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I I liM IIIII -------III EIIIIHRlIm l m lIII III IIIII -------IIIII IIII III W IIII I IIII ------ IIII =--IIIII IIIII I~ lll lll lll lll llIIII ll~IIIII IIIIIW IIIIII IIIII IIIIII IIIIII IIIIII --IIIIII -IIIIII -IIIII1 ZIIII'= Fil III III m 011111 IIHIII I1tljm Mil HIMI.111111 'lll ATLAS and PLAT BOOK Of EN WEE Containing Outline Map of the County, Map of Lenawee County and surrounding Counties Plats of all the townships with Owners'- Names, State Map, Map of the United States Map of the World, Map of New Europe Also History and Atlas of the World War Published By THE ADRIAN DAILY TELEGRAM ADRIAN, MICHIGAN m Hlill Oil II$1 - lll Milli Illlll.RJ11 Milll IJ11 Compiled From Latest Data on Record Copyright 1921 The Kenyon Company, Inc., Map Makers, Des A[oines, Ia. INDEX Pagof Atlas and History of the World War............ 55, 102 A d r ia n T o w n s h ip, P la t o f........................................- 2 5 B lis s fi e ld T o w n sh ip, P la t o f................................... 3 9 Cam bridge Tow nship, Plat of........................... 13 C lin to n T o w n sh ip, P la t o f-.........................................- 1 7 D e er fie ld T o w n sh ip, P la t o f......................................- 3 9 D o v e r T o w n s h ip, P la t o f-.......................................... 3 3 Fairfield Township, Phat of.. 45 Franklin Township, Plat of.15 H u d s o n T o w n s h ip, P la t o f......................................- 3 1 Piage. Lenaiwee County, Outline Map of...................... 4, 5 Lenawee County and Adjacent Counties in M ichigan and Ohio ------------------------------------------ Sq 9 M adison T ow nship, P lat of......................... ------------..35 M a c o n T o w n sh ip, P la t o f.......................................... 19 M edin a~ T ow n sh ip, P la t of........................................- 4 1 M ic h ig a n, I n d e x o f................................................-5 1, 5 4 M ichigan, N ap of ----------------------------------------..... 52, 5 3 O g d e n T o w n s h ip, P la t o f........................................- 4 7 Page. P a lm yra T ow n sh ip, P la t of-........................... 3 7 R a i s ui T o w n s h i p, P l a t o f -..........................................- 2 7 R idgew ay T ow n ship, P lat of..........................- 29 R i g a T o w n s h i p, P l a t o f..............................................- 4 9 R o l lin T o w n s h ip, P la t o f.......... ---................ -.. 1 R o m e T o w n s h i p, P l a t o f..........................................- 8 Seneca Township, Plat of.....- 483 T e c u m s e h T o w n s h ip, P lF a t o f................................. 1 7 W ood stock T ow n sh ip, P la t of..................................- 11 IIIII IIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIII III IIII IIIII IIIIIIIIII IIII IIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIII IIII IIIIIIIIIII IIIIII IIIIII IIIII IIlllIlllll~ llllll lllll IlllII~ lllll' -IIllll ill I Ier~en Cit Woodsc'' I~ m N c 16 159 0EM nito e a &viio Miun L. 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Royal Oak C 9 o-~0 N - --011 N ii -0 \INorthville DET rtonv NecitorU ve&4% L \aGiltedge Snbl / ebte ~Wa~e ~ $~Livonia oBelibranch o0H I $9> N &~>O> reenfe IDS-eI Plymouth MARQUETTE Yewo RR Ac wue Qeer o~ CherrYhivl ~Pikes PiWla vleSiWeii8 Vt Dixhoro o 0 Cntonft ANN OR 1~~~ 06&&es -. N Canton p rr~A awDry~Ise U ~4~ ~5 k-ept ~ ~ g5A ~Ecorse insiidJb aso ul.g Urania Stnycreek -o -~ Treton(C ~L ~.0::tk~vi$i Gent Wittfefodw- Delad MP O Otaw1en B, re/n 0 Cen, fý\Ottawa hne LambIm,.rL ien V 1211e Tempea A ki LEN e Thornton Iýp Aerry 0 ki Fortuna 0 L e_ a -Ad if ania exi Maumee en VVES. Cedar Pt. -HI MIch,11 Bay icha mellwood Scale: Aboi A0 n,,I"dL Cenoo'sob I The Kenyon Coi IL Ic atnoe Aub rn Des 04 Aaah. Riýhar S, Vulcan Yon ota 0 a 0 0 Bono 00di Pen.4 Cer rk;Aq I. e LocustPoint 0 oc I ice CF TRA N*TRA YORK kers iffiston Frenchtowcp Children U0jjcj,, ka ates MW dams 0 %0) TZ iv R, R, curve -4 0 n M ne 0M 0 err 8bu E VV H ew o d W a t e- t Mitehouse 0 Limý:C- City 'CU ins X ay OýN resque W tr. 0 rc, ýJ(Ie OPIC ISI achton tony 0 en0a Ridge 'Water- I e r,'Neap-olis Vill R*v' ale _r. Le. n.e' ortaga 0 Ne'owash.0 ore Dowling 0 Hul Prai ie Saint N41 0 Saint ý.A -------........ Bailey Un bri dge e Ha'skins Ridgol Vale Ki 0 e L u ck e, V r", Urg jCfI 0 ounty C;%%Ioso Lin Sugar RAge ontogany MI rand 0 Rapi -b Pe er uzoc u ~ ~s~x --ililll j1110 1111 ~~111111~~111111111lii 1111 lil~~llllll~iHllli~111111~~111111 IINIIIIIIP Il--III~~IUIIIIIIIII 1 1illmili~~l1iill1iBn LI~D ~tll il~DI LL~ -u I~t~ ~13P IgliiuU1~- Ia i! ~ap sla LLJrplP Ile~~amr~~~ilil Tit ~L1 ~s ~w g III I dIII-'M 111111 YI ssrrmra~ Qliill -~LYILPI ~DS~ ~bP9 aqp 111811 ~cl I-- ~PI 1IHfl s~n psau ~P9 a~s r~s 111111 ~PI ~,, ~ 11[[ II 111111 I~BI ePI ~s~.-p111 ~ I~,,,,,, 111111 "I "~I L111 ~II -- I ~ 111111 I" ~ --..._ 1I ~1111 I 1IIUI II ~ 111111 ~ I II ~ I- I 111111- z 111111 ~II. ~U 111111 ~ ~ Ill[fl o ~ ~ cl 11111 ~ ~ 111[11 -I ~ 111111 111111 ~I ~ ~,, 111111 ~ ~ ~ 111111 ~ I 111111 1~1~ PL~I~ 1IDI ~ ~ ~ IIglllll ~e ~ ~ 111111 B ~ ~ I~ ~ EBll[i ~ ~ 11111[ ~ ~ ~ 111111 -1 111111 BIEll arra~ ~rmr~ 811611 ~ ~ kfllil mbner a~Lls~r b~PB~M IIBBll mssr, rsar e~aa ~ur 111 ps, 11111 ellllP ~ bPPII *ara~8 "g" 1.~ ~a~p BIIIIE 3. ~ -I. j IYT_~L~p~ ~LILPla r 1~M~r.Ylr~m~ ~i)~~~~ R~L~ 814 11311 1.4ENAIVIEE4 COUNTY,- MICHIGAN;B~h Towneship 5 Sou~th, Range 1, East of M~ichiga~n MP~erid~ian byiproyed.c~ Roads shown thits: - Schools. Shown thus: Rurgal Rourtes Shown thtus: Cemetereeeies Show~n thus:: -Churches Shown thus: &,I Wberee Runral Routes rim3 o-ver ImproP1'Oed-ROads, the samne are denoted Iby Afrows thulas: ge J A.'0 S Nc CLf. /V 9 / -le-i LI CO-:ý2 0 2 Of-c i P, 5 - arawl -Vvpipz - P5; piU 3;; ZTJ--]OV 1 6~3./(~iE~m-er 7r e~tZ o /2 3h.'d j;t.bq~l 1 n cl~ n, Orso 7-L" P-S~ Svla ~ -, _dp~P~P & S4? 1S ze, ap-z Vt. E Awodsock13 A 12-1 ck X, -14 6/IP~Pr;7 D ~ s7. 82 ~7~i7~ Z~Z' ~-L c~ax e~c~-O,~r9~tz~L'~ tyz' 22-6 tL ~ 850 v a e C,ý CLCCP -Are~zkt 7 c 0 ~~ Rse ZVz " C L-mrm~Pr~wr. ~~i~U~b~B~ ~Y~V _*n / I - - /,rlx m~nsr ~kr-aarn~~-l~~!~ ~ ~~ _)~a rr-~r ~L I ~1-~ LC 7r ~ c~ LZZ S Z-~i za Chas le":;Ye~ 1503. rt-7RItm I, i: -a ~6. ~77C~P~57~~'PZ B~Q zT.P 60o w' 5 f~F" -T d A ýj Cb " f! fCo h, ~~ I F ~T ~. a.oo-v I - I r' I I,IL 1A ~ 511 1 IR-4 6 ýzz c7CA6 ud Le3~ )2:: e n eecn5- Y-ss ~~ N ý m "' AC s~ Cj 5~ 4 _CIE ý.CP 93 S 47 -Z C~7-0 0, / 2 0 G r e 8 IN i'e 6 ý2 0 Fy~~-p rm ec ra~~ 7z- 'r. Z Z"V I.Q0 7-re ap / 0 - ~~e C Cq) De-0 I O /a-33 0 a znzI\;4S LI1111 -e ~Ls 1111 rrram a~a aa~e, Ililir Ess mr~r Pn;rPbPII ~111 %I ~I 1118I1 1 -~pra. 11111 ~ as ~em II IIIP c 's HIII DP~L IU - m eolP r --- 111111 ~cu I ~41 ~Lls 11111 1111111 ID~LZLI -rsCI 111191 ~01 Q ~~" rrm~ r~r~ ar 111111 PILP Is~LD plOsD I D 111111 P Im~L~ ~is bPB ----~ 111111 llIs~Q ~YI illllB IdlZP1 IP~l ~rre ~aa 111 ~ ~IPI 1*t--~ 1 ~ ~YI ~s9 ~11111 ~ nl epsrr 111111 p~s4 ~s HIII1 ~I ~ 111111 c d111111 'I -- 1111 m l~P4 J Ilrlrl IIIPI ~PB -~~-~ La~lB %ill -- 4 ~I ITEll pla-~naa S~eb~~l ePI~L~ r4 ~~5~B~ml 111111 ~Yg ~Pn ~Pe e 181111 ~zp. ~ ~bl 11[11 3 ~sB 111189 ~IB Illlfl ~c9 B~PS~ LQ~PIY ~0~n~ ~ Illtll ~ ___._ 111111 ~ps~ praa 111111 ~ps. ~sl ~I 111111 ~pJI~ ~pe T~a 1111110 ~rre Dc~ 011111 n~8as IlbB 11111 trC. --~ ~n~i~L;B Fl.I LL~D c~9 '~P,] ~-ar 3",1 111111 ~fi 3,C ICb tlelll ~PP ~I;LLCLr ~PPCIII ~apsng ~IR 9.z-S1 2kbn czau e~ ofy "We. 2r -4Illyr ~7~ksa o~ 40 ~w 8,Od~ t3 a P1 G qj -1ý Q't~llt Jrir ~ 00, L~L~I~ M==MRM= L~'-Ws~-~7~-p~W~~mA~tr -- Qe0~20 20 ~b~M~e ~gPZ Co zi~xn~-wlr /00 b o ~~-er ~ras~er _~~5~0 d~ ~a r ~zjt:~crk~e /D b ~2Ts~~ Zi ~ -53. 0.7- p C32 2F 7: Cz W 7 ~7 -n e ~.7deS~1~a /V IX,'S e- a -?z eo I~DT~~z -r Fii 9a o N~ O ~G) k eo Zlz._ 7Z - I I-------- d,,, il~,~ ---~---IIk~~~ -I~~.l w~La-~- -- 6-i~~~I--T- +r.. C;,J-?Zý /7ZX SC.~ii e 7y 9J F, O rS~u CI C7 K ru o P~i~ea8a h Za 1177 t? o Ft c7~_i~ 0~ ~Z`'2 'C~ SZO PrCL'rrr~s ~"OZ~s/ JrZ;sc,,. & I v ý,ý,~Pj7~aZP -Pea co /Q Z 4,P~a Sa hip e SO 70-4 3~0 480 ev ~ __~~~'lrI I -- I - -? C -~'~ N; Yj~ O~-t/u~ ~eh~~~ _~ 14 1 -37i, /V;pi~ aeo.Sk-aZ~PS~2 I Fe,4-5i icy-51CL 11 7- ey~ r C ~RL--~~~~,--~r~~r3P~s~i~i~:r~ie~k~BIT-r~ 7 ~rr.~L~'~~-~--~X*P.'c~Ob 43~ Zer 2 o 'Go 4 ~13t~_ o 0,~3 r ~2/6 ~, ~T4t~,~Rp~_~J~J~~~~~_23~~S f367 cH, n~Ler 7B ~Q D s 4Ci;le I, ~F c 01 20 xgr7~iS 2cTj eo.i G 37 76~'7 Ll cl ex.~ r I 1 I- r~. A ~ ~e I - I V I mI -jI * ~L~a~- a~*~~-~~-1PJgil-~`~Q~r;lri~~2T~~~~U*~'~ ~sr~"llCUIIIUt~.~C,-~*I-t~MIIC-U~-*-U~-- '~'' cr' ' ' I. __II i i ~ u;U?15~ S~Q T Z CltLi~ "I~ B " IT r7 c 14n,~l 9 33 OL n if-2",Y7 I - I 3~j --r Kt.h~ ~~ j)34 3't~e ~ ~7~J. ~~72~-~ 7ea 40 h~\J-S- 1~0 ~~ Irhir rd ~63~, P t: Isdls~4~7a~-er ~G3 c~a -r 71~170 C.7~2 4 C I IV " I -1 L - I rzt - % rr Ilr-- 1-- aana~ ~P ids=,YP'll I al Y d. _i-- '*~3I~Xi~L~-I-T: __~_ ~___~~ __~__ ~____ _____~ aa6 en ry 4b jý - Zh Kob~ ij e So _74,?,u c At~jP~Pk 7/7 Ad. N m5==Sm larks -1 777 -irks- 7 cove.' rove -A. Echoo ildwliuw~ ~- -7- I~vnn I ~-~-~-~U~Y~I -~W1 1 gWl~g~t~ll~L (13 k ý/_ v,eo~j Cj e 7? poinJes B ~rO wa 7ýd NJ 'r iRter 40P W- _3 0--%V Usts of S-a-I v~ll Fropeety Owners Inf these Townships Showsn onX -ap by Num~bears. Naarte. Satndy Sw-\eet............. A. Terrell................ -tl~ry Pelhain............ M ary~T Pelliaii............. Th ' o-ma Carpenter.............. R~obert, Everly.~....................... Acres. -sec. No. - N'La-me... 7. Glen Il gg n................. 7 S. E~rvin Le~v~................... 6.0 3 D. rvin ~Everl............. 1,50 4 10. E. pelln....... ------- 8~.1.43 4 ILl 0. D r k....... _........... 5 j 2. Xaek7so n -f;-1and Co................... 1.3. Ai. Chleesbr o.......... Acres. BcI.NT NamaIne. Acres. 1 1.4 EI. Abe Dec~cay........~........~............... 3 1'7. LJ. W~i. Lew~ris ----- 4......_.................. 1 10 18. Joh~n Purcrell................' 12 192 I~. John Huke................ 27 1.9-. Mrlis. G '. Porter ---------I 31c 31 31 31 31 31 34 No. Namie. AerosL. -S 20O. F. R u e.................... 22. A. Sanford................. 23. Consumniers Ice & iuel Co..... 24. W.~ Cheesebro ý.............Thomas~n Clark oi-viis 2 acresl in Sou part of S. E. 1/1 of ',,. -114, of See. 34. ~~l~l=II~~~1%1~11l~~ III1ll~il Il~~IIII~I~i~~ll~~ ~l]~lll~~illll~l~f e!lsis rri~IHMO~s B~~1lI~l~ 111.rr~glLP~4~Y~ BP~P P~I~LI~ ll'~i~ 111111 111111111111 [IEIII----IIIIII 1111 11(1111 1111111111 181111___1111111111;] 681iBli -n aa 1__ ! _ ga Il-Bg$f -EIIIIII IIEII %1111.8 sillill1 iII'- PLYIllI111111II%9111 IIt I&l,,rAI81 YML ELcee& 8 Btlsli 88 i ---- IM n 1119 1111 lllltld PPIP~ 1111 ObP9 111181 brsas CI ~gnaa pDs 111811 1 pBe PI~m 111111 Ya. aPPIP~ - --- eQlOli ZmDR. sIM 1B[I, luns 1PaQ ggp 11111$ 118111 11181 tlllPI 14 IPIPI 111[11,4. 111111 1[1111 rm r --- 11111 PIILB BPI ]Hill lllI[1 pp, -C 111111 I c 181111 188111 --- flPIII Ltil YI 811111 ll[tl 111111,f, 111111 PPPIIY as oma araI;LII IC~4 111111 11181[,, $11111 11111 Illlli 111111 81$111 I II 811111 I, [11111 I 11111 eaw oaa DIPP L-LI1111 81111,, PP, II"-- lgatS OPIB 1Bl+tp9 plL1nsl LLT LIII 111111 pl sllrll ff: v,:R 22G OT -------~~------ *----~--~-------- R,)Irll-Tmo~pfl-Ný................................. o I I Irr I~l 'jyi.................... I. -......... y.: ', OC ~ --~~-~-- ~~-~~----l---m ~,ft~oZ 'l u C~~' ~"'~"""~'~"~~~~"~~'~" ~ ~ pr.,-f ~........................ T.0&T IO;iC "'"""'~`~~~~~~~~"S~O I3Th~ CIC ~ '.......... --------~---- ~~------ ----- 31-D 0 J ) S? * '6T 0......................rMc~a: 'rrl r:Pr:uI ~~' L OF- `...................... iZ7 p.To'- Fe~ G1 9c-.....~~..~~.. O a~~X 'T S.I~ -A i:.............................. U Utu rrlo uH' --fT ------------ (;)UINs s;S.f - 'V 'n~~~ OT9......... 11 -7lg d~sa~~sla n ~z:~.~0~*rds ~ gark~ r ~E Z1: rl: a 'I: 53 I; f 'aS.......................~ - ~ 1uI3 'oa 9F' "~'~~~'~'-ISH *()a',)u3 ~H ~ "iIITIJO(Tui '0' S~-- ~-------~--------- _---- ------------ ' TI --------- *............... S o m a Pct e~ -------------- I -------: -------- ýOp lnaa." -----*-*,"*---- I...... S 1 0 TA 4( "v, ~6.-Y-- L-~ IC~ICIC -~- -~-- ---~l~B---------L-_U-_----W--D--YP--- _I_ I P r i~;j C 3 Qea O "G tj P (7ua;3 ~ 272 -7 I~r CIAk2~Z~~ IPff~LI~')J~P.L6 -tBrFT =CtBE*S~ jlg J \V 0", . 0 Z 11 I I m i r ~~ "pu R-1~ -r -2~ -7jfb"pe a M 3 12 t ei C I -5ý7:: 'j-Z.r5 b c P-Y - L--ip_4s.b-sgLkB ~L~PI ý I. - - W.*'. ~ 3 ~I 0.91~i~ COi Is 1YUCT9 r `f i (CII bZ/ at 03 ]k.2d uL- -I a vr3R I I I IC r ir -ALD I LNCN'Il A Y N.Ei;r[`3 u "I81 h F P Glg rP1 s c3nJni,@ iBI " `ji r, U'B ---uU~Ls--~ll-F*is( _ R __~_ MqTv dr. C r c r o I I:,- 'T in P,.1. - - - -.. ---~~; t;Z p I. L:" W -1 ' ~ ~ L~F~~II;JJI~&Lii:li~~li)~~l BcS,$m~r? cZ Y 1 I+&~ lh 11I..."2 zz I C SL: ly'zek QlgdF'1 'Ti"o I n 'N c;~;";sp,'e~/1; Q Z S $ PI Ax O, 20 -I a 4I 9(% c;, C r c r o E 86" -: N '00C. rln~ I OD _E 1thm-k I - A-~-L~ M d ll ~ ~~k~ ~.~~lrl-~K L ~ R~LIV 'A 9 P l ru s ra to? 'a' ru V It, I- p~ C3;Y' Ny~-t mvC D ~I- I rzr ORs if-. z: ' ok 002SAZ~~~b u~ya~I~t Z9 '. s _I, a ~r QB/ ' 52d 2 c X3CY( 71: j P PZIBPPS 6c,~P;ff CO.2; 8z nygu 1d S V, I -ý-A I fbg -5;1 a? na I e- C - 0-00~ Vol~t "coP iF~rE8lj;e"-LieXCLIRFR~n co it P'N 0 c) ýj r 17 ra~t - r. r ~I X G s: N I u atzl -9 L96 ~z 1 cu ~p (4ý_/ I ONlu allr ~ a] I -W rL vz AM7' 41ta ILI I I B -L -t --Ll Lli.cl = --.-- 7 I --- V- I foý- /1"I V Ln - t"Al"w- 1 rcl --- I - -K r 6 I nL 93 h i atA 2 0aý2 71 ('4 1 Lo ZZ.08 0 2,?;g~s ~3~-7 hn, rb 'tdih~S \'043 P o (LY 0 Z7 h "3 -1 I Bt A3 OP/08 2o, Z7. 1 zs c 2 2.?-;ZjT~ 0-2 12 n s p a -I r6 r, na -Uý OZ 0-ýF'8(: mr a3P vos,40 n 0.91r ~a ~sl;21YT LNd klen?-Y NC 406 oov Co.P~L~ -XI uc iýý -frcel 0 ZY 2K2c/t '-0. 10,9 EJ AI (:2t N I r sJ Id. ~-Z l 00 y/ M 0 C, _ U ýf1i N dP a Pa V,/ 9=~ `3~' 1P, 0-9 9229~5 ~ C. as NCO~Tzs Y;3 '0/ TO U01 01 ~i~l~mcz a aztS 09 i rb ýj73 hi~ i ~ ~~ ~37 a~~- ~~~I ~ a22 o I aB7u -t E op "267";1 103 1-~~ ~F/L I I ~ - q d --1.I__ -La, ar L I- _ Vr Im gn -AS 9v ale! n4,92A4-0 7-g:5.9 Zia~~3 j~ ' 'rc-;e$' "3,9asl~ 9~d r~aeAe 71 H:) WM6 z I 04Z ~' 0 pry xs-5~3 _ _ _~ I PPZ rg V17:2 0 44.~2 Up3C 'Or 11111( 'ti 'S -- I~t 11111 'C: L-n*,.t~,, iilB][ 'r ~c., IltC lls II, fllI cl 01111 cB. iiEll 181 1111 IH 111 Il%[tl Illtl,, --& 31 IPPI 8 IP 1IIIIR ol' D lll1B -- "4 -- I 111111 -I 111111 lllI11 I 111111 I II 111111 i 111111 __ liltl I 111111,, il[i 111111 II P-$ Illlfi _I_ CIL 111111 -- 11[11.-PY QI Lsa LCB 111111 C 11111% I _.__ 111111 I ltll -- Ilali ---. -I 11111 111111 -- 111111 -" Iltl[l I 11[111 - - 111111 Il ~I d I t I Cb 9@ 'Zs as rJa'S eDyb ~ dara?uP~lular-b LII -- ""~" ~- IQ- \\\ -9z lee/~~; D C5 0 El -5 nz ý ( r ZT I LU~ 0~ r AAa$ A Louf~H ll ---f LUM M-4 &10 ILl ý77ý 80.72, '-X z cd kL os LaL 6E JAW~;$B 0pZ A 22 Vdl-L 06% ZC? "Z2~1 gt~~a~ fl ~mrr w - AA aa nnd m " 3 Oý ~ ~ SIY ý9X'u42 2 91 rral~r a;Lc z. o6 lal"18 n~a$ 94~/-_9 0~ a,9s 5:0~-n YrP P/ U -0 1J ~.912, *1& 9 rb 419d ~3 sniI4 s.C3 Stoja-hlr,q~ pajouap oau out-us~s iaq spuog pa.&h.-Idutr &0.&0 I im so yaari 1-0.111'd 0.1;at[AA:snf~U09SsagJ~e3 T:snip uAroiqS sapoimao~-~:Sn'll u~reorS sol~poH ruing:sni.qj ut~oqoiqS sapol~ B~sawoo:snIql uieo.BS so~poH luing,snql umolqS slooqi.S:s. ~rl ~z8 aod~ i)44 ISPUOR Pa.&ortdtuj.,;o.&o iux soluo-yi 1-0.111'd 0.1;at[AA LoiS sapoimao~a~r:snql udeoqS so~npo jwný IUMolqS Sl(OqlS ~aLs:Sr1,4 lutols Sy~eon paaioadl~ W. urelpl.1914 TI RuiqoiT jo Inge~ '7, a~usfa 'illnoSg 9 diqsumolo @ii 5ii11169111 'Bllel.flPIIPr^~"le11118HsllI.9 sllBf16;IBllIll:lfllll:1IIIII =1111111111111'1Ilsrl'lBPI11:rllll LlllsllllTfgl:liIlsbgllslg-Blltl B1IIEslc s r.--- Im [I = 11111 ==f - ifH I= I-H` I I I--i i I If IIf --III "I I -I--u 10:= I1I H I I:-=== I II I I I I I I I I 11.]! 11 lil~lll~iilil t'- 11t111 _11111 lllt lli 111# 11 lllll ltl11 1111 lll1l1l~ i~i llllillil._1l Iill.lil1lil lii l-!!ll ll1Ii~ lll!tt = lilil>. ~ %Ic o1Ml =, + F+.-CONKL, I. G e Township 5 South, Igange 3, Earst of Nichiga~n lMerdia~n Improved lRoads shown thlls: ...... Schools Shown thus: Churches Shown thu: 1!1Ruro, Routes Shown thu,: ==-..-.-Cemeteries Shown thus:. S~~Where Bural lRoutes mun over Improved:Roads the same are denoted by Arrows thus: tI. 11111tt 1 5 I iii1H 1 III 151!. 1tl 15 |fI -l i.. __ " ^ o<^ N -- ' i 7 "ri " e5> Z ^ / T^ Z/ ~ AZ, LO)~e z ^ ~ Yt t7- jPaw c?.-Wui *^^ ST,_:,'-_!_ ='-< ~.y'Z eh- Z. ". qu'S^ rd Sepse llz;- __ w ^~~~~~lq ^<, od^ ^^-% t4ir S> _r~~~6>.,e -e~ -'4. 1_ N Peng t'^ ~. 12. Y70T A S 3 7 -919 ^S ^ ^ ^J^o.so^J ^5'f~z?. '^ C ^ 7-.?.n-Z- 7,9,E.Z N A W 0 0 n n. - e? "; - a w? ^< ý - z &wjlq 194 Di- -J ^2,+ 1 -, + 7-^ ^.. ^^ 7- ^ \ 9tr.. I k tf 6 <7't0. <. ý.o h Ge I 'e.t-- ý O j K u i^ ^ i 0 s> ^ 1C ^ ^ ^ ~ '^ /,z - - ---- OVa Y,^-~ g^,. 91rS c X " - co^ / oy?.k ^ ~ __,., %tl-- l-t ---------- q "7 20 -/ I a *? -i - __- ___: L - -, c c.\ -T^ai/rJ: 70 |. ^8 *\ [ey " /9 -^ 0. ^ p ^TD.A ^aWSO? / 20" t oger eor e Zexander S./ o 3CHjg3 -S 'S'ur't 39 ^ ^ ^ ~ ^ ^ ^ ^ P~ ^ ^ &.i.l!'2, N F. S. _..... r 'Q ^-~. M fc' ^) ^ I S|S^ ^ ^ s ^^*J^5^^ ^^ / ^Y^ ^T^-T?^^^ S/^7^t'^J^\ ST. h".7r; r^ Bn Y t,3 <..6-5 7:2 20 Tel - 6 " < " S. I,eT. \ec-!o' Al. ' o.0 - '.+ 1!'> < ^ l^~ "eI rno_ _z 8^ Sz.,a ---f-| , 8. - D, " ". t~ + ^ -z-_ rJ Z' _ ^ i ^i 7_':_-," P.- - __ -:=-.- _ _-:.--: ^ Vt 3 i /. ^ ^ \.f ^ \ i z I ^ 4? Z 1' I E^ o. <$ S*s I ~ 0 "0 ^ ^ So-rah -E z z^ 124- " i| Oy -^. 0.., y zz2, / .) 7 - t. 'g.^o., 1 zss 4,6^T *^-? ..b." i">.wk--g 3 I 3 ^ -4t-i I-W: ':. "' ^f ( arr ^ * ^ f 4 0. - la S~i.:,'" \ * 74rz. i- U. n. * ^ ^ al j- erer. Mun? yz~~y __, c.,L A/ -IF! l^, in. i^^ 1^ Ic ^ 1^0:~->^ r to. - ^ -. -- . - i '."I " -. " " ~m ' ^ t^ IL ^-Y *A3 ^ I!, : "i. t *!. S...,o,,> -2 7Z + 7 f i I rMTai l\ I R.^^" ^- J.. -_..S?.^^Ae7 +.... I L_ _ 2 Y -I. /^^ ll"Ek- I -w: JU. "< L ^^ey ^ ^RlL -r--=--7 - ^ t^..'.4 " "~' -' N tti . - " ~ -i.. f ^. tZ^ - Ze C4, z S ~ I..r ~ e ^ ^ ^ ^ T ~ iA _7 11. ý_!^S^ n^ ^^^S^S^ ^^0,5, It N) ^ z ~/n t7 ' _..<. ".h~ z r, _" Z-__ -- e r! r INA". ". -^rjD. (.!.T.' iS^ ~ ~ ~ --- o%^ s-T ^^ T^^^ *J? ^^~~- n1a ^ ' ai^^ ^ k - i^e natl i Cho- A5r-.- a7-Z,. 9"s\.o'.^ 'L -Z7,o. S . Ira . v L-- _J._----... o.?y^^ ^ S 1Q C._." 0.- 6..5". n^... d., a/ ..-n '.2" ^ ^ a-ry ~Q3 ".. 7.- -r '. _ 1 0 Prof^ ^.ji ^. jo^^^ ^, o W"^2 ^ *,er. k - ,,.-v.- _^^ yi ^.'Z i'<"++s "^ r ~ D-.Z I7,2,, -..: r .+O::.+.,= ..... 7a -= =:'/ ~ _ o ...i,,,... -. - _: ~ -_._-: _ " ": i "20 \ ^ -o, -.. / l - _.. -\'..2. o.:.. A N,--7a 7 N - I/ / --il T W. P. tlh *'List of Small Property Owners in this Township Shown on Xap by l umberse No. Name. Acres. Sec. No. Name. Acres. Sec. No. Name. Acres. See. No. Name. Acr 4 5. P. i dy............. 4 5 9. N. R andell................................. ( 18 3. L. Fuller............... "A. C, O, *:u::::--------., o r - and Pea ey..--- 5 5 10. Jas.Campbell Esl................... 12 8 14. J S Pen ecost.................. -............................ 3 4 7. J. K issell.-....-..-.....-... 5 6 11. Geo. Bancroft............. 1 23 15. A. C. ulle.................... I M E. S. t...................I......... 5. H. R. Tripp ---.............. 1 16 12. W. -. D rake. ----- -.......-.....-. 3 6. A.. D o e.........-........... I- I f= loý-^= -,mImI==m-alliýM-1 i= HIM=ll iiil\lll lltl 1 IIilll ^i\ il\i 11i1! 30 30 34.Hi i ^J -=i11111-IJ Acres. See. m 30f r 111 lill =llll ==lii---------- *-- ~ ~Lo~ 1111~1111;11111 ~119. ~ ~i~i~i~llllll~l IHII~Btl~llllll~~lll1111 11111~1111111111 111111 1~111111 1111111111111 iiiElf~llllil-- IIII1[~1IIII ~1 I illIlaII1-01 111 ~I1IIC ~PU 111111 ~PIB I1H L ~PPP ~IP~ Lt~I 4"~~~ 111111 ~ ~ II1MI ~ ~211 11111 ~ 111 ~ ~ %111 IMt ~,.1P ~ 1111 ~ ~ ~ glltll ~ ~II ~PL~ ~PII~ Ilitll 111118 Illfll ~oB, 11111 s~sP, ~ ~ ~ I 111111 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ cg 1IIRI ~ ~ ~ LLIYII BIBEl 1.._ 1I1M ~ ~ ~ ~ I -1. Illil~ ~ ~,, 111131 ~ts ~ ~ ~ 11111 ~ I - ~ 111111 II ~ 111111 ~ ~ 311111 ~ ~ 111111 ~pp~ 111111 ~ E~pas a~ 111111 ~ ~ PI~I~ ~L1 111111 ~ ~sP ~ ll1lI1 ~ I 1II1II ~ ~ I ~,~,, 111111 111111 ~ ~ IltHI ~I ~ c- -. ~ 111111 ~ ~ ~ Ilssn ~ 118?1 ~ ~ ~ 111111 ]JflH I - I-. ~ ii ~ ~ sU91 111818,, ~ tL LI o -)I- - I 1 - L.A ir-O 4 M IV t a I a ll, Ila l IIs ti- I - 11- 11 ~ 1i l U O lt o il o o E=~='LCL'TON innd lullISE kHll.ANAWEE COUNTYP, MICH=IGANa TowMnship 5 SJouth, Rangee 4, East, of M~ichigarn Meridian Impo-edRods hon hu-.School.s Shown. thus: CB~ hurchesa Shownrn thus:: Rural RIfoutes Shown thus: Cem---- =aeteries Showsn thus: Wliere. Rural Routnes rurn over Imi~proysed Roa(Is, fle saame arpe den]oteda by Arrow~s flais 3~~,ft 7T. q67 ) IS2 7T CL t7 /.76 iavia alry cl A" I" u~a e -F O _e 7? e- Q i; s a [3. ~c~~iT~Nd ~4.~a ~g~~L ~2&~i-lea LV amrýms mý ~,~rc~-~~slgr-~L~B~d~~ ~PYlililLI ~r 1Ge a ~J1~8 CLh aC ~9--7iY~5~~,-~---~,,,,,,,~~~,/~7;r~-;7~X~'~~~;~-- -~ Il~iT~ 8~ 1 8~b, 4 ýuj~ Ic c1 ývxi~ G02 'es~ jiC~' I~ /2 ~ lsr13~4~i L--5O A.. 74z~i~l. 5~7~72d 40 n k4 I C, Ir~4~ 0 ~ r39;St~ I~~s ýTxn, 3ý6a~t 40 ~ ci~ At'64~ 1k (U ~E" y'dofier' CL Its.- ý?'q~ 190, PI -IVY I n -k iW:ýý-A -1 7 1. - - I A.~ 6C-L --Q- ~ ii _~; r5qi~~~L~~PILlllg~I~~-- I B~L - I. I ~s. @. ~~E3 r D c~r/ ~Z;hg~ FE~ 5~P~. d n;l ~PaZ o Nsi3 \~b kZrZZa I r -7.~ap~r5 og*7 dQ -770Z pswz~ If ~p~-~e~pr7~i~a~ ~7 C ''2 ~z~n~ r s x~ PCs1? sr a t Ot~ Ft~ Nf~jAI ~ a i~X ~s~ dcb FU C~ t3 ~re o ~ ~f~e ~zg er /ao r~g~ 777-/P~ C-e piT~ I a$ t Sc~l~, i Ire~ws a, t~a ~vr~L r3 cB: 1~`161 MSqIH i P4-'-A. Ila& I ' 137q IK W----:~PO ~~C42 h' XM, P N,;p7_y ~3~a Z Z~z /b0 A -15 c U ýhýýoCd ZeB~ r4 L~i~d~Y j~e~72, 5a~E'Z. 69~sp3 ~4~t e ~S;d~ ~79~5. 40 ~s; ý t rz I &a 7-ap% /68 ý2 1 --t - -~ a I ~',LIL I -' ~[bJ; It \I- gv Ný - - - 1, 6 1 - U(-- -..C~9P- 3 _ ~ _ C 1 71~ 6 ir~C /c!L G: i P ~re tz 1 39~5~3 06 ac r\ 0 -y OQ rec~c nl 2 ~z/e s~e~ S H ýIvwll~,~k~d,~ AP. 3~ d~ - --Zývzý~~ -2- -' Yzox,2,, 7-e7z 2 80 7 1 1 118I C1~~BL r~-~ e w r //V. 20e -1f 7o-,, F -If mm /4W.Z 5tz2,r& ~C--~-----C--P--~A--i~~-~----~ faa -If, c o ~C~dJL16 el.e SetýL/ _ Ire ~ 200~3 a hy -5-5-5,,7LZ ~ a~ol o Bljf!od ~s~:"s? 9-r k A.7h r7,) - ý A~ eon~ IA -4t- - -4 I kr L! ý., B~h~, a IdSFS, 4 2 dr `6~-ar 1 A k I p~J O Pe: Q1 -F j, Awl 1 II~LPCL3 ~i~VID~t s4~8~1:r I ~ sl1ll 111$ ~Lnmr, Hlllg r~o~so rZ9~LU~I~ %111 ~ ~, Da~9D ~IlP? 11%131,rr~II ~L~IZPIBI 11111 BB1I1D ~c~-~U 11111"1 hlruaa ~F~E~S~ CIC~PII ~Xd~n ~FIC~ ~rrraql ~81118,~,,,, I I II ~arr~ ~sd LLLI~ PY11 18~118 ~31 -- I a 111111 N ~1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~---,I rur~r ~ ~ ~I~"~-~ 1111 8~8 ~IB) lln11 __ 11111 ~I CL~I~ ""nl ~80 ~II 'Cld 111111 3 ~ rzZ 186HI ~ ~,~ a 1 P~cl Qs 311118 ~ ~ ~ h, 1111 ~ ~ ~ f.a: "i111111 I~ srirl ~cY ~'% Ira~ msa - I lrl ~ - - - -- ~QJ 1HII1 "P EgPl~k L-~ 111111 ~wP~ oglqp! F~nB 11111 I~ ~ ~ __ 1111 ~ ~ ~ ~!u IIIII, 11111 ~I I 9~ -- -~-- - ~11111 4 de1111 ~Aa ~J~ 511118 Od ----" --- ~mP. b Plltll k ~ ~ tf;ca 11[11 ~ 'k2;ate 1UI~ Ird 111111 ~1" ~,~ 1$3811 lplt~~/~L~44 Y~P9 ~L~IPIILI 1~1~81,iqcres* Xec. 111$ ~i8 ~ '25 ~ 2328 ]11118 28 34 --9.. 3.4~ 34 1%111 111111 -4 Nh~ I I PAL -L-4zvl!- -I-- ~:~~p-~--~-""b-"~~"~-m"--Y~~Ll~;i~lB~CP. k~e~Bc~~~*S~~~'-~T~I~~_~c~~ -A _ ý I I--- - - - v bdC _ 7~~;rt~e;Er a rd ~ 2.siSP`eE,;il eT~2i~0l;q~ ~~ c7~n~;Y~rs ~e~r-l e ~S~ZO~L I yve t7~ ~~ ~rm~i' ~.~AP;;;a~~ Z Sci~ 14a c~er~3~ ~rzr. ~ 7~ Ja ~a n ~ie: ~t ~6- 3~ k~~oejrji~i 1:7-0 Ae rt cow-~r eZ 6'2-L ar zee ~p~-~a~ ~ iK 1L~ -2- eM/29 ~~ L~JO t Ma ~ Ifz Z~c~i ~~dps~.8/6* Z ~'g ~8~er ~B I-s,,, ~S";l/a~Sr p~'t, I s ~7.~7;1~ ~2~Zr~~~B~i~~ ~QJ PO~ P2~ ~si~d. c~~' t ~~e~~ ~P~L~ 9i i~ ~as.a*T~ 6~0 ~~ ~~n~dict /2~;ls Qr Z ~r ~iS at, ~9~;~,p~a2;3~ s s ~rz ~/ ~e~~ saer""3"ce I /j 10 ~Pc~~a~:BS~ I I -1-t -1i; i, ý7 C lp C> -..........I~3 69~ J' - 1Y J ~I~~LL~~~-~-n~U~I~ I~CI-~I~4~L~LTa~J~ZIIY~I~L~MCli~C~F~SrR~ ~ SP~\\~(--~zp~;~I~4~1~C~:~tR~Sii~a~i~P~i 7RH T-:F-7. 7 73- 1- -1, _ ~ ~ ~~~__ _~_ __ z~ LLk Zn~Z Z~r Cli dr L =tO "~f~ 87 L3.1;. &rS: ~2~9D~t ~c~.7~ L 20 f~ ~~,---- 1 zra 9L ~Z; E= ~4~ Z ~ibl~ _r/7-~ZJkZ~3Z ~~~c~ kY~i~ Z~5. ~on i~-a c~F~ ~ c~ 9~ $"L~i~'~I~B: o r3 z a,.L sn h3 b i ~ r/// 3 3~'gT~Lj7 i ~_T;PLaer~so~tt~~~ ~zziam~s~pi~~l aj '-fl BraSI~ --~r 56~ 67:f; P 61~T~ir~2Y~-~ 75 ~y L90~8~bai ~P~W) j ~an~~ \7~gSih~ii~YL-~C~ ~B1P~ ~-'r;%~ r~~i~r~ h W~ ~ ri J60 bZ 17, o a 9~~ ~1 c~ ~~3~ 77~ F:lk~~ rLN p, N;y.hl ~U;11: j b ~~~fB~ -7zr B ~hL,, d ~ ~E~".'L iz~ ~ ki~r~ ~gp ilEo 1~ ~ tlifc~ 1s;is20 Ita ~I ~ -I I~- ~ 9 p~n~s ~ l ' - 1 U7~~T ~? III~L////M LLL~LL~Ld////A1. ]~~l~~-TS!:: i 131 ~ 17~---~~-~~-~~p-d~l~l - c~rL1~I r\IrTT.P~AhL~V L.1~~////EiP77; r~--r~l'd~lTTT~~T7 -sN N ~~d~ ~a ~c~r:~H~a F~ C 9: i: 60 -52 Flz-P kSar, w9a 0 ron, -;Erser~ Nj, 1 / L - -- --- -- 35 a 33 -3oT~~ O 37 'e T ~ 9 S2 Cg ~eý3r"....... Z 0 7Z-- ~1. ~ N3 F~'s~ ~ ~i~~ ia W. t~;rter ~"~i~Z~C; t, s~B ~dsanl- )~~ /7/ o~ 36;y ~Sc i ~i~ ~ry) B.l.a~ D Gea. F: t? r;vz'c~so77~ ~~fE~l~i' ~z~s Z S~a;ati JL ~ ~W 11 _I_ ~ -~U -b -~-Yh----) -C -Bc~~n ~ ~3 -f- Aj J-'ý2 5 7 7 n/ 0 J, Se Q.N _j a 7- e-e _7-SIraa e ZI - 5V S4-f fz 2 6~-lyf /10 1 -.1_- I ~ ~ y ~S!\\ rr~~ Uist of Small Property Owners in thlese Townsbips Shown on Map byp Numbers %6Y't I. J-01111 X-~ar........... ------ 0.....:,0 E. H-t Had ay....................--.....~... P..1. sut-fill e(-,.~....~.............. 6n X. Melv Su-lin P.ule........... See. 5 0 No. 4.. 8. 10. 11.0 1.2. 1.;3. iNn n.e. Acres. Er. Smithl~~r....~................~............. 50111l WIr-r'll't....~..~.....~....~............. ý 2.25 Robt-. Smithl...~..................~........ 5 M~rs. Corye'Yll................................ ANI. Pa-l.'soll................................:I See. 5 11 17 is No. 4.. 5. 6. 7. T-ECUMSEHkl TIV~iP. Name. A. cres, PI. S. Shieldon.................... - ------ T1-ie.Win. Hayden M~illing Co J. Mr. Bo;yce ------ -------------------------. C. H. Mat~tis......~~......................15 Thos. K~elly...........~..~......~............. JS. TA C OY..................... fiibbie Ka ------............ Sec. 2i 27 2 7 27 271 11. 12. 13..14. 15.. Cl Nalme. A cres. -'I ra t......................... E. D e v y..................... Ch a s. M~oody.................... Chalrs. C~reg,-, --, --~----~----- -------...... Solm Hfo.1..~...~.....................;......... Robt.- Quackenblushl............~.... Mlrs. E. Gordon...... ----- J-1. IV.. Col(--..........................~........ 3.41 sIstC1198S~E~rE1181i""~"BQlflitl~t~~&IW ~1~1811~ allgBPI~~BBBn~ Eillgsrz2-IIBOI1~"1~ I~llll~rP~liP ~.~811~81~ 1BIBRP~PPBII~ l"1IBlil~'""slllll~~1PB1%1 r~~lsl81&~.~i~~l8118s ~II1III~ ~P~~II%~T~"~~~';TESI?~ ~"~IPI1P~:TBIIII~:II[P3 911115 111-11111121111 B~~9pgall~:EIaBII,~-~iS~lli~fi~~~$&tl&~; ~818816~ [iEBIiG~~~_~ihllIll~~ IBsB~%~IE1TBII~ l~illll-7~HBilIB ~88811--- I~BHl~~i~B~lt ~.~SlIl11~~~llle~8~~1111111 ~II~I%~1BBIB1 ---IIBIII~ Bnltll~l~B~a~ ~~~$llil~:~,~llal~~Itl IBII~~IIIIBf~a~ llllIl llliMlllliMlllliM 1 Ill 5 IMI tr -1 i HR o lf M~~L Mea=^~ACON^ x ^%wi ^"^^^ a.. TOW NSH IP Scale: V/ inches to I mre, I S LENAWEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN Township 5 South, Range 5, East of Michigan Meridian Improved Roads shown thus: ~^ --- Schools Shown thus: Churches Shown thus-, Rural Routes Shown thus: - Cemeteries Shown thusG Where Rural Routes run over Improved Roads, the same are denoted by Arrows thus W A SH TENA C 0 CL /P2. =OR |-A 1,5 ý' 3 6.5-6.0 I""r, Ea77s 6Z07 ri-i BiC ^ 3 5. 42- 46' ^ (,- J ^^ fo - - ^ ^^ _^ oon e 13 ýj 7e w*~~N Cl "^li^ ^ ^ "1 '41^ 7 Z T 3s e- X mL '72_^^^ M ^z^^^~^?^i^|N s ^^^&^^^l wa~^ ^c~j^^^l /^ ^Q ^1 ^ ^Ti^^v 111111 ~ 4....^~^^^^^^SL&^ 2j-~-^~1^-^~^^j^^*^__^ V? **"- 1-^,.~- - Njya ~ ~~-^;F i:f:" a ^ i ^ r/? 0%.'^ "^ ^^1' a^-''- ^ ^V^ ^^ k' týRi Scly.' A kNs ^i ei3e H~ ~~~I ýu*2^ ^ kýtlt' s3 ssi q)A~*^ '~SS! ^ ^^ In'V /773 lljiNJ co 6ý-a 7? V1 I=5C Z e^^1 ^s<^'' S ^^: ) "^0. erf. ^ '^^ "- "^rr 'y" -'^^^' ^ j ^ i^~~.:': 'ýP 00r7^ ^-^ r -- JIn 0 *^ S A Ta-r.. ^ \ r s ^ *~^ B~~~~~o= I -^ Fi k^ r^j -^ ^ y3 + " iCL4 /V!G ^' ^ S *^ ^:^ --.^.---.= ^^T5 ^ ^^^.jer ^ 7 ^ " o: i ^t-K^^ ^ ^ ^ -^.^ -i ^^VL^ ^,eei s^< 4^^ A4 Q)^ ^ ^ ^ ^^, ^<^ ^ ^ ^ei.^c ^ g ~^hs? - ill~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 riv-^ ^ / Q^-^,^^^ ^-^ ^ ^ is~( GAd!a i '*~in- - ^ ^:> Je^ ^ \ *^' /a~ a^M.t ^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ Q Wfih^ 4 1. c--^--- ^^ -/r^ - k^^-i.. *^ ^d..^^ ^ HIM |I III 27 7e T^4A S ^ F- -l_ ^^^zsl^" -^,|i St ^^^ Wa er.eyr' 1 F lesNJ ee.. mn C t7 0.7 072y 81. Th s usll......1 5 *BL Kley_ ^i/'T^^^^ ^ ^ A. ^^. g^^l^^^ ^?. m1 s rteel ^ rse \~ ^^?o..2 /^ te 3j ~ 3 j.J o "ooe^ |__^,^ij _... ~; a-* 0"''-^. ^ ''.''M s e(>r W- 4a2s J^ s. -- ^ai^Se-y... v^''"^10^-^3^"" B. "SfC. '*''t: ^ ^ ~Ui< ^..^ (" S. ^^S! (/"el ^S........ |=y^. ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ~ ~ ~ j;P ew^^^w^^- Si;?,:z^'^^^1^^ ^ '^' 1.. B. Fulkerson -...-....-.- -1 5 6. A.1 K uelle.. - -.-............. 7 81. T o. R s el -. -.......1 353 1111 4. D. C. Boydllli 111 -. - -..-. ()l~ il 4 9. Ell Caswlll.....~...-- - -. 8ill illl 32~li l il Il ssss 5. G.. Pu ker ou ~- -.- -- 5 4 E l Ca wel......... -- ---1213 ^ =gniii=!i!!S11, 6r)i^!n = ii! iin = m s iig si8 = I~l ll 111101 111111 ^ HIM - z iii HIaMI 5 lil~i llIN IIlllM I I llll lhlh i II~l=_ll 111 1 1 II NIII~ l~i- iI lll_illl== I N I~---.[-1111 10111 Ill=-11H.11111M111--111111 Hull 111 IE 1 1 11 I 1 ROLL rN j|| ^, R ^TOWNSHIP Scale: 11/ Inches to 1 Mile. M. SP -LENAWVEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN _I ' " Township 6 South, Range 1, East of Michigan Meridian ilI,Improved Roads shown thus:; -- Schools Shown thus: Churches Shown thus:.I- Rural Routes Shown thus: Cemeteries Shown thus:! wJ,.Where Rmral Routes run over Improved Roads, the same are denoted by Arrows thus,:-' -=! w___ W 0 -0 DS D 8 0 C. _ _ - T W P. - ro >. ^ 2 ~V \9. O Te ro ao 7cy Jo io 9.40 2a Itl t Addisor I-WldwtN CAac L7I. o.1 i11111, o e' a zk 7oA mZ.) o77c-7- 3-c o6f So - ~ s o ft N C'e ~ xe OL6 I'll._ .,-,.,o v n a 6'd /Vf en C 7VC, *e z, oo e 7' af ni7t n 77 -i V^/Z- Bec r F. A o "ii.5 /0 2 " "f e b "--j.:+ _T_,. "i..o k4,KA -4. W. BasiCIA Pe e a es o a B ~^, " -- __.^ -^ il e, ",I, * fc ^^, enX r^-- ^^ ^--! .| _7: ~^ -^^t ~ ^ ^ S D i w " -1 I - _.27-y Il 19 -. I I!11 ^S^^^Jm:, --,-^'Jg!tTsy/!...=,,.,-o a. _____2-^>g^:<:'?^ ^i/-47_ -13 / -, C H.,:L"' *Z.-.7 rr + ro e ze F & I}!I--=_= Hillh= | 21 B I I11 =i IFu n ^^ o==== o n on o IIl ~ r SIii * -----^ .fo " " - wr ^---,;-^, -ss-.y.< |. s. s-^.y "; ~~~*L+ 7 ") N% #. I. - I 2."-. ! j "^ jr e-"^". Tarn^-,.^\~ \".:.^...:: -^ ^ ' =. w. /o., -... / 172._C 3 9/7R"s-c' IIIII ^ ^ -m _^ __ 2 ^/R1, / T, 1w+..?r- --^l ', - 7 W. Tanner 0. 27,0N a~is co o k Nto ( IIII j+-- ^ 0^ ^ ^ -'- /" ^ L. ~^ _,(.^^ w3.1170. -,50,= 7=Z.=.. ~.~2 SH U D 0 N12 0 T W P. Hl. is of Small Property Owners in this 'Township Shiow. on Map by timubers. | |No. Name. AcIres. Sec. No. Name. Acres. See. No. Name. Acres, See. No. Name. Acre: I 1. W. W esterm an.............10 2 i). Oscar.a e............................... 1 2 17. "W. I-I Am es......................... 5 18 2. S. E. Blaine.............................."I ^ i ih " " " " 1 0 e..t fo d..............51 8 H l a C ti.............52 6 fo d S u t s........... 8.3 John Trasher....;:::::"'. 7 4 11. N. D. Davison........................ 1 14 1.9. J. Craft!..-.-. --.. -. 20 27. Merrikt Churchi............ 5 S4: Mrs. Frank B~rown..........-..... 8 4 12. E. Stonestreet...........~.-............ 1 1-4 20. Ernest Seaman~s.......... 2 20,. 28. G. W,. Turner...-......-.2 J l 5. B. Jacksol................. 5 13t. WVarien Colem an.................... 10 14 21. G. L. Vosburg-............................14 20 29. B. r. Forbes.............................. 5 6. B. Bunn.......:.................. 10. 5 -. E H odg-e......................... -2 16 22. J. D avis....-.... -.... -..................... 5.50 20 30. F rank Blrow n........................... 5 = 7. M innie Dart.......................2 5 5 1.5. 11: A.' Babc:ock:;::........................ 4 16 23. C. L. I-athaw ay -.......-....-......... 7.50 22 31. J. H. Snyder............................ 4 --iji 8. John Yle,.ox...-.....- 5.80 10 16. dos. JBowerman.......................... 2.25 17 24. W alter Ambrose..............-..... 3.50 23;32. H. A. Savage...................-....... 3. Ir tol Ay, on - 2k7 - / p&y0. & H 4,0st of Smad~ll Poerk/wesintisTwshpShw o a b umes "~~ Ký) E.C.& D. iN..1 2-10o P ond Stfod-.14 1.H la Caln...2.5 2 6 Efl hlz s...e.....5 Jo n ra h r..... 4 11.. a is n. 1 9. J.C af......................... 2 7. Me rtt Ch r h.7 1,3......5 4. M s.F an ro n..8 2. E So esret...1 14 2. r es ea a s...............2 0 28..Tu n r...........SY...2 G.. Jac k on 13. W arren olem n................0 14 21... V sburg.....14 2 29, Be. Fo bes.................. el-5 6. B.B nn...0. 5 1...Ho ge...2 6 22 J avs....550 20 3. ra k Brwn...............i.5 7 ini 1. 5 1. I.-.Ba1c1L. 4 1 2. zL at a ay...............5 2 31..S yd r..4 8.Jhn W lox.580 1 6.Js Bwr an0 25 1 4 0 4atrA boe............35 3 3.H.Svg..3 lye 5 Seil./ 2.5 2.5 31 31 32 Il 32a 32 7 I5 32!il M illllM illlM il 11 11 I IllllM illlllM illllM il M M llli 2 iI 1S1Bt Illfll Ilhil -I1IEll 111II11Tlllli Bsf 819 lf sIll ll1s11""'8161[1"111H tlf II-=111111:-nl11l-Illlle fillllUl1 IIIIBAHIIII1I11'113 Hllnf 111118116%1:lliT1 1IDIIISriii'Al111- saf Ilr lslllt3'11iB19nI I I I In I I I In HIM =-=I I I I I I-== I H lll-lil1UItll: IIII-I IP11=ll= I III I I=-=1II l~ 1lrl~~1 119~ ~ 1I~~~III~ llfi~ltl 1~~;111~=~1111 ~1811 h 11~ 1 8a d Iltlr~llilll!lmm 11111 ar arr Imrrr tllll 9 e ~rra aa Irpr 11111 -I k19 I L- I[llrl 1.,. I 111111 81111 111111 I L 111111 I 11111 UI1 iTi "-- sl I.I c Illt[l Illfll 111111 I -- 111 -- D4, [11111 13, 111111 11111 ~ II L~ I 111111 I ww 11111l I 1 e 111111 I' s 111111 I" I 11111[ 111111 I 111111 I 111111 -- I 1IIHI YI I 111111 we fca 111111 irriri 111111 111111 -- Zni - I I-. slllll 1 D1, c-- IIElll $el BIIISI 3[E-NAIII-E%-T~:E COUNi~TY, -MICHIGANAI~p Tow~nship 6j Smuth, Range 2, East of Michligan 'MJeridian Iniproyed Rloalds shown thusr: Schools Shown thus: C hur-ches Riown thus: Rurlal Routes Shown thus: C bemeteries Shewn thus: W'bere Rnral Hountes run o-ver Impro-verd Rotads, Hihe same are denote~d by ArTolW tIIIIs: ~~~~ i % k B T:5 Vif i em % - T- - -~-~-~ ~s~a 7-5T- e..0. e- e C- Z7r~ ~ 127t fie -2u'P I s I-tA- / vr? t3-W@~C' j 84 2C. 8 2. -49 ">.4 1 - 1' 70. 76 Itl rZg 60 me 7- o 0.32hsD~:9i7021_2;rO~S ~Erz t,9 z~LCL74rZS i reac e;e - E--~- m~-D - - - -- a 6i;z''2 2 0 o 40"I,- ýj: 7 r --.e4 LZ - Z,.ý17 Z/ leoss~ L Sz'47,5e07 190 RirI _ ~ ~--LOP uc% Ra~ B Cua ti t 11 / I I X wetvv~ r44ýo;-d" Gor sS~i,at~p L-Y-~za7~z 6..7 er' u d 9"',67Zt e''~ -5-7Rep 711 rA er 28Z~~ 20 OW Cha p~Py I \ - -.._r _ --91n _I YP~~~.-~~ILXLlls~X~~F~~- 1119 U~U~ - '__1 _~ I 12~ d~8~~~-rl--- --- ------ I ' ~',= -ac~aP-s965R--ep:j*d;;BrsFwr -iLI71KIUzL `P-B'illl ?*u ECL ~LIIUIU tS1PrlL6EreeEY----1*VSrIBaP=7 _PEBB FITdi' -liffl- --PPUTY ---rriSW9' -LCF~Uicl JClnrryn rzlIYrr- -YYL GRAN&O~ vi-oatda 1ý 7. -,.. (,i- 7 "tC I -; zr8rr Mf ~ id Cs,lFisi " PLdlt3 R*; NQ2.~O~ ci K -Z -~r - 2; ý _n P KN iý i lea. ='da 70bLrtaSZ 1~ -83 - ne r -E dSI7ir 2 -ea sZ~dle~ ler7zd' I L I $ ~I, -a-l -11 1 1-4 IL Qj. Are6 ILPI AN WD 1 4. i - =;:: " I a - - ----& -a-z r CzZ X ereE '~~L z I CAO L~jg OD a~,u _ -we- I r - -- ~. O:- J Y 23' 8; vr 20 SartsPre pu tj PC O tJ ~re~Z o.c H. ~41dr -7T.,7 rb G74as~p ýXZia~3i f ý5h 4: 4, L7 -vel~ 4~~ 9 pr;rhl z"a-Zsi CdX 1 Lat4ý t% CH Mý W r 11 a4y I -L il:JX JL -I IU-T~arrn-7R1U--IIF~C WEum 'I.-= FIT -70 I r SPCZ; yt~ Ef-S 40-E5ifl A ~o o Q x; allh dI;s -BL o C b~ "J~ Y c1. l, I Ibf ":;i i -- f% -A I " -f 11 -I r,-., 2al~b12 2-o if~ "Ia-- 7-t,7eye e, kal e5~" tlgý!7 7' '153ýo rjr3 7z"44 4. IVý 7: 130 15-0 -~ O I --- ~- - --L1 - 1 31 c d 4 CL[ '6.1 PII fJ Q)1 I;I \U- Q j L o -A a Z,(de 22 b~e rk!', ch erry. LP 23111111 II IPII LB 111111 111111 PI aB 91 rlllrl -" 111111 111111 p pl fB pra Illtll r 11111 -- 111111 I - -- 111111 I ~ I 19 111111 aa sl psa I pa rllll bI LLI BPI II 111111 ~ I '- I;11111 sL -- ~-r - - ss 11111 I 11111 111 P IIIIII,~ L1 rrlll 1 111 sl I IP C 111111.peP LP 14C IIIIIE I UI Flail PI I _I iiim bl -- - - -- -- - - -- - - am ~r- I iirn LEL I IIPPb ~sl i~e 111113 pP. sBB PlrC19 111111 LI POCLB UPIP I,, PnrPU Iree eP. DI Illtle AI p rrre p-U %I LP LIP - I RIIII pU ~- - 1111 ss --- 111111 s. 3ec. aPn 30 I 3530 111111 - -- -I 111111 Jr.e$z-,--I "ý l7 q r I UD= \,-I I (n j 2- A. I I I. I N -P- k/-e Z Z// fi~L~t= "I- a \ 19 I - I - I - 11;;ý -, I-Lb-a ----- --~ I~-I~7f I ~Jco 23' bie~.~jh ~i~Podn~s ~ e AT el ~s~P8 f qLS~~es qL )r~L 2 'h i Z 2',Z lzt,it- bPakB Iozc e i tS8 I//O uardi n IPd F 3. F1. Baxter-lt....,............~........~............ 1.50 D. S. t'hhatfiel d ------------------------ 3: Johni Lun-sdell ----....... 1-1. HC. 11orgait....~...~........~............ 4.50 M a;ry G-arey....~............................ 1 See. 9 3 -4 6 6 N. a e. Ac res. 6. D. NVT. U1Ftlacliout....-...........~~....... 7.. M ary D ell................................. 9). D. F. Alarkhai~i n......................... 5 1-0. E. B acl~le.................. See.. 6 7T 16i IsY 19 No. Name. Ac hres. 11. J. NV.T Burton u.................~........... 55 1.. Chn.s. Myerir s -............................. 5,5 1-3. A. Hindeet.......;.............~............... 1.;50 1. E. I-IT. MitesC.......~...................... 15. Ida blaiiks.....,..........I.............~...... See. 24 2-8 28 No. Name~. A.Cr~es. -16. Joh s hu f ------------------- 17T. A.Irrs. Tnoc. Shourt.................1 18..C. R,. K iii-lit - ---------------------------- Aging* ll~rrar~a lp-lis~ll 11111-111111mils iltWIllllIBtllIIHI IIIII-~=wrsrlli;E81181.81118114 8$81111% fllll ilitr#arrsnna,..-.., 1111 I- iBIIBt 118111 Itl%8t,, r 111111 calurlar IlrQYllrIrarrl811 tsier ilil Dnn IWlle YL gy IY13?tarsra rrr ~I~m 188181iP Iltllt ua Im asra orrr u aa atlr aslYII""'Elyr_ a srr aarpr arpa ~-- Ir piar. I ill ggg%111111 f clslpr I~~III us rmwPllirlrtage r srmn aa.BMllsllBIPUPI Plllllara aarsp aar aulblllrIlielf 18 s ~ II"'~ as ar I IIIIIREIIIMýu 111111 II 11111 1111 11111111111llili[ 111111IlflIfill IlIII1111II 111Ilili 11111111 i1Ill11111!1 II 111111 -- 1131111111 111111 L II I ~-- --111[1[= Ilr.- pip. llo la Illr l1llj I 11111 -- 111111 psl 111[ 111111 st I 111111,, ADRIAN LENAýIEECOUTY, ICHIA-NScale: 11/2 Inches.e to 1 -Alile. Township 6~~aaa~~~aaa~~~a South, Range 3 East oaf l~ichiSgam- M~Leridjian Imp.roved Reoads sliown thus Schools QRQOX Show~n thus: Rural Routes Shown thus: Cemeteriies Sho~wn thusgý f Churches Shown thus: r n:i Whe~Bre Rural Ro~utes runm oyer Imtproy~ed Rocads, thec same~a are denocted by Arrowa~s thusrts pls C~IP II 25 I sup. D 111111 81 111111 sr 19 p I 1. 111111 BBB pls bll 0s8 s 111111 111111 II F B B -;Iefe,<, a n, 9 C ~y 7aS1,:30 165 L izz 4 e- 77 p bh ccz ee_; S ~: 6h s z z 15 s 45 1&7~e e 40 14 N '6'1 71z/ ýcr W s +-----C- ------~------c 77c~s zzz-32e 00 En15 23 r cd[ I 0iB h F:n fa. ItI I V. VVF4-ý _CFp5I84~RujT 5Y -r -s~~~CBi--ie Er 67 NX~.~.3 k~ OI P510~jfy-4 rl t%,ce ~a: Fz' zS _r_ I L -.-.-- a r4r3n4; -41 goo.py n~b~z z CEM~ne 12.0 CI~-P-DT'C6------rY 4 2 +7 Jo Y, P e zlreo _CY~It I ~Ji g;119403 96- eR g~E~l 02 - Z S p csa B9 t;B*J-: IJ d -k;1-3 E5g LJ tt3 eta - I - J ý!g " i 1:E, -,. -~B ------- C1 WEaro "a M,Fi Ra fhp T-4iC t'-c Pf22 %'l-"S P aSj 1: ue%-gzrE~ lao.Fe %o -$ d e3 Ci ý4 1 - I ---.. I.. -.. - -7 1 r 1 - %, I - I. I - - o. C,57 -57- Lo'3' &;rza-Y a'' n/~ 7f ;Z-PQIL: C i &pLa S r" sb C. c-es 5;sC I/OTI,~l~Bg3%:::~: 60-~'7Y~" -/,' izz?a-7z-3 0' rC fT~l C729L -BEj Po rc~1 0~2ril, 1'20 i~ea:.- r ~ ~ -- ---- --- a 5. s W.Jg Ges i, s' ~;9a' tiY F t- ' 19.00 "L El L6;i t Srr: k UC: a 3 to 4p" Y'\ ~c~ ~ i~ OD "v-w- I IJAQ~ r r 5 I i I I 1 jl I I _Y b: J;&r. dlr 4" sc,h sO: I eP~4cr 7;YAe Oo ifl7LO %3ta; ~S. f, 25~ 91 to; )f - ~ 6 Ka ip E$)s-7IPtblPYPrdrraj F.o - - - Z5ýaz 7ee..40 6'6- /T 7 0. 0-:r7a+Qq 0 er NJ 7K. 4 %W.., H4Oý" -.6'"" -;SZ 7f. --- ~dr~'is4f''PC'Izs o p Ci-WL~ E t3()1 z 21 77 10 ( p. Ae)Z~ 723? II b C /IL1 r: j 1 IU; 3 4T " scs38: /2 i*-%:: a35 .C17;k' /a I:ts t ~:: 1 a ------- --r---- iZb: P. 1 doPnc; Z. ie;- YB OD Ni.::: kiS wox IL)a N OF, 5ý eoh.C~~. ~ JYO /ea I a)I X 11 FN - 1 -pta ZdeC Al------------- -"-P--P--"-"---d, _ ML. J.. -4~91 cx 13 I cu-s: tgv ar~l ~~30-?: r ~ c-SCpr kr rce c.x Mirry j~r, H i (772 &ga )Bj)P /78; 7. ero 7G;a t;a ý,7e- 72. n Roo 2 " "-' 85e iig ZP, pl ~5. pgl N QZ 5I d hO'i ZY Zi rf n i 140;71 - alcht( Z z-s his - IV_. k-------------------------' O ii. 3 V 5 i: 9 ";a""~_-,-- ewzs:. i 81 is:12 I BD.,s. fC3 9:O 8)%sS K B 51I Y jj-:. I -:: 0, #M;-# EF SPE" B 6::hp_15 e- Pt eZ. -z c 5) r! i-labiZori.49. T W. 7re i 1, z /70 o 143e:~ f Flrt _ -F P.e Bb~ D;I td a I a'N FLE~~~~~ 76: IiO 9 q. ý 43fi ~g f qj;T aj / I d R; 0-: lotLs C H,30(~-C4n- 7 77 Azer rZa Woe;,,ne 6, 4C. 2 1c-,fq, AACT e 7- - Xye /a la Son Dld.k " Pls- r. A. J; rt -F c cD:: Q tj le V q, Vi,3P~.I J-8 21;p: I Iser Jb ~ 1133:~9 f; 'h'iQ klIska L1-LLC_:,I I'ldP; ICI A/r Y2a d M~W71. 17~i 40~Cg al fo~ 04~t e Ica I -, b~n~l-L2~3F~F;-~aCZ~"PNJ--, rienk - t~l ra v 7/::~~j ~K T on.~~~-a~ 04, a- u Az ~ ý j no t litz or f- ov Zoe;i 37TJ 40l e joi~~~.3 WH. Z~C Vrb2 MrI~t 3k: rtl IriY IpTc!LZi./0~e h I S -+-6;;i3rRi~Falwnar?lii7Aa 3Z F ~~ C# X~~-- VL til.. C k) ANDO ~ I;A rf.Z "Q r'"Lrb-/(IZS~/~`~'-I -cS ~);s ~L d ~ p;v, alrF, II I.14 a eo- '70 c '70 7e~' 7 "ScH~c I-%~f~iL n. me8,323 Xfrosa ItR": n i er s ~st~ It-~' h Y~t a iu I ti PX; IISE I mrg; 7: tr:r(yci LQhQ Ya;;zpA3//i477/\yzGrtePiB%,yr;~///////sr //////////////: -7Z ]q ~.z 0 o C Ott~'to qu J0. >0 VER ~6 7A /VIOZ.. I.,60oreM A D~ 'cou Ittv Vi.Ii W"P iipl 11111[ 11119 JilBfs eloleaJ r;harwrr arasoe illlIi 11811 -- psara rarurr 1[1111 iPI, List oCf Small P~roperty Ownlers in this Township Shownl on Hap b~ y Numbers,~s -N. Nanaie. Acres, I. Frxed Pr1estonz -......................... 5 2. E.. Shays....^.................. -........ 4 3. D. S. Bak~er -------------------------------- 7 4. W. HI. Ploberts --------- --------- 5.. 3. WV. Knighh t.........1.. --------------------- 5 6. -Mrs~. H-. B3. Negus E st.~........ 7T. "Hrs. J. Smuith.......................~..... 1.20 S. E~. & A. Aljabach -------------------- 5 93. Frank B: 1uehrer........................ 8 1 (, AV. C. Ohrle.............~....................10 11. 0r. & H. T-U. Carlson............ 17 12. A-aron Baser......................~......10 12 a. Wililiam Germania -------------------- 5 R'. Dawsson.~....c..~........ --------------- - -t-. Mr~s. Mr. Frtitz...,.....~.......~............10 I -ý I, A ron Baser................................ 5 10. HEenry Yenor /................,............ 5.50 C. Smit~ h...................~... -............ 2.37 I.S. J. F~, Gillett..................... -------- 7,See. 4 13 1-0 17 19 19 19 22 223 23 23 24 24$ -N o. Namue. Acres Sec. T. rl. Nuo. Namxe. Acres Sec. T. R. 19. '20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 27a.L 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 0. V. WG ilcox..,.~....1.................. 9.66 At~m. Deis ------.....~........~........~..~..... D. B3. Birdsall._....,............~.......... 8 M~. WT. Purduae....~.....~..~.....-..........12.5 J. C. Brockway~.......~................. Frankr Underwood....-..............~. 7 Wt~. 1. Webster~..-.....;.............-....... C. X' HooTves ------------------------------- 2 M~i. ýiailey..................................... 