magnet which brought to it'cohesiveness, unity of thought, and harmony of action." Then the audience stood Uip and cheered Mr. Schiff again and again, the biggest ovation of an afternoon in which a large percentage of the time was spent in cheering for somebody. The singing of "America" ended the gathering. The meeting was the most enthusiastic of all that have been held during the campaign and was marked by not only the largest total for a day's work yet reported but by three team totals that were far above anything that had been turned in previously. Something more than $80,000 was the highest total reported by any team on a preceding day, with the exception of the opening night, on: which $1,000,000 was subscribed, but yesterday Team No. 4, under William Goldman, brought in $52,400; Team No. 19, captained by S. G. Rosenbaum, $78,200, and Team No. 18, captained by H. B. Rosen, $100,711. No. 18 Leads All This put No. 18, in which William Fox shared the honors with Mr. Rosen as the leading spirit, each giving the credit to the other, the honor of being the top team of the campaign. Its total for the two weeks was $829,068. Second place was held by No. 22, captained by Mortimer L. Schiff, with $294,876, of which $14,465 was brought in yesterday. Mr. Rosenbaum's team held third honors with 3285,674, and Mr. Goldman's team was fourth with $277,98. -Fifthi holort 1488.COMMUNA went to the combined teams 10 and 11, captained by Louis Marshall, with $193,891. Among the women workers the honors went to Team 47, captained by Mrs. Alexander Marcuse. On Thursday this team had brought in the largest total yet reported in a day by any of the women's organizatibns, but yesterday it broke its own record and turned in $10,150. This gave it a total of $27,694. Second place, and a close second, went to Mrs. S. T. de Lee's team, 41, with $26,155. Team 51, headed by- Mrs. Bernard Pollak, ranked third, with $21,587. Competition among Teams 4, 18, and 19 furnished feverish excitement- yesterday, particularly as the last two were the last teams which reported, and the factor which gave the honors to No. 18 was undoubtedly Mr. Fox's work among theatrical and moving picture producers and actors. This unexpected development of big contributions from this profession was referred to by Jacob Wertheim as the most tremendous feature of the whole campaign. The race among these three took the lead in the interest after Mortimer L. Schiff's team, No. 22, had turned in a report of the day's receipts which made it evident that one of the others might beat it. The other thtee leaders had not reported as yet, and around the table where the captains and workers had gathere4 there was vigorous activity in raising additional funds. Finally Mr. Goldman reported $52,400 for Team 4, including $15,600 raised by the members of the team themselvee on the last LL REGISTER day-this, of course, representing a second or even a third subscription for each of them. "The fact that I personally have been in the limelight," said Mr. Goldman, "has caused me great embarrassment. The men who have been in the foreground of the work have escaped notice." Then he went over the workers of his team by name, giving credit to each one. A Happy Combination Chief among those singled out for mention were Hermann Lissner, Morris Asinof, the Rev. Dr. Nathan Kraas and Cyrus L. Sulzberger. Indeed, it was learned that Mr. Asinof's entreaties had been so successful that at a- luncheon of the team yesterday Mr. Goldman had given him a copy of Israel Zangwill's book, "The King of the Schnorrers." "Dr. Krass," said Mr. Goldman, "is. a combination of rabbi and merchant, and Mr. Sulzberger is a combination of merchant and rabbi. If he ever wants to leave commercial life for the pulpit I know a synagogue in Raleigh, N. C., that would be glad to have him. "Our team was in third place on Thursday night," he said as he ended his' report, "and, nothing will give us more happiness than to land in sixth place tonight." When Mr. Rosenbaum reported for his team he also mentioned ah the workers by name, giving special tributes to Armand Baer, S. M. Goldberg, Max Weinstein, and Reuben Sadowsky. But Jacob Wertheim explained that Mr. Rosenbaum had left himself out, and then told of the, luncheon at the INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1489 Waldorf on Friday, where friends of Mr. Rosenbaum had raised 850,000 to add to his team's total as a tribute to his personal work-a contribution which was begun by Jacob Sperber, captain of a rival team. Mr. Fox and Mr. Rosen, reporting jointly for Team 18, were the last, and were greeted with anticipatory cheers, especially when it was seen that Mr. Fox carried no less than five fat envelopes full of checks and pledges. Some time before that, when Louis Marshall's team had been called on, Mr. Marshall said that they would not report, as they had given the results of their day's work to "a worthier team." Mr. Marshall would not say who this was but Mr. Fox explained it when he gave Mr. Marshall's contribution back and insisted on reporting without him. Besides bringing the biggest total of the campaign, and the biggest total for the day, Mr. Fox also reported the largest individual contribution of the evening, with the exception of Mr. Schiff's final gift to top off the $5,000,000. This was $25,000 from Lewis J. Selznick, given on condition that Team 18 raise $25,000 elsewhere in the last thirty-six hours of the campaign. Mr. Fox and Mr. Rosen followed the example of previous leaders in mentioning their workers by name, particularly Judge Otto Rosalsky, "who was always sent to a man who was trying to get away with $1,000 when he ought to have given $2,000." The final announcement of the team's total brought a volley of cheers for Mr. Fox and Mr. Rosen which was exceeded in the whole day of cheering only by the final ovation to Mr. Schiff. Miscellaneous contributions received at the offices yesterday amounted to $28,679, including $6,000 from Henry S. Hendricks. One of the features of yesterday's reports was the exceptional number of large anonymous gifts. Brooklyn, where the campaign will close today, reported $27,500 for the day, making a total of $285.000 so far. Mrs. Straight's Gift Mrs. Alexander Kohut, organizer of the women's teams, reported that the names of the three anonymous women who had contributed $2,000 each, which she had not been able to mention on Wednesday when the women's subscriptions were collected in such large numbers, were Mrs. Harmon August, Mrs. Lewis C. Wolf, and Mrs. Willard D. Straight. She spoke particularly of Mrs. Straight's contribution as having resulted from several visits she made to training camps of the army. "Mrs. Straight told me," said Mrs. Kohut, "that she had seen the good relations between our work and the Y. M. C. A. and hoped It would continue; but that on her last visit to a cantonment she had seen no rabbis and consequently was making this gift specifically for making religious and spiritual comfort available for the Jewish boys in camp. The Catholics and Protestants she had seen were well taken care of and she wanted our boys to be the same." 1490 COMMUNAL REGISTER Mr. Kohut also announced that the members of the women's team were going to keep together and that they would continue the work of raising funds for war relief and for army and navy religious and welfare work. Among the individual gifts she announced were $5 from twenty Camp Fire Girls of the Emanuel Sisterhood and $50 by neighbors of the Sisterhood. Felix M. Warburg announced that the total receipts from Old v Bowling Green, the Joint Distribution Committee's concession in Hero Land, would amount to $40,000. A contribution which aroused much comment was the gift of two months' entire salary from Emma Levine, a domestic who said that she could not sleep at night for the thought of the suffering poor in the European war zones. This came through Team 24. The children of the Hebrew Or phan Asylum, who made up a collection early in the campaign, gave $50 more yesterday as a special contribution in honor of Mr. Schiff. Team 41, under Mrs. S. T. de Lee, brought 'in a big bag containing $682 in silver collected in a moving picture theatre, and another team reported the collection in Schachman's Theatre in Eighty-first Street of nearly $1,800. Many Individuals Gave The girls in the office of the relief committee made up a collection of $71.75, and the girls in the cloakroom at the meeting room of 19 West Forty-fourth Street gave $10. The White Plains Committee, under Charles Hecht, reported $1,200 up to yesterday morning. Team 80, under Israel Unterberg, with a total for the campaign of something more than $78,000, reported more individual subscriptions than any other team. Indeed, a feature of yesterday's reports was the large number of individual subscriptions reported by nearly every group; and apparently the only reason why the total was not larger was the one given by Henry M. Toch when he reported for Team 29. "Some gave according to their means and some according to their meanness." Indication of the rapidity with which the funds collected are being made available was given by the statement made from the platform that $300,000 had been cabled yesterday through the State Department and the Dutch Government for the relief of sufferers in Poland and Lithuania. The money will be distributed by Max Senior and Dr. Boris Bogen, the Joint Distribution Committee's Dutch representatives. This makes a total of more than $600,000, which has been sent in the last two weeks. - INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1491 LIST OF TEAMS WITH THEIR CAPTAINS List of Teams with their Captains and the amounts which each obtained as recorded on December 15, 1917, in the $5,000,000 Campaign, conducted in New York City, December 3rd to December 15th, by the Jewish War Relief Committee. JACOB H. SCHIFF, Chairman. Total from Teams Team No. 1-Amount Obtained $19,445.30 Captain-CHAS. DUSHKIND Frederich F. Bach Samuel L. Levy Israel Friedkin Nathan Pickel Isaac Gilman Oscar Reinach Abraham Ginsberg Isaiah C. Rosenthal D. Emil Klein Herman B. Schwartz Lazar Kroll Jerome Waller Asa Lemlein Albert Wise Leo Levy Edward Wise Team No. 2-Amount Obtained $19,884.25 Captain-SIGMUND EISNER D. M. Brickner Abe Miller Howard Deutz Edw. E. Phillips Jos. Frankel Louis Rothschild S. Jonas Sol. Solomon Richard Manheimer Albert Weiss Team No. 3-Amount Obtained $31,345.28 Captain-WALTER EMMERICH Louis Beerman Carl Jacobs Samuel Buegeleisen E. Louis Jacobs Samuel Cohen Chas. Jadobson Charles Davidson Saul L. Migel Herman Hirsch Joseph Smith Team No. 4-Amount Obtained $278,606.30 Captain-WM. GOLDMAN Morris Asinof Norbert D. Light Sol. Bashwitz H. Lissner Henry Epstein Edwin Mayer Ben Friedman M. Naumburg Edward Friedman Samuel Rosenthal Aaron Garfunkel Julius Schwartz 1492 COMMUNAL REGISTER Team No. 5-Amount Obtained $11,513.50 Captain-LEO D. GREENFIELD N. H, Borenstein A. Branower Wm. T. Goldman Wm. S. Kreiner A. Rosenfield M. Vessell B. Willing H. Witty Team No. 6-Amount Obtained $72,426.65 Captain-COL. HENRY A. GUINSBURG M. M. Abrahams Joseph Frank Mose Heineman Charles Hirschhorn Henry Ittleson Charles E. Kuh S. D. Levy Carl M. Loeb Otto Meyer Edw. Neugass Louis Reichenbach George Rosenfeld Hyman Soon Team No. 7-Amount Obtained $68,744.25 Captain-SAMUEL KRIDEL Moise L. Erstein Carl Forsch Harry Goldsmith Morris Comprecht Julius Kayser Mortimer H. Meinhard Moses Siegman Z. Van Raalte Charles Wimpfheimer Julius Wyle Team No. 8-Amount Obtained $16,952.00 Captain-ISIDOR N. LANDAUER Sam Klauber Louis Long Max Neuburger Max Reichenbacb David Schoenfeld Leonard Stein Emanuel Voss Sigmund Weiss Team No. 9-Amount Obtained 3,311.95 Captain EMIL LEITNER Team No. 10-Amount Combined With Team No. 11 Captain-SAMUEL A. LEWISOHN Arthur M. Hess Sam E. Jacobs Nathan J. Miller Henry L. Moses D. I Phillips Charles A. Riegelman Henry J. Samstag Ludwig Vogelstein Jacob Wertheim Joseph H. Wise INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Team No. 11-Amount Obtained $186,391.80 Captain-LOUIS MARSHALL 1493 Joseph Fried Moses H. Grossman Louis S. Levy Walter Lindner Max D. Steuer S. M. Stroock Henry Wollman Team No. 12-Amount Obtained $52,571.45 Captains-SICHER-MARTIN Herman Block Samuel J. Bloomingdale J. G. Cohen Louis Fuhs Samuel Goldstein Abe Gussow Louis Guttman Sol Harris A. S. Iseron Sigmund Klee Daniel M. Kops G. S. Roth Emil Sostman Otto M. Stanfield J. A. Stein Harry Well Team No. 13-Amount Obtained $103,757.74 Captain-HENRY MORGENTHAU J. Clarence Charles K. George W. Joseph Obe William R Ben Althei Henry J. I Jack Dryf S. Hechtk~ Moritz Hil Charles Ku i Davies aye Naumburg ermeyer. Rose Horace Saks Germon F. Sulzberger Mrs. Ray Wilner Sundelson Jacques Weinberg Team No. 14-Amount Obtained $48,639.00 Captain-LEOPOLD PLAUT Imer Adolph Kastor ickstein August Kuhn oos Max Lowenthal opf Morris Mayer.der Alfred M. Rau afka Charles H. Studin Team No. 15-Amount Obtained $16,659.50 Captain-HARRY RASCOVAR Arthur Behal Philip A. Conne Joseph A. Klein Max Strauss Hans S. Rothschild Walter N. Seligsberg Sidney M. Well Isidore Witmark William J. Wollman Harry Zalkin 1494 COMMUNAL REGISTER Team No. 16-Amount Obtained $73,426.00 Captain-LOUIS J. ROBERTSON David A. Ansbacher George B. Bernheim Robert Binger Emil Buschoff George Einstein Abraham Erlanger Edwin Goldsmith Percy Heineman Gass Paskus Armand Schmoll, Jr. A. R. Spear Team No. 18-Amount Obtained $318,394.81 Captain-H. B. ROSEN Hiram Abrams Louis Adler Arthur S. Bandler Edw. I. Bramson Ed. Eisenstein William Fox Arthur S. Friend Sidney J. Hirschberg E. A. Jackson Ralph A. Kohn Jesse L. Lasky Marcus Loew Harry J. Margulies Harry Roggen William Rosenbloom Louis Satenstein Joseph M. Schenck M. Stern Sigmund Wyler Adolph Zukor Team No. 19-Amount Obtained $286,872.53 Captain-S. G. ROSENBAUM Armand Baer Sam Kronberg Zi. D. Bernstein Jacob D. Cohen Herbert Deutz Alfred Fantl Harry J. Friedman Harry Glemby S. M. Goldberg Joseph Kohn Louis Kronberg Claude Prager Nathan Sadowsky Reuben Sadowsky Harry Schlang Arthur L. Selig Franklin Simon Sol Singer Max Weinstein Edward Wright Team No. 20-Amount Obtained $41,807.00 Captain-LEOPOLD ROSSBACH Morris Barnet Adolph Hirsch Jesse F. Rosenfeld Jacob Rossbach Armand Schmoll Enrico Stein Edmond Well Sally Wertheim INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Team No. 21-Amount Obtained $102,640.00 Captain-ABE E. ROTHSTEIN 1495 J. H. Cohen Wm. Fischman Herman C. Goldstein Felix Gouled Sam C. Lamport Arthur Lewis Sam Iubel Bernard Marcus H. B. Rubin Max Schwartz A. Turkeltaub Max Willner Team No. 22-Amount Obtined $292,676.00 Captain-MORTIMER L. SCHIFF Paul Baerwald Harry Bronner Abram I. Elkus Dr. Julius Goldman Louis J. Crumbach Frederick Housman Arthur Lehman James N. Rosenberg Walter E. Sachs Arthur K. Salomon E. S. Steinam Albert Stern Sbl Wexler Team No. 23-Amount Obtained $95,212.20 Captain-WALDEMAR EITINGON O. G. Becker Max Cohen Adolph Engel William Engel Abe Gottlieb Leo D. Greenfleld M. Hollander Fred Kaufman Isaac H. Klein Arthur Lamport Aaron Naumburg D. Steiner Samuel Ullman A. Vogel Harry W. Vogel Team No. 24-Amount Obtained $113,809.25 Captain-JACOB SPERBER Oscar Abel Max Aronson Samuel Moskowitz E. Moyses Isidore Blauner Sol Cohen Paul Crager Isidore Dreyfus Ben Erdman Albert Herskowitz Hyman Herzog E. G. Kline Ben Levis Jacob Rappaport H. Rentner M. Rentner Wm. C. Ritter Ed. Rubin H. B. Rubin Max Rubin Samuel Silber 1496 COMMUNAL REGISTBR Team No. 25-Amount Obtained $36,819.75 Captain-EUGENE E. SPIEGELBERG Maurice Bandler William L. Levy Allan M. Bernstein Herbert Maass Milton Blum Benjamin Mayer Joseph Herzig Sidney Rosenthal A. L. Levi Louis B. Tim J. C. Levi George P. Waitzfelder Team No. 26-Amount Obtained $9,490.50 Captain-DR. MENDES Team No. 27 —Amount Obtained $61,246.69 Captain-LEOPOLD STERN David Belais DeWitt A. Davidson Solomon T. DeLee August Goldsmith Samuel Heller Henry Jacobson M. G. Levy M. H. Mann Jacob Mehrlust Otto Sinnauer Albert Ulmann Team No. 28-Amount Obtained $44,414.69 Captain-LEO SULZBERGER Jos. Berlinger Julius Siegbert Sidney Blumenthal Robert E. Simon S. B. Erlanger DeWitt H. Stern Benjamin F. Felner A. L. Strasser Louis Heilbronner I. S. Wolf Team No. 29-Amount Obtained $45,667.35 Captain-HENRY M. TOCH Abraham Adelberg Alex. Joseph Jerome Alexander Benj. Magnus J. S. Berliner A. J. Marcuse Wm. Crouse Herman Rawitser Rabbi Ephraim Frisch Theo. B. Richter Simon Gottshall Jacob Stein Max G. Heidelberg Max Wallerstein, Dr. Levi Hershfield Alfred C. Wollner Tesam No. 30-Amount Obtained $75,938.85 Captain-ISRAEL UNTERBERG Samuel Bayer A. S. Rosenthal M. I. Friedman Bernard Semel Harry H. Leibowltz Harry 0. Simmons A. P. Lubel M. T. Stark 1. L. Phillips Abraham Tauber INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZAT!IONS Team No. 31-Amount Obtained $43,811.040 Captain-A. D. WOLF 1497 Harry Cohn Albert S. Faber Samuel Floersheimer J. M. Gidding George C. Heimerdinger Max Lachman Ernest Levy E. John Magnin Nathan Schuss Louis J. Wile Max Wormser Team No. 32-Amount Obtained $38,916.25 Captain-WALTER H. LIEBMANN Milton J. Bach Leon B. Lowenstein Joseph G. Dreyfus Simon Meyer Edward A. Hellman Bernard Naumburg Milton M. Klein Joseph M. Proskauer Samuel Liebmann Charles J. Waxelbaum Team No. 33-TREMONT LODGE-Amount Obtained. 2,012.00 Team No. 34-Amount Obtained $3,920.25 Captain-DR. PIERRE A. SIEGELSTEIN M. Bergman Ed. Herbert Dr. J. E. Braunstein A. L. Kalman Chas. I. Fleck B. Stein Peter Forester Solomon Sufrin M. Granhard Leo Wolfson Team No. 40-Amount Obtained $5,229.00 Captain-MRS. MAX LEVISON Team No. 41-Amount Obtained $28,375.55 Captain-MRS. LEE K. FRANKEL Mrs. D. M. Bressler - Mrs. Sol Lowenstein Mrs. A. Fries Mrs. A. B. Lustig Mrs. B. Gomprecht Mrs. Sidney March Mrs. H. Jarecky Mrs. Louis Merzbach Mrs. H. Kaufman Mrs. Michelbacher Team No. 42-Amount Obtained $11,723.85 Captain-MRS. S. T. DeLEE Mrs. A. Altmayer Mrs. Harry Leopold Mrs. Samuel Borchardt Mrs. A. Oppenheimer Mrs. Louis M. Cohan Mrs. S. S. Prince Mrs. Arthur Dryfoos Mrs. David A. Schulte Mrs. Jack Dryfoos Mrs. Ferd. Seligmann Mrs. Alfred Freeman Miss Rae Selwyn Mrs. Betty W. Hilborn Mrs. Milton Steindler Mrs. Rose D. King Mrs. Jack Wildberg 1498 COMMUNAL REGISTER Team No. 43-Amount Obtained $9,065.50 Captain-MRS. H. B. GOLDSMITH Mrs. Hiram Bloomingdale Mrs. George Falk Miss Estelle Goldsmith Miss Angie Jacobson Mrs. Leon Kronthal Mrs. Walter Liebmann Mrs. Arthur Popper Mrs. Hugo Seligman Mrs. Frank Slazenger Mrs. Clarence Strouse Team No. 44-Amount Obtained $5,317.77 Captain-MRS. LA13AYETTE A. GOLDSTONE Mrs. M. H. Cardozo, Jr. Miss Blanche Content Mrs. Nelville G. Hart Mrs. Charles Harwood Mrs. Harold L. Lewis Mrs. Bernard Lowenthal Mrs. Albert Moss Mrs. Hendricks Nathan Mrs. Alfred Newburger Team No. 45-Amount Obtained $6,946.00 Captain-MRS. ROBERT HECHT Mrs. Braun Mrs. Benno Helm Mrs. Alex Joseph Carrie Levy Mrs. Chas. Michaels Mrs. Max Rubenstein Mrs. Harry Sachs ~ Mrs. Manuel Solomon Mrs. Louis Weisenthal Mrs. Flora Wilzin Miss Theresa Wilzin Team No. 46-Amount Obtained $5,089.75 Captain-MRS. ELIAS LUSTIG Mrs. Leonard Abrams Mrs. Alvin P. Block Mrs. Harry Darlienberg Mrs. B. Ehrenberg Mrs. Abram Grill Mrs. Ralph Ittleson Mrs. Harry Jacobs Mrs. T. Kain Miss Hortense Lions Mrs. J. Usoskin Mrs. Joseph Van Baalen Mrs. David Wertheim Team No. 47-Amount Obtained $27,322.60 Captain-MRS. ALEXANDER MARCUSE Mrs. Leon Alland Mrs. Max Amberg Mrs. Henry Block Mrs. Walter Blumenthal Mrs. George Engel Mrs. BenJ. Feiner Mrs. Alfred Goldsmith Mrs. Otto Meyer Mrs. Marcus Rotlhschild Mrs. Arthur Selig Mrs. M. Untermeyer INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Team No. 48-Amount Obtained $9,563.97 Captain-MRS. H. MAYER 1499 Mrs. Alfred Blumenthal Mrs. Jos. Davis Mrs. A. Greenwald Mrs. Max Herzig Miss Edna Mannheimer Miss Jenny Mannheimer Mrs. E. Salomon Mrs. Chas. Weschler Mrs. Arthur Wise Team No. 49-Amount Obtained $7,332.00 Captain-MRS. BEN MINTON Mrs. Ben Blitz Mrs. Chas. Elfelt Miss Ellen Goldsmith Miss Rose Houser Mrs. Isaac Landheim Mrs. Max Markel Mrs. Eli Rees Mrs. Joseph Rees Mrs. B. R. Reubens Mrs. Blum Tobias Mrs. David Zimmern Team No. 50-Amount Obtained $7,017.69 Captain-MRS. DORA NEWBURGER Mrs. Minnie Bramwell Mrs. Nellie L. Miller Mrs. Moritz Glanber Mrs. A. L. Shakman Miss Josie Gottlieb Mrs. J. Weil Mrs. John Henle Mrs. Henry Zellner Mrs. Harry Lyon Team No. 51-Amount Obtained $21,432.50 Captain-MRS. BERNARD POLLAK Mrs. Paul Baerwald Mrs. Henry Bernhard Mrs. David A. Brown Mrs. Jos. E. Dryfous Mrs. Harry Kohn Miss Stella Schottenfels Mrs. George Seligman Mrs. Albert Stern Mrs. L. Wimpfheimer Team No. 52-Amount Obtained $9,130.00 Captain-MRS. CHARLES REIZENSTEIN Miss Carrie Gerstle Mrs. Isaac Goldberg Mrs. E. A. Jackson Mrs. Sam Nast Mrs. Leo B. Seligman Mrs. Benj. Wasserman Mrs. M. H. Wasserman Mrs. David.Weil Mrs. Annie Weiner Mrs. Mannie Wolf 1500 COMMUNAL REGISTER Team No. 53-Amount Obtained $14,857.75 Captain-MRS. SAMUEL SCHULMAN Mrs. Samuel Berliner Mrs. Arthur Block Mrs. Philip Frank Mrs. Felix Haas Mrs. M. L. Kohlman Mrs. Charles Kurzman Mrs. Edwin R. Masback Mrs. Sam Seiniger Mrs. Max L. Young Team No. 54-Amount Obtained $13,719.85 Captain-MRS. H. M. TOCH Mrs. Joe Manheimer Mrs. R. I. Masback Mrs. H. J. Rosenbaum Mrs. Herman Rosenberg Miss Hattie Sachs Mrs. I. H. Weinberg Team Total........................... $2,800,382.67 New Era Club........................... 960.76 Brooklyn Campaign...................... 235,000.00 Rockefeller Foundation.................. 100,000.00 People's Relief Committee................ 176,000.00 Labor Unions.......................... 1,250,000.00 Hershand.............................. 40,000.00 Miscellaneous.......................... 420,263.13 TOTAL......................... $5,022,606.45 These amounts will vary somewhat after the final tabulation has been completed. Miscellaneous i II i i, I I I I a I i I MISCELLANEOUS 1503 A LIST OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES ON TiHE JEWS OF NEW YORK By S. MARGOSHES Bureau of Jewish Education Introductory Note Surely one need not apologize for compiling a new list of books and articles on New York Jewry. Its usefulness is quite obvious. If apologies are in order, it is because the list is not so exhaustive as it should be. The importance of New York Jewry and the number of earnest students as well as of intelligent laymen who wish to be informed on the various phases of Jewish communal life of New York City, certainly warrant the most complete bibliography. Even the doleful poverty of literature on New York Jewry is no reason why the little there is should not be made available to the general reader. It is a matter of great surprise that so very little has been done until now in the domain of New York Jewish bibliography. To my knowledge, there are only two bibliographical lists on the Jews of New York; one accompanying Max J. Kohler's very able article on "New York" in the Jewish Encyclopedia, and the other under the caption "Special Places in the United States" in Mr. Freidus' indispensable work, "List of Works in the New York Public Library Relating to the History and Condition of the Jews in Various Countries." Excellent as these two lists are, however, they suffer from three grievous faults. In the first place, they are both 1504 COMMUNAL REGISTER far from exhaustive; the bibliography in the Jewish Encyclopedia containing thirty-seven titles and Mr. Freidus', fifty-nine. In the second place, neither of the two lists is brought up to date; Mr. Kohler stops at 1904 and Mr. Freidus at 1913. Finally, and perhaps the most serious fault, is that neither of the two bibliographies has a classification arranged in periods or subjects. A mere alphabetical list is certainly far from enlightening for the general reader who is looking for information. The present list, which is based on the two previous lists, tries to remedy all the faults noted in its predecessors. Though it, too, is not so exhaustive as it should be. it includes a great many more titles than both previous lists combined. It is also more up to date, an attempt having been made to include all important books and articles covering the very latest period in AmericanJewish history. Finally, the present list presents a number of classifications. These classifications, it should be noted, are not based as is usually the case, on periods in American history, but instead, on the main stages in the development of American Jewry. The Jewish Community in New York City in particular, passed through three definite phases. First, the Spanish-Portuguese phase reaching through the 17th and 18th centuries; second, the German phase beginning with 1815, when the downfall of Napoleon and the repressive measures enacted against the Jews in Germany brought about the great German-Jewish immigration; third, the East European phase dating from 1881, the period of the May Laws in Russia and the unprefedented Jewish immigration from Russia, to 1917. It is on these general MISCBLLANEOUS 1505 phases of Jewish development in New Y6rk City that our main classification is based. Under these main classifications, the sub-divisions suggest themselves most easily in accordance with those objects of Jewish interest, which alone in this whirlpool of change, iremain unchangeable. They are: (1) The General Civic Status of the American Jew, (2) Religious Affairs, (3) Education, (4) Recreation, (5) Philanthropy, (6) Correction, and (7) Industry. These have been with us from time out of mind, and perhaps the best that a list of Jewish Books can do is to call attention again to their historical perseverance through all vicissitudes of time. LIST OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES Spanish and Portuguese Period GENERAL Adler, Cyrus. Jews in America. Reprint of Vol. I, pp. 492-505 of the Jewish Encyclopedia. N. Y. Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1901. Daly, Charles Patrick. The Settlement of the Jews in North America. Edited with notes and appendices by J. M. Kobler. N. Y. 1893. Fernow. Records of New Amsterdam. Friedenwald, Herbert. Jews mentioned in the Journal of the Continental Congress. Baltimore, 1893. (Reprint Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ., No. 1, pp. 65-89.) Gerson, Oscar. Our Colonial History from the Discovery to the Revolution. N. Y. 1908. Hollander, Jacob Harry. The naturalization of the Jews in the American colonies under the act of 1740. (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Pub. 1897, no. 5, p. 103-111). Huehner, Leon. Whence came the first Jewish settlers of New York? Baltimore, 1901. (Reprint Am. Jewish Hist. Soc. Pub. no. 9. 1901). Huebner, Leon. Naturalization of Jews In New York under the act of 1740. Baltimore, 1905. (Reprint of Am. Jew. Hist. SQo, umbL no. 18, 1905). 1506 COMMUNAL REGISTER Kohler, Max James. Beginnings of New York Jewish History, (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. Baltimore, 1893, no. 1 p. 41-48). Kohler, Max James. Civil status of the Jews in colonial New York. Baltimore, 1897. (Rep. Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. no. 6, 1897). Kohler, Max James. The Jews and the American antislavery movement. (Am. Jew. Hist. Sec. Publ. 1897 -1901. no. 5, p. 137-155; no. 9 p. 45-56). Kohler, Max James. Phases of Jewish life in New York before 1800. (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. Baltimore, 1894-95, no. 2 p. 77-100; no. 3, p. 73-86). Kohler, Max James. Incidents illustrative of American Jewish patriotism. (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ., 1896. No. 4, p. 81-99). Kohler, Max James. The Jews In N. Y., prior to 1812. Reprint Jew. Encyc. V. 9). Leeser, Isaae. The Jews, in Rupp's Churches of America. Markern, Isaac. The Hebrews in America. A series of historical and biographical sketches. 1888. Marshall, Louis. The Jews as elements in the population, past and present. Notes relating to the celebration of 250th anniversary of Jewish settlement in N. Y., 1905, p. 23-28. Moss, Frank. The American Metropolis from Knickerbocker Days to the present time. New York City life in all its various phases. N. Y. 1897. Oppenheim, Samuel. The Jews and masonry in the United States before 1810. N. Y. 1910. (Reprint Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ., no. 19. 1910). Peters, Madison C. How the Jews helped to develop the American Colonies in spite of persecution. B'nai Brith Monthly. Peb. 1909. Peters, Madison Clinton, The Jews in America. A short story of their part in the building of the republic. Phila. 1905. Raisin, M. Z. History of the Jews in America. Warsaw, 1902. In Hebrew. Whittemore, Henry. Progressive, patriotic and philanthropic Hebrews of the New World. Historical, biographical, religious, social. Their influence from the early part of the seventeenth century to the present time. N. Y. 1907. MISCELLANEOUS 1507 Wiernick, Peter. History of the Jews in America. From the period of the discovery of the new world to the present time. N. Y. 1912. Also a Yiddish Edition. Wilson, James S. Memorial History of the City of New York. Wolf, Simon. The American Jew as soldier and patriot. Baltimore, 1895. (Reprint Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ., No. 3, 1895). RELIGIOUS Adams, Hannah. History of the Jews. Dyer, Albian Morris. Points in the first chapter of New York Jewish history. Baltimore, 1895. (American Jewish Historical Society Publications). Greenleaf, Jonathan. History of the churches of all denominations in the City of New York from the first settlement to the year 1860. N. Y. 1850. Huehner, Leon. Osser Levy, a noted Jewish burgher of New Amsterdam. Baltimore, 1900. (Reprint of Am. Jew. Hist. Publ., no. 8, 1900). Jastrow, Morris, the Younger. References to Jews in the Diary of Ezra Stiles. (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. 1902, no. 10, p. 5-36). Kohler, Max James. Phases in the history of religious liberty in America, with special reference to the Jews. Baltimore, 1903. (Reprint Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ., no. 11, 1903). Same Part II. (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. 1905. no. 13 p. 7-36). Phillips, N. Taylor. The Levy and Seixas families of Newport and New York. (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. Baltimore, 1896., no. 4 p. 189 -214). Phillips, Naftali. Sketch of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation Shearith Israel in New York. (Am. Jew. Hist. Publ. 1913, vol. 21, p. 172-228). Phillips, N. Taylor. The Congregation Shearith Israel. (New York) (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Pub. Baltimore, 1897. No. 6, p.4123-140). Phillips, N. Taylor. Items relating to the history of the Jews of New York (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. PubL Baltimore, 1903, no. 11 149,161). Phillips, Rosalie S. A burial place for the Jewish "Nation Forever." (Am. Jew. Hist. 1508 COMMUNAL REGISTER Soc. Publ. Baltimore, 1909. no. 18, p. 93-122). Shearith Israel. The Earliest Extaut Minute Book of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation Shearith Israel in New York, 1728-1786. (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. 1913, vol. 21, p. 1-171). Site of the first synagogue of the Congregation Shearith Israel of New York. Baltimore, 1900. (American Jewish Historical Society Publications). Soils, Elvira N. Some references to early Jewish-cemeteries in New York City. (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. Baltimore, 1900, no. 8, p.-135 -140). Works on the Churches of New York, Jewish Bulletin of the N. Y. Public Library vol. 6, May 1901. EDUCATIONAL. Huehner, Leon. Jews in connection with the colleges of the thirteen original states, prior to 1800. (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. 1910, No. 19. p. 101-124). PHILANTHROPIC Huehner, Leon. The Jewish woman in America. N. Y. 1905. ECONOMIC. Kohler, Max James. Jewish activity in American colonial commerce. Baltimore, 1902. (Reprint Am. Jew. Hist. Sec. 1902. no. 10, p. 47-64). P e t e r, Madon Clinton. Hayim Solomon; the financier of the Revolution. An unwritten chapter in American history. N. Y., 1911. GERMAN PERIOD. GENERAL Adler, Cyru. Jews in America. Reprint of V. 1. p. 492 -605 of the Jewish Encyclopedia. N. Y.