3 C. WTarson1..............~.........~........ Gilbtrt Ireland ---_------------_---- 3~ M~rs. H3. McIcIinney...~~................. I Mirs. S. Feezer..............~..~............ H larriet Nichols, et al............ G. A. Dibble...................~...._.....1 Uj. & E. Allabach.................... 23 C. I.. Bliss,.........~.............: -------- 5.50 Ernest Zimm~erm~an.....~..~.......... 6 24J 21 -24 24 245 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 36. 3'7. 38. 39. 40,. 41. 42. 43. 44. 4 5. 46. 47. 4S. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. Geo. RLehklau.....~.........................10 John Spielman ---------------- --....... Itobert Fenton. ~........... --------- ----- 1 Mrs~~. L~eonard Stegg ---------------- 5 Roy Mi~cPhail.............,..,.............. 8 J. W-~. Hfelme,............................ 4 W ater W~orks....~..........-.............. Pumipingf Stre-ets.~..........,........... Frank Soale...~~............................ 6 Fi. J. Stout.........~........~.....-........ 2 J. A. Flitch...1... " --------------- 9... H~. H1. Russ. ----------------------------- -10 F. WV. Skeels ---------------------------- 10 Elza, Potts...~........................ -.- 5 N. C. Young,.... ~..........~................ 5 Acme Preserve Co..~.............. I Helenz Skreels ------------------------------ 5 Jas. Butler ---------- I...................... 5 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 2S 28 `34 84-- 343 34 34 34E IN. N'ame. Acres Sec. T. R.. 54. T. Mietcalf.....~.............................. '7 34 -55. C. 13. Ma~diso n............................ 9 34 56,. W. H. & B. H o iv e.................... 2 34 57. H~enry Ford........~.......,............... 4) 355,58, BelowTski & Waroski~s~........... ý 7 35 59. H~enry F'ordi........,.............~........ 5i 36 60. WV. A. Chutch --------------------------- JO 36 61. HEerma~n WTellnitz -------------------- 10 36 62, A. J. Fl~ory..........~..................... 6 36 63. iNT, ' Chur~ch....-~.....~........~...........~..... 1 36 64. L. L, Church ~.............................10 36 6 5. LIillie Gerkin Est. -.- ~............... 19 36 66 ibert Schley.........;.................. 8.50 36 67, Fi~irank Mi~adiso n.......................:. 5 36 68. D. Shepliard a~nd wc~ife............ 0 36 69. Ch~as. A~mbacher.............,........... 10 36 70O. Edwar~~d Carnahan................~.....10 36 71, C. IV~. Barrick.........._..... --------10 36 gll 1114 a ILPI 11111 I PL C 111111 pr I 111111 111111 I-. I 111111 PP sP brm SlslY Illirl e8 lsu9 ls 11~9 ~P1I la_;a=,ygI91'11II11"-liflla-;-8 ---2;11111811111=- -illlllt-- 11811 111111 IZIStil'lllIII-l""lll1ls~111811-111 lllllIr~-~111113:llIlllaaPllallll~~~lll HIT= I I cc...... I,,,,,,llsilliilIllllissrrstlllca 1IBI1I 181sliiillI11118111I -~181111 11111111181iBtBI 11 S;;;S;51815 1 11lI1i11111still 111111=S 1111113 r I1Erg fi a.n ir sa 1- 111111 111111 Illlll-jlSIII1 II1II Ilillf~mllll%l111111~ 11111 111111 rll----------P~rl --CICL Y ldl LLLCe If It Il.earrplm 11111111!I 1I1I,, 11111 ]11111 11111 1 111[11 -flllfllllill 11118 illtlllllllll--" - '- II -- lp- pl rrnnr 5Y- DIB ~ II ra a a rra am e arrr Y IL3D 4 Ps car - I 4111PI ~IIIP PI Is ~rrrrr raa rII1lllillill1111 II 111II 11111 1tlllflllllbap wrrr pll iDI IPa BLPPB e ~PP~ sPB s3 slIl PPIC LB LIPI BllllaO 11111 111111 IPIC~ Illilf,, 111111 PU II Illlfl Up -cl Illtl 111111 PI 11111 s L IIUH 111111 I 1 111111 I 911111 sl PPPPI IIL IIIEi Lo LW~ -II 111111 shrs trrucrr som Illtll *-~C4 gaa am P919 111111 NUH ' AI 111111 111111 c. Iltll ~I,, 111111 lli918 111111 I 1111 II 111111 J4 D ILXI iC~l ililil rr 11811 P II HIN[ Illtl[ I I 1. - --- 111111 111811,,, UY 119111 L cP &11111 tlil[B 111 PB ~IPs Eseaa LPA 111111 111111 %1111 1 - --- Township 6 Southeh Range 4, East of Michigan Meridian.Improyedt Roads shrown thuns: mmammww 'Schoolsh801 Shown thus:: Riural Routes Shown thus: Cemleteries Sho~wn thus: f%- Cthurches Shown~ thus: 'Ift Wherre Rural. RL.ontes rim~gnn o-er Imupro-ved IRoiads, the sainena are denoted by Arrow~s thus: P. CL 9 B D 1 1 I 9 B I D s d b 9 14, E 0s~~~- U M EJa e;Fzý sse Gra s" `P~, 4,0 -L 40 J/ 1prt 715 L. ff.. sc. / as-3-~ B O N. O GeorZE crulft2 71 AV 9 A' ~ ~ ~ e7 Ft; -L. -7 UZ E-o rtQ 1 a A 1,574.12 t70- ze r k ~j% Z L T 7,2.70 Z6. 8Z i -N, 80 jC~ 00O I i if 1 7p T IX r77~~~ Ntl ý 6~~ 13 - ko I NJ vzýs I fitc;I ý. I I A A AM, ýLu - I Ld -lz - i q p ----N I L-11 Ign i ". - ýillillCll'Ill~lill'Il" Zmmmt~ dmqkfakir -- - _ T-- fý5 ""---9t- ý ý: ri" gill,, jr I ~ DL' m~~iL-dl 0?eZ.7 _7/ JV2i~L 40" es t/ y C~pP V221 -E 4PP e?-, iri tj" Q'" Q1 3sr I /7 SZf MIOF-eýý~? " ~ýu L75~ ýklll -94 bl N ~P8~e Z A>c~n -/Zl-aý 7-,6 I r k n 2$pzcsa,, IS [ 90 Gj Sjth'fi" r?a rpo Vh e 'S7 3rcl I C3 /7 Z1, 2pe Z. xh i e -ZLA-u a r, o NJ 41 rln F? %It~rd O IOg O LC h t P c 1:I" kfd rSaaL F 00d -- -- r " P1 r 'k"b~ 3e, -; dOB -L"?:'"l ---i -al..I C, A ~r.S~ lea QC-L IYO 71,11 ý - at3; 11--7 o erI iiZinzLs f I I.,, 1 1 IZ6 u IM9 fig I maca=R-9 -MLm316~ uisbP~FsssassF p--------------n--- nsc---F -~R ~CSqRBpl IgL"""'-~--'-'-'-ar -$ eS jf am: iEi$: o' 1 is" 4 t ci CLSvPe Alj 4O,)r2' Opr La I;s, t7 \g 3P ~r.il a, eo e LI) ýr Kr 404 t i -li o r P.,t nQ i ~93 O t YFt piB c~o ,9 " K B Cl bt4 E~, Tk r sr crf re 24 e k r~7t O g -t c. P cPe&5 d rs~s-o) k I I 3 r '2Pe y OZe 7 -Z -AtF *Sa.Ar L PP).1 EO 9E,, 10O -? n shzea Zho~z Sult.-Staý ff wio~ard C-'h I Ara-Ne '?Zer4/ p rzu-- I"i ý, IK I P I ij r r a ýlj (l flew... UNr~o o f s ag 9~n BS;fsLI rpnr BIBC) 27 lil II, I - - I 111181 IIIIP apru Blfill 11[111 I 1111 11111 I Ilra 11111 I, 11$1 gg, 111 i b IEllll - J B ~BIICI BPi - -- 111111 ILI Illst% ,, 111111 $- p~ liBI ccS ii,, , W Jlltll PCIII 111 IE9 BB C9 o IIII Lsc L9n ~~ BI WBIII 811111 1111 UI aa II - - 111111 111 I im HIM see.1 28 $1 29 '2,3'>1 33 33 33 11 __ __ ICfPI~ PI KGiPF;t QQ.O fi -P 9I:1 Z-lira /,r o iPpa 11 I -,,K IK L --`M2 I 33=1F I 9ý- I * - M ý -Y -9-Y I 1 1 C -.-L--r ~ I 4-ý-4I' '" iI I,- -=- z g -mz Lssl~ BEr 916 . ~L*r adYd- 9* DC-- r "PE 1 8 7. '1 iS I_ Mh 'b I~cTrr I ~ -c- ---- - - - -!EM-!. - -T r-7 z ZAN --aaa- -*rrr, --iP -R iet-IBFh L - - I- - VE-----I 771..i~4~ I j) ýt Ji all e v iI N4 ' -, q3s b C4f ~ ~ T N.10 9 ro uom ilkin I - ~ I v418~~ 3~1 27ý'z /VP a cf~~ ~ a 7~ S CH.cn NI) d z 31_l ---; go -"T I ~s. ~ o cz '35,0 30B lIb,.E: ti o 90 eoC Ze " W ýA8 ea /30 2A k s r L s 3 3 i 16 3 Arw Ek ifar O~7- I'SC~ ~ qjt 22-o aj 40 s 33 0 I ~' I c--Al kl) I f 7 a I 3 r k, 6;o 7 /. S-A& ~77 O6!42r. 21,T71 ýj A.. Ar for N E ~"rcez $I G'. wn Qýý- A 1 TOWN ga~ e~ C33 ~b~oicr 06 200 x I go,ta tjd h) n, tu ex b )Br s t4 C 0d 1\ Qj 3~6 i: tc. r;:M.YH. CID- Zý?- z O'' OVv irat;LTe Q7T 2' C tr 27 i.ta p, -9Q P N3 D 19 4w 77 CZZt Ho.NPj 7 i o /25 O i~,~41 r7- -edl 191 li G;-ay ~ a~u 1 -L ie ao - e- 7e z 7-Y 1-9.6-; ee=t ý,b a r?'fa 7-YPT 40s'v I C;C 3BYI I I I '1FS1 LBLI' IIC-'-'--'V" sZz4 I.Z c-r ~1ZC 't~s K --. 11 / ~i OIT. ý q, it oujh ZdýN V-~t!o-:~t"j;a *_9 1-0 t 19 0 1= I-- Uhtlee,33 o/e -96.... Rasi z IN k. -T lý I1ýu IK. r - I l1k-&-ý1- 1# r-Ko-gII/YS~~C7~-I~JX~- /B. t Ae-- /IP~ Lef 6,P)I~~)~B \~~ld~,bHr Lr~B;I A~ l 1 ~ a~-~~;_( iG/~~l 1 ~ I IJ 34s J /6 ~8~ aS 72 7 Bc3 Eý 3 0lkG~~;7Tp >V '2 7e io o "-Ars-o;-dV ~ 1~~ ~a - ý. f5 I I P cap M~i t~~ Zo. -ý2 ý26~-~ re a.fz -1 LI av3 t w n 7; C7htSe i3": i: i 48 IGnrp e Z j _ C~c~Eu Z~* ~~i~SIL "Umm I - 7- -IPE ~~a cZS~~t~ -912 77 - 5i~b a ip-Ci2t ~40 a tZ <4a, Mge I ~ps L 6- 40r~'r i~r$ No... 4.. 5.. 10. Name.nc Acres. W ni. M. iilosh1..................~.............. 2 Raiisilt Flourirng MIlls..... 10. S. rI-T g..;..~........................ 12~,C. W. Olas d..................~............. 5 Gravel --Bed................~......~.......... -5 Cleo. Lujiningg........:............~....... 8.60 (Im~~s. W ipnle ý..............~........~.. ---- 1 J. Catrsonl.......................-..~............M~l. Ba~ldwi~n.........~......-..~.............. Sec. 3~ 3 3 4 4 No. 13.. 1.4. 15. 16. 1.7. 19. List of Sman r]1 ropertny Ownerss inr this To-vviiship Shown oa in Ntap bpy Numtbers., I. Name. Acres. See. No. Name. A~acres. See. E. Gr~eei~..~....-................-............... 16i 20. Frmti~ds Parsonage.........3 19 Jas. A~lberno........... -.........6 7 L. C. Haralrison~..........-..----- 2 1 Jacob Gaddy.....................~..~..... 9-90 19 - W ~. 0. Payne, Est..................... 21. '0 19 ~O g 23. 0). 0. Jones............................... 22 G. L. Dunbafr -...........~................ 11.5 19 244 Jas,. Kennedy........~................. - 2~ 22 J~. N. Wh~Ieeler..............~...............50 19 25 11~-. 171eiike................................---- 1.50 277 C. W.7~ Smith...............50 19 926. Xf. Grujidi..............................-- ~~--- 28 Alonzo Gron-er............... 1, 2. Parsonage..................................-~ 28 3~an 5~tt e.......~..........:.. 6 19 '28. Rt. B. -Parrsonage..~..,...............50j 28 Nao. 29. 30. 31. 34. 35.~ 37.. Name. Acres. N. W~7estgate Est.~t.........~........ - 7 G. W~estgate Est.................... 9.50 Geo. Wilson.......I-....... B. Glenn.................~.............~........ D)r, 0. (1, Jones......................... 4 H. H o a I...;....~.......~....................1 3 E. A5~ooster.......~-~...............-.......13 John Mooore....~~~.......................... 3.50 Florenlce Hlaviland..............~.... 1.75 i~rP*rri IIIIIIZIIE(I1IIUIII1 BlllllllllllnR 111[11.11[11119ililllilllI1l Ira ~rraw PPYeY Ps IlflBII -- --- IB 11111111111111111lmllllllfi ~rPrra mraman gp~lp ~Ils aro apLI rmrra rra.ppC* LaV,,, IPP~11 PL1L ~P~lgl sm aLII 4-L1PL 4~1LW L IILI 111111111%111111111111 illIlll!l1[illl lirrcar 6 ~su. sa pbi LY~I rpB pl rr sBNI bBLI e cs 11911111 1 @ 1 1111# 1 111 11 11111 - - - 11 l lEllliMlli Slii 91ll tL--o -ý 7-F7. RDGEWAY F i. n-i--7 - - it 11 U - 1,-11- 11 - i I~I *O S I J fScale: 11/2 Inch to 1 IV' *- *? pTOWNSHIP. (jm.P9 %. LENAWEE COXUNTY, MICHIGAN I., Townships 5 and 6 South, Range 5, East of Michigan Meridian I Improved Roads shown thus: S chools Shown thus: Churches Shown thus: Rural Routes Shown thus:, Cemeteries Shown thus: ~lll WWhere Rural Routes run over Improved Roads, the same are denoted by Arrows thlius: %, M Ar M M e; W'q P;. i~lii ( Ad V-r~ III ~ -, o *~~~7 ^Js^ lv > i.^^^ l_ 1z. s7 vtý l' 7:'.,.,2 2 o " * z^ ^^^^^Pa.~ - j'^ Z.Z iy^^ ^% thi '.^ownsil)Shw on ^ 3i by^^.Nubers CD.Of.A es.. S............... 3 5.. l............09l n......... 0.................. 2,opJ z^~ h Zja t"3. S ^^ O= ^ ^^7a<^^S^^ lb^ m~S4 3I 3 I.M & wVm. H am an................ 11. 32 7. W in. Ihittfon.............................. 4.50 4 11. J. WV. Beam............................ 5, 5 15. J. Lavinder.~..~...........-............. 2 S5.S 4..W. M illyard............... T 6-6-S.... 1 '2 8. Frank Taylor........................... 13 4:12. C. Culbertson -....................-..-... 2 5 ---I--I z * HIM 11 Sec. 6 6 IRHIIII,.._-, 8 ilM llli ES I IIIII I III I11~-1111 e11;- E~I1~= ~ ll~11111-'"~ll dglBBl l~ B111 1Ia""I~l~~~8~ls~tllItlelr lasllf T~BI1 ~ lll~BIF~"-gZB~~fIil~ll ~11B1~~ lllllllllll===-=a Ira 0 0- C HU 0010 Scl:P2Ic oIA v LEAIEECONY,211 HIA Towshi 7 out, Rnge1, astof ichganMerdia Impo-vd Radssho ii hus amw,4Q - I chols how ths: hurhesSho n tus Rura] Route Shown thus Cemeteri e Shewn thus WbereRuralRoute ni~no-verImproved Rads, he sae aredenotd btyArrow thus 7Z 7,-z 'yP ff. Z. T.J CI~NT, 7PbHX~~ih ci~VTowshi? 8su~, Bnge, Est f ~ai~zgala ~n~erdey TI1D.O~ Ioasslowl its Shol Sow hu: OF -7 hwnths 49a~ue hw hs ac;Cmtse hw he a7 ao?,Zisr/4; r 7,4'. J.: WIow~ -rnoce IPrredRas tes~~eaednte`araro~ l~s -~ % ~P 7-0 7Z 141-0 0 67i'101Z.5- q N. 3 At. cp 0 c O ~l~kslNO Nz 3-5. j Lý7 11K 12~ ~ ir ~ -e zrrle ~ -r~yez - 0? ), i, 'R.-,.... ý L7 Ell tN - ),.,4. 1 's/ AV. IC' E p i Zi 1" 77 r- ýe IQ4 ) oS: 16e ýy t2k - ~-- ~v~.E;; 'Zbi C hi r~ Z rns!7z.76c.4aZ g ~ n~~ / Z~:3: -~1:(G"~ifo1X0 f.- ~i~VC~e~ ~CU 5CL "a ~~-qj~ CLYC1 L!:& reJI7 TL-JP ~ C~ lCi J~ ~rS ~3 rS. n/ar~ e OOI~ ~ff~:.~57, 9.~c O~u~ Zo~z 'ý9_ \:ý 6 II 3P 111111 -- I 11111 I HIIII 1 -I 1111111 I BUI JlltlB cl aat Ilitil 111111 I I I 111111 -tl.~ ni-r;t;a le97e;75 -53 ga 3 drV t z 'g Q 2. B-.?t- c r _k:s i i$o owZ sygyyllr[ ifA. f eg S;7 B i b do OI:r 1 ew. z- OQ) J h t,4. t %J~auL' V9 e r fs o01 6 we E bL aI S P J C r- R I ýI &:: d / D 6cl-7120Ft 1$Z 17 _7V. 2v /13 eU~a~a a. WaWLPr rown zz 0 Zia-6T L7 A 49? NJ. tz" Np" ~BF~/670. -, _Xa ~9 z A-e. nezzý I:~Zý 7ý e 7Izc F_3 _7o 3,-T e,30 a I~ C e r Q ý rO 7 7 - ed C3 ~200 5b (2 H. r,., e qj _.. - q) 43 Ln SzZLc~a.//.-go z-5 20~ _7 I a r( 40 B: r 3 2;LN 01f d ~ $ Liist of SmallB Property~f Owners iJn this Township Shown w a 3. 1ap~ by Numbers. N, 0.. Acres. See. No. Name. Acres. See.;N. Nme. A4cres. See. N~ h~m,~ Irs.............. * f3. M~ary Lockiwoo dl.................... --- 10 18 1-3. C. Stfaples.....................-............... '7 19 1; E. P l e 2.. B. U mlerhill.................... _-40 4 C......~...~~..... 1 ID 20 I a i~o 3, 1.~ ~ 1A~ n............ i B 9. John Gall milt...... _ _........ i 1. 1.AN. ac ii....................1 4. C. J. D iii...................67 10) S. Chaid er................ 1- 16. N. IV' Brearl-v........~................... 4 19 2. ~ nl oll.......-.......~ 5. A4. Fuller..................1 ' A.T r 1 17. Mrs. J. Hughes Rst............. 8 19................~. 121:~~rel E t. ~ 1. Mrls. D. D. Mcricoouth.;................ J 3- 18-. Chans. Kip.............. 19 H~~1 II~III 01,20111H 111011111E 1111 Ell III MI 110 0 H"Wll'Sillll 110 1 j11llli M 1l111M. E III1 ~Bli~[il~iii~ll ~ 11[~ 111 111 [1111 ~111~illll LLJg IZIj 40: 7j,08L 3-9 3 34d d\ 34l c 34 Hil 12B HIMs~% gS 118%11 Illfi% UYu lf&1 zs 8881 Ilfl(B 119411 1118 11111, BrPI~B BPt PCPBI II jiii 811911 PP. TLPI P1 L9eP~ CnL 111111 111111 JIEII1 1118 11111 81111 lllf19 ID 111111 I Dr, ltll 911411 18111 dlllt 1111,Y s 111111 II. 111111 1 an ilP bhi AI 81 __ 111111 ]1IEB1 111 111 1111 811111 laau araaa rsa 11111 zrnn rrrysf~ P --- Zll"sil Illtll II I " - Ig - - 13111 iPI cn BbPI~II18 3L~4D HB fgt%%fiI11111,, Illllli1IPI IE119nrjrIT Iffurn Illlfl,, euo sas ar* saa ruar irBgII -c-~--~ Ism saao X-LLP rrtlP~ illP*B rm. Llaar csa usr ua acs p*sppa zesi RlfY IbD IHR'IlifllgiEtil BPlg LLZI ga3 pr-2 rra m.sn? rcjrs az. mR~ BY U+ILP LILZI casl a rm aLsr abs arr -~p- BEEBeeF Mmill 1 %ownsb~ South, Range 2, Eaast of MI gam Ma '5eridian Impro-yed Roads shlown thus: -- Schools Showrn thus: C~hurches Shown thalus: BRural R2outes ShownE th~us: -- Cemeteries Shown thus: ~ Where.94 Rural Ronates run~ o-ver Impro-ved lRoads;, the samee are'F deil'oted Iby- Arro~ws th~us: A 9% C'NI i ii i mo,/ 60~P~Pi b~hee: nzre 9 Bo ZtZbtH iPoa r31 E: U"-.tr hC, "ej QU e~kL i Z'307g /71.76: "P J r r "Alb -- -- - C~p ZZ-z.~ q~r~ 7 Z- ~ l qo~e~ 010 40 co rA.ap~ 0ý vv ~e ~~6~i/ 7La~C PB P-~P-aLkeRBBI--- 7 - -_~n": P3acl 4CPz /u js;ra we' Z -f slz to*p YU lrh/ a Wý lnscM 197 -F a -;r, I 16;z 170 Zdf,ýW--LC)UZ i TWO. -ow. _3 I t42 B 5ý _71IIz 'r rw CA q ~~o ~D (5CcL C,/ e 7 Zd, e~~e it N -9Zd4e c~k c~- 23 - Aa 1 - -.9149 1 1 I I TI I I ',A- " lu - -ff -L I r CiLZPjL I t YYfi~PUPYY'~0-7" PPO~~PPYY-%b~~PL3UY~~ t ~- r \ 1 V v-3 r P c; Is J, t!86 1 3 r c i r c h 1 G G-o ver ~ '4J Bbb: sa 5 kj'Q1 idR L6,4 g OIZ I -. I 9w ". 1 - 1] 14.,- I il w P1ý6 _ i r;lU i30 oo r i I I k FC3 Y NE d? '3; a, 39' k, Cg rJ ca. PL3 hll u h\ Y So ;a" ~~CQ 9, 6 o of C. WeerP 21.% h L 1 I I I - tI I A- --- -z.72 zeL. Jbl jZ' /4-P4 I dIuo, F9 F 10;b hr/ _Z; a by t ie, 4 O kZo ZZs I sn s. i 3aJ- er a% ia PL;SO Z )./oo Gs -5; IPJ';h 'tr o Ft r3 n3i L $00 wT Fg 5 (Pad -m t4 -Mri /I2iL2arBi Pi-z 8VL/ Zgr& w8eed,34,5-q~ I N;--i - - -./ -%-,.1 I - \-41W I I -r mLSCCI_ . 1.. ._.....1IL I_L.%_I _L_ ~s~s nnr~~---nrH'~ ~a-~sa ~vo w~ ~n~* -Ba ~----~ 1-KT jE-ýP9c7 I - ~~_ --~ I ~ _ _.DP ~ i I~~lli ~P -~R~1 -BIOMMA Mien~A~ 88=18' ZebAEICWgpraPggh-IPI, 76t----n?~less e i t3, -R. 11-~2 WL kz r dt d` /a/ " 'i s;P'4( C. g ao CIO r-.--' 6s P 1 o m o c ru Its j D ts "4 I-~T? Y "s. c lio 7o- W, 3 "2-0g "-,.v z o Z/-~s q ---lo Goo.4r r ~ 3 PQ oG;jajt s, ah aR' YJ Eu~o (g 00 ake Vx,~/// ZZ a, ~ZZ 7 e c 0 -f. ~ )JOYM~~~3EeS e0~r k~7~1~ I: `r 'tj u 9 %1 YO '1 4 1 1 W I R F 4- ý w -ý- I1 -- I A %P s el 490t I'D /a lro- - - ý_ /V o W17 -/'-c4 f v ~ I Vil k_%3ý---" ý1ý4 40 /4 -14,1V er i 0 vB f t TA M. i 5 I I.Oro vv o rd~ls 140 7-a 129,5-0EI uru -ýOl 6I 1 14 4;' -7:-,! 26) dhPs 610~f 4 Ikf6j ZL ZZ 5~ sB 3 t, A 63t';cs;-d 7/' i-~ PJVP I w I -LtPF - I Z3 Z Q lll 49 Flj;erI vzo I )I I I~I~I, Joni ~~I r X 60 9, O t)'P P) 30 a o, ta - r-v Adfu -ICat 130 ~~, ~v t-4 (,ý wi O K, r$ Q~ 9F~ 1 fzýO M%.~oOs See s, 7t 7TQ 9:; I-ro h _Ba ow Zf D2 e P1 cso MY unc Hor~ugo C. z's~e I v~CEN.t,: 04V oeekeZ e JB ji2 kTatic( Cpy JO xPz ra -Z) g gQ p Z I Eno~n n 33111111 19111 PCI P48PI a ~El 11311 111 cf 1118 sY sas oaaa CIQI 1 aaP II Irara II PP 3111 scp I 111 101 IUIII 811 as 111111 ass: I--u P 19111 111111 II IllilF I ;am?-a IIIAl 1118 II II illP 111[11 -r p-- 11111 111111 8 Zo 1111111 AI 1111 laa san ar at glp sMIII 111 Q 111%11 ps - - II 11111 man -gW flil[l c syao so~Rat U~ a-4L I 1111 r Yp B pe ck,,, ppq~L I, g 11111 111111 rs. Seer. 1111 30 35 16 ZO %5 III 1111111 j~r.,q v z x Cc, t-) aoo tw CE "d liiF a ----- /o, D r? Q, I 1J N D cg F5~mpicilt Woo dCt 40O 7neVcs zearer -00-1 co~ t; mi 'j a (I/ - R -t I -) '-IC,).1 1 H~ OQa,Wzzt - 231470ýIPý2 6)E 3~~2~ ~Z. ~.A 17. vr*-~ CAý, ý-ze r kts~ y~VO Orya n Z'~' o4 ,-j 1-:20,970-- 1 A ~ r LIM~k I I I Af~ 170;EZ, --7rd LTs1~---- I ý10 7-dp PZJC- ( 3L'vy=22 `4rzrG72e 7 G; tyCI t -1 u, rv~l 0. 0. 4L~ OVA! 411. C" SyJ;SPO 'yna o CN93.v8~ /-Z 0 CZ 70 24101C~ 04&,v SSa-,S"T -7dg) lr 9, ý RI f" 26 Cj 2 L O TV-7r 190 a -e/1 G P; d "r; F i" d Br; ~B I I'm - i u - -.. 0. O ~ Ze Z '72,.7 hni' zr~e OWL te, A?(~ 12-0 rLe A~ rr~ 0a. 5r zn, '' 88 3 b tJ ~ J: aPLZZ: /a I n E IV 57~r nl-j ",yen"u '4e) Jcr Ft. 1 6&6, I - i Pýv -.1 ý FI= - - ý t Ml I. =w4wdw*=bm Eslacte~-p;~; pba rot LIst of Smnall Ptropertgy Owners in thiis Township Shlown on. -Map by Numbers. B.. Toiles Est ---- 3.Oliver Furbush...~ 4. 0. Du hal a ----------- Acres. 5.....1 0,...1 7..~. i ~..-........ 1 ISec. 3 NJo. Nal-i'e. Acres. - See. S. Fl~. Batcheldere...................... IS F-. redl Shad~bolt.~.....-.......~.............. 18 '7. Townsend BIros............~....~.......... 5 I' S. Cyrus Alllen.............,................... 1 24 NTo. 9. 10. it, 12. Naine.e Ai. 1,11'. NCo o d...~....... AJ. G. Sager.......... m\. C.!-,utts..... Acres. See. ----------------------- 5 9;....................... 7.50i 35.................. 1. 33 N7. NNa ne er s 13. J. C. Anderson'........................ 7,'50O 14. J. N. Paynlle................................ 1 1. Peter Aleachl.............~....~............ 4.500 IIIUINIIIIIIII~II1111 ii 1111111111111 111[61111 BUlill IMIII1111,, 11111111111 aa s rerslr m pp I IPI *sre9 IILLL REL~ rY14 L a ~ n- ~P IQI OAL~O~ PI LII s3R DY BILLI ---~ IRZIY s g LBCI IIPI C~IB ~LIIIIP IPPII~ crrm ~19 ae, aQ -a P1II LIPB IP~~ 1~41 pli~ II ~ylS L*PLI ~I ~ -3~~ 1 -~ I 11111111 111111[11 IPIIP. BLZB ~ L r~rer ar rrr aua Pa.. sir ~arr aser 1E$BIBBlitl !III!I=-- I11!11__ I1 111 N III II 111 N Mill ~ il I lilNII MIll N III il~ ilNIIlt IIIllii-- lII11=!11 11 I!1511= 1111 1-!1111= liI!IN i111=1Iii N lll llt lt il- ll-- ll N I! M 11 1 IJl T:' Township 7 South, Range 3, East of Michigan Meridian iJH ~Improved Roads shown thus:.- MB-."~ Schools Shown thus: Churches Shown thus! iS Rural Routes Shown thus: -- Cemeteries Shown thus: H!IM Where Rural Routes run over Improved Roads, the same are denoted by Arrows thus: -"'11! F. AT w PR. /e 7,9T ia /.. - < 7r ' I11 YZa 0/1 B~~ ~~~ e tvl.,4. N^ h~ ls^y &^,s^,_,4o C-7: _.ze ' 19 -. " -s. E M 4N 80o 37 Blll!! _,..z.-^^ ^ 'r1 - ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Qj ZZf J7 11 _-- 4 -"..e_ C 14. ttNEW SC H. JZ_.6.09 "27, 'NI _.7tr. < )'er 7^ ^^-^^^ ^-^ $^^ ^!le^ ~ ^ ^ 4 t.Lt!11ohnr...... & ',reek z 2W. Mrt c z, ayCrts._? 1 ' 2.E.&V en.... ___-i " Z^ ^ --^ ^'-. j ^ ^,_i__ I III "; olir............. <. _.. _<...oo<,. .A........6 1 1 lr i g r....20 4 2. A.S v g... NJ& gi37, 12-., i S__ Ile.................0 8 1.A.- _Z:urg. 50 3 3. C le................0 7,44- _/-F,.J h s"/ % -_=--!!11!chot..-..-,.......<..5,, 6 __x_ <,< Ae ers. =A z U,.,-,,'t. I 7arv - d /o. H.Fo te................2 7~ U H o. wI ^I ^^lMl-]F A tF I L.O ^ af^W.-zz~a^d 2 ^"^-p. /a-^^y 9?^ ^^^-^^^CafW- ^ '^-W -'^^ /^ ^S^\ ^2.0 6'~~~~~ý t'?-1 1,%'~ Z' r- t'l' ^ W k^^S z-B~^C~cn z, -2' " ' mpg E II 73*. TM 3 rR.33 r- 150 0 P7- 7 l 0 c tý V-0 23 -77r i hee onsis hononMp y ubes No.tw N m rs e N N m Ars e o.?3-ONca4e ce.Sc o ae ce. DEE FI LD T1P*2.Wr. roipp......0 1. rs E a1z, "I - - - -17 Oz z 1. dn Jwet. 4 1.~~0 R m L............... 3 h M............... 1 et a e. 00 tý S n..P rtr.0 10%. R b s n............... W il e................ 5 6 1. P. G l s r............... 5 3 0 e m n T u h e r.. 0 fn CZCý,7 st....... 4 G.C llr....................1 6 1. A be ri cke............4 0 2.J ey. 4. A. c e r 4 -6 7 -j" z i L4 v 5. L. o f....................1 7 1 4 o s. C r n e............... 3 2 J h n R h rb e k 5.~~~~~ - -Zr................5 2. Ge0. S h a.a- v Z,.......0 28 15. W e s l...............43 2. J bn F tzer a d w f.0 7-(? 8 0 22. J eh l z............... 9 1. G. L e o m.............1 31 2. C a. G ot...........4 1. C u ge......... ýroe 113. z a- 7n Zez................... 9 7. D.T m e o............1 1 25. G. a n r..........4./19 7 - CZ7Z11 lliM ilE ll il iHE llM ll illM l i M l 111 112 111 il illl lll il lll2 111 1II Sec. 31 32 32 33 a 33 $E 3 4 i ^^l1 jazzazu IHHI S---~~MAP OF--1 MEDIN A T ownshi p_ LENAWEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN Scale: lb inches to i mile. Townships 8 and 9 South, Range 1, East of Michigan Memdian NU V&C S o. u,s o - __ =.= T w P _ en7Zen ike b ,e.. -,. o:.. N e ra 2.15 7 6P.3ýa 3 7 q3.30 co t IGO "-" 'L r =.' low=e rrro &<0 Tar 1.-- C4.,-< A -Z 10M,,,zo_. - -- - - - N.C3...,... 14 I/ wemeeee r er ý,.o. P ýIj 1 6 i e 1Z. A2 S.28 C3 9 -2 0 7- Z-/a-vr 03 7&y .."...rs.Sc.N..m. ro. /zo.-. _l~O. - esS..1> o. o z a, e.,p e o. S ~ a p.... 1 1 4 A..T p a u...........1. 8 1. S. S n s..............0 3..r; it W. T 9 8..e VI :._ A. o~.>......,.e. -1 1 5. F.B um n........... _ c . " T " 1':.:n& zo -c-' z: p.;r.-v-. Z-9-S..124 -" /6o ~.:oesn....T9S..0 6 Z 39 i " S Q '................ '- ' ~ t~l'l 1 l. lll7, t P ----; -- ~ ~ ~ 1111 ~ ~ riall ~ ~81IIE ~ ~ ~HIP II ~ ~ llii 1[11[[ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ 111111 ~ 8111 ~ ~ 111111 ~ ~ ~ 111 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ai~ fllliil ~ ~II 'Ilflil fllltl aaw s~sr sa~ Baa +r~u o~ IJII till~l ~ ~ P~L~ 111111 ~ ~ 1 ~ Itlll ~ ~ ~ ~ 111111 ~ laa ~1111~ ~ ~I ~LI ~ 111111 ~ ~ 111111 ~pl ]01111 ~ ~AI 131,, ~ 111411 ~ ~ ~ 111111,~, 191111 I 131911 ~ ~ ~ -1. ~ 1131~1 - II ~ ~Is~ 1IUSI ~ ~ iltlli ~clsl 1IIBN ~s~ ~zn~r PP~I~ +~rr~a ~urrr Jlfl ~ ~ ~ P31tl ~ Ilflll ~ ~ ~ ~ ~11891 a~t~sm Irr~ im~ylrz~ aa~arr rmrr~8 II~-- rrrsa^ p~ma p~s~r~ 3318f8 ~ %n~l~ Ilffli ~c~Y~ ~m~pa. ~cl:tss~ar ~a~sler Illiil~~illlli~~llllIl~~llllli~lllll~~ HIIH~ 1111111[111 ~11%11~311111~111111 slllIll~ Ililil~ll[l$l~~lllllI~~ rmB~lIII~~~lIllll~~l1111 I~~iiili~~ililll~~ll1~~111 M-.1 Oil M~ap of SENECA Townshipp LENAWEEIrBE3 COUNTY, IN1[T1jBHIGAN Townshi~ps 8 and 9 South, Range 2, East of Michigan Meridianm Scale: 11//2 Inches to 1 Mile. Improyed Pwa~ods shown thuso., Schools Shown thus: Rural R~outes Sh own thust: Cemeteries Shewn thus:ns a Churches Shown thus-, Whereae Rural~e~ Routaes ru~n Oyver Iamp~ro-ved Roads, t~he sa-me ar~e de~not~ed by A~rrows thus 4: w49MS. "1 nas ~g~~ ls. e~ ~h ur 0 r rn anda, I~ ~z' -W 8 -,5rmz, I,Z ý 4.v w w o a n.,omon # t i v & s --'N I "1 r!o o cb 9 b d -Leroy_ 'ays~ -9 7'. _ Z'Z so~ V~~l ~sr;~-~f~*--~Y~~AR-'T~~ ab le, f4fe447' J 74' ~ p~ 9hj,'lh 5 ~ej/I. Calk." ~o's~i~ k b A 8%@` a~ s~ 3x~ rg~l~ tjS 19 ivi orý -&-f 13?,5 - IN.hF~ 80 e 2 I r cl a 2 e ~eli I iT =I p z /i /i b Z i: ~i ~ ~ ~ z z 2~3` Ft' -F--7rj -I 140 40 ~hs! c~t~~. I i 7~~'-~~s-~~~ Y t, B ~cri ~o ~b0 rg IV9 /.7 0 T~B~w. =~ki~b. ~3~P$~Js~D~'~Jlfrr;~-~~~jj~ ncii Go,7ýZe?Z~. P 2 0 I - ) pe nrce y ~ F? w O B i i A 00 00 ýzzt-er 40 40a ct I F r E L C Prr 6P3 CS W bO f~ N ~a hi i a a r I i; r! n I Ik 7 - 7 22. 19 R 's c L7,a r~l tc-~;i~p~~ 7.3 49=iC qj -4 a\h; P1~9t a 4 N7g T"ej~p bSd~c~rrlg ~T~fZ ~ca~b~8~a ~'Un9 ~4~Q I 1 r4i. ~7 ned~i "~1 h( g, -L 7-ns~~ner ar ce 410 ~ V~ ~ie 12 mu ka -4-- -4 ~ d I r I -I. -wAL- ý4waft oO ~E~o~ W. p~z IL c E7ds e~, 4 ýZAg j ~fr/Z - -- ~B`S~_'_Y~P;ig~.-=i~bra ~3hL~II~YIS~b~ 1, qZ a-asa~9 a tioP~ to 12013.5 c~S WýF z z I'ar 4"- 'V~LI ILr-~-~ -- ~ ---~ -~ --~~--- ~ici~~~~~MAI I zpre- Z%50?L, ~TP ~c~~- r O~enecal Its u 1~ F ~I BQt R u ~a, hq ~ ~I ~b, ~d~~r;E~Ps~ie~jblC~IC~msiP~P~~~c ~ ~I - --r~--__-_~;z ql Its-~ g r I I 4 r c 1 7 h vmm ~lrL ~CP"C ~ \ sv YkZerz aB t 4 -7 -2, n 7, 7z e,5ý 4 k r9!P& k a - d'. N 7e~~d u',l"~ C~-p'~~: ~ I";aNTx -~~ -~c~ c~z ~-~ I, 1-~- -- I ~ 80 NJt~ Is ý c7.-~ ~/v(z'ZZie ~ ---n Naywo~d; jhS s2. /aQ M y 'rJ ~lto " y Ool~FS ~ Or ~4 R d? 8~ 9 ofR; r~ A ~ II"~ I~ /?,lp'O ~u sTl~kC72 /6~0 ~1 ~ ~ ~nLrJ~~sF--- -1 NN-BI ~ ~ L~ C-~ ets ~ W47 J'a k. I - -I- I I.- - - - IIz zze-ýz~ p 7ýýP, E\, " - a-vo PI ~ t?~ ~liS Zr~n sx~rPZa i ~~~, -,T.Z ltyý, Ka ý -DO 7rZ~~OS/ 7/4, eL~S -po P,,N ~t eO ~es~te cl~t,~ ~x, 9 2.2,9S mmW zw oo J_IT3a~ Z~S~y ~ ~ ~ _7ki~- O ~ P"L;S./9 8. ~ rrarey a~d~c~ P ~a7, 7s -I~ZZ'i~Y ~I;I O Q~ ~U" "~I h.,,,7U" h~,a ri F;j 3 Oor CI F~ L'o~sZdlS~e YctjrL~j~Sr 36 00 IA c r c CIO~ F oc? a V&p I vr lrr 9 ~Pt~5sl;3~ Fi~t~ a, ~spS Ota ~ -- -r ~c~6~5~ ~-n, eS aQ te~ cZ ~ d,5~ O i -B Y I i 741 c-__o 6 ýe 42. 7 -roe7 00P ~ CH. b F;i Y3 O " cO o ssa.-Vm &P-,-- _;;7 vu - B m - ~sl;j nt ~ k P~ ~s. IS &#. ~s~3 m.1. " I I --I - r -rr -hý,Oo Q V, 7,z-y e rCIL z<~.71e-Ze ý-zZ zo;Lo9 ^ t a ' ^:Ba^^~^-^~~ fl_ý I K INA^.1^ ^^ ( -5 all' ^. Srney<. Vtiien*tm j^rw ^Ssm^A 67^.ESl (y.Jf.1 T^^ZCI CL^er ^0 -C.-H yern*7?^7i "* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I; 19-- -j -- -- -e^-jf~ - -2~ - 1 r--L -s,f -- __ 7, Z ~are n-e-7,., L.^ry ^*E^-. e7e>7tyi, %?%e-n^ ^m QQ; -16C] L e 'i 6 / ^ C i 1,. 2.J SO ^ sartrt -L ^1nrerwoO,77/VP/ - Z,,5' 72 17Z8071 -??a^^^ ^\w y^ N ^' h' s 1 ta ^~ ^-Wlic 1 wiyT ^T ^ A 12 zKo^s ~y' ^ jsw^ - j d L hV Rj zee e Pa^ _7y^V Z:~ Ze,^ ^ /^^ ^-ri A __-/C51 "evi&0jh-; - - 0g~den Conter I IM M IbF 37.7f L> y > j> ^ S TV- 1.^ clz2^ e r e 6S--^ yS^ A-^1 *^/OTi-rt %C<93 Ssf__g.fi__ er" rL^ FS '^r-jr pTTA^T?-^y. 2 ^ /^^ ^7X^ Nk N C ^ ^"B *^ ^0 ^~i ^0 ^tf"/^ei ^(/.71^ 7-yz'y h~.^-5- T W:ffSem^!'~. zte.^. ^7.^ >^^&zz ^7-CL'L. ^ 4 0' C HW. N ^ ^' ^ J4J tin 12 MA a 0 1 1 1 Wý. *j le R-to ^,^ ^ 5 /^^ K^.J-^ ^ ^ ^ * ^ ^zZ^ 14-^ Y^^~.. J^ Se^r'Ln.f ^~^ ^S^~^ T-!^ y1 -v\.e.y W^^3-^^^ e0 ^/. f Ko;2^/er / ^*ne'c ^^:. "-Rr ^t~ ^ ~~<~ u ^.^ ^ % y~^s-"r", ^ ^ ^ st >,... ^*\ i.^ ^ ^ *S fti &. t A PIZ C- 5 ------------- ------------, c.c,, (C^) \sz-o^^ S^;( ^/^a ^ ^<~ ~^^~U 20 6'^CH 4'^ ~?<^7^ ^ ^J^ *,^J ^.1^ ^y*^^^ f^? ^ %J?-^^ ^ CEMI-t..< ^ L7fh %. 40 40. h q ryiZfe.T.23 > ý>C7 Z-\~ 0 C HI.. /SO> j251-e IOU^l.- - - Mar'y ~ ~ ha c,i f alr ^// -_ *-y 1-1 o L?' f * " 'ah gE'- A-' '^~i-1 ^. ^f^~~- ^ -~ - -J 3-0-<\ ^ - i'g ^Tl-^ ^ m.Ii ^ _ __* ___* _ --e -^ g --I1-IN- -- - -7i --1 S^ t^.^^^ airban^, ^ 1 ^ ^$t ^ ^7/^ jSe^iyzf iyi^^-y^ *'^^ -p^ ^hz^^'C^'. ^ ^i"? -^~* 7 -^ /.J-vS. ^S' ^tt^-ij^ T^C^n.^ 1 ^n.^S-n,------hLfc^1---ra---------ri--i-t----^-j^.-etirf* /&/.^w.a /~/. /&. -2T. y " ^ jrT-^^?^/.^ ^^fe 7^ ^ H "^^4 p^ J-S _ ^_^tt//c/ fr yy^jWyt y^a.nt^/ZcLTtd ^Sf /2.Q.. -B.-*. -rres^'sy^. *;*., ^: I ': ~G ~c'k ^J~~~ ~ --- e^^c - r4.6 /.ý.^ 10,^,p '^ ^SeimC SO0. 40bTW,w: & \W ^~\^? r57 -.^'rc AZ 4 9;72^ I FZ4 OZ Z^:^^ 0 H I 1 List of Small Property Owners in this Township Shown on Map by Numbers. No. 1. 0. 4. o. 6. Name. Acres. A. W iley........... T-8-S-... 3 G. L. Patterson........T-8-S--. 4.50 Mr s. N. ISneyd...........T-8-S.... 1 Lester Van Etten...-T-8-S.... 5 Walper and Heiser.---- - PI. A. Patterson..................50 C. L. Emmons................. 10 Sec. 2 2 5 5 6 11 17 No. Name. Acres. Sec. S. A. S. Beardsley..-..-................ 20 9. Anna Mloth...................... 20 10. B. Thielan --.-- --- -.......... 2 20 11. H enry Fry......................... 1 21 12. W. W illet....................... 1 21 13. U. C. Pays.-..-.-......-.. --......----- 2 28s 14. G. W...g.ner................... 1 31 No. Name. Acres. 15. H. Newton..............................75 16. C. Hagerman..............---- 10 17. S. S. M each................-10 18. C. Pifer................... 55 19. A. Sebring.............. 1 20. G. A. P ifer............... 1 21. David Pifer................. S7 ISec. 31 31 32 34 34 25 36 No. 229 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Name. Acres. Mrs. C. Pifer..............50 B. Fatchett.............25 J. Stut zman -.... T-.-S--- 1I H. Hodges..........T-9-S.....E. Barnaby.......---.......... 4.630 D. Bariclaw...................... 5,93 C. Uloth.......... -T-8-S.... 2.503 d'sR I I I I IF, = I Hli I-- 091111-- al kill MI R I I I Iliý I H III fiý I I I I I I my^nm'-iw 1111 IIIIl lululullI l l lI 1111 a !111 ~~111111111~~11111l~nll 1111111111--11 IIIE~~mB~~IIIIII~~II111111111~111__ II[I~11 ~lllll~llzus~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -- IIEIE~I(IIII ~-!lil~tlll 1181111~111111~81 Illil~lSI!~111,,,, ~lllll~i711AIJ~'IIII11~~1111~-11111'-`s [~P~;llfHII IIrri~iIlas1111 I~soaanrlaglrr~ ~~IBQCPE~Yrsa IleO~bBilC~C~a II~YPdCdll~9~s~I~U 1111~118 1~11.111 1~:III IB~iB ~ 1111~!l~m~111 1111~~llll ~nl 11111111-11 IIE~mB~IIIII~II 1111111~11__II[~11~lll(~iFRs 1111 SiS C89 aaae -pr Pa~r~P ~P I I '" tlP~ ltll ~ 11111 1111 ~ I 111%11 ~ 1 ~ c~111 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1111 ~ ~ ~ 8111~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 81111 I11111 I ~ I 11111 -" Illf ~ ~ s~l1l ~ I~ -- Illlli IPI 1. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~L11. 111$ L~cl ~ p~ I ~61 ~ _.__ 111 ~ ~ ~ ~ [11811 ~ I ~ IIIIH 'i ~ _ __ lllI11 ~I __ 1[[111 I __ 111111 --,pl --1 111111 ~ ~ ~ 11111 c, ~ 111111 BPL ea 1111(1 1IIIIP ~ ~ Illfll ~ ~94PI ~111 ~ _ _ Illfll I ~, 1[81 ~ _ _.__ II ~ [11111 ~ ~g~ ~gl I ~ I, IIIPII I ~ ~ ~ u 8111 ~ ~ EBIO Map of RIGA Townshfi'P LENAWE~EE COUNTYP MICHIGANG~S~E Scale: 11/2 Inch to I Mtile Towns'hips 8 and& 9 South, Raznge 5, East, of Mich~igann MGferidian 11npro-ved Ito. as Shown thUS:5:9~8 Schools Shownl thus: RurPall Rouates Showpn thus: EaLecs Cemneteries Shewn rthus: e ~Churches Shown thus:~ Wher~e Rural R~outes r-asn oye-r Impro-y~ed Roads, the santnze are denoted by Ar~row-s tbus~~ Pk~~ h I. ~ % E rglb, Ir4: P. t f,f I I C r j j T L I C I I E d d t C C I re,o.: I~~~ Cho-~ wo z:/e r 6ý7e9~t &ý2PesS p Zo Go,.&EX ~ IY~FL a~ ~~ ~C;11cb8 6 PI " c- ~ F~"A".Sdn4~_' U d a Ot~oa, U r, 'in~~Ap ~ SD O ~9~~ ~8~ -, i en% C Aý,~4t ---.-.I w I- -! 111 ~T~"SS~.80 ~ecker -7i-e n A.ct'd;no [ - 2se-vo elf n 0. ~TIi~~l ~ ~~'i I. ~c~o&"iz;, T4 Y(:, Zoic c k ýRo t QIc Qj \A 37 P c V)r LOt~ L:eP ZZq~ ~I~ I -;_1m ~T~i ~ l ~t~L~ers ~yeP' 7LR h k 5 I 5 a 7 c kl o c;Ea r 9 6 ý k Qj v Lfsý re q ~tHy~gd i~%iI"Q r-; A -: C I ICj 177' ~'9~g -7rvz 4ýý. ~ )? A? 02I~ 8 -0. Ar9A- I I'll ' I '"G Tff'"Q1,wuq I I ý -a3;ý-. -ýIjs- * I r aan z-Z ' ~ an, F 2ý e co LEs~ 7zg 2ZO. A5 /26~i ~ Z 0,2 - 7-ic,;ýwri Me ~a~o ~man 8~8~ss dZ: ~6b ~STi"S. ea. r r~nh s "T-~Ipl~"E'C~3T r~ Z % 3iP~ca t~~t~ kl~"a~4~~'~7~S~'~e~Ue~ gZn 1 s~ ~s: -"hQ y~y 2. f 4,3 T ~ 47~ 7-A, 06~zcr34a "~El~er LiPb t3 =5 ~rJ.t? tu ~J ~P~j~,07 ~PS~i ~L8 S. 3P. ~OYVe ~9~ t~ ~frl$ ry 6~~~ ep ~_ ~* I~L-b~e f31 IHAL ý -l, -e -Z- - - il A5-zoa~z- V V9 j>,z e Z. s c~,^ ~24 ZO -9a GO eZ ~i~%tIh~"""~, ~tf-iý - 1A - - - U1 C (;~(~~E~I.LL h~~- 3_sI l *A~~j3 L ~,7 B~B~ ~= _~r_0dll ~ B~i~;CW~I )2s ~ L h~fSAOLI MollSY L i17-Ure 38 Ch~ZCz _;;ýiez tOE~n y/?ri~~ /9 )S~'w~'f~: Cb I,36 ý 11 1 A vcr V-7nFr i'lli If - 00, c -ý- E 1 Z12]. - -~- ý 11 4 " I; I I -.~C~t'~pt'C;ii 80 eo It k.-I -PY L 7- -7`. _ -~-L-h~-L---~pX~bl F~r5 ~ 25-~Lre d CL JoezeY 'Vj'cm E'-t~'"I!~iiCLL /cl SCI '7e-s p~s~c-c~~bcl~lsl~s~i~i-~4~~*-c~,~.~~p~_j ~,~e~k~,~:~ tl0 I--L 'SCA V sA9 r?: h F g r R rr I IR6 h J r~.~BL~$~~I-iPP~'-.~d s e~:~)FP~~ ~c~cs~ saz, ~a~ ~iSr2, ' ~~~ ~"") i,??a 7rz &7e orz7e - O= iý.-- 34 7-a c-o 76S F, %7-0 Z wz~aeza zmrcA olkn, -Z97-0,6 t ac s 72--YP 2-4t-B Z W FL J";a~ L 2 -0j,~r ~B~hP~~ 3~ 3 h ~I r, lik ~W28 Y R1 14 ý4 N ~i B3 r t - t - % pF= =mP: mýýRý '~Bba~b~~-c~7~9~I~3 ( ~-~Lg~- -e. 1 -- 0i w - g sr ol ~ ~T~ oe h P $ '~; ~S~ 4~ ~jr c~ 4q,3 "' Z~pt' nler~ I c F C I A r I~ CI( r 5~11a I -; - -ý -5iý3-3s k a 7,h eo.p~Z?Yehhlazý,34120~ ~C`AC~ d ".a I"j r"i" ' 1., I~ d td r ~~u ~6~' dC~~B~ Q'rC1 y P, PU ar fi~~Y ~tiS-" tu ~ *d r, e.ti.~~$sJ ~ti~,2 ~st c;~b un y~~3L~~ F~~J N ~60 Pi4,7~ re:: _1 /s6 ~Z~SZ. 34~ es-bi IF - ~ c3 O ~~as r~ N 41~ C.tC I ~r" I >r7 W,2- Z7,perr~ 7F)~6c, nao oa'ý zat~ 6?0 Orz-ewah7 'Fon.a~,vo 40~a~a cl~aos, I ~,~llfF'--P~"-~.. L;L~b@I;~ B~F~P~I~-;-~~-~I~F1~nrcZSS~~?rrzojza ZLCA I Qr Id- I----- ~ ~ "rp~-- I V '.L-" " ob!:eý u I "'" r-Lsý ItV __.1.'- -iZPZ r" ~; 43 L /00 14 1 '--" F r o~1llr -/.V-. a I, CIS D 6 r ~L;rS~Sa ~ -A i~g LLS;2L ~e~a~ 6~Z' ~e p~ ~0~ b37 ig 2~i~P'P~L $ j6P~7~eC~I~~'C ~ti 12-f2Z~ Z 'S I ~1 340 a IF;~-~~9) Itl'" F,h~5'" 4'' Af-a.5i~ tel L a 2C~T~ 3Z;i~ /53 tg A n, FSZ. IP~ r ~es e' T~~ ~~ i ~z~f~ r~ra ~t tsFe E~~Z ii~ ~ -CB ~B -7F M '- SZ ' BlZ t3, ý t 3 06w 190 aS ark /00 ~P -z~a Ce Z: -z e 7 rrs~ r~slcs L~PlaH O*s~D 49 118 181111 ~P~a. Iserr ~-- ~Ym ~PP 1LLI~P~~ 111111 ~albcn J~B~LIII ss~O %1811 ~rura mnu~a~ aprr-ru* TWP. ][II~ ~--- ~7 ~sa ~U ptc~~- Irr~I ~ ~LZ' ~ep cp~e~ o~ b37 urr cg a~*t, ~R 811111 ~I IIBL~ IPI 'p~t'C ~ ~LL~I 1111 ~n, I~arr cr~a --~----~1 Pi~Prmst 111111 ~ss. Kas~e ~st. ~Bo~BB ~BrH(52 S~Lj 111111 ~ ~Pi~e OIP~ aaE~g: CIL~ 80 111 ~BB ~graj~7V~c-2 -tlllll - -!np-~ Z BIC941 %omp $O %11111 ~ ~sppg ~rrara i~lB L~g~ U~ ~aas~ 3 11111 ~e~rsr O ~ss;14111 I D i;: O 8 ~p~ IPPI 1 11111 gr~ ~ea~sso O tS~ o IHIE[S 111111 X ~00 EI~dF, b, Dbl111111 PDln o, h ~LI(Dt~ L N 111[11 ~ m -- CI &1 --QPI P4~1 I~Ig "~it-3 r 111111 -- k "% DP. Is~ Y f~ ~p~ r. sr/v~'ZZe P" 11111 4fb ~~4~ ~Q y IIIIII 3~~P~ etPr~ ~pq~ ~40 311111 79 ~ b;rrc' 111811 J~b~ eL~ '" P 111111 s ~I lsl ~L9 P~BI O ~z ~ 111116 ~ rP~ sra~-r laaar ~urr ~ 8 Edjl I '-i I1BP c~-u I~LP tt C~an s~s s~i~ r~ QI 111111 ~~O --- ~ao -- ~ 11111[ ~QI a~e rr~aa srsara m+srrr aa~B~I 9. &11111 L~IBLL P ---~ ~s~LIL4 V ~~ilf~ ~lsl ~msplr cr QI L7 111111 C~li dr ~ IRIZP: 111111 s. -I llli ~aDPI E~PPI Ill~t~ Bc.~cs. Sttc. ~.........17.2S Tj 1111 ~D~.........31.28.........10.~ B ~.::::::::.a.375 11 111111......... 4.~33: 3. 111111.-N ~ I-~-. 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' 1110~je2'92S;LT ~W ~ c~~S ~i~ pg I ~IPp~~ rt~f: ~ a: e Y"7~ R7t ~8 P~ -7-Z-ou Sep &() 6o r Isli ~8BC.Qbl~ r;Pa r: ~afr,,, t~1"4 Ir D ~KP 14 Q, tq _PlrL7C~ i~erJ~il3, 30 cn,~ C~7~2 Cha~ rh,2,Y roomSJi~ 9 414C83~-~ P~ C Oa 6?Vz impa 1096 - II- I % I P m " i *, r -, - I 111 &1.--I ýt 0 0 el Fc~~eZ-- 27,-.- m A80 _R Z 'e- 77-ik L jP d~BI IA~E;.6~ 7~m/ tY: erSra ~~ZZzps N Ng~ ~C~ i a~-B I SCH. 7z a-, 70- 7iiz 06 a, d i~SL~FIJ lp A By 41 d~t, ~~ P4 -A c A %7: 3 -9,,,~ eZrr owl TL 4L~~.~Z qz-C*'. -S, 119 77 IC~ "~~. I y no CI t 5 C Z 7,Z 5~a 6-4-40~l- ~~T~ 27 y~ ZE i~G~lj,21L~ eZ~ ýý,Q 72- p2 17Z~ c~~~ 80~A P".Z7zn -r 7_j rc G, Q) Ge 0.2" Z - CA E~ -F= Si Q ~47~p-5~rt7' '~s Q)o 9, ~~~9oF03~~o~~e t~,a ~ Aj Q)O 40o I r lrd 3,921~f ~L~f~ ~Sre Zc~r /.2 O I I 1-.e4P ' '. %.,.,.f--~ _1% 1 r~ C--~ - -, -71 - FA w 12 J* IBR ~ ',. Y,"ýE`Z 'A. 072.-P~~3 Ca, 7-?-. ''iX~P -j74,6".,7 4z4~ Zf ~ *F x, ~d\Q ~ h~sC~ FU, ~E~ ~ ~tf~ d - i -, - - - - - ý' 9 j 115 ~ E t~t~J j N 9 psi t~ 19o 1~h"al tu ta Y.o ~ "~ I~ arj t,,sJ F~~IO t~ ~Q 8~ ~ r~MU~P~n'l!o b: 9~I ~ 00 N *L~l-- ~~l*Lbl ----: -----. ~,Wfrs~fb':--~;-F~iC-*USI~V13~~TI~YUI)-r F-~--r-r~-~-;-rTb~;;-~_-qa~~1--7--;~q7;; `~I r y k-T-a"~ _~Lt~I~~ L2! Z, A~~a 2,9 e1 B 1 7E/wO~I~Cj;~.x~. tyj Lz-s. 2 mco List ofa Sihall ]PrOeertY Owlmaers ',11 tlllas q N~rmiet. ýAcres. See. N~o. Na-mrne. Acrees. See, -oo. Limbergell ~ ~, ~I.......,................. 4.2-0 3 S. Wtm. Vrhittcheck i /........................ 7 1.0. N i(11111-1.1 --- ------------ ---------------- 4. 1-1. M yer2ex s.............._..................... 2.5i0 10 L Lippr. -------...,~....~......... 2.50 4 10. P. Brya~n.....,................~......,.. 2 30 1. -11 ------------------------ C '9().... % livll................--....... 4 11. Frank Urjnder vrick.................... 2 3 E '. (, loeb....................................15 4 Fr.Gled Reed...~...............................I 30 1-lalsellphu....ic..........1 4 13. S. 1-111 ey.............,,................... 31 L --EAl 2. i, -~ 4. t-i. Nnineit. ýA'Cres. Goo. L imbergei. ~~lI.......,................. 4.2-0 C. N i(II II11 ------ - -- ----- ---- Al. Upp~l..,.........~........ -------......~. _.. 131 5 F ~. 13,0111-11.....................,... --.......... 11., loc-1)...........~..................-..... 155 M%. J'. I-I., 11-1....................;............. ' ~P-P ~-llseiplug.......~................. Towi ishil. Shownl On lHp by Numbers.s No. Nalue Acrs. See. 1-41. Ka~ite Shandl ey I........... T-D-,S.... 13 1 15. (4. Cookk............................~............ 2.65 2 1-6. P. C ook~..... ------------------------------... 2.65i 2 17.. Stro ng, ý ----------------------........... 4.30 2.18. -W'. S. Showler..........~.................. 8.25 3 19. H - eed....::.......................~....... - 3.25 4~ 20.!V. P. Sandersonl......................31 5 21. 23. 236. Nam~ci. Acres. Fi. H ~ines........,.......~...........~........... 1.2 Mrilo B rurce.............................. -.11.26 A.~ FashbaughI~1....-~...,................ 10.46 E. 11'ý F o r.................................. 1 62 1-1E. BSelim..........................~............ 21. 7 NV III~. W rk~ig htt....................~.......... 4-V83 EL~lsI P~IP~ ~IIIIIIII[IIIMQI 111111~31(111~11 ~11111 Il]itl 1[1[1 11~111[1113 L~g ~ a~arla~~rl~~ --11111 IBIIIIBII~BEJIe g~f~ -~-~ -~s~a~a~saa smnr cplraa ry~rm ~tr;ar* oa~ ~saaanr~rr rrsa DBIF~ IrOC~DI ~a~r a~ola ~a~p ~irr~ ~LI1I~I~IIIID*LL rr~s~a arascr ~1~ 1311~ slPIII ~ ~ ~aawaa o~r~ ~rr ~a~n ~rrr rrrrrr rra~r csprr aa~a rutaaa~ aR~ on~a~ ~rarrrr ~gM 1111Il~i;iIIli13ili B~IL~l~~~ ~pmrr T-Prcrr ~LIX~B~ LII~LLL ~PPI ~Ir~~~l ~liliI~ ". 1 i':J: _) Ila m L --..----, "- --- ---,--LIS~-~~II-~----. LOCATION AND POPULATION OF TOWNS IN MICHIGAN ACCORDING TO OFFICIAL 1920 CENSUS. EXPLANATION OF INDEX Key nwumbers are shown thus D6. County seats in capitals, thus AUDUBON. The letter anJ numeral directly following the name of the town correspond to the letters and numerals on the margin of the map. To locate a given town trace a line between the given letter on opposite side of the map and one between the given numeral on opposite sides of the map and at or very ne-ir the junction of these lines will be found the town desired. Town Index Pop. Abitosse, C7... Abronia, H12... Acme, H7.... 75 Ada, Hll...... 440 Adair, Nl1..... 150 Addison, K13.. 416 ADRIAN, L12..11878 Adventure, C2.. Afton, K6..... 95 Agnew, Gil1.... 100 Ahnapee, E7.. Akron, L9..... 505 Alabaster, L8... Alamo, H12.... 150 Alanson, J5.. 332 Alba, J6..... 500 Albion, J12... 8354 Alcona, M7... 100 Alden, J6.... 350 Alembic, K9... 45 Alexander, K7. Alfred, E4.. Alger, L8....... 200 Algonquin, H3. Alicia, L10.... 100 ALLEGAN, HI2 3687 Allen, _J13...... 560 Allen Cr., G9.. Allenville, J4.. 170 Allis, H5..... Allouez, D1.... 1000 Alma, K10.... 7542 Almont, Mll.. 789 Aloha, H5.... 40 ALPENA, M6.11011 Alpine, Hll.... Alston, C2..... Alto, Hll..... 400 Altona, J10.... 152 Alverton, H5.. Amadore, N10.. 127 Amasa, D3.... 375 Amber, G9..... 55 Amble, H10O.... 160 Amboy, K14... Ames, E5...... Amy, Mll..... 192 Anderson, L12. 100 Angell, H7.... 45 Angling, J7.... ANN ARBOR, L12.........19516 Anthony, C3... Antrim, J7 Antlers, E2... Applegate, N10 177 Arbela, L10... 75 Arcadia, G7.... 450 Arcadian Mine, D l........... Ardis, J8....... Arendal, G8S... 25 Argyle, N9.... 300 Arland, K12... Armada, Nil... 71 i Armstrong, D4. Arnheim, D2.. Arnold, E5.... Arnold Lake, K8 Arthur, L10... 35 Arthur Bay, E6 50 Ashley, K10.... 596 Ashmore, M9.. 2.5 Ashton, H9..... 170 Assinius, D2.. 100 Athens, J13.... 553 Atkins, N11... 50 Atkinson, C3.. Atlas, M11.... 200 ATLANTA, K6 200 Atlantic Mine, C1........... Atwood, J6... 50 Attica, Mll... 342 Auburn, L9.... 400 Au Gres, L8... 199 Augusta, H12..,651 Aurelius, K12.. 178 Au Sable, L8... 171 Austa, J8....... Au Train, F3.. 50 Avoca, N11..... Axin, H8....... Ayr, J5....... Azalia, L12.... 186 Bachelor, G8.. BAD AXE, M9.. 2140 Bagley, E5 e.... 75 Bagnall, H8... 100 Bailey, H10.... 306 BALDWIN, H9 471 Ballentine, C7. Balsam, D4.... Bamfield, L7... Bancroft, Lll.. 529 Banfield, J12.. 50 Bangor, G12... 1243 Bankers, K13.. 80 Bannister, K10.. 469 Baraga, C2.... 942 Bard, K9..... Barbeau, K3.. 80 Lark River. -,5 7 -n Barnes, K9.... Baroda, G13... 223 Barryton, K9.. 364 Bart, M9...... Bass River. Gi1 50 Basswood, C3.. Bath, K11..... 26 Batavia. J13... 100 B-ittle Cr. J12..36164 Bixter. H7.... BAY CITY, L9.47554 Bav Mills, K3.. Bay Port. M9.. 2'75 Bayside, L9.... Town Index Pop. Bay Spgs, J6... Bay View, J5.. Beacon, D3... 1200 Beadle, J12.... 25 Bear Cr., G8.. Bear Lake, G8. Beaver, F4..... Beaver, G3.... Beaver Lake, K8 50 Beaverton, K9.. Bedford, J12... 275 Beebe, K10.... 60 Beechwood, C4. 32 Beeson's Spur,G4 Belding, J11.. 3911 Bell, M6....... BELLAIRE, J6. 624 Bellevue, J12.. 1035 Belmont, H11.. 90 Belsay, L11... Bendon, H7.... 100 Bennett, H3... Bennington, Kll 125 Benson, K8.... 30 Bentley, K9... 200 Benton Harbor G13......... 12233 Benzonia, G7.. 543 Berlin, H11.... 300 Berne, M9..... 70 Berrien Cen., G13 150 Berrien Sprs. G13 918 Berry, GO.... Berryville, K6.. BESSEMER, C7. 5482 Bethel, J13... 50 Biggs, K7..... 20 Big Paw, E2.... BIG RAPIDS,H9 4458 Big Rock, K6.. 70 BImo, L13.... Birch Cr., E6... B'rch Run, E2.. 250 Birminghami,Ml12 3694 Bisonette, L7.. Biteley, H9... 75 Blackmar, LO. 66 Black River M7 Blaine, N10... 115 Blaney, H4... 100 Blanchard, J10. 300 Blemers, C3 " Blissfield, L13. 1966 Bloomingdale,H12 486 Blue, J7....... Blue Lake Jc K6 Bogardus, J5.. Bois Blanc, K4. Bolton, L6.... 150 Bonard, L6.... Boon, H8...... 275 Borculo, G11.. 85 Borland, H10.. Boston, Dl.... Boyden, J9... 2b Boyne City, J16 4284 Boyne Falls, J6. 241 Brampton, F4. 102 Branch, G9.... 100 Brant, KlO.... 175 Bravo, G12... 100 Bradley, H12.. 140 Breckenridge, K10.......... 698 Breedsville, G12 14() Brent Cr., L10. 40 Brest, M13.... 100 Brevort, J4.... 5o Bridgeman, G13 230 Bridgewater, L13 118 Brier, K9..... Brice, J10.... 35 Brighton, L12.. 800) Brimley, K3... 250 Brinton. K9... 383 Bristol, H8.... 4t Britton, L13... 4(G Brockway, N1I. 150 Bronson, J13.. 1257 Brooklyn, K13.. 611 Brooks, E5.... Broomfield, J9.. 25 Brown City. MO10 828 Bruce Cr., C3... 85 Brule, D4.... Brunswick, G011. 100 Brutus, J5.... 140 Bryan, H4.... Bryant, K5.... Bryant, L7.... Buchanan. G13. 3187 BUnckley, H7.... 352 Buckroe, E2.. Bucks, K7...... Bunton, L6.... Burden, N10. 25 Burgess, J5... 40 Burlington, J13 2b7 Burns, Nl1.... 50 Burnside, M10.. Ioo Burr Oak, J13.. 589 Burt, L10..... 300 Burt Lake, J5.. 75 Burton. KI1.. 130 Bushnell, J10.. 25 Butler. J13.... 75 Butman, KS... 75 1Putterfield, J!8. 45 Bu t-ernut J10.. 300 nuttersville, G9. 200 Byers, L7...... Byers, H9..... Byron, L11.... 427 Byron Cen., H11 375 Byrdickville, TI7 50 Town Index Pop. CADILLAC, H8 9734 Cadmus, L13.. 100 Caffey, J4.. Caldenwood, C3 Caledonia, Hll. 432 California, J13. 165 Calumet, D1..20000 Cambria, Ki,. 300 Camden, K13.. 398 Camp 6, E4..... Camp 7, G3.... Ca nby, J5..... Canton. M12... 40 C -pa c, M 11... 791 CARO, M10... 27041 Carbon, L10... Carbondale, E6. Carland, J1l.. 90 Carleton, M13.. 700 Carlshend, F3. 75 Carney, E5.... 310 Carpenter, J5.. Carp Lake, J5.. 100 Carrollton, L10. 1500; Carson City, J10 973 Carsonville, N10 536 Casco Je., E7.. Case, K5...... Caseville, M9.. 38 5 Cash, N10..... 66 Casnovia, H11.. 3338 Cass City, M9..:1228 CASSOPOLIS, G13......... 1385 Cathro, L6.... 65 Cecil, J5...... Cedar, H7.... 600 Cedardale, N9.. 50 Cedar Lake, J10 100 Cedar River, E5 150( Cedar Spgs.,H10 1020 Cedarville, K4.. 140 Center Line, M12 125 CENTREVILLE, H13......... 701 Central, Dl.... Central Lake, J6 676 Ceresco, J12... 250 Ceylon, J12... Champion, D3.. 700 Chandler, J11.. Channing, D4.. 325 Charles, K4.... Charlesworth. K12 CHARLEVOIX, J6.......... 2218 CHARLOTTE, J12......... 5126 Chase, H9..... 298 Chassel, "D2.... 700 Chatham, F3.. 200 CHEBOYGAN, K5.......... 5642 Chelsea, L12.... 2079 Cherry Valley, t'4.......... Chesaning, K10. 1387 Chester. J12... 142 Chesterfield, Nil 50 Chestonia. J6.. 75 Chief, G8 Chippewa Lake, H9.......... 391 Chippewa Sta., J9.......... 55 Choate, C3..... Chocolay, E3. Circle, N12... Clare, J9..... 1426 Clarendon, J13. 75 Clarion, J6.... 100 Clarksburg, E3. Clarkston. Mil. 419 Clarksville, J11 450i Clayton, Kl3... 306 Clawson, M12.. 100 Clea.r Lake Jc., K7 Clifford, M10.. 327 Climax, J13.... 961 Clinton, L13... 1011 Clio, L10...... 1256 Cloverdale. J12. 4 Clyde, LI1.... 200 Coalwood, F3. 100 Coats Grove, J12 90 Coe, K10O...... 24 Cohoctah, Lll. 100 Colby, J10..... COLDWATER, J13......... 6114 Cole, MI1l..... 25 Coleman. J9.. 769 Collins, Jll.... 70 Coloma, G13... 063 Colon, J13..... 745 Columbia, Nil. 30 Columbia. M9.. 656 Columbia ville,M10 656 Columbus, N11. 6.5 Comins, L7.... 50 Corm on wea lth D........... Comstock, H112. 250 Concord. Kl3.. 535 Cone. L13..... 80 Conklii, HIO.. 400 Conners Cr., M1 800 Conover, C4... Constantine.Il 31 1277 Conway. J5... 100 Cooks. G4..... Cooper, H12... 126 Coopersville, Hll 91t Cotrl. HI0O.... 385 Cordei1, J,3.... Cornell. E4... 4! Cornwell, - K6. c o R TT,.T. T-1 1 571 Corwin, G13... 2(6 Copemish. HT-7.. 284 Copper F'lls Mine, Dl..... CoverL G12.. 373 Covington. D:?.. 100 Cr, i-,-smere, C3. Crppo, H9..... 2. C(5m.'wfor<1, '11O.. 25" Creighton. G3.. Cressey. H12.. Creswell, HI.. Town Index Pop. Crisp, G11..... 40 Crooked Lake, J9 Crosby, H11.... Cross Village, J5 200 Croswell, N10.. 1678 Croton, H10... 37 Crump, L9.... 300 CRYSTAL FALLS, D4.. 33941 Crystal Spgs., J5 Cumber, M9.. Curran, L7.... 20 Cusino, G3.... Cushing, G13.. Cushman. J6.. Custer, G9.... 269 Cutcheon, J8.. 20 Dafter, K3.... 60 D)'foe, L6.... 80 Da-ggett, E5... 321 Dailey, G13.. Dallas, H12.. Dale, K9...... 50 Dalton, G10... 50 D: nmon, K7.... Dana, K6..... Danoher, H3.. SDansville, K12. 299 Davisburgh, M11 22.5 Davison, M11. 811 Davies, G3.... Dayton, G14... Dearborn, M12. 2470 Deckerville, N10 782 Decatur, H13. 1270 Deer Cr., Lll.. Deerfield, L13.. 442 Deer Lake, E3. Deerton, F3... Defi:ance, F4... 66 Denton, L12... 112 Derby, G13... 100 Detour, L4.... 612 Detroit, M12..993730 Devereiux.... 90 Dew. L7....... Dewin, K9.... De Witt, Kll... 450 Dexter, L12... 587 Delaw- re. DI. Delhi M'11s. L12 Delray, M12... Delton, H12... 225 DinmondJoch, H9 Diana, D3..... Diberts. J7.... Dick,,J4...... Diffin, F3..... Dighbon, J8... 550 Dild;ne, Jll... 25 Dimondale, K12. 360 Dishno, D3.... Dixon, F3 Dixboro. L12... 25 Doan, L7...... Dodge, K8.... 40 Dollar Bay. Dl 578 Dollarville, H3. Dolans 8.... Dolph, J8..... Dorr, H1l..... 350 Dorsey, F3.... Do-uglas. 012.. 4.85 Dover, K9..... 100 Dow, K5...... Downington. N10 280 Downgiac, 013. 5440 Dowlins. J12.. 100 Doyle, N11.... Drake, M10.... 22 Drew, J9...... 2.5 Dr-'r. s, G3.... Dryhurg, V3... Dryden, M11.. 359 Du. in. H8.... 50 Duffio!d, Ll1.. 75 Dnn^ee. L13.. 1108 Dunham. C7... 25 Dnbnhair. L8... 25 Dunn. Ds..... D-nningville, H12......... 126 n.rand, LZ.. 2672 Duon. H11... 150 Eagle. Kll.... 100 EPgle Harbor, D 1.......... 100 E qgle M ill. E3. EAGLE RIVER, D1.......... 200 Eames, MiI... 65 East Jordan. J6 2428 Eastl ke. G8.. 675 EF.stm n,.17... Eastport. J6... 75 Easton, Lll... 75 EFst TPwns, M8 1398 Eqton Rapids, Kl12......... 237 E-u Clire,0 G13 293 Een Jc., F3... FckoIrmann. J3. 50 Eck ford. K13.. 100 F-orse. M12... Eden, Kl2..... 300 R?-enville, K9. 115 Edg'e-ts. H8.. EFgewater, G7.,mfore, J 1... 7J 7,, --,on, L 8..... Edward, K8... 60 E dw ardsbuxgh, G14.......... 392 F1b-, MIi!.... 91 EIdre(, K3... Eleanor, S... E7lffin, Hu-.... ~ Elk Rapids, H6. 684 Elkton, M9.... 00 E!liott, M10.. 50 Ellison Bay, F6. Elm, M12...... Flmer, M10.... Elmira. J6.... 450 F.lm T-Hall, J1,o. 350 Elm River, C2. Rimrnton. G8... Elmwood. C3..,lose, M12... E I'e, Kll..... 680 El ton, H8.... 30 Elwell, J10.... 200 Town Index Pop. Emerson, J3... 85 Emery Jc., L8. Emmett, N1l... 175 Empire, G7.... 298 Engadine, H4.. 250 Englishville, Hll 51 Ensign, F4.... E. Paris, Hll.. 48 Ephraim, F6... Eponfette, J4.. 76 Erie, M13..... 400 Erie Mine, D3. E. Saugatuck, G12......... 175 ESCANABA,F5 18103 Esmond, L8... Essex, J6...... Essexville, L9.. 1538 Estey, K9..... 150 Etthel, G3...... Evans, H10.... 60 Evart, J9...... 132 Evelyn, G3.. Everett, E5.... Evergreen, C2.. Ewen, C3..... 400 Excelsior, J7.. Fabius, H13... Fair Gr., L9... Fairfax, H13... 75 Fair Haven, Nil 320 Fairview, L7.. Faithorn Jc., E5 Falmhnouh, JS.. 2.0 Fargo, N10.... 260 Farin, G3..... Farmington, M12 853 Farrell, G4... Farnham, E5.. Farwell, J9..... 449 Faunus, E4.... Fayette, F5.... Federman, L13. Fennville, G12.. 547 Fenton, Lll... 2507 Fenwick, J10.. 350 Fergus, L1O... 50 Fern, G9...... 25 Ferris, JlO.... 35 Ferry, G9.... 165 Ferrysburgh,. Gil1......... 350 Fiborn Jc., J3.. Fibre. K3..... 35) Fife Lake, H7. 215 Filer City, G8.. 400 Filion, M9.... 150 Fi!more Cen., Gil......... 150 Findlay, F13... 40 Findley, C2... 40 Fitch, L O..... Flanders, L6.. 60 Flatrock, M13.. 525 Flat Rock, L7.. 525 Fleming, L12.. Fletcher. J7... FLINT, Lll...91599 Flint Steel, C2. Floodwood, D3. 55 Florence, H8.. Florence. H13.. Floyd, K9..... 87 Flushing, Lll. 1169 Flynn, M10... Fordney. Kl0.,. Forest Hill, K10 120 Forest, K9.... Forester. N10.. Forestville., N9. 140 Forman, H9.... Fork, J8...... Forsythe, E3... Foster City, E4. 11.5 Fosters, Ll0... 150 Fo-toria, M10. 4.n Fountain, G8... 222 Fowler, Kll... 472 Fowlerville, L11 1057 Fox, E5....... Francisco, L12. 10o Frankfort. G7; 1244 Fraser, MI2.... 247 Freda, Cl..... Frederic, H7.. 400 Freedom, J5... Free Soil, GS... 210 Freeport, J13.. 400 Fremont, H10.. 2180 Frey, J8...... Friday, F4.... Frost, L10.... 25 Frost Jc., C3.. Fruitport, G10. 321 Ft. Gratiot, N11l Fulton, HI3... 300 Gagetown, M9. 440 Gaines Sta.,,11 260 Gale, G9..... Galesburgh, H12 692 Galien, G13... 460 Galloway. K10.. 30 Ganges, G12... 87 Gardendale, N11 Gardner, F.,.. Garnet, J4.... 46 Garfield. J9... 50 Garth, F4..... Gatepsille, K4.. 100 Gay, D1l....... GAYLORD, K6. 1701 Genesee, LI1. 101 Gera, LO10.... 70 Germania, M10. 35 Germfask. H3. 250 Gibson, G11... 22 Gilbert, H8.... 30 Gilead, J14... 50 Gilford, L10... 200 Gills Pier, H4.. 50 Gilmore, J9... 70 Girr l..T 13.... 150 GLADWIN, K9 1225 l'-dtonP.. F4.. 4953 Gle.,' on E4..... (clpndorn G13.. loo G!en Haven. G6 72 Glen Lorr. G13 0n GCnn.P, r G2... 116 rnprrit. L7.... 6-) (Gonwoorl, G13 100 frlover. LO... 12 Town Index Pop. Holly, Lll.... 1888 Gobleville, H12. 491 Holmdale, H10. Godfrey, L6.... 24 Holt, K12..... Gogebic, D7... Holton, G01... 350 Golden, D4.... Homer, J13... 1076 Good Hart, J5. Hontho, G3.... Goodison, M1l. 50 Hooper, iH12... Goodrich, MIl.. 400 Hooperstown, Goodwell, H10. G12......... Goose Lake, E3 Hoop Spur, F4. Gordon, F3... Hope, K9..... 60 Gotts, M9..... 26 Hopkins, H12. 550 Gould City, H4. 200 Horrigan, K7. Gowen, J10... 31~ Horton, K13... 398 Grace, K5..... 118 HOUGHTON, C1 4456 Grand Blanc, Lll 350 Houghton Lake, Grand Marais,G2 1000 K8........... 10G GRAND HAVEN, Houles, E5.... G11......... 7205 Houte, E5..... Grand Jc., G12 275 Howard City, Grandon, J8.. H10.......'.. 913 Grand Ledge, HOWELL, L12. 2951 Kll......... 3043 Howry, K9.... GRAND RAPIDS, Hubbard Lake, Hll....... 137634 L6........ 90 Grandville, Hll 799 Hubbardston, Jll 368 Grant, H10... 473 Hubbell, D1... 1004 Grass Lake, L13 744 Hudson, K13.. 24164 Grass Lake, K13 744 Hume, J12.... Grassmere, M9. 12 Humphrey, G7. Grattan, Hll.. 138 Hungerford, H9 102 Grawn, H7... 225 Hunters Cr., Mll 100 GRAYLING, K7 2450 Hunt Spur, H4 30 Green, D6..... Hurley, C7.... Greenbush, M7. 160 Huron, Ns..... Green Garden, Hurst, L6..... F3.......... 30 Hyde, F5...... Greenland, C2.. 400 Hylas, E4. Green Oak, L12 50 Ida. M13..... 700 Greenville, H10 4304 Imlay City, Mll 1211 Greenwood, J8. Ina, J8........ 17 Greylock, H4.. Index, M10.... Grind Stone Indian River, K5 400 City M8.... 462 Ingalls, E5.... 300 Gridley, H4... 20 Interlochen, H7. 275 Gros Cap, J4... 25 Interior, C3... Gross, F4...... 100 Interior Jc., C3. Orosse Isle, M13 Inwood, J6.... Grosse Pt., M12 2084 IONIA, Jll.... 6935 Grosse Pt. Farms, losco, L12. M12......... 1649 IRON MOUNGrove, H1lO.... 100 TAIN, D4... 8251 Gulliver, G5.... 100 Irons. H8...... Gun Lake, H12 22 Ironton, J6.... 100 Gustin, M7.... 28 Iron River, Cf. 4295 Haakwood, K6. Iroquois, J3... Hadley, Mil.. 350 Ironwood, C7..15739 Haff, J4....... Ishpeming, E3.10500 Hagar, G13.... ITHACA, K10. 1929 Haggensville, L5 75 Ivan, J7....... Haire, H7.... 37 Ivon, Jll...... Hale, L8...... 375 JACKSON, Kl13.48374 Halsted, J7... Jacobsville, D2. 500 Hramby, K.5... Jasper, L13... 375 Hamburg, L12.. 225 Jeddo. N10.... 75 Hamilton, G12.. 450 Jeffery, Jll... 25 Hamlin. G8.... Jenison, Hl.. 148 Hammond, Y5. 60 Jennings. H8. 450 Hancock, Cl... 7627 Jerome, K13... 200 Handy, M7.... Jessie, Kll..... 25 Hanover, K13.. 350 Johannesburg. Hanson, K7... K6.......... 275 Harbor Beach, Jonesville, K13. 1274 N9.......... 1927 Jones, H13.. 328 Harbor Sprs., J5 1600 r Juhl, M10..... 22 Hardgrove,- K7.. 50 Juniata, M10.. 71 Hardwood, E4. 75 KALAMAZOO, Hardy,,L7..... 12........ 48481 Harlan, H7.... 40 KALKASKA, J7 866 Harriett. H8.. 226 Kaleva, G8.... 200 Harris, Es.I... 50 Karlin, H7.... 24 HARRTSON, J9 399 Karr, M9..... HARRISVILLE, Kates, E3..... M7......... 4,61 Kawkawlin, L9. 400 HART, G9. 1... 59 Kearsarge, Dl. Hartl-nd, Ll1. 225 Keeler. G13.... 150 Hartford, G13. 1361 Kegromc, J5... Hartleys, C7.. Kellog. H12... 41 Hartwick, J8.. 85 Kells, E5...... Harvard, H10. 20 Kelo, D4...... Harvey, E3.. 120 Kelden, K4.... 45 HaFlett, Kll.. 100 Kendall, H12... 150 HASTINGS, J12 5132 Kenneth, J4... Hatches Cr., H7 Kenton, C3.... 260.Hatton, J9.... Keswick, H6.. 40 Hauptman, K8. Kewaunee, E7.. Havnor, Jll.,. Kew, E6...... Hawes, M7.... Keweenaw Bav, Hawks, L6.... D2.......... 35 Hayes, G7..... Keystone, H7.. Hayes, H7.... Kibble, G12.... 44 Hazel, C2..... Killmaster, L7.. Hazel, 4..... Kingsland, K12. Hazelton, Lll. 100 Kinde, M9.... 420 Hebard, Dl.... Kinney, Hll.. 52 Hebron, K5.... King's Mill, M10 63 Helena, E3.... 25 Kingston, M10.. 321 Helena, N9.... 25 Kinross, K3... 40 Helps, E4... Kingsley, H7... 30 Helmer, H3... 40 Kinesley, F4... Hematite, D4. Kirkland, K8.. Hemlock, K10.. 475 Kirk, G9...... 36 Henderson, E4. r,G 11. Hendrie, J3...Kirby, Lll.... Hendricks, E4. Kitch, C3..... Herman, D2... Klein, L6..... Hermansville,E5 1500 lingers, H14.. 32 HERSEY, H9.. 284 Klondike, G9. 24 Hessell, K4... 210 Klondike, G3 Hesperia, G9... 639 Kneeland, K7.. Hetherton, K6.. 75 Koss Sta., E... Hiawatha, G4 37 Kunze, M... Hia~watha S q., 3 La Branch, E4. G4........... Lac La Bell, D1 Higgins. J7.... Lagoda, 3.... Highland, Lll. 308 aingsburgh, K11 693 Highlandt 1Cor- Laing, M10.. 18 Pners, L11...Lke Shore, M12 15 Highland Park, Lakeport, N10.. M12......... 46599 Lake Harbor,G10 Highwood, K9.. 60 Lake Side, F13 FHill J........ Lake, H10..... Hilliards, H12.. 113 Lakeview, J10.. 886 HILLSDALE, LAKE CITY, H8 582 K13........ 54,76 Lake Jc., J8... Hillside, D4... -Lake George, J9 55 HToags. G8.... Lake Odessa, Hobart, HT8... 75 Jll.......... 1246 Hobson. L6... Lake Linden,D1 2175 UHofeyville, H8. Laketon, H3.. Holland, G11..12166 Lake Ann, H7.. 67 Hollister, D4. Lakewood, J5.. Continued third Page Forward a--Y`- C _--- ___ I _ _ _ _. __ ___ -___ --~_ _ ---- ----- - - I------ca-u---~---- - ---~--D--"-~-----~r-----ap _ -_______ _ _ _ ___ __ _ ______ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ ______ _ ----MI~-as I ------ra----c~--rrap----^l a--~--~~l---a;-r--~I-n.ZI)~N~~Oill sl _ _ _ _ _ _ ; _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _*-0- I crh I Lzo 0 Z*:0 10 -AC(n 00 00 0'E, cO (A (A C') H (A r1 H H P4-l E Ac i/I *I $1 to 1-21 43 0 Ali,? rJlIi li *1 Cf.,-4 C), - J: 4e 0 7bC 4,43 y : 2(31 42 4i3 C) P 0 I 0 r: 1 14 cx (4 em-' ~E$~zk';4 4~ C 7N3 C I eicI< t~ C 4'- 4,, -- - -4- 44 A. - -C,. C (2'. 4 4 4 *4 - >4 4. -44 * \i \ / 0 \ C -,:;-t'510~ n pp ý I (4(4 - 4 N, ' v-s.o ICC"' '" C- ACC'0',.r I'-- C R1 - 3; I Ii --4' C74s $40 CCC P4C I CE 1 c 0 eq cc) co ~E AýiL.= LOCATION AND POPULATION OF TOWNS IN MICHIGAN ACCORDING TO OFFICIAL 1920 CENSUS Town Index Pop. Lake Harold, J6 Lakeside, K5.. 40 Lamb, N11.... 125 L- mont, Hll.. 203 Langworthy, H8 LANSING, K11 57327 L'ANSE, D2... 1013 LAPEER, M11. 4723 Laporte, K10.. 102 Laredo, L9.... Larium, DI... (6696 Larch. K3.. La Salle, M113.. 90 Lathrop, F4..... 127 Lawrence, G13. L--wton, H13... 1073 Lawson, F3.... Lawndale, L10. 54 Leaper, E4.... Leaton, K9.... 64 Leetsville, J7... Leer, L6...... Lee, G12...... 75 Leesburgh, HI3 23 Legrand, K5.. 350 Leitch, N10.... LELAND, H6. 350 Lenox, Nl 1... 380 Leoni, K13.... 152 Leota, J8..... 80 Leonidas, 1-113. 300 Leonard, Mil.. 26-. LeKoy, H8.... 642 Les Chenaux, K4 80 Leslie, K12... 1089 Lester, J13... 45 Levering, J5... 350 Lewiston, K6.. 350 Lewis, Lll.... 26 Lexington, N10. 378 Liberty, K13... 60 Lighton, G13... 24 Limestone, F3. 40 Lindsley, E4.. Lincoln, M7... 178 Linden, Lll... 579 Lincoln, G9... 178 Lincoln Mill, H 10......... Lincoln Jc., M7 Linwood, L9... 200 Linkville, M9.. 96 Listoin, H3..... Lisbon, H10... 19 Little Lake, E3 Little River, E6 Little Harbor, G4. 40 Litchfield, J13.. 660 Livingston, G13 45 Lodge, M7..... Logan, Jll... Long, L8...... Long Lake, C4 Longrie, E5.... Long Rapids, L6 178 Long Lake, J8. Loomis, K9.... Loretto, E4... 200 Loranger, K8.. Lott, L7...... 40 Lovells, K7.... Lowe, E6..... Lowell, Jll.... 1730 Loxley, J8..... Lucas, J8..... 100 Luce, L...... Ludington, G9., 8810 Lull, J6....... Lulu, L13..... 50 Lum, Ml..... 300 Luman, K9... 25 Lupton, L8... 150 Luther, H8... 396 Luzerne, K7... I42 Lyons, Jll.... 574 Macatawa, Gll. Mackinac, K4.. 493 Mackinaw, J4.. Macon, L!3.... 165 MacRae, E4... Madison, Lll.. 52 Malacca, E5... Maltby, L7.... 30 ManCelona, J6.. 1214" Manchester, Ll3.1024 Mandan, D1... Mangum Sands, E 3.......... MANISTEE, G8 9690 MANISTIQUE, G4.......... 6380 Manning, K5.. 20 SMansfield, D4.. Maple City, H7 132 Maple Rapids,Kll 466 Maple Ridge, F4 Marblehead Spur, G4.. Marcellus, HI13 9666 Marengo, J12.. 125 Marenisco, C7.. 55 Marlette, M10.. 969 Marine City,N11 3731 Marks, L8.... MARQUETTE, E3..........12718 Marsh, L7..... MARSHALL, J12 4270 Martin, H12... 400 MARYSVILLE, Nil......... 941 Mashek, E4... MASON, K12.. 1879 Mass, C2...... 750 Masters, G3... Mastodon, D4.. Matchrwood, D7. 65 Mattawa n, H13. 312 Maybee, L13.... 290 May Lake Jc.L6 Mayville, M10. 652 McBain, J8.... 547 McBrides, J10.. 220 McCarron, K3. McClure, K8.. 16 McCords, HI.11. 27 McCollum, L7.. McGregor, N10. 200 Town Index Pop. McIvor, L8.... 30 McKeever, C2.. McKinley, L7.. McLeans, G11.. 32 McMillan, H3.. 75 McVille, K4... Mears, G9..... 250 Alecosta, J9... 297 Melita, L8..... 50 Melva, H7.... Melvin, N10... 169 Memphis, Nl1. 451 MENOMINEE, E6.......... 8951 Mendon, J13... 625 Mendota Jc., Dl Meridan, K12. 70 Merrill, K10.. 636 Merson, H l2... 41 Metamora, Mll. 271 Metropolitan,E4 Metser, G3... Metz, L6...... 150 Meyers, N13.... Michelson, Mill, J 8........... Michie, L9.... Michigamme,D3 1000 Middleville, Hll 833 MIDLAND, K9. 5483 Mikado, M7... 95" Milan, L13.... 1557 Milford, L12.. 1088 Milton, Nil... Millbrook, J9.. 300 Millburg, G13. 164 Mill Cr., H1l... Millersburg, L5 243 Millerton, G8. 42 Miller, J10.... 36 Millett, Kll... 100 Mill Grove, H12 Millington, M10 689 Mills, L8...... Mills, o N9...... Milo, H13...... 20 Minden City, N9 283 Mines, L9...... Mint, H13...... MIO, K7..... 200 Missaukee Jc., J8........ 60 Mitchell, J6.... Mohawk, D... Moline, HII... 150 Monitor. L9.. 100 MONROE, M13.11573 Montague, G0O. 845 Montieth, H12... Montgomery,Jl4 354 Montreal, C7... Montrose, LIO. 522 Moore, K8.... Moorepark, H13 110 Moores Sid., K9 Mooreville, H.. Moorland, GIO. 52 Moran, J4...... Morenci, K14.. 1697 Morley, H10... 336 Morgan, J12.. 75 Morrice, K11.. 372 Moscow. K13... 175 Motley, C2.... MT. CLEMENS, N12......... 9488 Mt Morris, L10. 1174 MT. PLEASANT, J9........... 4819 Mud Lake, L7. 40 Mullett Lake,K5 Mulliken, Jll. 290 MUNISING, F3.5037 Munith, K12... 300 Munger, L10... 200 Munsing Jc., F3 MUSKEGON, G1O.........36570 Muskegon Hts., GlO......... 9514 Munson, K14.. 65 Muir, Jll.... 363 Mynnings, J8.. 15 N. Adams, K13. 414 Nadeau, E5.... 325 Nahma, F4... 300 Namur, E7.... Naples, J7.... Narenth, E5.. Nashville, J12. 1376 National Mine, E 3.......... Nathan, E5.... 56 Negaunee, E3.. 7419 Nelson, K10... 18 Nerrisville, H7. 115 Nessen, H7... 115 Nestoria, D3.. 26 Net River, D3.. Newark, KlO.. 50 Newark, Lll... NEWAYGO,H0I 1160 New Baltimore, N11......... 974 NEWBERRY,H3 2172 New Boston,M13 400 New Buffalo, F14 496 New Era, G9... 400 Newhall, F4... 100 New Haven, Nl.535 New Hudson, L12 123 Newport, M13.. 450 New Richmond, G12......... 62 Newton, J10... Newton, E6.... Niagara, D4.. Niles, G13.... 7311 Nirvance, KH9. 100 Nogi, J4....... Noko, M10.... No. an, K8.... 70 Nonesueh, C6.. Noresta, M10.. North St., NIl 20 N. Pradley, K9. 140 N. Branch, MI0 645 N. Byron, Hll.. 56 Town Index Pop. Northland, El. N. Muskegon, G10 630 Northport, H6.. N. Star, K10.... 253 Northville, M12 1738 Norvell, Kl13... 160 Norwalk, G8... Norw:ay, D4... 4533 N. Windsor,K12 Norwood, H6.. Novi, M12..... 212 Nunica, Gll... 200 Oak, M12..... 50 Oak Grove, Lll. 156 Oak Hill, G8.. 150 Oakland, Gil.. 27 Oakley, K10... 201 Ocqueoc, L5.. 26 Ogden, L8..... 75 Ogden, L13.... 75 Ogden, J5..... 46 Ogontz, F4.... Okemos, KI1.. 300 Ola KlO...... 68 Old Mission, H6 "175 Olive, J12...... Oliver, H9..... Olney, Kll.... ' 16 Olsen, K9..... 20 Omena, H6... 86 Omer, L8...... 266 Onaway, K5... 2789 Onekama Jc., G8 Onekama, G8.. 252 O'Neil, J7..... Onota, F3..... 50 ONTONAGON,C2 1406 Oral, K11..... Orange, Jll...11 Ora, E4....... Ora, E3....... Orchard Lake, L12........ 100 Orchard Hill, L6 Oregon, Mll... Orient, J9..... 102 Orion, Ml11.... 929 Orono, H9.... 110 Orr, Kl0...... 20 Ortonville, Mil. 445 Oscar, Cl..... 30 Osceola, H8... Ossea, K13..... Oshtemo, t12.. 125 Osier, F4...... 20 Ossineke, M6.. 100 Ostego Lake, K6 Ottawa Lake, L14......... 200 Ottawa Beach, Gil......... Otter, C2...... Otter Lake, M10 325 Otia, H9....,.. Otisville, L10. 3641 Ofvsego, H12... 3168 Otto, N10..... Ovid, K11..... 1067 Oviatt, 1-7..... Orleans, Jll... 175 Owendale, M9.. 24-1 Owosso, Kll...12575 Oxford, Mill.... 1668 Ozark, J4..... 33 Packard. E5... 30 Pack Pine. K7. Packard, G12.. Paines, L10... 125 Painesdale. C2. Palatka, C4... Palmer, E3.... 799 Palmyra, L13.. 200 Palisade Park, G 12......... Palms, N9.:... 200 Panola, D4..... Parks Sid., C3. Parkington, G4. Parmelee, H12.. 36 Parklake, J8.. 150 Paris, H9..... 200 Parks, H9..... 22 Parnell, H12... 26 Parma, K12... 561 Partello, J12.. 120 Paulding, C3... Paw Paw, H13. 1556 Paw Paw Lake, G 12......... Pavilion, H13.. 31 Paynesville, C3. 40 Payment, K3.. 21 PPeachville, G9.. Pearl, G12.... 20 Peacock, H8... 25 Peck, N10..... 311 Pelkie, D2..... Pellston, J5... 915 Pembina, E5... Pentwater, G9.. 956 Pen: Yann, G13 20 Pennock, J8.... Pennfield, J12. 31 Peppaird, C2 Pequaming, D2. Perch, C3...... Perronvile, E4. 36 Perkins, F4.. Peroid, H3 Pere Cheney, K7 Perrington, K10 410 Perry, Kl... 7341 Peshtigo. E6... Peters, Nil... 97 PETOSKEY, JS. 5061 Petersburg, Ll3 514 Peters, H1-..18 Pewamo. JlI.. 316 Phbee. E5..... Phoenix, DI... Pickerel Lake, E 3.......... Pickford, K4.. 400 Pierport, G8... 100 Pierson, H10... 164 Pigeon, M9.... 780 Pike Lake, H4. Pine Cr., J13... 76 Town Index Pop. Pinconning, L9. 769 Pine River, L9. 3t1 Pioneer, J7.... 13 Pine Run. L10. 175 Pintoga, D4... Pine Ridge. F5 Pinckney, L13.. 384-1 Pittsford, K13. 600 Pittsfield, L13.. 14 Plains, E3.... Plainwell, H1-112. 2049 Platte, G7..... Plymouth, M12. 285 Pt. Charities,M9 Pogy, J9...... Ponca, D4..... PORT HURON, Nil......... 25914 Point Mills, D7. 50 Point aux Pins, K 5.......... Pt. Crescent, MS Pt. Aux Barques, M 8.......... Pokegon. Gl3.. 225 Polaski, L6.... Pompeii, KlO.. 400 PONTIAC, M 1.3-1273 Popple, D4.... 3o Port Sanilac, N10 135 Pori, C2...... Port Oneida, 1I 6 Port Sheldon, G il......... Portage, H113.. 53 Port Hope, N9. 341 Port Austin, N8 533 Porter, KO0... 27 Portland, J10.. 1899 Portage, K12.-. 53 Posyville, K10.. 25 Posen, L6.... 190 Pottersville. 12 120 Purdy, M9.... Pulu, D4..... Powell, E2..... Powers, E5... 244 Prattville, K14. 200 Pratts, K6..... Preston, M13... 18 Presque Isle, E3 Presque Isle, L5 Prescott, L8.. 300 Princeton, E3.. 40 Project, J6.... Provemont, H6. 150 Prudenville, K8. Quimby, J12... 35 Quincy, J13... 1251 Quinn, L8.... Quinnesec, D4..332 Raber, K4..... Racey, KlO.... 16 Radford, C7... Raisin Cen., L13 Ralph, E4..... Randville, D4.. 20 Ransom, E2... Rapid City, J7. 200 Rapid River, F4 6c0 Rapids, K8.... Rapinville. H4. Rapson, N9.... 32 Ravenna, H10.. 600 Rea, L13..... 83 Reade, E4..... 1803 Reading, J13.. 1036 Readmond, J5,. 28 Red Jacket, Dl. 2390 Redman, N9.. 40 Red Oak, K7... Redridge, Cl.. 300 Redruth, D3... Redsfone, K10.. 15 Reed City, H9.. 1690 Reeds, H1i01.... 30 Reeman, G10... loo Reese, LlO.... 459 Republic, D3.. 1275 Remus, J9.... 600 Reno, H9...... Reno, Hll..... 42 Rescue, M9.... Rexford, J3... Rexton, J4.... 200 Rhodes, K9.... 47 Ribble, M9.... Rice Cr., J12... Ricedale, C2... Richland, H12.. 278 Richmond, NIl. 1303 Richmondville, N 9.......... 25 Richville, L10... 300 Riddle Jc., C2.. Ridge, F3.... Ridgetop, D4.. Riley, Kll.... Ritc-hie. M7.... River Raisin. L13 River Rouge, M12.......... 9822 Riverside, D4. 12.5 Riverside, G13.. 12.5 Riverton, G.9.. 32 Riverview, J7.. Rives Jc., K12.. 200 Robbins, C3... Robinson, Gil.. 48 Rochester, MI1. 254.9 Rockford, HI... 1143 Rockland, C2.. 600 Rock River, F3. Rockview, K,4.. Rockwood, M!3. 475 Rodney, J9.... 199 Rosxersvile. L10 70 Rollin, K-3... Io1) Rondo, K6....... 52 ROGERS, L5... 2109 Romeo, Ml... 2102 Romulus, M13.. 30A Root, K12..... 27 ROSCOMMON, K7........ 357 Rose,,ll..... Rose City, L.s... 331 Rosedale, K3.. 35 Town Index Pop. Rosina, J11... 32 Ross, C4....... Ross, E4...... Ro(ss, HII1..... 28 Roseville, M12. 350 Rothbury, G10.. 125 Rowley, J7.... Royal Oak, M12 6007 Royston, L6... Rudyard, K3.. 400 Rugg, J7...... 21 Rumely, F3... Rushton, L12.. Russell, E4.. Russell, L7.... Russell, J9.... Ruth, N9...... 300 SAGINAW,L10 61 903 Sagola, D4.... 450 Sage, J3....... Saile, G7...... Sailor, H13.... Sallings, K6... Salmon Island, L4......... Salem, L12.... 200 Saline, L13.... 830 Samaria, L13.. 123 Sands, J7..... Sandhurst, C3. SANDUSKY,No10 1228 Sandstone, K12. Sand River, F3. 22 Sand Lake, Hll b66 Sandy, H10.... Sanford, K9... 200 Santiago, L8. Sarnia, NIl.... Saranac, J11... 750 Sault Ste Marie, K3.......... 12096 Saunders Sta.,C4 34 Saugatuck, G12 526 Sawyer, F13... 100 S. Bay City, L9. Scammon, L4.. S. Camden, K13 Schlesser, K4.. Schoolcraft, H13 737 Scofield, M13.. 115 Scotts, H13.... 40( Scotts, G3...... 400 Seager, C2'.... Sears, J8..... 96 Sebewaing, M9. 1446 Seganing, L9.. Selva, F4..... Selkirk, L8.... 14 Seneca, K13.. Seney, G3..... Setif, F4...... Seven Mile Hill, L 7.......... S. Frankfort, G7 S. Grand Rapids, H 11......... Sharon, J7.... 40 Shabbona, M9. 200 Shaftsburgh,K11 130 Shelbyville, H12 15) Shelby, G9... 1260 Shelldrske, J2.. 23 Shetland, H6 Sherman, H8. 200 Sheridan, 10.. 489 Shepherd, KlO. 823 Sherwood, J13.. 250 Shingleton, G3.. Shiloh. Jll.... 87 Shultz, J12... 3,) Sitdnaw, C3.. 200 Siddons. G8... Sidney, J10.., 100 Siemens, C7... Sigma, J7..... Sigsbee, K7.... Sigel, N9...... 28 Silverwood, M10 250 Silver, C2...... Silver Cr., H12 Siloam, L8..... Simar, C2..... Simmons, H4.. Sister Bay, F6.. Six Lakes, J!0. 247,Skandia, E3... 100 Skance. D2... 299 Skeels, K8..... 40 Slocums, GlO... Smith Jc., L7. 35 Smiths Cross.. K9 35 Smiths Cr., Nil 2o0 Smith, Mil.... Smyrna, J11.. 204 Snow Shoe, DI. Snyder, KIl3... Sodus, G1B..... 150 Solon, H7..... 25 Sonomi, J13... 4f Soo Jc., J3.... 15 So. Manitou, G6 Soule, J7...... 6:1 South Rogers,L6 So. Manistique, G 4.......... South Lyon, L12 615 So. Haven, G12. 3829 Soule, M9..... 6i Sp.lding, E5... SparEa, H11... 1.502 Spencer, J7... 27 Spring Like,Gll 978 Spruce. E4.... Spread Eagle. D4 Springport, K12 535) Spruce, M7... 100 Sprit,. L6..... 12 Springfield, J7. Spring Vale. J6 60 Squreville, G9. St.'rr City, JS. 2t Stanwood, H9, 273 STANDISH, L9. 795 STANTON, J10. 862 Stalwart, K4... 30 Stackpole, C2.. State Line, K14, Town Index Pop. State Line, C3.. Stambaugh, C4. 2268 Stager, D4.... St. Charles, K10 1469 St. Clair, Nil.. 3204 St. Collins, C3.. Stearns, K9.... Sterling, L8... 250 Stephenson, E5. 550 Steuben, G4.... Steiner, M13... 22 Stevensville, G13 206 St. Helen, K8... Stittsv'lle, J7.. 175 ST. IGNACE, J4 1852 Stillman, F3.. St. Joseph, G13 7251 ST. JOHNS, Kll 3025 St. Lou:s, K10. 3036 Stonington, C2. Stockbridge,Kl12 699 Stonng H'on, F5. Stratford, J7.. Strongville, K4. Strongs, J3.... 75 Stronach, G8.. 250 Sturgeon R., F4 State Road, H3. Sturgis, H14.. 5996 Sturgeon Bay,J5 100 Sturgeon Bay,E7 Sugar, K8..... Sullivan, G10.. Summer, J10.. 350 Sunmit, H3.... Summit, D2.... Summit, J9.... Sunfield, Jll... 385 Sun, Hll...... Suttons Bay, H6 392 Swanson, E5... Swanzy, E3.... Swartz Cr., L11 250 Sylvan, L12... Taft, L8....... Talbot, E5... Talliman, G9... 81 Tamarack, C3. Tarry, M9..... TAWAS CITY, L8.......... 1018 Tecumseh, L13. 2432 Tekonsha, J13. 569 Temperance, L13 250 Temple, J8.... 275 Tierney, J8.... Tigris, G9... 20 Titus, J9...... 20 Thayer, D7... Thomas, M11... 150 Thomaston, C7. 20 Thompson, G4. Thompsonville, G-7.......... 410 Three Oaks, F14 1362 Three Rivers, H13......... 5209 Tone, K3...... 18 Tonquish, M12. Topaz, C7.... Topinabee, K5.. 100 Toquin, G12.. 37 Torch Lake, H6 Tower, K5...... 545 Town House,K13 TRAVERSE CITY, H7...10925 Trenary, F4... 200 Trent, HO10.... 45 Trenton, M13... 1682 Trimountain, C2 Trowbridge, K6 53 Trout Lake, J4. 150 Trout Cr., C3.. 60 Trufart, J1O.. 400 Tunis, D3..... Turin, F4..... Turner, L8.... 236 Turtle, C3.... Turtle, L8..... Tustin, H8.... 281 Tuscola, L10... Twining, L8... 221 Twin Lake, G10 100 Tyre, M9...... 125 Ub!y. M9..... 455 Umstead, L8.. Ungers, H9... Unjon City, J13 1256 Union Mine, D4 Unionville, M9. 488 Uno, G4...... Upton Works, N 11......... Urania, L13... Utica, M12.... 588 Valentine, K6.. Valley Cen., N10 Van, J5...... 45 Vandalia, H13. 331 VanderbHt, K6. 394 Vassar, L10.... 1458 Vega, E4...... Ventura, G11.. Vermilac, C3.. Vermilion. J2.. Vermontville, J12......... 650 Verne, L10..... 42 Vernon, Lll... 417 Vestaburgh, Jl0 400 Vicksburg, H13 1946 Victor, K 1... Victoria, C2... 50 Vienna, K6.... 47 Viola, H4..... '75 Volinia, G13.. 90 Volney, G9..... 40 NOTE.--In this I Continued. Town Index Pop;.: Von Platen, K6. Vriesland, Hll. 200 Wabiki, D3.... Wadhams, N11. 28 Wadsworth, M9 25 Wagar, G9.... Wagner, E6.... Wait, M10..... Wakefield, C7.. 4151 Wakelee, H13.. 143 Walburg, L6... Walcott, J6.... - Walhalla, G9.. Walkerville, G9..252 Wallace, E6... 22 Wallin, H7.... 75 2 Walkers Pt., K4 Walton, H7.....: Walton, D4.... Waltz, M13.... 210 Ward, E4..... Wards, J6..... Warren, M12,.. 826 Wasepi, H13... 95 ' Washington, Mll 208 Washington.. Harbor, F5.. " Waterford, Mil 225 Waters, K6.... 160 Watervliet, G13 1072 Watersmet, C3. 100 Watson, E4... ^ Waucedah, E4 G.7. Waveland, K5.. Wayland, H12.. 853 Wayne, Ml2.M 1899 Weadock, K5. 100 We-are, G9..... 40 Webberville, K12 465 Welch, J4..... Weldon, G7. Wellington, C7. Wellington, J7. Wells, F4..... Wellsburg, J3. Wellston, H8 -1 Wesley, G9.... 40 W. Bay City, L9 WEST BRANCH, K8.......... 1276 W. Campbell,J 11 West Casco, G12? Westmore. G3. West Olive, Gll 35; Weston, L14... 275 Westphalia, Jll 325 Westwood, J7. 72, Wetzell, J6.... 210 Wexford, H7.. 105 ^Wheatley, K9.. 30 ~ Wheeler, K10.. White, C2..... White Feather, White Fish Pt.,; White Hall, G1O. White Oak, Kl2 75 - White Pigeon, H 13......... 887,'f White Rock, N9 -^ Whiteville, J8.. - ^ Whiting, M10.. Whitmore Lake, >^ L12 Whitney, E4.. 103. Whittemore, L8. 218.!* Wilber, L8.... 20:i Wilcox, G10. WiLdwood, K5.. Wiley, G9.... Williamsburg, H7 1150 Williamston,Kll 1060 Willis, L13.... 100 Willow, Mi3... 62 Wilmot, M10.. 116 Wilson, E5... 150 Winde, F4..... 4 Winegars, K9. Winfield, Kl12.. Wingleton, H9. Winn, J10..... 250 Winona, C2... 145 Winters. F4.. Winthrop Jc.,, ^ E 3.......... Wise, K9...... 26 Wisner, L9.... Witbeck, D3.... Witch Lake, D3 " Wixom, M12.. 200 Wolfton, M9. Wolverine, K6. 413 Wolverine. LO. 413 Woodbridge,K13 Woodbury, Jll. 150 Woodland, Jll. 356 Woodlawn, E4. Woods Cors..Jll 35 - Woodville, H9. Woodville. L9...: Wooster, H10.. Worth, L9..... 45::* Wyandotte.M13 12851 ^ Wyomrng, DI.. Yale, NlO..... 12 25 Yalmar, F3... 28 Yalnar Sta., F3:: Ya-tes, H7...... Yates. Mil.... * i^ Ypsilanti. L12. 7413: Yum a,.... 190 Zeeland, Gil.. 2275 S Zilwaukee, L10. 1060 Zion, Nil...... Index, the Offci:6- 1920 Census of the United States is used for all * incorporated cities and villages:. On such small places as were not enumerited by the Census Bureau, and for which there are, therefore, no Government figures to be h md. the ltest estimates of population as given by local officials and other reliab!e authority are used. at flas ),michigao 15tlIS s41. owicih.amnscotch C r -- I r - ~-L -~ -OY -~- -------~-~--. 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II ~~xr: I ~;~b~ ~:::I: ~~ 1 I I:i ~~~ i~ii~~~~~ ~y;: I; I CI:i C... ~.~ i;.~i ~.~r~~,,:: I I ~ II ~~~~.i~~~ ~:r:~ ~"'A rii B B ~~.~ ':'i p;~l~: B ~si:,i~ i/ Yk~i:~~: ~C-~:~~~~::: iF:-S:t:?~: 1,:i~:~:-r ~ iji ''' ~~r ii ' ~~.~~~ ~~,,-.~ ii: -,.i. ~ET r::!:::, i~7L?:'~~~.~T~;~ 1 fi;-. i-;t~ ~L r L:i: ~..,:~~..~~": ~~,..::::~~.:~.- ~s~.~.-~ ~...~; rl. -~~;~~;~ ~,:~ ~4~.~~B~iSfl~:~l;: '';e.i, d ~;~ ~ -~;~. s:~ ~ ~~1~F. I! ~ 7 1~ Q c%;:9~r ~ I President Wilson Delivering His Great Address at the Joint Session of Congress at Washington, April 2, 1917 The Closing Paragraphs of the President's Great Address to Congress, April 2, 1917 "It is a distressing and o~ppreissive duty, gentlemen of the Congress, which I have performed in thus addressing you. There are, it may be, many monthis of fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is a fearful thing to lead this great, peaceful peolple into war, into the, mos't terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. "But the right is more precious than pe'ace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest. our hearts-for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice of their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations,.for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace -and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free. "To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know that the day has come.when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured. "God helping her, she can do no other." OUR BULWARK AGAINSTINVASION "OUR LINEOF Fi RST DEFENSE A BIRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREAT W R CHAPTER I EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE WAR--On the morning of Monday, November 11, 1918, an armistice was signed which brought to an end the greatest war in the history of the world, a war which cost millions of human lives and many billions of dollars, in which twenty-six nations were more or less directly engaged, which lasted over:1,500 days and which was terminated by the most abject surrender ever imposed upon any great nation. On that day representatives of Germany signed- at Senlis an armistice in the presence of Marshal Foch, of France, and representatives of Great Britain, by the terms of which they agreed to withdraw from Belgium and France, to relinquish Alsace-Lorraine (which they had held for fortyseven years, ever since the Franco-Prussian war), to surrender all of their submarines, practically all of their air fleet, the greater part of their navy and immense quantities of munitions of war, and to withdraw from their own frontier so as to permit the armies of the United States, Great Britain and France to stand guard on the Rhine against any possible treachery. After such suffering and sacrifice, such courage and struggle, as had never before been seen, the world was at last made safe for democracy through victory on the field of battle. With revolution stalking through "the Fatherland," with its armies in the field defeated and battling for their lives as they retreated in what order they could, and thoroughly discredited throughout the entire world, Germany was glad to accept the severe peace terms agreed upon by the allied supreme war council at Versailles and transmitted to their representatives by Marshal Foch in the shell-shattered town of Senlis. The abdication of the Kaiser and the Crown Prince and their flight from Germany into Holland confirmed the victory. The Kaiser had not only found his dream of world empire shattered, he had lost his throne and had been driven from the land of his fathers, an outcast some day to be brought before the bar of justice to answer for his many crimes. The German surrender followed close upon the heels of that of Austria-Hungary, upon which almost equally severe terms were imposed by the Allies. It in turn followed the surrender of Turkey and Bulgaria. One by one the allies of Germany deserted, as defeat after defeat was administered to them. Finally, in sheer despair, Germany terminated the war by accepting the stringent terms of the victorious allies. What were the causes of this greatest of all wars? They may be divided into two classes; remote and direct. They might equally well be classified -as real and assumed. They were political, military and commercial. It is difficult, if not impossible, to say, which one, or which group, the future will declare the real one. THE CAUSES OFTHE WAR--Ostensibly the fact that on June 28, 1914, the Archduke Francis Fdrdinand,.-heir to the throne of the Austrian empire, was assassinated, together with his wife, while making a state visit to Sarajevo (capital of the province of Bosnia, which the Berlin treaty of 1878 put under the administration of Austria-Hungary) was the direct cause of the great war. Back of. that, however, was, a long story of political intrigue and international complications. The political balance of the great powers of Europe was so delicately adjusted, before the war, that any weakening of one meant the vibration of all. Germany had taken advantage of the defeat of Russia in eastern Asia, in its struggle with Japan in 1904 and 1905, to bully France over Morocco. In 1908, judging correctly that Russia was still unfit for war, Austria, with the connivance and help of Germany, tore up the treaty of Berlin and annexed the Turkish provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was while on a visit to these newly annexed provinces that the Austrian archduke was assassinated. The immediate criminal was a youth named Gavrio Prinzip, but whether he acted on his own initiative or merely the tool of others higher up, perhaps a part of a great political plot, has never been disclosed. Germany and Austria did not care. They seized upon the murder as the excuse for the war for which they had long been preparing. of Napoleon III and the siege and surrehder of Paris. Prussia had demanded the payment by France of an immense indemnity and the cession of the splendid provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. Victor though she was, Germany still looked longingly at the remaining provinces of the country it had defeated and yearned for the day when the remaining valuable coal and iron deposits of France would be hers. She needed them for fulfilling her dreams of world power, for "made in Germany" was a commercial trademark to which the world was rapidly being forced to pay homage. Without coal and iron Germany could neither manufacture those things which would ensure her world-wide commercial domination nor send them abroad to bring the world to Germany's feet. GERMANY'S DREAM OF CONQUEST-Great Britain stood between Germany and -that world-empire of which she dreamed. Through her, maritime power and the energy olher merchants, Britain had become a great worldpower while Germany was stilt a collection of petty states. When Germany bNkame a powerful empire, with an increasing population and an immense commerce, she found that England, had preceded her to those choice spots 'of the world where her eyes fondly turned. "Gott strafe England" (meaning "God strike England") was in the hearts of those who ruled over the German people long before the Austrin Archduke was killed. "There are a score of considerations which show that a European war had long been planned and that finally the very date, determined by the completion of the broadened Kiel canal, had been approximately fixed," says A. Conan Dnv.e, the noted British writer, adding: "The importations of corn, the secret premaiations of giant guns, the preparations of concrete gun-platforms, the early distribution of mobilization papers, the sending out of guns for auxilliary cruisers, the arming of the German colonies, all point to a predetermined rupture. If it could not be effected on one pretext, it certainly would on another." Twice Germany believed the time had come when war might be precipitated, without the open hand of intrigue and desire being seen, The first time was in 1905, the second in 1911. Both times the commercial develdopment and the government of Morocco were the ostensible excuses. Both- times Germany was thwarted in its efforts to precipitate a general European war. Still eyeing covetously the great iron and coal fields of France, she impatiently awaited'the' day when the mailed fist might strike, quickly and victoriously. The murder of the Austrian Archduke was seized as the final excuse. Working as an ally-a vassal, rather-of Germany, Austria held an inquiry in connection with the trial of the assassins which was reported to have implicated individual Serbians in the plot, although no charge:was made against the Serbian government. A demand was immediately made, however, contaming such severe and impossible. conlditions that Serbia could not hav'e remained a nation and grant them. Austria rightfully deman#ed the immediate trial and conviction of the assassins, but it did not stop there. It demanded that Austrian judges should sit in Serbia to hear the case and that Austrian delegates should have partial administrative control in the Serbian kingdom. Serbia was asked to turn over its courts, even its government, to Austria, because certain.of its citizens were implicated in a murder not even committed within its borders. It turned to the nearest friend it had and asked for help. That friend was Russia, bound to Serbia by ties of diplomatic alliance and the kinship of blood and race. Russia was willing that the murderers should be punished; it was not willing that Serbia should be humbled to the extent which Austria demanded. The Austrian army was already mobilizing-Russia began to mobilize in the south. Austria seems to have instantly made up her mind to push the matter to an extreme conclusion, as is shown by the fact that mobilization papers were received by Austrians abroad, bearing the date of June 30, only two days after the Sarajevo murder. Events crowded rapidly upon each other. On July 28, 1914, Austria declared war upon Serbia. Three days later Germany, as Austria's ally, declared war upon Russia. Two days later, Germany declared war upon France, which was Russia's ally. The sparks of war were falling all over Europe. Every eye was turned toward England, to see what that kingdom would do in the crisis. England remained aloof at first from the diplomatic negotiations and the military preparations. The attitude of France was never in doubt. Russia was her ally; France took her stand beside Russia at once. A strong bid for British neutrality was made by Germany, on July 29, the day after Austria declared war upon Serbia. In an official conversation, the German Chancellor declared that Germany was ready to pledge herself to take no territory from France in case of victory. He would make no promise as regards the French colonies, the French fleet or the immense indemnity which was already being discussed in some of the German papers. He proposed, merely, that England should hold aloof, at the price of France being allowed to retain her territory intact. Germany craved French territory, because of the coal and iron fields, yet it promised to keep its hands off, provided only that England desert her ally in the hour of need and remain neutral. To do this, Britain promptly refused. Sir Edward Grey said: "From the material point of view such a proposal is unacceptable, for France, without further territory in Europe being taken from her, could be so crushed as to lose her position as a great power and become subordinate to German policy. Altogether apart from that, it would be a disgrace for us to make this bargain with Germany at the expense of France, a disgrace from which the good name of this country would never recover." England saw clearly that Gel many might, indeed, allow the coal and iron fields of France to remain France's, while at the same time securing their entire output. England was unprepared for war, but she was no traitor to her ally and to humanity in the hour of nee. THE RAPE OF BELGIUM-It.was in this 'crisis, withIEngland valiantly refusing to desert France, but not proposing to enter the war, that Germany precipi-' tated matters once and for all by violating the neutrality of Belgium and rushing her armies across that fair land in order the sooner and more powerfully to strike at France. The neutrality of Belgium was solemnly guaranteedt by France, Prussia (the dominant kingdom in the federation of Germany) and Great Britain, in 1831 and 1839. On the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian war, in 1870, both France and