- iu nk anad WagnallS Co. 1901; Benjimla, Israel Joseph,- Drel Jahre in Amerika. Hanover 1862. Brill Hernmixn 'Die JfttlfSche Ziltpr6sse in Nord Amerika. 'Bn Chananja, 1865. p. 864. Correspondence from New York. Jewish News Items. Ben Chananja, 1860 p. 809; 1864 p. 552, 651, 755, 764, 786, 824, 867; 1865 p. 134, 149, 166, 181, 196, 232, 317, 840, 352, 372, 473,.606, 642, 708, 739, 744; 1866 p. 435, 536, 742; 1867 p. 816. Dittenhoeffer, A. J. Reminiscences of N.. Jewry of Fifty Years Ago. Hebrew Standard Dec. 4, 1908. MISCELLANEOUS 1509 Friedenberg, Albert Marx. A list of Jews who were grand masters of masons in various states of this country. Baltimore, 1910. (Reprint Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. no. 19, p. 95-100). Horowitz, Leon. Roumania Ve-America. Berlin, 1874. In Hebrew. Huehner, Leon. The Jews of New York in the arts, sciences and professions. Address before the Judaeans Soc. April 1905. American Hebrew and Jewish Messenger, New York, 1905. Kohler, Max James. Some early American Zionist projects. (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. 1900. No. 16, p. 23-35). Kohler, Max James. The German Jewish migration to America. Baltimore, 1901. (Reprint of Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. no. 9. 1901). Leeser, Isaac. The Jews, in Rupp's Churches of America. Liebman, Walter. The Correspondence bet.- Solomon Siting and Henry Clay. (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. 1909, No. 17. P. 81-88). Government Positions 19th Cent. Markens, Isaac. Abraham Lincoln and the Jews. N. Y. 1909. Markens, Isaac. The Hebrews in America. A series of historical and biographical sketches. Pub. 1888. Morals, Henry S. Eminent Israelites of the 19th cent. Moss, Frank. The American Metropolis from Knickerbocker Days to the present time. N. Y. C. life in all its various phases. N. Y. 1897. Peters, Madison Clinton. The Jews in America. A short story of their part in the building of the republic. Philadelphia 1905. Statistics of the Jews in the United States, compiled under the authority of the Board of Delegates and the Union of American Hebrew Congregations. Philadelphia, Pa., 1880. Sulzberger, David. Growth of Jewish population in the United States. (Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ., 1897. v. 6, p. 141-149). Whittemore, H e n r y Progressive, patriotic and philanthropic Hebrews of the New World. Historical, biographical, religious, social. Their influence from the early part of the seventeenth century to the present time. N. Y., 1907. Wieraik Peter. History Of the Jews in America. From 1510 COMMUNAL REGISTER the period of the discovery of the new world to the present time. N. Y. 1912. Also a Yiddish Edition. Wilson, James S. Memorial History of the City of New York. Wolf, Simon. The American Jew as patriot, soldier, and citizen. Philadelphia, 1895. RELIGIOUS Eaton, H. N. An hour with the American Hebrew. Including Rev. H. W. Beecher's sermon on "Jew and Gentile;" B. F. Butler's speech before the Hebrew Fair at Boston. Also, remarks on the HOLTON-SELIGMAN affair, and the late misunderstanding at Manhattan Beach. New York, 1879. Greenleaf, Jonathan. History of the churches of all denominations in the City of N. Y, from the first settlement to the year 1850. Pub. 1850. Philipson, David. The Progress of the Jewish Reform Movement in the U. S. in Jewish quarterly Review. Oct. 1897. Phillips, N. Taylor. The Congregation Shearith Israel. (New York). (Am. Jew. Hist.. Soc. Pub. Baltimore, 1897, No. 6, p. 123-140). Rosebault, Walter Mayer. The Jews, what they are coming to. The Galaxy, N. Y. 1872. vol. 13, p. 47-60). Rosebault, Walter Mayer. A Sabbath among the orthodox Jews. (Galaxy, N. Y. 1872, v. 14. p. 379-383). Stern, Myer. The rise and progress of reform Judaism, embracing a history made from the official records of Temple Emanu-El of New York with a description of Salem Field Cemetery in connection with the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the congregation. N. Y. 1895. Weinberger, Moses. Sefer haYehudim Veha-Yahadut beNew York. Jews and Judaism in New York. New York, 1887. Wise, J. M. Reminiscences. Translated and edited with an introduction, by David Philipson. Cincinnati, 1901. Works on the Churches of New York. In Bulletin of the N. Y. Public Library vol. 5, May 1901. Zunz, Paul. In God we trust. The Crisis; a celebrated case at Manhattan Beach. First direct answer and challenge to Corbin. War on Messrs. Corbin Hllton & Co., and the New York Herald. An open letter to the public. N. Y., 1879. MISCELLANEOUS 1511 EDUCATION AL Horowitz, Leon. Rumania weAmerica. Berlin, 1874. In Hebrew. Landau, L. Das Judenthum in New York. (In Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, 1892, no. 28). Weinberger, Moses. Sefer haYehudim Veha-Yahadut be New York. Jews and Judaism in New York. New York, 1887. Wheatley, Richard. The Jews of N. Y. (Century Magazine, N. Y. 1892. New Series, v. 21 p. 323, 342, 512-G2). Wise, J. M. Reminiscences. Translated and edited with an introduction by David Philipson, Cincinnati, 1901. PHILANTHROPIC Connelly, J. H. Charities of the Hebrews of N. Y. Daly, Charles Patrick. The Jews of New York, by Hon. Charles P. Daly. The Education of orphan children by Hon. Carl Schurz. Two addresses delivered at the laying of the corner stone of the new Hebrew Orphan Asylum, New York, May 16, 1883. New York, office of American Hebrew, 1883. EAST EUROPEAN PERIOD. GENERAL Adler, Cyrus. Jews in America. Reprint of v. 1. P. 492 -505 of the Jewish Encyclopedia. N. Y. Funk & Wagnails Co. 1901. Adler, Cyrus. Solomon Schechter, a biographical sketch. P. 25-67. American Jewish Year Book 5677 (1916-17). Reports of the American Jewish Committee. American Jewish Year Book, (1908-9) p. 237-258; (1909-10) p. 237 -255; (1910-11) p. 338-354; (1911-12) p. 294-334; (1912 -13) p. 291-31'4; (1913-14) p. 437-467; (1914-15) p. 379-418; 1915-16) p. 356-394; (1916 - 17) p. 288-410; (1917-18) p. 434-500. American Jewish Year Book. 1899-1917 18 volumes. American Jewish Historical Society Publications.. Baltimore 1893-1916. No. 1-22. Americanizing Russian Jews (School Journal). N. Y. 1906, vol. 73, p. 249). The Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the settlement of the Jews in the United States. Baltimore, 1906. Army. Jews in the United States Army and Navy. Am. Jew. Yr. Bk. 5667, pp. 76-79. 1512 COMMUNAL IREGISTER Baker, Hay Stunnard. The disintegration of the Jews. (American magazine N. Y. 1909. vol. 68, p. 590-603). Bequests and gifts in the U. S. American Jewish Year Book. (1900-1) p. 639-641; 1901-2) p. 181-185; (1902-3, 1903-4) p. 193-206; (1904-5; 1905-6; 1906-7) p. 188-221; (1907-8) p. 480-500. Berkowitz, J. H. One year of commercial unity in N. Y. March 4, 1910. Jewish Comment. Bernheimer, C. S. The Immigrant Jew in America. Bernheimer, Charles S. The Russian Jew in the U. S. Phila. 1905. Reissued in 1906, 7 by Edmund S. James and others as "The Immigrant Jew in America." Bero, Stanley. Chart and explanatory outline regarding 81 cities in 24 states, with particular reference to the Jewish Communal development. N. Y. 1912. Biographical Sketches of Jewish Communal Workers in the United States. Amer. Jew. Yr. Bk. 5666. p. 32-118. Biographical Sketches of Jews Prominent in the Professions, etc., in the U. S. Amer. Jew. Yr. Bk. 5665. p. 52-213. Bloch, Joseph S. Ein Besuch beim Judentum in New York und Umgebung. Drei Vortraege. Wien, Verlag der "Oesterreichischen Wochenschrift," 1912. Bressler, D. M. Distribution of Jewish immigrants. Jewish Criterion. Dec. 20th, 1907. Casson, Herbert N. The Jew in America. (Munsey's Magazine, N. Y. 1905, v. 34, p. 381-395. Cohan. The Russian Jew in America. Atlantic Monthly. July, 1898. Jewish Communal Directory of New York City. Published by the Jewish Community of New York City, 1912. Directory. List of Federated Jewish Charities in the U. S. (New York) P. 366. American Jewish Year Book. 5678 (1917-18). Directory of local organizations. American Jewish Year Book. (1899-1900) p. 189-219; (1907-8) p. 258-336; (1908-9) p. 56, 57, 65; (1909 -10) p. 181-3; (1910-11) p. 265-71; (1911-12) p. 252-3; (1912-13) p. 255-256. Directory. New Jewish Local Organizations in the U. S. American Jewish Year Book. 1913-14) p. 405: (1914-15) p. MISCELLANEOUS 1513 320-21; (1915-16) p. 332, 333; (1916-1917) p. 266-267; (1917 -18) p. 360-362. Directory of National Organizations. American Jewish Year Book. (1899-1900) p. 34-102; (1900-1) p. 67-182; (1901-2) p. 109-126; (1902-3) p. 87-143; (1903-4) p. 109 -162; (190'4-5) p. 226-283; (1905-6) p. 129-150; (1906-7) p. 104-127; (1907-8) p. 24 -123; (1908-9) p. 19-45; (1909 -10) p. 146-170; (1910-11) p. 229-254; (1911-12) p. 216-43; (1912-13) p. 217-247; (1913 -14) p. 361-394; (1914-15) p. 276-312; (1915-16) p. 286 -324; (1916-17) p. 221-259; (1917-18) p. 332-356. Events. A list of leading events. American Jewish Year Book, (1899-1900) p. 286-292; (1900-1901) p. 641 -5; (1901-2); (1902-3) p. 63 -78; (1903-4).p. 217-221; (1904-5); 1905-6) p. 220-229; (1906-7) p. 226-237; (1907-8) p. 507-518; (1908-9) p. 131 -151; (1909-10) p. 103-109; (1910-11) p. 99-126; (1911 -12) p. 129-138; (1912-13) p. 117-128; (1913-14) p. 246 -254; (1914-15) p. 132-167; (1915-16) p. 203-223; (1916 -17) p. 84-111; (1917-18) p. 237-240; (1917-18) p. 240 -2*6. Ezra, N. E. B. Jews and Judaism in America. Shanghai, 1906. Flihberg, Maurice. The Russian Jew in America. (Am erican monthly Review of Reviews. N. Y., 1902, V. 26, p. 315-318). Fixhberg, Maurice. Health Problem of the Jewish poor. New York, P. Cowen, 1903. Reprint of American Hebrew. Fishberg, Maurice. Health & Sanitation of the immigrant Jewish population' of N. Y. (Menorah, N. Y. 1902, v. 33, p. 37-46, 73-82, 168-180). N. Y. Press of Philip Cowen, 1902. Friedenberg, Albert Marx. The Jews and the American Sunday Laws. Baltimore 1903. (Reprint Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. No. 11, 1903). Friedenberg, Albert Marx. A list of Jews who were grand masters of masons in various states of this country. Bait. 1910. (Reprint Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. Publ. No. 19, p. 95-100). Freidus, A. S. A list of Jewish periodicals published in the U. S., p. 271-83. American Jewish Year Book 6660 (1899-1900). The Government of the U. S. and affairx of interest to the Jews, (1905-6). American Jewish Year Book 5667 (1906-7). 1514 COMMUNAL REGISTER Hapgood, Hutchins. The spirit of the Ghetto. Studies of the Jewish quarter in New York with drawings from life by J. Epstein. New York, Funk J. Wagnalls Co. 1912. Hendrick, Burton J. The Jewish invasion of America. (McClure's magazine. N. Y. vol. 40, p. 125-164). Illustrated. Hermalin, D. M. Der Einfluss von Juden auf New York. Series of articles. Every week in the "Day" since July 1917. Huehner, Leon. The Jews of N. Y. in the arts, sciences and professions. Address before the Judaeans Soc. April, 1915. N. Y. American Hebrew and Jewish Messenger 1905. Immigration. In Defense of the Immigrant. Amer. Jew. Yr. Bkc. 5671, p. 19-98. Einwanderung der Juden in New York ins Jahre 1906. (Zeitschrift fur Demographie und Statistik der Juden, Berlin, 1917. 40 Jahrg. 3 p. 32). Iasaeo, Abram L. The Jew in America. (North American Review, N. Y. vol. 181. P. 676-684). James, Edmund J. The immigrant Jew in America. Pub. 1907. ch. II. (a). General e0 Aspects of the Population (New York). Page 43-49. Ch. VIII. Politics (a) New York. Page 256-269; Ch. IX. Health and Sanitation. P. 282-303; Ch. X. Law and Litigation (a) New York. Page 336-350. Joseph, Samuel. Jewish Immigration to the United States. From 1881-1910. N. Y. 1914. The Judaeans, 1897-99.. Publ. by the society, 1899. Die Juden in den Vereinigten Staaten. Zeitschrift fir Demographic und Statistik der Juden. Berlin, 1911. Jahrg 7, p. 10-15. Kahn, Ernst. Die Zahl der Juden in New York. (Zeitschrift fur Demographic und Statistik der Juden, Berlin, 1907, Jahrg 3, p. 184-186. The Jewish Community of New York City. Amer. Jew. Yr. Bk., 5670, pp. 44-54. Report of the Executive Committee. Presented a t t h e first annual convention of the Kehillah, N. Y., Feb. 26 & 27, 1910. Jewish Community (Kehillah) of N. Y. C. Second Annual Report, Feb. 25 & 26, 1911. Jewish Community (Kehillah) of N. Y. C. Third Annual Report, 1912. MISCELLANEOUS 1515 Jewish Community (Kehillah) of N. Y. C. Fourth Annual Report, 1913. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Convention of the Kehillah. N. Y. April 25 & 26, 1914. Plan of Jewish Communal Organization in N. Y. C. Presented to the Sixth Annual Convention of the Kehillah, April 24-25, 1915. What is the Kehillah? Pub. by Jewish Community of N. Y. C. 1916. The Kehillah Idea. Pub. by Jewish Community of N. Y. C. 1916. What the Kehillah has given New York Jewry. By J. L. Magnes. A statement presented to the eighth annual convention of the Kehillah, 1917. Khomiakoff, M. Views on Politics of Jews. Jewish Comment Jan. 10, 1908. Laidlaw, Walter. The New York Jew today. Illustrated. (Independent, N. Y. 1905, v. 59, p. 1272-1279). Landau, L. Das Judenthum in New York. (In Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, 1892, no. 28). Landes, Lewis. Jews in the U. S. Army and Navy. P. 76 -79. American Jewish Year Book 5677 (1916-17). Leroy, Beauleau. Lea immigrants juifs et le judaisme aux Etats-Unis. Paris, 1905. Levy, L. E. The Russian Jewish refugees in Amerlea. Considered in connection with the general subject of immigration in its historical and economic aspects. Philadelphia, 1895. Low, Minnie. Legal Aid. Proceedings National Conference Jewish Charities. N. Y. 1904. McKenna, M. J. Our Brethren of the Tenements and the Ghetto. New York, 1899i, McLaughlin, Alien. Hebrew, Magyar and Levantine Immigration. (Popular Science Monthly, N. Y., 1904, v. 65, pp. 432-442). Marshall, Louis. Report of 'the Commission of Immigration of the State of N. Y. American Jewish Committde, 1909. Memorial Address from theJews of America and Great Britain to Mrs. Clara Hay in honor of her deceased husband, John Hay, Un'ited 1516 COMMUNAL REGISTER States Secretary of State, September 20, 1898, to July 1, 1905. N. Y., 1905.Moss, Frank. The American Metropolis from Knickerbocker Days to the Present Time. New York City in all its various phases. N. Y., 1897. Oppenheimer, Francis J. Jewish Criminality in New York. Articles by Francis J. Oppenheimer, and editorial in the Independent of September 17, 1908. New York City, 1908. Repr. of the Independent. Peixotto, Benjamin F. What shall we do with our immigrant? With an appendix on "The Jewish Colonies in America," by M. Heilprin. List of Jewish Periodicals appearing in the U. S. American Jewish Year Book (1900-1) p. 636-8; (1901-2) p. 178-181; (1902-3) p. 168 -172; (1903-4) p. 189-193; (1904-5) p. 349-354; (1905-6) p. 181-189; (1906-7) p. 167 -175; (1908-9) p. 111-117; 1909-10) p. 219-224; (1910 -11) p. 317-322; (1912-13) p. 268-274; (1913-1'4) p. 414-421; (1914-15) p. 328-345; (1915 -16) p. 348-354; (1916-17) p. 271-273; (1917-18) p. 396 -403. Peters, Madison Clinton. The Jews in America. A short Story of their part in the building of the republic. Phila. 1905. Pool, D. De Sola. The Immigration of Levantine Jews in the U. S. Jewish Charities. Vol. IV. No. 11, June, 1914. Presidential Electors, Jewish. 1908. p. 145. Am. Jew. Yr. Bk. 5670 (1909-10). Price, G. M. Russkiye Yevrei v Amerikyc, 1881-91. St. Petersburg, 1903. Raisin, M. Z. Jews and Judaism in America. "Hashiloah," 1898, vol. 4, pp. 169-180, 468 -472, 566-570; 1899, vol. 5, pp. 265-274, 366-372; 1899, vol. 6, 262-270, 356-362; 1901, vol. 7, 449-553. Riis, Jacob A. The Ten Years' War; an Account of the Battie with the Slums in N. Y. Publ. 1900. Sackler, H. Der Galizianer Verband un seine Aufgaben, 1917, (Yiddish). Shelvin, B. Jewish Fraternal Orders. Der Amerikaner, April, 1916 to March 1917. (Yiddish). Statistics, Jewish. American Jewish Year Book. (1899 -1900) p. 283-286; (1900-1); (1901-2) p. 126-156; (1902 -3) p. 143-147; (1903-4) p. 162-5; (1904-5) p. 306-9; (1906-6) p. 150-158; (1906-7) MISCELLANEOUS 1517 p. 127-130; (1907-8) p. 411 -436; (1908-9) p. 66-70; (1909 -10) p. 190-194; (1910-11) p. 277-281; (1911-12) p. 266 -270; (1912-13) p. 264-267; (1913-14) p. 339-378 and 427 -437; (1914-15) p. 339-379; (1916-17) p. 280-286; (1917 -18) p. '414-433. Die Juden in der Verelnlgten Staaten. Zeitschrift fur Demographie und Statistik der Juden, Berlin, 1911. Jahrg. 7, p. 10-15. Steiner, Edward Alfred. The Russian and Polish Jew in New York. (Outlook, N. Y. 1902, V. 78, pp. 628-539). Steiner, Edward A. On the Trail of the Immigrant. N. Y. 1906. Sulsberger, Cyrus L. iTh'e Problems of American Jewry. Jewish Charities, vol. IV. No. 10. May, 1914. Sulsberger, David. Growth of Jewish Population lh the TT. S. (Am. Jew. HIt. Soc. Publ. 1897, v. 6, pp. 141-149). Sunday Laws of the United States and Judicial Decisions Having Reference to Jews. Am. Jew. Yr. Bk.,..5669, pp. 152-189. Sstaray, M. Russiche Juden in New York. In. Dr. Bipch's.Oesterreichische W q c h e nschrift. J a h r g a n g XXIV (1907) No. 6. Vornberg, Karl. Die Politiache Role von die Yuden tn Amerika. (Zukunft, N. Y. 1910. v. 15, pp. 603-609) in Yiddish. Vornberg, K. Dos Yiddishe Nayland.. A series of articles about Jews and Judaisro in U. S., especially In Now) James, Edmund J. The Immigrant Jew in America. Pub. 1907. Ch. III. Philanthropy. (a) New York. pp. 62-74 Loeb, Morris. Free Loan Societies. Proceedings 'of the Second National Conference, Jewish Charities. V'Ala. 1906. Lowenstein, Solomon. A' Study of the Problem of Boarding Out Children. Pr o b'eeditf National Conference Jewish Charities. St. Lbuis, 1910. Lowenstein, Solomon. IIn*itutions for Children. Proceeding, National. aonferlent J e w i s h Charities. Phila. 1906. Raisin, M. Z. Jews and JifBaism in America. Hebrew 1522 COMMUNAL REGISTER "Hashiloah." 1898, vol. 4, pp. 169-180, 468-472, 566-570; 1899, vol. 5, pp. 265-274; 366 -372; 1899, vol. 6, 262-270, 356 -362; 1901, vol. 7, 449-453. Solomons, A. S. The Baron de Hirsch Fund and its work in New York. (Federation, N. Y. 1902, sol. 2, No. 2, pp. 90-94). Sommerfeld, Rose. Homes for Working Girls. Proceedings National Conference Jewish Charities. P h ila. 1906. Wald, Lillian D. The House on Henry St. N. Y. 1916. Wortsman, Ch. Kent Ihr New York? Series of Articles about Philanthropic N. Y. Every Sunday in "The Day" since November 1916, in Yiddish. CORRECTIONAL iBlgham, Theodore A. Foreign Criminals in New York. North American Review; Sept. 1908. Blausteln, David. Preventive Work on the East Side. Proceedings National Conference Jewish Charities. New York, 1904. Frankel, Lee K. Report of Committee on Desertion. Proceedings National Conference Jewish Charities. Phila. 1906. Goldstein, Monroe M. Desertion. Proceedings National Conference Jewish Charities. Cleveland, 1912. Katz, Mark J. Comparative Criminality of Natives and foreign born in New York. Federation Review, N o v. 1909. American Jewish Yr. Bk. 5671 (1910-11). Low, Minnie. Is There a Need for Reformation for Jewish Girls? J e w i s h Charities. Vol. II. No. II. June 1912. Oppenheimer, Francis J. Nationality of New York Criminals. New York World. Nov. 21, 1909. Peters, Madison C. Jewish Criminality in New York Ci ty. Hebrew Standard, Sept. 25, 1908. Rabbino, Bernhard. Domestic Relations Court, New York. Hebrew Standard Pub. Co., 1910. Waldman, Morris D. Family Desertion. Proceedings National Conference Jewish Charities. St. Louis, 1910. ECONOMIC Baker, Ray Stamard. The disintegration of the Jews. Illustrated. (American Magazine N. Y. 1909. Vol. 68. pp. 690-603). MISCELLANEOUS 1523 Bernheimer, C. S. The Jewish Immigrant as an Industrial Worker. Philadelphia, 1909. Bernhelmer, C. S. Rent Strikes and Crowded Neighborhoods. Outlook, January 18, 1908. Bernheimer, C. S. High Rents on New York's East Side. Charities and the Commons. January 18, 1908. Bloch, Josef S. Ein Besuch beim Judentum in New York * und Umgebung. Drei Vortraege. Wien, Verlag der "Oesterreichischer Wochenschrift. Burgin, H. The History of the Jewish Labor Movement in America, Russia and England. In Yiddish. 1915. Dinwiddie, E. W. Rent Strikes in New York. Charities and the Commons. January 4, 1908. Fishberg, Maurice. Die Armut unter den Juden in New York. Eine Soziologische S t u d i e. (Zeitschrift fir Demographie und Statistik der Juden. Berlin, 1908. Jahrg. 4. pp. 113-118. Hapgood, Hutchins. The Spirit of the Ghetto. Studies of the Jewish quarter in New York with drawings from life by J. Epstein. New York, Funk & Wagnalls Co. 1912. Hapgood, Hutchins. The Rise of the Russian Jew. (World's Work, Aew York, 1901, Vol. 1, pp. 589-598. Hapgood, Hutchins, The Earnestness that wins Wealth. (World's Work, New York, 1903. Vol. 6. pp. 3458-3465). Hermalin, D. M. Der Einfluss von Juden auf New York. Series of articles. Every week in the "Day" since July 1917. James, Edmund J. The Immigrant Jew in America. Pub. 1907. Ch. IV. Economic and Industrial conditions. (a) New York. pp. 102-121. Kahn, William. Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society. Proceedings of the Second National Conference of Jewish Charities. Detroit. 1902. London, Meyer. Die L e t z t e Strikes un Settlements in Yiddischen Quartal. (Zukunft, N. Y. 1913, pp. 333 -338). Mitchell, Roger. Recent Jewish immigration to the United States. (Pop u lar Science Monthly, N. Y. Vol. 62, pp. 334-343). Pope, Jesse Ellphalet. The Clothing Industry in New York. (Columbia: E. W. Stephens Publ. Comp. 1905). (University of Mi1Couri 1524 COMMUNAL REGISTER studies. Social science series, Vol. I). Price, G. M. Russkiye Yevrei v Amerikye. 1881-91. St. Petersburg. 1903. Robinson, Leonard G. The Agricultural Activities of the Jews in America. N. Y. 1912. (Reprint The Am. Jew. Year Book, 5673). pp. 21-116. Shoenfeld, Mayer. The East Side and the late Panic. Charities and the Commons. July 4, 1908. Smith, Bertha H. The Way of the Pushcart Man. Illustrated. (Craftsman, Syracuse, N. Y. Vol. 9. pp. 218 -228). Steiner, Edward Alfred. The Russian and Polish Jew in New York. (Outlook, New York, 1902. Vol. 72. pp. 628-539). Index i I I I a 0 1 I 0 f 1527 NAME AND TOPICAL INDEX A Page Aaronson, Michael............. 889 Aaronson, N................ 455, 462 Aaronson, R.................... 459 Aaronsonowitz, Rabbi B...... 1202 "Abendblatt"................. 625 "Die Abend Zeitung"......... 627 Abbot, Wm. J................. 1022 Abel, Abraham................ 272 Abeles, Sigmund Biographic Note,.....................786, 1191 Abelman, Max..................1222 Abels, Simon.................. 266 Abelson, Paul 637, 716, 724, 1191, 1222 Aberman, Isaac............... 959 Abrahams, Max.............. 818 Abramowitz, Max............ 948 Abrams, Gustave............ 1228 Abrams, Rebecca.........1119, 1222 Abramson, Meyer............ 709 Abrahamson, Morris.......... 173 Abrahamson, David........... 233 Abramson, Morris............ 305 Abramson, Nathan.........301, 305 Acacia Cemetery............. 336 Achieber,...................... 571 Achuzah,...................... 1395 Ackerman, Sam................ 816 Adelman, H. E................ 1222 Adelson, Jacob................. 217 Adler, S...................... 455 Adler's Grand Theatre,........ 577 "Advance"..................... 631 Affiliation with the Synagogue,..................... 117 Affachiner, R. G.............. 1222 Aged, Homes for the-(See Homes for the Aged). Agencies for Delinquents - (See Correctional Agencies). Ager, Simon H............... 817 Agricultural a n d Industrial Aid Society, Jewish,...... 1254 Page Agriculture-(See F a r m e r s of America). Agriculture, Institutions for Promotion of Agriculture among the Jews in the U. S., by J. W. Pincus, Sec'y of the Federation of Jewish Farmers, 1248; Baron de Hirsch Fund, 1248; Baron de Hirsch Agricultural School, 1249; Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society, 1250; Federation of Jewish Farmers, 1251. Agudah Ivrith................. 517 Agudath Achim Chesed Shel Emeth....................... 334 Agudath Hamohelim, 328; Members of, 328. Agudath Hamorim, 450; Members Rf, 455. Ahdath Horabbonim, 1180; Members residing in New York City, 1187. Agudath Horabbonim Hamatifim, 1189; Members residing in New York City, 1191. Ahavath Chesed Cemetery.... 336 Ahavath Chesed Day Nursery 1039 Ahavath Chesed Sha'ar Hashomaim Ladies' Aux............ 1316 Ahavath Chesed Sha'ar Hashomaim Sisterhood....... 1006 Ahavath Chesed Sisterhood... 1013 Aisenstadt, B. Z.............. 1191 Albert, Arnold A............. 723 Albert Lucas Association,.... 488 Albert, Max................... 964 Alexander, Abraham.......... 233 Alexander, Isabel.............. 1119 Alexander, Kate............. 1222 Alexander, Louis............. 114 1528 COMMUNAL REGISTER Alexander, Mrs. Louis........ 1143 Alexander, Mrs. -lose........551 Algus, Harris Jck............ 978 Alishefsky, S. A................ 1187 Allen, Isaac............ 72, 73, 1443 Allentuch, I.................. 455 Alliance, Educational... 529 "Alliance Review".. 620 Alperewich, L....*4!... 455 Alster, Joseph................. 190 Altmark, Jacob................ 217 Altschul, Louis................ 800 Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, 1264; List of Locals, 701; New York Joint Board, 1269; Children's Clothing Joint Board, 1269. Amateau, Albert J...1089, 1119, 1222 Amelia Relief Society.....999, 1013 "American Hebrew," The...... 1193 American Hebrew Congregations, Union of, 1183; List of New York City Constituents, 1183. "American Jewess," The...... 619 "American Jewish Chronicle,' 620, 619 American Jewish Committee, 1413; List of Members, 1426. American Jewish Congress, 1429; Delegates elected to Repr'tiltt New York, 1443. -- American Jewish Relief Cominmtne 1473 (See also War Relief). ~ American, Sadie........... 1222, 1228 American Union of Roumanian Jews....................... 1337 American Zionists-(See Zionists). American Zionists,- Federation of, 1340, List of New York City Cbnstituents, 1345. "Der Amerikaner"......... 626, 629 Athinerman, Benjamin........ 925 Amolsky, Sadie................ 1222 Amsel, Nathan................. 223 * AAron, Samuel J............. 235 Anniversary Tables........... 38 Anselowitz, Isaac.............. 376 Anshelowitz, Morris........... 968 Anspacher, A. S......298, 1175, 1178 Antman, Abraham.......... 768 "Der Anzeiger"................ 625 Apfel, Charles A............... 1443 Apfel, Harry................. 891 Apisdorf, Joseph............. 195 Appel, Sholem................. 1019 Appel, Zigmund............... 968 Applebaum, L................. 455 Aranawitz, Benjamin.......... 292 "Der Arbeiter"................ 62 Arbeiter Ring, 871; List of New York City Branches, 872. Arbeiter Verband.............. 961 "Die Arbeiter Welt".......... 626 "Die Arbeiter Zeitung"....... 621 Arbeitt, Mrs. Mary......... 1020 Arenssen, Jeremiah.......... 228 Arievitch, Barnet............ 156 Arkel, Harry................... 942 Arlin, Harris................... 818 Arm, Max...................... 816 Army & Navy Welfare Board 1204 Arndt, Abraham............ 206 Arnow, Irwin.................. 1222 Arnstein, Leo.................. 1162 Arnstein, Morris............. 952 Aronson, B.................... 51 Articles on New York Jews.. 1503 Arzt, George................... 9 0 Ascher, Samuel G............. 1222 Aschkinasi, Joseph Leo...... 750 "Der Ashmedai".............. 625 "Asmonean," The............ 619 Asofsky, Isaac L.............. 1119 Asofsky, Morris............... 375 Asrowitz, Jacob................ 932 Association for the Blind, Hebrew,......................... 1096 Association for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes.. 1095 Associations of Employers in Jewish Trades, 716; List of, 718. INDEX 1529 Association of Jewish Coinmunal Students............. 1164 Association of Jewish Social Workers, 1221; List of Members, 122'. Association of Jewish Social Workers, National, 1228; List of New York City Members, 1228. Ast, Esther.............. 1222, 1228 Asylums, Orphan-(See 0 r p h a n Asylums). Atereth Israel Sisterhood...1007 Attendance at Synagogue...117 Attle, Barnet................. 1113 Auerbach, Albert.............. 305 Auerbach, Hyman............. 939 Auerbach, S................... 455 Augarten, Chaim.............. 164 Augstreich, Meyer............. 791 Ausfresser, Joseph............ 903 Ausfresser, Jacob.............. 799 Austro-Hungarian H e b r e w F ree Burial Association, 334. Auxiliary to the Ahavath Chiesed Day Nursery........... 1039 Avidon, Harris............... 282 Avnet, Miss I................ 1222 Avnet, Theresa S............. 1119 Axel, Tamah.................. 551 Axelrodl, Isaac................ 189 Axman, Mrs. S............... 1222 B Bacarat, George.............. 1192 Bach, Mrs. L.................. 1119 Bach, Max.................... 909 Backstein, A.................. 1191 Backstein, Saul............... 933 Badesch, Lillian............... 551 Baegel, Dr. Max.............. 557 Bailmn, Jack.............825 Baitler, Charles............... 376 -Ballm, Julius................. 1113 Balotofsky, Z.................. 455 Balser, Harry................. 283 Baltuch, J..................... 305 Bamel, Joseph................ 305 Bangser, Adolph.............. 803 Banner, Matilda.............. ~803 -Banwer, Max.................lO021i Barasch, Motel................ 9591. Bardach,,*Morris.............. 739, Bar Mitzvah Tables........... 38 Barkan, A..................... 455. Barnet t rs........_ 1222, Bars,.................. 280 Barsx, RairT....1119, 1222, 1228. Barnett, Mrs. A................ 1119i Barnett, Hyman I.............'~~981 Barnett, Samuel............... 965 Barney, Edgar S....654, 1222,k 1228' Baroff, Abraham, Biographic mite 127-5, 1454. Baron de Hirsch Fund,,. '.1233 Baron de Hirsch Trade School 6653 Baron, E. H.............. 455, 459 Barondess, Joseph 72, 1222-, 1223; 1443. Baroner, Charles.....I......... 767, Baron Hirsch Cemetery, 336 Barr, Michael................. 767 Barringer, Emily Dunning...655. Barruck, I. H..i...............3 Barshell, David............... 1143. Barshap, Benjamin............ 796 Barsky, Y................... 455 - Bartow, Nelson A............. 886 Baruch, Chaim S.............. 210 Pjaihein, Jacob.....1119, 1222, 1229 Bashesovitt, Israel............308' Baskin, Joseph, Biographic, note 871, 1454. Baskind, Jacob................ 898 Bashook, Ph.................,4U Baskowitz, Abraham.....23 Bass, Fanny................ 11 Bath Beach Free Loan Ass'p. -Q93~ Bauer, J................... 11 Baum, Jacob................ 892 Baum, Louis..............- 849. Baum, S.................. 34. Bauner, Harris............... 308, Bayside Cemetery,.... 3 1530 COMMUNAL REGISTER Beck, William.................. 714 Beckelman, Harris.......... 767 Becker,......................... 174 Becker, J.....................834 Becker, Joseph D............... 900 Becker, Simon................. 910 Beckhardt, Moses............. 1143 Bedrick, Nathan............... 163 Bein, Tobias.................... 940 Beinkoff, Abraham.......... 952 Belikoff, May................ 1119 Belinsky, Bernard............ 784 Belowits, Morris.............. 836 Belvin, Henry...............887, 952 Bender, Isidor................. 19S Bender, Morris................ 785 Bender, William............... 1143 Benderly, S. 72, 73, 349, 459, 462, 1153, 1165. Bendower, Charles............. 785 Benery, Mrs. A................ 1119 Benevolent Societies-(See Mutual Aid Agencies). Benezara, A.................. 1211 Benikoff, Abraham............ 959 Benjamin, Eugene S........... 1234 Benjamin, Hirsch............ 226 Benjamin, Sam................ 218 Bereano, Clara P. L........... 1022 Berger, Mrs. A................. 455 Berger, Hirsch................ 233 Berger, Max................ 907 Berger, Morris............... 752 Berger, Nathan................ 741 Berger, Sophia................ 1222 Bergida, Adolf................ 1008 Bergman, Eva................ 1119 Bergman, Joseph.............. 770 Berinstein, Benjamin.......... 1096 Berkowitz, Herman....... 180, 237 Berkowitz, L............... 308 Berkowitz, Mary............... 551 Berkowitz, Sam................ 809 Berkowitz, Samuel............ 919 Berkowitz, Sarah............. 958 Berkowitz, Solomon........... 967 Berkson, I. B........ 459, 462, 551 Berlin, Mayer................. 