Prussia recognized anew the neutrality of Belgium; in a special treaty arranged by Great Britain. Solemnly pledged to regard 'Belgium as a neutral nation, and knowing full well that to send a single armed man over the frontier- without permission constituted a violation of that treaty of neutrality and a virtual declaration of war, Germany lost no time in sending its armed hordes across the Belgian frontier, insultingly promising not to destroy Belgian property in the event the government allowed its millions to march through the land. Others had faithfully lived up to the treaty of Belgian neutrality. Germany broke it without any warning. On July 31, the British government asked France and Germany if they were still prepared to stand by their pledge to Belgium. France answered promptly that she was, and added that she had withdrawn her armies six miles from the Belgian frontier as an evidence of good faith. Germany failed, or refused, to answer. She was too busy mobilizing her immense armies close to the Belgian frontier, prepared to march across 3elgium the very moment the hour to strike had arrived. GERMAN OBSERVATION BALLOON HOVERING OVER VERDUN Such are the facts of history. Back of them, however, are certain economic developments and aspirations, certain dreams of German domination the world over, which make the murder of the Austrian Crown Prince take second place among the war causes. Germany dreamed of the day ("Der Tag" they called it) when there would be German domination from Berlin to Bagdad; when the German flag would rule over the seas; when German capital would develop the richest parts of the world; when German colonies would form a vast ring of wealth around the earfh. The Kaiser was ambitious to be the modern Alexander; he had been for years preparing a vast war machine. He looked about to see where and how best he could utilize that terrible, death-dealing machine. There had been bad blood between Germany and France ever since the Franco-* Prussian war, brought to a conclusion in the spring of 1871 by the surrender Pague Two A ~BRIIEF HPISTORY OF THE GREAT- WAR U ----- I---- - - - - - - r I - Great Britain looked on, alarmed and suspicious. Having received no reply to its request for a definite assurance about Belgium, the British government instructed its ambassador to ask for an immediate answer, on August 4th. The startling reply came from the German secretary of foreign affairs that the German troops had already crossed the Belgian frontier. It was in this conversation that the German official referred to the Belgian neutrality treaty as "a scrap of paper"; an historic scrap of paper, indeed, which thrust Great Britain into a war from which it might otherwise have held aloof and which, in the end, brought, to Germanv the most crushing defeat ever administered to anv nation in the history of the world. On that day, August 4, 1914, war was declared between Great Britain and Germany. Up to that time Great Britain had taken but one step beyond the path of strict neutrality. That step consisted in the announcement on August 2, subject to Parliamentary approval, that "if the German fleet comes into the Channel or through the North Sea to undertake hostile operations against the ~French coasts or shipping, the British fleet will give all the protection in its power." This did not mean war, but two days later Germany's action in invading BSelgium brought it about. Tahere still remained one other nation, the position and attitude of which were in douabt. Thait nation was Italy. P~rior to the outbreak of the war Italy was an ally of Germany and AustriaHungary. The terms of the alliance did not bind Italy to take up war on account of any war being waged by its allies; it was only called upon to assist if the land of either Germany or Austria-Hungary were invaded by an enemy. This was not the situation in August, 1914. Italy canvassed the situation- thoroughly and at la~st decided on a policy of strict neutrality. This not only relieved France of a 11.,xave peril, but afforded the simplest and most conclusive exhibition of the aggresinive character of Germany's action. It was not until the following May (1915) Ui~at Italy definitely decided to cast its fortunes with Britain, France, Russia and Belgium against her former allies: Germany and Austro-Hungary. Long before that (October 29, 1914) Turkey had declared war against Russia. Twelve months later (October, 1915) Bulgaria also joined forces with the Central Empires. The ouitbreak of actual hostilities found Russia, France, Serbia, iMontenegro, Belgium and Great Britain allied against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Within a year Germany and Austria had the support of Bulgaria and Turkey, while the allies ýiound themselves supported by Italy, Roumania and Japan. Eventually twentyoix nations became embroiled in the struggle, the list being as follows: THE NATIglONS ENGAG~AED--The Central Empires: Germany, Austria-Hungary, l'urkeey and Bulgaria. The Allies: Belgium, Serbia, Firance, Great. Britain, Montenegro, Italy, Greece, Brazil, Japan, China, Cuba, Portugal, Liberia, Panama, San Marino, Siam, Roumania, Russia, the United States, Nicaragua, Uruguay and Guatemala. The greatest war in the history of the world found at its close almost 100,0010,000 men under arms or av'ailable for military service. It was fought out at a cost of" almost $200,000,000,000. Such figures are appalling. Never before had the world known such a holocaust, such a tragedy. Never before had it seen so many men clutching so fiercely at each others throats, engaged in so titanic a struggle. CHIPAPTE3R 11. THE CAMPAIGIIN OJF 1914~-The war began with the overruning, by the German armies, of the neut~ral kingdom of Belgium and the neutral duchy of Luxemburg. Had it not been for the courageous-and determined resistance of the Belgian troops, under command of King Albert, who held back the German hordes until France could prepare, in a measure, for the unexpected invasion, the war mig~ht have ended in a few months, with a victory for the Central Empires, instead of in their decisive defeat.. "T'Iime was the precious gift which little Belgium gave to the Allies; she gave them days and days, and every day worth an army corps." THIE INPJASION O F BELGIUMli~-The army which c~ame pouring over the Belgian frontier was the most efficient and the best armed and equipped ever gathered in the field up to that time. The Germans considered it invincible. TIhere was not a thing which had not been provided, either to assist the soldiers in carry entrenched infantry. The Germans expected to sweep them away., but the Belgians held on. The Germans fell by the thousands. Eighty thousand other Germans were brought up and on August 7 the attack was renewed, but with no better result. A garrison of 25,000 Belgians held off the attacking army-of 120,000 ten days, giving France the precious time which she needed so badly. The Liege garrison fought well, but it fought against too heavy odds. With twelve forts, three miles apart, it was impossible to guard all the avenues of attack and approach with the small force at command. The Germans entered the towid of Liege on the 8th, but the forts still held out. Day followed day, and still the forts held. The Germans had expected to be in France before Liege was finally conquered. On August 14 the last Liege, fort fell and the Germans were permitted to press forward. By that time the French were pouring into Alsace and Lorraine, in a courageous, but ill-timed attempt to regain these "lost provinces." Had the Liege forts fallen as quickly as the Germans confidently expected, the German dream of world empire might have come to pass. But when the Liege forts held back the onrushing invaders, the history of the war and of the world has changed. GERMANB BARBARITY--The Germans poured into Belgium, in a seemingly never-ending stream. They ravished the once-fair land, the neutrality of which they had solemnly guaranteed. They perpetrated untold atrocities on the people. The great university of Louvain was sacked and destroyed. Belgian men were arrested and shot down on little or no excuse. WVomen were torn from their husbands, daughters from their parents, and compelled to submit themselves to the lustful desires of the brutal invaders. Children were bayoneted, apparently merely to satisfy the blood lust of the conquerors. Brutality ran riot. Immense indemnities were demanded for the smallest overt acts; hostages were held without reason or warrant of law. The German hand was at the throat of Belgium and Germany knew no mercy.. After Liege came Namur, another Belgian stronghold, of which much was expected. But Namur was a disappointm~ent. The German invasion, by now, was sweeping everything before it. It had spread iitto Brussels, the Belgian capital. Namur was believed to be stronger than Liege, yet it held back the German tide only a few days. On August 2'2 the garrison surrendered, a considerable portion effecting a retreat to the F'rench army, which by that time had come up to the support of the town. The: tide had been held back a little, however, so that it was the third week of August before the ranks of the Belgian 'army had taken refuge in.tJntwerp, and the Germans, at last victorious over their puny foe, were finally sweeping down upon northern France in a 200-mile line. By that time 100,000 British had crossed the channel, coming to the rescue of the Belgians, a handful compared with the hordes of Huns, but heroes every one of them, destined to fall before the Teutonic conqueror, but in. falling to pull the enemy down with them. No braver body of troops ever entered a battle than these British "Tommies,"' fighting against overwhelming odds with a courage which thrilled the world. "A thin red line of heroes," they added undying glory to the brilliant military page of Britain. The first real battles between the Gtermans and the FFrench were at Dinant, where the French were victorious, and at Charleroi, which the Germans carried on August 22, pushing the 'French back with considerable loss of guns and prisoners along the whole line. There was a defeat, but nothing approaching a rout or an envelopment., so the hearts of the French beat high. The line fell back, fighting determinedly., but northern France was thrown open to the invaders. This retirement resufted in the battle of the Mlons, August 23, the first encounter in which the British army engaged. BRITAIN TO THE RESCUTE-Tahe bulk of the British expeditionary force passed over to France under cover of darkness on the nights of August 12 and 13, 1914. A. Conan Doyle has described the embarkation in this manner: "It is doubtful if so large a host has ever been moved by water in so short a time in all the annals of military history. There was drama in the secrecy and celerity of the affair. Two canvas walls converging into a funnel screened the approaches to Southampton Dock. All beyond was darkness -and mystery. Down this fatal funnel passed the flower of the youth of Britain, and their folk saw them no more. They had embarked upon the great adventure of the German war. ~The crowds in the street saw the last serried files vanish into the darkness of the docks, heard the measured tramp upon the stone quays further away in the silence battle was being conducted, this was no easy task, but it was accomplished in good order. Step by step the British retreated, hard pressed by the Germans, who felt., three days after the Mons defeat, that complete victory was at last theirs. On August 26 the German general, Von Kluck, sent an exultant telegram to Berlin declaring that he had the enemy surrounded, a telegram which set Berlin~fluttering with flags. But the end was, not yet. Sir John French and General Joffre (the latter in command of the Fr~ench army and eventually to become Marshal of France) had other plans, daring plans, which it took courageous minds to conceive and brave men to execute. W~hat history records as the "Retreat to the Marne" was begun, a retirement which was to end in an "about face" and the retreat, in turn, of the invaders. T~HE BATTL'E OF TH~E 31ARNtPE-It was apparent from a very early date that General Joff re had determined upon a retreat of the Allied armies to the line of the Marne river, where lay strong fortifilcations. To all appearances the French and British were in rapid retreat before an overwhelming foe. In fact, however, they were luring their enemy along, farther and farther away from his base of supplies, awaiting the time when they might turn and fall upon him with sledge-hammer blows which his exhausted vanguard could not withstand. "W~hatever may be said of the first French advances into Alsace and Lorraine, the plan of escape from the northern peril proves that the taciturnity of Joseph Jacques Joffre covered a cool, clear brain, capable of large and delicate combinations, a rare knowledge of his men to respond to the extraordinary demand made upon their endurance. F'rance had not begun well and ~the full force of the invasion was upon her. Few commanders ever held such,a responsibillty,, but, in the supreme crisis, this captain did not fail." A part of the German army was held back by the resistance of the great French fort of Maubeuge, gaining a delay of twelve days. The first German troops appeared before the place on August 25. It was not until September 7 (while the issue was being decided on the Marne) that Maubeuge surrendered, and full possession of the trunk: railway, for which the enemy was fighting, was obtained. September 6 was a day of great elation in the armies of France and England, for it maxked the end of the retreat and the-beginning of their victorious advance. The Allied retreat could not have gone farther south without exposing Paris to the danger of an attac~k. Already the Germans were at Senlis, within twenty-five miles of Paris and their guns were plainly he~ard in that city. The French government had already been transferred to Bordeaux, and Paris put into a -state which promised a long and stubborn, defense. On September 6 the French and British line was extended in seven separate, armies from Verdunl to the west of Paris, a distance of 174 miles. The desperate struggle of September 6, 7, 8 and 9 -may be looked upon as the first turning point of the war. At one time the situation was desperate for the Allies, but 20,,000 men--all sorts and conditions-were rushed out from Paris in a five-mile line of automobiles, taxis and trucks, and the. tide wars turned. On the morning of the 10th the Germansl began an extended retreat, PLAYING CARDS IN A SHELTER ON THE FRENCH FRONT ing on their offensive, or to frighten the people of the conquered territory into passiveness. The army moved forward with the precision of clockwork; everything seemed to have been arranged long in advance. Only the little Belgian army, mobilized with great speed, stood between the Germans and their long-held dreams of a Middle Europe empire, stretching from the Baltice to the Black Sea. Never was there a more gallant, determined resist~ance; never did soldiers give up their lives more willingly for others. The Belgians fought not only fo r their own ravished land, but also for France, for Europe, for civilization itself. Their courageous self-sacrifice cannot be overestimated. There was little time to prepare to repel the invaders. On July 31, before any declaration of war, a German army of 125,000 men was moving close to the D elgian border. On the night of Saturday, Aug~ust 1, the vanguard of the German armies, using motor trucks followed by trains, burst through the neutral duachy of Luxemburg, and on August 3 they were over the Belgian line. They swept everything before them for the first f ew days. Irresistibly they swung along, beating back the little handful of brave Belgian defenders (Belgium's army, on a war footing, was only 200,000), while France, England and Russia made frantic ef~forts to call, train, arm and equip great armies overnight--an impossible task. Rut. the Germans met with an unexpected setback. They approached the forts of Liege, Belgium, expecting them to fall quick and easy victims to their powerful guns, the like of which the world had never seen before. Here was where the Kaiser made his first mistake. On August 5 the Huns attempted to -rush the gaps between the Liege forts. These gaps were three miles wide and filled with A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREAbT WARA Page Three. I held in front by the French and in danger of being cut off by the British to the east. On the 13th the advance guard of the Allies, pursuing the retreating Huns, crossed the Aisne river, which runs parallel to the Marne, some thirty miles distant. Oniy orne bridge remained and it was partly demolished, still. 25,000 British troops, under command of General Haig, were across before the evening of that day. Step by step, the Germans were pushed back over the country they had invaded so rapidly, and apparently so successfully. About two million men were engaged on both sides. The battle of the Mtarne will go down in history as one of the greatest of all time. Had not~the Germans been checked, Paris would shortly have fallen and eventually all France with it. But M/aubeuge resisted till September 7, thus keeping bac~k the heavy siege guns, without which the forts around Paris could not be laid low. The long retreat turned into an offensive operation, which slowly, but surely, pushed the invaders back. The moral effect of the victory was even greater than the military and material. The mere fact that a great German army (commanded by the Crown Prince and two of Germany's best generals, Von Kluck and Von Bulow) had been pushed back across thirty miles of count~ry, and finally taken refuge in trenches in order to hold their ground, was a great encouragement to the Allies. It was the first time since the days of Napoleon I that a Prussian army had been turned and driven. From that day on, the Allies felt that with anything like equal numbers they were superior to their opponents. Both sides dug themselves in and trench warfare ensued throughout the fall and winter months. Gigantic artillery duels and infantry sorties occupied the time until heavier fighting could be resumed in the spring. BATTLE OF YPRES--After digging in, the Germans had time to prepare reserve formations which might suddenly be thrown against any chosen spot in the allied line. A half million reserves were quickly made ready. The bloody but indecisive battle of Ypres followed, opening October 16. Victory perched first on one banner, then on the other, from October 16 to 31. Liooking bac~k at the closing days of the struggle, it is now apparent that Ypres bade fair, for a time, to be the most serious defeat the British army had experienced, since the very first days of the fighting, at Le Cateau. If the Germans had been able to push home their attack once more, it is probable that they would have taken Ypres and that the results would have been serious, wiping out the first British army eastern ally, had succeeded in engaging, and frequently defeating, great massies of Austrian troops, preventing them from going to the relief of the Germanrs in France. Always an unknown quantity, Russia proved herself of inestimable value to the Allies in the opening engagements of the war. Mobilizing his army with surprising promptness, the Czar succeeded in throwing into East Prussia two large armies, one under General Rennenkampff, the other under General Samsonoff. They broke through all opposition on the frontier, and advanced unchecked, straight toward the heart of Prussia. The Prussian opposition wavered, and for a time it appeared as though Russia was to win a great and decisive victory. Then Germany summoned two commanders, who were destined to lead its great armies throughout the remainder of the war-Von Hindenburg and Luden~dorff. The first was appointed to supreme command, the second was made chief of staff. Within a few days after he had been given command, Von Hindenburg lured General Samsonoff and his Russian armny into a trap at Tannenberg, East Prussia, on September 1, and cut his army to pieces. Thousands drowned in the lakes of the region. The total of prisoners, it is said, ranl almost to one hundred thousand. With Samsonoff done for, Hindenburg turned on Rennenkampff, but that Russian chieftain saw a light just in time and raced for the frontier. Hindenbuarg caught him at Lyck, routed him, and captlured 30,000 of his men, but Rennenkalmpff escaped with a good part of his forces. AUSTRIEIA A POOR1 ALLY-On the same day that the Russians were defeated at Tan-nenberg, another Russian army entered Lemberg, capital of the Austrian crown-lands of Galicia, after a week of desperate fighting. The fall of Lemberg, moreover, was simply the prelude to three weeks of uninterrupted Austrian disaster, which was to end in the almost complete conquest of Galicia by the Czar. The latter half of September the Russians occupied one important town after another, until they surrounded Przemysl, the last Austrian foothold east of the Dunajec river. At the same time, other Russian forces pushed the broken Austrian armies behind the foothills of the Carpathianl mountains and began to climb the eastern slopes of the passes into Hungary. By September 30, not less than 25,000 of the 30,000 square miles of the Galician province, with about 8,000,000 inhabitants, were in Russian hands and a Russian army was threatening the Austrian provinc~e of Bukowina to the south. "It had been the mission of the Austrian army to hold the Russians in play until Germany should have 'dealt with France,'" comments Frank H. Simonds. "NLow, October come, Germany had failed to dispose of France and Austria had broken down under the great burden that had been imposed upon her. If the Russian dash into East Prussia in August, which had proved so disastrous to German plans in France, had been a first indication of the fact that Russian mobilization had gone forward- far more rapidly than had been expected,, the conquest of Galicia had demonstrated to the satisfaction of Russia's enemies, at the least, that Russia had been fairly well mobilized before the war opened." Austria turned to Germany for aid. The situation was critical. Whole regiments were deserting. High commanders were in disgrace. Nor was the situation made any better by the fac~t that in the south the Serbians had defeated the Austrians decisively in the battle of the Jedar and were advancing in Bosnia toward Sarajevo, where the Austrian Archduke had been murdered. Such were the circumstances which led to the first German invasion of Russian Poland. VON HINPNDENJBURG T'HO TH`~E RESCUE--This German invasion began about October 1. It was led by Von Hindenburg. Relying; upon their great mobility, their great number of automobiles and the better training of their troops, the Germans hoped to reach Waisaw, capital of Russian Poland, before the Russians cotild concentrate against them. For nearly three weeks the great Gerrman advance continued. The crac~k Hunl troops actually reached the suburbs' of W~arsaw and German aeroplanes dropped bom'bs on the city. Its early fall was believed certain. As a result, the Russians were compelled to draw back in Galicia, to give up the siege of Przemysl and to relinquish all hopes of besieging Cracow. Con-- centrating their reserves, they were able at the critical moment to rush fresh masses of troops through W~arsaw, in whose suburbs German shells were falling, and strike the unprotected German left wing;. By October 20 the entire German army was in retreat. As they retired they destroyed railroads and roads, quickly threw off the Russian pursuit, and reached their own frontier of East; Prussia in good order. Far less fortunate were the Austrians, who had endeavored to redeem Galicia. skill met the crisis, the gravest for Germany~ in the war to that time. New troops were rushed from Belgium and France. Some of the most desperate and costlyg fighting of the war took place. W7hen it terminated, Russians and Germans faced each other in a double line across Poland, from the Vistula river to Galicia, and the campaign resolved itself into a deadlock. TH F WARA~ IEN TPHE BALK~AN STATES-TheTh fighting had not been confined to Poland, Galicia, France and Belgium. The Balkan stat~es had likewise seen great armies in conflict. In the opening days of the war, Serbia was th~e first of the Allies to win a great victory. In the third week of August, 1914, 175,000 Austrians were routed and driven home across the Drina r~iver.. In the weeks that followed, Serbian and Montenegrin troops invaded Bosnia and approached the capital, Sarajevo, where the murder of the Austrian Archduke had occurred ir. June. The Serbians made steady prog-ress for some weeks, the Bosnian Serbs rallying to their support. By October, however, the Serbia~n invasion of Bosnia was checked. Little by little, Austria had gathered together a great ar-my, reinforced by Germa~ns, and had beaten down Serbian resistance. Austrian armies crushed their wa2y through the frontier districts on the Serbian side of the DIrina river, until they reached the line of the Orient railway, which runs south from Belgrade to Constantinople, Turkey. Once this line was reached the defense of Belgrade, the Serbian capital, was impossible. Its garrison was compelled to retreat to escape capture, and on December 1, Belgrade fell to Austria. The Serbian army wass shaken, but still defiant. Witth the ultimate weakening of the Austrian forces, througrh need of hurrying troops to Hungary and to Galicia, where the big RHBussian drive was in full swing. the Serbs swungg around and retook Belgrade, after it had been in Austrian hands but a fortnight. TURKEYE ENTERS TH~E WARAH-On November 17 the "Holy W~ar" was proclaimed by Turkey, thus bringing another country into the fighting. Turkey was doomed to early defeat, however.- It had counted on Mohammedan7. support in India, the Philippines, Egypt, French Africa, wherever Allah was worshipped. But this support was not forthcoming; these provinces remained loyal. On January~ 4, 1915, three Turkish corps were overwhelmed and well-nigh destroyed by the Russian armies in the Caucasus. German diplomatic intrigue had brought Turkey into the war; Turkey was to rue its decision'before many weeks had passed and to be but a por ally. SU3UKARY OF THIE CA31PAIGNS6 OF 1914-The~h war had begun with t~he Germans rushing through Belgium, confident of the destructionn of France by one quick, powerful blow, as had been done in the Franco-Prussian war. The year ended with Germany pushed back from its point of farthest French advance, digging in for the winter, with Russia, holding the Aaustrian armies and making it necessary for Germany to carry troops back and forth from the western to the eastern fronts.as the pressure grew strong or relaxed. Germanyn had failed~4 In its large and well-laid plans, though at the end of the year It hohld a quax~B~r ofk GEORGES W. CLEMENCEAU President of the Peace Conf erence and inflicting; such a defeat as would have taken Britain long to recover fromt Sir John French, the British commander, is reported as having said that there was no time in the Marne retreat when he did not see his way through, but that on October 31, just before French -reinforcements came up in the battle of Ypres, he seemed to be at the end of his resources. H~is command suffered heavily At the famous battle of W~aterloo, which decided the fate and world ambitions of Napoleon I, the English losses were under 10,000. At Ypres they were little short of 50,000. A Germaaan force of 500,000 men had set about to reach the Channel coast, but they did not advance five miles in a month, and that advance was made at a sacrifice of 150,000 men. "The struggle was over," says A. Conan Doyle. "Fior a fortnight still to come it was close and desperate, but, never again would it be quite so perlious as on that immortal last day of October, when over the green Flemish meadows, besides the'sluggish water courses, on the fringes of the oldworld villages, and in the heart of the autumn-tinted woods, two great empires fought for the mastery." While the British and French were thus engaged, the Belgians had beeii doing their bit fully as well, proportionate to their strength. After the evacuzation of Brussels, in August, they had withdrawn their army to Antwerp, from which they made frequent sallies upon the Germans, who were garrisoning their country. Toward the close of September, the Germans turned their attention seriously to the reduction of Antwerp. They drove the garrison within the lines, and early in October begmn a bombardment upon the outer forts with such result that it was evidently only a matter of days before they would fall, and the city with them. On the 8th it was clear that the forts could no longer hold. The next day the Belgian and British forces made their way successfully out of the city. Unfortunately,, however, a part of the British wandered across the Holland boundary line and were interned for the remainder of the war. The balance ef the command joined the main allied forces and continued to fight valiantly "for God and country." THIE RUSSIAN~ CA31PA-IGN-Whilehil this was going on in the western theatre of the war, great events had been occuring on the eastern front. Russia, the great Page Four A BR$IEF HISTORY OF THIE GREAT 'WAR L Russian Poland, practically all of Belgium and 8,000: square miles of northern France, the home of some 2,500,000 Frenchmen. Against this must be reckoned Russian occupation of a corner of East Prussia, and Firench occupation of a small portion of Alsace. Provinces containing at least 12,000,000 people, having an area of at least 30,000 square miles, towns such as Brussels, Antwerp, Lille, Lodz, St. Quentin and Liege were held by the Germans, who had reached the English Channel at Ostende, and approached W7arsaw, Poland, on the east. Only Russia, among the Allies, had made progress in invasion. The armies of the Czar held at least 30,000 square miles of Austrian territory, with a population of 9,000,000, and East t~hpir comrades, absolutely helpless against this diabolical agenc~y, rushed madly Prussian lands having an area of 5,000 square miles and a population of perhaps 1,500,000. Germany held more territory than she had annexed in 1871. In China, however, her great port of Kiao-Chau had been taken by the English and Japanese. In the Pacific her island holdings had vanished. In Africa her colonies were being: won away from her. Her flag had disappeared from the ocean. So the year came to an end. CHAPTEER 1116 THIE CAMPAIGNP OF 1915--The first three years of the war have been aptly characterized as ""the year of defense, the year of equilibrium and the year of attack." Fiollowing the overrunning of Belgium and northern France, and the surging back and forth of Russians, Austrians and Germans in Poland and Galicia, 1915 found both sides endeavoring to regain their equilibrium, poising themselves for the still greater blows which were to be delivered in 1916. Not that 1915 did not see much terrific and costly fighting. Little of this fighting was decisive, however. The Allies were holding their own, until armies could be raised and the even more serious problems of war munitions be solved. From every part of the world troops were being rushed to the aid of the mother countries-F~irance and England--and the tread of armed~ millions made Europe shakze as it had never shaken before. The year was an active one on every f ront, but it was not a decisive one. The Allies settled down to a campaign3 of "nibbling," doing what damage they could at various points in the long battle line f rom the North Sea to Switzerland, F'rom the Allies' standpoint, it was becoming a war of attrition. They did not care so m~uch for territorial gains and losses as for a campaign of incessant hammering upon the Germans' lines with a steady attendant loss of life among the enemy. Man power was to be the deciding factor; the more men that could be killed, the sooner would victory result. So the Allies dug themselves in and trench warfare ensued all along the 200-mile fighting front in F'rance and Flanders. The dawn of the year found all eyes turning to the sea. W~ould the deciding battle be fought there? WVould Britain be able to hold its mastery of the seven seas? W~ould the Germany navy come out of its base and fight the Allied fleets? Would the growing menace of the submsarine eventually make it impossible for the Allies to move men and supplies? THE SUB31ARINEPJ BLOCKADllE-In September, 1914, (the sec~ond month of the war) the loss of three vessels by German submarine attack warned the British public of what was to come. Thereafter, in a long procession, the Auda'cious, the Hawke, the Bulwark and the Formidable--all British battleships-were lost through mines, submarines or other attack. These disasters were amply avenged. On December 8, off~ the Fialkland islands, in the South Atlantic ocean, the Gneisenau, the Scharnhorst, the Nurnberg and the Leipzig--all German war ships--were sunk, with their commander, Admiral von Spee, while the Dresden (another German battleship) escaped, only to fall a prey to her pursuers several months later. On December 16 a squadron of German cruisers appeared off Scarborough, Hartlepol and, Whitby, England, and swept thle shore with their guns, destroying many buildings and killing more than 100 men, women and children. Fior centuries the attack of a hostile fleet had beens unknown to England's shores. The war was brought home to Britain as never before. England, however, retained her mastery of the seas., Intoý England and F'rance there fl~owed an ever increasing flood of arms and ammunition made in neutral countries, chiefly the United States. German ships and products were shut off from the world market. In January the German government adopted a policy which amounted to the seizure by the government of all the wheat in the countrv and the issuance, of weeklv allowances who were lost, -along with one American citizen. The reign of piracy on the. high seas had begun; the future was to disclose that there was no limit to its frigbtfulness. RUSSIA INJ 1916---In the second week of February, Russia suffered a defeat comparable only with that of Tannenberg, in the early days of the war. The victorious Russian army had pushed ahead steadily in East Prussia from November, 1914, to February, 1915. Along its front were the famous Mazurian Lakes, impenetrable in spring, summer and fall, but, in winter, when the lakes and water courses were frozen, open to attack. Von Hindenburg, gathering up all his available forces from Poland, suddenly descended upon the Russian armies in this lake region and inflicted a defeat which became a massacre. Accepting the German figures, the Russians suffered the loss of 100,000 prisoners and 150,000 killed and wounded. F'or the time being, byl the battle of the Mazurian Lakes, Germany cleared her frontiers; she was able to divert her soldiers to France once more. Three times, aided by the splendid system of strategic railways and in the marching power of her soldiers, the Germans had forced back the invaders'and termInated the campaign far in Russian territory. In all, the Germans claimed over 1,000,000 Russian prisoners, thousands of guns and fabulous quantities of military stores as a result of their 'victorious campaigns. Russia, however, was undismayed. No country had greater man resources. She was tn~ remain a vigorous ally for the greater part of another year, THPE FIG~HT FOR HUNG;ARY--On March 22 the Austri~an citadel, Przemysl, in Galicia, facing starvation, surrendered to the Russians. 117,000 men, 3,000 officers, including nine generals, and one of the great strongholds of Europe were the Russian booty. In addition, nearly 30,000 Austro-Hungarian troops had perished in the long defense. Four army corps were thus accounted for in a surrender unequalled; in Europe since Sedan and Metz deprived France in 1870 of her two field armies. In taking Przemysl the Russians achieved by far the greatest allied triumph on the off ensive side of the war up to that time. Only the earlier Russian victories before Lemberg, and the Servian successes at Jedar, could compare with this, and Przemysl surp~assed them all. Against 10,000 square miles of conquered Belgium was now to be set; more than twice as large an area in Galicia. In February new German troops appeared in Hungary and the Russian advance. through the Carpathian passes was halted and finally thrown back. The Russians gave ground and retreated to well-selected and strongly-fortified positions. Henceforth. for many weeks, a terrific struggle went on in the Carpathian mountains. When March came the situation.chanmged. Despite German successes at the Mazurian IAI~bkes. Ruesia still sent hosts of fresh troops to the Carpathiahns. ber arrales slowly Pushad ahemA toward the erests~ of the passes. The aurrc~udedr of Przerayal (with 120,000 Austrians) wholly changed the face of the eastern campaign by releasing at least 125,000 Russians, removing all threat of an attack in the rear and freeing the Czar's forces for a new drive at Hungary. The long promised advance through the Carpathians resulted. Immediately new demands were made upon the Germans for help, by the Austrians, and still more German troops were hurried to the threatened Hungarian frontier, to hold the narrow ridge of the Carpathians separating the Hungarians from the triumphant Russians. By the second week of April the Russians had captured 70,000 more Austrians, had passed the summit and had approached Bartfeld, in Hungary, the terminus of an important railroad leading to Budapest, capital of Hungary, 210 miles away. In four columns, following three railroads and one national highway, the Russians were seeking to drive through Hungary. The battle for the Carpathian passes had become one of the most important of the war. Reports were rife that Austria-Hungary would sue for a separate peace with the Allies. Once more German aid was sought, and given. By the third week of April the Russian advance, after having made notable progress, passed down the slopes and overrun the edge of the Hungarian plains, came to a halt. Germans and Austrians claimed that the Russians had been defeated. Russia attributed the deadlock to the weather; rains and flood having made the roads impassable. A deadlock ensued. Once more Russia had been on the verge of a great and decisive victory; once more it was unable to carry on till that victory was achieved. It had exacted a terrible toll from the enemy, however, and had caused many German troops to be taken away from the French front at the very time when English and French "nibbling" operations, at widely-separated and unexpected points, had made the stability of the whole German line most precarious. Russia was a good ally in the first two years of the fighting, no matter how great a disappointment she was to prove later. Beyond question German money rather than German arms, was the basic cause of the Russian failure to push their drive. There seems no doubt that the extensive bribery of many Russian offcials lies at the base of the strange pause in their victorious advance in May, 1915. THE FIGHRTING IN FklaNDERS,-The long period of petty and desultory warfare -trench raiding and the like--in France-c~ame to an end with the advent of spring. The French had attempted to break through the German entrenched lines in the Champagne district of eastern France (between Rheims and Verdun) late in January, 'but were unsuccessful. Slight progress east of Rheims was offset by ground lost in other sections. 'German lines still held, the German artillery still ýbombarded Rheims at will. BATTLEE OPF NEUT~E CHAPELLE.--The fi~rst real blow of the Allies, on March 10, was directed against the village of Neuve Chappelle, near the western end of the far-flung battle line, in Flanders.. This village had already changed hands several times the fall before, eventually remaining with thee Germans. The obstacle in front of the allied army was a most serious one. The barbed wire entanglements were on an immense scale, the trenches were bristling with machine guns and the village in the rear contained several large houses surrounded with orchards,'both houses and orchards being converted into fortresses. It took a GERMAN GOTHAS BROUGHT DOWN BY WIDE RANGE GUNS OF LONDON.s ~Ei~E~b~a~O~a high grade of courage to attack in the face of such obstacles, but the British and French set about it. The allied attack was made over a front of a little more than four miles. It was preceded by the heaviest artillery bombardment known up to that time. More than 300 British cannon suddenly opened up on the narrow front. The village of Neuve Chappelle disappeared as if by an earthquake. The German trenches were leveled by the terrific blast. Thousands of allied troops pressed forward, carrying the German trenches and pressing on for more than a mile from their starting point. For the first time the superiority of the allied artillery was definitely established. For the farst time in many months, too, a real gain had been made by the Allies. On the other hand, the casualty list of the victors was heavy. It cost Britain alone 13,000 men to make this small gain. The conclusion was being forced home that the Germans, in their trenches and strongly-fortified positions, could not be rushed by any f rontal attack, except at such a loss of lif e as no nation or group of nations could well stand. This conclusion -was strengthened by the fighting around Hill 60, a low ridge about fifty feet high and 750 feet long, which faced the allied trenches southwest of Ypres. This fighting began April 17 and lasted for several weeks. Gains could be made, but only at a terrific price in human life. There followed shortly a battle, or rather a series of battles, wlhich stand out prominently in the history of the war because of the introduction of new and brutal methods by the Germans. For the first time in civilized warfare, poisonous gas was used, with terrible effectiveness. This occurred at Langemarck, in what is generally called the second battle of Ypres, on April 22, 1915. A. Conan Doyle describes the scene thus: "'F'rom the base of the Germ-an trenches over a considerable length, there appeared jets of whitish vapor, which gathered and swirled until they, settled into a definite, low cloud-bank, greenish-brown below, and yellow above, where it reflected the rays of the sinking sun. This ominous bank of vapor, impelled' by a northern breeze, drifted swiftly across the space which separated the two lines. The French troops, staring over the top of the parapet at this curious screen which ensured them a temporary relief from fire. were observed suddenly to throw up their hands, to clutch at their throats and to fall to the A BRIEGIF HPISTORY OF TH~E GREAT WARB PBage Five ~i i ~ ~ ~ _ _;__~L ~ __ _ __~_ i...0 ground in thea agoni~es of asphy~xiation. Many lay where they had fallen,, while their comrades, absolutely helpless against this diabolical agency, rushed madly out of the mist and made for the rear, overrunning the line of trenches behind them. The Germans meanwhile advanced and took possession of the successive lines of trenches, tenanted only by the dead garrisons, whose blackened faces, contorted figures and lips fringed with the blood and foam from their bursting lungs, showed the'agonies in which they had died." Thousands of stupefied prisoners, eight batteries of Firench field guns and. four British batteries of heavies, were the trophies won by the Germans in this introduction of barbaric and unwarranted war methods. After four days of fighting they had advanced some two miles nearer to Ypres on a five-mile front. The Allies' loss was heavy, perhaps 30,000 to 35,000 men by the end of the month. Continuation of the operations, late in April and throughout much of May, resulted in a wedge being driven into the allied lines which might have had serious results had the Germans been quic~k to follow up their advantage. The opportunity passed, however, and the allied line held. Thereafter came a prolonged lull, during which the Germans were content to. remain upon the defensive upon the west, while they svn,,cessfully attacked the Russians in the east. BATTLE OF TH~E DUNAJEC--The Germans arnd Austrians concentrated with surprising swiftness and secrecy upon the Dunajec river, a short distance east of Cracow. General Von Mackensen, in charge of the German forces, opened battle along the Dunajec river in Hungary. On May 1, 1915, he struck the Russian army with cyclonic force. The Germans here used for the first time the noted "pincer method"--of driving two irresistible "wedages" -among the opposing force and "pinching it off" from its support. His plan was most successful. Most of the Russians in his front were simply obliterated. Those who were left could only fall back, fighting desperately. M~ackensen had dealt Russia at terrible blow on the Dunajec. Despite desperate bravery, the Russians could not withstand him. Przemysl was recaptured by the Central Powers; Lemberg soon shared its fate. Then Mackensen, acting in co-ordination with Hindenburg, swept northward, fortress after fortress falling before the German armies. Soon W~arsaw, capital of Poland, was in German hands. The Russians, under Grand Duke N~icholas, woere forced eastward. Brest-Litovsk fell. Vilna opened her gates to the invaders, who c~laimed over 300,000 prisoners, thousands of guns and fabulous quantities of stores. W~inter alone put an end to the Russian rout. T13~HE GALLkIPOLI CAMPAIGNF-Entrance to the Black Sea is secured from the Aegean Sea thr~ough the Dardanelles, which widens into the Sea of Marmora and then narrows into the Bosphorus straits, about twenty miles long, separating European and Asiatic Turkey. The Allies attempted to force this water-way in order to destroy the Turkish and German fleets in the Black Sea and gain entrance to Austria-Hungary through either Bulgaria or Roumania. The-~ attempt forms one of the most *disastrous chapters of the entire war. In the middle of Fiebruary, 1915, the British and French fleets bombarded the Dardanelles forts. In the early days of the operation easy and rapid progress was made. Headed by the Queen Elizabeth, one of the newest British battleships, the allied fleets forced the entrance to the straits and leveled the forts at the mouth. Preceded by mine sweepers they penetrated some ten miles inside the straits. In the meantime other ships bombarded the narrow Gallipoli peninsula, to the west of the straits, reaching the T'urkish forts by indirect fire. This was only the first and easiest step in forcing a road to Constantinople. After a month of heavy bombardmentt the allied fleet attempted to force the channel., relying upon the apparent success of their guns in silencing the Turkish forts. The result was an immediate disaster. The French b~attleship- Bouvet, with 'more than 600 officers and men, was sunk by a mine. Two British battleships, the Irresistible and the Ocean, shared a similar fate, though most of their c~rews were saved. Other ships were put out of commission. By April 1st the bombardment had stopped and all hope of forcing the straits without the aid of land forces had disappeared. The operation of the land forces--composed mainly of colonials from New Zealand and Australia, called Anzacs--called for the utmost courage and sacrifice. It is doubtful if military annals contain a more heroic chapter. The Anzacs were landed upon the peninsula on April 25 in the face of the most withering fire from concealed Turkish guns, with hardly one chance of a thousand of living all might perish there. Was there ever a more favorable setting for a massacre?" Notwithstanding this setting, however, a handful of Anzacs grabbed a foothold and the little force hung on, fighting for their lives, throughout the entire summer and fall. By the end of May the British casualties amounted to 38,636. It was impossible to make any progress toward Constantinople; all the British coald hope for was to hang on like grim death to what little footing they had. Only when winter settled down an~d supplies were not to be had was Gallipoli abandoned, the last position being given up on January 9, 1916. W~ith the abandonment of the Gallipoli peninsula went all hopes of the Allies forcing the Dardanelles and reaching the Central Empires through the back door. In Firance and Flanders while the French and British armies had lain in apparent idleness ~during the summer of 1915--an idleness which was only broken by occasional trench raiding and a few minor engagement s--great preparations for a considerable attack had been going forward. These culminated in the big drive of the French in the Champagne district and the engagements of the British at Loos. The latter battle started September 25 and ended October 13. The net result was a gain to the British of nearly 7,000 yards of front and 4,000 yards of depth. Had the gain gone to that farther distance, which was hoped for, and aimed at, the battle might, as in the case of the French in Champagne, have been a considerable victory. It proved, however, that the German lines could be pierced and that the German troops were not inviQ.-ible. The French accomplished more. They attacked in the Champagne district with at least three times as many men as the British, upon a threefold broader front. Their best results were gained in the first jump. They were able to continue their gains for several days, until, like the British, they found that the consolidating defense was too strong for their attack. Their victory was none the less a great one, yielding 25,000 prisoners, and 125 captured cannon. FORMATIONIO OF ALLIED WAR COUNCIL;-The Allied Supreme War Council was organized in November, 1917, and consisted of the commander-in-chief and the chief-of-staff of the armies of Great Britain, France and Italy, together with the Prime Ministers and the Foreign Ministers of these three nations. The United States approved of the idea and has worked in conjunction with the Council. The idea of an allied central source of power was first suggested by Lord Kitchener, commander-in-chief of the British armies, in 1915. Two years later it was realized that if the Allies were to be victorious over the Central Powers all the armies. and all the branches of the war work must be co-ordinated. The Central Powers. were working under a supreme command, the Allies were diff~using their efforts.. Hence the necessity of a central body, the decrees of which should be fif~nal. Thus the Supreme War Council came into being, its sessions being held at Versaeilles, France, a few miles of Paris. From that time on there was unity of action amonoxg the Allies and the tide of -rictosry was turnedl. - SUXXARYt ' OF ~9~-S, for a second time,, wet, fogg~y winter settles down upon the water-logged, clay-bottom trenches,"' says a British historian. "ULttle did those who manned them at Christmas of 1914 imagine that Christmas of 1915 would find them in the same position. Even their brave hearts would have sunk at the thought. And yet a move back of a couple of miles at Ypres and a move forward of the same extent in the south, were all that either side could show for a year's hard work and the loss of so many thousand lives. Far off, where armies could move, the year had seen great fluctuations. The Russians had been pushed out of Poland and far over their own borders. Serbia had been overrun. MZontenegro was on the verge of utter destruction. The great attempt upon the Dardanelles had been made and had failed, after an epic of heroism which will surely live forever in our history and in that of our brave Australian and New Zealand brothers. The one gleam of light in the whole year had been the adhesion of Italy to the cause of freedom. Here, on the long western line, motionless, but not passive, locked in a vast strain ' which grew ever more tense, was the real war. All others were subsidiary. The close of 1915 found the Empires somewhat disappointed at the past, but full of grim resolution for the future." CHAlPTER3~ IT, THE CAMYPAIGN OF 1916--In a year marked by the fierc~est fighting the world had ever known, two names stand out pre-eminent: Verdun and Somme. The campaign of 1916 revolved around these two extended battles. There was activity on every front, but Ver~dun and Somme are the names to remember. Chief town in the French department of the Mleuse, Verdun before the war was a fortress with a circumference of thirty miles, connected with Toul, France, by a line of forts along the heights of the Meuse river. It dominated the crossing of the river and the great historic highway from Rheims, France, to Metz, the principal fortress of German Lorraine. It formed the eastern pivot of the entrenched line of the allied. troops after the battle of the Marne river had established the position of opposing forces. It was against Verdun that the German Crown Prince launched his army at the beginning of the 1916 c~ampaign. His choice at first produced universal astonishment. There were ample reasons for it, however. Verdun was regarded by the German military heads as an open gate to the province of Lorraine and a permanent menace to Metz-the strongest fortress of Lorraine. It was coveted by Germany in order to safeguard the mining region o.f Briey, France, indispensable to the K~aiser if he were to have the coal and iron necessary to carry on the war. If the coal production of Germany, Belgium, northern France and Lorraine were at Germany's disposal she would be able to hold her own in the economic conflict, even against America. The importance of the Briey Basin, France's richest mineral field ' and Verdun, its key., may be regarded as the outstanding motive of the Crown Prince's attack. Furthermore, the fall of Verdun, by uncovering the Argonne forest, would have opened the way for a direct drive on Paris. Both sides realized full well the importance of the struggle. From the beginning of the war, the Verdun forts had protruded as a salient far into the German lines. Against these forts the German Crown Prince hurled a force of between 300,000 and 400,000 men with a fierceness and perseverence matched only by the courage and deadly gun work of the French defenders under Field Marshal Joffre and General Petain. As an artillery c~ombat Verdun stands absolutely without a precedent. More than 4,000,000 high explosive shells were fired in the first four days, uprooting forests, shattering trenches and plowing up every foot of earth over large areas. THE BATTLE OF 'VERDUN--The battle began eight miles northeast of Verdun on the morning of February 21, 1916, with a German artillery "drumfire" of an intensity never known before. The noise was so deafening as to stun the men who heard it. The roar of the guns is said to have been heard more than a hundred miles away. Aeroplanes added to the terror of the corabat, and even in underground caverns men fought by the light of liqluid fire used in the German attack. The first phase of the battle reached its climax around Fort Douaumont, on February 25-27, when the ground changed hands three tilnes and was finally held by the Germans. The German barrage fire. prevented many French regiments from retreating and caused the capture in one night of 10,000 prisoners..The second phase of the battle consisted of a record German drive in the flat Wnevrp rpffion- southeast of Verdun. resultina in the capture of the village of ting off the garrison and forcing the surrender of the fort, on June 10. Shortly thereafter they opened an attack along a front of three miles, threw 100,000 men against Ri~dge 221, Thiaumont works and Fleury, and on June 23 captured the Thiaumont position. Two days later they were also successful at Fleury, but a -vigorous French counter offensive held them in check. On June 30 the French recovered Fleury and the Thiaumont works. At this stage the offensive battle of Verdun ended for a time, as the British had already begun their terrific bombardiment on the Somme river and the Germans needed all the men and guns they -could spare to resist the "big push" in that region. From then on, German activities at V~erdun were mainly designed to conceal the fact that the initiative had passed from them. Throughout July they made a brave show, but in August it was plain that they desired nothing so much as to be left alone. This the French -refused to do. On Oc~tober 25 occurred one of the most dramatic episodes of the war. The Firench attacked and at one swoop recovered the Haudromont quarries, the village and fort of Douaumont and Caillette Wroods, all being forts of the 'Verdun battlefield-. They made 6,000 prisoners and their own losses were considerable less than that figure. The German campaign of over six months, the sacrifice of hundreds of thousands of German lives, had been in vain. Ten days later the Germans evacuated Fiort Vaurr. The end of the year found the two armies lexactly as they had been at the end of February, except that the French had suffered incomparably less than their opponents. On December 15, the French regained the Louvemont ridge on a front of over six miles. They penetrated two miles into the enemy positions and pushed the Germans back to where they had been earlier *in the year. Ten thousand prisoners and a large number of guns were captured. "They shall not pass," was the historic dec-laration of the French commander w~hen he saw the hordes of the K~aiser bearing down upon Verdun, and he kept his word. The world never saw fiercer or more heroic fighting than at Verdun. Its -name and fame will last as long as France. Here is a description of a bit of the battle, written by an eyewitness: "'At the top of the ravine, on the edge of the plateau, was a great heap of Germans. They looked like a swarm of bees crawling over one another; not one was standing. Every minute shells threw bodies and debris into the air. The whole ravine slope was gray with corpses; one could not: see the ground, they were so numerous, and the snow was no longer white. WVe calculated that there were fully 10,000 dead at that point alone, and the river ran past dappled with patches and streaks of blood." At such a cost was Verdun stormaed--and saved. THE BATTLE OF THE SOMIME--The battle of the Somme actually began on ~June 27,, when the Allies opened artillery fire along the French front from the Somme river to the Yser river. By this date the English had a vast armyy in France. Through voluntary enlistment their forces had grown from only 100.000 Page Six A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR _ ____ __ _ Ia 1914, to 4,000,000 in 1916. The battle was fought by both British and French armies, the largest ever assembled. On July 1 the movement forward began, the British aiming at the town of Bapaume and the French at Peronne, fifteen miles distant. The British succeeded, on the opening day of the drive, in breaking through on a twenty-mile front and capturing a number of positions on both banks of the Ancre river, to the north of the Somme. The French also had a force on the north side of the Somme, where they rapidly forged ahead three miles on a six-mile front. From July 1 to July 10 the fighting was almost continuous, day and night. The Allies had great advantages in superior artillery, an enormous supply of ammunition, and greater number of troops. The British captured a considerable number of guns and 7,500 prisoners. The French also captured several thousand prisoners. The second phase of the battle began on July 14, with an attack by the Allies on the German second-line trenches. Both the British and French made headway, taking many guns and several thousand more prisoners. On July 22 occurred the great fight for Pozieres. The British attacked from that village to Guillemont, taking Pozieres on July 26. German second-line trenches along a five-mile front -were now in the possession of the British. The German lines were badly bent back by the Allies, who kept extending the line of attack. The fighting was frequently as deadly as the terrible struggle at Verdun. Both sides lost men by the thousands from day to day. The beginning of August saw the British gaining possession of more of the German second-line trenches north of Pozieres and the French advancing north of the Somme. The Germans were in very strong positions at Thiepval, Guillemont and Maurepas, and furious battles were fought by the Allies for the possession of all of these. On August 11 and 12 Maurepas was attacked by the British and French, but it was not until August 24 that the Germans were finally'forced. Meanwhile, on August 12, the French had attacked the Perman third-line trenches on a four-mile front east of Hardecourt to the Somme, Kovel, in the same province, one of the chief objectives of the advance. By June 16, the Russians had pushed into the Austro-German lines a new salient with a radius of forty-five miles. Meantime, the Russians had also been pressing forward south of the Dniester river, forcing the Austrians to fall back on the Carpathian passes. On June 17 the Russians captured Czernowitz, in the duchy of Bukowina, Austria, after which they overran practically all of the duchy. In all this fighting the Russians were daily taking thousands of Austrian prisoners and vast quantities of artillery, ammunition and war material of all kinds. The Austrian crownland of Galicia next became the principal battle area. On July 16 the Russians commenced a great advance, which resulted in the fall of town after town and the capture of many thousands of prisoners. The Austrian army retreated rapidly and the Russians turned their attention to the German army in Galicia. They were defeating it decisively, when once more General von Hindenburg arrived to save the situation. The Russians began to encounter a far more determined defensive, which had for its purpose the protection of Lemberg, capital of Galicia, and the holding of the Carpathians. A deadlock ensued, followed by an intermission in the hostilities. When this eastern campaign came to a standstill, at the end of August, the Russians had taken, during the three months, 400,000 prisoners and occupied 7,000 square miles of Austrian territory. The effect on the Central Empires was a great deal more damaging than the Somme battle on the west front. The military power of Austria-Hungary had suffered a serious decline. ROUMANIA ENTERS THE WAR---Events on the eastern front were affected by the entrance of Roumania into the war on the side of the Allies, on August 27. At the beginning of September the Russian general attack was being aimed at Lemberg from the south. The German-Austrian lines were bent back, but the Russians were unable to attain their objective. On November 9 the Teutons scored an important local success by smashing the Russian front along two and onehalf miles, southwest of Minsk, Russia. The Russian advance was stopped, the Germans having the better of the position. In the meantime, actuated by political motives, rather than by military expediency, Roumania began its operations by a campaign to win back Transylvania, the easternmost part of Hungary, where the population is largely of the Roumanian race and speaks the Roumanian language. Military authorities agree that Roumania's wise course of action would have been to invade Bulgaria, the ally of Germany and Austria, but this policy was not adopted. When the Roumanians opened their attack by advancing over the Transylvania Alps, a Russo-Roumanian army attacked the Austro-Hungarian front in the southeast Carpathians. The forces of the Central Empires fell back, while the Roumanians gained temporary advantages. These successes were more than offset, however, by the advance of the Germans, Bulgarians and Turks, who entered Roumania at three points. Within two weeks after the opening of hostilities, the Russo-Roumanian forces were falling back severely defeated. Reverses overtook the Roumanians on every side. Finally the entire Roumanian army which had invaded Hungary was forced back across the Danube. There followed a campaign in Roumania in which the German troops were constantly victorious, under the leadership of two noted generals: Falkenhayn and Mackensen. These two generals effected a junction on November 25 at Alexandria, fifty miles southwest of Bucharest, capital of Roumania. The Russians attempted to come.to the rescue of the Roumanians, but their efforts were futile. On December 1 a great Teuton offensive was launched. The Russians also launched an offensive in the Riga district, but were unable to divert enough Teutons to save Roumania from its impending doom. Bucharest fell on December 6, the Roumanians moving their capital to Jassy. They had entered the war with high hopes, but proved to be a weak ally, quickly put out of the fighting. They had a fairly well trained and equipped army of about 500,000 men. But a poor plan of campaign on their part, and the overwhelming forces brought against them, proved their downfall. The Allies have been severely criticised also for failure to more adequately support Roumania. They depended upon Russia, and Russia could not, unaided, do the work. THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--The Austrian-Italian campaign was one of the major operations of 1916. Italy had declared war on Austria on May 23, 1915. On June 28 Italy invaded Austrian territory south of Riva (Austria), on the western shore of Lake Garda. Other successes followed, but Italy did not take a prominent part in the war until the following year. The Austro-Italian campaign of 1916 was influenced by the events at Verdun, for the offensive begun by the Italia-s, on March 14, when they began shelling the Austrian positions on the Isonzo river, was undertaken for the purpose of preventing Teutonic reinforcements being sent to Verdun. The Italians made some headway during March and April, but the main campaign was to come later. About the middle of April the Austrians began to concentrate in great force in the Trentino (lying between Italy and Austria), in preparation for an offensive on a large scale. This was initiated on May 14, with a heavy bombardment of the Italian positions. The Italians were caught napping by the Austrians, who had 350,000 men and a great quantity of artillery, and in consequence were soon forced back. The purpose of the Austrian c~ampaign was to isolate the Italian army on the Isonzo River, cause it to capitulate and then force Italy out of the war, leaving the France-Italian frontier open to Austrian offensive all along the line. The Austrians were forced to withdraw troops to serve against the Russians and, between June 2 and 17, to cease their offensive altogether. The Italians were now ready to go forward once more, and by June 25, the Austrians were in retreat, losing large numbers of men and guns. Italian e~fforts to secure a foothold on the Carso Plateau, which blocks the way to Trieste, the most important Austrian town on the Adriatic Sea, were carried on determinedly, but the obstacles were many and the progress slow. Italy was handicapped by lack of adequate shells, though no army fought more bravely than hers. The Carso is a great upstanding bank of stone. The Austrians had mined it and tunnelled it until it was well-nigh impregnable. Here is a vivid description of the fighting there: "The upward path was gained in a succession of mines and deep galleries, protected by stone-built breastworks. The enemy's shrapnel and high explosive broke with deadly effect on the bare rock, and scattered flakes and splinters of stone which were more dangerous than the flying bullets and fragments of shell. Earthworks could not be made, for there was no earth except what the Italians brought with them in sandbags and handcart. Slowly and at a heavy cost of life and limb, the Italian troops pushed on, and by yards and inches drew close enough to assault, one after another, the armored caverns and the labyrinth of fortified passages which the Austrians, long before the war and in preparation for it, had constructed." The determined courage of the Italians won out. On August 9 the Carso Plateau fell and with it the city of Gorizia. Nearly 19,000 prisoners were taken by the Italians and a serious blow had been dealt to Austrian prestige. The Italians had opened the way to Trieste. NAVAL BATTLE OF JUTLAND-The naval battle off the coast of JutIand, a province of Denmark, was another notable event of 1916. It was the greatest naval engagement of modern times, both on account of the number and size of the ships which took part in it, and of the tremendous power and skill with which science and invention had equipped the fleets. On the afternoon of May 31, the British grand fleet, under the command of Sir John Jellicoe, was patroling the North Sea, when the cruiser division, commanded by Admiral Beatty, sighted a division of German cruiserfs in advance of the German grand fleet. Beatty at once proceeded to attack the enemy, while the British main fleet (informed by wireless that the German navy had at last come out of its safe quarters behind the mine fields and coast defenses of Helgoland and the Kiel canal) rapidly steamed co Beatty's assistance. The greater part of the battle had been fought before the British dreadnaughts arrived. The five German battle cruisers, being attacked by the six heavier British cruisers, steamed southward toward the main body of the German fleet. The British immediately pursued. At a separating distance of nearly eleven miles the action began. The British lost an important ship almost at once. This was the battle cruiser Indefatigable, which went down with all its crew of 900 officers and men, except two survivors. Another British cruiser. the Queen Mary, sank from a terrific explosion. Out of a crew of 1,000, only a score or so were saved. The first part of the battle lasted about an hour. A new phlase began with the arrival of a large part of the German grand fleet. The MACHINEI, GUNNERS IN A GUN PIT ON THE FROiNT and had reached positions nearly three-fourths of a mile beyond. The British also moved forward past the German third lines on a six-mile front. At the end of August the British had taken nearly 16,000 prisoners, nearly 100 field guns and over 150 machine guns. During this month alone the British losses in killed, wounded and missing were 4,711 officers and 123,234 men-a fearful payment for so small a gain. On August 3 occurred an eventful battle which wrested Guillemont from the Germans on the British sector and gave the French near Clery the most important victory since the opening of the Somme drive. It is estimated that the Germans threw 100,000 gas shells at the British in the one day at Guillemont. The machinegun fire directed at the British was frightful. Twice it stopped them, but the third time they went ahead. Day after day the Allies pushed ahead, sometimes making a gain of a few hundred yards, again of a few thousand. The battle of September 15, when the British broke the third German line, was memorable for the first appearance of the "tanks," the huge armored motor cars, traveling on caterpillar feet, crushing all obstacles beneath them. On September 25 the Allies captured Combles and on September 26 and 27 they took Thiepval. With the excepLion of Peronne, Combles was the largest town in this section of the front and the most important point that remained in the German hands between the Allies' lines and Bapaume. The Allies had been endeavoring to take Combles and Thiep-,ral ever since the opening of the Somme offensive in July. The British made another push on October 7, thereby gaining a mile on the way to Bapaume, while the French straightened their line by wiping out the German salient between the Chaulnes Wood and Hill 91. The Allies now attempted to push on and capture Peronne and Bapaume. The advance was impeded by bad weather, however, so that about the middle of November it came to a close. Throughout December there were artillery duels and trench raids, but the lines remained virtually where they Were until the end of the year. THE 0UTCOME-The final results of this long drawn out and most bloody contest were not decisive. While the Germans were pushed back along their whole front, the Allies were far from obtaining the results for which they had so freely spilt heroic blood. All the fighting of this year was characterized by the unparalled sacrifice of men. Over 1,000,000 of French and Germans in killed and wounded together fell around Verdun. The fierce and long continued battle of the Somme, lasting from June 27 to mid-November, was probably equally fatal in its toll-taking of human life. The Allies learned from these two frightful battles-each in reality a series of great battles-to henceforth conserve their forces. In the great battles of 1917 and 1918 they largely abandoned the heavy attacks of masses of infantry which distinguished the battles of 1915 and 1916. Henceforth, an enormous and long continued artillery bombardment opened their battles; and not until the opposing lines were torn to pieces and thoroughly demoralized by this irresistible shell fire, were the men sent "over the top." The German commanders were much slower in learning this vital lesson. They continued well into 1918 their great frontal attacks by massed bodies of "shock troops." While frequently gaining the desired objective by such tactics, they thereby rapidly reduced their man power, and the morale of a remarkably well trained and disciplined army. THE RUSSIAN DRIVE OF 1916--The Russian drive, which began on the eastern front on June 4, was one of the most remarkable successes of the Allies up to that time. It was part of the allied general program to carry on simultaneous offensives in all theatres of the war. The Russian forces were now nominaliv under the supreme command of the Czar in place of the Grand Duke Nicholas, who had been sent to the Caucasus. The Russians attacked on the whole eastern front from the Gulf of Riga (a part of the Baltic Sea) to the Roumanian frontier, but the main offensive was'that led by General Brusiloff along a sector of 251) nailes. The drive was immediately successful. Lutsk, in the-Russian province of Volhynia, was taken on June 6, and the Russians began to press forward on A BIRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREAbT WARA~ Page Seven _ odds were now heavily against Admiral Beatty. He withdrew to the northwest,, his object being to draw on the German main fleet so that it would have to fight the British dreadnaughts under Admiral Jellicoe. He succeeded in sinking a German cruiser just before Jellicoe arrived with the main fleet. Now came what promised to be the most terrible of all naval battles. Admiral Jellicoe arrived and prepared to throw the weight of the greatest navy the world has ever seen against the German fleet. But at this dramatic point the mists blotted the German navy from sight, thus giving the German ships a chance to escape, which they did in all haste. The German ships reached their base before the British reached theirs, and startled the world with a report of a great German navy victory. Later on, the British admiralty report gave the real facts. The British lost three battle cruisers, three armored cruisers and eight destroyers, the total tonnage amounting to 114,100 tons, while the offcers and men who perished nurmbered 5,613. Though no British battleship was lost, the M~arlborough was torpedoed, but continued in action. The Warspite was hit, but succeeded in getting back to port. The Germans admitted losing one battleship, one battle cruiser, four light cruisers and five destroyers, the total tonnage lost being 63,01-5, and the loss in officers and men 3,866. According to the British admirality, however, the Germans lost four battleships, three of which were seen to sink, while the total number of vessels of all kinds lost was eighteen, with a total ton~nage of 113.435. Only the haze and mist saved the German fleet from the ordeal of facing Britain's superior forces and prevented the crowning of Admiral Beatty's efforts with complete success. The battle again proved that Britain was still mistress of the seas. Thereafter, for the duration of the war, the German fleet did not venture from port; it was practically out of commission until the armistice, signed November 11, 1918, compelled the surrender of the greater part of the vessels to the British. BULGARIAB ENTERBS THE WARB~ ON SIDE OF CENTRALE POWERES-WhV~ile German armies were winning in western Russia, in the summer of 1915, German diplomats were secretly scoring a notable victory in the Balkans. Bulgaria, the most warlike of the three sm~alll kindoms--Serbila, Bulgaria and REaoumania--which separated the Teutons from Turkey, was won to the side of the Central Empires, a.nd September 20, 1915, a treaty was signed between Turkey and Bulgaria, both now allies of Germany and Austria. About the same day F~ield Marshal Von Mackensen, Germany's able soldier, appeared at -the head of a new German* army opposite Belgrade, the Serbian capital. The Serb and Greek armies were mobilized and the Greeks were anxious to attac~k Bulgaria without waiting for a declaration of war. England persuaded them to wait, still believing that Bulgaria would remaain neutral. On October 4 diplomatic relations between Bulgaria and Raussia were broken in consequence of an ultimatum which demanded that Bulgaria should definitely break with the Central Powers. On October 11, 1915, Bulgaria declared war on Serbia and four days later England declared war on Bulgaria. Bulgaria immediately mobilized every available man, down to the youngest class, and enrolled about 750,000, leaving only the women and old men to work the farms. She attacked the Serbian army in October and made possible the Austro-German advance into Serbia under G-eneral von Mackensen. Thereafter the Bulgarians advanced rapidly, meeting with little opposition, for they entered the war when it seemed most likely that the Central Empires would win. The troops of King Ferdinand, of Bulgaria, overran all Macedonia and captured Monastir, 136 mniles northwest of Salonica, a place of 60,000 population. The victorious Bulgarians s~ttled down to enjoy their triumph, cherishing the delusion that Greater Bulcaria--which they had fought to accomplish in the preceding Balkan wars (1912 and 1913)--had at last been brought about and that their ancient enemies, the Serbs, were effectually disposed of. The campaign of 1916 bolstered up this delusion of the Bulgarians. Von M~iackensen led an army of Germans, Turks and Bulgarians into the Dobrudja, the southeastern portion of Roumania, between the lower Danube and the Black Sea. As a result of an active camrpaign, Roumania was put out of the war and the Bulgarians. were in undisputed possession of the entire Dobrudja, another part of the Greater Bul-caria of their dreams. This was in October, 1916. The year closed with Bulgaria apparently nearer to her dreams of empire than any of her Teut~onic allies. GERMAN SUBNARINE WARFAREH~ 78A~F~kE-March I was the date set by'the German government for unrestricted submarine warfare on a frightful scale. The new riiy-~ha f ainlri-nm alino %-xwi+1ini+ nn-ir %xrrni-no wlinfo-rov nnd TnnLino, nn nrn sinkings was that of the channel steamer Sussex, unarmed and with Americans on board, MParch 10. This was the beginning of serious controversy between the Americann and German governments, culminating in the severing of diplomatic relations. The Sussex was doing its regular work of conveying passengers across the English channel, was unarmed and received absolutely no warning. The United States ambassador, on first taking up the matter with the German government, was assured that no German submarine was responsible fovr the deed. In a note dated April 10, however, the German government admitted having sunk a vessel in the channel at almost the same time and place as the Sussex was sunk' but denied that it sunk the Sussex, In a note dated April 18, the United States asserted that it was "conclusively established" that the Sussex had been sunk by a German submarine. The German reply, dated May 8, admitted that one of its submarines had sunk the Sussex, declared its readiness to pay an adequate indemnity to the injured American citizens, and stated that the submarine commnander had been properly punished. The German submarine campaign during June, July and August was responsible for the destruction of 237 merchant ships belonging to the Allies and 52 belonging to the neutrals, a total of 289, representing nearly 300,000 tons. No lives were lost, care having been taken by the G~erman submarine commanders to respect the pledge given by their government to the United States after the sink-- ing of the Sussemk The German submarine campaign during September, October and November was responsible for the sinking of over a million tons of shipping belonging to the Allies and neutral nations. TIhe allied los's was 439 vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 778,500; the neutral nations lost 179 vessels, representing 241,600 tons. One of the sensational episodes of the underseas camnpaign was sending a, submarine within sight and sound of the American coast. The U-53 made an unexpected appearance at Newport, R. I., October 7. After a few hours she put to sea. The next day she sunk five ships off Nantucket, three British, one Norwegian and one Dutch. TPhe war was being brought home to the United States as never before, and American participation was drawing closer day by day. SUMMARYB~ OF THI~E 1916 CA19PAIGN~-The end of this year saw the Central PowRers at the height of their success. Russia hada been driven back within 'her own boundaries, and Russian Poland, over 1,000,000 prisoners and immense booty had been taken. Turkey and Bulgaria were subservient allies, and the Germans held supreme power from the English channel to the EupEhrates, and from the Baltic to the Adriatic. Belgium and northern Frsance were firmly held and the Acllies, in spite of vast sacrifices of) brave lives, had moved them scarcely at all. Futhermore, their deadly submarines were rapidly destroying the shipping of the world, anld bringing starva-~ation diaily closer to England. Things losoked dark,, b3 -d~eed, for thae AllienX but with a couragbee beyond pr alse. they fought o6n CHABPTER T. THE CA31PAIG;N OF 1917 The entrance of the United States into the world war was one of the great happenings of 1917. The declaration of war by the United States against Germany was inevitable in the face of the long-continued abuses of the rights of humanity and the disregard of all international law. THE LUSITANIA AND OTHERPI OUTRAG~ES--The American people had been fi 'st aroused against Germany by the sinking of the steamship Lusitania on May 7, 1915, with a loss of 1,198 lives, over 100 being American. There had appeared at the end of April, in American newspapers, an advertisement issued by the German Embassy at Washington, warning Americans not to sail on belligerent passenger liners bound for England, inasmuch as they were liable to destruction in the submarine war zone which Germany had established. When the Lusitania sailed " a few days later, this warning was disregarded and over 2,000 men, women and children embarked. On May 7, off the coast of Ireland, the liner was struck by a torpedo, fired without warning, and sunk within twenty minutes. Many Americans clamored for war against Germany at that time, but ~President W~ilson began a series of diplomatic note exchanges which continued intermittently until the actual declaration of' war on April 6, 1917. Germany attempted to sidestep responsibility for the murder of the noncombatants on the Lusitania by asserting that it was a war v~essel, carrying war munitions, but this was disproved., The sinking of the Lusitania- followed other German acts of piracy on the seas. On April 15, 1915, the American steamer, Cushing, was attacked by-a German airplane. On May 1, 1915, the American steamer Gulflight was torpedoed and sunk. Then came the Lusitania outrage. In a speech delivered three days later President WTilson made it plain that the United States would not go to war on that account. Nevertheless, the government, on May 13, dispatched a. strongly worded protest to Germany covering the whole subject of German submarine warfare. Germany's answer was evasive, but sufficed the, American government for the., time being. The next two years matters went f rom. bad to worse. Ships were sunk by German submarines without war~ning and without time being granted for the crew and passengers to leave on lifeboats. Lifeboats which were launched were. sunk, and men, women and children foully niurde'red. Germany put into practice a policy of ruthless piracy on the high seas which disregarded every dictate and principle of law and humanity. At least 200 Americans went to their deaths through German and Austrian submarines up to February 1, 1917. Most of the Americans lost were traveling on unarmed merchant ships. More than 2,000 citizens of other nationalities lost their lives in the attacks. Twenty American negro muleteers on the Leyland liner Armenian were kil-led June 28, 1915, by shellfire and drowning when the Armeni~an failed to escape with her cargo of army mules from a submersible near the Cornwall coast. On- July 25, 1915, came the first complete destruction of an American ship by a submarine. It was. the