135? Berliner, Julius................ 967 Berger, Max................ 907 Berman, Anshel............... 308 Berman, Bella.............1119, 1222 Berman, D. B..................!1' Berman, Ida................. 815 Berman, Max................ 814 Berman, Max.................. 833 Berman, Samuel.............. 168 Berman, Samuel.............. 721 Berman, Sigmund.............. 951 Bernfield, Phillip.............. 771 Bernheimer, Charles S. 547, 551, 1222, 1229 Bernstein, Abraham.......... 800 Bernstein, B................ 328 Bernstein, Bernard........... 170 Bernstein, Ezekiel........... 181 Bernstein, Herman.......... 181 Bernstein, J. D................ 1187 Bernstein, Rev. Dr. L......... 1222 Bernstein, L. B. 1051, 1060, 1119, 1222 Bernstein, Louis............. 768 Bernstein, Morris............ 159 Bernstein, Morris............ 745 Bernstein, Morris J.......... 167 Bernstein, Sam................ 974 Bernstein, William.......... 276 Berry, H................... 1143 Berzak, Samuel................ 765 B e s s i e Thomoshefsky's People's Theatre, 577. Bessarabian Organizations. Federation of................ 1337 Besson, Mrs. E. L.......... 1143 Best, Harry.................... 1119 Beth Abraham Free Kosher Kitchen...................... 999 Beth David Hospital,......... 1019 Beth-El Cemetery,........... 336 Beth-El Sisterhood........999, 1013 Beth-El Sisterhood Day Nurs. ery........................ 1039 INDEX 1531 Beth Hak'nesseth-(See Synagogue) Beth Hamidrash-(See Synagogue) Beth Israel Hospital........... 1014 Beth Olom Cemetery,......... 336 Beth Sholom Sisterhood...... 999 "Beth Va'ad Lachachamim".. 622 Bettelheim, Cyd...........1222, 1229 Bettman, Blanche S........... 1119 Bevasky, D.................... 305 Bialostok, Daniel............. 239 Bialostok, Hymain............ 920 Bibliography on New York Jews..................... 1505 Bichard, Charles............. 823 Bielefeld, Mrs. Rachel....1120, 1223 Bien, Samuel................... 783 Biernbach, Louis............. 257 Big Brother Association, Jewish................... 1136 Big Sisters' Association, Jewish...................... 1138 "The Big Stick"............ 627, 632 Bikur Cholim Kosher Hospital of the Hebrew Ladies of Brooklyn................... 1019 Bill, Isidore................... 903 Bine, Morris................... 907 Binkowitz, Morris, Biographic note 282, 1443. Binswanger, Miss B........... 1223 Biography of (See under individual name). Biographies, Table............ 109 Birkenthal, Helen........1137, 1223 Birnbaum, Max.............. 163 Blank, Rose...............1143, 1223 Blau, Israel................... 906 Blau, Jacob K................. 308 Blau, Solomon............... 904 Blaustein, Beril............... 11! Blaustein, Joseph.........1223, 1229 Blechman, Nathan............ 29x Blechner, Morris............. 794 Blind-(See Handicapped). Block, Mrs. E.................. 799 Block, Florence...........1223, 1229 Block, Jacob William......... 920 Block, Rema C..............1120, 1228 Bloom, A................... 305 Bloom, Herman D............. 08 Bloom, Lewis.................. 212 Bloom, Moses................ 280 Bloomenfeld, Benjamin........ 945 Bloomfield, Joseph........... 559 Blostein, Morris................ 830 Bluestone, J. I................ 1443 Blum, Aaron.................. 92 Blum, Abraham......298, 1175, 1178 Blum, M.................... 459 Blum, Samuel............ 251, 308 Blum, Vigdor................ 308 Blumberg, Jacob B............ 904 Blumenfeld, Charles.......... 271 Blumenfeld, Max.............. 908 Blumenkranz, Isadore J....... 898 Blumenstein, Moritz........... 948 Blumenthal, Benjamin........ 230 Blumenthal, George........... 1017 Blumenthal, Ida............. 1120 Blumenthal, Isidore........... 945 Blythedale Home.............. 1020 B'nai Am Chai.............. 571 B'nai B'rfth Home for the Aged......................... 1113 B'nai B'rith, Independent Order....................... 885 B'nai Israel Cemetery......... 336 B'nai Jeshurun Sisterhood, 1013, 1294 B'nai Zion, Order 980; List of Camps,.................... 980 B'noth Israel Malbish Arumim of B'klyn................ 1010 -Board for Jewish Welfare Work......................... 1204 Board of Jewish Ministers, N. Y. C., 294; List of Members 298. Board of Jewish School Aid 1197 Board of Orthodox Rabbis, 287; List of members, 292. Bodine, Herman L............. 269 Bodo, Joseph............... 1143 1532 INDEX Bodo, Mrs. Joseph............ 1143 Bogoslofaky, Hyman.......... 976 Bahemian American Isrealite Sisterhood.................. 1111 Bolber, N...................... 455 Bolbesr, Rachel................ 455 Bologh, Philip................ 929 Boncheck, S................... 1443 Bonime, Rose................. 1223 Books on New York Jews.... 1505 Boorum, Mrs. M. M........... 1120 Bootelkoff, I............... 826 Borchard, Aleice C............ 551 Borchardt, David J............ 782 Borcher, Nathan.............. 808 Borg, Mrs. S. C.............. 1223 Borgenicht, Louis............. 72 Bornstein, Salarpon........... 778 Borodkin, S.................... 455 B or ou gh of B'klyn Credit Union...................... 730 Boruchove, M.................. 455 Bosner, K..................... 455 Boswell, Leonora.............. 551 96yarski, Elie................ 894 Boyka, M......................15 Boys' Technical School,,....653 Brachman, Joseph............. 788 Bradbcort...................... 4.5: Bragin, Joseph......451, 459, 462 Brainin, Morris............... 936 Brainin, Reuben............... 1214 Brand, Charles............... 273 Brand, Mordecai.............. 195 Brand, Solomon............... 198 Brandes, Elias................. 930 Brandeis, S. J................. 198 Brannhut, Florence............1120. Brattman, Benjamin.......... 748 Braun, Frederick E'...... 1175, 1178 Brausn, J..................... 1223 Braunstein, Charles............ 938 Braverman, Aaron............ 277 Braverman, B................. 305 Braverman, H................. 455 Brecher, Joseph.............. 195 Bregman, Jacob............... 789 Breiterman, Henry...... 926 Breitschnelder, Marcus.... 931 Brenner, Bertha............... 551 Brenner, Jacob............... 261 Brenner, Joseph............... 772 Brenner, Louis............... 1165 Brenner, Rose................ 1127 Bressler, Anna............... 1223 Bressler, David M.....1223,- 1229 Bressler, N. W............... 1191 Bressler, Rose.......... 1120, 1223 Brichhalter, Oscar............. 812 Brightaide Day Nursery and Kindergarten................ 1039 Brightside Sunmmer 0 u t i n g Fund....................... 1000 Brin, Mrs. K.................. 455 Brislowe, M................... 455 B'rith Abraham, Independent Ordef,, 888; List of New York Lodges, 888. B'rith Abraham, Order 965; List of New York Lodges, 965. B'rith Sholom, Independent Order, 935; List of New York Lodges, 935. Broder Loan Fund........... 694 Brodfeld, Anna............... 787 Brodie, Charles............... 557 Brodsky, Dr. B............... 1229 Brodsky, Mary............... 796 Brody, Barnett............... 178 Brody, B. S................... 171 Brody, Robert B............. 551 B-rody, Samuel M............. 147 Bz'~onerwan, Samuel...........5213 Bronrott, Jacob............... 9211 Bronx Federation of Jewish Charities................... 1002 Bronx Federation of Jewish Charities, Day and'. Night Nursery..................... 1040 Bronx Hospital and Dispensary Association........... 1020 INDEX '1533 Bronx Jewish Maternity Hospital......................... 1020 The Bronx Ladies' Auxiliary of the Jewi sh Home for Convalescents............... 1022 The Bronx Maternity Hospital........................... 1020 Bronx Young Folks' League of the Jewish H o s p i t a I for Convalescents............ 1010 Bronx Y. M. H. A.......... 483 Brookin, Abraham.......... 858 "Brooklyn-Brownsville Post," 627, 631 Brooklyn Council of Jewish Women................. 1231 Brooklyn Federation of Jewish Charities, 1312; List of constituents, 1312. Brooklyn Hebrew Free Loan Association................. 693 The Brooklyn Hebrew Home for the Aged............. 1113 B'klyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum, 1061; Women's Auxiliary, 1062. B'klyn Jewish Big Brothers... 1137 B'klyn Jewish Hospital...... 1022 B'klyn Y. M. H. A........... 483 B'klyn Y. W. H. A............ 486 Brook, Louis............... 308 Brown, Bernard............. 183 Brown, Charles............... 248 Brown, Harry................ 269 Brown, Isaac................... 915 Brown, Isaac Edward........ 950 Brown, Jacob.................. 191 Brown, Max................771, 827 Brown, Meyer................1443 Brownstein, Isaac............. 267 Brownsville and East N. Y. Hospital, Inc.............. 1021 Brownsville Orphan Asylum... M064 "Brownsville Post".......627, 631 Brownsville Relief, H e b r e w Charity..................... 1000 Brownsville Y. M. H. A...; 483 Brownsville Y. W. H. A..... 486 Bruckner, Morris............. 210 Brzerzaner, Abraham.......... 71 Bublick, Gedalia........... 1443 Buchalter, P................... 328 Buchanan, Julia.............. 551 Buchbinder, Hyman............ 91 Bucher, Isaac................. 89 Buchenholz, Gertrude......... 1001 Buchler, Samuel..........1143, 1191 Buchman, Daniel............. 833 Buchwald, Rose.............. 551 Buckbinder, Mary........... 1120 Bucovinean Jews, Federation of Galician and Bucovinean Jews of America.............. 1337 Budget of Jewish Organizations of N. Y. C., 103; (See also Jewish Organizations in N. Y. C.). Bukowina Relief Committee... 101P Bulk, I......................... 176 Bund, Central Verband of,.,....14,5 Bunin, J.................... 1443 Bunker, Elsie...........,..., 551 Burack, Aaron B....1187,. 11!7, 157 Bureau of Industry..,...,... 1158 Bureau of Jewish Education...,115 Bureau of Jewish Nat'l Fund for America.............. 146 Bureau of Jewish Statistics - and Research................ 112 Bureau of Philanthropic Research........................ 1160 Burg, Fanny................. 1120 Burial Societies, Jewish Free Burial Societies, N. Y. C... afM Burke,, Nettie M.............;.. 1 Burros, Fanny;....11l Burstein, A...........';.'.';..:;.651 Burstein, Joseph............... 176 Burstein, Theodore.........'..' ' Burztyn, Hyman.......!....: 780 Bushlowitz, Max........... 2 "Business Record"....... 631 Butchen, David...........,795 1534 COMMUNAL REGISTER "Butchers' Journal and Poultry Magazine"...........628, 630 Byalistoker, Samuel.......... 739 Bzezinsky, Max................. 182 C Cablegram on War Suffering.. 1481 Calendars. Monthly and weekly calendar for the Jewish year 1917-1918, 19; Table showing dates on which Jewish holidays and festivals occur in 1915-16 to 1926 -27, 32; Anniversary and Bar Mitzvah Tables for the years 1870-71 to 1917-18, 34; Time of Sunset and Sunrise in the latitude of New York City, 42. Campaign for Membership in Federation for Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies, 1304. Campaign for War Relief (See Five Million Dollar Campaign). Campbell, Elsa................. 551 Candel, Elias................. 181 Canter, Sara................ 1120 Cantor, A...................... 30n. Cantor, Bernard.............. 1175 Cantor, David................. 970 Cantor, H................... 455 Cantor, N................... 305 Cantor, Reuben................ 857 Cantors' Ass'n of America, 305; Members residing in New York City, 305. Cantors and Their Problem... 301 "Der Cap Maker's Journal"... 624 Captains of War Relief Teams. 1491 Carlinger, Jacob..........154, 1019 Caro, Alexander................ 1120 Carton, Rosa Fried 1001, 1004, 1032, 1120, 1229 Casson.................. 455 Cauman, Kate.............120, 1223 Cedar Knolls School of the Jewish Protectory......... 1141 Cellunchek, Benjamin........ 818 Celnick, Charles.............. 942 Cemeteries: List of Jewish, in N. Y. C., 336; Acacia, 336;Ahavath Chesed,. 336; Baron Hirsch, 336; Bay Side, 336; Beth El, 336; Beth Olom, 336; B'nai Israel, 336; Machpelah, 336; Maimonides, 336; M'kom Sholom, 336; Montefiore, 336; Mount Carmel, 336; Mount Hebron, 336; Mount Hope, 337; Mount Judah, 337; Mount Lebanon, 337; Mount Neboh, 337 Mount Richmond, 337; Mount Zion, 337; New Mount Carmel, 337; New Union Fields, 337; Riverside 337; Salem Fields, 337; Shearith Israel, 337; Silver Lake, 337; Union Fields, 317; United Hebrew, 338; Washington, 338. Illustration, Jewish Cemetery on West 21st Street, 339. Central Committee K'nesseth Israel of Palestine, 1010. Central Committee for the Relief of War Sufferers, 1473. (See also War Relief.) Central Conference of American Rabbis, 1169; Members residing in New York City, 1175. Central and Nat'l Organizations, (See Economic Central Org., Educational Central Org., Landsmannschaft Org., Philanthropic Central Org., Religious Central Org., Social and Cultural Central Org., Zionist Org.) Central Verband of the Bund...1455 Centres, Jewish, 483. (See also Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations.) Century Club................ 562 Ceres Sewing Circle,......1000, 1013 Ceshinsky, Morris.......... 962 Chaimowitz, Harry............ 213 Chambers, Priscilla.......... 1143 INDEX 1535 Chanowitz, Zalman........292, 1187 Chapman, Claude............... 51 Charitable Agencies. (See Philanthropic Agencies.) Charitable Relief Societies, List of, 993. (See also Relief Societies.) Charities (See Relief Societies) Charities, National Conference of Jewish Charities, 1313. List of Constituent societies in New York City, 1314. Chassidism in the New World, by Isaac Even, 341. "Charity Work".............. 620 Charter of Kehillah,........... 57 Charton, Charles............ 229 Cheder Instruction, 396. (See also Ed'l Agencies.) Cherkas, Samuel............... 935 Chernevitzki, J................. 328 Cherniak, Jacob................ 156 Chesed Shel Emeth (See Fret Burial Societies). Chesed Shel Emeth of Brownsville,.......................... 335 Chevrahs (See Mutual Aid S(,cieties). Child Care (See Orphan Asylums) Child Dependency (See Orphan Asylums). Children of America, Circle of Jewish,.................. 1156 Children's Clothing Joint Board A. C. W. A........... 1269 Children's Haven.............. 1265 Children's Haven of Far Rockaway.......................... 1001 Chill, M. H...................... 308 Chipkin, I. S.................... 459 Chodos, Philip................. 308 Chohin, B. Z.................... 455 Chrystie Street Settlement.... 487 Chudnoff, Hyman............ 839 Circle of Jewish Children of America...................... 1156 Circumcision................. 321 Citizen's Credit Union........ 730 City Athletic Club.............. 562 Clair, M........................ 1120 Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls................. 65 Clombers, Rose................ 1223 Clubs, List of Jewish, 562; Century Club, 562; City Athletic Club, 562; Columbia Club, 562; Criterion Club, 562; Fairview Co u n try Club, 562; Far Rockaway Club, 562; Freundschaft Society, 562; Harmonie Club, 562; Heights Social Club, 562; Inwood Country Club, 562; North Shore Country Club, 562; Ocean Country Club, 562; Progress Club, 563; Vigilant Club, 563; Woodmere Club, 563. Cobin, Eva................. 1120 Cogin, Myer.................... 551 Cohen, Aaron.................. 16 Cohen, Aaron.................. 234 Cohen, Abraham............. 190 Cohen, Abraham............. 247 Cohen, Abraham............. 308 Cohen, Abraham............. 750 Cohen, Abraham............. 798 Cohen, Abraham............. 825 Cohen, Anna................... 1223 Cohen, Asher.............. 219 Cohen, B.................... 1187 Cohen, B................... 292 Cohen, Baruch................. 292 Cohen, Celia.................. 35 Cohen, David................ 887 Cohen, Dora................. 552 Cohen, Elias.................. 08 Cohen, Elias A................72, 7 Cohen, Esther................. 724 Cohen, Eva................. 1120 Cohen, F.................... 788 Cohen, Fannie............ 459 Cohen, Frances A........... 1004 Cohen, George L............... 487 Cohen, H. M................ 328 Cohen, Hyman............... 83 1536 COMMUNAL REGISTER Cohen, Mrs. Ida.............. 797 Cohen, Mrs. Ida.............. 1229 Cohen, Irving L................ 552 Cohen, Isaac L................. 167 Cohen, Israel.................. 827 Cohen, Jacob.................. 165 Cohen, Joseph H............ 1014 Cohen, Julia.................... 552 Cohen, Louis.................. 241 Cohen, Louis................ 255 Cohen, Louis................ 265 Cohen, Louis A............. 1120 Cohen, Louis J................. 1223 Cohen, Louis M............... 1229 Cohen, Max.................... 762 Cohen, Max................. 923 Cohen, Morris................. 224 Cohen, Mortimer.............. 552 Cohen, Motel................ 187 Cohen, Nathan................. 753 Cohen, Nathan................. 1212 Cohen, Philip................ 263 Cohen, Samuel................. 821 Cohen, Samuel................. 966 Cohen, Samuel I............... 946 Cohen, Simon R............298, 1175 Cohen, Sol................ 979 Cohen, Victor................... 328 Cohen, William................ 900 Cohen, Wolf................... 190 Cohn, David Emanuel.......... 1031 Cohn, Edward R................ 221 Cohn, Harry................. 719 Cohn, Isidor.................. 1454 Cohn, Isidore................. 709 Cohn, Joseph................. 899 Cohn, M....................552 Cohn, Rosa................... 953 foin, Mayer................ 169 Colleges, Jewish Work in. (See Intercollegiate Menorah Ass'n and Intercollegiate Zionist Ass'n) Collins, Mary M............ 1120 Coltunov, Isaac........ 256 Columbia Club...... 562 Commercial Credit Union of Brooklyn..................... 730 Committee, Executive, of Kehillah....................... 72 Committee for the Care of the Jewish Tuberculius of the United Hebrew Charities, Montefiore Home and the Free Synagogue, 1000. Committee for General Zionist Affairs, Provisional Executive, 1456 Committees of War Relief (See War Relief). Communal Agencies in N. Y. C. (See Jewish Organizations in N. Y. C.) Communal Register, How Compiled, 91. Communal Students, Association 01 Jewish, 1164. Communal Work, The School for Jewish, 1163. Communal Workers (See Professional Workers). Community Employment Bureau for the Handicapped, 647. Community, Jewish (See Kehillah). Concors, Arthur.......... 1120, 1241 Conference of American Rabbis. Central, 1169. List of New York Members, 1175. Conference of Jewish Charities, National, 1313. List of constituent Societies in N. Y. C., 1314. Congregational Schools,: 380, 384, 390, 391 Congregational Unions, 1193, 1195, 1196 Congregations (See Synagogues). Congress, American Jewish, 1429; New York City Delegates, 1443. Constant, Gabriel............. 941 Constantine Free Loan........ 694 Constitution of Kehillah........ 59 Consumptive Jewish Aid $oc. 1001: Consumptive Relief Society... 1317 INDEX 1'7 Contributors of special articles 13 Convalescent Homes, Jewish, List of, 1014. (See also Hospitals). Conway,,Thomas.............. 1143 Coordinating Agencies, (seo Research Institutions). Coordinating, Standardizing.and Research Instittuions, by Julius Drachsler, Sec'y of the Faculty, School for Jewish Communal Work, 1149. Cooperative Credit Union...... 730 Cooperative Societies, Federation of, 1280. Cooper, Harry................... 714 Cooper, Jacob................ 801 Cooperman, A............... 713 Coritz, Philip.................. 552 Correctional Agencies in the Jewish 'Conimunity of New York City: Delinquency by Alexander H. Kaminsky, Managing Director, Jewish Big Brother Ass'n., 1133; List and description of Jew\ ish Correctional Agencies in New York City, 1136; Jewish — Big Brother Ass'n., 1136; Jewish Big Brother's Committee of' the Young Men's and 'Women's Social Service Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Federation of Charities,' 1137; Council Home for Jewish Girls, 1137; Jewish Big Sisters, 1138; -Hawthorne School of the Jewish- Proteetbry and 'Aid Society,- 1138; Jewish Protectory and Aid Society, Department of Probation and Delinquency, 1140: The Cedar Knolls Schoof of the Jewish Protectory, 114t; Lakeview Home, 1142; Li:st of professional workers in correctionalagencies, 1143. Cottin, Jack.................... 52 Council Home for Jewish Girls 1137 Council of Jewish Women.... 1231 Council, National Jewish, Im-,;. migration...............,13 Council of N. Y. Zionists, 1344; List of Constituents, 1345. Council of Reform Rabbis, —Easteru,, 1177; Members residing in N,-,Y. C., 1178. - Council of Young Men's Hebve-'Y and Kindred Ass'ns, 115t-1210.Credit Union, Movement amonfi the Jews of New York City by Hyman Kaplan, formerly of the' Bureau of Philanthropic Research; List of Credit Unions' in N. Y. C., 730; Borough of Brooklyn Credit Union, 730; Citi-i zens' Credit Union, 730; Commercial Credit Union of B'klyn, 730; Cooperative Credit Union, 730; Empire State Credit Union 730; Fraternal Credift tnioh, 730; Grdcers' Credit U n i o n, 73,; King's County Credit Uniofi, 730-. Metropolitan Credit;Unon, 730;, Russian-Polish Progresstie Crtedit Union, 730; J'Uit-ed CreditUnion, 731; West Side Credit Union, 731. Crippled Children's Driving Fund....................;. 1i4 Crippled Children's E. S,' Free ' - School........................ lbW Criterion Club.................. -B Cronbach, Abraham.......298, 1478 Cry sler, Edna M............... 1020 Crystal, Hannah.............. 1120 Cubelsky, Isidore.......... 798 Cultural Agencies '(ee Recreational and Cultural Agencies). Cultural Central Org. (See- Social and Cultural Central Org.);, Cunin, Mendel................... 8 Cutler, Abraham............... 80 Cutler, Benjamin............... 1 Cutler, Z.................. 144 1538 COMMUNAL REGISTER Cuttner, Joseph.............. 795 Czalizkes, Berisch............. 308 D Dainoff, Bella.................. 1120 Deleshinsky, Jonah........... 176 Danish, David............... 552 Danziger, Abraham........... 813 Daub, William............1121, 1223 Daughters of Charities........ 1010 Daughters of the Covenant.... 1316 Daughters of David of Jerusalem, Independent,............... 1003 Daughters of Israel Day Nursery, 1040 Daughters of Israel Home for the Aged, 1114. Daughters of Jacob, Home of.. 1112 Daughters of Rebecca........ 694 Daum, Mrs. Carrie........... 954 David Kessler Theatre,....... 577 Davidowitz...................... 455 Davidson, Aaron............. 170 Davidson, David............. 259 Davidson, David............. 298 Davidson, Gabriel 724, 1223, 1229, 1254 Davidson, Isidor............. 999 Davidson, Israel............. 1199 Davidsoh, Maurice P......... 886 Davis, Ruth.............. 552 Davis, Sara...............1121, 1223 Davishberg, Louis............ 231 "The Day"................... 628 Day Nurseries, Jewish, in New York City, by Abraham Oseroff, Executor Director, United Hebrew Charities, 1033; Table giving salient facts of Jewish Day Nurseries, 1037; List of Jewish Day Nurseries in New York City, 1039; Ahavath Chesed Day Nursery, 1039; Auxiliary to the Ahavath Chesed Day Nursery, 1039; Beth El Sisterhood Day Nursery, 1039; Brightside Day e Nursery and Kindergarten, 1039; Bronx Federation of Charities Day and Night Nursery, 1040; Daughters of Israel Day Nursery, 1040; East Side Day Nursery, 1040; Emanuel Sisterhood Day Nursery, 1040; First Hebrew Day Nursery and Kindergarten of B'klyn, 1040; Haven Day Nursery, 1041; Harlem Hebrew Day Nursery, 1041; He b r e w Day Nursery of New York, 1041; Hebrew Kindergarten and D a y Nursery, 1041; Loyal League of the Hebrew Kindergarten and Day Nursery, 1042; Young Friends of the Hebrew Kindergarten and Day Nursery, 1042; Hebrew Ladies' Day Nursery, 1042; Jewish Ladies' Day Nursery of the Bronx, 1043; Illustrations of activities in the Day Nurseries, 1045. Deaf (See Handicapped, Agencies for). Debin, William................. 557 Deborah Ben. Sewing Society. 1010 Deborah Benevolent Society.. 1013 Debrest, Harold............. 1229 Deckstein, H................... 1187 Defectives (See Handicapped, Agencies for). Deformities, Hospital for...... 1012 De Haas, Jacob............. 1456 De Hirsch Fund Baron........ 1233 De Hirsch Home for Girls, Clara.......................... 656 De Hirsch Trade School, Baron 655 Deitch, Philip.................. 254 Deitchman, E.................. 460 Delman, Jacob.................. 259 Delinquent Girls (See Correctional Agencies). Delinquent Girls, Home for, 1137, 1142 Demian, G. Samuel............. 98 INDEX 1539 Dmner, Philip.................. 192 Denker, Nathan................ 907 Density of Population, Map Showing.................... 81 Denver Sanitarium........... 1317 Deretzky, Morris.............. 927 De Sola Pool, D. (See Pool, David de Sola). Desertion of Family............ 1318 Deutsch, Estelle................. 552 Diagram of Representation and Organization Plan............ 64 Diamond, Louis............. 825 Diamond, Louis................ 898 Diamond, Samuel A........... 975 Dickov, Louis.................. 747 Dickstein, Reuben.............. 29 Dictor, Sam................. 723 Dinerstein, J.................. 455 Dispensaries (See Hospitals). Distribution of Immigration 1246 Distribution of War Relief Funds,. Joint Committee for 1475 District Map of the Kehillah.. 81 Divorzis........................ 1191 Dr. Herzl Zion Club........... 571 Dojansky, Julius.............. 819 Doliner, Joseph............... 754 Dolgenas, Samuel.............. 552 Dolphin, M. E................ 655 Donenfeld, Louis............... 976 Dorf, Samuel 72, Biographic Note 965. Dovrei Irvith Mizrachi,....... 571 Downs, I....................... 1121 Drachman, Bernard, 298, 330, 1191, 1202 Drachsler, Julius 467, 1149, 1164, 1165, 1223, 1229 Drescher, Charles............. 552 Dresser, Aaron S............... 218 Dreyfus, Joseph G........1095, 1223 Drosher, Nathan............... 895 Dubin, Barnett............... 211 Ducoff, R..................... 455 Dukas, Julius J. 73, 226, Biographia Note 692. Dukelsky, Samuel............ 811 Dumb (See Handicapped,Agencies for). Dumon, Isidore.............. 810 Dunreff, Charles............... 335 Dunn, Jacob, Biographic note 380, 1443. Dunst, Meyer................ 836 Durst, Samuel................. 194 Dushkin, A. M. 75, 367, 400, Biographic note 1165. Dvorkin, Julius................ 212 Dworsky, Bertha.............. 1112 E "East and West"............. 620 Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis, 1177; List of Members residing in New York City, 1178. Eastern District Loan and Relief....................... 694 East New York and Brownsville Hospital................ 1021 East New York Dispensary.... 1021 East New York Orphan Asy, lum....................... 1064 East Side Day Nursery...... 1040 East Side Free School for Crippled.................. 1095 East Side Ladies' Charity Association...................... 1010 "East Side Life"............... 620 East Side Neighborhood Ass'n., 488 Ebenstein, Joseph............. 193 "Echo des Judenthums,"..... 621 Eckhaus, Elias................ 158 Eckstein, V.................... 1223 Economic Agencies, 635; The Industrial Problem of the Jew in New York City, by Paul Abelson, Director, Bureau of Industry, 637, Non-Commercial Employnent Bureaus in the Jewish Coirmunity in New York City, -1540 COMMUNAL REGISTER 'by Joseph Gedalecia, Manager of the Communal Employment Bureau for the Handicapped, 641; Table showing the number of placements made by the Jewish Non-Comercial Employment Bureaus in the course of one year, 646; List of Jewish Non-Commercial Employment Bureaus in N. Y. C., 047; Vocational Schools Established and Maintained by the Jewish Community in N. Y., by J. Ernest G. Yalden, Sup't, Baron de Hirsch Trade School, 648; List and Description of Vocational Schools, Maintained by the Jewish Community cf-New York, 653. Hebrew Technical Institute for Boys, 653; Hebrew' Technical School for Girls, 654; Baron de Hirsch Trade School, 655; Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls, 656; Illustrations of activi- ties of above schools, 657; Free Loan Societies, by Samuel Seinfel, Manager, Hebrew Free Loan So c i e t y, 689; List of Free Loan Societies, 691; Illugtration, Hebrew Free Loan Society Building, 695; Jewish Labor Organizations, by' Frank F. Rosenblatt, Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research, 697; List of Local Jewish Labor Organizations, 700; Fur Industry, 700; Garment 'Industry, 701; Men's Clothing, 701; Women's Clothing, 704; Headgear Industry, 707;.Miscellaneous, 708; Employers' Associations in Jewish Trades, by Paul Abelson, Director Bureau of Industry; 716; List of Employers' Ass'ns, 718; L i s t of Trade Ass'ns, 722; List of professional workers in Econmnic Agenies, 724. (See also Economic Central Organizations.) Economic Central Organizatio-ns: The Baron de Hirsch Fund;'i23; National J e w i s h Immfgration Council, 1235; Jewish Immigration Work, by Samuel 'Joseph, 1237; The Hebrew Sheltering aind Immigrant Aid Sdc., of America, 1241; Illustration, Build ing of Hebrew Sheltering and 'Immigrant Aid Society, 1243; Naturalization Aid League, 1245; The Industrial Removal Office, 1246; Institutions for the. Promotion of Agriculture Among the Jews, in the U. S., by J. W. Pincus, Sec'y, Federation of Jewish Farmers, 1248; List of agricultural agencies, 1254; The Jewish Socialist Federation of America, ly Frank F. Rosenblatt, Chief of - Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research, 1256; List of Branches in 'N. Y. C., 1262; Young People's Socialist League, 1263; Circles in N. Y. C., 1263; Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America,-by Joseph Schlossberg, General Secretary, 1264; International Fur Workers of U. S. and Canadl, 1269; International Ladies' Garment Workers, by Benj. Schle*inger, Pres., 1270; The' United Cloth, Hat and Cap Makers' Union of North America, 1276; The United Hebrew Trades, by Frank F. Rosenblatt, Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research, 1277; List of.eonstituent societies in N. Y. C., 1250. Edelhite, S.....,........4.... 455 Edelman, Hyman................ 745 Edelman, Morris..........., Edelman, Nathan -...... 75 Edelson, Joseph David.......;. t0 Edelstein, Mrs. E. —............ Edelstein, Joseph.............. $77 1541 INDEX Edlin, Sarah............1142, 1143 Edlin, William................ 1443 Educational Agencies-Jewish Religious Schools: Present Status of Jewish Religious Education in New York City, by S. Benderly, Director, Bureau of Jewish Education, 349; Table 1, showing number of children receiving Jewish instruction, 358; Graph showing the same, 359; Table 2, showing types of Jewish school accdmmodation, 360; Graph showing the same, 361; Table 3, showing the size of the Jewish Religious Schools, 362; Graph showing the same, 363; Table 4, showing the auspices under which Jewish instruction is given, 364; Graph showing the same, 365; Graph showing proportion of children who receive Jewish instruction in the eighteen Districts of the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York City, 366; Prefatory Notes -on Jewish Educational Agencies of New York, by Alexander M. Dushkin, Head of Department of Study and Appraisal, Bureau of Jewish Education, 867; Supplementary Weekday Instruction, 368; List of Communal Weekday Schools in Manhattan and the Bronx, 370; List of Communal Weekday Schools in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond, 377;. List of Congregational W e e k d a y Schools, Manhattan and Bronx, 380; Li s t o f Congregational Weekday Schools in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond, 384; List of Institutional Week-day Schools, Manhattan and Bronx, 386; List of Institutional Weekday Schools, B'klyn, 387; List of Private Weekday Schools, Manhattan, Bronx and B'klyn, 388; Sunday School Instruction, 389; List of Sunday Schools in Manhattan and the Bronx, 390; List of Sunday Schools in Brooklyn, Queens and- Richmond, 891;'Institutional Sunday School1, 393; Parochial Education, 394;, List of Parochial Schools, 395;-Instruction in the Chedarim, 8068; Private Religious Instruction, in the Home, 399; Illustrations:of Jewish School Work, 401; Teachers' Training Schools and Ass'ns, 451; Teachers' Institute of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 451; Teachers' Institute of the Mizrachi, 452; Hebrew Teachers' Union, (Agudath Hamorim) 454; Members of the Hebrew Teachers' Union, 455; J e w i s h Teachers' Association, 459; Members of the Jewish 'Teachers' Associationr 459; Religious School Union, 461; Hebrew Principals' Associatiqn, 462; Members of. lHe.bhrcw Principals' Association. 462. (See also Educational Central Organ izations.).Educational Alliance5 529; Illustrations, 531. Educational Central Organizations: The Bureau of Jewish Education, 1197; The Board of Jewish School Aid, 1197; The. Jewibh Theological Seminiary of.Ametfica, 1198; The Rabbinical College of America, 1201; The School for Jewish Communal Work, 1203. Educational Society, Hebrew, 547; Illustration, 549. Efras, Harry.................. 176 Egal, Joseph.................... 778 Ehinger, Mary................. 1121 1542 COMMUNAL REGISTER Ehrenreich, H.................. 1443 Ehrich, Nuchim.............. 985 Ehrlich, D.................. 1443 -Ehrlich, Mrs. Rebecca....... 774 Ehrman, Edward.............. 251 Eichenbaum, David J......... 860 Eichenbaum, Nettie.......1121, 1223 Eignfetld, Israel............... 822 Eiger, Harry................... 153 Eilfarten, Louis.............. 163 Einstein, Mrs. William........ 72 Eiseman, Aaron.............. 298 Eiseman, D............. 455 Eisen, Max................171 Eisenberg, Jacob........... 808 Eisenberg, Kate............. 1121 Eisenberg, Usher............ 975 Eisenberger, Morris........... 199 Eiser, Henry............. 1443 Eisinger, Samuel............... 819 Elephant, Nathan D........... 14 Eiger, Harry................ 149 Eliovsn, M.................. 455 Elkibs, Louis................ 308 El Kitbatch Americano" (The Whip)...................... 632 Elkus, Abra I............. 1235 Ellenbogen, M............ 801 Ellner, Samuel............. 752 Elzas, Barnett A. 298, 1143, 1175, 1178, 1223 Emanuel, Anne M. 1142, 1143, 1223 Emanuel Sisterhood Day Nursery....................... 1040 Emanuel Sisterhood of Personal Service......... 1001, 1013 Empire State Credit Union.... 730 Employers' Organizations in Jewish Trades, by Paul Abelson, Director, Bureau of Industry, 716; List of Employers' Associations, 718; American Clothing Manufacturers' Association, 718; Associated Boy's Clothing Manufacturers of Greater N. Y., 718; Associated Fur Manufacturers Inc., 718; Associated Shirt Manufacturers, 719; Association of Embroidery and Lace Manufacturers of New York, Inc., 719; Children's Dress Manufact's' Ass'n, 719; Cloak, Suit and Skirt Manufacturers' Protective Ass'n, 719; Cotton Garment Manufacturers of New York, 719; Dress and Waist Manufacturers' Ass'n, 720; East Side Retail Clothing Manufacturers' Ass'n, 720; Ladies' Hat Manufacturers' Protective Ass'n, 720; Manhattan Merchant Tailors' Ass'n, 720; Mineral Water Dealers' Protective Ass'n, 720; National Ass'n of Separate Skirt Manufacturers, 721; National Society of Men's Neckwear Manufacturers, 721; New York Ass'n of House Dress and Kimono Manufacturers, 721; N. Y. Restaurant Keepers' Ass'n, 721; N. Y. Tailors' Verein, 721; Retail Jewelry Dealers' Ass'n, 721; Shirt Manufacturers' Protective Ass'n, 722. Employment Agencies-Non-Commercial Employment Bureaus in the Jewish Community of New York City by Joseph Gedalecia, Manager, Community Employmen' Bureau for the Handicapped, 641; Community Employment Bureau for the Handicapped, 647; Federated Employment Bureau for Jewish Girls, 047; Y. W. H. Ass'n, 647; Y. M. H, Ass'n, 647; Emanuel Sisterhood, 647; Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Soc., 647; Industrial Removal Office, 647; Farm Labor Bureau, 647; Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf, 647. Ende, Harry L............... 906 Endel, Charles W............. 718 INDEX 1543 Endler, Gustave.............. 774 Enelow, Hyman G..........299, 1175 Eaeman, Jacob W.............. 211 Engel, Adolph............... 719 Engel, David................ 933 Engelhardt, Nathan.......... 279 Engelman, Morris.........269, 930 Engelsohn, Sam................ 889 Engleman, Bessie............ 765 Engler, Isaac................ 786 Entas, Harry................ 808 Enteen, Joel...............581, 1443 Entmacher, Marcus.......... 197 Epner, W.................. 1114 Epros, S..................... 805 Epstein, Abraham........... 239 Epstein, Abraham............. 871 Epstein, Abraham.........160, 808 Epstein, Barnet...t.......... 742 Epstein, Barnet................ 794 Epstein, D.................. 305 Epstein, Gustave Adolph..... 751 Epstein, H. J. Biographic Note, 793, 1443. Epstein, I. L.................. 1191 Epstein, Louis............... 778 Epstein, M.................... 455 Epstein, Madeline.........1121, 1223 Epstein, Moses............. 1357 Epstein, Rpse.................. 460 Epstein, Samuel............. 192 Epstein, Sh.................... 455 Erdberg, Sh.................... 456 Erger, Mrs. S................. 770 Erlanger, Abraham.......... 1097 Erlichman, Joshua............ 164 Eskolsky, Jacob.......287, 292, 1187 Eskowitz, F................. 305 Essenfeld, Max.............. 706 Essner, J............... 742 Estersohn, I. J........308, 1191, 1443 Estes, Harry................ 152 Estner, Charles.............. 819 Ettenson, Herman........... 870 Ettinger, Frank.............. 232 "Etz Hada'ath"............... 622 European War Suffering, Cablegram describing, 1481. Even, Isaac................... 341 Even Tov Relief Ass'n......... 1010 Executive Committee, Kehillah, 72. Expenditures of Jewish Communal Institutions, 103. F Fabrikant, Samuel............ 308 Factor, Sam................... 763 Fain, Jacob R.............1121, 1241 Fairview Country Club........ 562 Falick, Abraham............. 758 Falk, Fanny................... 1121 "Familien Journal"............ 627 Family Desertion............ 1318 Farb, Solomon................. 234 Farber, Samuel................ 932 Farmers of America, Jewish, 1251, 1255 Far Rockaway Club.............. Fass, Tobias................ 1806 Federated Employment Bureau for Jewish Girls, 647. Federations (See Landsmannschaft Organizations). Federation of American Zionists, 1340; List of New York Constituents, 1345. Federation of Bessarabian Organizations, 1337. Federation of Bronx Jewish Charities, 1002. Federation of Charities, N. Y. C., 1281. List of Constituents, 1294. Federation of Charities, Brooklyn, 1312. List of Constituents, 1312. Federation of Galician and Bucovinian Jews of America, 1337. Federation of Jewish Cooperative Societies of America, 1280; List of Constituents in N. Y. C., 1280. The Federation of Jewish Farmers of America, 1255., Federation of Oriental Jews of America, 1339. 1544 COMMUNAL RUGISTB8R F~deration of Roumanian Jews of America, 1339. Federation of Russian-Polish Hebrews of America, 1339. Federation. Settlement........ 487 Federation of Sisterhoods, by Abraham Oseroff, Executive Director, United Hebrew Charities, 1012; List of Constituents, 1013. Federation for the Support of, ' Jewish Philanthropic Societies of 'N Y. C., 1281; List of Constituents, 1294. Federation of Temple Sisterhoods. National, 1316. List of New York Constituents, 1316. Fader, Jacob.................. 205 Feder, Julian..................948 Feler, Naf tale...................768 Feigea, -Louis................. 710 Feilgenbauim, Jeremiah........ 179 Felgenbaum, Oslas...........97 Feigenbaum, Seinvil.......... 737 Feiger, Israel.................. 939 Fein, Augusta................. 1223 Ftina, Lena..................... 552 Feinberg, Morris.............. 232 Fdlnblatt, Sigmund......1143 Feinblatt, Mrs. Sigmund....1144 Feiner, Harry................. 156 Felnerman, Elijah............. 759 Feingold, Samuel --- —------—..552 Felnman, Solomon.....1062, 1121 Feinsilver, Isidore............ 975 Feinstein,~ Irving T.............857. Felastein, 'Ierael --- —------—..255 Feinstein, Jacob.............. 222 Feinstein, Jaeb............... 940 Feintucb, Hirsh Leib --- —--—..148 Feinthal, M................... 1191 Felto Barnett..................972 Felt, Julius G...........I. 172 Feltolberg, Abraham......... 1144 Fold, Lbuls.................... 814' Feldlsuhn, Herman --- —----—..377 Feldman, Henry.............916 Feldman, Israel.............. 7 Feldman, Louis............... 266' Feldman, S...................890 Felt, Jacob L.................. 265 Feller, Jehudah --- —-------—...248 Fellowship House......487, 108 Fels, Mrs. Joseph.............1443 Fertig, M. Maldwin...........483 Festivals, Dates of............ 36 -Fialla, Gustave............... 209 Fiebman, David............... 1229 -Fielman, Abraham............. 744 Finances of Jewish Communal Institutions................. 103 Fine, Benjamin..............- 777 Fine, Etta.................... 1041 -FinebArg, Max........... 176-. Finegold, R.................... 1121. Fink, Jacob -.............378 Fink, Morris.................. 788 -Finkelman, Gershon.......... 137 Finkelstein, Aaron......255, 941 Finkelstein, I.................. 292 Finkelstein, Joseph............163 Finkelstein, Reuben...........1443 Finkelstein, S. I.............. 1187 Finkelstone, Libbie.....1121l, 1223 Firetag, Judah Herman-.....748 First Hebrew Day Nursery and Kindergarten of B'klyn, 1040. First Van Nest Hebrew Ladies' Aid Soc................ 1010 Firuski, Louis L..............1062 Fisch, Hyman --- —--------—..836 Fischel, Harry................ 72 Fischer, Emmie............... 1223 Fischnman, William, 72,' 73;. Biographic note 373. Fish, A........................ 460 Fish, Harris -:................ 237 Fishbein, Sant................ 812 Fishelsuan, Alter.............. 940, Fisher, Jacob................. 172 Fisher, Jennie................. 1229 Fishgold, Phillip..............5539 Fishman, David..... 0.......... 1178 LNDEX 1545 Fiterstein, Louis.................:284 Five Million Dollar Campaign for War Relief: Appeal by Jacob H. Schiff, 1479; Copy of Cablegram received by the State Depar:tment, 1481; Cartoon, "Will the Finger of Scorn point you out?" 1483; Report in the "New York Times," Sunday, Dec. 16, 1485; List of Teams with their Captains, 1491. (See also War Relief.) Flacks, Louis................... 775 Flax, E. Z................. 1187 Fleischer, Alex................ 1223 Fleischer, B................. 1191 Fleischer, Benjamip.......... 760 Fleischman, A................. 456 Fleischman, Beatrice.......... 552 Fleischman, Henry.....530, 592, 1223 Fleisher, Benj................. 193 Fleisher, Selig................ 901 Fleishman, Morris............. 241 Fleiss, Anschel................ 763 Fliegel, Harry..............225, 938 Flint, Joseph H............... 798 Flohr, Rebecca................ 1144 "Folks Advocat," Der.......... 623 "Folksblatt," Dos............ 624 Forman, Nathan............ 202 Forster, Morris.............. 936 Forstiaser, B.................. 416 "Fortschritt".............628, 631 "Forward".................625, 628 Fox, A.. L.................. 1224 Fox, Louis.................207, 260 Frachtenberg, A............ 306 Frand, Louis................... 173 Frank, Elizabeth.............. 1121 Frank,................... 306 Frank, I................... 1247 Frank, Isaac................ 933 Frank, Isadore................. 724 irank, Isidor...........1...44, 1224 Frank, Leah H.......... 1121, I124 Frank, Louis J....1014, 1121, 1224 Frank, Simon....~........... 289 Frankel, A............... 456 Frankel, David............... 292 Frankel, Fanny............ 1121 Frankel, Jacob................. 773 Frankel, Lee- K............1224, 1229 Frankel, Nathan............... 234 Frankenstein, Morris......... 976 F;anklin, Elinor............. 1095 Franzblau, Etta................ 1144 Fraternal Credit Union...... 730 Fraternal Organizations. (5ee Orders.) Free Burial Societies, List of Jewish, in N. Y. C., 334. Agutdathi Achim Chesed Shel Emeth, 334; Austro-Hungarian Hebrew Free Burial Ass'n, 334; Yorkville Branch, 334; Harlem Branch, 334; Bronx Branch,; 334; Hebrew Free Burial Association,: a334; Hebrew Free Burial Society, 335; Chesed Shel Emeth of Brownsville, 335; Free Burial Ass'n of Brownsville, 335; Hebrew Burial Society of B'klyn, 33L;.Ladies Aid Society Chesed Shel Emeth, 335. Freed, I. E................... 1187 Freed, Miriam............ 552!Freedman, P. A.............. 1187 Freedman, S.................. 806 Freekauf, L. M............ 24 Free Kosher Kitchen; Beth Abraham, 999. Free Loan Societies, by Samuel Seinfel, Manager, Hebrew' Free Loan Society, 689; List o':'91i; Bath Beach- Free Loan gASs'il, 693; Brooklyn Hebrew':Ftee6-LEanh Ass'n, 693; Hebrew Aid; Sc: df E. N. Y., 693; Hebrew Fxee Ln4 -ing Ass'n of the.United Hebrew Community of N. Y., 693;IHebrewi P ree Loani 'Socfety,. 91; Helirw League Aid (Harlein.Branch), 1546 COMMUNAL REGISTER 694; Broder Loan Fund, 694; Constantine Free Loan, 694; Daughters of Rebecca, 694; Eastern District Loan and Relief, 694; Hebrew Free Loan Ass'n, 694; Sterling Commercial Ass'n, 694; Illustration of Building of Hebrew Free Loan Society, 695. Free Sons of Israel, Independent Order, 950. List of New York City Lodges, 950. Free Synagogue............... 203 Freidin, Chaim................. 187 Freidland A.................... 456 Freidland, Julius.............. 328 Friedlander, John.........1121, 1224 Freidlansky, Abraham......... 268 Freidman, Etta................ 1224 Freidus, A. S..............1224, 1229 "Freie Arbeiter Stimme"....626, 630 "Freie Gesellshaft," Die....... 625 "Freie Stunde," Die............ 626 Freiman, Jaeob................ 837 "Freitag zu Nacht"............ 623 Freundschaft Society.......... 562 FrQyer, George................. 924 Fried................................. 456 Fried, Harry................... 829 Fried, Joseph.................. 292 Fried, Max.................... 265 Fried, R..................... 1224 Friedberg, Ray................ 1224 Friedel, Ruth................. 552 Friedlaender, Israel 72, 451, 1199, 1224 Friedlaender, S................ 460 Friedland, Joseph............ 328 Friedlander, M. 299, 1144, 1175, 1178 Friedlander, Rachel......1121, 1224 Friedlander, Sam............. 746 Friedman, Abraham........... 754 Friedman, Adolph............ 984 Friedman, Adolph.............. 1144 Friedman, Mrs. Adolph........ 1144 Friedman, Barnet.............. 334 Friedman, Emanuel........... 227 Friedman, Helen.............. 1224 Friedman, Joseph.............. 942 Friedman, Leontine............ 1144 Friedman, Max................ 256 Friedman, Morris M.......... 899 Friedman, Pinchus............ 292 Friedman, Rubin............. 145 Friedman, S.................... 456 Friedman, Saul................ 552 Friedman, Solomon........... 1202 Friedman, Solomon............ 742 Friedman, Zachary Leo...... 704 "The Friend".................. 631 Friendlich, Mrs. E........... 1002 Friendly Relief Society of the Bronx.................... 1010 Friesner, Jacob................ 208 Frisch, Ephriam............299, 1175 Frishberg, N..................... 456 Fritz, Morris.................. 83 Frohman, J................... 306 Fromberg, Harry G............ 247 Fromberg, Kofman............ 812 Fromm, Michael,.............. 893 Fruchtman, Fannie............ 791 Fruitstone, Mitchell........... 552 Fruster, Mendel Simche....... 918 Fuchs, Elias................... 243 Fuel Soc..................... 1003 "FUihrer, Die".................. 628 Fulman, Abr. B.............. 308 Fumbler, Fannie.............. 1144 Fund, Bureau of Jewish Nat'l 1461 Funds of War Relief, Joint Comm. for Distribution..... 1475 "The Fur Worker"............. 631 Fur Workers' Union, (See International Fur Workers' Union of U. S. and Canada). Furman, B................... 456 Furst, Emanuel................ 918 Furst, Simon.................. 936 Futeransky, Wolf............. 975 Futterman, Harry............ 1224 UDn)IZ 1547 G Gabel's Theatre............... 577 Galant, A............ 292, 1187, 1443 Galewski, Adolph.............. 1911 Galician Jews, Federation of.. 1337 Gallack, Louis................ 758 Galomb, Sam................. 747 Galonsky, Julius.............. 308 Gamoran, E.................... 460 Gangursky, J. L.............. 308 Gansel, Jacob................. 1444 Gardner, Tobias.............. 936 Garfinkle, Joseph I..........A... 299 Go;rfunkel, Israel.............. 194 Garfunkel, Max............... 804 Gartenberg, Max.............. 145 Gassen, Celia................. 1224 Gedalecia, Joseph 841, 647, 1224, 1229 Biographic Note 1339. Geffner, B..................... 328 Geffner, Max............... 208, 783 Geiger, Jacob................. 941 Geismar, Siegfried.............1223 Gelernter, A.................. 1191 Gelfand, Isidore............... 780 Gelles, Michael............... 830 Gelli~s, Fishel.................. 308 Gellspan, Mrs. H.............. 1443 Gemilath Chasodim (See Free Loan Societies). General Relief Fund for the War Victims, 1010. Gerber, Isidore................ 262 Gerber, L...................... 328 Gerling, Nathan............... 979 Germaneck, A................ 1121 Gerry, Esther................. 771 Gerstein, Meyer.............. 258 Gerstenfeld, S............. 328, 1202 Gerstenfield, A................ 292 Gertzoff, N................. - 456 Getis, Hyman................. 157 Geulah, A..............371 Geulah, B......................571 Gewirtzman, Abraham........ 2412 Gibian, Rose............. 1121, 1224 Glchman, Jacob...............922 Gidden, Asher................. 191 Gillis, M...................... 1484 Ginandes, Wolf............... 162 Ginsberg, Louis.............. 1199 Ginsberg, Pauline......1121, 1224 Ginsberg, William............ 268 Ginsburg, Isaac............... 721 Ginsburg, M................... 721 Ginsburg, Max................ 267 Ginsburg, Samuel............. 149 Gips, Jacob................... 246 Girsdiansky, William......... 1121 Gisnet, Morris................ 892 Girls, Clara de Hirsch Home for.......................... 656 Girls' Employment Bureau.... 647 Girls' Technical School.....654 Gitelman, Benjamin........... 242 Gitnick, P. L................. 1222 Gittelman, Jacob J........... 1144 Gittelson, M................... 460 Gitterman, Morris............. 183 Gittleman, Louis.............. 258 Glanz, A......................1386 Glaser, Harry................ 815 Glaser, Herman...............972 Glaser, J....................... 552 Glaser, John.................969 Glaser, Zalivpen................ 860 Glatzer, Isaac................. 166 Glatzer, Louis................. 947 Glelch-, Morris................ 552 "Die Gleicheit'............... 631 Glick, Isaac................... 185 Glick, S. H....................1187t Wlick, Samuel................. 292 Glit~kes, Louis................. 744 Glicksberg, Morris.............168g Glicksman, Esther............ 1122 Glovitz, J...................... 306 Gluck, Hyman................9043 G~lick, Samuel A...............33s Gluckman, Morris............. 221 Glucksman, Harry L....... t Gnatowsky, A.................. on 154& COMMUNAL REGISTIR Gold, Besie.................... 1122 Gold, Heiman.................. 246 Gold, W............. 1182, 1191, 1443 Gold, William K.............. 775 Goldberg, Abraham........... 183 Goldberg and Jacobs Lenox Theatre....................... 577 Goldberg, A. J............... 292 Goldberg, David............944, 1443 Goldberg, G.................1191 Goldberg, Hyman N............ 308 Goldberg, Ida S............1122, 1224 Goldberg, Jacob S.............. 188 Goldberg, L. G.............. 1187 Goldberg, Leizer............... 186 Goldberg, Leon.............. 915 Goldberg, Louis.............. 578 Goldberg, M................. 553 Goldberg, M. P.............. 308 Goldberg, Michael............. 776 Goldberg, Nachum............. 234 Goldberg, Mrs. Rachel........ 839 Goldberg, S................. 1122 Goldberger, Leo J............ 719 Goldburger, Samuel............ 165 Golden, Harris............... 856 Golden, Max.................... 707 Goldenberg, George............. 1122 Goldenberg, Lupu.............. 890 Goldenberg, Morris............. 898 Goldfarb, M................. 456 Goldfarb, Mrs. Mamie......... 1122 Goldfarb, S. E................46.0, 553 Goldfarb, Samuel............. 862 Goldfinger, Leo............... 1224 Goldfogle, Henry M...........72, 73 Goldgar, Rachel.............. 1122 Goldin, H................... 483 Goldin, H.................... 553 Goldklong, Jacob.............. 740 Goldman, Abraham............. 748 Goldman, Alexander.......... 1021 Goldman, Charles.............. 794 Goldman, Isidor............. 182 Goldman, Joshua............ 1443 Goldman, Morris.............. 187 Goldman, Mrs. R............ 702 Goldman, Simon............... 379 Gcldrech, Solomon............ 198 Goldrich, Leon W............. 1122 Goldschmidt, N................ 306 Goldschmidt, William.......... 261 Goldshlager, Gershan........... 829 Goldsmid, Deborah.............. 553 Goldsmith, Barnett............. 862 Goldsmith, Isaac............... 778 Goldsmith, Joseph............ 971 Goldsmith, Samuel A...... 1158, 1165 Goldsobel, Ephraim.............. 308 Goldstein, Asher............... 155 Goldstein, Charles B.......... 908 Goldstein, David............... 225 Goldstein, H................ 1191 Goldstein, Harris.............. 376 Goldstein, Herbert S........... 299 Goldstein, Herman............. 972 Goldstein, Isidore............. 772 Goldstein, Israel............... 553 Goldstein, Jacob............... 299 Goldstein, Jonah J............ 1224 Goldstein, Louis............... 223 Goldstein, Mayer.............. 308 Goldstein, Monroe M....1224, 1229 Goldstein, Morris..........:-.. 266 Goldstein, Sadie................ 804 Goldstein, Sam................. 970 Goldstein, Samuel............. 1339 Goldstein, Samuel............. 210 Goldstein, Samuel............889 Goldstein, Samuel............. 1022 Goldstein, Samuel D.........720 Goldstein, Selig............... 971 Goldstein, Sidney E, 299, 1122, 1179, 1224, 1229 Goldstein, Simon.............. 232 Goldthole, I.................456 Goldwasser, I. Edwin, 475, 1122, Biographic note 1222, 1224, 1229, 1281. Goldwater, S. S..........1017, 1122 Gollubier, Emil.............. 563 Golomb, Sam................ 747, - INDEX Gonner, L...................... 456 Goodblatt, A............... 1191 Goodfriend, Meyer............ 158 Goodman, Harry............. 253 Goodman, Henry............... 1462 Goodmati, Lillian.......... 1222, 1224 Goodman, Louis............ 1000 Goodman, Louis............. 818 Goodman, M. D............1018, 1122 Goodman, Nathan............. 1122 Goodman, Samuel............. 901 Goodman, Solomon........... 746 Goosick, M.................. 487 Gootman, Sam............... 763 Gootnick, Elias.............. 856 Gorchikow, H............... 1187 Gordon, A.................. 1187 Gordon, Aaron.............. 292 Gordon, Aaron,........... 213, 797 Gordon, Benjamin............ 813 Gordon, Isaac................ 328 Gordon, Joseph................ 792 Gordon, Samuel................ 308 Gorelick, Max................ 963 Gorodaisky, Isaac............. 160 Gottesberg, Harry D......... 942 Gottesfeld, Louis............. 822 Gottesfocht, Harry............ 894 Gotti, Harry................ 577 Gottler, Hillel,................ 1041 Gottlieb, George.............. 724 Gottlieb, I.................. 789 Gottllieb, J.................. 328 Gottlieb, Jacob.........175, 190, 988 Gottlieb, Samuel.............. 923 Gottschalk, Joseph........... 308 Graber, Max J................ 921 Graff, Jacob.................... 796 Graff, Mark................... #18 Griaman, S............... 306 Gralnick, B................... 7W Gramowitz, Abraham........... 170 Grant, Harry................ 45 Graitz, Aaron...............154 Giraphs: Showing number of Organizations per 10,000 Jew in the eighteen Districts of the Kehillak. (Jewish Community) New Vork City, and the Distribution of" these organizations into Religi-/ ous and Cultural, Economic and, Mutual Aid, Philanthropic and Correctional, and Miscellaneous, 101; Showing an estimate of the. approximate amount of money which Jewish Communal' Agencies in New York City spend for Jewish purposes, 105; Showing how every dollar spent by tihe Jewish Community is distributed among the various Communal activities, 107; Showing proportion of seats available on holidays for every one hundred Jews. (excluding children and sick) for whom synagogue seats should be' provided in the various Districts of the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York, 123; Show. ing number of children receiving Jewish instruction, 359; Showing types of Jewish school accommodation, 361; Showing the size of. the Jewish Religious Schools, 363; Showing auspices under which Jewish instruction is given, 806; Showing proportion of children who receive Jewish Instruction in the eighteen 'Districts of. the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York City, 306. Grasson, C................. 122 Green, Harry S............... 7 Green, Isaac.................51 Green, Laura.............. 806 Green, Melech............, 700 Greenbaum, J. L............0... 6; Greenbaum, Jacob............. 1144, Greenbaum, Mrs. Jacob........ 14 Greenbaum, Mary............. 29 Greenbaum, Moses............,: a Gre.am, Samel..........8. 0 1550 COMMUNAL REGISTER Greenbaum, Solomon W.....284 Greenberg, Abraham.......... 207 Gireenberg, Barnett........... 787 Greenberg, David Wolf.....922 Greenberg, Harris............. 744 Greenberg, Henry Michael.... 370 Greenberg, Herman M......553 Greenberg, Isaac.............. 328 Greenberg, Isaac.............. 905 Greenberg, L.................. 456 Greenberg, Max.............. 1144 Greenberg, Meyer............. 175 Greenberg, Meyer............. 984 Greenberg, Nathan............188 Greenblatt, Ely............... 1255 Greenblatt, Israel............. 964 Greene, Ada J................ 553 Greenfield..................... 456 Greenfield, Leo D............. 1024 Greenfield, Samuel......299, 1179 Greenpoint Y. W. H. A.....486 Greenspan, Israel J............ 170 Greenstein, L. A.............. 1224 Greenstone, Cecilia.. 1144, 1224, 1229 Greenwald, Harry.............. 153 Greenwald, Hirsch............. 230 Greenwald, Max.............. 206 Greenwald, Roae R............ 553 Greif, Herman................ 758 Greiper, Ben Zion............. 244 Greissinger, Betty............ 1122 Gribbins, Angel............... 724 Grill, Uieber................... 189 Grocers' Credit Union.......... 73T1."The Grocers' Guide and Mod. ern Businessman.......627, 630 Groll, W....................... 578 Greomano A. M................. 328 Grosberg, M................... 456 Great, Charles................ 192 Gross, Rae.................... 1357 Gross, There sa............... 914 Grbssbeln, S................... 1191 Gressberg, Isaac.............. 747 Groissberg, Louis.............. 282 "Gresser Kimndes" (The Big Stick).................... 627, *632 Grosser, Max.................3808 Grossman, A. L............... 456 Grossman, Annie............. 460 Grossman, Gedalia............185 Grossman, J. B................ 463 Grossman, Louis............. 1175 Grossman, Rudolph....299, 1175, 1179 Grossman, S................... 460 Grotker, Abraham J.......... 934 Grubman, A. J3............... 1224 Guardian, Dora........... 1122, 1224 Guggenheim, Irene Rothschild 1040 Guild for the Jewish Blind.... 1096 Guinsberg, S.............306 Gumpel, David................ 897 Gunzberg, Sigmund J.......... 892 Gurowitch, Mrs. E............ 781 Gurstein, Moses.............. 264 Guskin, Reuben.............. 1279 Guth, Benjamin Baruch, Biographic note 292, 1187. Gutthartz, Manasseh.......... 185 Guttman, A................... 1144 Guzig, Mendel................. 292 H 1"Hla'am"p...................... 622 Haas,, Joseph................. 786 Haber, Adolph................. 280 Haber, Louis................. 936 Haberman, Sam.............. 826 Hachizaion Haibri............5671 Hadassah..................... 1359 "Hadassash".................. 620."Had'ror"...................... 622 1"Ha'eth"....................... 622 "Ha'emeth"................... 622 Hagan, F.\.................... 1122 Hager, Baruch................ 278 Hagey, Mary.................. 56 "Haibri"................... 622, 829 Haiberstein, Jonas.............309 Halem, Jacob.................. 229 Halevy, M..................... 456 Halkower, Wolf............... 309 Hall, Grace................... 1144 Halperen, M................... 456 Halperin, Dotzer............... 309 Halperin, H.................... 456 Halpern, George E........1122, 1224 Halpern, Irving W........1122, 1224 Halpern, J..................... 1454 Halpern, Mrs. M...........1122, 1229 Haltricht, Simon............. 828 "Hal'um"..................... 622 "Hal'umi".................... 621 "Ham'aseph"................. 621 -Hamburger, Samuel B.......... 154 Hammer, L..................... 460 Hammershlag, Harry......... 921 "Hamodia Lachodoshim"..... 622 "Hamoreh".................... 622 Handicapped, Agencies for the: The Jewish Handicapped, by Rabbi A. J. Amateau, Manager of the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf, 1089; List of Institutions for Defectives, 1095; Association for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes, 1095; C r i p p led 'Children's Driving Fund, 1095; Crippled Children's East Side Free School, 1095; Hebrew Association for the Blind, 1096; New York Guild for the Jewish Blind, 1096; Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf, 1096; Illustrations of activities of the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf, 1099. Handler, H................... 463 Handweiler, Elias............ 792 Hanf, Philip................. 960 The Hannah Lavanburg Home 1002 Harbieter, Harris............ 820, 824 Harlem Hebrew Day Nursery. 1041 Harlem Home of the Daughters of Israel.............. 1113 Harlem Y. M. H. A........... 484 Harmonie Club............... 562 Harris, Henry M............... 801 Harris, Isidore................ 8 Harris, Matis................ 944 Harris, Maurice H., 299. Biographic note 487, 1175, 1179. Harris, Max.................... 769 Harskowitch, Benjamin....... 790 Hart, Maurice................ 1145 Hart, Mrs. Maurice............ 1145 Hartman, Gustave............. 334 Hartman, Joseph.............. 721 Hartstein, Nathan............. 200 "Has'negor'................ 621 Hast, B..................... 306 "Hatikvah"................. 622 "Hatoren"................622, 629 Hauben, Moses............... 756 Hauer, Mrs. E.................. 798 Hauser, Leonora............... 1165 Hausman, Gustav N........... 1175 Haven Day Nursery............ 1041 Hawthorne School of the Jewish 'Protectory and Aid Soc. 1138 Hays, Daniel P................. 09 "Haz'man".................. 622 "Hazopheh Ba'eretz Hachada. shah"..................... 621 Hazon, Isaac................ 145 "Headgear Worker".......... Hebra Hased Va Amet....... 1002 "Hebraica"................... 019 Hebraic Movement in America 1214 Hebrew Aid Society of East New York, 693. Hebrew Ass'n for the Blind... 1096 Hebrew Benevolent Fuel Soc.. 1003 Hebrew Benevolent Society... 1810 Hebrew Benevolent Society of Staten Island............. 1010 Hebrew Brothers, Order United, 984. List of N. Y. Lodges, 984. Hebrew Burial Soc. of B'klyn 335 Hebrew C h a r i t a b e Society rof Staten Island................ 1010 Hebrew Congregations, Union of American, 1193. List of N. Y. Constituents, 1193. - f 1552 COMMUNAL RiEGQIiTER Hebrew Day Nursery and Kindergarten of Brooklyn, 1040. Hebrew Day Nursery of N. Y. 1041 Hebrew Educational' Society, 547. Illustration, 549. Hebrew Free Aid Society, The 1011 Hebrew Free Burial Ass'n.... 334 Hebrew Free Burial Soc....... 335 Hebrew Free Lending Asstn of the United Hebrew Conmmunity of New York'(Adath Israel) 693. Hebrew 'Free Loan Society, 691. Illustrations,, 695. Hebrew Home and Relief for Consumptives, 1003. Hebrew Home for"the Aged and Hebrew Sheltering Society, 1114 Hebrew Infant Asylum........ 1063 "The Hebrew Journal"........ 619 Hebrew Kindergarten and Day ~Nursery, 1041. Illustrations, 1041 Hebrew Ladies' Day Nursery, 1045 Hebrew Ladies' Dispensary of Williamsburg................ 1011 Hebrew League Aid (Harlem Branch).................. 694 Hebrew Nat'l Orphan House.. 1062 Hebrew Orpian Asylum of New York, 1057. Hebrew Orphan Asylums. (See Orphan Asylums). Hebrew Principals' Ass'a, 462. Members, 462. Hebrew Relief Society of the City of New York, 1003. Hebrew Schools (See Educational Agencies). Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society of America, 1241. Hebrei Sheltering"Guardian Society of New York, 1068. HiHebrew Sheltering Society ofHarlemi 1011. Hebrew Sisterhood of Yorkville,: ' '; 1011 Hebrew Sisters of Charity..... 