Leelanaw of New York, bound from Arch-angel, Rus,sia, to BBelfast-, 1,eland, with flax. Fiinally, on January 31, 1917, the German government isssued. a notice to the neutral nations that, beginning with the next day, merchant ships bound5 to and from allied ports would be sunk without warning, and that the. danger zone had been extended over a much larger area. This. was giving official sanction tlo a pr~actice that had been in vogue for two years, but which Gerwrpy officially claimed to have discountenanced. It came at the very time that. Preident W~ilson was using his high offce in an attempt to bring about peace between the warring nations, in fact, when peace seem~ed imminent. WA~R DECLARIED BY UNITED STALTES--The president studied the situiation f or three days. On the morning of Fiebruary 3, he determined 'to break off - relations with, Germany. Congress was assembled in joint session that afternoion and atddressed by the president. In his address President W~ilson recalled the warning he had given Germany on April 18, 1916, after the sinking of the Sussex, with the loss of American life, that if relentless and',': indiscriminate submarine, warfare were persisted in, the United States could have no cho-ice but to sever diplomatic relations. The German government had given a 'solemn assurance," but now that this pledg~e had been deliberately withdrawn, the, United States government had no alternative consistent with Am~erican honor and dignity but to suspend diplomatic relations. Count Bernstorff, the German ambassadorc, left -America, on February 14. About the same time, Jarmes W7C. Gerard, the "U)'nited States ambassador, left Germany. GENERAL HUNTER LIGGETTIL Commander of American First Army. of fifteen sailors shattered this hope. The following day, March 20, war preparations were begun by the United States. The special session of Congress,. original -ly set for April 16, was advanced to April 2. On the evening of April 2, President ~Wilson delivered to the two houses of Congress, in joint session, an address in which he recommended that Congress declare "the recent course of the Imperial German government to be in fact nothing less than war against the government and people of the United States," and that Congress "formally accept the status of belligerent which has thus been thrust upon it." The president defined the issues to be those of democracy against autoc~racy. "The world," he asserted., $'must be made safe for democracy." Resolutions embodying the president's recommpendartions were at once introduced in both houses of Congress. The Paae Eight A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR_ C _ -- Senate passed them on the night of April 4 by a vote of 82 to 6. The House adopted them on the morning of April 6 by a vote of 373 to 50. On Friday afternoon, April 6, President Wilson signed the joint resolution. By this act the United States and Germany vere officially at war. The first hostile ct on the part of the United States was the seizure, on April 6, of all German,,hips in American ports. These had an aggregate tonnage of 600 000. Wireless stations were also seized or ordered to be dismantled, so as to shut off communication with Germany. Recruiting for the army, navy and marines was speeded up. Certain national guard regiments were called into the federal service. The work of mobilizing and training a great army to Send overseas began without delay. Recruiting for the navy and marines was satisfactory. Recruiting for the army was slow. The president asked Congress to pass a conscription act. After some opposition a bill empowering the president to raise an army by selective draft was passed on May 18. All male residents who were 2-, but not yet 31 years of age, were called upon to register June 5, for classification and conscription into the army. The registration of* over 9,500,000 -young men took place on that date, and the drawing to decide the first 687,000: men to be called to the colors occurred on July 20. AMERICAN TROOPS SENT TO FRANCE-The first intimation that the United States meant to fight on the battlefields of Europe was the announcement that a division of the regular army was to proceed without delay to the French front. The position of commander-in-chief was given to Major General Jonn J. Pershing. With his staff, General Pershing arrived in England on June- 8. Five days later the party landed in France. The first contingent of United States troops to fight in Europe arrived in France on June 26. Toward the end of July trenches began MAJOR GEN'L. ROBERT L., BULLARD Commander of Americaii Second Army. considered impregnable (see maps of western France in this atlas). The British advanced warily. The important towns of Bapaume and Peronne were taken, in addition to sixty villages. On the line between the towns of Roye and Noyon, adjoining the Somme front, the Germans abandoned considerable territory to the French. North of the Ancre the Germans fell back as far as Arras. In their retirement they destroyed the countryside systematically, chopping down forests, poisoning wells and razing every building. With a belt of twenty miles of devastated territory between them and the allied position, the Germans, early in April, entrenched themselves on the Hindenburg line. The British, on April 9. and the French, on April 16, initiated their forward movements by attacking the terminal positions of the Hindenburg line: Vimy Ridge, north of Arras, and the Craonne Plateau, east of Soissons. The British offensive was on a front of forty-five miles between Lens and St. Quentin, including Vimy Ridge, which dominated the plain of Douai, the coal fields of Lens, and the German positions around Arras. BATTLE OF VINY RIDGE--The most important episode in the opening of this offensive was the taking of Vimy Ridge by the Canadians. Along a twelvemile front the Canadians penetrated the German positions to a depth of from two to three miles, capturing many important fortified positions. The number of German prisoners at the end--of the first five days reached 13,000. The British commander announced that his men were astride the vaunted Hindenburg line. The French opened their offensive on April 16 on an eleven-mile front east of Rheims, between that city and Soissons. They sought to capture the southern pivot of the Hindenburg line, the principal attacks being against the heights of the Aisne river. They were successful, capturing many thousands of Germans, and occupying Craonne. At this point the Germans brought up large numbers of fresh troops. By the end of May the Franco-British offensive had been stopped and vigorouscounter attacks were being launched by the Germans. BLOWING UP NESSINES RIDGE-Early in June it became apparent that the British proposed to resume hostilities on the front near Ypres, where some of the earliest fighting of the war had occurred in 1914. One of the problems that demanded solution was Messines Ridge, held by the Germans, from which their guns were able constantly to sweep the British positions in the low lands near the Ypres salient. Britain proposed to take this ridge. For more than a year engineers and sappers had been tunneling and mining below it, unknown to the Germans above. At last nineteen mines, containing over 1,000,000 pounds of explosive, were ready for the blasting operations. The British proposed to blow off the whole top of Messines Ridge and with it all the Germans and their fortifications. The plan succeeded. The signal for exploding the mines was given on June 7, and in a moment the German positions on a ten-mile front were shattered to pieces. According to witnesses the concussion was 'so great that the sound could be heard 100 miles away. "Woods were swept out of existence, hill slopes were stripped and laid bare and villages disappeared beneath piles of ruin and debris." The British soldiers swept forward. A brief struggle won them the village of Messines. By noon the whole ridge was in their possession and they swept down the further side and attacked the German rear defenses. The British took 7,000 German prisoners and many guns, while many thousands of Huns were killed. In the last days of July the third battle of Ypres began. The preliminary bombardment reached its height on the night of July.30, and the following day the offensive was launched along a front of fifteen miles between the Lys and the Yser rivers. The German positions were penetrated to a depth of two miles. The second phase of the battle opened August 16. Between then and August 22 the French consolidated their positions and swept on. The French won several brilliant successes along the Aisne and Meuse rivers at this time. On August 20, after a three days' bombardment, they went forward along the Meuse on an eleven-mile front, taking almost all the fortifications and positions adjacent to Verdun for which the Germans had struggled the year before. By the time the drive came to an end, nearly 100 of the 120 square miles originally lost to the Germans had been recovered, thus setting at naught the whole of the operations of the German Crown Prince in which he had sacrificed nearly a million men. THE TERRIFIC S31ASHES AT YPRES-As a result of terrific attacks by the French and British, beginning September 20, on an eight-mile front in the region of Ypres and continuing until October 12, the Allies came within long-range gunshot of Roulers and gained the principal heights commanding the plain of Flanders. In five terrific drives during this time the Alliesadvanced a distance of three miles in the neighborhood of Passchendaele, gained nearly a mile over the Ypres-Menin road and reconquered an area of about 23 square miles. As proof of the' deadly fighting in this region, the British staff announced that in two months the Germans had used up and killed or retired almost 800,000 men in defending their lines, and in furious counter attacks. During the same period the British casualties numbered around 200,000. The Filanders offensive, now at an end, was followed by one of the most~ brilliant attacks of the whole war, the British drive on Cambrai, an important French railroad town, The operation was begun on November 20, on a front of thirtytwo miles, and resulted in an advance of five miles, bringing the British advance guard within three miles of Cambrai. TIwo days later the Germans began to counter attac~k and regained some of their lost territory. On November 30 the Germans attacked again and forced from the British much of the ground they had won. On December 5 the Germans had penetrated on an eight-mile front to a depth of three miles, almost wiping out the British salient. Further withdrawals by the British became necessary.- On January 4, 1918, the Germans drove the British from their positions on the Hindenburg line east of Bellecourt. On January 8 the British recovered most of these positions, but the Cambrai drive, which had started so auspiciously for the British, was practically a failure, and the lives of over 1,000,000 English, Canadian and Australians had been paid in vain. THE ENGLISH CAMPAIGN IN TURKEY IN ASIA-England declared war on Turkey (which had allied itself with Germany) in November, 1914. On the 15th of that month a British force of 5,000 from India (mostly native troops) captured the Turkish fort at Fao, a little town in Mesopotamia (a province of Turkey) at the head of the Persian gulf. The victorious troops proceeded to the important city of Basra, which was easily captured on November 23. Early in December the fortified town of Kurna, fiftY miles above Basra, was captured, leaving the British in undisputed possession of a region from which a Turkish force, under German direction, might have threatened India, over which Britain exerts a guiding hand. On June 3, 1915, the British captured Amara, 75 miles above Kurna. What was left of the Turkish force retreated 150 miles up the Tigris river to Kut-el-Amara. General Townshend was sent up the Tigris in command of a small British army. He found 10,000 Turks a short distance below Kut-el-Amara and on September 24, 1915, the British decisively defeated the Turks. The next day the Turks were in full retreat toward Bagdad and the British were in Kut-elAmara. From Kut-el-Amara, General Townshend pushed up the Tigris to attack Bagdad, 573 miles from the Persian gulf. The British forces numbered 15,000, of whom only one-third were Englishmen. The campaign was ill advised and disastrous. By November 24 the British casualties amounted to 4,500, one third of the force. The Turks received further reinforcements, and the British retreated to Kut-el-Amara. Here the Turks surrounded them and began a long siege. On April 29, 1916, General Townshend's troops could hold out no longer and although a relieving army was but 25 miles away the entire force at Kut-el-Amara surrendered, after a brave defense lasting 143 days. The Turks claimed to have captured 13,000 men. The British placed the number at 9,000, of which 6,000 were native Indians. In January, 1915, both Turkey and Russia had armies in northern Persia, where on January 30 the Tur):s lost Tabriz. Meanwhile, a Russian army, numbering 100,000 began an advance toward Erzerum, the strongly fortified Turkish base in Armenia. The Turkish commander made the mistake of separating his forces into small bodies, to attack the Russians in various places. One after the other the separated Turkish troops were defeated and by the middle of January the remains of the Turkish army were in full retreat upon Erzerum, This disaster denied to Austria a successful Turkish diversion against southeastern Russia. A strong British force was organized, under Lieut.-Gen. F. S. Maude, to meet the anticipated attack of the TDrks upon the Suez acnal, connecting the MediterranContinued on Page Nine to be dug in an'd near the American camps e'stablished in France, and a start was made toward training the new American army -in the new methods of fighting. After Generl Pershing had inspected these camps, on August 1 and 2, he announced that the United States was making good progress -and would shortly be in the fighting. In the meantime, the first ships of the-United States navy had anchored off the French coast, June 6. Inmmediately they began to do their share in convoying troop ships and keeping the English channel and North Sea clear of submarines and sweeping mines which the Germans had laid. FINANCING THE WAR-The United States now set about raising the necessary money for the war. On May 18 the go~vernment offered to the people bonds amounting to $2,000,000,000. This was the first Liberty Loan, followed by three others before peace was finally secured. The United States was raising money not only for its own war needs, but to loan to its allies. On August-27, Chairman Kitchiin of the House ways and means committee, estimated the war expenses of the United States to June 30, 1918, at $19,300,000,000. This included actual expenses of $10,000,000,000, and loans to the allied governments amounting to $7,000,000,000. Congress set about to raise- this amount through increased taxes and bond issuances. On October 27 it was officially announced that the American troops in France had begun to finish their initensive training in the. trenches "in a quiet sector on the French front." A few-days later, just as the Germans were completing their retreat across the Ailette river, they announced the capture of some American patrols on the Marne canal. From that day onward casualty lists told of Americans killed or wounded in action or by German shell fire. The Americans had entered the war and from then on were destined to play a large and important part. Meantime, at home, the government was busily engaged in preparing an army and navy, which should turn the tide to the Allies and bring the war to a conclusion much more quickly than any one hoped or believed possible. The progress made by November 7 was shown by the figures made public, by the Secretary of War on that date. The army was then distributed as follows: National (draft) army, 616,820; national guard called into federal service, 469,000; regular army, 370,000; special branches, 200,000; reserves, 80.0000 officers, 80,000; total, 1,81.5,820. The growth of the navy was no less satisfactory. At the end of November the personnel had increased since the beginning of the year from 4,500 officers and 68,000 men, to.15,000 officers and 254,000 men; the number of ships in commission from a little more than 300 to 1,000. On the assembling, of Congress, on December 4, President Wilson read a message in which he recommended a declaration of war against Austria-Hungary, chief ally of Germany. Congress took this important step three days later, on December 7. The -year closed with the United States having an army of 2,000,000 men and having declared war against both Germany and Austria-Hungary, making every effort.'to take an active part in the fighting in France with the opening tip of.a new campaign in the spring-of 1918... The Germans were reported as not believing the United States would actively attack them; and the vigor and amazing speed with which a vast army was raised and started overseas was unquestionably a great surprise to the Central Powers., They'had believed their submarines would render perilous and slow transfer of troops over the Atlantic, but within twelve months of our entering the War they were going across at the rate, of nearly 300,000 each month. FIGHTING ON THE S0OM-ME-In January, 1917, fighting was resumed along the River -Somme, -in France, where the "big push" had occurred the year before. The British"(who now had over 1,500,000 men in France) began advancing on both sides of the Ancre river, in the direction of Bapaume. In the last four days of February they occupied Serre, Miraumont, Ligny and numerous other towns. The Germans began to fall back to new defensive positions behind the BapaumePeronne highway, in a retreat which was to establish them on the "Hindenburg Line," a previously prepared series of fortifications and entrenchments which was "THE MEN BEHIND THE GUNS" WARRFN G. HARDING, United States The United States Military Academy is a school for the practical and theoretical training of cadets for the military service ofth United States. After a 4-year course, the cadet is eligible for promotion and commission as a second lieutenannt in any army:o corlps of the army. Each congressional district is entitled to have two cadets at the Academy. No candidate can be admite under 17 or over 22 years of age. Must be 5.5 inches in height and unmarried. The pay' of a cadet is $600 a year andoe r alt ion a day. N o cadet is allowed to receive money or othe v supplies from his parents or any other person without the s ec tion of the Superintendent.I GUSTAVE, RKing of Sweden The United States Naval Academy is a school for the practical and theoretical training of young men for the naval service ofth United States. The students are styled midshipmen. The course of study is six years. Four years at the Academy andtw years at sea. Three midshipmen are allowed for each senator, representative and delegate in congress. All candidates 1us be between the ages of 16 and 20 years. Height must not be less than 5 ft. 3 inches. Minimum weight is 105 pounds. Cani dates must be unmarried. The pay of a midshipman is $600 a year. They must supply themselves with clothes, books,et. amounting to $280.00 per year. GEORGE V., Great Britain) PAUL DEScHANEM, ]President of France VICTOR EMANUEL 111, Italyv Map on MERCATORS THf 1 W wmRLR3" arwPROJECTION OCEAN CURRENTS are shown in BLUE. m I WORLD WAR CHANGES Map OF Asia Kiao Chau and Shantmnig Peninsula, China (German interests ceded to Japan.) Tientsin, China (German rights ceded to China.) Hankau, China (German rights ceded to China.) Trans-Siberian Railroad f r o m Vladivostok to Petrograd. Palestine, to be self governing under a protectorate of one of the Great Powers. Syria, to be sel f governing under French Protectorate. Arminenia to be self governing under the protectorate of one of the Great Powers. Map. OF Australia WORLD WAR CHANGES Map OF Europe Province of Alsace and Lorraine ceded to France by Germany. Poland, formed out of German, AustriaHungary and Russian Polands. City of Fiume to be a free seaport. Province of Schleswig, to determine by plebiscite whether to remain in Germany or go to Denmark. East Prussia which remains part of Germany, tho separated from her by Poland. Portion of East Prussia to decide by plebiscite whether it goes to Poland or Germany. City and territory of Danzig, permanently inter-nationalized. The Republic of Finland formerly part of the Russian Empire. The Republic of Czecho-Slovakia. The Republic of Hungary. The Republic of Jugoslavia. The Republic of Ukrane. German New Guinea - 70,000 square miles (to Australia.) Bismark Archipelago - 20,000 square miles (to Australia.) Solomon Islaads-4,200 sq. miles. Caroline Islands-560 sq. miles. Marshall Islands-150 sq. miles. Samoan I slands-1,000 sq. miles. (Note) - All rights to these Islands ceded to the Allied Governments. Total population 600,000. Area about 96,000 sq. miles. Map OF Africa German Southwest Africa-area 322,450 square miles. Population 400,000. German East Africa - area 384,180 square miles. Population 7,000,000. German Kamerun -area 191,130 square miles. Population 4,000,000. German Togo Land -area 33,660 square miles. All these German Colonies with an area of over 900,000 square miles and population of about 3,000,000 people ceded to Allied Powers. m Location with Population of Principal Cities of the World. Pop. Key 180000 Adelaide, Australia, N7 195183 Ahmadabad, India 335754 Alexandria, Egypt, G32 578985 Amsterdam, Netherlands 305706 Antwerp, Belgium 188089 Baku, Russia 630000 Bankok, Siam H4 555000 Barcelona, Spain 364145 Belfast,IrelandD29 219797 Benares, India 2070695 Berlin, Germany D30 545706 Birmingham, Eng. 186900 Bolton, England 979445 Bombay, India HI 270519 Bordeaux,FranceE29 301138 Bradford, England 443840 Breslau GermanyD31 376440 Bristol, England 628528 Brussels, 'Belgium D30 880271 Budapest, Hungary 1329627 Buenos Aires, Argentine, N24 296074 Bukharest, Roumania E32 598365 Cairo, Egypt, F-G32 1222313 Calcutta, India G2 945000 Canton, China G6 224731 Chemnitz, Germany 2381700 Chicago, ll. E21 1545000 Chingtu, China G4 634241 Chungking, China 391155 Cologne, Germany 1200000 Constantinople, Turkey E32 525502 Copenhagen, Denmark D31 236250 Damascus, Turkey in Asia F33 219003 Delhi, India GI 504690 Dresden, Germany D31 391828 Dublin, Ireland D29 353398 Edinburgh, Scotland D29 240733 Essen, Germany 215888 Florence, Italy 303429 Frankfort-on-Main, Germany D30 656250 Fuchau, China G5 245700 Genoa, Italy E30 171071 Ghent, Belgium 849500 Glasgow, Scotland D29 245700 Hague, Netherlands D30 470400 H-aidarabad, IndiaG1 932166 Hamburg, Ger. D30 185000 Hangchau, China F5 250125 Hanover, Germany 275200 Havana, Cuba G21 270900 Hull, England D29 207275 Kharkof, Russia E33 409000 Kiota, Japan F7 262500 Kirin, China E6 300000 Kobe, Japan 525000 Lanchau, China 479619 Leeds, England D29 478926 Leipsic GermanyD31 375800 Lisbon, PortugalF28 766700 Liverpool, Eng. D29 370150 Lodz, Russia 7252963 London, Eng. D29 278250 Lucknow, India 482053 Lyon, France 535800 Madras, India H2 566826 Madrid, Spain F29 662744 Manchester, England 193006 Mandalay, India G3 515720 Marseilles, France E30 533872 Melbourne, Australia 157266 Messina, Italy F31 387215 Mexico, Mexico H20 516033 Milan, Italy E30 289800 Montevideo, Uraguay N24 281110 Montreal, CanadaE22 1481200 Moscow, Russia D33 168000 Mukden, China E6 524926 Munich GermanyE31 303070 Nagoya, Japan 276736 Newcastle, BEng. D29 4766883 New York, N.Y. E22 273000 Ningpo, China 265300 Nottingham, Eng. 275100 Nuremberg, Ger. 472156 Odessa, Russia E33 182000 Oporto, Portugal E29 1226590 Osaka, Japan F7 325178 Palermo, Italy F31 2888110 Paris, France E30 1549008 Philadelphia, Pa. F22 1680000 Pekin, China E5 246625 Rangoon, India 297090 Riga, Russia D32 1000000 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil M25 485922 Rome, Italy E31 389909 Rotterdam, Netherlands 1907708 'St. Petersburg, Russia C33 351254 Santiago, Chile N22 155730 Seville, Spain F29 683550 Shanghai, China rea in Square. Miles of 462435 Sheffield, Englanrincipal Countries of 892500 Siangtan, China t h e orle. 918750 Singanfu, China tle WOr'lC 332862 Stockholm, Swe 150000 Abyssinia E31 215400 Affghanlstan 533926 Sydney, Australi!.520000 Africa 294000 Teheran, Persia 590584 Alaska 184474 Algeria 787500 Tientsin, China 845000 Arabia 187435 Trieste, Australi1319247 Argentina 21860797 Toko J n 3550000 Asia & Palestine 2186079 Tokyo, Japan F 251300 Assiniboia185325 Tunis, Tunis F3Mj 115903 Austria 352438 Turin, Italy 240942 Austria-Hungary 2031498 Vienna, Austria 130000 Baluchistan 315000 Nanchang, China 11373 Belgium 723208 Naples, Italy E3 92000 Bakhara 794247 Warsaw, Russia 567340 Bolivia 183784 Zurich, Switzerla 296700 Borneo 840000 Wuchang, China '20972 Brazil S 42217British Cen. Africa 35500 Malay States 1000000 British Africa 7562 British Honduras 31106 British N. Borneo 68000 British Somali 15000 Brunei 4035 Bukourina 38080 Bulgaria 168550 Burma 37400 Cambodia 36653946 Canada 2808 Canary Isles 276775 Cape Colony 560 Caroline Isles (with Palaos) 71470 Celebes Isl. 181527 Central America 26365 Ceylon 75 Channel Isles 375 Chatham Isles 290829 Chile 4218401 Chinese Empire 22000 Cochin China 504773 Columbia 3377 Corsica Isl. 23000 Costa Rica 3326 Crete (Candia) 44000 Cuba 60000 Dahomey 14848 Denmark 950000 Egyptian Sudan 50867 England 3750000 Europe 204092 France 45000 French E. Africa 400 Galapagos Isl. 208780 Germany 187 Gibraltar 88396 Great Britain 25014 Greece 512000 Greenland 48290 Guatemala 109000 Guiana, British 46040 Guiana, Dutch 30500 Guiana, French 185540 Guianas, The 10204 Haiti 6449 Hawaiian Islands 46250 Honduras 7562 Honduras, British 405 Honkong Colony 125039 Hungary 39756 Iceland 1560160 India 255900 Indo China 32583 Ireland 1000000 Italian Somaliland 110646 Italy 4200 Jamaica 162655 Japan Empire 50554 Java (& Madura) 191130 Kamerun 22320 Khiva 900000 Kongo Free State 450000 Kongo, French 82000 Korea 3460 Lagos Colony 52000 Liberia 998 Luxemburg 227750 Madagascar Island 35500 Malay States 73956 Manitoba 767005 Mexico 3630 Montenegro 219000 Morocco 54000 Nepal 12648 Netherlands 42200 Newfoundland 5300 New Hebrides Isls. 310700 New South Wales 104471 New Zealand 49200 Nicaragua 729000 North Amerit 124445 Norway 20550 Nova Scotia 82000 Oman 312329 Papua 157000 Paraguay 62i8000 Persia 695733 Peru 114326 Philippine 1@l. 36038 Portugal 301000 PortugueseE Africa 7458 PortugueseE Indies 134603 Prussia 668497 Queensland 48307 Roumania 13700 Roumelia, Eastern 6564778 Russia in Asia 2095616 Russia in Europe 8660394 Russian Empire 471371 Russian Turkestan 1800000 Sahara 7225 Salvador 18045 Santo Domingo 50000 Sarawak 5787 Saxony 29785 Scotland 96000 Senegal "19050 Servia 300000 Siam 4833496 Siberia 4000 Sierra LeoneColony 6950000 South America 197670 Spain 950000 Sudan (Egyptian) 300000 Sudan (French) 161612 Sumatra 172876 Sweden 15967 Switzerland 26385 Tasmania 651500 Tibet 33700 Togoland 374 Tonga Islands 46400 Tonkin 119139 Transvaal Colony 398739 Tripoli & Benghazi 50840 Tunis 431800 Turkestan, Chinese 120979 United Kingdom 3025600 United States 72210 Uruguay 593943 Venzuela 87884 Victoria 7442 Wales 198300 Yukon 1020 Zanzibar 104, Zululand I "SOMEWHERE IN FRANCE" OUR BOYS "OVER THERE" IN REVIEW BEFORE GOING TO THE FRONT UNITED STATES MARINES MARCHING FROM BARRACKS TO TRANSPORT ON THEIR WAY TO FRANCE "SOMEWT~HERE IN F'RANCE"$ CANADIANG TIROOPSa LEAVING~ MONTREAAL FOR EUROPEH SETTING BIG GUNTS INTO PLACE IN THE 'W ~OODS NT`EAR SOISSONS, FRIZANCE Number of Soldiers in American Expeditionary Force by States Arizona ------------- 10,000 Atlabama ----------- 67,000 Arkansas ------------ 591000 Connecticut ------ 44YOOO Calif ornia ---------- 102,000 -Colorado ----------- 311000 Florida -------------- 31M000 Georgia -------------- 79,000 Idaho ------------------ 17YOOO Illinois ---------------- 232YOOO Iow a -------------------- 92M000 K~ansas ---------------- 591000 Louisiana ---------- 62M000 Minnesota ---------- 86YOOO Missouri ------------ 115,000 MRississippi -------- 58,000 Muaryland _.......... 43YOOO Delaware ---------- 71000 Mlassachusetts-, 114,000 MRiontana ----------- 34YOOO Kentucky ~..~........ 721000 Nevada -------------- 5yOOO Nebraska ---------- 43YOOO New Mexico ---- 12YOOO M~ichigan ------------ 123,000 N. Dakota ---------- 25A00 N. Carolina -------- 71Y000 No~w York ---------- 328 Y0,0 NewT Jersey -------- 95yOOO Newv Hamipshire-. 12,000 MMaine ------------------ 22,000 Indiiana -------------- 931000 Oklahoma ---------- 76,000 Oregon -------------- 26,000 IPennsylvania ---- 275,000 S. Dakota ---------- 28YO000 S. Clarolina -------- ONO0 Rhode Island ---- 7,000 Texas ------------------ 155,000 Virginia ------------ 67yOOO D. of C ----------------- 13YO000 W. V~irginia ------ 52,000 Wisconsin ---------- 87,000 Washington ------ 39,00.0 Wyoming ---------- 11,000 Tennessee ---------- 70)000 Vermont ------- ---- MOO0 Total 3,417,,000 Town Index Pop. AUSTRIA Vienna, (H8) -------------------- 1999912 BELGL IUMIM Antwerp, (F7) ------------------ 310903 Brussels,, (F7) ------------------ 629917 G hent, (F7) ------------------------ 164117 Liege, (F 7) ------------------------ 180000 CZECHOSLOTAKIA Brunn, (H8) ---------------------- 109346 Prague, (H[8) -------------------- 228645 DENA TARKlBR Copenhagen, (H6) ---------- 426540 ENG~LAND Birkenhead, (DO ------------. 110915 Birmingham, (E6) ------------ 522204 Blackburn, (E6) -------------- 129216 Bolton, (E6) ---------------------- 168215 Bradford,.(E6) ------------------- 279767 Brighton, (E7) ------------------ 123478 Bristol, (D6) -----------308 Cardiff, (DO --------------------~ 164333 Derby, (E6) ---------------------- 114848 Gateshead, (E6) ---------------- 109888 Halifax, (E6) -------------------- 104936 Leeds, (E6) - ---------------------~ 428968 Leicester, (E6) ------------------ 211579 Liverpool, (D6) ---------------- 760803 London, (E7) -------------------- 732332 7 Manchester, (E6) ------------ 846800 Newcastle, (E5) ---------------- 246980 Norwich, (E6) ------------------ 1_11733 Nottingham, (E6) ------------ 239743 Plymouth, (D7) ---------------- 107636 Portsmouth, (E7) -----------, 188133 Preston, (E6) -------------------- 112,989 Rhondda, (D6) ------------------ 1_13735 Sheffield, (E6) ------------------ 409070 Southampton, (E7) ---------- 104824 South Shields, (E5) -------- 100853 Sunderland, (E5)............ 146077 Location and Population FINL;AND Helsingfors, (K4) ------------- 117317 FRAN~CE Bordeaux, (D9) ---------------- 251997 Lyons, (E9) ------------421 Marseilles, (E9) ---------------- 517498 Nancy, (F8) ---------------------- 110570 Nantes, (D8) ---------------------- 133247 N ice, (H 9) --------------------------~ 134232 Paris, (E8) ------------------------ 2763393 Rheims, (E7) -------------------- 109859 Rouen, (E7) ---------------------- 118459 St Etienne, (E9) -------------- 146788 Strassburg, (F8) -------------- 167678 Toulon, (E10) --------------------. 103549 Toulouse,, (D9) ---------------- 149438 GERMiHANY Altona, (G6) ---------------------- 168320 Bochum, (F7) -------------------- 118464 Bremen, (G6) ------------------ 214861 Breslau, (H7) ----------423 Brunswick, (G7) -------------- 136397 Charlottenburg, (H71) ---- - 239559 Chemnitz, (H7) ---------------- 428722 Dortmund, (F7) ---------------- 175577 Dresden, (H7) ------------------ 516966 Duisburg, (F7) ------------------ 192346 Dusseldorf. (F7) ------------ - 253274 Elberfeld, (F7) ---------125 Firankfurt, (H7) ---------------- 334978 Hamburg, (G6) ---------------- 80279') Hanover, (G7) ------------------ 250024 Karlsruhe, (F8)..~............. 111249 K~assel, (G7) -----------------.... 120467 K iel, (G 6) -------------------------- 163772 Konigsberg, (J6) ------------ 223770 Krefeld, (F7) -------------------- 110344 Leipzig, (G7) ----.~-------------- 5036722 MIadgeburg, (G7) -------------- 240633 Mannheim, (F8) -------------- 163693 Munich, (G8)..................-. 53893ý CH6ATE)AU THIIERRICY WHERE THE: AMERIICAN FORCE~S DEFIEATED THE: CRACKC PRUSSIAN GUARDS. of the Principlal Cities of Europe, Nuremberg, (G8) ------------- 294426 RUXAý Stettin; (H6) ---------------------- 224110 Bukharest, (K9) Stuttgart, (G8) --------....... 249286- Kichenef, (L8) ----- W~iesbaden, (FT7) -------------- 100953 RUSS] GREECE I: Astrakhan, (P8) --- Athens, (K12) ------------------ 167479 Kazan, -(05) --------- Salonica, (K11) ---------------- 150000 Moscow, (M5) ----- IfOLLAND Petrograd, (L4) --- Amsterdam, (F`7) ------------ 565656 Riga, (K5) ------------- Rotterdam, (F'7) ------------- 403356 Rostof, (N8) --------- The Hague, (Fi7) -------------- 254504 SaraLtov, (06) ------- HUNGARYTula, (M6) ----------- Budapest, (J8) ------------------ 732322 SCOTLA Szegedin, (J9) ------------------ 102991 Aberdeen, (E5). IRELANDDundee, (E5) -------- Belfast, (D5) --------------------- 349180Edn u g, ( 5 Dublin, (D6) ----------------------- 290638 G a g w D ) --- ITALY SPAI? Bolog~na, (G9) -------------------- 152009 Barcelona, (D10) Catania, (H12) ---------------- 149295i Madrid, (C10) -------- Florence, (G10) ---------------- 2055-89 Malaga, (C11)...... Genoa, (F9) ---------------------- 234710 M urcia, (C11) ------ MPessina, (H11) ---------------- 149778 Seville, (B11) -------- Miln, F9) -- -----------------493 41Valencia, (D10) ~ Naples, (G11) -------------------- 563540 W I Palermo, (G11) ---------------- 309694 Goteborg, (H5). Rome, -(G10) ~_.-------------------- 462743 Stockholm, (J4) ---- Turin, (F~9) --, --------------------- 335656 SWYITZER] Veni e, G9) ----------------- 15 840Basel, (F8) ------------ NORWAYP Geneva, (F'8-9)...... Kristiania, (G4) -------------- *227626 Zurich, (F'8) ---------- POLAND UKRAI' K~rakow, (J8) -------------------- 104836 Ekaterinoslaf., (M8( Lemberg, (K8) -------------- --- 159877 Kharkof, (MI7) ------ Lodz, (J7) ------------------- ------- 351370 K ief, (L7) ------- Posen, (H7) ----------------------- 1.36806 Odessa, (L9) ---- Vilna, (K 6) ------------------------- 162633 Warsaw, (J7) -------- a ----------- 756426 INDEPENDENI 'PORTUGAL Constantinople, (L Lisbon, (B10) -------------------. 356009 - Danzig, (J6) ---------- Oporto, (B9).....-....~............ 167955 Trieste, (H19)..,..... NIA -------------- 125787 IA ------- I ------- 1 59254 - ------------ 1678000 -------------- 282230 - -------------- 13714 7 IND ----------- --_ 317459.ý -------------- 789413 N -- - - -- - - 533000 539835,. 130109 111539 148315 213530: 160523 337460 LAND -------------- 118256 - 'NE ----------, 135552 173989 319000 449673, IT CITIES -jloi) ---- 1106000 -------------- 159648....,..-...... 205136 . vTh' Klplgon 0 curtas bsApo(Ote 4 bZqfl 1ý 0 01 zmlgoaaStar Sault S~~~arle ~%9 Forsyth &( v 'ekey,V; a 0I a t,: o k~aka keak.T 0 ýV- a b '&N 7 4 a! krara we;;;;~. ~a;-a Vaaaan hta4 Baai~a c~ a;tM.aateatao r~t j~/'ni2Z 0h 4fl*4 tT~fa4 0 afl Oha~aaat5k )a oo La.B' CL Israotxma )wa6eo FilhL.aa Londhon 0 0Ia0 " "4 oft-lift 4P.. 1* le -ts oN-, -v, Olt L!bv"ý * -, ýA 0 A0 o( -Q V-oux yt Majrt4tOna QnAaaw~4 ' 0Ln. Q 7. of Pbersoean> 4' In'slw -a&~ GaIUl S Cabo Jg' oti0lae',to,~ a (bao 3 Wtr P Ajb F ~bf0 0 am tiaaaaa ~;taa ra!t~a~ p 0*~ aa~aMt A 4vrne,aaatliev - -'z fý MAP OF THE ~1~*jU rAfV\ 4J' I~). \ K2 & C ~ K ariI>Map Makers 0j ow a 17, Carr X. L c K J) ZONES 1st. & 2n bh.oi st. LB.O[ 60 I60 2 I st.ib.7$ d.b.t0JtI.$ d.b.! s.b9 ADD.LBS.r 02 ddls41' MILESL 50 150 300 '(600 10 STANDARD 4578 RULEI LAA 9INS 1%I INO 4Y27Y2INo When the postage on, a package amounts to tw'enty-five' cents, a one cent revenne stamp i eurd;oecn, POST SCALE -:)r each additional twenty-five cents or fraction thereof0 TO FIND TILE RATE FOR A PACKAGE Measure the distance in a. straight line from. the towN~n from wvhichi the package is sent, to the towni to which package goes. Then use the Rate Scale and standard inch rule to find Zone and rate. EXAiHPLE.-To find the rate-'on a four pound package. sent fromn Cleveland, 01-Ao, to Houston, Tex. By laying a, rule on the map- you wvill find that the distance. is 8, 1-8 inches. -The rate scale shows this number of inches to come within the 6th Zone. For that Zone the first pouiid costs 9 cents, each additional pound is 8 cents; therefore the rate, for 4 lbs. is 33 cents.,* VIEWS TAKEN ALONG WESTERN BATTLE FRONT A DUG-OUT IN A FRENCH TRENCH AT THE FRONT The four French Officers shown in this picture are playing a game of "Bridge," but are compelled to wear "Gas Masks" because at any time the Germans na fumes that mean certain death. y loose the AMERICAN TROOPS MARCHING THROUGH LONDON This picture shows "a halt in Cockspur street, London," during one of the famous parades of American troops through the streets of London. These An reviewed by King George, Premier Lloyd George and other English Notables. SNATIONAL CHANGES IN RECONSTRUCTED EUROPE SHOWN IN R aerican troops were ED (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) x PROVINCES OF ALSACE & LORRAINE-ceded to France by Germany. THE BASIN OF THE SAAR VALLEY-ceded to France for fifteen years, then subject to Plebiscite. PORTION OF POLAND, formerly part of Germany. THE PORTION OF POLAND that formerly belonged to Austria-Hungary, being the Province of Galicia. PORTION OF POLAND, formerly part of Russia. THE CITY OR FlUME-to be a free Seaport under protection of the Allies. THE PROVINCE OF SCHLESWIG-Owned and governed by Germany prior to the Armistice. On Feb. 10th, 1920, a majority vote gave the portion north of Flensburg to Denmark. On March 15th, a vote gave the southern portion (including the City of Flensburg) to Germany. EAST PRUSSIA-which remains part of Germany, although separated from her by Poland. PORTION OF EAST PRUSSIA to decide by Plebiscite whether it goes to Poland or Germany. CITY AND TERRITORY OF DANZIG-permanently Internationalized under the protection of the Allies. (Territory 729 square miles.) MEMEL-to be a free Seaport under the protection of the Allies. (Territory 40 square miles.) THE WEST BANAT-claimed by both Jugo-Slavia and Rumania. THE PROVINCE OF UKRAINE-fighting for Independence from Russia. THE PART OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY CEDED TO ITALY consisting of the provinces of Trieste, Goritz and part of the Tyrol. 1 ON NEXT PAGE (16) TWO SM3ALL DISTRICTS between Holland and Luxemburg-ceded to Belgium, (328 square miles.) (17) THE STRONG GERMAN FORTRESS OP HELGOLAND, which is to be dismantled, entirely. (18) THE PROVINCE OF BOHEMIA, formerly part of Austria-Hungary. (19) THE PROVINCE OF MORAVIA, formerly part of Austria-Hungary. These two Provinces form the principal part of the Republic of Czecho-Slovakia. (20) THE REPUBLIC OR FINLAND, formerly part of the Empire of Russia. (21) THE SOVIET REPUBLIC of Russia. (22) THE FORMER KINGDOM3 OF MONTENEGRO now part of Jugoslavia. (23) THE KINGDOM OF SERBIA, united with Montenegro and several former Austrian Provinces to form the new Nation of Jugoslavia. (24) THE PORTION OF THRACE ceded to Greece under the Peace Terms. (25) THE NOTED KIEL CANAL opened to the commerce of all nations under the German Peace Terms. (See map in upper right corner.) (26) THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND-formed from portions of Russia, Austria, and Germany. These three countries crushed Poland in 1781 until which time she had been one of the leading nations of Europe. (28) THE REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY. Hungary was at one time an independent nation, but since the fourteenth century has formed part of the former Empire of Austria-Hungary. (29) THE REPUBLIC OF JUGOSLAVIA. This new nation is formed of several former Austrian Provinces and the former Kingdoms of Montenegro and Serbia. Albania may also join her. (30) PALESTINE-to be self-governing under a protectorate of one of the Great Powers. (31) SYRIA-to be self-governing under France. (32) MESOPOTAMIA-to be self-governing under English protection. (33) ARMENIA-to be self-governing under Protectorate. (34) CONSTANTINOPLE-the former Capital of Turkey and adjacent territory to be permanently internationalized. o (35) PROVINCE OF ANATOLIA-which is all that is left of the former Great Turkish Empire. (36) A SMALL FREE STATE CUT OUT OF TURKEY and under the League of Nations. (37) PROVINCE OF LITHUANIA, struggling for freedom from Russia. (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (15) (27) THE REPUBLIC OF CZECHO-SLOVAKIA inhabited by the Czechs and formed from parts of the former (38) PROVINCE OF LATVIA, struggling for freedom Empire of Austria-Hungary. from Russia. "NOT DEAD BUT SLEEPING" German Prisoners of War Lying Behind Barbed Wire Fence Enclosure, Somewhere in France. ia s! S pind 5 le 0 oLomza YVilko S Lipae. OMlawaC Osteoohk& 0C? Oste6s DyelSlC lolo eai asWN **-Kut 0.La CC Zelac o-~m;r a ure L9Y \9 gwgae Zgc. fr 0 o~ ~ ~t~ e~ee S1eaa zd g~d~a ~a a>C L. azf s,' a a0Opd khI l \4as o p or' R13 P a ID,kin aaaod6p- owa&leGsa.2--'aUO, 17 '7 Ce Uj 'hr. B Tokt 0 "-;ýpolis5 a alokaThdl loaatat A S 1 V,) 0 \4. 7 Lv 7 k 0 V-L Ný'MU0a Li b ye'f'n fat ela u a RED NUMBERS SIIOW NATIONAL BOUNDARY CRANGES, FOR EXPLANATION OF NUMBERS, SEE]RCDIGPG ",.OUR FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE" The Pennsylvania is the very latest type of naval efficiency* It is the largest war vessel in the United States navy, having a tonnage of 31,400. It is 600 feet long, and has a draft of 28 feet. Her engines are of the Turbine type and her speed is 21 knots an hour. She carries 12 14-inch guns and 25 5.inch guns, Her coal supply is 2,400 tons. D5 feet wide The United States Navy has at present 12 fine armored cruisersi of the type and armament of the Maryland, as shown above. They average 14,000 tonsI 500 feet 3 wide and have a draft of 24 feet. Their speed is 23 knots an hour and have the twin screw type of engine. Their armament consists of 5 to 8 10-inch guns and about 14 6-inch guns. ongg 70 feet "OUR FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE" UNITED STATES SUPER DREADNAUGHTS IN BATTLE FORMATION This remarkable picture was photogTaphed from the deck of the Flagship Pennsylvania. Reading from left to right are the New York, Delaware, Oklahoma, Tex Utah, with the Wyoming, South Carolina, Michigan and Connecticut following just out of the picture. as, Florida, GREAT LAKES NAVAL TRAINING STATION About 33 miles north of Chicago. This station contains at present 35,000 men. They have a naval band of 1,000 pieces. The men are styled Apprentice Seam is granted twice a week for visiting nearby cities, but the men are only allowed to draw $4-00 a month, the balance being placed to their credit. ien. Leave .ttIII ___ Rongi D-iehoeo COF3 oyebre., C rCa ou - c~'er rnaaa AVearn ~ ~ r'a> e haaaIi C a Gfppaa B OF.