1011 a Hebrew Speaking Societies, 564, 1214. List of, 571; Achieber, 471; B'nai Am Chai, 571; Ivriah, 571; Poalei Zion Branch No. 3, 571; Masadah, 571; Dr. Herzl Zion Club, 571; Geulah A, 571; Geulah *B, 571; Agudah Ivrith, 571; Hachizaion Haibri, 571; Dovrei Iv rith Mizrachi, 571. "The Hebrew Standard"..,10,; 29 Hebrew Teachers (See Teachers' Training). Hebrew Teachers' Union, 454. Members of, 455. Hebrew Technical Institute (for Boys), 653. Hebrew Technical School for Girls, 654. Hecht, Mendel................. 807 Hechter, Morris............... 738 Hecker, Abraham............... 240 "Hed Hamoreh".............. 622 Heftman, Samuel.............. 756 Heights Social Club.......... 562 Heiman, Julius................. 1023 Heimerdinger, Louis M........ 953 Hein, Hyman................. 309 Heineman, B................. 188 Heineman, Mrs. S............... 1224 Held, A.................... 1454 Held, Emil.................. 901 Held, Hymn.................... 911 Held, Nathaniel................ 553 Helfand, Samuel................ 978 Helfgott, J.................. 309 Helfman, M................ 456 Heller, Irma H...............- 1123 Heller, Z.................... 456 Hellerman, Mary.............. 1123 Hellman, Edna A.............. 120 "Helpful Thoughts".........6. 20 Hene, Mrs. Regina...........;. 853 Henerson, Sam................. 826 Henkin, Benjamin.........- 809 Henkin, Solomon............... 08 Henoch, Henry....,'...... 1128 iN, DSX! Honry., Ma~will..........553 Hentry Mte i n lba rd Memorial -Neighborhood House......487 liesitel, Celia.................. 1123 Herald, Rubin.................. 754 Herling, David............553, 1224 Herling, Isaac.................936 Hermaliss, Charles......... 203, 774 Hirsaan, David.............. -196 Herman, Elilas................. 162 'Herman,,I. L................... 309 H'rman, Isidor................ 943 Herman, Louis.................. 711 Hermnanni, Julius...........1014 Hershandler, Moses....... 186 Hershcowitz, J................. 456 Iiershkovitz, Minnie.......... 1042 Hershman, Aaron L........... 309 Hertz, Emanuel, Biographic note 245, 1443. Hertzberg, Herman........... 1443 Herz, Enserich................ 889 Her~zog, Rose................. 1165 Hess, Leonard L............... 553 Hild Paul _ i............1306 Hillmane, Edith -............... 1123 Hillman, M.................... 306 Hillmans, Sidney.~.............. 1268 Hituimelatoin, Minnie..........1123 Hinden, Gedalia............... 254 Hinder, Aaron................. 1114 Hinmdes, Mrs. Rose............. 1123 Hirmes, A. P............... 1192 Hirsch,. Baron de, Trade School....................... 655 Hirsch, Clara de, Home-for Working Girls............... 656 Hirsch Fund,- Baron.de......1233 Hirsch, Michael............ 309,, 328 Hirsch, Morris.............. 967 Hirsch, William... 12.12 kfirschfield, Bessie......12 H~irschman, Edna.............553 kilrschson, Julius.......825 Huirh, Mr's. Max.....L003 kiMirsdansky, Fasi~....13,1224 Hirsdansky, Simon.....1234, 148 Hirshfield, A................. 450 Hirshowitz, A................. 292 Hirshkowitz, Ignatx.......... 230 Hirtzon,- A.................. 300 Histadruth ibrith. 1... 214, 1220 Hochfeld, G..................... 277 Hochhauser. Edward....1123, 1225 Hochman, Abraham.......... 861 Hochman, Lo-uip............... 152 Hochnosath O~chim (See Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid society). - Hochstein, Ida............... 1225 Hodes, Jaeob............. 913 Hoenig, Joseph.............. 905 Hofer, I........................ 456 Hoffberg, Yale H.............220 Hoffman, B..................1454 Hoffman, E....................3$09 Hoffman, Ida................1123 Hoffman, Rebecca............1123."Hoisfreind, Des"............. 623 Ho-ivry........................ 456 Holden, John................. 1145 Holden, Mrs. John...........1145 Holidays, Dates of.............-30s Hollander, Louis..............917 1-oitz, Samuel. e............746 Holtzer, Max..... 91 Holtzmani Max.............. 809 Home for Aged- and Infirm Hitbrews of N. Y.,' 111-1. - Home for Convalescekrs, jewishi, -1021 Home for -Hebrew Infantis of -'the City of New York, 1083. — Homes for Orphan, ~Tidreri (See Orphan Asylums)'. ---- Home for Working, Girls, Clara -de Hirsch, 656. Home of the Daughtpirs of,Jacob, 1112. Home of, the Daughters and ~n 1554 COMMUNAL REGISTER Homes for the Aged, by Albert Kruger, Superintendent of the Home of the Daughters of Jacob, 1109; List of Homes for the Aged, 1112; Home of the Daughters of Jacob, 1112; The Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews of New York, 1112; B'nai B'rith Home for the Aged anO Infirm, 1113; The Brooklyn Hebrew Home'for the Aged, 1113; Harlem Home of the Daughters of- Israel, 1113; Hebrew Home for the Aged and Hebrew Sheltering Society, 1114; Home of the Sons and Daughters of Israel, 1114; Jewish Home for Aged and Infirm, 1114; Illustrations of Building and Synagogue of Home of Daughters of Jacob, 1115. Homes for the Infirm, (See Homes for the Aged). Honor, Hirsch W............. 1443 Honor, L. L............... 451, 460 Horbatkin, S................... 456 Horn, B.................... 1123 Horn, Eugene............... 1145 Horn, Meyer................... 182 Hornstein, Alter M.........148, 801 Horowitz, Aaron............ 743 Horowitz, Barnett........... 973 Horowitz, Fishel............. 187 Horowitz, Harris............ 948 Horowitz, Harry............. 309 Horowitz, Joseph M.......... 309 Horowitz, Julius L........... 263 Horowitz, Louis............... 241 Horowitz, Morris............ 309 Horowitz, Mrs. Pauline........ 1123 Horowitz, Rubin............... 740 Horowitz, Samuel............ 222 Horowitz, Samuel.............. 309 Horwitt, Pauline............. 553 Hospitals, 1014; List of Jewis h Hospitals, Sanitaria and Convalescent Homes, i0O4; Beth Israel Hospital, 1014; Mt. Sinai Hospital, 1015; Montefiore Home and Hospital for Chronic Diseases, 1017; Beth David Hospital, 1019; Bikur Cholim Kosher Hospital of the Hebrew Ladies of B'klyn, 1019; Blythedale Home, 1020; Bronx Hospital and Dispensary Association, 1020; Bronx Jewish Maternity Hospital, 1020; The Bronx Maternity Hospital, 1020; Brownsville and East New York Hospital, Inc., 1021; East New York Dispensary, 1021; Hospital for Deformities and Joint Diseases, 1021; Jewish Home for Convalescents, 1021; The Bronx Ladies' Auxiliary of the Jewish Home for Convalescents, 1022; Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn, 1022; Jewish Maternity Hospital, 1022; Lebanon Hospital Association of the City of New York. 1022; Linath Hazedek Hospital Aid Society, 1023; The Maternity Hospital Society of Brownsville, 1023; New Utrecht Dispensary, 1023; Peoples' Hospital, 1028; Sanitarium for Hebrew Children, 1023; Solomon and Betty Loeb Memorial Home for Convalescents, 1024; Washington Heights Hospital, 1024; Zion Hospital, Inc., 1024; Illustrations of Jewish Hospitals, 1025. Hospital for Deformities and Joint Diseases, 1021. Hourwich, Isaac A., Biographic note 961, 1443. Housman, A............... 1229 Huebsher, Sam.............. 78 Hulnick, Hyman............. 922 Hungaria Ladies' Aid Society. 1003 Hurdin, Mendel.............. 225 Hurwitz, Jacob................ 1192 Hurwitz, Louis.............. 60 INDEX 1556 Hurwitz, Maximilian.......... Hurwitz, S. L......... 463, 1189, Hurwitz, S. Th................ Hyamson, Moses.......299, 321, Hykins, Mrs. Rebecca...... 1123, Hyman, Joseph............. 375, Hyman, Joseph................ Hyman, Louis.................. Hyman, Moses................. Hyman, Zelda................. Hymowitz, Ben................ 1123 1192 1202 1192 1125 928 244 214 771 1123 150 I Ibrith, Histadruth............. 1220 Illustrations Cemetery on West 21st St... 339 Charities Building............ 997 Day Nurseries, Baby Ward, Hebrew Kindergarten and Day Nursery, 1045; Dining Room, Hebrew Kindergarten and Day Nursery, 1047; Kindergarten, Hebrew Kindergarten and Day Nursery, 1049. Educational Alliance, Building of the Educational Alliance, East B'way and Jefferson St., 531; Educational Alliance Farmers in Seward Park, 538; Athletic Class of Educational Alliance, 535; Afternoon Cooking Class of the Educational Alliance, 537; Game Room for Boys of Educational Alliance, 539; Game Room for Adults of Educational Alliance, 541; Social Room for Adults of Educational Alliance, 543; Surprise Lake Camp at Cold Spring, N. Y., 545. Hebrew Free Loan S o c i e t y Building, 695. Hebrew Schools-Uptown Talmud Torah, 401; Central Jewish Institute, 403; Downtown Talmud Torah, 405; Jeshibath Rabbi Jacob Joseph, 407; Machzikei Talmud Torah, 409; Hebrew Free School of Brownsville, 411; Plastic MindsBeginners' Class at the Downtown Talmud Torah, 413; Girls Receiving Their Share of Jewish Education at the Intermediate School No. 1 of the Bureau of Jewish Education, 415; A Class in Jewish History in Girls' School No. 2 of the Bureau of Jewish Education, 417; Preparing for Children's Sabbath Service, Boys and Girls Practising Synagogue Melodies at the Uptown Talmud Torah, 419; The Boy Cantor and His Choir, Uptown Talmud Torah, 421; In their Own Synagogue, Little Jews and Jewesses at the Downtown Talmud Torah, 423; Forgot the Stitch l Teaching Future Jewish Mothers to Decorate their Homes with Jewish Art, Girls' School of the Bureau of Jewish Education, 425; Dramatic Club, Rehearsing Festival Play, 427; Living the Jewish Past, Outdoor Pageant,-"Joseph and His Brethren," by the Pupils of the Girls' Schools of the Bureau of Jewish Education, 429; After the Play, Cast of the Uptown Talmud Torah, 431; In the School Library, Uptown Talmud Torah, 433; School Council Meeting, Girls' School No. 4, in the Building of the Young Women's Hebrew Association, 485; Strike One! A Game of Ball while Waiting for Class to Start, Uptown Talmud Torah, 437;Three Bells, Ready for Workl Lines in the Courtyard of the Uptown Tafmud Torah, 439; At Work, Girls' School No. 4, in the Building of the Young Women's Hebrew.Association, 441; The Chosen Few, Graduating Class of the Salanter 15$6 COMMUNAL RBGISTBR Talmud Torah, 443; Their First Certificate of Jewish Knowledge, Graduates of the Hebrew Free School of Brownsville, 445; Beyond Elementary School, High School Girls Receiving Jewish Instruction in the High School Classes of the Bureau of Jewish Education, 447; Future Teachers in Israel, Graduates of the High School of the Bureau of Jewish Education About to Enter the Jewish Teachers' Institute, 449. Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society, 229-231 East B'way, 1243. Hebrew Educational Society Hopkinson and Sutter Avenues, B'klyn, 549. Home of Daughters of Jacob, Building of Home of the Daughters of Jacob, 301 E. B'way, 1115. Old Men in the Synagogue Studying Between Minchah and Maariv, Home of the Daughters of Jacob, 1117. Hospitals. Mt. Sinai Hospital, 1025; Beth Israel Hospitals 1027; Lebanon Hospital, 1029; Jewish Hospital of B'klyn, 1031. Newspapers and Periodicals, published in New York City, Composite Picture of Headings of. 683. Orphan Asylums. Hebrew Orphan Asylum, 137th St. and Amsterdam Avenue, 1065; Dining Room, Hebrew Orphan Asylum, 1067; Administration Building, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, Pleasantville, New York, 1069; Corner Cottage, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, 1071; At Home with the Cottage Mother, Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, 1073; Before The Court t, of the Girls' Republic, Hebrew. Sheltering Guardian" Society, 1075; Main Building and' Annex, Hebrew National Orphan House, 57 Seventh Street and 52 St. Marks Place, 1077; A Class In Hebrew, Hebrew National Orphan House, 1079; The Country Home of the Hebrew National Orphan House, 1081; Main Building, Home for Hebrew Infants, Kings. bridge Road and University Avenue, 1083; Building for Infants One Year and Under, Home for Hebrew Infants, 1085; Getting an Airing, Home for Hebrew Infants, 1087. Society for Welfare of Jewish Deaf. The Evening Class for Immigrant Hebrew Deaf Conducted by The Society for the Welfare of The Jewish Deaf, 40 West 115th St., 1099; Poster-mounting Shop Conducted by the Labor Department of the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf, 1101; Sisterhood of the Hebrew Deaf, Sunday Morning Sewing Circle, the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf, 1103; the Members of the Brownsville Association of the Hebrew Deaf, at their.Social Meeting, the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf, 1105; The Hebrew Congregation of the Deal at Friday Evening Services, the Society for the Welfare. of thAJewish Deaf, 1107. Synagogues. Montefiore Hebrew Congregation, 125; First ' Hungarian Congregation Ohab Zedek, 127; Washington Heights, Congregation, 129; Spanish:and Portuguese Shearith Israel Congregation, 131; Temple Emanuel? INDIX 1857 1; Beth Hamidrash Hagodol, 135; Congregation Tiphereth Israel, 137; First Congregation Anshei Sphard, 139; Oheb Sliolom, 141; Congregation Agudath Achim B'nai Jacob, 143. Technical Schools. Hebrew Technical Institute for Boys, 657; Electricity -Department, Hebrew Technical School for Boys, 659; Typewriting Class, H e b r e w Technical School for Girls, 661; Sketching Class, Hebrew Technical School for Girls, 663; Sewing Class, Hebrew Technical School for Girls, 665; Cooking Class, Hebrew Technical School for Girls, 667; Rhythmic Class, Hebrew Technical School for Girls, 669. Theatre, Grand St........... 579 Trade Schools. Baron de Hirsch Trade School, 222 East 64th St., 671; Sign Painting Department, Baron de Hirsch Trade School, 673; Printing Department, Baron de Hirsch Trade School, 675; Sheet Metal Department, Baron de Hirsch Trade School, 677; Woodwork Department, Baron de Hirsch Trade School, 679; Plumbing Department, Baron de Hirsch Trade School, 681; Electrical Department, Baron de Hirsch Trade School, 688; Machine -Work, Baron de Hirsch Trade School, 63; Clara de Hirsch Home, 687. Young Men's Hebrew Association. Building of Y. M. H. A., 491; Gymnasium of Y. M. H. A., 493; Swimming Pool of Y. M. H. A,, 495; Sitting Room of Y. M. H. A., 497; A Club in Session in Y. M. H. A., 499; Boy Scouts of Y. M. H. A., 501. Young Women's Hebrew Associa tion. Building of Y. W. H. A., 31 W. 110th St., 505; Lobby of Y. W. H. A., 507; Auditorium of Y. W. H. A., 509; Auditorium of Y. W. H. A., as a syna. gogue, 511; Library of Y. W. H. A., 513; Cooking Clasp of Y. W. H. A., 515; Dining Room of Y. W. H. A., 517; Model Apartment of Y. W. H. A., 519; Gymnasium of Y. W. H. A., 521; Swimming Pool of Y. W. H. A., 523; Neighborhood Dance on the Roof of the Y. W. H. A., 525; Succah on the Roof of the Y. W. H. A., 527. Immigrant Aid Society, 1241. Immigration Council, N a t i o n a l Jewish, 1235. Immigration Work, Jewish, 1237. Independent Daughters of David of Jerusalem, 1003. Independent Daughters of Israel Orphan Asylum of B'klyn, 1063. "Independent Hebrew," The, 619. Independent Order B'nai B'rith, 885; Lodges in N. Y. C., 886. Independent Order B'rith Abraham, 888; Lodges in N. Y. C., 888. Independent Order B'rith Sholom, 934. List of New York City Lodges, 935. Independent Order Free Sons of Israel, 950. List of New York City Lodges, 950. Independent Order Sons of Benjamin, 956. List of New York City Lodges, 956. Independent Order of True Sisters, 957. List of New York City Lodges, 957. Independent Western Star Order, 958. List of New York City Lodges, 958. Industrial Agencies, (See Econodmic Agencies). 1558 COMMUNAL REGISTER Industrial Aid Society, Jewish Agricultural, 1254. Industrial Central Organizations, (See Economic Central Organizations). Industrial Problem of the Jew, in New York City, by Paul Abelson, Director, Bureau of Industry, 637. Industrial Removal Office, 1246. Industry, The Bureau of, 1158. Infirm, Homes for the (See Homes for the Aged). Ingram, William................ 1145 Inselbruch, Elias............ 292, 1443 Institute, Teachers', of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 452. Institutional Schools,..... 386, 387 Institutional Synagogue...... 208 Instruction, (See E d u c a t i o n a Agencies). Instruction in Chedarim,...... 396 Instruction of Deaf Mutes..... 1095 Intercollegiate Menorah Association, 1211; Constituent Societies in New York City, 1213. Intercollegiate Zionist Association, 1394. List of Constituent Organizations in New York City, 1395. International Affairs - American Organizations Concerned with International Jewish A ff a i r s, 1417; A-The American Jewish Committee, by Louis Marshall, Pres., 1413; List of members of the American Jewish Committee residing in New York City, 1426; B-The. American Jewish Congress, by Bernard G. Richards, Executive Secretary, 1429; List of delegates to the American Jewish Congress, elected in New York _City, 1443; C-National Workmen's Committee on Jewish Rights, by Frank F. RosenbMatt, Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research, 1425; Central Verband of the Bund Organizations of America, 1455; D-Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs, by Jacob de Haas, 1456; Jewish National Fund Bureau for America; 1461; E-The Jews of New York in the Relief Work, by. Henry Goodman, 1462; Central Committee for the Relief of Jews Suffering through the War, 1473; American Jewish Relief Committee, 1473; Jewish People's Relief Committee of America, 1474; The Joint Distribution Committee of the American Funds for Jewish War Sufferers, 1475; F-The Five Million Dollar Campaign: Appeal by Jacob H. Schiff, 1479; Copy of Cablegram received by the State Department, 1481; Cartoon: "Will the Finger of Scorn Point You Out?" 1483; Report in the "New York Times," Sunday, Dec. 16, 1485; List of Teams with their Captains, 1491. International Fur Workers' Union of U. S. and Canada, 1269; List of New York Locals, 700; Joint Board of New York, 1269; Joint Board of B'klyn, 1269; Joint Board Fur Cap and Trimming Makers' Union, 1269. International Ladies' G a r m e nt Workers' Union, 1270; List of N. Y. Locals, 704; Joint Board Cloakmakers' Union, 1276. Intner, Nathan................ 912 Inwood Country Club,....... 562 Isaacs, H. M................... 1225 Isaacs, Meir..................91, 460 Isaacs, Sam................... 215 Isaacson, I..................292, 1225 Isenberg, Jacob................ 972 INDEX 16'9 Isenberg, Max................. Ish-Kishor, Ephraim......463, Israel, Abraham............. Israel, Edith............... "Israel Home Journal"........ Israel Orphan Asylum......... "Israel's Herold"............ Israelson, John................. Ittleman, George H............ Itzcowitz, H..................... Itzkowitz, E.................... Ivriah....................... J 186 1443 177 1145 620 1063 621 823 923 456 309 571 Jaches, Philip, 328; Biographic note 1022, 1192. Jacob, Solomon................ 861 Jacobowitz, Benjamin......... 738 Jacobs, Aaron.............. 243, 375 Jacobs, A. E.................. 1225 Jacobs, Anna R................ 486 Jacobs, Harry.................. 894 Jacobs, J.................... 309 Jacobs, Samuel................ 267 Jacobs, Stella.................. 1123 Jacobs, Wolf.................. 947 Jacobsohn, Lazar............. 908 Jacobson, A.................. 456 Jacobson, Jacob............... 811 Jacobson, M.................. 28 Jacobson, Simon............... 1199 Jacoby, Aaron L..........1062, 1123 Jacoves, Julius Louis......... 982 Jaeger, Harry.................. 890 Jaffe, B......................... 456 Jaffe, H. E................. 1188 Jaffe, J..................... 456 Jaffe, Joseph.................. 253 Jaffe, Samuel.................. 967 Jaffe, Solomon E............. 293 Jagur, Baruch............... 173 Jamaica Young Folks' Hebrew Ass'n....................... 484 James, Louis................. 165 Jankowitz, Isaac.............. 927 Janofsky, Sam.............. 935 Janovsky, Harry............... 948 Jaretski, Alfred.............. 1255 Jarschower, David............ 761 -Jarwetz, Rae................... 1124 Jasson, A....................... 306 Jerushalmy, N.................. 456 Jeshurun, E. H................. 1454 Jessurun, Mrs. M. S........... 1124 "Jew," The..................... 619 Jewish, (See also Yiddish). Jewish Aid Society............. 1011 "Jewish Advocate".......... 61b Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Soc., The, 1254. Jewish Big Brother Association, 1136. Jewish Big Brothers' Committee of the Young Men's and Women's Social Service Auxiliary of the B'klyn Federation of Charities, 1137. Jewish Big Sisters' Association, 1138. Jewish Board for Welfare Work, 1204. Jewish Cantors' Ass'n. of America,........................ 305 Jewish Cemeteries........... 86 Jewish Central Organizations, See Central and National Organizations.. Jewish Centers, Work of. See Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations. Jewish Charities, See Relief Societies. Jewish Charities, National Conference, 1313; List of Constituents in New York City, 1314. "Jewish Charity"............ 20, 632 "The Jewish Child......... 620, 632 Jewish Children of America, Circle of.................... 156 Jewish Clubs, List of, 562. Jewish Committee, American, 41S. List of members, 1426. t 1&66 COMMUNAL. REGISTER Jewish Communal Register, How Compiled, 91. Jewish Communal Students, Asso. ciation of, 1164. Jewish Communal Work, School for, 1163. Jewish Community, See Kehillah. Jewish Congress, American, 1429. New York Delegates, 1443. Jewish Consumptives Relief Soc. (Denver Sanitarium), 1317. "Jewish Daily News," The, 823, 628. "Jewish Daily Warheit," 626, 628. "Jewish Deaf," The........... 620 Jewish Education. (See Educational Agencies). Jewish Education, Bureau of, 1153. Jewish Employers' Associations, 641. Je wis h Employment Agencies; (See Employment Agencies). "Jewish Farmer," The...... 627, 630 Jewish Farmers of America, The Federation of....... 1251, 1255 Jewish Federation of Charities of B'klyn.,.................. 1312 Jewish Festivals,............. 36 J e w i s h Fraternal Organizations...................... 865 Jewish Free.Burial Societies, 334 Jewish Girls' Welfare Soc..... 1011 Jewish Holidays,.............. 36 "Jewish Home," The......... 620 Jewish Home for Aged and Infirm......................... 1114 Jewish Home for Convalescents.......... 1021 Jewish Hospital of B'klyn..... 1022 Jewish Hospitals, List of (See Hospitals). Jewish Hospitals, Illustrations of.......................... 1027 Jewish Immigrant Work....... 1237 "Jewish Immigration Bulletin," 620, 631 Jewish Instruction, see Education al Agencies. Jewish International Agencies. (See International Affairs). Jewish Labor Organizations. (See Labor Organizations). Jewish Ladies' Day Nursery of the Bronx.................. 1043 Jewish Lodges. (See Orders). Jewish Maternity Hospital.... 1Q22 "Jewish Messenger," The.... 619 Jewish Ministers' Association of America, 1189. New York City Members, 1191. "Jewish Morning Journal," 626, 628 Jewish National Fund Bureau for America, 1461. Jewish National Organizations; See Central and National Organizations. Jewish National Workers' Alliance of America, 961; List of New York Lodges, 962. "Jewish News," The......... 621 Jewish Newspapers; List of Jewish Newspapers appearing prior to 1917, 619. List of Jewish Newspapers appearing in 1917, 628. Jewish Non-Commercial Employment Agencies, List of, 647 (Sde also Employment Agencies)i. Jewish Organizations in New York City, 91. a. How the Jewish Communal Register was Compiled, by Meir Isaacs, Bureau of Jewish Education, 91. b. Table showing number of organizations per 10,000 Jews in the eighteen Districts of the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York City, and the classification of these organizations into Religious and Cultural, Philanthropic and Correctional, Economic and Mutual Ai d, a n d Miscellaneous, 99. Graph showing the above, 101. c. I INDXX 1561 Table giving an estimate of the approximate amount of money which Jewish Communal Agencies, in New York City spend for Jewish purposes, 103. Graph showing the above, 105. Graph showing how every dollar spent by the Jewish Community is distributed among the various communal activities, 107. d. Table giving salient facts of 2,000 biographical notes of presidents of Jewish organizations in New- York City, 108. Jewish Orphan Asylums (See Orphan Asylums). Jewish Orphan Asylum of Brownsville and East New York, 1064. Jewish People's Relief Committee of America, 1474. Jewish Philanthropy in New York City, by Morris D. Waldman, Executive Director, Federated Jewish Charities, Boston, Mass., 989. Jewish Population of New York City, The, 75. -a. A Statistical Study of the Jewish Population of New York City, by Alexander M. Dushkin, Head of Department of Study and Appraisal, Bureau of Jewish Education, 75. b. Map of N. Y. City showing division into Districts and Neighborhoods as basis of Representation and Administration of the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of Nei York, facing p. 75. c. Map of New York City showing density of Jewish population by Districts and Neighborhoods of the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York. facing p. 81 Jewish Primary Educatioa, see Educational Agencies. Jewish Principals' Assodation, 4At. Members of, 462.Jewish Protectory and Aid Society, 1138. ' Jewish Protectory and Aid Society, Department of Probation and Delinquency, 1140. "Jewish Record," The.......... 61 -"Jewish Reformer"...............621 Jewish Religious Education, (See Educational Agencies). Jewish Research Agencies (See Research Agencies). Jewish Sabbath Association.... 330 Jewish Schools (See EducationalAgencies). '. s Jewish School Aid, Board of.. 1187 Jewish Socialist Federation -of America, 1256. Jewish Social Workers' Association of Greater New York, 1221; List of Members, 1222. Jewish Social Workers, National. Association of, 1228; List of New York City Members, 1228. Jewish Statistics and Research, Bureau of, 1162. "Jewish Teacher," The..... 620, 60 Jewish Teachers' Association, 459; Members, 459. Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1198. "Jewish Times," The.....,,.... 621 Jewish Unions (See Labor Organizations). Jewish Uplift Society.......... 1003 Jewish War Relief (See War -R lief). Jewish Welfare Board.......... 12l4 Jewish Women, National Council of, 1231. Jewish Women's Relief Ass'n: 1003 "Jewish Workers' Voice"...., 681' Jewish Working Girls' Vacation Society, 1004... 1562 COMMUNAL REGISTER Jewish Youth of America, League of, 1156. "Jews of New York"............. 1447 Joffe, Isabelle................. 1123 Joffe, Luba................... 1124 Joffee, Robert.................. 1124 Johnson, Helga................ 1124 Johnson, R. L.............. 1024, 1225 Joint Distribution Committee for Jewish War Relief, 1479. See also War Relief. Jones, Samuel................. 907 Joseph, S....................... 1237 Josephson, M................... 706 Jossum, Celia............... 1225, 1230 "Der Jude".................. 621 Judelson, S................... 1145 "Jtidische Gazetten"............. 623 "Juedische Monatsblatter"... 621 Julien, Arthur................. 273 Jung, Mary.................. 1124 Junior League................. 1011 Jushkowitz, Joseph A.......... 794. K "Kadimah".................. 622 Kafka, Jacob.................. 73. * Kagen, Fannie.............1124, 1225 Kahan, Nathan I............... 931 Kahn, Alexander............... 145 Kahn, Harry J.................. 1443 Kahn, Jacob.................. 179 Kahn, Louis J.................. 1124 Kaiser, Benjamin............. 932 Kaiser, Mrs. Y......... 1124, 1225 Kalb, A..................... 460 Kalemansky, J................. 306 Kalina, Abraham............. 832 Kalish, Louis................... 214 Kallenberg, B............... 244 Kalman, William............. 159 Kalmanowitz, Charles.........959 Kamareck, Slki............... 293 Kamninetsky, Anna............. 1124 Kaminsky, A. H. 1133, 1137,1145,1225 Kaminsky, Harry............700 Kaminsky, Mrs. Leah......... 835 Kaminsky, Samuel............... 228 Kammenoff, H.................. 456 Kanarfogel, Isidore............ 765 Kanarek, J.................... 1188 Kanarik, Meyer................ 190 Kanner, Isaac.................. 252 Kanrich, Samuel............... 720 Kanter, Joseph................. 161 Kantor, Rose.................. 1224 Kantorowitz, Jacob............ 828 Kaplan, Benjamin............... 917 Kaplan, Benjamin D....... 1165, 1225 Kaplan, Bernard M............. 1175 Kaplan, Ephraim................ 1443 Kaplan, Miss Harriet M....... 1225 Kaplan, Hyman................ 727 Kaplan, Jacob.................. 894 Kaplan, Louis.................. 749 Kaplan, M. A..............1192, 1443 Kaplan, Max.................. 149 Kaplan, M. M.......... 117, 460, 1199 Kaplan, Morris................ 976 Kaplan, Philip................. 183 Kaplan, S.......................328 Kaplan, Simon................. 1192 Kappler, Louise................ 1124 Karelitz, Leah................. 793 Karp, Augusta................. 1124 Karp, Samuel J................. 776 Karpen, Harry................. 751 Kartscharmoff, Ed...........306 Kashruth, A Few Remarks on. 312 Kassove, M.....................456 Katcher, A. D.................. 1443 Katcherdinsky, Solomon...... 166 Katinsky, Miss Selma.......... 1225 Katz, Benjamin................ 780 Katz, H.................... 1023 Katz, Herman................. 858 Katz, J..................... 456 Katz, L.................... 776 Katz, Louis.................... 943 Katz, Philip.................... 267 Katz, Samuel.................. 200 Katz, Samuel A................. 779 INDEX 1563 Katzenstein, Leon E.......553, 1225 Katzman, Anna C.........1124, 1225 Katzman, S. J................... 306 Kaufman, Aaron............... 254 Kaufman, Mrs. Deborah....... 1124 Kaufman, H.................... 328 Kaufman, Henry.............. 1225 Kaufman, J..................... 456 Kaufman, Jacob.............. 858 Kaufman, Samuel............ 968 Kaufman, Samuel L............ 1145 Keepness, Isidore.............. 284 Keever, John................... 1145 Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York City, 43. a. A Brief History of the Kehillah of New York City, by Harry Sackler, Administrative Secretary of the Kehillah, 45; b. Charter of the Kehillah, an Act passed by the Legislature and approved by the Governor, April 5, 1914, 57; i. Constitution adopted by the Kehillah on Feb. 28, 1909, 59. d. Plan of Representation and Organization proposed and adopted at the Special Convention of the Kehillah on Sunday, January 13, 1918, 63. Diagram showing plan of Kehillah Organization and Representation, facing p. 64. e. Members of the Executive Committee of the Kehillah, 72. Map of New York City, showing division into Districts and Neighborhoods, as basis of Representation and Administration of the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York, facing page 75. Keily, Michael A............... 1145 Kellerman, Mrs. J. M......... 1225 Kellhofer, Anna............... 769 Kelman, S.................. 456 Kempner, Lottie............... 460 Kempner, Sarah.............. 1062 Kenlgstein, Leon............. 240 Kerber, Morris................ 175 Kessin, A. M...................328 Kessler, Moritz................ 334 Kessler, Shaie.................. 185 Kesslinger, Yetta................ 755 "Kibbetzer, Der".............. 027 Kimbaransky, Jacob........... 710 Kimmel, Samuel............... 835 Kindergarten (See Day Nurseries). Kings County Credit Union... 730 Kiriewsky, Philip.............. 826 Kirsch, Sigmund............... 979 Kirschnor, S................ 306 Kirshenbaum, Welvel......... 145 Kisseloff, David.............. 906 Klapper, Mrs. Rose............... 755 Klein, B. B.................. 1188 Klein, Baruch Meyer.......... 293 Klein, Miss Esther........... 1225 Klein, H. L.................... 1192 Klein, Harry................ 173 Klein, John...............1140, 1145 Klein, Leib.................. 241 Klein, Morris............... 152 Klein, Philip..........293, 1188, 1443 Klein, William................. 813 Kleinart, S.................... 306 Kleinman, Jacob............... 200 Kleinman, Minerva............ 1230 Kleinman, Simon............ 187 Klennor, H................. 306 Klepper, Leah..................460 Klette, Morris................. 788 Kliegman, Morris............. 897 Kline, Hyman D.............. 309 Klinetzky, A. L............. 309 Klombers, Rose................ 124 Klonsky, Barnett.............. 