( 164 Liar' (L ntea a e aai ~FxtaaP * a' ~ rnen u ac PoLrVt)d a~a L~ osana Vand E rAN The LineVinc j~eor EFri Tmn a~ ba t PZIW o tvpL", gn Re vjýýe&, p IgC0ýý t. r a CA 7c > -- ~ w PC +Q'a e-- k/ wo A. IN~ a.~- Ca;~-'H ~ 19, ~ *0 ~~La MTIAI Or AtE and LORRAINE AND EAST FRANCE Red Show The Final Allied Battle Line November 1.1, 1918. L INSIGNIA OF RANK IN THE UN ITED STATES ARMY AND NAVY i I - _ l I ] I......... il I =' .. A Coast Artillery Field Artillery Cavalry Urdnafide Infantry Department s I IVER GOLO Office Aid-de-Camp It e Lieutenant 2d Lieut. deneral Staff General Staff oo0 00 a 0a 5ft ER General L euLGen I. Major Gen Brigadier Gen'1 Colonel L hfajor (Go Chaplain Ca )tain Medical Signal Adju'tant GenT7 Corps Corps Departmeil Commissary Qua ftermN-SAf Corps of Engineers Department General's Dept. 11 14 %NWRLIUL ct a ---.. ---- -.- - - -- - General Lieutenant General ýljor General Brigadier General Colonel Iieut Col (Silver) M Chaplain Captain ISILvER sAR First Lieutenant IGOLt D R R.econd Liontenp nt.... Sergeant Sergeant S~en io r Grade) Corporal Admiral Rear Admiral Captain, Commander Lt. Commander Lieutenant Junior Lieut. Ensign Line Warrant Lance Regiental (Junior Gr quarermaeter - ~~~~~~~~Officer Corporal. Commis-sary Serg't ClrS. gatSren ao nier HOW TO TELL THE RANK AND SERVICE OF ARMY AND NAVY OFFICERS COLLAR DEVICES showing class of service. In the militia bronze initials of the state missary Department, for example, will have added the crescent, or of the Sign are added to the devices shown in these illustrations. Numerals indicate the regiment of the design of crossed flags and the torch, in addition to the three chevrons of his ra service. Members of volunteer regiments also wear the initials U. S. V. Thus, the crossed NAVAL SLEEVE DESIGNS show the star only in the executive ranks. Othe swords as here shown indicate the 7th regiment of U. S. regular cavalry; the addition of U. S. V. the navy are shown by colors between the sleeve stripes as follows" Construc would indicate 7th Regiment of Volunteer Cavalry, while Ill., would indicate 7th Illinois State Civil Engineers-light blue; Paymasters-white" Medial-dark maroon" Professo Cavalry. maties-olive green.,SHOULDER STRAPS, indicating commissioned officers, are the same in both dress and HAT CORDS indicate by color the branch of service. These are" Cavalry-yell service uniform, except that in the former the strap is braided. All designs are in silver except -light blue; Artillery-red; Medical Corps--m that of Major, which is in gold to distinguish it from that of Lieutenant Colonel, which is in red, piped with white" Ordnance-black, piped with red" Signal Corps-Salmon silver. The Second Lieutenant, in service- uniform, wears a bronze U. S. coat of arms on both hat and belt, and a gold and black braided hat cord. SLEEVE AND COLLAR DEVICES of the non-commissioned officers are in cloth. Service Gold and black braided hat cords are worn by commissioned officers. designs are added to these chevrons to denote the rank of service. A Sergeant of the Com- THE U. S. COAT OF ARMS is on the hats, caps, and belts of all commissioned tjor (Gold) Regimental Quar. Serge& Co t r ilery. Sergeaju i al Corps the nk. r services of tors-purple; rs of matheow; Infantry,ineers Corps Swith white officers. Statistics Relating to United States Forces, Casualties, Shipping and Cost of Operations from April 6, 1917, to April 6, 1919. Regular A rm y.................................... 127,588 A rm y ---------------------------- I -------------- 3,- 764,000 National Guard in Federal service-.... 80,466 Navy....................-............................. 497,030 Reserve corps in service-.................... 4,000 Marine Corps.................................... 78,017 Total of soldiers-.............................. 212,034 November 11, 191$8 -Personnel of Navy-.............................. 65,777 Total armed forces -----------------------41339,047 Marine Corps.................................... 15,62 T. April 6, 1917 -Total arm ed forces. ----------------------- 293,438 Soldiers transported overseas-............................................................................................ 2,053,347 American troops in action, November 11, 1918-............ --............................................... 1,338,169 Soldiers in camps in the United States, November 11, 1918-........................................ 1,700,000 Casualties, Army and Marine Corps, A. E. F-............................................,...................... 282,311 Death rate per thousand, A. E. F --------------- ------ ------- -------------------- -.057 G e r m a nn p riso n erss ta k enn ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 4,0 0 0 Americans decorated by French, British, Belgian and Italian armies, about-......-......... 10,000 Number of men registered and classified under selective service law-......-................. 23,700,000 Cost of thirty-two National Army cantonments and National Guard camps ----- ----------. $179,629,497 Students enrolled in 500 S. A. T. C. cam ps-............... - - - - - ------ -----------------------------170,000 Officers commissioned from training ciamps (exclusive of universities, etc.)-................ 80,000 Women engaged in Government war industries.------------------------------------------......... -.......... 2,000,000 BEHIND THE BATTLE LINES Railway locom otives sent to France............................................................................... 967 Freight cars sent to France.................................................................................---- --........ 13,174 Locom otives of foreign origin operated by A. E...-------- ------------------------------------------...... 350 Miles of standard gautge track laid in France - -----------------------........................843 W arehouses, approxim ate area in square,feet......................................--------------------------. 23,000,000 M otor vehicles shippedp toe F r nceF-a -----.7------------------------------------------------------------------------110,000 ARMS AND AMMUNITION Persions employed in about 8,000 ordnance plants in U. S. at signing of armistice.... 4,000,000 Sh oulder rifles m ade durin g w ar.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2,500,0000 R ounds of sm all arm s am m unition.-----------------------------------.--------------.........................---- 2,879,148,000 Machine guns and automatic rifles.---- 181,662 H ig h e x p losiv e sh e lls.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 4,2 5 0,,0 0 0 G as shelils --.................--.........................................500,000 S h rapn el..------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------................2..........,250,0 00 Gas masks, extra canisters and horse masks.----------------------------------------------................... 8,500,000 UNITED STATES NAVY AND MERCHANT SHIPPING W arships at beginn in g of w ar---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 197 W arships at end of w ar-..........................................--------- 7 --_ -...................................... 2,0003 Sm all boats built............................................................................................................---- 800 Subm arine chasers built......................------.................................--------------------................... 355 M erchant ships arm ed.............----------------------- ------------------ ------------------------------------.... 2,5000 Naval bases in European waters and the Azores.------------------------------------- 54 Shipbuilding yards (merchant marine) increased from 61 to more than-...................... 200 Shipbuilding ways increased from 233 to more than--------............................................... 1,000 Ships delivered to Shipping Board by end of 1918...........................---------------- --------------. 592 Deadweight tonnage of ships delivered.----------------------------------------------------------------. 3,423,495 UNITED STATES FINANCES OF THE WAR' Total cost, alpp roxim ately-....................................................................... -......................$ 24,-24 620,000,0 0 0 Credits to eleven nations-................................................................................................. 8,841,657,0000 R aised by taxation in 1918_------------------------------M----------- ----------- 3,694,000,000 R aised by Liberty Loans.................................................................................................... 14,000,000,0000 W ar Slavings Stam ps to November, 1918--....................................................................... 834,253,0000 W ar relief gifts, estim ated........................................ M -------- __ ---- M........................... 4,000,000,000 FROM (tOMMERCE AND FINANCE,9 NEW YORK. STEAM VESSELS LOST IN THE WORLD WAR. FROM AUGUST 4, 1914, TO OCTOBER 31, 1918. Gr Do U. Be" Br Da Du Fr( Gri Ita Jal Noi SpE SwI Gross Tons War Marine teat Britain...e.........7,753,311 1,032,779 E minions of Great Britain 169,712 99,866 Total............... 7,923,923 1,132,645. S. A. (seagoing)........ 343,090 187,948 lgian................. 85,842 19,239 azilian................ 20,328 10,951 mish.................. 210,880 34,422 tch................... 201,797 27,244 ench................... 722,939 84,138 eek.................. 349,661 65,014,ian.................. 745,766 115)669 panese................ 119,764 150,269 rwegian............... 976,516 195,244 1 anish................. 157,527 80,335 edish................. 180,415 83,588 Grand Total........ 12,038,448 2,186,704 14 From "Commerce and Finance," New York City. Total 8,786,090 269,578 D,055,668 531,038 10-5,081 31,279 245,302 229,041 807,077 414,675 861,435 270,033,171,760 327,862 264,001,314,251 COST OF THE WORLD WAR IN MONEY. Germ any -------------...................................................- $ 28,4 0 0,0000,06u G reat B ritain -----------------------------------------------------.. -.. 31,500,000,000 R u ssia --------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 3,4 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0 F ra n ce ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0 U n ited S ta tes ---------------------------------------------------------- 2 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0 Austria-H ungary......-.............................................. 12,500,000,000 Italy.............------ -------- - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - -6,2 0 0,00 0,0 0 0 T u rk e y --........--- --------------------------------------------------------1 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0 DEBTS OF THE CHIEF POWER2. Jan. 1, 1919 Allies Great Britain Australia.... Canada...... New Zealand. France....... Italy......... Russia....... United States Central Powers Germany..... Austria...... Hungary..... Neutrals Denmark..... Holland...... Norway...... Spain........ Sweden...... Switzerland.-. Before t t914, Aug. 1. ~ 1914, June 30 ~ 1914, March 31 1914, March 31 ~1914, July 31 1914, June 30 1,914, Jan. 1 -1917, March 31 1913,Oct. 1.1914, July 1 1,913, July 1 1914, March 31 1914, Jan. 1 1914, June 30 191,4, Jan. I ]191,4, Jan. 1 11914, Jan. 1. the War Dollars 3,458,000,000 93,000,000 336.000,0000 446,000,0000 6,598,000,000 2,7 92,0 00,0 00 5,092,000,0000 1,208,000,000 I More Recent Date 1910, 1, oV. 1918, March 31 1918, July 31. 1917, March 31 1918, Nov. 1 1918, March 31 1917, Sept. 1 1918, Nov. 1 Dollars 33,000,060,000 1,212,000,000 1,172,000,000 611-000,000 2 6,0 00,00 0,00 0 10,3 28,0 00,00 0 25,383,000,000 18,000,000,000 28,922,000,000 15,422,000,000 6,316,000,000 15 7,875,000 7 62,527,00 0 1.33,574,000 1,987,454,000 260,120,000 187,876,000 1,165,000,000 191.8, April 2,640,000,000 1918, July 1,345,000',000 1918, July 96,716,000 1917, March 469,5 38,0 00 191N, Jan. 95,782,000 1.916, Julie 1,,88S,442,000 1918, Jan. 166,846,000 1917, June 28,230,000 1917, Nov. 30 31 30 1 30 30 In the case of the United States debt, over $8,000,000,000 in loans to Allies is a partial offset. Great Britain, France and Germany also have made large loans to their allies. THE HAR~tBOR. OF MANNHEIM ON THE RITEB t RHINE9 GIERMANYO NO~RTIEH AMERICAIP@ SOUTH AMERICAlE1iI~ 1 "0Fp GERMANY AND THE NEW NATION OF POLAND The Red Lines on This Map Show the Old Boundaries of Germany in 1914 at the Beginning of the World War. Piece 31arlied. A to hold Plebiscite to decide whether it shall belong to Germany or Foland. Ca O-C:7 I w ag Jr oIr:o w a < 0 u ~ (4d boo BD City of Memel free, under Allied Control. ` dl.. ýý -,11, V M-it l 4$ f 14a1rk fl Feb. 10, 1920. Dn,Portion of Scmleswig -votea to Germany March 15, 1920. The dotted lines ib Red slow tile boundaries b(tween tile tvtlfl dluntri~s, "MAoPOis oH CZECHOSLOVAKIA, AUSTRIA HUNGARY AND JUGOSLAVIA EWNAThe Red Lines on This Map Show the Old Boundaries of Austria-Hungary in 1914 before the Great WarOF The Red Lines on This Map Sliow the Old Boundaries of Austria-Hungary in 1914 before the-Gre al a amwum" T ý -- - -- - - I -. - if n: r"%I, -,."r A I B C I"D ý7 - I I 2 2 1'^..,, Ri 3 4iu yre 6 7 OA 8 dali 9 MAP OF Czechoslovakia, Austria Hungary and Jugoslavia SCALE OF MILES 0 0__' 10, Copyright 1919 The Kenyon Company, Des Moinex, Iowa I a mmlý - ---r bp A I B I -- -.. I.- -- mm A. Southern portion of Albania in doubt. It may be given to Greece or stay with Albania. THE GREAT LEADERS GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING Comnmander-in- Chief of the American Forces in France SIR DOUGLAS HAIG Commander-in-Chief of British Forces GENERAL FOCH Marshal of France Commander in Chief of Allied Armies GENERAL ARMANDE DIAZ Commander-in- Chief of Italian Armies GENERAL PETAIN Commander-in-Chief of the French Armies REAR AD3M. SIR DAVID BE TTY Commander of England's Grand 'U.eet ADMIRAL W. S. BENSON Chief of Naval Operations HENRY T. MAYO Admiral the United States Navy MAJOR GEN'L HUGH L. SCOTT National Army "PREPAREDNESS";1 CHIEF AR~MIES OF THE GREAT WNAR Men Enlisted U n i t e d S t a t e s - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 y0 0 0, 0 0 0 B r it i s h E m p ir e ---------- -,5 0 0,0 0 0 Fra nce ------------------------ 6,000,000 ý'ý....... Ru sia ------14,000,000 Italy ---------------------------- 215001000 RNM Belgium, Srb--a, Portugal ---------------- 1,(0007000 Roum ania -------------------- -500,000 Ger m~any -------------------- 10,500,000 E n t e n t e A l l i e s - -- - --- - -- -- 3 4 5 0 0,0 0 3 Agustria-H u ngary ------ 770007000 B w~aria ---------------------- 500yOOO T~urke y ------------------------ 2,000,000 Teutonic Ahllies ---------- 20, 0001 000 AI1HERIICAN TROO0PS BIREAlIUNGN CAMPP Total all ------------------ 54500 5 00100 I _ BeBDa~carrr~sa-~-~b- --I~- -,,,,~i~,,~n~-,~c~RB*-'P~~~ MAP 0 F~ Q '"UROPE 1914 JUST BEFOR1E THPE WARA SHOWING;~r~~~Y "'311H.TTELXr -F:gJ'ROOlPi' ~p1~8 ~-) r O'o~8L r, ~u ~Oroc, -~a- I~ t9 O~ E L"~TTTE L-kjROPA) ~ or territory contrvolled by Germany until the Spring. of 1918. SOLID Huecs show Bounudarleio Dn "MTT~mtTOPm'tral Pwers. ' DOITEDb linaes show~ outside territory controlled by- them.. 1 1 ~~. n a ~, _d ITALY~ Thle Redd Lines on Italyg shov-v thee Terr~itory Cede~d to Her bBy Anrsastrial at thei end of thne World Wart~r AFIUMEa6~ D-ZARAh C-EEN C These Three corme Free Cities. Seaports be m OF _ _C C _~ _ a" P*! O a A 4 ge &1 'Z Be C J$ P FS O ce;as I,.0 0 C) Sml 0.3r as In B CL -9. B~ Q I C 1 Bs r3 N: CD r SI8 U2~:,a CD t aog 0 > Ui2 U2 "zm CD 1-4 a C~ 0 CDb Co 3/.46w M ele~ - F og, .tf ~ p sil QZ J Counti ies Alb an ia Andorra Ausptriaa Be'g-um Bulg-i ri a Czecho-Slovakia Denmark Finlandd France Germany Greece Holland Hungary Italy Montenegro Norway Poland Portugal Rumania R ussia San Marino Servia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom AreI in. Sq. Miles 241460 160O 37,245 11,373 437310 6070000 15,592 1457000 207,054 208)830 252014 12)648 1.09,000 110,646 5) 60,3 124)130 1351,3(37 357490 537689 8)647)6-57 32 33)891 1947783 1721876 157,91-6 1213391 Population 12050,000 67000 61429,198 72074,910 4)284y844 131511)444 22585,660 2)750YOOO 3829611945 64,903,423 22433,806 518982429 152232)159 3224752253 250,000 2)3021698 221000,000 5 )4232132 1)200)000 16010951200 81500 27493)770 19ý5037,008 51476)441 3y.741)971 45)216;665.Form of Government Adm. b~y Italy Republic R epublic Kingdom Principality Republic K~ingdom Republic Republic Republic K~ingdom KEingdom Republic KEingdom K~ingdom 'Kingdom Republic Republic K~ingdom Republic Republic K~ingdom K~i hgdom Kingdom Republic Kingdom Present Consti. Adopted 1917r 1919 1831 1878 1918 1849 1919 1875 1919 1864 1815 1919 1848 1905 1814 1918 1910 1918 1889 1876 1809 1-48 Present Ruler Title of Ruler Capital I - I Dr. Carl Reuner Albert Boris 3rd Thomas G. Masaryk Christian X K(. J. Stahlberg A. Mlillerand Carl Ebert Constantine WVilhelmina K~arl Husz~ar Victor Emanuel III Nicholas I Haakon VII Gen'l Jos. Pilsudski Mlanuel de Arriaga Ferdin andd Vladimir Lenine Peter I Alfonso XIII Grustatv V Dr. G. 2VLOtter George 5tb Acting Pres. K~ing King President Kingf President President President Queen President KEing K~ing KEing President President K~ing ~Dictator President K~ing K~ing K~ing President K~ing and Em. Durazzo Andorra Vienna Brussels Sofia Prague Copenhagen Helsingf ors Paris Berlin Athens The Hague Budapest Rome Cettinje Christiana WVarsaw Lisbon. Bukhare~st Petrogradt Borgo Belgrade M adrid Stocktholm Bern London National Debt 1914 11043;675)000 8252518,000 176,5542000 9627162000 61346,1297000 121942052,ODD 2067640,000 46176497000 2792111531000 17 928,0()O 91-19-15,000 947,603YOOO 316,6937000 42536,939,000 126,2327000 11814,270,000 1661810ý000 23)614YO000 3)443,799,000 Annual Revenue 84,897,702 119,505,782 2925612704 25,020,261 85213997350 678)303Y308 271781)064 73,583,688 4527668;984 700ý000 381 7497682 66;699ý631 90,5092232 ly3482613,945 2020032312 205,655,000 55)4141147 28,446,489 737)655,773 Annual Expenditures Imports Exports ageR N~o. of PostO~ffices 16024877000 1551704,000 491174)000 29y856yOOO 12001,987,000 8797656yODD 497014yODO 101ý8451000 500-)8417000 8050)000 422800yojo 80,909,000 1032507,000 11860Y988,000 4218382000 2192941,000 73,362,000 20,350,000 961)100)000 5821570,000 714,933,000 307963ý000 152y993,000 1Y20515001000 ý27152)295,000 29,844,000 26112357000 600ý560,000 1,t305i,000 103,613,000 69,943,090 79,913,000 470,020,000 14,19270,90 167)4-il,090 1657304,000 309,213,000 3;0401127)000 483)1001000 5421277,000 21)5071000 119,7402000 1YI0315842000 217368ý000 986y8lO)OOO 360)310)000 280,000 70)8392000 33ý448)000 731230,000 514yogg,0o0 171945,000 16220381000 126y759,000 2111849)000 1)84014151000 267523 21942 1 y269 27115 301028 37,026 844 12908 107640 40 11912 17758 21207 44,950 430 91020 87451 37131 23)280 57,124i 1,519 21070 11073 13 y631 401,769 1)147 91823 21 31099 31682 2)968 13,983 11502 4 y845 31739 L,953 23)925 NJo. of 15J,480 101 41439 177376 41658 1 y143 729 51327 520 32419 S55 2)938 217189 Pe, i ice 57,800 14, WO) 638,500 622,483 29,000 341289 238,617 80,000 30,000 113,642 1)200yooo 351605 115,432 691081 208,726 742)036 W~ar Footing 31 y000 2)000YOOO 180YO000 235)000 50)000 17300,000 3,1 260, 000 50ý000 68)850 27000)000 50,000 110ý000 300),000 170,000 41CO01000 200)000 250)000 350,000 802)074; ARMYY ~C~ _____ __ II~ _ __1___Ylllll__r__lI___Y__~JPiYiiL ~ __ ~~ I L 1 1 5 t B 1 U United States 107,000,000 Great Britain (not; including colonies) F'rance Russia Italy Japan P opulation - - --------- ------- m -- ------------ TREASURE~ IN DOLLARS N ational w ealth -------------- --------------- W7~ealth per capita -------------------------~ N ational incom e ------------------------------ Incom e per capita ------------------------ National db____--- ____~____ National debt before war --------------------. D ebt per capita ---------------------------- _ _ _ _ Debt per capita before war ----------------- Debt per cent of wealth ------------------------- Portugal 6,000,000 Belgium' 7,500,000 I I I I 461,000,0001 40,000,000 175,000,000 36,000,0001 56,000,0001 I I I I Rumania Montenegr(. Iand Seroia 7,500,0001 5,000,000 2,000,000,000------ 266 -..; -------- 40,000,000,000 I I L 1 1 I Greece 5,000,000 ----------- ----------- 58,00)0,000 12 Germany 66,000,000 -10,000,000,00C 1,231 10,000,00()0q AustriaHulagary 53,0000,0001 Bulgaria 4,755,000 Turkey 21,274,000 Entente Allies 491,000,000 --------------] I - 1 Centrall Powers 14_4,020,00Cý Grand Total Entente Allies & Cen. Powers 6ý35, 0-29,000 100,000,000,000 2,804 C0,.000,000,000 120, 000, 000, 00019 0, 000, 000, 000 160,000,000,0 -1 1 28, 000, 000, 000 5, 000, 000, 00 500 833 10, 000, 000, 000 14, 000, 000, 000 8, 000, OC145000, OC 65,00,00, 0 376 1,3141 132,000,000,OOC 917 2,609 2,250 343 15,500,000,000 12, 000, 000,000 7,000,000,000 1,1111 7551 841 I ----- I---- ---- I I-------- I - - - -- - I I I I I - 1 7,500,000,0001 2,600,000,0001 500,000,000.1 1 1 1 1 1-- - II -- -- --~ 561 24,321,021,951 1.282,044,34(22~7.30 12.33 3.37 36,183,000,000 3.448,000,000 786.59 73.36 300 40 12081 461 83 100,000,000 13 -1 -1 1 -------1 1 1 - 5,000,000,0001 400,000,000 WOO, 000, OOC1105,258, 000, 0001 16,300,000,00C 1131 1154 941 84 2141 I I I I I 1~ 36,000,000,000 6,409,000,000 900.00 28,246,000,000 4,816,000,000 161.41 11,750,000,0001 1, 250, 000, 0001750, 000, 0001 I I 1,300,000,0001 560,000,000 800,000,000/ 233.33( 106.677 300,000,000 166.66 40 125,000,000 150 251 404,000,000 213,000,000 80.80 42.60 39,000,000,000 5,200,000,000 24,000,000,000 3,989,000,0001 5-15,000, 00011,923, 000, 000 171,000,0001 6-7,000,0003 141,504,021,951165,473,000,0001 777,000,000,000 1, 2,21 121,558,000,000 191 '206,977,021,951 3-2,005,04;4,346 '0.46 26.64%, 4.81%, I 1 -1 600.00 160.23 27.52 78.199 31-500,7c I I I------ -- 8.11% 1 30. 15%' 40. 00 7c, 47.08% ~' 23. 21 4. 64%gi 93.33 11.20 7c, 1 76.477 62.50%ý' I I I I i I------- -------- I 45i2.83/ 75.26( I I------I----- --- -L 1-------~----1------------1 1 Debt per cent of wealth before war ---------- Interest on national debt ---------------------- Interest on national debt: before w~ar --------- Interest ratio to national income ---------------- Interest ratio to national income before w~ar - - - - 1,176,500,000 24,512,000 1.96% 3.8307o' 1,575,000,000 122,500,000 9.S60/o 1,800,000,000 2;-7,300,000 8. 037,7 1,558,000,000 212,200,000 9.38% 1 I I 548,000,000 9.3,300,000 99,000,000 35i,000,00e '15. 00 % 75)000,000 20,000,OOCý 18,000,000 8,000,000 I 43.757c' 6.50%% 1,950,000,000 60.00(Yo 9.980/, 950,000,000( 1141.62 35.96 13.630/ 4. 277o' 33,000,000 90.63 3 1. 3"1 2-1.100/0 8. 34%~ 22,068,044,346 2S3.20 45.13 4.13%' I 1.1 10,027,000,00C 4-,4.5ý' 6S.2C 4D. 60(Y 7. 32) G/ 119,000,000 65,000,000 I I I-- - - - - - 18,000,001, 200,000,000 165,700,0001 8,000,0001 50,000,000 6,874,500,OOC 865,812,00C 6.480/,, 3,0--2,000,000 423,700,00C 9,926,500,000P 1,2sg,521,0000 8..12%0/ I I I 1.1 1 1 1 1 1-- -I -- - - -------- II I I I I C)50,000,000 31..03%a/ 13. 79 O/ 19.50%a/ 19.00%1( 8.25% 1 I I I I - I I ------------I I i---------------I--------------I I I I I I I ------- I I I I I I------- 1-- - -- - l-- I I I I I I- -I I I I I I. - I I ----------------1 1---------------1--------------1 1 I __I i I I I ------- I - - I I----- -- I I I - 1 -1 1 I - - - - I I II I I I I I I I----1-------------- I I I I I Wounded ------------ ------------------- ------1 201,847 *22,037,32r) 2,675,000 4,950,005 947,000 907 13,000 6,0 oo~ soo Percent of total enlistments ----------------- 4.72% * 1~27. 16%' 35.67% 4~ 1.25%~' 17.22%~'.11% 15.00%q~ 2~7701.0~.29' 40,000 3,6S33,143 3,200,0001 152,399 570,0001. 11,085,084 7,605,542 18,690,626 17..397~o 33..48% 49.'8.23%~' 38..10% 35. 62 G/c 27..94%q/ 39..00%97 31..58%Oj - I I I I I I 1~1~------------~- I-------I------I I I I 1 I I I /Ul /U I - - ~ " ~_~ ~~I -- -~ VIEWS IN RUSSIA [N THTE COUNCIL CHAMBER AT BREST-LITOVSK, WHERE PEACE NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE CENTRAL POWERS WERE DISCUSSED l-,OWD) OF BOISHEVIK7 SYMPATHIZERS MARCHING THROUGH THE STREETS OF PETROGR-k). IN THE RIGHT HAND UPPER CORNER ARE PICTURES OF PREMIER LENINE, AND TROTSKVY, LATE FOREIGN MINISTER OF THE BOLSHIEVIKI GOVERNMENT DIVISIONAL INSIGNIA OF EACH UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS (FURNISHED BY THE ADJUTANT GENERAL OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT) NO. OF DI)VISION NAME DESIGN 1st 2nd "First Division" 3rd "Marne Division" 4th 5th 6th 7th "Red Diamond" None None 8th "Pathfinder" 9th 10th None None llth "Lafayette Division" 12th "Plymouth Division" 13th None 14th "Wolverine Division" Crimson figure "1" on khaki background. Indian head, with background, star and shield; colors varying according to unit. Three white stripes diagonally superimposed upon a square field of royal blue. Four green leaves of ivy superimposed upon a diamond of olive drab. Red diamond. Six pointed star of bright red. Two black equilateral triangles with a base of three centimeters superimposed upon a red circle with a diameter of six centimeters. Dark blue shield on which is superimposed a silver figure "8" pierced by a gold arrow. None. Roman numeral X, in gold. centered in and enclosed by. but not in contact with a circular ring of the same color both imposed upon a field of marine blue contained in P square. Head of Lafayette in circle. Figure "12" in red on blue ground, pierced by bayonet. Gold border and two gold stars. Circular disc of blue cloth 31/" in diameter on which is superimposed a red horseshoe with the opening to the top in said opening the figure of a cat in black and underneath such figures the numerals 13 in white block figures. Shield shaped panel of deep green upon which is superimposed a disk of yellow with black rim. containing a black silhouette of the head, shoulders and paw of a wolverine Across the shield ab-vo +ho disk is the word "WOLVERINE" in yellow block letters. None. None. None. Figure "18" in white superimposed on green cactus plant, with motto-"Noli me tangere." None. None. Diamond of khaki cloth with monogram "YD" of dark blue superimposed. Circle of black with band of red inside of which op a bl:ilck field are seven stars and "N. Y." in monogram. Thle svor stars represent the constellation of Orion which was adopled in honor of the commander, Gen. J. F. O'Ryan. Red keystone. Korean symbol of good luck in blue and gray. The colors represent union in arms of North and South. Monogram in blue, the letter "0" surrounding the loetoi "H" with three "X's" (Roman numerals for 30) forming the cross bar of the letter "H," all on a maroon background Letters "D. D." superimposed on a triangle of red and blue. Barred arrow of red. NO. OF DIVISION NAME 33rd 34th "Sandstorm Division" 35th None 36th "Lone Star Division" 37th None 38th 39th 10th "Sunshine Division" 41st "Sunset Division" 42nd "Rainbow Division" 761 h 77th "Metropolitan Division" 15th 16th 17th 18th None None None "Cactus" 19th "Twilight Division" 20th None 26th "Yankee Division" 270i "New York" 2Sib "Keystone Division" 2)th "RBlue & Gray" 30fh "Old Hickory Division" 4st "Dixie Division" 32nd "Iron Jaws" 78th 79th "Liberty Division" 80th "ThIe Blue Ridge Division" Slst "Stonewall Division" S2nd "All American Division" 83rd None 84th "Lincoln Division" S')flth "Custer Division" 'VIh "Black lHawk" S7th None S8th None S9gh "Middle West Division" 3)0th "Alamo Division":)I st )2ndd 93rd DESIGN Yellow cross on black circle. Black circle encircling a red bovine skull, reminiscent of Camp Cody, New Mexico, where division trained. Santa Fe Cross within two circles of varying colors, the outer one divided into four arcs. Circular disk of olive drab cloth upon which is superimposed an arrow head of cobalt blue and within the arrow head is an olive drab block letter "T." The block letter "T" represents Texas and the arrowhead Oklahoma. Red circle with a white border. Shield of blue and red upon which is superimposed the monogram "C. Y." Golden sun superimposed on field of red setting behind blue hills. Parti-colored quadrant, suggesting, in conventional design. the arc of a rainbow. Gold Statue of Liberty on blue background. Red cloth semicircle 3" in diameter crossed diagonally from upper right hand edge of circumference down to opposite corner by a white bolt of lightning. Gray Lorraine Cross on blue shield. Symbol of liberty. justice and freedom. Shield of olive drab cloth upon which are superimposed three blue hills, representing the Blue Ridge Mountains. Wildcat of varying color. Red square with blue circle superimposed. With the letters "A. A." embroidered in the circle, gold for officers and white for enlisted men. Golden monogram "0. H. I. O." on black triangle. Red hatchet with blue handle inside red circle. Word "Lincoln" in blue letters and numerals "84" also in blue. Scarlet letters "C. D." mounted on circle of khaki cloth. A red shield upon which is superimposed a black hawk with spread wings and the letters "BH" in black on a small red shield on its breast. Acorn superimposed on dark green circle. Two figures "8" crossing at right angles to each other giving the appearance of Maltese cross made of loops. Colors varying. Black letters "M. W." surrounded by circle of black. Conventionalized "TO" in red-Texas and Oklahoma. Green fir tree. Buffalo. Color varying. Blue helmet on black circle. WORLD WAR CHANGES IN THREE CONTINENTS Map OF Australia On the Map of Australia the Letters in Red show former German Possessions. (A) German New Guinea-70,000 square miles (to Australia). (B) Bismark Archipelago -20,000 square miles (to Australia). (C) Solomon Islands-4,200 square miles. (D) Caroline Islands-560 square miles. (E) Marshall Islands-150 square miles. (F) Samoan Islands-1,000 square miles. (Note)-All rights to these Islands ceded to the Allied Governments. Total Population 600,000. Area about 96,000 square miles. Map of Asia (With special Map of PALESTINE) On the above Map Letters in Red show changes as follows: (A) Kiao Chau and Shantung Penin:sula (All German interests ceded to Japan). (B) Tiensin (All German rights ceded to China). (C) Hankau (All German rights ceded to China). (D) Solid Red Line through Palestine shows course of British Army on its route from Suez to Beirut. (E) Trans-Siberian Railroad from Vladivostok to Petrograd. Map of Africa (Former German Possessions are Shown in Green) (A) German Southwest Africa--area 322,450 square miles. Population 400,000. (B) German East Africa-area 384,180 square miles. Population 7,000,000. (C) German Kamerun-area 191,130 square miles. Population 4,000,000. (D) German Togo Land-area 33,660 square miles. All these German Colonies with an area of over 900,000 square miles and population of about 9,000,000 people ceded to Allied Powers. OF WESTERN RUJSSIA A~ND TH~E: UKRAINE RIEPUBEIC -hAO'V TROC ~XPr Osita'. 0 \3 ~~ yl 3 a Ot! c L v grksm to RPAT va r "rai r h. L o: r s Oj 0 &0 o 0~a I -LL 5 stro 1A o stasbkilv K, e %om~c -AutzToroetz C7L esldza- Oaza. xt L Rý h15"", 1 IrJ" ioA:ni 1: oA,, 110,1 0 B eiloi S t sv t ~'v a,~ ~~~~?: bde 19 OfL7/C O ~ie~'8~io S~ dziLC Z: ~ 0 S.~nizd I' guabli s c Spra~: "~v d Sst ~' l le 0 N Oxfw* m S&Z2 asnol -- Stco~k er ~.\Or rer sr~l lit 0 argon 9 vn $' 0 0 s 0 K Hopps 0 z els p ~ jCI Soke~shniii Shklov~o~, gTOt INI OV ffo ýyc'U ~Tq~c, - ý %j 0 -ko 0ai 0 4Re itz Gtz~ c~i rv 'iatz alew N Ov. s 7 " - ' -7 111, -1. VallciI)~ a~~a C~1Ia~~) t ~c \CP TAY-1 tf1. 010~ Tel ol - J 000 4 1 0 1`7 I~~~i/ F.......... kg'~C C~ordo7inev ab tee!~ Pi~ha~i~b ~2aa a l~~J -~' h~ukc? N i as~Hcrznlu~f Id BEFs ~ ~ i~l C/It1 la "T t- Zi srtz0w, r: c011; 49: o R~~alhal e InkUIItr _~ I' Iflp LtlqVIZ " -Zz;g p~5a;;;: Ye Lii mLdl,~ I '"Pro'sS; k'~ ~~~" II AIRSHIP FLIGHTS OVER THE ATLANTIC AN AMERICAN MADE THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT IN AN AIRSHIP ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN AN AMERICAN MADE FIRST SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT IN AN AIR-SHIP ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Commander A. C. Read of the American Navy, with five companions, started May 8th from Rockaway Beach, New York, landed at Plymouth, England, May 31st, 1919, in the sea-plane N. C. 4. His course as shown on the map was: 1. Rockaway Beach. 2. Halifax 1st stopping place. 3. Trepassy Bay 2nd stopping place. 4. Ponta Delgado 3rd stopping place. 5. Lisbtin 4th stopping" place. 6. Half way between Lisbon and Plymouth. 7. Plymouth. May 1Sth, 1919. Harry Hawker, an Australian, accompanied by Lt. Com. Grieve of the British Air Service, started from St. John, Newfoundland, for The Coast of Ireland. They flew over 800 miles when engine trouble compelled them to descend. They were picked up on May 19th and landed in Scotland on May 26th. A. St. John, Newfoundland. B. Spot where H-aw.ker descended. C. Thurso, where Hawker was landed. England's successful attempt was made by Captain John Alcock and Lt. A. W. Brown of the English Air Service, who made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic, June 14 and 15, 1919, in sixteen hours and twelve minutes. They started from St. John, Newfoundland, and landed at Clifden, Ireland 1,600 miles as shown by E on the map. The second successful attempt was made by the English dirigible R-34, which completed the longest voyage of its kind in history. The distance covered was 3,200 miles in 108 hours. She carried 31 persons. The air craft started from Edinburgh, Scotland on July 2, 1919, and landed at Roosevelt Field, Mineola, N. Y., July 6th. She left on her reN. C. 4, READY TO START ON ITS TRIP ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN turn journey July 9th and reached England July 13th. Route shown on map by letter F. THE NAVAL SEAPLANE COMMANDER A. C. REED Of the American Airship NC-4. The first man to cross the Atlantic in the race between the Americans and English. VICKERS V1MY AIR"LANE, USED BY CAPTAIN ALCOCK IN HIS NON-STOP FLIGHT ACROSS THE ATLANTIC A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR Paze Nine _ _ _ - -6 W6, Continued From Page Eight ean and Red Seas. In the first week of February, 1916, a Turkish force of about 15,000 attempted to attack the canal. The British troops were helped by the gunfire of British and French war ships in the canal and the Turks were soon in full retreat. In December, 1916, after a period of preparation, the British began a new advance along the Tigris. Lieut.-General F. S. Maude, with 120,000 men and a large flotilla of river war craft, did not meet with any serious resistance until January 9, 1917, when there was two days' sharp fighting with the Turks intrenched northeast of Kut-el-Amara. During the next seven weeks a series of engagements took place for the possession of the different positions on the two sides of the Tigris river and in the bends, where the Turks had many excellent vantage points. But one by one the British succeeded in driving the Turks out, and on February 26 they had the satisfaction of again occupying Kut-el-Amara. They continued to make rapid headway, and on March. 11, 1917, occupied the historic city of Bagdad. An important result of their success was that Turkish resistance to the Russians- collapsed, and with small opposition the Russians advanced into Mesopotamia and effected a junction with the British. In the process a considerable portion of the Turkish army was cut off. That Palestine should once more be the scene of great events was another surprise produced by the war, but since the dismemberment of. the Turkish Empire was one of the aims of the Allies, it seemed a matter of course that a British army from Egypt, under the command of General Sir Archibald Murray, should march into ancient Judea. Having laid down a military railway from Suez across the Sinai Desert to Rafa, on the Turkish border, the British began the invasion of Palestine, where heavy but indecisive fighting occurred during the summer of 1917. In June, 1917, Gen'l Sir E. H. H. Allenby took command of the expeditionary force. After a long postponement, their advance was resumed in October, 1917. Under cover of heavy artillery fire the British took Beersheba on October 6. An advance on Jerusalem' now followed. On the 11th of December, Jerusalem itself fell, the Holy City passing from the domination of the Mohammendan Turks to the Christian British. The Turks fled with the British in close pursuit, and the year ended with the important places of the Holy Land wrested from "the unspeakable Turk." THE ITALIAN REVERSE--In the middle of May the Italians initiated an exceedingly fierce offensive. It lasted eighteen days, despite the fact that the Austrians, against whom it was directed, had been able to strengthen their lines with troops drawn from the Russian front. The Italian drive was made on a front extending from Tolmino, just across the frontier in Austria, to the Adriatic sea. A foothold had been gained on the Carso Plateau, in 1916, after the capture of Gorizia. By attacking unexpectedly the Italians succeeded in gaining considerable ground in May, 1917. They were handicapped, however, by lack of shells, and the advance was soon halted by the reinforced Austrians. On August 19 the Italians launched another great offensive, along a thirtyseven-mile front, from the region of Tolmino to near the head of the Adriatic sea. On August 24 they gained a great success by occupying Monte Santo, one of the great mountain defenses. A week later they had pushed ahead seven and onehalf miles on a front of eleven miles, occupying more than forty Austrian towns and villages. Here their advance was held and the Austrians, strongly reinforced by German veterans from the western front, made a fierce attack on October 24 upon the Italian lines along the Isonzo river. The Italian line broke. On October 28 the Huns entered Gorizia. The Italians fell back in disorderly retreat to northern Italy. Their first attempt to hold the onrushing invaders was made behind lines along the Tagliamento river in Venetia. On November 4 this river was reached by the Austrians and Germans, who swept over the new defenses. The Italians were pushed back to the Piave river by November 9. Here a real stand was made. The Teutons effected several crossings and bade fair to sweep down upon the famous city of Venice, which was especially fortified for the anticipated attack. On November 19 the Central Powers reached the line on Monte Tamba and Monte Monfenera, the last defensive positions before the Venetian plain, only eight miles distant. The Italians made one final, desperate stand and held the invaders there for the balance of the year. Venice was imperiled, but it had not fallen, and winter mercifully settled down to save the Italians from what appeared to be a complete defeat. German propaganda and money undoubtedly played a large part in this sudden and surprising reverse of a strone and apparently successful army. RUSSIAB DRPSt) OUTC OF TH3CE W~jARh--Important and far-reaching events occurred in Russia in 1917, eliminating that country from the fighting ranks of the tAllies. The greatest political and social change since the French Revolution, in 1789, was brought to pass in Russia in March, 1917, when the greatest autocracy in the world was overthrown and the people took the reins of government into their own hand~s. The Russian revolution began in the industrial field, with a strike paralyzing the life of Petrograd, the capital. On M~arch 2, the revolutionary note was struck in the Duma, the Russian Congress, when one of the members boldly asserted that the government was irresponsible. The first act of the revolution seemed to be little mo~re than a bread~ strike. But the disaffection grew, spreading among the army as well as the hungry civilians. The government resorted to its usual methods of brutal repression, but they failed. The soldiers made it clear that they did not longer propose to support the old despotism. The workingmen and the soldiers united against the Czar. On March 15 the Duma and the Workmen's Council appointed a provisional government, selecting two of their number to demand of the Czar that he abdicate, along with his son and heir. The Czar signed the decree of abdication and autocracy was at an end in Russia. Anarchy supplanted it. The first great issue which divided the Russian nation was the question of peace. The split came when the new foreign minister, in a note to the Allies on May 1, tried to commit the provisional Russian government to a continuance of the war policy of the Czar. - His resignation was demanded. The socialists were in the -addle. They secured the adoption of their "peace at any price" ideas. Alexander Kerensky became the man of the hour, as minister of war. The United States recognized the provisional government; other allies followed. Kerensky was magnetic; he became the military leader of his country as well as the political. He rallied the remnants of the Russian armies to him and proposed an offensive against the Central Empires. It was a great effort, but not destined to last more than a couple of weeks.. Soon there was a complete reversal of fortune and, the advancing Russian troops mutinied, retreated and finally fled in a rout. From that time on the Russian army was no longer a fighting force. The object of the Russian offensive, which was launched on July 1, with Kerensky leading, was Lemberg, the capital of Galicia. By July 11, Halioz, the strategic key to Lemberg, was occupied by the Russians, and a week later the drive reached its farthest point, forty miles east of Lemberg. On July 21 the Russian army was in a mutinous condition and the retreat in Galicia was in full swing, extending in a couple of days to the whole 150-mile front. The pursuing Austro-German armies swept everything before them. But this was not the last of Russia's misfortunes. Toward the end of August the Germans began to make a thrust at Riga, in western Russia. The Russians abandoned Riga and fled in a rout. Thereafter they were to make no serious stand against any of the Teutonic forces, but either fled, surrendered or fraternized with the enemy. Russia was definitely out of -the war. German diplomatic intrigue and German force of arms had broken down the great Russian monarchy and army. Russia sued for peace, and a humiliating treaty was signed at Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918. Germany had won the greatest victory of the war by removing Russia from the ranks of the Allies. SUM1MARY OF 1917 CAMPAIGNS--Neither side could consider with unmixed satisfaction the results of 1917. The Allies saw with deep sorrow the disastrous defeat of Italy, who only by the most strenuous exertions was holding the foe away from her richest provinces. The loss of Russia and her vast man power and great resources--all now open to Germany-was another and most severe blow. The