284 Knoller, A..................175 Knopf, Eva................. 1124 Knowles, Watson.............. 1145 Knowles, Mrs. Watson......... 1145 Koch, Abraham................ 747 Koenig, H.................... 151 Koenigsberg, Benjamin, Biographic note 206, 1443. 1644 COMMUNAL REGISTER Koftoff, Reuben............... 1145 Kohn, Emil.................... 224 Kohn, Jacob............ 72, 299, '1443 Kiohn, Samuel................. 1124 Kohut, Mrs. Alexander.....1002 Kohut, George Alexander.....117.5 "Kol fun der Ghetto," De...... 620 "11Kol Ha'eth"................. 621 "K ol Ha'ir".................... 621 Kolker, Bernard.............. 924 Kolnick, Herman.............. 817 Komonoff, A. M................ 463 Konigsteln, Joseph............216 Konner, Aaron................ 227 Konovitz, I.................... 463 Konovitz, Leah................ 460 Kopelof, I...;.................. 1443 "Kopfstein, Meyer............. 299 Kopp, M....................... 487 Korman, Isaac................. 757 Korablueh, David............ 72 Korne,'M M.................... 456 Kosher Hospital, Bikur Cholim 1019 Kosher Kitchen, Beth Abraham 999 Kosl*owsky, -A. J.............. 1188 Koslowsky, J.................. 1188 Kosofsky, Sam................. 167 Kossovsky, Louis............. 779 Kosut, Ph.................1192 Kotcher, Simon.................724 Kotinsky, R...................1124 Kotz, L..............;......... 456. Kovetaky................1192 Kovitz, Samuel................ 259 Krakauer Charity Aid Society, United...................... 1009 Krakow, Fannie.............. 334 Kramer, Charles P............ 485 Kramer, Jennie............... 1124 Kramer, Max.................. 281 Kramer, Morris............... 1443 Krames, Isaac................ 778 Krantzdorff, Israel............958 Kranx, Sidney................ 1145 Krasaoff, P...................1. 306 Krass, Nathan........... ~I1l 75, 1179 Krauss, Benjamin............. 893 Kraut, Morris................. 711 Krautman, Samuel W......... 896 Kreindel, Jacob................ 559 Kreisberg, Wm................ 280 Krefter, Regina............... 806 Kreitner, Max................ 930 Kresch, Benjamin............. 722 Kretchmer-lsreeli, A.......... 1374 Krevoruck, Frank............. 742 Krieger, Jacob................ 862 Krimsky, Joseph............. 1443 Krinsky, Henrietta P.......... 724 Krojonsky, Louis.............. 259 Kroll, Samuel................. 838 Kronenberg, Mildred..........1225 Kruger, Albert, Biographic note 693, 1109, 1112, 1225, 1443. Kruger, Moses................ 228 Krugman, Aaron D............ 309 Krupin, Beasie................ 1145 Kulislh, N..................... 456 Kupersmith, Max............. 796 Kuretxky, David.............. 833 Kurtx, Max................... 705 Kurz, Michael................. 553 Kurz, Philip................... 553 Kusnetzov, Max.............. 257 Kuttner, Benjamin............966 L "La America"................. 623 "La Boa del Pueblo............ 623 Labor Organizations, Jewish: Labor Organizations, by Frank F. Rosenblatt, Chief of Staff, Bureau of Philanthropic Research, 697; List of Local Jewish Labor Organizations, 700; F.ur.Industry, 100; Garment Industry, 701; Men's Clothing, 701; Women's Clothing, 704; Headgecar Industry, 707; Miscellaneous, 708. (See also Economic Central Organizations.) 'Lacher, Louis.......1. 6-.207, 753 InqDNZ 15O65 Lachmonowitz, M. S06 Ladies' Aid Sociqty,,' Chesed Sbel Emeth, 335. Ladies' Auxiliary of' the ]Bronx Hospital, 1011. Ladles' Auxiliary of Israel OrphanAsylum, 1064. Ladies' Auxiliary of the Jewish Home for Convalegcents, 1022. Ladies' Auxiliary Society of Con - gregation. Ahavath Chesed Sha'ar Hashonmayim, W3:6 Ladtieg' Ap~iliary of Te'mple Ahavath Sholomn, 1315. Ladies' Auxiliary Temple Israel, 1316 "Ladles' Garment Worker," The 631 Ladlies' Garment Workers' Union, set- International Ladies' 'Garment Workers' Union.,~' Ladies' Hebre* Lying-in Relicf Sdtie'ty', 1004. Ladies'. Montefiore Relief Soc. 1011 'Lakseview Howse............. 1142 'Laks, J.,................1192 Lambert. Sam,... j... 888.Lamensdorf, Samwe....i..277., 946.Lamiran, Celia ',... 12!"Land Chachans," P-er.'...., 624 Landau, Jeanne.......1146 'Landau,.' S........' 2.~ 88 Landau, Mrs. S....1230 Lanidberg, Morris............. 929 Lands, Louis.................. 189 J..andesberg, W.....' 457 Landlman, Isa.....9,1175 Landsmnan, B. 1125 -Landnsman, Sarah.......828 Landsmannschaft O'nj'& n izatlonrs: The Verband Movemnt, by Samuel Margoshes, PrefSidnt, Fetieration of Galician and 1flicovinian Jews -of America, lft8-' Am-erican Uniion of Roumnanfan j'ewsr~ 1837; Federation of Bessar'tsbiiin Qs'g an - izations, 1337; 'Federation of Galician and Bu6o viinia'n Jews of America, 1337; Fe'deraitio~n opf Qriental Jews of 'Americ'a 1339 V;deration of Roumanian" Jews' of America, 1339; Federation of Russian-Polish tIebrewis of' Apin erica, 1339. Landy, Ray..... 1125 Lang, H................ 1454 Lang, Joseph.......I.... 922 Langbert, Josepl4 8....... 07 Langer, H............4600 Langer, Samuel.........1230 Lasker, Mrs.... 1225 Lasker, H. M............1146 Lasky, -Max..... -252 Lass, Eva.............1230 Last, B......................... 1443 Latzer, Samuel..919 Lauer, Isidore.................15 Lauer, Louis............: s9 Laufer, Joel.........772 'Lavanburg Home,' TfAnah.... 11102 Law, Miss E..........12 Lazansky, Edward,......1312 Lazar, Morris.................. 1120 Lazaroff., Philip................. 083 Lazarow, Louis, Biographic note 211, 1-192. Lazsrowitz,- Eva............553 Lazinsky, Saul...... 5 -League of the Jewish YouthAmerica..............I....... 1156 Lebanon Hospital' Assisoc., of 1,New York Ciy..1022 Lebowit~z,. Joselph..~.. 309 Lebowitz, Reuben......,1192 Le Bowskl, Jacob L..........221 Lederer, Bessie-.4...'.125 Lederman, Max 9..,.. 71 Ledgin, Lou&.a. i..... 361 Leff, Samuel.... 1130 Lefkowltz, Jacob........ 260;Leikowltz, L........ Lefkawltz, Morris '. -9 / 1566 COMMUNAL REGISTER Lefkowitz, Philip................ 247 Lehman, Herbert H............. 72 Lehman, Irving................ 490 Lehrer, Charles.................. 905 Lehrman, Abraham....293, 463, 1192 Lehrman, Shea................ 830 Leibowitz, Samuel............... 557 Leiken, Louis.................. 863 Leiman, Simon................ 974 Leizerowitz, N.................. 457 Lempe, Paul.................. 762 Lempel, Meyer................. 761 Lempel, Samuel................. 799 Lena Invalid Aid Society...... 1004 Lerman, Isaac................. 757 Lerner, Esther................. 760 Lemer, J........................ 554 Lerner, Katherine............. 554 Lerner, Leo.................72, 1837 Lescor, Mrs. L.............. 457 Lesser, Samuel.............. 259 Lesser, Samuel.............. 793 Lestch, Joseph D.............. 309 Lestner, Abraham............ 275 'Letzter, Isidore.............. 761 Leutchner, Isidor.............. 806 Lev, Hyman.................. 1192 Lev, M..................... 806 Love....................... 457 Levene, H. W.............. 1034 Levenhar, S................. 788 Levensohn, Lotta............ 1859 Levi, Samuel................. 271 Levin, Henry............... 953 Levin, Mrs. Ida.............. 1230 Levin, Jacob.................. 977 Levin, Philip.................. 1042 Levine, Abraham............. 153 Levine, Abraham............. 181 Levine, Barnet.............. 328 Levine, Barnet................ 153 Levine, David............... 265 Levine, Gustave............. 739 Levine, Gutter............... 933 Levine, Harris...............694 Levine, Harris................ 796 Levine, Harry............... 7h Levine, Hyman................ 328 Levine, Mrs. Ida............... 1443 Leve, Isaiah.................. 160 Levine, Jacob................ 309 Levine, Joseph.............. 916 Levine, Leon................... 257 Levine, Louis................ 797 Levine, Mandel................ 309 Levine, Max S............... 960 Levine, Morris............... 979 Levine, Morris D......451, 460, 1200 Levine, Sam................... 220 Levine, Sam................. 306 Levine, Samuel............... 914 Levinsohn, Jules............. 268 Levinson.....................247 Levinson, Hyman............ 777 Levinson, Isidore............. ^ 235 Levinson, J.................... 1188 Levinson, Samuel............ 963 Levinson, Samuel............. 1443 Levinson, S. J.........299, 1146, 1230 Levinthal, I. H.............299, 1443 Levitsky, Benjamin..........909 Levitzky, Nathan.............. 238 Levor, Belle E................. 1i Levy, Aaron J................. 1114 Levy, Aaron William........... 47 Levy, Abraham................. 1443 Levy, Mrs. A. H............... 1225 Levy, Amelia................ 859 Levy, Mrs. Amy............... 1001 Levy, Asher................... 150 Levy, B................... 1192 Levy, Barnett................ 223 Levy, Clifton Harby..299, 1175, 1179 Levy, David.................... 188 Levy, Ephraim B............... 1096 Levy, Fannie................... 554 Levy, Felix H................. 1095 Levy, Henry................... 554 Levy, Henry................. 954 Levy, Israel.................... 214 Levy, Mrs. J...............1125, 1225 Levy, Jacob.................... 178 INDEX 1~67 Levy, L. Napolen eon...... 238 Levy, Louis...........253 Levy, Meyer.................. 177 Levy, Morris.................. 236 Levy, Simon.................. 255 Levy, Tess R................. 1125 Lewenhar, 0.................. 826 Lewineohn, Olga T............ 1023 Lewintsr, Ch.............328 Lewis, Mrs. A................ 1146 Lewis, Arthur................ 278 Lewis, Mrs. Eugene.....554, 1225 Lewis, Harry S..299, 1146, 1175, 1179 Lewisolan, Adelph.......72, 1060 Lewkowltz, Mrs. Anna.....1230 Liens......................... 457 Libsohn, Sammuel.............. 309 Lichterman, I............457 Lichter, Benjamin............. 299 Liberty, Max.................. 770 Liberty Theatre.............. 578 Liehtenstein, Max............. 902 Lieberman, Henry............. 809 Lieberman, Max........... 745, 1203 Lieberman, Nathan............912 Lisbex~mann, William.......... 72 Lieblich, Moses............... 766 Liebman, Jacob............... 965 Liebman,. William......... 831 Liebmann, Walter H......1327 Lieder, Sam................... 934 Llkwornick, Israel............. 169 Linath Hazedek Hospital Aid Society..................... 1023 Lind, A....................... 1125 Lind, 0........................ 306 Llntzer, Mordecail............. 215 Llpltz, L................306 Llplind, G.....................299, Llpkowitz, Clara.............. 1125 Lipman, Herman.............. 1125~ Llpman, I...................... 457 Llpnlck, Joseph............... 741 Lippman, Jacob............... 155 Lipschitz, I................... 1125 Llpshltz, Jacob............... 962 Llpshits, Lazarus.............. 736 Lipsin, Benjamin.............. 820 Lipsitch, Irving I............. 1225, Lipsky, Louis............ 1340, 1443 Lipstein, Mrs. Bertha......1125. Lissman, David............... 802 Lissman, Edward....299, 1175, 1179 Lissman, Mrs. Eva............ 791 Litefaky, Max................ 834 "Literarishe Welt," Die.....627 Literary and Social Societies, list of....................... 557 Literature, Yiddish, in the Old World and the New.......... 581 Litman, Abraham............. 147 Littman, Samuel............. 1225 Litucher, Benjamin........... 752 "Litwackel, Der".............. 624 Loan Societies, Free. (See Free Loan Societies.) Lobel, Mrs. Aei.....1125 Lobel, Morris................. 200 Lobman, S,.................. 808 Lodges (See Orders). Loeb Memorial Home......1024 Loewenberg, William..........1175 Loewy, Ada................... 554 London, Meyer................ 1245 Long, Miss Jean.......1125, 1225 Longboard, Joseph............ 835 Loomer, Joseph............... 817 Lorence, Jacob................. 266, Loss, Samuel................... 274' Lostfogel, Morris...............985 Low, Elizabeth................ 1125 Lowenstein, G C................299 Lowenstein, Miss H. B... 1125, 1225 Lowenstein, Solomon, 1058, 1125, 1175, 1255, 1230 Lowenthal, Sal....... Lowy, Adolph.................9007 Loyal League of the Hebrew Kind-I ergarten and Day Nursery, 1042. Lubelsky, Max........893~ Lubin, Rubin.................. 247 Lubltz, Bertha................. 1123 Lubeff, Louis..................83 /4 'int COMMUNAL REGIST]IRR Lulow, ''M.............. Lusiltz, Jacob. 395 Lttria,' Ida............ 724' Luria, J. H................... 1041 Lurie, Max.................... 981 Luwisch, Adolph............. ~202 Luxenberg, Loui's.............. 187 Lying-in Relief Society;.'..'. 1004 Lyons, Alexander....299, 1175, 1179 Lyons, Delly.............. 1125, 1225 Lyons, Harry.................. 918 M "Mdaccabaean," The...... 620, 630, MacDonald, John.............. 708 Mschlowitz, A.........460 Machpelah Cemetery. 336. Magazines (See Press). Mack, Julian W............... 1158 Maged, Goldie................:822 Mager, David.................. 787 Magid, Mrs. M. 0............. 1225 Mlagida, Hyman................838, M agnes, J. L..... 72, 111, 209, 1175 Magnes, Morris A.............. 233 Maimonides Cemetery.......... 336 Maisel, Max................... 279 Mslach, Moses................. 262.. Malachowsky, Samuel......... 909 Malamud, Barnet.......... 775, 834 Malitz, Joseph..............,. 112.5 Mandel, Adolph................ 769 Mandel, Loui's................. 738 Map'dellicey, J.................. 306 Masidler, William.........814 Manheim, Viola........... 1125, 1225 Mann, Ahr................ 1192 M.apn, George................. 554 Manne, Sol. J................. 1009 Mannheimner, Wallace A..483 Mannhehne~r, Leo, 724, 1175, 1226, 1443 Mansfield, John........1146 Masisfield, Nathan 749 Mansevitz, Thomas...... 6 Meantinband, Charles.....12 Msnufacturers' Ass'n* (See_ Etn-~ ployers' Ass'ns). Map showing comparis'bti-betweeft Jewish population of New' York. City and the combhied-populu.'tions of the countuies 'of Western Europe, South Amnerica, Can~ada and Paleqtine. lFrontisplecei. Map of New York City showirrg division into Districts and Neighborhoods as basis of, ltepr-esentation and AdministAtion, of the_Kehillah (Jewis~h Commnunity) of' New York, facing, page U. - Mao of New Yiork' City"' rhowil'g' density of Jewish population by Districts and Neighborhoods 'of the Kehillah (jewish Coh-imuiiiity) of New York, fadin g phge 81'. Marcofe, L..................... 45'7, Marcus, 'D. L......I........... 11)2 Marcus, Max............. & Marcus,. Morris.......1..... 2i Marcus, Nathan...........~0 Morgenhesser, Samuel......9M3 Margold, Charles W.......A' 1226 Margolis, Asher........... 181 Margolies, H........ 11.. Margolies, M. <. 29.., 18,f to Margolin, Akiba.......3 Margolin, I. J..............19 Margolis, A..........457 Margolis, Elias................. 20! Margolis, Jacob................ 779 Margoshes, Samuel, 460, 596, 1328, Biographic note 1338, 1443, 1503.". Margulies, M o r ris, Biopahicile note 1348, 1443. Makrgulles, Pincus.............*7 Modrkewich, -Samuel'.....1443' Markowitz, Esther...........it Markowltz, Jacob............. Markowltz, Max.............. Markowitz, Pauline.........84 Marks, Ira............... 4 Marshak, Abraham............C 8Ii INDEX 1569 Marshak, Elias......... 260 Marshall, Louis, 72, 73,.1413, 1Piographic note '1426, 1443. Martin, Jacob.........947 Maruchess, Mrs. Alex. Young. 554 Marx, Alexander.............. 1199 Marx, Henry.................95 Masadah...................... 571 Maskel El Dol (Aid to the Poor)........................ 1004 Masliansky, H.... 72, 1192, 1226, 1444 Maslin, M..................... 457 Mason, Samuel............... 1226 Mason, Mrs. Samuel.......... 1444 Massel, Jacob................. 72 Maternity Hospital, Bronx.... 1020 Maternity Hospital,. Jewish.. 1022 Maternity Hospital Society of Brownsville, The, 1023. Matifim, 1189; New York City Members, 1191. 'Matis, Morri(................. 217 Mattesson, H.................. 457 May, Gertrude................ 554 Mayer, Henrietta............. 1007 Mayer, Moses................. 185 Mayerowitch, Barnet' M.....748 McCleary, A................... 1125 Mechanic, Morris............. 833, "Mediator," The.............. 630 Meer, Abraham............... 1348 "Me'eth L'eth"................ 622) Meinhard Memorial Neighbor. hood House................. 487 Meinhard, Morton Henry. 487 Melarned, Abraham............ 146 Meltsner, Joseph.............. 279 Meltzer, Eli................... 309 Meltzer, Joseph............... 860 Meltzer, Meyer................ 782 Meltzer, S..................... 460 Meltzhof, N. G(................ 306 Moltzner, Albert............... 554 Melzer, Henry.................. 839 Mencher, Abraham I........... 947 Mendel, Benjamin............&5 Mlendelo~Wltz, J...............14 Mendelsohn, M................. 1226 Mendelson, Abraham......146. Mendelson, Ma......19 Mender, David.........!......30 -Mendes, F. Deda.....299, 1175, 1179 Mendes, H. Pereira......72, 29 Menken, Alice' D.............. 1-008. Menorah Ass'n, Inter'col 'legiate., The Menorah Movement Among' Jewish College Students',.1211. List of New York Conxtitu'ents, 1213. Adelphi Colleg4e, 1213; College of the City of New York, 1213; Columbia University, 1213; Hunter College, 1213; New York~. University, 1213; New York tiniversity (Washington Squore), 1213.-' "Menorah Journal," Th~....620, 630 "Menorah Monthly," The4....619 "Menshenfreind, Der"......P4 Merims, Isaac................. 199, Mermelatein, Bernard......... 757 Merowitz, Daniel.............. 262. Merson, Simon A..............554 Meryas, Abraham.............. 179 Messner, Matilda.............. 743 Metropolitan Credit Union.... 730 Metz, Irving................... 554 Metzger, Asher.................18n Metzger, Nathan........... 208-,-173' Meyer, Abraham..........5 Meyer, Eugene, Jr............ 72 -Meyer, Mrs. Qussle............ 11-46 Meyer, Ida.................... 55 Meyer, Isaac................30I0 Meyer, W.....................1t2e Meyerowitz, Hannah.....1i Meyers, Mrs. Dora............12MO Meyers, Joseph..........~... 21 Meyerson, Max................87 M`eyerson, Samuel............. Milbauer, Harry............. 04 Mi1chaleowaky, Mrs. B....... Mlchaels, Mrs........12 Michelson, Sara........11216, M22 1370t COMMUNAL REGISTER Milkels, R. M............. 1120, 1226 Milsk Board of the Jewish (Commisnity, 321. Mloer, Benja-min....... M eier,'DavidRuibini.......277 Miller, Morris.........225' Mi~Jer, Mrs. N. Q............ I"MIller's Weekly"!.............. 629 Mm"lo, L........................3M6 Mi~lstain, Hymen.............. 266 Mfilistefin, Israel............... 257 Ministers' Ass'n of America, 1189; List of Nfew York' Members, 1191. Ministers, The Board of Jewish, New York City, 294; Members, Milikin, Jacob S.........299 Minkoy, Hymen........329 Minsky, Raphael.......306, 329 Mintz, Harry.......... 784 Mintzer, Jacob............919 Mintzer, Morris................ 210 Minzer, M..................... 773 Miriam Gottlieb Aid Society.. 1314 Mlscelinenous' 1503; List of" books and Articles on the Jews of New 'York, compiled by Samuel Margoshes, Bureau of Jewish Educa-..tion, 1503. Mishkin, Abraham.............8$57 Mishkis,, Charles............... 218 Wiakind, Moses................ 208 Mitchell, William.. i...... 1226 Mi$Itemacher, Abraham Baruch,,:i 200 Mia~rac'hi, 1350; 'List of New York baistituents, 1357. Missahi, Abdul:................ 191 Whom Sholom, Cemetery,.... 336 b~b~iAssociation -of, 328; List of Members, 328. Mehr, Joseph................. 926 Mqlsseiff, Leon............... 7Z 73 Moilov, Max............. 8 Mssnbure, Augusta....... 1230 MosssiheokKiv.h...........27 Money Collceted for War Relief (See War Relief). Montefiore Cemetery.........33 Montefiore Home and Hospital. for Chronic Diseases......1017 "Montefiore," The............. l Monthly Calendars............28 Mordkowitz, Louis............9033 "Morgenblatt"..................8626 Morgenhesser................. 923 "Morgen Journal, Der".,'.626, 628 Morgenroth, Mrs. A........... 1226 Morgenstern, Abraham......765 Morgenthau, Henry, Biographic - note 204, 1444. Morogrudsky, Simon.......... 309 Moroney, Delia............... 1126 Morris, Miss A............... 1226 Morris, Abraham.............. 977 Morris, Nathitn Z............. 938 Morrison,. Max................ 496 Mosal, Harry................. 242 Moseowitz, Adolph........... 764 Moiscowitz, J.................. 457. Moscowitz, Morris............ 941 Mosenson, H.............1192' Moses, H...................... 1126 Moses, Isaac S.....299, 1176, 1179 Moses, Mrs. L................ 1226 Moses, -Mrs. Rachel........... 554 Moshev Z'kenim (See Homes for the Aged). Moshevitzky................... 487 Moskowsky, Paul.............. 201 Moskowitz, David.............5654 Moskowitz, David............. 802 Moskowitz, Hymen............ 229 Moskowitz, Hymen............309g Moskowitz, Pauline......487. Moskowitz, Shoje............ 791 Mt. Carmel Cemetery..........336 Mt. Hebron Cemetery..........336 Mt. Hope Cemetery...........$37 Mt. Judah~ Ceme'tery.......... 337 Mt. Lebanon Cemetery. $37' Mt. Nebho Cemetery...........337 N INDBX 1571 Mt. Richmond Cemetery........ 837 Mt. Sinai Hospital............ 1015 MtL Zion Cemetery...........:. 357 Mt. Zion Sisterhood............10il Mulgood, Dora............... 113 Mundree, Louis................ 1126 Muneo, Mrs. M.................. 1126 Murphy,< M.................... H26 Mutual Aid Societies, list of, in Manhattan and the Bronx, 736; in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond, 856. (For topics under this title, see next item.) Mutual Aid Agencies, 725; The Credit Union Movement among the Jews of New York City, by Hyman Kaplan, formerly with the Bureau of Philanthropic Research, 727; List of Jewish COedit Unions in New York City, 730; Table giving salient facts of finances of Jewish Credit Unions in New York City, facing p. 730. Mutual Aid Organizations, by Frank t. Rosenblatt, 732; Table of Mutual Aid Societies, 735; List of Mutual and Manhattan, 736; List of Mutual Aid Societies in B'klyh, 856; Jewish Fraternal Organizations, by Leo Wolfson, First Vice-Grand Master (in New York), Independent Western Star Order, 865; Table showing salient facts of Jewish Orders in New York City, 869; Arbeitef Ring, 871; List of Branches in New York City, 87; Independent Order B'nai B'rith, 885; List of Lodges in New York' City, 8A; Independent Order B'rith Abraham, 888' iList of Lodges in New York City, 888; Independent Order B'rith Sholom,-, 9, List ef Lodges in New York City, I8S; Independent Order Free Sohs' of Israel, 950; List of Lodges in New York City, 950; Indepetint Order Sons of Benjamin, -56; List pf Lodges in New York City, 956; Independent Odrtt of True Sisters, 957; List of Lodges in New York City, 957; Indteident Western Star Order, '58; List of Lodges in New York City, 958; Jewish National WorkerS' Alliance of America, 961; List of Lodges in New York City, 962; Order B'rith Abraham, 96& Lidt of Lodges in New York City, 98; Order Sons of Zion; 980; List of Camps in New York City, 180; Order of the United Hebrew Brothers, 984; List of Lodges in New York City, 984. "M'vassereth Zion"......... 625 Myer, Jacob.................. 169 Myerton, Harris.............. '19 Myerson, Joseph;........... 785 Myerson, Sam.................. 19 Mysticism Among Jews,..... 41 N. Nabel, Sadie....,1......!, 1 6, 1tt6 Nachalsky, Solomon......... 0 Nadel, Jack.................; i4 Nadel, Lewis..............;.. 5 Nadelstein, Celia............ I6 Nadelweiss, Henry S....'.... 6 Nadler, Wolf.......... 70 Nahemow, Louis..............' 4 Naiderman, Louis.............- 34 'Nankin, B.................. 417 Napolsky, Joseph...;......;...;t4 Nassauer, S..........1......., fi 'Nathanson, Aaron....1....284J '1l Nathanson, Harry,.........,; W Nathanson, Louis......;,.,^ W Nathanson, Nathalt. 1.. 45.... I National Arbeiter Verband.:.'.; 1l "National Association of Jewlih Sf 1572 COMMUNAL REGISTER cial Workers, 1228; List of New York Members, 1228. National Conference of J e w i s h Charities, 1,313; List of Constituent Societies in N. Y. C., 1314. National Council of J e w i s h Women...................... 1231 National Council of Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations.................. 1156 National Desertion Bureau,... 1327 National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods................... 1316 National Fund Bureau......... 1461 National Jewish Immigration Council................... 1235 National Organizations. (See Central and National Organizations). National Orphan House........ 1062 National Workers' Alliance, Jewish, 961; List of New York Lodges, 962. National Workmen's Committee on Jewish Rights, 1245. Natkin, D..................... 457 Naturalization Aid League.... 1245 "Natur un Leben"............. 625 'Nebenfahl, Abraham.......... 173 Nechemias, David............ 169 Nederland Israelite Sick Fund, 1011 Needelman, Samuel.......... 857 "Neier Geist, Der"............ 625 "Neie Land, Do"............. 627 "Neie Leben, Do".............. 27 "Neie Stunde, Die".....;.... 626 "Neier Telephone, Der".......... 624 "Nele Zeit, Die'................ 625 Neighborhood Map,... facing p. 81 Neinken, Jacob................ 378 "Neiste Post, Die"............. 623 "Nier Hama'arovi"............. 622 Netter, Bertha C............. 1126 Neubau, W. M................ 1146 "Die Neue Welt*............625, 627 Neufeld, Elizabeth............ 1230 Neulander, Morris............ 256 Neuman, Moritz............. 199 Neumann, Emanuel........... 1444 Neumann, Joshua H........451, 139I Neumann, S.................... 72 Neumark, H................... 306 "The New Era,"............. 619 New Era Club,............... 487 "The New Era Comment,"..-.. 620 "The New Era Illustrated Magazine,"...................... 620 Newlander, Y.................. 1192 Newman, Alter............... 329 Newman, Clara................ 1005 Newman, Harry............. 810 Newman, Herman............ 790 Newman, Isaac............. 232, 776 New Mt. Carmel Cemetery.... 337 Newspapers. (See Press). New Synagogue Sisterhood,.. 1316 New Union Fields Cemetery.. 337 New Utrecht Dispensary...... 1023 N. Y. Guild for the Jewish Blind......................... 1096 N. Y. Jews, Books and Articles, on....................... 1503 New York Board of Jewish Ministers, 294; New York City Members, 298. "New Yorker Abend Post".... 625 "New Yorker Illustrierte Zeitung".................... 623 "New Yorker Israelite"........ 623 "New Yorker Yiddishe Folks Zeitung"................... 623 "New York Yiddishe Zeitung" 623 New York Joint Board A. C. W. A..... '............... 1269 N. Y. Philanthropic League, 1004 New York Section of the Council of Jewish Women... 1231 New York Times, on War Relief..................... 1485 Niedelman, Edna C............. 1126 Niederman, Sam.............. 775 INDEX 1573 Nirenberg, David................ 774 Nirenberg, Leon............. 808 Nisman, Philip................ 856 Nitke, Pauline................. 832 -Noschkes, Adolph........... 483, 554 Noschkes, Mrs. Carol Kallender,.................... 554 Non-Commercial Jewish Employ' ment Agencies. (See Employment Agencies). Norek, R..................!..... 261 Notkin, Louis M............. 554 Nova, Algeron L............... 1009 Novick, Joseph............... 149 North Shore Country Club... 562 Nudel, Moe......................126 Nudelman, Abraham..........757 Number of Jews in N. Y. C. (See Jefish Population of N. Y. C.) Nurick, Henry J............... 256 Nurseries. (See Day' Nurseries). Nusbaum, Aaron E............. 1063 Nykerk, Esther............1120,1226 0 Ocean Country Club........... 562 Ochachter, Morris............ 891 Ohab Zedek Sisterhood......... 1005 Olefsky, D.................. 306 1Ogin, M......................... 1454 Olitzky, Joseph............... 744 Olshou, Sol.................. 309 Oneen, Hyman L............. 931 Oppenheim, L............... 1226 Oppenheim, Samson D.....1163, 1165 Oppenheim, William........... 168 Oppenheimer, B................. 1226 Oppenheimer, Edward......... 1226 Oppenheimer, M..t............ 1126 Orach Chaim, Sisterhood of.... 1007 "Orden's Echo"............... 621 Orders-For individual Order, see under specific name. Orders-Jewish Fraternal Organizations, by Leo Wolfson, First Vice-Grand Master (in N. Y.), Intlependent Western Star Or der, 865; Table showing salient features of Jewish Oriers in N. Y. C., 869; Arbeiter Ring, 871; List of Branclihes in N. Y. C., 872; Independent Ordep B'nai B'rith, 885; List of Lodges in N. Y. C., 886; Independent Order B'rith Abraham, 888; List of Lodges in N. Y'. C., 888; Independent Order B'rith Sholom, 935; List of Lodges in N. Y. C., 935; Independent Order Free Sons of Israel, 950; List of Lodges in N. Y. C., 950; Independent Order Sons of Benjamin, 956; List of Lodges in N. Y. C., 956; Independent Order True Sisters, 967; List of Lodges in N. Y. C., 957; Independent Western Star Order, 958; List of Lodges in N. Y. C., 958; Jewish National Worlters' Alliance of America, 961; 'List-of Lodges in N. Y. C., 902; Order B'rith Abraham, 965; List of Lodges in -N. Y. C., 065; Order Sons of Zion, 980; List of Camps in N. Y. C., 980; Order tf United Hebrew Brothers, 984; 'List `bf Lodges in N. Y. C., 984.. - Organization, Plan of Kehillah; 63; Diagram, 64. Organizations in N. Y. C. (See Jewish Organizations in N.Y.C.) Oriental Jews of America, Federation of, 1339. Oriental Ozer Dalim.........O... 100 Orliansky, H.............. 1192 Ornstein, A................. 306 Ornstein, Abraham.......... 943 Oronoff, M......... -...... Oronowitz, B............ 11 Orphan Asylums-Present Status and Needs of Jewish Child Care in Greater New York, by LIudwit B. Bernstein, Superintendeiht, Hebrew Sheltering'Gtti4rian RS0 1574 COMMUNAL REGISTER ciety, - r1easantville, New York, 1051; List and Descrip tion Of Orphan Asylums in New York City, 1057; Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum, 1061; Hebrew National Orphan Housd, 1062;Hebrew Orphan Asylum, 1057; -Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, 1058; Home for Hebrew Infants of the City of New York, 1063; Ind. Daughters of Israel Orphan Asylum of B'klyn, 1063; Israel Orphan Asylum, 1063; Jewish Orphan A s yIu m of Brownsville and East New York, 1064; Illustrations of Activities in the Orphan Asylums, 1065. Orthodox Jewish Congregations, Union of, 1195; List of, 1195. Orthodo-x Rabbis, 292, 1187, 1189. Orthur........................ 457 Osw, Mrs. Anna.............. 1126 Oseroff, Abraham, 904, 1012, 1033, 1126, 1226, 1230 Oshinsky, A.................... 457 Osias, Moses................... 893 Osterlitz, Simn................ 213 Ostroff, Sam................... 940 Oistrow, Israel................. 831 Ostrowaky, Hayman...........310 Ostrunsky, A.................. 457 Outing Fund, Brightaide Summer......................... 1000 Owey, Y....................... 457 Oxer, G........................ 463 Ozinsky, Morris...............3810 p Packer, Hyman............... 781 Packer, Jacob............... 902 Pakehar, Julia................ 1126 palay, Isaac...................908 Paletz, Jacob.................. 916 Paley, Sam....................804 Faller, Mrs. -A. M...1126, 1226, 1230 Palitz, Bern. A.....1126, 122,11a4 Pallesatzky, Morris..........800 Palzer, Nathsniel.............. 126 "Pamphlet Library"............620 Panits, I...................... 417 Panken, Jacob................. 145 Papish, A...................... 457 Papush, 0..................... 417 Pariser, Abraham M.-!........ 274' Parkin, David.............252 Parochial Education, 394; List, of Parochial Schools, 395. Passover Relief Association... 1006 Passover Relief Fund, Yorkville joint........................1090 Pasaveg, Sam..................310 Pasternack, Louis..............780 Pasternak, Henry J...........9 Pearl, B................... 118,8,1192 Pearlman, H. P. 310 Peckercer, Myer..............760 Pelasdurif, Baruch............. 24 P.Itzer, Mendel...............240 Penetsky, Harry.............. 823 Pensak Samuel................ 193 People's Hospital.............10O3 Peoples' R e I i e f Committfe Jewish...................... 147 4 Periihia, Aaron............... Perelherg,' N................. Pereft, Samuel.............. Periodicals. See Press. Perlberg, N.................... 482 Perlman, Rae... 48A, 554,1261*4 Perlmutter, It.........1444 Perlo, Samuel.................2*78 Perlow, Abraham...............ts Perlstein, Henry.... Persky, Daniel....... i~ti Pessin, 'E. A.$.......... Pessy, Benjamin......... Peters, I.............. Peterzel, Fannie........ 1." Petreanu, -Zaller L......... i Peyser, Nathan........530i 544 Pfefer, Altar $hinul.......8.J 1675 Pfeffer, Saul P................ 904 Pliffer, Jacob................. 1444 Philanthropic Agencies, 9A; Jewish Philanthropy in N.- Y. C., by Morris D. Waldman, Executive Director, Federated Jewish Charities of Boston, 989. A-Relief Societies, 994; United Hebrew Charities of the City of New York and Subsidiary Relief Agencies,, by Abraham Oseroff, Manager, 994; Illustration, United Hebrew Charities Building, 991; List of Jewish Relief Societies in New York City, 999. The Federatibn of Sisterhoods, by Abraham Oseroff, Executive D i r e t t o r, United Hebrew Charities, 1912; B —Hospitals, 1005; List of Jewish Hospitals, Sanitaria and Convalescent Homes, 1014; Illustrations of Jewish Hospitals, 1025. CJewish Day Nurseries in N. Y. C., by Abraham Oseroff, Executive Director, United Hebrew Charities, 103; Table giving salient facts of Jewish Day Nurseries, 1037; List of Jewish Day Nurseries in N. Y. C., 1039; Illustrations of activities in the Day Nurseries, 1045. D-Present Status and Needs of Jewish Child Care in Greater New York, by Ludwig B. Bernstein, Superintendent, H eb r e w Sheltering Guardian Society, Pleasantville, N. Y., 1051; List and Description of Orphan Asylums in N. Y. C., 1057; Illustrations of activities in the Orphan Asylums, 1065. EThe Jewish Handicapped, by Rabbi A. J. Amateau, Manager of the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf,- 108; List of Institutions for Defectives, 1095; Illustrations of activities of the Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf, 1099. F-Homes for the Aged, by Albert, Kruger,, Superintendent of Home of the Daughters of Jacob, 1109; List of Homes for the Aged, 1112; lIllstrations of Building and Synagogue of the Home of the Daughters of Jacob, 1115; List of professional workers in Philanthropic Agencies, 1119. Philanthropic Central Organizations. Federation.for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic So-. cieties of N. Y. C., by L.E. Goldwasser, Executive Director, 1281. List of constituent societies, 1294; Federation Drive for Increased Membership, IB04, B'klyn Federation of Jewish Charities, 1312; List of constituent societies, 1_12, National Conference-f Jewish Charities, 1313; List of constituent societies in N. Y. C., 1314; National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods; 1310; List of constituent..societies in N. Y. C., 1317; Jewish Consumptive Relief Society, 1317; Family Desertion as a Community Problem and Its T r e-atment, by Charles Zunser, 1318; National Desertion Bureau, 1827. Philanthropic Research, Bureau of........................... 1140 Phillips, Abraham.............. 274 Phillips, Moses Hirsc......... 12 Philips, Solomon............... 77 Phirst, J. M................... 7 Physical Defects. See Handicapped. Pictures. (See Illustrations). Piermont, Max............... 7. Pikes, M. J...............?... 11 PiMdecu, Marcus.............. 7 1676 COMMUNAL REGISTER Pincus Elijah Sisterhood..... 1011 Pincus, J. W....724, 1226, 1230, 1248 Pincus, Samuel............. 310 Pine, Max, Biographic note 1279, 1454. "Pinkus, Der'............... 626 Piiski, David...............572, 1444 Piroshinikoff, E................ 1226 Pitkowsky, S............... 460 Plan of Representation and Organization of Kehillah, 63. Platkin, H................. 329 Plaut, Leopold........... 996 Pleasantville Orphan Asylum.. 1068 Plitt, Jacob................. 810 Plonsky, Ezekiel............. 151 Plotle, Benjamin.............. 1444 Plutnick, David.............. 805 Poal-Zion Movement, 1374. List of N. Y. Branches of Poale Zion, 1884. PodVitt, J. Kopel, Biographic note 224, 329. Polish-Russian Hebrews, Federation of................. 1339 Pollack, Samuel.............. 838 Pollak, Solomon Charles....... 897 Pollatcheck, Mrs. M........... 1226 Pollatcheck, Morris.......1113, 1226 Pologue, Morris.............. 819 Polonsky, Joseph............. 1064 PoFper, Isaac................. 753 Pool, D. de Sola, 294, 299; Biographic note 1401. Poor Relief. (See Philanthro-. pic Agencies.) Port, Moses J.............293, 1188 Portugaloff, Estelle......... 1126 Posin, S. E.................... 1444 Posner, I.................... 457 Posner, Louis S., Biographic note 487, 1226. Posner, Miss Pauline.......... 1226 Poss, Nora.................. 126 Post, Max.................... 30 Pbstel, Harry............ 38 Poster, Harry............... 85 Prager, Dora............... 460 Praskin, Benjamin............ 22 Preiser, Leopold............... 945 Preasky, Nathan............. 693 Press, Mrs. Esther............. 1127 Press-The Jewish Press in N. Y. C., by Samuel Margoshes, Bureau of Jewish Education, 596; Table 1, showing radius of influence of New York Yiddish Dailies, 617; Table 2, showing the complexion of the Jewish Press in N. Y. C., 618; List of Jewish periodicals published in N. Y. C., previous to 1917, 619; List of Jewish periodicals appearing in N. Y. C., during 1917, 628; Composite picture of the headings of the principal Jewish newspapers and periodicals published in N. Y. C., 633. Pressman, Sh,................. 457 Presidents, Table of Biographic Notes of.............. 109 Pretsker, Julius............. 751 Prever, Manie................. 919 Price, Samuel.................. 798 Preizer, Edith........... 460, 1127 Primary Education. See Educational Agencies. Prince, A................... 237 Principal's Association, 462; List of Members, 462. Private Religious Instruction, 399 Private Schools............... 388 Probation and Delinquency Dept. of Jewish Protectory, 1140. Professional Workers in Y. M. H. and Kindred Associations* 551; In Economic Agencies, 724; In Philanthropic Agencies, 1119; In Correctional Agencies, 1143; In Research Agencies, 1165. "Progress"................... 6. IProgress Club................. Ma INDEX 1577 Prokesh, Rev. Z. S............1227 "Proletarishe Welt, Die...... 627 Proskauer, Mrs. Joseph, Biographic note 1142, i227. Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs, 1456. Provisional Synagogues.....; 144 Publications. (See Press.) Q Queen, Samuel,.............. 824 R Rabbinical College of America 1201 Rabbis, 287, 292, 294, 298, 1169, 1175, 1177, 1178, 1180, 1187, 1189, 1191. Rabinoff, Clara.............. 1127 Rabinovitch, Samuel.1127, 1227, 1230 Rabinowitz.................. 1192 Rabinowitz, A............. 457 Rabinowitz, Abr........... 908 Rabinowitz, Alexander........ 558 Rabinowitz, Benj............ 310 Rabinowitz, Harris..........815 Rabitowitz, Isidore........... 802 Rabinowitz, Jacob........... 925 Rabinowitz, Leib.............. 310 Rabinowitz, M............... 306 Rabinowitz, M. 1....793, 1188, 1192 Rabinowitz, P............... 457 Rabuchin, Simon............ 828 Rachel, Mrs. Elise.......1039, 1127 Rachovsky, Ch.............. 457 Raisin, Max..........1176, 1179, 1444 Rakowitz, Samuel............. 162 Rammer, Nathan.............. 762 Rannas, Osias................ 893 Randalls Island Helpers...... 1005 R4phaelowitz, Simon.......... 329 Rappaport, J.................. 307 Rappa, Mrs. M.........;......857 Rashkind, Barnett............ 227 Ratner, Morris,................ 215 Ravitz, Meyer................. 810 Ray of Sunshine Club....... 1005 Rechschafen, Hyman......... 912 Rechlis, Hyman............... 839 Recreational and: Cultural Agencies, 467; Recreation in the Jewish Community of N. Y. C., by Julius Drachsler, Sec'y of the Faculty, School for Jewish Communal Work, 467; A-The Work of Y. M. H. and Kindred Associations in N. Y. C., by I. E. Goldwasser, Chairman, Advisory Committee of the National Council of Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations, 475; List of the Young Men's Hebrew Associations, 483; List of Young W o m e n ' s Hebrew Associations, 486; List of Settlements and other Social Centers, 487; Young Men's Hebrew Association, 92nd St. and Lexington Ave., 489; Illustrations of the Y. M. H. A., 491; Young Women's Hebrew Association, 31 W. 110th St., 503; Illustrations of the Y. W. H. A., 505; Educational Alliance, E. B'way and Jefferson St., 629; Illustrations of Educational Alliance, 531; Hebrew Educational Society, Hopkinson and Sutter Aves., B'klyn, 547; Illustration of the Hebrew. Educational Society, 549; List o( prqt fessional Workers, in Y. M.:.H. and Kindred Associations, 551; List of Social and Literary Societies, 557; List of Jewish Clubs, 562; Hebrew Speaking Clubs. in N. Y. C., by Z. Scharfstein, Bureau of Jewish Education, 564; List of Hebrew Speaking. Societies in New York Cikyr 571 -B.-:The Yiddish Theatre, by David Pinski, 572; List of, Yiddish Theatres, 577; Illustration of Grand St. Theatre, 579. C-Yiddish Literature, in the Old World and the New, by Joel Apteen,.,84. i * 1178 COMMUNAL RBGISTER D-The Jewish Press in N. Y. C., by Samuel Margoshes, Bureau of Jewish Education, 596; Table I. showing radius of influence of New York Yiddish Dailies, 617; Table I. Showing the complexion of the Jewish Press in N. Y. C., 618; List of Jewish Periodicals published in N. Y. C., previous to 1917, 619; List of Jewish Periodicals appearing in N. Y. C. in 1917, 628; Composite Picture of the headings of the principal Jewish newspapers and periodicals published in N. Y. C., in 1917, 633. (See also Social and Cultural Central Organizations.) Recreational Centers, Jewish, Work of...................... 467 Recreational Central Organization. (See Social and Cultural Central Organizations). Recreation Rooms and Settlement, 488. Recreation in the Jewish Community of N. Y., by Julius Drachsler,-Sec'y of the Faculty, School for Jewish Communal Work, 467. R6delheim, J..............1188, 1444 Rede, F...................... 460 Reform Congregations. (See Union of American Hebrew Congregations). Reform Rabbis, 1169, 1175, 1177, 1178 Regenstraich, Louis......... 940 Register, Jewish Communal, How Compiled, by Meir Isaacs, Bureau of Jewish Education, 91. Rehfdd, Morris............... 919 Rdein, Joshua.............. 262 Reich, Abraham.............. 233 Reich, Sam D............... 210 Rkehert, Isadore............ 299 Reichler, Max........299, 1176, 1179 Reider, Charles G............... 761 Relner, Osias................. 781 Renes, Philip............... 740 Reinitz, Bernard S............ 180 Reingold, Louis S.......... 1146 Relief Agencies. (See Philanthropic Agencies.) Relief Committee, Roumanian -Central, 1006. Relief Funds. (See War Relief.) Relief of the Jewish Blind..... 1096 Relief of Jews suffering in War. (See War Relief.) Relief Societies. Charitable Relief Societies, 994; United Hebrew Charities, by Abraham Oseroff, Executive Director, 994; Illustration of United Hebrew Charities Building, 991; List of Jewish Relief Societies in N. Y. C., 999. Religious Agencies, 109; Introductory Remarks, by J. L. Magnes, Chairman, Executive Committee of the Kehillah, (Jewish Community), 111. A-The Synagogue, 117; Affiliation with the gynagogue, by M. M. Kaplan, Professor of Homiletics, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 117; Table showing the distribution and Salient Characteristics of Synagogues in the eighteen K e h ill a h Districts, 123; Graph showing proportion of seats available during holidays for. every one hundred Jews, (excluding children and sick), for whom synagogue seats should be provided in the various Districts of the Kehillah (jewish Community) of New York, 123; Ilustrations of Synagogues, 125; Table of Provisional Synagogues, 144; List of Congregation. in Manhattan and the Bronx; 145; List of Congregations in 9k10tn, Queens and Richmond, 251. BReligious Functionaries, 28t; T;h INDEX 1579 Va'ad Horabbonim, by J. Eskolsky, Sec'y, 287; Members of the Va'ad Horabbonim, 292; The New York Board of Jewish Ministers, by Rev. Dr. de Sola Pool, former Pres., 294; Members of the New York Board of Jewish Ministers, 298; The Cantors and their Prob. lem, by Cantor N. Abramson, Pres., Jewish Cantors' Association of America, 301; Jewish Cantors' Association of America, 306; Members of Jewish Cantors' Association of America residing in N. Y. C., 305; List of Shochetim, 308. C-Ritual Institutions, 312; A few remarks on Kashruth, 312; The Milah Board of the Jewish Community by Rev. Dr. M. Hyamson, Chairman, 321; Agudath Hamohelim, 328; List of Licensed Mohelim (members of the Agudath Hamohelim), 328; The Jewish Sabbath Association, by Rev. Dr. Bernard Drachman, Chairman, 330; List of Jewish Free Burial Societies in New York City, 334; List of Jewish Cemeteries in New York City, 336; Illustration of Jewish Cemetery on West 21st Street, 339. D-Chassidism in the New World, by Isaac Even, 841. Religious Central Organizations. The Central Conference of American Rabbis by Rev. Dr. Samuel Schulman, 1169; List of members of the Central Conference of American Rabbis residing in N. Y. C., 1175; Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis, by Rev. Joseph -Silverman, Pfesident, -11T; List 'o Members of the Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis living in N. Y. C., 1178; Afudath Ho. rabbonim, (Union of Oirthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada), by Rabbi M. S. Mar. golies, Pres., 1180; List of members of the Agudath Horabbonim - residing in N. Y. C., 1187; Agu. d a t h Horabbonim Hamattifim (Jewish Ministers' Association) by Rabbi S. L. Hurwitz, Sec'y, 1189; Members of Agudath HoraBbonim Hamattifim residing in N. Y. C., 1191; Cantors' Association of America, 1192; Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1193; Constituent Synagogues in N. Y. C., 1193; Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of Amlerica, 1195; Constituent Synagogues in N. Y. C., 1195; United Synagogue of America, 1196; Constituent Synagogues in N. Y. C., 1196. Religious Education. (See Educational Agencies).. Religious Functionaries, 287; The Va'ad Horabbonim, by Rabbi J. Eskolsky, Sec'y, 287; Members of the Va'ad Horabbonim, 292; The New York Board of Jewish Ministers, by Rev. Dr. D. de Sola Pool, former Pres., 294; Members of the New York Board of Jewish Ministers, 298; The Cantors - and their Problem, by Cantor N. Abramson, Pres., Jewish Cantors' Association of America, 301; Jewish Cantors' Association of America, 305; Members of Jewish Cantors' Association of America residing in New York City, 305; List of Shochetim, 308. Religious School Union........ 491 Removal Office, Industrial..... 1945 Represeutation Plan, of Kehillah, 6 Rmearch in Industry, Bureau of.............................. 1158 Research in Philanthropy..... M1 1610 COMMUNAL REQISTBR Research Institutions - Coordinating, Standardizing and Research Institutions in N. Y. C., by Julius Drachsler, Sec'y of the Faculty, School for Jewish Communal Work, 1149; Bureau of Jewish Education, 1153; Council of Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations, 1156; The Bureau of Industry, 1158; The Bureau of Philanthropic Research, 1160; The Bureau of Jewish Statistics and Research, 1162; The School for Jewish Communal Work, 1163; The Association of Jewish Communal Students, 1164; List of Professional Workers in Research Institutions, 1165. Resnick, Max................. 804 Reuben, Mrs. Mollie............ 803 Reubenstone, Helen D......... 1127 Revel, B...................1182, 1202 Risk, Harry................. 862 Richards, Bernard G........... 1429 Richardson, J. M.............. 307 Richman................... 457 Richless, Morris.............. 148 Rechlis, Hyman............... 839 Richter, Rachel................ 816 Riff, Abraham............. 239 Rindskopf, I................ 1227 Ringel, Isaac.................. 152 Ringler, Max................ 191 Risikof, M..............293, 1188 Ritual Institutions, 312; A few remarks on Kashrtth, 312; The.Milah board of the Jewish'Co-n~ munity, by Rev. Dr. M. Hyam~son, Chairman,-321; Agudath Hamohelim, 328; List of 'Licensed Mohelim (members of the, Agu-dath Hamohelim), 328;; The Jewish Sabbath Association, by Rev. Dr. Bernard Drachman, Chairman, 330;.. List of Jewish Free',Burial Societies in N... C.,.336; List of Jewish Cemeteries in New York City, 336; Illustration of Jewish Cemetery on W. 21st St., 339. Riverside Cemetery........... 337 Rivisman, Pesach........... 235 Rivlin, M........................ 457 Robbins, Florence............ 1127 Robbins, Miss May............. 1227 Robinson, Hyman............ 226 Robinson, Isaac.............. 484 Robinson, Joseph............. 712 Robinson, Louis Nathan....... 310 Robinson, Morris............. 1444 Robinson, Walter............... 1200 Robison, A. G.....300, 490, 555, 1227 Roch, Sh................... 457 Rochman, Tobias.............- 813 Rockaway Beach Y. M. H. A. 484 Rockaway Sanitarium......... 1023 Rodeph Sholom Sisterhood.... 1013 Rodkop, L...................... 184 Roffman, Sam.................. 947 Rogall, Abraham............... 801 Rogers, Israel...................... 227 Roginsky, Joseph............. 70 Roistacher, Meyer............. 281 Rokaw, Dora................... 1127 Rolands, Eva K................ 1020 Rolnik, Aaron...................... 329 Romanofsky, Max........... 944 Ronor, J.................... 157 Roossin, Abraham B........... 159 Rose, Hattie................. i27 Rose, Harry* L.............. 1227 Rose,; Jennie...........555, 1227, 1280 Roseiian, Sauel............. 921 Rosen, Alexander............ 555 Rosen, B............;...... 1192 Rosen, B...............460, 463 Rosen,- Chas.............,920, 948 Rosen, Chaskel.............. 810 Rosen, I......................... 457 Rosen, Joseph............ 310 Rosen, Morris............... 742 \ INDEX 1581 Rosen, M. R................. 1188 Rosen, Peritz................ 310, 329 Rosen, 'Zalel................... 329 Rosenbaum, Baruch.......... 192 Rosenbaum, Hermine......... 832 Rosenbaum, Louis........... 966 Rosenberg, Emanuel.......... 779 Rosenberg, Essie............ 1127 Rosenberg, Ida................ 1127 Rosenberg, Miss J............. 1227 Rosenberg, Joseph........... 791 Rosenberg, Julia............555, 1002 Rosenberg, L................. 1230 Rosenberg, Louis............ 800 Rosenberg, Ruth............. 6555 Rosenberg, Miss Sadie......... 1227 Rosenberg, Sam................ 205 Rosenberg, Sam............. 820 Rosenberg, Samuel............ 216 Rosenberg, Samuel............ 197 Rosenblatt, Aaron............ 812 Rosenblatt, Bernard A......... 1444 Rosenblatt, Frank F., 697, 731, 1162, 1165, 1227, 1256, 1277, 1245, 1454. Rosenblatt, Jacob............ 899 Rosenblatt, Kiva............. 310 Rosenblum, Abraham......... 743 Rosenblum, Nathan........... 162 Rosenfeld................... 457 Rosenfeld, A. B................. 229 Rosenfeld, Isaac............... 773 Rosengarten, Isaac............ 1345 Rosenkranz, Simon............ 823 Rosenman, Shea............. 310 Rosenstein, Rebecca......... 1127 Rosenthal, Charles............ 913 Rosenthal, Ida................. 1146 Rosenthal, Jacob W............ 859 Rosenthal, Joseph...........821, 838 Rosenthal,' Mrs. M............ 555 Rosenthal, Morton I........... 555 Rosensweig, Hyman.......... 260 Rosenzweig, Nathan........... 233 Rosenzweig, Samuel.......... 271 Rosenzweig, Sarah........... 766 Rosensweig, Yetta............ 555 Rosetto, H, A.................. 807 Rosman, Benjamin............ 934 Rosovsky, Rebecca........... 1127 Rotenstreich, Mendel......... 189 Roth, Hyman................761, 937 Roth, Max.................. 814 Roth, Mendel.................. 211 Roth, Pincus................... 770 Roth, Tobias..............555, 1227 'Roth, Wm. B................ 278 Rothberg, Anna............. 724 Rothchild, Miss Tillie.......... 1227 Rothenberg, Louis...........222 Rothenberg, Morris, Biographic note 1345, 1444. Rothfeld, Israel................ 161 Rothfeld, Max................. 225 Rothbart, Harry............... 920 Rothman, Joseph.............. 219 Rothman, Max................. 966 Rothman, Simon David....... 235 Rothstein, Morris............. 764 Rottenberg, S............... 72, 73 Rougitsky, Benjamin......... 161 Roumanian Central Relief Committee.................... 1006 Roumanian Hebrew Aid Association.................... 1006 Roumanian Jews of America, Federation of.................1389 Rubenbaum, Isaac............ 228 Rubenstein, Joseph............ '759 Rubin, Ch..................... 457 Rubin, George R............559 Rubin, Isaac................... 913 Rubin, M.................. 1444 Rubin, M. J................... 221 Rubin, Samuel................. 174 Rubinstein, Reuben R......... 1127 Ruchamus, Kalman........... 891 Ruckenstein, Max............... 243 Ruck, Sam.................. 767 Ruderman, Jacob.............. 899 Ruidner, Moses...... 900........ Ruimberg, Louis............... Ruskin, Esther........1146, 1227 I 1582 COMMUNAL REGISTER Russian-Polish Hebrews of America, Federation of, 183. Ruissian-Polish Progressive Credit Union, 730. Ruthoser, Jacob............... 180 Rutman, A....................5307 Rutt, Jennie.................. 1146 Ryan, John C................. 704 S Seal, Mrs. Jennie.............. 824 Sabbath Association, Jewish.. 330 Sabbath Observance. (See Jewish Sabbath Association). Sabel, Sigmund... i............6555 Sachs, Isaac.................. 226 Sackler, Harry............... 45,.-73 Sacks, J....................... 1188 Sacks, Max..................... 193 Sacks, Abraham.............. 273 Sacks, E...................... 1202 Sadaek, Aaron................ 790 Safer, Hyman..................146 Safer, Max S.................. 1230 Saffer, Samuel............. 180, 373 Saffer, Simon................. 740 Safir, Shelly R................ 1202 Salander, Samuel.............. 939 Salem Fields Cemetery. 3... 37 Salinger, Barnet.............. 158 Salit, Ban Leib........319 SaIl, S. C......................a 1227~ Salem, Mrs. Josephine..... 565 S61manson, Moses............. 917 Salpeter, Louis................ 927 Salts, Alter.......... 236 atman, Morris.........831. SalutzkY, J. B................ 1454 Salzberg, M....................3907 Salkman, Joseph.........307. SSamuels, Aaron 929........o Saw...o..................154 7 Samuelson, Samuel.............75 Sanders, Leon...........73 Sandets, 'Samuel............ J Sainitarla, List of (See also Hospitals). Sanitarium for Hebrew C'hil. dren......................... 1023 Sandler, Aaron............... 743 Sapirei, Sh..................... 457 Sapirstein, S.................. ~307 Sapirstein, Sara............... 1127 Sapper, Samuel............... 271 Sargin, Sam...................198 Sarowaysky, M................307 Sartya, D...................... 1227 Saslovaky, D.................. 458 Sasnofsky, J.................. 160 Satler, Marcus.................1201 Satran, Henry J............... 178 Savtnick, E.................... 307 Sax, Jehuda................... 293 Sazer, J....................... 455 SchachtorC, M..................3$07 Schaefer, E.................... 1227 Schaeffer-Epstein, Stella....1444 Schaen, M.................... 307 Schaffer, L.................... 1454 Schalowitz, Isaac.............. 781 Schapiro, Barnet............... 555 Schapiro, Joseph.............. 307 Scharfstein, Z....451, 460, 463, 564 Scharlin, Sarah............... 807 Schatzkamer, Isadore. 837 Schatzman, Mordecail.........246O Schechter...................... 458 Schechter, David..............329" Schechter, Louis.............. 829' Schechter, Meyer............. 330 Soheinberg, Harris............789 Sclienkman, Sam............... 310 Scheuer, Henry...............9052 Schiff, Aaron............... 1227 Schiff, Jacob H., 72, -Biographic ulote 1018, 1479. Schiff, Morris................... 201' Schiff, Mortimer L............14. Schiffenbaumer, Mayer......900 Schilldkret, Max............... 985 Schiller, I. M............... 147, 329 - Schindelhein, Sam....... 522 Schindler, Ansel.............. 920 Schindler, David.............. 805 Schlachtus, Louis............. 928 Schlafnitz, Louis.............. 255 Schlanger, Charles............ 217 Schlayer, S.................... 307 Schlechter, Lazarus.........932 Schlefatein, Jacob............. 310 Schlesinger, Mr. and Mrs. A.. 1227 Schlesinger, Mrs. Anthony.... 1146 Schlesinger, Benjamin, 1270, Biographic note 1275. Schlesinger, Sam.............. 768 Schlesinger, Wm.............. 911 Schlosberg, Joseph, 1264; Biographic note 1208, 1454. Schmerer, Max................ 914 Schmetterer, William....... 706 Schnee, Meyer................ 839 Schneider, Jacob.............. 248 Schneider, Joseph............. 792 Schneider, Nathan............. 783 Schneider, Nathan............. 70 Schneider, Philip.............. 577 Schneider, Nilliam............977 Schneiderman, Benjamin... 327 Schneiderman, Hyman.....382 Schnelr, A..................... 293 Schneittacher, Israel.......... 880 Schnopper, Hirsch J........... 202 Schochet, J..................... 197 Schoenbach, Hyman........... 245.Schoenberg, Rose............. 1064 Schoenholtz, B................. 837 Schoening, Geo. W............ 555 Schomer, Abraham S.......1444 Schomner, Rose................ 1444 Schonbach, W. H.............. 114 Schonberg, David.............. 1230 Schonberg' Joseph B....1127,Schonberger, Mrs. Rose,.3... 17 Schonfeld, Jacob....&.......... 929 School Aid, The. -Board of Jewish....................... 1197 School for Jewish Cotavaunei Work................110 3,11 Schoolman,A.P... 6043 Schools,,List of ---Comritunal Weekday Schools, Manbattan.-and Bronie, 368; in Brooklyn, Qudens and Richmaond, )74; Congregational Weekday. Schools in Matti hattan and. Bronx, 38; in BrdJoklyn, Queehl; and, Rivhmon-d, 884; Institutional Weekday Schoole, Manhattan and Bronx, 386; in Brooklyn, 387; Private Weekday Schools, 388; Sunday. Schools in Manhattan -and the Brdnx, 390; in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond.. 391; Parochial Schools, 395. (For topics under this title, see Educational Agencies.) Schottland, Joseph. 75 Schrsmesk, Carl............., 307 Schrank, Henrietta............. 1197 Schrayer, N.................... 807 Sohrayer, M................ 8307 Schreiber, Emanuel....300, 1176, 1179 Schreizan, Max................. 178 Schuchmacher, Sam........... 177 Schulder, Abraham......140 Schulman, Evelyn L........... 1127 Schulman, Fannie........127 Schulman, J............. 800 Schulman, Samuel............28 Schulman, Samuiel......116, 1170 Schutz, I...................... 329 Schultz, S. Robert............. 445 Schumer, Louis............ 198, 761 Schur, Solomon H... 1117, 1237 Schuasel, S................... 531 Schussheim,' Harry............. 754 Schussheim, Sasntuel I..... i3810 Schuster, Ma~d.........555 Schuster, Morr% s..............77S Schuster, Martin - M.55 Schwadelson, Sam'.... 5 -Schwartz, Abraham..,~.~..~ 4 SchwarzAbraham........77 1.584 COM!MUNAL REGISTER Schwartz, Abraham...... 813 Schwartz, Albert.............. 1357 Schwartz, Dora................ 914 Schwartz, Harris..............9oi1 Schwartz, J.................... 807 Schwartz, Jacob............. ~.764 Schwartz, Jacob D. 3.....00, 1176 Schwartz, Joseph.............. 201 Schwartz, Max................ 555 Schwartz, Nathan............. 160 Schvrartz, Mrs. Ray F.....504, 555 Schwartzberg, Harris......... 923 Schwarz, Victor........... 981, 1444 Schweld, Herlmne.............. 1227 Schweitzer, David J.....1127, 1227 Schwerin, Adolph.............. 915 Seidler, Miriam............... 1127 Sechtzer, Jos.'~ 310; Biographic note 328, 329. Seebacher, S. ft.....'128, 1227, 1210 Seed, -A...................... 1128 Seelig, Mrs. Lizzie...... — 1004 Sarn..................... 458 Segal, Abraham...............310 Segal, M....................... 212 Segerman, Rebecca............ 556 Seidel, S....................... 710 Seideman, L................ 307 Seidman, Ida. -1.. 777 Seidman, Samuel.............. 959 3.Of, Martin.................. 826 -Seifstein, Robert L......... 1227 Seigel, Celia.................. 1128 Seinfel, Samuel,689, 692, 724,- 1-227, 1230 Seldin,, M. A................... 458 Selikson, Joseph.............258 Semet, Bernard.......72, 73, 1444 Seminary, Jewish, Theological, of America.........1198 "Seminary Students' Annual," * 620, 682.Sondelowich, Isadorp.......... 161 Senger, Mrs. Hattie.-'.......... 1128 Seril, Raphael.................6093 SeArot, laase..................... 237 Settlements -(See Y. M. H. and Kindred Aasociations). Sewing Circle, Ceres....... 1000 Sha'aray Tefila Sisterhood.... 1013 Sha'aray Tefila Sisterhood of Peraonal Service............ 1011 Shabshelowitz, Morris.......... 231 "Shacharuth"..................6e22 Ahack, Edna S................. 556 "Shadchan, Der".......626 Shafer, Elias.................. 202 Shafran, A..................... 1192 Shaffer, Benjamin.............. 817 Shaffer, Herman............... 910 Shaffer, M.................... 307 Shaftel, Lazarus............... 903 Shamne, I. M.................... 150 Shapiro, Abraham............. 155 Shapiro, Benj.................. 329 Shapiro, David................ 166 Shapiro, Hyman............... 888 Shapiro, Jacob................. 928 Shapiro, Kalman.............. 310 Shapiro, M. M..................8310 Shapiro, S.................... 458 Shapiro, Samuel............... 807' Shapiro, Sb................... 458 Shapiro, William............... 556 Shapiro, Yetta............ 858 Shapiro, Zalkind......... 268, Sharlitt, Michael......1128, 1227 Sharpatein, Abrahaim W..310 Shearith Israel Cemetery. 3..37 Shearith Israel Sisterhood... 1007 Shearer, Rebecca..............556 Sheinart, Henry............ 974 Sheinberg, Sara............... 1128 Sheinmark, D.................... 458 Shelinsky, Sol............. 888 Sheltering Guardian"'Soc.....1058 Shenkin, Meyer................ 746 Shepard, 0. Crtn..556 Sherline, Anna E.............. 1165 Sherman, Benjamin........... 316 Sherman, Moses............... 293 Sherman, Nachim............. 263 INDEX.1586 Sherman, Pesach.............. 835 Shermer, Reuben.............. 257 Sherman, Samuel.............. 159 Shernen, Herman.............. 946 Shifrin, F. A.................. 1227 Shipley, Mrs. J................ 1227 Shlesberg, Mrs. R............. 458 Shlesbsrg, M.................. 458 Shlitin, Simcha............... 207 Shluger, Alexander L......... 488 Shmeril, Max................. 254 -Shmuckler, Isidore............258 Shnitzer, Joseph............... 769 Shochet, I...................... 458 Shochetim.....................8$08 Shodsky, Sadie................ 1128 Shoher, Louis,................. 782 Shois, I........................ 458 Sholnick, Joe................... 310 SPholsky, Sadie................ 1227 Shomer, Rose................. 1128 Shomnrei Shabbas (See Jewish Sabbath Ass'n). Shorn, H....................... 458 Shotland, Meyer.............. 830 Shreibman, Joel............... 157 Shubert, Israel............... 740 Shuchman, Jacob.............. 773 "Shulamith"................... 624 Shumer, Max................. 942 Shure, D................458 Shuster, Harry................ 766 Shustig, Samuel Leib.......... 217 Shwartzberg, A............458 Shwartzberg, L................ 458 Shwerenovsky, J............... 1188 Sick, Agencies Caring for the (See Hospitals). Siegel, Adolph................ 743 Siegel, Barnet................ 1192 Siegel, Isaac.................. 185 Silbeirfeld, Julius............. 300So Siegel, Julius L................ 1395 Siegel, Louis.................. 187 Siegel, M5...................... 307 Siegel, Ssmuel................ 1444 Siegeistein, P. A., 72; Biographic 'note 1337, 1114. Silber, S.....239 Siegel, Isaac.................. 209 Silberman, Alter.............. 311 Silberman, E................... 460 Silberman, Jack..........772 Silberman, Jacob.............. 222 Silberman, Morris............. 270 Silberstein, S.................. 146 Silbert, Celia.................. 555 Slwich, W..................... 458. Silver, Harry.................. 558 Silver, Hyman................ 802 Silver, Samuel................ 836 Silvers, H..................... 307 Silverberg, Ethel............. 1227 Silverfarb, Hyman............. 813 Silver Lake Cemetery......... 337 Silverman, Hyman............' 787 Silverman, Isaac.............. 1273 Silverman, Jacob............. 1348 Silverman, Joseph, 72, 300, 1176; Biographic note 1177,1 1178, 1179, 1444. Silverman, Julius............. 195 Silverman, Morris............. 912 Sl~verman, Samuel.............. 196 Silverstein, A....... t.......... 1227 Silverstein, Jacob.............. 775 Silverstein, J. L............... 722 Silverstein, Samuel........... 310 Simmonds, Lionel......122?, 1230 Simmons, Samuel............. 805 Simon, Aaron.................. 183 Simon, Mrs. Abram........... 1316 Simon, Lullse.................. 550 Simon, 50. J................... 1227 Simon, Rachael................ 1006 Simonowitz, Ezekiel........... 810 Sinai Sisterhood of the Bronx 1316 Sindel, David................. U Singer, Bernard............... 161 Singer, Joseph................77,8 Singer, Samuel............281 1586 COMMUNNAL REGISTBR Singor, A...................... 307 Sisterhoods:.Federation of, 1012; List of Instituents, 1013; Nat'l Federation of, 1316; List of N. Y. Constituents, 1316; Ahavath Chesed Sha'ar Hashomaim, 1006; Atereth Israel, 1007; Beth-El, 999; Temple Beth Elohim, 1316; Beth Sholom, 999; Bohemian American Israelite Cong., 1011; Temple Israel, 1007, 1316; Mt. Zion Temple, 1011; New Synagogue, 1316; Ohab Zedek, 1005; Orach Chaim, 1007; Pincus, Elijah, 1011; Shaaray Te-. fila, 1011; Sinai Temple, 1316; Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, 1007. Skokolsky, H................... 458 Sklamberg, Hyman............ 180 Skolnik, Philip............... 205 Slarkin..................... 458 Slatoloff, S................. 1188 Slavin, M................... 460 Slobodin, Henry L............. 1444 Slomka, Max................. 147 Slonim, Joel................ 1444 Slonimsky.................... 458 Slonimsky, Sam.............. 162 Sloterman, S................. 458 Slouszch, Nahum.............. 1202 Slutsky,,H..................... 1444 Slutsky, Moses A............ 310 Smerling, Frank............... 556 Smith, Abraham............... 211 Smith, Morris.................. 812 Smith, William................ 1024 Smolen, Rose B.............. 556 Smolensky, Joseph........... 374 Sobel, L. Sylvester............ 951 Sobel, Samuel.................. 556 Sochowitz, Mrs............... 456 'Social and Cultural Central Organizations: The Jewish Board for Welfare Work, by Chester J. Teller, Executive Secretary, 1204; The Council of Y. M. H. and Jindred Asseeiatioen, 1190; latercollegiate M e n o r a h Ass'n., 1211; List of constituent societies in New York City, 1213;. The He. braic Movement in America and the Histadruth Ibrith in New York, by Reuben Brainin, 1214; The Society of Jewish Social Workers of Greater N. Y., 1221; List of Members, 1222; The National Association of Jewish So-, cial Workers, 1228; List of Members residing in New York City, 1228; The Council of Jewish Women, 1231. (For Local Organizations under this heading, see Recreational and Cultural Agencies.) Social and Literary Societies, list of, 557. Socialist Federation of America, The Jewish, by Frank F. Rosenblatt, Chief of Staff Bureau of Philanthropic R e e a r c h, 1256; List of Branches in N. Y. C., 1262; Young People's Socialist League, 1263; List of Circles in N. Y. C., 1263. Socialist Labor Party, Poale Zion,........................ 1384 Socialist Territorialist Labor Party, 1386; List of New York Constituents, 1394. Social Work (See Recreational and Cultural Agencies). Social Workers (See Professional Workers). Social Workers' Association, 122r; List of Members, 1222. Social Workers, National Association of, 1228; List of Members, 1228. Society, Relief of Consumptivest 1317 Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf, 1096. INDZX 1587 Sodden, I............. 1192 Sofsol, Raphael.................810 Sokoloff, Jacob................ 310 Solarsh, Emanuel............. 756 Solender, Samuel............. 1128 Soil, Louis.................... 927 Soilner, Harry................. 285 Solomon, Adolph.............. 969 Solomon and Betty Loeb Memorial Home for Convalescents....1024 Solomon, Elias............. 300, 451 Solomon, Henrietta........... 1128 Solomon,- Jacob................ 856 Solomon, Joseph.............. 97.7 Solomon, Morris............... 805 Solomon, Morris J............. 929 Solomon, S.................... 460 Solomons, Felix Ralph........ 926 Solptaroff, Hillel.............. 1444 Solotaroff, Mrs. Hillel......1444 Soltes, M...................... 460 Somac~h, Morris............... 831 Somber, Isadore.............. 310 Somerstein, Joseph...........8 07 Sommerfeld, Rose 656, 1128, 1227, 1430 Somumer. Mrs. Sarah.......... 775 Spimmerich, Florence M..... 1001 Sonzanerfield, C................ 1227 Sqas and Daughters of Israel, Home, 1114. Sons of Benjamin, Indept'ndent Order, 908; List of New York City Lodges, 956 Sons of Israel, Independent Order. 950; List of N. Y. C. Lodges, 950. Sons Of Zion, Order, 980; List of N. Y. C. Camps, 980. Sorkin, Abraham.............. 942 Spalnewrman, I..............902 Spainer, Sarah................ 706 Spassover, Barnett.............1867 Spear, Joseph D................8300 Sperber, Louis..........., 918 Sporgel, Moses........232 Sperling, ]Rubin............... 746 Spiegel, Adolph............800, 117 Spiegelberg, Eugehe E. 6.... 54 -Spirens, Rubin................. 820 Spiro, Dora................... 1227 Spivacke, Mrs. Charles A.. 1444 Sporborg, Mrs. Wmn. D.....1231 Spratling, L................... 1128 Springer, Simon.............. 806, Srednick, I..................... 458 "Stadt Anzeiger, Der......624 Stainer, Zedi................. 786 Standardizing Agencies, see Research Institutions. Star, Samuel................. 803 Stark, Herman................ 811 Statistics, Bureau of..........1162 Stavitaky, Michael.............8S56 Steer, H. S.................... 1228 Stegman, Otto................8$95 Steigman, Minna.............. 400 Stein, Benjamin........ 827 Stein, Leser...........898, Stein, William.........1228 Stelnau, Mrs. L......... 999 Steinberg, A..........458 Steinberg, Hymans....... 310 Steinberg, Hyman............. 766 Steinberg, M. E..............'. 458 Steinberg, Nathan............ 754 Stendler, Joseph.............. 012 Steiner, Adolph................. 245 -Steiner, Gustave.............. 275 Steinman, Benjamin.......... 937 Steinthal, Abraham............79M Sterman, M........... 1188 Stemn, Clara........ -A1138 Stemn, David.........1202 Stemn, Hymen....58.....~ Stern, I.............. 458 Stern, Louis M.......... 1000 Stern, Max..................... 740 Stemn, Morris.........234, Stemn, Morris................. 720 Stemn, Nathan............. 800, 1178 Stemn, Samuel.................g.. Stern, Solomon...............:' 1588 COMMUNAL REGISTBR Sternborg, Ernestine........ 1128 Sternberg, Simon............. 945 Sternberg, Tovia............... 275 Sternfels, Mrs. R. N........... 1128 Stettenheim, I. M.............. 72,Steuer, Mrs. B.................. 724 Stivelman, B................ 1018 Stivelman, Koppel............ 937 Stier, Meyer..................... 194 Stockman, Morris............... 194 Stofsky, Julius.................. 915 Stone, M. L................. 252 Stone, Resetta................. 1230 Stor, I. L.................. 458 Storch, Abraham............... 264 Stowell, Edgar................. 555 Stowins, Dora............... 1005 Strahl, Jacob S., Biographic note 980; 1444. Strakosch, Mrs. E....647, 724, 1228 Strasse, C. Eugene,........... 1021 Stroshun, A................ 789 Straus, David..............311, 751 Straus, Jacob................... 890 Straus, Lewis................. 1021 Straus, Nathan, Biographic note 1442; 1444. Straus, Sarah L. (Mrs. Oscar) 656, 1002 Strelitz, Anna.................. 555 Strousand, Ira................. 555 Student, Sam................ 215 Stutzky,. Benjamin............ 788 Subrovsky, S............... 458 Suchman, E................ 1228 Suchoff, L...................... 460 Sufferers from War (See War Relief). Sufrin, Solomon............... 1444 Sukaeniry, A................ 307 Sultan, Joseph................. 555 Sulzberger, Cyrus L......72, 1230 Sulzberger, Solomon.......... 168 Sumberg, Simon............... 148 Summer Outing Fund, Brightside......................... 999 Sunday School Instruction.... 389 Sunday Schools in Bronx and Manhattan, 390; in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond, 391. Sundler, Israel................. 154 Sunenshine, Louis............ 834 Sunrise, Time of................ 46 Sunset, Time of................. 46 "Suntag Abend Blatt"............ 625 Suntag, Max................... 753 Susewitz, N..................... 458 Susman, A...................... 167 Sussman, Herbert B.......... 938 Sussman, Isadore........... 764 Sussman, Jacob W............. 175 Sussman, Minna............ 762 Sussman, Morris............... 239 Swerdlon, Morris.............. 159 Swick, Frances S............... 55 Synagogue and School Extension Dep't.................... 1194 Synagogues, List of, in Manhattan and the Bronx, 145; in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond, 251. (For topics under this title, see next item.) Synagogue: Affiliation with the Synagogue in New York City; by M. M. Kaplan, Professor of Hdmiletics, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 117; Table showing 'the distribution of Synagogues in the eighteen Kehillah Districts and also salient features in connection with these Synagogues, 123; Graph showing proportion of seats available on holidays for every one hundred Jews (excluding children and sick) for whom Synagogue seats should be provided, in the various Districts of the Kehillah Jewish Community) of N. Y. 123; Illustrations of Synagogues, 125; Table of provisional Synagogues, 144; List of Synagogues in the INDJX 1589 Bronx and Manhattan, 145; List of Synagogues in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond, 251. Syrkin, N..................... 1444 Syrup, Hyman............... 904 Szold, Henrietta............. 1404 T Tabak, B. Z.................. 468 Tables:-Showing dates on which Jewish holidays and festivals occur, 36; Anniversary and Bar Mitzvah, 38; Showing number of organizations per 10,000 Jews in the eighteen Districts of the Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York City, and the distribution of these organizations into Religious and Cultural, Economic and Mutual Aid, Philanthropic and Correctional, and Miscellaneous, 99; Giving an estimate of the approximate amount of money which Jewish communal Agencies in N. Y. C. spend-for Jewish purposes, 103; Giving salient facts of, 2,000 biographical notes of presidents of Jewish organizations in N. Y. C., 111; Showing the distribution of Synagogues in the eighteen Kehillah Districts and also salient features in connection with these synagogues, 123; Showing number of children receiving Jewish instruction, 358; Showing types of Jewish sch6ol accommodation, 30; Showing the size of the Jewish Religious schools, 362; Showink auspices under which Jewish instruction is given, 364; Showing radius of influence of N. Y. Yiddish Dailies, 617; Showing the complexion of the Jewish Press in New York City, 618; Showing the number of placements made by the Jewish Non commercial Employment Bureaus in the course of one year, 646; Giving salient facts of finances of Jewish Credit Unions in New York City, 713; Showing the salient facts of Jewish Orders in N. Y. C., 869; Giving salient facts of Jewish Day Nurseries, 1029. "Taegliche Folkszeitung, Die" 626 "Taeglicher Herold, Der"...... 624 "Taegliche Press, Die"........ 625 Tageman, H.................... 458 Talmud Torahs, in Manhattan and Bronx, 370; in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond, 377 (See also Educational Agencies). Tamashof, Moses.............. 293 Tanchuk, Max................. 859 Tanenbaum, M................. 1192 Tanis, A........................ 458 Tanklefsky, Israel............. 218 Tannenbaum, Menashe.........171 Tannenbaum, N................ 329 Tannenhaus, Jos.............. 307 Tansky, Alexander............ 282 Tapper, Jacob.................. 283 Tarlau, Jacob.................. 300 Tarshish, Max.................. 172 Taub, Celia..................... 809 Taub, Israel.................... 267 Taubin, Moses )................ 172 Tauff, Louis................... 972 Taylor, Harris,.............. 1095 Teachers' Institute of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 451. Teachers' Institute of the Mizrachi, 452. Teachers' Association, Jewish, 459; Members of, 459. Teachers' Training Schools and Ass'ns, 461; Teachers' Institute of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 451; Teachers' Institute qf the Mizrachi, 46; 1590 COMMUNAL REGISTER Hebrew Teachers' Union, 454; Members of the Hebrew Teachers' Union, 455; Jewish Teachers' Association, 459; Members of the J e w i s h Teachers' Association, 459; Religi6us School Union, 461; Hebrew Principals' Ass'n, 462; Members of the Hebrew Principals' Ass'n, 462. Techers' Union, Hebrew...... 464 Teams of War Relief......... 1491 Tebak, A......................... 458 Technical Schools (See Vocational Schools). Tedesche, Sidney, S.......... 1176 Teichman, M................... 757 Teitel, Jacob................... 790 Teitelman, J................ 1444 "Telegraph, Der"............ 624 Taller, Chester J........1128, 1204 Temple Ahavath Sholom, Ladies' Auxiliary............... 1316 Temple Beth Elohim Sisterhood..................... 1316 Temple Beth Elohim, Women's Auxiliary......... 1316 Temple Israel, Far Rockaway, Sisterhood.................... 1316 Temple Israel Ladies' Auxiliary,....................1316 Temple Israel Sisterhood 1008,,:1013 Temple Israel Sisterhood..... 1316 Temple Sisterhoods, National Federation of, 1316; New York Constituents, 1316. Temporrry Synagogues....... 144 Territorialist, Socialist-Territorialists 1386; List of New York.Constituents, 1394. Terry, Louis.................:. 286 Theatre, The Yiddish, by David Pinski, 572. Theatres, List of Jewish: Adler's Grand' Theatre, 577; Bessie Thomashefsky's People's Theatre, 577; David Kessler Theatre, 57t; Gabel's Theatre, 577; Goldberg and Jacobs Lenox Theatre, 577; Liberty Theatre, 578; Thomashefsky Theatre, 578. Theological Seminary of America, Jewish................... 1198 Theuman, Mrs. Ettie.....1023, 1128 Theuman, I. L................. 1228 Thierer, Martin.............. 904 Thomas Davidson School...... 488 Thomashefsky Theatre....... 578 Thorner, Maurice............. 1179 Ticolsky, I.................... 458 "Tikvath Yisroel"............ 624 Times, New York, on War Relief...................... 1485 Timiner, Solomon............ 764 Tintner, Benj. A.....300, 1176, 1179 Todis, D....................... 458 Tokaji, Adrian................ 1128 Tolchinsky, Abraham......... 556 Tomberg, Aaron............. 56 Tomashoff, B............... 1188 Topolsky, Isaac................ 154 Traohman, H................. 460 Trachtenberg, Hyman......... 224 Trade Associations, List of Jewish: American Cigar and Soda Workers' Syndicate, 722; Business and Professional Men's Association of Lower New York, 722; Grocers' Protective Ass'n of Harlem, 722; Installment Protective Ass'n, 722; Jewish Butchers of Brownsville, 722; League of Citizen Peddlers of Greater N.' Y., 723; Cracker Dealers' Ass'n, 723; East Side In. Retail Grocers' Assn, 723, Federation of Hebrew Retail Kosher Butchers, 723; Ind. Window Cleaners' -Ben. 'Ass'n, 723; Jewish Butchers' Ass'n of Yorkville, 723; Shoe,Renovators' Ass'n, 723; Williamsburg Hebrew Retail Grocers' Ass'n, 728. Trade Schools (See Vocational Schools). Trades, Association of Employers in Jewish Trades, 716. Trager, Solomon.............. 968 Tremont Sisterhood........... 1011 Training of Jewish Communal Workers, 1153. Training of Teachers (See Teachers' Training). Tranekman, M.............458 T r e u e Schwestern, UJnabhangig Orden, 957; List of N. Y. Lodges, 957. Treuhaft, Morris.............. 910 Tromberg, Benjamin.......... 766 Troy, Isaia................. 242 True Sisters, Independent Order, 957; List of New York Lodges, 957. Tuberculous, Committee for Care of, 1000. Tuchman, Nathan............. 89 Tunis, Harris..................' 181 Turetsky, William............ 811 Turetaky, William......... 787 Tuttletaub, Adolph........... 793 Tuvin, Max................710 Twersky, David M............ 218 U. Unabhhngig Orden Treue Schwestern, 957; List of New York Lodges, 957. Undahck, Max................. 939 Underhill, Margaret........... 556 Ungar, Isaac................... 738 ULinger, Louis................... 178 Unions (See Labor Organizations). Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1193; List of N. Y. Censtituents, 1193. Union Fields Cemetery....... 37 Union of Orthodox Jewish Congre. gations of America, 11t; List of N. Y. Constituents, 11*. Union of Orthodox Rabbis,. of U. S. of America, 1180; List of N, Yf Members, 1187. United Charity Institutions of Jerusalem, 1008. United Cloth Hat and Cap Makers of North America, 1276; List of N. V. Locals, 707; Joint Council Cap Makers' Locals, 1276; Joint Board Milliners' Local, 1276. United Credit Union, The...... 731 United Hebrew Brothers, Order of, 984; List of New York Lodges, 984. United Hebrew Cemetery,.... 337 United Hebrew Charities of the City of N. Y. and Subsidiary Relief Agencies, by Abraham Oseroff, Manager, 994. United Hebrew Trades, 1277; List of N. Y. C. Locals, 708. United Jewish Aid Societies of Brooklyn, 1002. United Krakauer Charity Aid Society, 1008. United Sisterhoqd........... 1011 United Synagogue of America, 1196; List of New York Constituents, 1196. Unterberg, Israel......... 72, 268 Unterberg, Mrs. Israel......... 504 Uplift Society, Jewish......... 1003 Ury, Adolph................... 10 V Va'ad Harabbonim, 287; List of Members, 292. Vacation Society.............. 1003 Valerstein, Moses.............. 276 Valitzky, S.................... 1454 Vallerstein, Charles........... 184 Van Damm, Albert........... 70 Vatnevitch, Isaac.............. 45 V e r b a n d (See Landsmannschaft Qrganizations). Verband Movement........... i328 1592 COMMUNAL REG1STER Vigilant Club................ 562 Vladeck, B.................... 1454 Vlaky, Louis.................. 184 Vocational Schools Established and Maintained by the Jewish Community in New York, by J. Ernest G. Yalden, Sup't, BIaron de Hirsch Trade School, 648; Hebrew Technical Institute for Boys, 653; Heb. Tech. School for Girls, 654; Baron de Hirsch Trade School, 655; Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls, 656; Illustrations of activities of the above schools, 657. "Vorwaerts".............. 625, 628 W, Wachs, Sam................ 939 Wachsman, S.................. 1018 Wachstock, Samuel R........ 937 Wage Earners' Institute (formerly Thomas Davidson School)...................... 488 Wagner, Abraham............. 311 Wagner, David................ 908 Wagen, Philip.............199 Wald, B................................ 329 Waldman, Morris D...210, 989, 1228 Wallach, Louis................ 816 Warburg, Felix M., 72; Biographic note 1296. "Warheit, Die"................ 623 "Warheit, Die"............626, 628 Warner, Charles Henry........ 557 War Relief: The Jews of New York in the Relief Work, by Henry Goodman, 1462; Central Committee for the Relief of Jews Suffering through the War, 1473; American Jewish Relief Committee, 1473; Jewish People's Relief Committee of America, 1474; The Joint Distribution Committee of the American Funds for Jewish War Sufferers, 1475. THE FIVE MILLION DOLLAR Campaign Appeal by Jacob H. Schiff, 1479; Copy of Cablegraim received by the State Department, 1481; Cartoon: "Will the Finger of Scorn Point You Out?" 1483; Report in the "New York Times," Sunday, Dec. 16th, 1485; List of Teams with their Captains, 1491. War Sufferers, Relief of (See War Relief). Warshavasky, Jacob.......... 278 Warshaw, Harry.............. 484 Warshaw, J.................. 179 Warshawsky, Joe.............. 821 Warshawsky, Morris........ 927 Washington Cemetery,........ 337 Washington Heights Hospital 1024 Washington Heights Y.M.H.A. 484 Washington Heights Y.W.H.A. 486 Wasserberg, Nathan......... 829 Wasserman, Frank............ 484 Wasserman, I................. 1192 Wasserman, Jesse H........... 263 Watskan, David.............. 205 Wattenberg, Philip, Biographic note 248, 1444. Waxman, Meyer.............. 1350 Weber, Morris................. 752 Wechsler, Adolph,.............. 254 Wechslor, M. G............... 307 "Wechter, Der"................ 624 Wecker, Solomon.............. 909 Weekday Supplementary Instruction, 368; List of Communal Weekday Schools in Manhattan and the Bronx, 370; List of Communal Weekday Schools.in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond, 377; List of Congregational Weekday Schools, Manhattan and Bronx, 380; List of Congregational Weekday Schools in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond, 384; List of Institutional Weekday Schools in Manhattan and Bronx, 886; INDEX 1593 List of Institutional Weekday Schools, Brooklyn, 387; List of Private Weekday Schools, Manhattan, Bronx and Brooklyn, 38t. (See also Educational Agencies'.) Weekly Calendar for 'the Jewish Year 1917-1918, 19. "Der Wegweizer in der Amerikaner Business Welt," 624. Weidenbaum, Meir............ 220 Weil, Addie.............. 1128, 1230 Weil Max................... 897 Wein Ralph.................. 741 Weinberg, Mrs. Gussie....... 782 Weinberg, Hyman.............223 Weinberg, Morris............. 1444 Weinberg, Moses.............. 169 Weinberg, Pincus............. 282 Weinberg Samuel............. 907 Weinberg, Samuel............. 905 Weinberger, Ludwig.......... 978 Weiner, Barnet................ 260 Weiner, David................. 982 Weiner, Isidore................ 970 Weiner, Israel................. 311 Weiner, Raphael............... 293 Weinlas, F...................... 311 Weinman, J................... 307 Weinstein, Hyman............ 196 Weinstein, Hyman............ 245 Weinstein, Louis.............. Weinstein, Max............... 782 Weinstein, May................ 556 Weinstein, S. J.............. 982 Weintraub, Abraham......... 753 Weintraub, Abraham S........ 169 Weintraub, Sam.............. 238 Weisberg, Phillip,............ 943 Weisblatt.................. 458 Weioblum, Lipa..............293 Weisbrod, Abraham...... 772 Weisburger, Max............ 745 Weisman, Jo.......... 311 Weiss, Betty.741 Weiss, Mrs. Celia............ 112t Weiss, Harry 1t..............156 Weiss, Isaac................ 29 Weiss, Jacob................ 374 Weiss, Mrs. Julia............. 714 Weiss, Minnie............... 460 Weiss, Morris............... 828 Weiss, Nathan.............. 184 Weiss, Oscar................ 164 Weiss, Samuel............... 916 Weisser, Jacob............... 799 Weisser, S...................... 307 Weissman, Anna.............. 1129 Weissman, Louis.............. 168 Weissman, Philip.............. 771 Weisstein, Samuel............ 815 Weitz, Phillip................ 756 Weitz, Samuel.............. 825 Welfare Board, Jewish....... 1204 Welfare of the Jewish Deaf, Society for the............... 1096 "Welt, Die".................... 623 Wendrawsky, Isaac W....293, 1188 Werbelowsky, David.......... 1444 Werbelowsky, Moe........... 1444 Werner, 0. W................ 1188 Wernick, Aaron............... 811 Wertheim, Jacob.............. 72 Western Star Order, Independent, 958; List of New York City Lodges, 958. West Side Credit Union...... 731 West Side Y. M. H. A......... 485 West Side Y. W. H. A......... 486 Wexler, Jacob.................. 811 "The Whip".................. 632 White, Frances L.............. 1230 Whitman, K.................. 459 Wider, Sol.................. 714 Widowed Mothers' Fund Ass'n....................... 1009 Wiener, Barnet................ 892 Wiener, Esther............ 751 Wiener, Joseph............:. 814 Wiener, Nathan................ 23S Wiener, R................... 18 Wien, S. H.................... 18 Wierson, S................ S& 1594 COMMUNAL REGISTER Wiesner, Harry 9*5 Wilhelm, Max.......... Willet, PhilipIg Williamsburg, Y. M.21~A 485 WIlliams, Mrs. Ida 112......2il Willner, Isaac........ 155 Whiner, R.................... 7 Whilner, Sam................. 31.1 Winchovsky, M.......... 1464 Whiner, Daniel........329 Whner, "k.ouis.............821 Windisch, Charles............. 952 Wingleinsky, Mendel........... 174 Winocure, B...................459 Winshtein, J...........5 Winter, Leopold............... 1176a Winter, Sam.................. 9 Wise, Stephen S. 300, 1176, 1179,.1444. Biographic Note, 1460. Wishnefaky, Joseph......152 Wishnetzer, Sam... 4 Wisoff, Myroxi............8659 Witkin,. Abraham Oscar.....311 Witkin, David................36 W~phlgemuth, Alexandpr.....910 Wohliner, A.................. 1444 Wohllauser, Miss S.....-..1228 Wohlstein, Kalmon.............916 Wohrman J................... 459 Wolf, Abraham.......183 Wolf, Benjamin........11 V41bf, Mrs. D. B......1129, 1228 Wolf, Henry,...........98 W6lf, Hillel................... 182 Wolf, I....................1444 Wolf, Louis.........:......... 821 'Wolf, Sadie.............. i....8$63 Wolf,; Zelig.............. 156 Wblfbergf, M. J................ 807 Wolfe, Jacob.....s. 1 Wolinsky, Louis..... 861 W6inisky, William 8`M W.Ipfkorn, Meyer.,* Wplfsohn, Rose........ 110 Wolfson, A........ Wolfson, Jacob.......... 745 Wolfson, Leo.............. 865, 958 Wolkenstein, Raphael J..... 905 Wollcoffr Doniel............. 235 Wollheimn, Morris.............. 709 Wolowitzt Abraham..,556 Women's Auxiliary of the B'klyn Hebrew 'Orphan AsylunA, 1062. The Women's Aux. of the Jewish Hospital of B'klyn,' 1011.'The Women's Aux. of Temple )3edth Elohim...................... 1316 The Women's Aux. of Temple Israel of Far Rockaway, 1318. Women's Relief'Ass'n,. 1050_-.. 'Women's Zionist Orgkanization- 138 Woodmere Club................$6et Woolf, Louis Chatlee.....7 Wbolff, Bernard......32 Workers' -Alliance, Jewish N4tIon.i al, 961; List of N. Y. todg'es, 962' Workers in ComninunaI 'Ageci~es. (See Professional Woricers".) Working Girls, Clara- de Hirsch'.Home for, 656. Working Girls' Vaca tioni Societk, 1004. Workmen's Circle, 871;!Li'st`of N. Y. C. Branches, 873. Workmen's Committee o n" liewsh Rights, National, 12145. Wortman, -Caroline.....55 Wurbel, Israel.........I...... 218 Wurtesel, H. L................ 1228 Y Yager, Hry...7060 YWahrzeit Tables.... 3. Yalden, J. E. G.......4,458 "Yalkut Ma'arovl"l...........611 Ythoash.................... i. 1448 'Dos Yiddishe Folk'. 617, 629 Yiddish Literature in ithe- Old 'World and, the New, 5ft8* -IYiddish National Arbeitar- Ver-band, 961...3 Yiddish Schools,. 873, 3741, -90(See also Educational Agenaieo)., INDEX 1595 Yiddish Theatre, by David Pinski, 672; List of Yiddish Theatres, 677; Illustration of Theatre, 579. "D'ie Yiddish. Abnd Post"... 626 "Yiddish- American F ol k s Kalendar".............. 625 "Yiddisher Baker,. Der"....... 627 "Yiddisher Fanner, Der"..627, 630 "Yiddisher Farmer, Der"...... 824 "Yiddishe Folks Zeitung"..... 623 "Yiddisher Gazlon, Der"....... 627 "Yiddishe Gazetten"........ 623 "Yiddisher Journal, Der"..... 626 "Yiddishe Post, Die".......... 623 "Yiddisher Puck, Der"...... 624 'Yiddisher Record, Dar"....... 624 "Yiddishe Tageblatt"......... 623 "Yiddisher Wechter, Der".... 625 "Yiddisher Wegweiser, Der".. 628 "Yiddishe Welt, Die"......... 626 "Yiddishe Wochenshrift, Die" 627 "Yiddishe Wochenblatt, Die". 626 "Yiddishe Wochenblatt...... 623 "Yiddish. Zukunft, Die"....... 627 "Yiddishe Kinder Welt"....... 632 "Der Yiddisher Kaempfer" 627, 629 Yokel, B.................... 459 Yokl, Sigmund.............. 195 "Yomn Tw Blaetter"........... 625 Yorkville Joint Passover Relief Fund, 1009. Youlfgerman, M............. W28 Young Folks' Charity. Ass'n. 1011 Young Friends of the Hebrew Kindergarren and Day Nursery, 1042. Young Judaea, 1396; Lisl of N. Y. Circles, 1402. "Young Israel"......,...619^ 632 "Young Judaean".........620, 632 Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Ass'ns, 475. The- Work of Y. M. H. and Kindred Atsocia, tions, by I. XE. Goldwaasek, Chairman, Advisory Commnittee of the National Council of*. ~-M. H. and.Kindred Associations, 45|; List of the Y, M. H. Ase'ns., 483; Y. M. H. A. of the Bronx, 483; Y. M. H. A. of B'klyni 483; Y. M. H. A. of Brownsiville,. 483; Jamaica Young Folks' Hebrew Ass'n, 484; Rockaway Beach Y. M. H. A., 484; Y. M. H. A. of Harlem, 484; Y, M. H. A. of Washington Heights, 485; Y. M. H. A. of W'msburg, 485; West Side Y. M. H. A., 485; Y. M. H. A,, 92nd St. and Lex. Ave., '489, List of Y. W. H. Ass'ns., 486; Y.; W. H. A. of B'klyn, 486; Y, W. H. A. of Brownsville, 486- Greenpoint Y. W. H. A., 486;.Y W. H. A. of Washington Heights, 486; West Side Y. W. H. A. 486; Y. W. H. A., 31 W. 110th St,, 503. List of Settlements, 487; Federa, tion Settlement, 4874,;..ellowship House, 487; Henry Meinhard Me' morial Neighborhood House, 487; New. Era Club, 487; Recreation Rooms and Settlement, 488; Wage Earners'Institute (Thoia:s David, son School), 488; Albert. Leas Ass'n, 488; East Side Neighborhood Ass'n., -.488:.Educationbl Alliance, 529; aHebrew. Educatiore al Society, 547; Illustrations. of Y. M. H. A., 491; Illustration, of Y. W. H. A., 505; Illustrations of Educational Alliatice, 5M1; Illustration of Hebrew Educational Society, 549; List of professional workers in. Y. M. I. and Kindred Associations, 561; Young Men's.Iebrew and Kiqdred Associations, N a t i o nal Council of, 1146. Young Men's and Women's Social Service Aux. of the B'klyn Federation of Jewish Charities, 1009. Young People's Socialist League, 1836. 1596 COMMUNAL REGISTER Young Women's Hebrew Association. (See Y. M. H. and Kindred Ass'n.J 'The Youth".............6...22, 632 Youth of America, League of. 11S6 z Zabelinsky, Abraham......... 149 Zabinski, Jacob................ 817 Zabinsko, Betty............. 1129 Zabinsko, E.................. 1228 Zachariah, K.................. 1129 Zacharias, Tillie............. 556 Zadok, Aaron.................. 235 Zalinger, Rose............... 1129 Zankel, Isaac................ 935 Zar, I...................... 1444 Zaretski, S.................. 460 Zaritsky, Max................. 1276 Zeidman, Jacob................ 214 Zeimer, Max................... 960 "Zeit, Die"................... 625 "Zeitgeist, Der"............... 627 Zeidin, Israel.................. 795 Zepersky, Sam.............. 894 Ziegel, Kive................... 924 Zimmerman, Jack............. 265 Zimmerman, Morris.......... 962 Zimmerman, N. N........... 1192 Zinsher, Frances S........ 1129, 1228 Zinsler, L...................... 300 "Zion"...................... 625 "Zion's Monatblaetter"....... 626 Zion Council of Greater N. Y., 1844; List of Constituents, 1345. Zion Hospital, Inc............. 1024 "Zionist, Der"................. 625 Zionist Affairs, Provisional Executive Committee for. General Zionist Affairs, 1456. Zionists, Federation of American, 1840; List of New York Constituents, 1845. Zionist Organizations, Federation of American Zionists, by Louis L i p s k y, Chairman Executive Committee, 1340; List of constituent organizations in N. Y. C., 1344; The Mizrachi, by Dr. Meyer Waxman, 1350; List of constituent organizations in N. Y. C., 1357; The Hadassah, the Women's Zionist 'Organization by Lotta Levensohn, 1359; The Poal-Zion Movement, by A. Kretchmer-Isreeli, 1374; The Jewish Socialist Labor Organization, Poale-Zion, 1384; List of constituent organizations in N. Y. C., 1384; The Socialist Territorialist Labor Party, by A. Glanz, Member of the Central Committee, 1386; List of constituent organizations 'in NM. Y. C., 1394; Intercollegiate Zionist Association, 1394; List of constituent organizations in N. Y. C., 1394; Young Judaea, by Joshua H. Neumann, Editor of "Young Judaean,," 1896; List of Circles in N. Y. C., 1402; Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs, by Jacob de Haas, Sec'y, 1456; Jewish National Fund Bureau for America, 1461. Zipper, Moses................ 275 Zirin, Louis................. 231 Zitrin, Charles............... 193 Ziotchower, Isidore........... 276 Zolatar, Benjamin............. 861 Zoltan, Kalman............... 901 Zubrinsky, Abraham......... 219 Zucker, Beckie................ 797 Zucker, I........... 1146 Zucker, Raphael............... 243 Zucker, S................... 550 Ziickerberg, Eliza............. 785 Zuckerman, B................. 1444 INDBX 1697 Zuckerman, Emma............ 56 "Die Zukunft".............624, 630 Zuckerman, Max.............. 127 Zunser, Charles......1129, 1228, 1318 Zuckerman, Mendel........... 11 Zunser, Mrs. Charles.......... 1444 Zuckerman, Rose.............. W "Zwanzigste Yahrhundert, "Zun, Die"................. Do................... JAN 28 1919 A THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN DATE DUE N 1 61998 Miu e t., d L MAKI z;1 Z. iUU t: * "rr UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 00558 0538