expenditure of tens of thousands of brave men on the west front had made little change there. France was war- weary and bled white, yet the German foe still held tenamiously to their lin'e The entrance into the war on the side of the Allies of the United States of America was, however, as staggering to the Central Powers as the defeat of Italy and defection of Russia had proved to their opponents. The vast resources, abounding energy and militant man power of the great Republic was being rapidly mobilized for the great work to which she had set her hand; and Germany waited with ill-disguised dread the opening of the campaign of 1918, when this new, fresh and most powerful of foes would show her real metal. CHAPTER 'V1. THE CA31PAIGN OF 1918--The first three months of the closing year of the war saw little actual fighting. They were important months, however. Two of the nations which had been aligned with the Allies--Russia since the very beginning of the war, Roumania, the other, since the late summer of 1916--were decisively defeated; and were suing for a separate peace. The opposing armies were apparently deadlocked in Flanders, northern France and northern Italy. The armies and the generals had been trying each other out for four years. Each knew the metal of the other. Each hoped for a strategic advantage, but both realized that this might not come soon. The Allies were pinning their faith to the United States, whence a steady stream of well-trained and finely-officered troops was flowing across the Atlantic ocean. The manner of warfare was new to these Americans; the United States troops must be trained to the minute before they AMERICAN RED CROSS NURSES MARCHING THROUGH THE STREETS OF PARIS ON JULY 4TH. -" entered the fray. Germany pretended to look contemptuously upon the men from overseas. But they had looked contemptuously on Britain's first hundred thousand, and Britain was now represented by four million men, as good soldiers as the sun ever shone on. America was shortly to give Germany another great lesson in what an aroused democracy could do. Russia and Roumania were put out of the fighting in the first quarter of the new year. With the downfall of the Czar in 1917, a condition approaching anarchy resulted. In an official proclamation issued o n February 10, 1918, the Russian government announced its decision to withdraw from the war. The declaration was "no war, but no peace"--Russia simply proposed to drop out of actual hostilities. This declaration did not meet with ]Germany's approval. Accordingly, on February 15, Germany announced that it had decided to resume military operations against Russia. On February-18 this drive began, the Germans crossing the bridges over the Dvina river, which the retreating Russians had failed to blow up. All along a front stretching from the Baltic comCSt to Volhynia the invading German troops marched eastward. The Russi-n 'forces were:demoralized and fled in complete rout, On March 3 a preliminary peace treaty was 1signed at BrestLito-Vsk by the thoroughly whipped Russians and the victorious Germans. At that time the Germans reported the capture of 6,800 Russian officers, 57,000 men, 2,400 guns, innumerable machine guns and motor vehicles, 800 locomotives and enormous quantities of munitions and supplies. Russia was obliged to surrender territory in the western part of the empire equal in area to all of Germany and AustriaHungary. In addition it was obliged to agree to pay an indemnity of over $4,500,000,000. Because of the collapse of Russia, Roumania found itself obliged to sue for peace. It was completely hemmed in by the Central Powers. Field Marshal von Mackensen, of the German army, sent an ultimatum to the Roumanian government, on February 6. He demanded an immediate surrender. On March 5, at Bucharest, a preliminary peace treaty was signed by Germany and Roumania. Within two days (March 3 and March 5) Germany had signed peace treaties with two of the enemy: Russia and Roumania. The Allied war conference, consisting of the prime ministers and foreign ministers of Great Britain, France and Italy issued a declaration, on March 19, refusing to recognize these peace treaties and pledging their countries to continue fighting until they had "finished once for all the Germany policy of plunder and established in its place the peaceful reign of organized justice." CZECH-SLOVAKIA DECLARES INDEPENDENCE-In the meantime, important political events had been occurring, in other parts of the war-stricken area. A declaration in favor of complete independence for Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia (provinces of the Austrio-Hungariag monarchy) and forming them into a unified Czech-Slovak state was adopted at Prague, Bohemia, on January 6, 1918. It created a new nation, unified according to language, rather than geographical lines. The Austro-Hungarian empire was beginning to crumble. No important military events occurred on any of the battle fronts in January. In France and Flanders there were frequent isolated raids in many sectors, but no general engagements. In Palestine the British advanced several miles beyond Jerusalem and firmly secured their conquest of that city. On the Italian front the Austrians were driven back across the lower Piave river, strengthening the belief, that the Venetian plain would be safe from further invasion. The chief military engagement in February occurred in the invaded region of Italy. In co-operation with British and French batteries, the Italians drove the Austrians from the positions which threatened the Venetian plains and captured several thousand prisoners. The pressure by the Teutonic invaders on the critical fronts was relieved and immediate danger of a further offensive by the Austrians was removed. The British made further advances beyond Jerusalem. On the western front, in France, there were numerous skirmishes and trench raids, but no operations of consequence. The movement of troops by Germany from the east to the west deepened the conviction that this concentration was preliminary to an offensive on a wider scale than any since the first invasion. American troops were flowing steadfly Into France. The embarkation of Axmerlean troops, since the declaration of war on April 6, 1917, and prior to the openmg Page Ten A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR - -- - -- -- of the big drive in March, 1918, was as follows: 1917 N ovem ber..............................-----. 23,016 M ay --..------..-------.----------------.......-------- 1,718 D ecem b er ---------------------------------------- 48,840 S......19 991 1918 July A u g u st ---------------------------------------------- Septem ber -.--------------------------------------- October --------------------------------------------.l,z.I 12,988 18,323 32,523 38,259 January........................................... 46,776 February......................................... 48,027 M arch --......-------------------------- ------------ 83,811 Total --------------------------------------------.366,542 THE GREAT GEIRAN OFFENSIVE--The most desperate and bloody battle in history began with the great German offensive against the allied lines in northern France on March 21, 1918. No less than 4,000,000 men were engaged along a front of 150 miles. The action is commonly called the battle of Picardy, taking its name from the old French province in which it occurred. General Ferdinand Foch, of France, was made commander-in-chief of the allied armies on March 28, so that the major part of this great and sanguinary battle found the troops of Great Britain, France and United States acting as one unit under one centralized command. The Germans struck the allied lines from points where their railways allowed them the greatest possible concentration of troops and where the lines of the Allies, owing to the failures at Lens, St. Quentin and LaFere the year before, were relatively weak. They were aiming at three objectives: The British channel ports, Amiens and Paris. They were prepared to sacrifice a million of men to win these objectives. They continued their old'time policy of hurling immense forces in direct frontal attacks. Their men were mowed down, but line succeeded line in a seemingly never-ending stream. After three and one-half years of terrific fighting, Germany still had a vast force of trained men on whom to rely. In September, 1917, the Allies made this estimate of German man power: Men actually employed in army on the front, behind lines and in interior 5,500,000 P erm an ent losses............- - - - - - - - - - - - - --................................ 4,000,000 P e rm a n e n tly u n fit....................................................................................................... 2,1 0 0,0 0 0 M en in treatm en t in hospital...................................................................................... 500,000 Men required in interior for life of country-. --._ - -- - -- - ---..-...._..................... 500,000 M iscella n eo u s ------------------.-. --.-. -------------------------------------------------------------------------............ 1,5 00,0,0 0 T o ta l -.--------------- - ---------------------------------------------------. ----------------------------------------------- ---.1 4,10 0,0 0 0 In the first phase of the battle the enemy swept everything before them down the Somme river and its southern tributary, the Avre, to within six miles of Amiens, and to within forty-six miles of the English Channel. They eliminated the remainder of the Cambrai salient, won by the British the preceding November, at great cost. The Huns then concentrated their attack between St. Quentin and LaFere, near where the British and French armies joined. On March 24 the Germans succeeded in crossing the Somme river, south of Peronne. On the same day the towns of Chauny and Ham were captured by them. On March 27 the British began a retreat on a wide front on both sides of the Somme. On that day the city of Albert was evacuated. On the 29th, the French counter attacked and re-,novered eight square miles between Lassigny and Noyon. West of this, however, the Germans, operating on a twelve-mile front, penetrated seven miles, enveloping the town of Montdidier. The first phase of the battle was a decided German success. Within four days,f.ey had gained an area of about 550 square miles. During this first rush the Germans claimed to have captured 75,000 British soldiers and 600 large guns. The forces operating were enormous. The British troops numbered 675,000 on the advanced line, the French 1,575,000, the Germans 1,165,000, with heavy reserve Porces ready for any emergency. No battle in all history found so many men orncentrated in such a small area. The second phase of this great battle began on April 9. By that time the Germans had concentrated their positions on a front which had expanded from 75 miles to 125 miles. They had regained about 700 square miles of ground. The Germans struck between the important British depots of Arras and Ypres, forty miles apart, concentrating on a twelve-mile front. During the two following days the concentration moved forward five miles, penetrating between Armentieres and Messines. After eight days of terrific fighting the Germans had won 825 square miles of territory. THE SECOND BATTLE OF THE M[ARNE--On May 27, General Ludendorff, in command of the German armies, began what is known as the second battle of the Marne. The engagement was on a forty-mile front. Ludendorff hurled enormous bodies of troops against the Allied forces in bloody frontal attacks. He forced the Aisne river on an eighteen-mile front on May 28. On May 31 he reached the Marne on a six-mile front, having penetrated thirty miles to the south. He had occupied about 650 square miles of French territory and had reduced his nearest approach to Paris from sixty-two to forty-four miles, and from the Forest of St. Gobain the German long range guns fired directly into Paris. Ludendorff reached the MIarne between Dormans and Chauteau Thierry, at the identical spot where the Germans had made their first crossing on August 25. 1914. In the first three days of the 1918 Marne drive the Germans attacked with 225,000 men. By the time the Marne was reached they were using 400,000 men. WVhen the drive slatned down, in the first days of June, they had lost fully thirty per cent of their number in casualties. Their victories were being dearly bought. On the other hand, the Germans claimed to have captured over 45,000 prisoners and 400 guns. General Foch was following his characteristic policy of holding his reserves in check and luring the enemyT on, waiting for the psychological moment when he could strike, unexpectedly, with the larger force and to the best advantage. On June 9, Ludendorff made a fierce attack on a twenty-mile front between Montdidier and Noyon in the direction of Compiegne. He gained seven miles, but later lost six, in French and Almericaan counter attac~ks. American marines and French troops not only held him in a vise for three succeeding days, but caused him tremendous losses. By June 12 Ludendorff's failure was an estab lished fact. On June 15, this failure was acknowledged by the sudden launching of an Austrian offensive in Italy. Ludendorff was plainly attempting to divert a large force of the Allies from the French front to the relief of the Italians. His drive toward Paris had come perilously near to success, but the Germans were held at Chateau Thierry, within forty-four miles of the French capital. THE VICTORY AT CHATEAU THIERRY--The noble victory gained by the Americans and French in the salient at Chateau Thierry on June 6 undoubtedly inarks the turning point of the 1918 campaign-the date on which the Allies took tlhe offensive on a great scale and started the marvelous advance which terminated sa November 11 with the unconditional surrender of the German armies. The c;redit for the beginning of this great advance at this time belongs unquestionably il:r, the Americans. It was an American division, consisting largely of American,minrines, that by a magnificent attack on June 6 halted the German advance and st~arted them back toward their own lines. They drove the Germans back for mearly two miles along a front of several miles, captured over a thousand prisonRome and put to, rout two crack divisions of Prussian troops that had been picked especially to oppose the "Dogs of Americans," as the Germans affectionately called our troops. Up to date the French and British, tired out by four years of warfare and weakened by the tremendous blows of the Germans, had stood strictly on the defensive. Encouraged, however, by this success, and by the constantly increasing number of fresh and vigorous American troops now arriving, they commenced the great offensive which terminated in November in the complete defeat of Germany. While we are not to forget that the vastly greater part of that defeat is attributable to the great French and English armies, yet we may ever remember that the beginning of that defeat, and the fact that it did begin on June 6. is attributable to the splendid courage and dash of the American troops. who, almost against the will of the Allied generals, attacked the Prussian Guards at Chateau Thierry on June 6, 7 and 8, and forced them back. CANTIGNY-The success at Chateau Thierry was followed up by the Ameriams, who attacked the German line northwest of the town during the night of June 19. They advanced more than half a mile. Cantigny, on the Montdidier sector, was the scene of another fierce struggle on the morning of June 20, when American troopsstormed the German trenches and machine gun nests in front of the village. Most of the German troops, acting under orders to hold their positions at all costs, were killed. By far the most complete operation planned and executed by American troops in the early summer fighting, was the American advance in the Marne valley on July 1, resulting in the capture of Vaux. The advance was on a two-mile front to a -depth of about a mile. The Australians in their advance at Hamel of one and one-half miles on a four mile front, on July 4, had the assistance of the Americans. THE GERMANS ARE HELD--While the Germans had been successful in pushing ahead and capturing French territory, their failure to reach any of their objectives (the Channel ports, Amiens, or Paris), coupled with the frightful price they had paid in killed and wounded, constituted a German defeat almost approaching a disaster. The Germans had lost between 300,000 and 400,000 men and were no nearer victory than they had been when the offensive was begun on March 21. PERSHING'S REPORT ON THE FIGHTING-In his report to Secretary of War Baker, General John J. Pershing, in command of the American troops in France, pays high tribute to his men who fought so gallantly at Chateau Thierry, Cantigny, Belleau Wood and Vaux. General Pershing states that when matters were the most critical for the Allies, in the first few days of the tremendous German drive, he placed at the disposal of Marshal Foch all of the American forces, "to be used as he might decide." This was one of the great turning points of the war..It made practicable the unified command, without which the Allies, fighting enemies under a unified command, could hardly have hoped to win. Marshal Foch accepted the offer and the American troops were employed to the best advantage, with undying credit to themselves and their country. General Pershing makes this official report of the action of the American troops in the battle of Picardy, and the second battle of the Marne, between April 26 and July 4: "On April 26 the first division of Americans (30,000) had gone into the line in the Montdidier salient on the Picardy battle front. Tactics had been suddenly revolutionized to those of open warfare, and our men, confident of the results of their training, were eager for the test. This division attacked the commanding German division in its front, taking with splendid dash the town of Cantigny and all other objectives, which were organized and held steadfastly against vicious counter attacks and galling artillery fire. Although local, this brilliant action had an electrical effect, as it demonstrated our fighting qualities under extreme battle conditions, and also that the enemy's troops were not altogether invincible." There followed the German thrust across the Aisne river toward Parisknown as "the second battle of the Marne," and General Pershing continues: " "The Allies faced a crisis equally as grave as that of the Picardy offensive in March. Again every available man was placed at Marshal Foch's disposal, andthe third division, which had just come from its preliminary training in the trenches, was hurried to the Marne. Its motorized machine gun batallion preceded the other units, and successfully held the bridgehead at the Marne opposite Chateau Thierry. "The second division, in reserve near Montdidier, was sent by motor trucks and other available transport to check the progress of the enemy toward Paris. The division attacked and retook the town and railroad station at Bouresches and sturdily held its ground against the enemy's best guard divisions. "In the battle of Belleau Wood which followed, our men proved their superiority and gained a strong tactical position, with far greater loss to the enemy than to ourselves. On July 1, before the Second was relieved, it captured the village of Vaux with most splendid precision." From this brief recital, it can be seen that the American troops stood between the enemy and his goal-Paris--like the proverbial stone wall. "They shall not pass" was their watchword, as it was of the French at Verdun. The heroes of Chateau Thierry, of Cantigny and of Vaux, held up the crack Prussian guards, and autocracy's doom was sounded in the roar of the heavy guns. AMERICA TO THE RESCUE--While these great battles were going on, American soldiers were reaching France in a constantly widening stream. In April, 117,212 had embarked from the United States; in May, 244,345; in June, 276,372; in July, 305,000. By the time the summer campaign was at its height America was landing soldiers in France at the rate of 10,000 a day. Germany now began to see the handwriting on the wall; begana to realize that she was doomed. On April 6, 1918, at the end of the first year of the United States' participation in the war, this country had an army of 1,652,725 officers and men. Casualties in the first year of the war amounted to 2,368, distributed as follows: Killed in battle, 163; died of disease or accident, 957; lost at' sea, 237; died of wounds. 52; other causes, 47; missing and prisoners, 63; wounded, 829. By midsummer there were fully 1,500,000 Americans abroad; by the time the war came to an end, in November, the number had increased to nearly 2,000,000. The other nations were wearied with four years of fighting; the United States came in fresh and strong. It turned the tide of battle and brought victory to the cause of the Allies. GERI'MANYS LAST 0FFENSIVE--When Germ~any, on July 15, began her last offensive, she attempted to hurl through the Allied lines a mighty army which she had been preparing for a month. Save for a costly attempt to carry Rheims by a prodigious assault on June 18, the German armies had been on the defensive for a month on the three fronts--in France, in Italy and in the Balkans. They had lost a total of almost a half million men since March 21. During the same time the loss of the Allies had been around 150,000. On July 15, General Ludendorff risked everything on one more drive. He opened it up along a sixty-mile front from Chateau Thierry on the Marne, up the river beyond Dormans, then northward across the Vesle and around Rheims, then due east to a few miles west of the Argonne forest. For this he had well on toward 800,000 men. On the 15th he attacked the Americans northwest of Chateau Thierry, at Vaux. Twenty-five thousand Germans crossed the Marne. The Americans counter attacked and drove 15,000 back across the river. The rest remained as casualties or prisoners. That night General Foch is reported to have said: "I am content." FOCH OPENS HIS GREAT 0FFENSIVE--It was at this juncture that General Foch, who had been biding his time with characteristic patience, seized the opportunity to deal a crushing blow. He suddenly assumed the offensive. On July 18 he ordered an advance along a twenty-eight mile front between the Marne, neal Chateau Thierry, and the Aisne, west of Soissons. It was a complete success. The entire line advanced from four to six miles, thousands of prisoners were taken, and a blow of far-reaching effect was delivered. From that day on the tide never turned; the Allies swept on to ultimate victory, a victory in which the stars and stripes played a most heroic and important part. The exact number of German troops in action when Marshal Foch began his advance can be estimated with fair accuracy. On March 21, 1918, when General Ludendorff began his offensive, there were 1,430,000 German soldiers, together with 299,000 reserves, a total of 1,729,000 men. Approximately one half of these men were on the casualty lists by the last of May. Reinforced, however, by troops brought from other French lines and from Russia, it is probable that the Germans had around 1,750,000 men under arms on the French front when Marshal Foch began his offensive. With these men the German general was attempting to defend a line 250 miles long. This me-ant an average of 7,180 men to the mile, whereas, with a line only 175 miles in length and wi h more men at his command, Ludendorff had an average of 8,666 men to the mile when he launched his spring offensive. For the first time in the four years of the war the Allies were able to assemble a greater army of men and a larger supply of guns, shells and munitions of all kinds than their opponents. The Allies' offensive was begun on the morning of July 18. American and French detachments under General Mangin, of the French army, attacked the Germans under the Crown Prince. The attack extended from Ambleny, six miles west of Soissons, south to Bouresches, five miles northwest of Chateau Thierry-- a front of about twenty-eight miles. The troops advanced six miles the dirst day. In two days the Allies took 17,000 prisoners and more than-$60 large guns. By A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR Page Eleven _ _ s _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ July 23 the Soissons-Chateau Thierry line was almost entirely in the hands of the Americans and French. The Americans had advanced to six miles beyond Chateau Thierry. The booty amounted to nearly 25,000 prisoners, over 400 guns and vast stores of supplies. The Allies for the second time forced the Germans back across the Marne. The end of the first week of Foch's offensive found the German Crown Prince using every effort to save his armies from being surrounded and his guns and supplies from being captured, by hurrying them to the north. O n _Nu gust I, the official French report gave the total number of prisoners taken since July 15 on the Marne and Champagne fronts at 33,400, of whom 674 pere officers. On August 2, the French occupied the important manufacturing and strategic vil~v of Soissons, which the Germans had captured in their advance on May 29, 1918. The Crown Prince retreated along three lines: on the River Lys salient north of LaBassee, in the region of Albert, and between the Avre river and the town of Montdidier. While these events were transpiring in the Marne sector, Marsha! Foch launched another offensive on the Picardy salient, between Albert and Montdidier. The Allies' objective was the line between Peronne and Roye. The attack was launched as a surprise, the Germans being taken unawares. Americans, British and French pushed determinedly ahead. On August 10 Montdidier was captured. 25,000 prisoners being taken. The total casualties of the Allies were less thall 6,000. Over 100,000 German soldiers had been pushed back. By August 12 the region known as the Massif of Lassigny had been taken and the nllnber of prisoners had increased to 40,000. By the 18th, British, under General Rawlinson, were only one mile from Roye. Artillery, infantry and cavalry (used whenever possible in open fighting) Were augmented by aeroplanes and tanks. In the first month of Foch's offensive, the Germans were outgeneraled and outfougnt by the Allies, and haad lost much valuable territory previously conquered, which in the spring they had squandered hundreds of thousands of lives in taking. THE BEGINYNING OF THE END-The ensuing sixty days were unquestionably the darkest in Germany's history. One defeat followed another, until the,whole campaign took on the appearance of a continuous disaster. Every day throuighout August and September victory rested with the Allies. Over 200,000 German prisoners and 2,250 big guns were captured; all territory up to the Hindenburg line (established by the German commander and fortified so as generally believed to be impregnable) was taken from the enemy, and at numerous points the line was penetrated to a depth of from five to fifteen miles. On August 29 the American and French troops drove the Germans out of Juvigny, a village-of strategic importance. Here, for the following five days, one American division (30,000) fought four of the best divisions Germany had, beating them decisively. The Americans captured 2,000 prisoners and on a narrow front of two miles made an advance of four miles. Meantime the Allies had taken Lassigny on the 21st, Roye on the 27th, Noyon and Chaulnes on the 29th. The troops were moving eastward and northward in an uninterrupted progress. North of the Somme the British began a drive which gave them the town of Albert on August 22. They pressed ahead and occupied Bapaume the same day that the French and Americans took Noyon. The Hindenburg line was pierced on August 25; it had been found to be vulnerable, and the Allies were well on toward their goal---France clear of the invader. All these operations were of vital importance. In the north they opened up the Bapaume-Cambrai road as far as Beugny and the Roye-Peronne-Cambrai highway to a point north of Peronne, taken by the British on September I. In the south they delivered the whole of the Roye-Noyon-Soissons railway into the hands of the Allies. The Allies were securing possession of the railways and highways the Ger-mans had used so successfully for the moving of troops and supplies. THE AMERICANS AT ST. MIHIEL-On September 12 the first American aTmy to be mobilized in France, commanded by General Pershing, began an assault on the famous St. Mihiel salient, which for four years had stood an impenetrable barrier between the Allies and the great iron fields to the north. Its presence, together with the German fortresses around Metz, prevented any attempt to invade German Lorraine from the lines held by the French when they withdrew, in September, 1914, after their short-lived invasion of the "lost provinces" of Alsace and Isrraine. General Pe.6shing preceded his attack with a tremendous bombardment, said to have been tile most scientifically concentrated on record. He was aided by 1,000 tanks, which had cleared the way for the infantry and later for the cavalry. In a week the Americans had recovered an area of nearly 200 square miles, menacing the Briey region (which provided the Germans with eighty per cent of their steel) on the north, and the forts of Metz, on the east. They had released the Verdun-Toul-Nancy railroad and were less than fifteen miles from the great German trunk line which runs from Metz to Mezieres. They had captured over 20,000 prisoners and 100 big guns, In the first day of the attack, the Americans overran the new railroad which the Germans had built from Thiaucourt down to St. Mihiel as a branch to that from Metz. In the second day they crossed the angle of the salient, leaving the space within, some 1.00 square miles, to be threshed out by the American cavalry. On September 15 the German guns at Metz opened fire on the Americans. The Americans pushed ahead, regardless of all opposition, winning one of the most notable engagements of the war in a decisive manner. In his official report of this battle, General Pershing tells of the preliminary troop concentration, aided by the French, involving the movement of 600,000 men, mostly at night. He describes the subsequent fighting of the Americans in this manner: "After four hours' artillery preparation the seven American divisions in the front line (217,000 men) advanced at 5 a. m. on September 12, assisted by a limited number of tanks manned partly by Americans and partly by the French. "Three divisions, accompanied by groups of wire cutters and others armed with bangalore torpedoes, went through the successive bands of barbed wire that protected the enemy's front line and support trenches, in irresistible waves on schedule time, breaking down all defense of an enemy demoralized by the great volume of our artillery fire and our sudden approach out of the fog. "Our First Corps advanced to Thiaucourt, while our Fourth Corps curved back to the southwest through Nonsard. "A rapid march brought reserve regiments to a division of the Fifth Corps into Vigneulles in the early morning, where it linked up with patrols of our Fourth Corps, closing the salient and forming a new line west of Thiaucourt to Vigneulles and beyond Fresnes-en-woerve. "At the cost of only 7,000 casualties, mostly light, we had taken 16,000 prisoners and 443 guns, a great quantity of material, released the inhabitants of many villages from enemy domination, and established our lines in a position to threaten Metz. "This signal success of the American First Army in its first offensive was of prime importance." FOC(I CHANGES HIS STRATEGY-In the last week of September, Marshal Foch changed his policy of indirect attack and resorted to direct frontal attacks on a large scale, first in Champagne and then in Flanders. He was eminently successful, sweeping everything before him and losing a remarkably small number of men, considering the territory freed, the prisoners and guns captured and the disaster wrought upon German arms and morale. On September 29 the Americans and British pressed forward on a thirty mile front in the neighborhood of St. Quentin, which was occupied on October 1. It was the key to the Itrunk line between France, Belgium and northern Germany, a position of the utmost strategic importance. Before its capture by the Allies, the Germans deported almost the entire population of 50,000. On October 9, Cambrai, another important city, was captured in an advance over a thirty mile front. Cambrai is thirty-two miles southeast of Lille. toward which the advance was subsequently directed. On October 11 the British made a thrust toward Douai, the Germans evacuating strong positions to the north of the Sensee river. On October 17 the British carried the whole front south of Le Cateau (where they had encountered the Germans in the opening month of the war, in 1914), and established themselves on the railroad beyond the town, taking 3,000 prisoners. In the meantime the French advance upon the important city of Laon was making steady progress. Laon was an important observation post, the junction of two German lines of supplies. It was taken on October 13, after a severe fight. Thus the advancing lines of the Allies, to the east and the west, were connected. After that the advance from the Oise river to the Aisne was rapid. In the Champagne district the American and French attack began on September 26. In the first day the French -advanced from three to four miles and the Americans from five to six. By the end of the second day 10,000 Germans had been taken prisoners. The Americans were advancing down the Meuse and the Aire rivers taking town after town. Meantime the Germans were concentrating their forces behind what they called their second, or Kriemhilde line. On October 4 the Americans went over the Kriemhilde line, the last enemy organized line of defense south of the Belgian border, cutting through 30,000 Prussian Guards on their way. The next day the Germans retreated before the Amerlcans and French. The French immediately took advantage of this retreat and pursued the Germans on a broad front north and northeast of Rheims, driving the enemy back eight miles. On October 12 it was officially announced that the French had taken thirty-six towns and villages, 21,567 prisoners and 600 guns. On October 16 the Americans occupied the important strategic point of Grand Pre, on the northern bank of the Aire river. Between September 26 and November 6 the Americans took 26,059 prisoners and 468 guns on this front. BELGIUM CLEARED 0OF GERMANS-Still another great offensive was being waged in Flanders at this time.* On September 28, while the British fleet bombarded the coastal defenses from Nieuport to Zeebrugge on the North Sea, the Belgian army, under King Albert, and the British army, under General Plumer, went over the German lines on a ten mile front between Dixmude and Passchendaele Ridge, north of Ypres. They advanced five miles and captured 4,000 prison-- ers and an immense amount of supplies. On the following day the Belgians took Dixmude, Passchendaele and other Flemish towns, adding 1,500 prisoners to the list. On September 30 Roulers was taken by the Belgians. The French army joined this sector on October 2, and a great enveloping movement, with the city of Lille as its objective, was begun. The remnants of the Lys salient established by the Germans in Flanders were obliterated. The Allies quickly recaptured Armentieres, which had been taken by the enemy on April 9. For ten day's there was a consolidation of positions by the Allies. Then they began a furious attack from Comines to the sea, in the general direction of Ghent and Courtrai. THE GREAT GERMAN RETREAT-On October 16 the great retreat of thh Germans from "western Belgium began. Belgian infantry, assisted by French cavalry, attacked all along the line. The British surrounded the large French city of Lille, which the Germans evacuated on October 17. The Germans evacuated Ostend and Zeebrugge, their submarine bases on the Belgian coast. They likewise gave up such towns as Bruges, Thielt, Courtrai and Turcoing, over a front of more than fifty miles. The number of prisoners taken by the Allies on thl@ front was over 15,000. October closed with the German retreat from Belgium being conducted on a vast scale. The Germans retreated so rapidly they did not have time to carry out their usual policy of destruction of all towns. The approaching end was now visible to all; German military power was crushed. On October 6 the Kaiser's government appealed to President Wilson for an immediate armistice and peace on the terms laid down by the president on January 8, 1918. In the meantime, however, important and far-reaching events were occuring elsewhere. BULGARIA BEATEN-Allied operations were actively begun on the Balkan front on September 16, after months of preparation. Bulgaria had sent troops to France. It was under the leadership of General d'Esperey of the French army, who had a force of 350,000 (consisting of British, French, Serbian, Montenegrin, Italian and Russian forces) and the new army of Greece, numbering around 200,0,00. From the Greek base at Saloniki the British and Greek troops struck at the enemy in the region of Lake Doiran, while the Serbians and French drove forUward along a twenty-five mile line across the Czerna river, where the enemy.a lines extended west into Albania. By September 23 the British held Doiran, thb Serbians had captured Prilep and the First Bulgarian army, cut off from the Second, fled in disorder. On September 24, the Second Bulgarian army was likewise in flight. W~ithin two weeks from opening the campaign, the Bulgarian forc~es had been split in two, the Bulgarian government had been compelled to surrender and make a separate peace with the Allies, King Ferfdinand had abdicated in favor of his son, Boris, and Germany, confronted by the first break in the Central Poweirs, saw Turkey isolated and helpless, and her own dream of empire shattered. Veles, the principal railway center of Serbia, was retaken from the Bul garians on September 25. The British and Greeks invaded Bu'lgaria, near the fortress o1: Strumitza, capturing it handily. This opened a way for the Allies to Sofia, the Bulgarian capital. The Bulgarian First army was caught in a trap and its destruction was inevitable. King Ferdinand of Bulgaria appealed frantically to Germany, but the Germans were then in full retreat in Firance and Flanders and were in no position to give aid to their ally. Nothing remained but for Bul garia to surrender. King Ferdinand assembled his grand council on September 23. Five days later emissaries were dispatched to the Allies' headquarters to sue for peace. On the 29th an armistice was signed. Fighting ceased on the 30th. Under the terms of the armistice Bulgaria agreed to evacuate all the territory she occupied in Greece and Serbia, to demobilize her army immediately and to suE~!render all means of transport to the Allies. Bulgaria was immediately occupied by the Allied troops. She had been an ally of Germany three years--lacking nine days. She was the first of the four Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria) to sue for peace, and to acknowledge defeat at the hands of the Allies. Bulgaria's defeat was astonishing in its completeness. Her natural defenses were of the best and the Allies had feared a long and arduous campaign. THE DOWNFALL OF TURKEY-The defeat of Bulgaria was quickly followed by the downfall of Turkey. The campaign against the Turks in Palestine, begun September 18, was a brilliant success for the Allies, and developed in-t* such a serious disaster for the Turks, that by October 1, it was semi-officially reported that the Turkish government had opened negotiations for peace. The British drive in Palestine was an unbroken succession of victories. In close union with the Arabs, the British advanced rapidly on a line from the Mediterranean to Haifa, extending across Palestine to the Arabian desert. Damascus, the capital of Syria, the most beautiful and (after Bagdad) the most historic city of Asiatic Turkey, was taken on October 1. On October 8 a French naval division entered the important port of Beirut, 160 miles northwest of Damascus. The Allies thereby had an unbroken front from Beirut to the desert and rapidly advanced toward Aleppo, the main base of the Turks in Asia Minor. The capture of Aleppo was inevitable, as the Turkish forces were retreating rapidly and in great disorder. The British forces along the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers, in Mesopotamia, also began a forward movement, with a prospect of soon uniting with their army in Palestine, thus establishing an unbroken and victorious front from the Mediterranean across Mesopotamia to Persia. On October 8 it was reported tha* Persia was being evacuated by the Turks. The British forces captured more than 71,000 prisoners and 350 guns, whii, the Arabs captured 8,000 prisoners, between September 18 and October 5. Duxing the advance in Palestine, Nazareth was captured, thus freeing another holly spot from the clutches of the Mohammedan. As a result of the continuous di*., asters in Palestine and Mesopotamia, Enver Pasha, for years the commanding and controlling figure in Turkey, was overthrown on October 8. Revolution broke out in Turkey and it was evident that the Ottoman empire must soon follow th4 example of Bulgaria and sue for peace. This was done on October 31, the Allie" imposing terms upon Turkey fully as severe as those which had been imposed upon Bulgaria. They were described as "complete and unconditional surrender," and Turkey was at once reduced to military impotence. The Dardanelles and the Bosporus with their fortifications were opened to the Allies, who entered Constantinople a few days later. All allied prisoners were handed over to the Allies without reciprocity; the Turkish army was demobilized and her navy surrendered. Turkish troops were to withdraw from northern Persia and other occupied nom, Page Twelve A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR Turkish territory. The Allies were given the use of all means of transportation and communication; all garrisons in Arabia, Syria and Mesopotamia were at once surrendered. Turkey was to cease all relations with the Central Powers; the Allies were given such rights and facilities as were necessary to enforce all the provisions of the armistice. Thus, within the same month (October), two of the four countries fighting the Allies were beaten to their knees. The downfall of the other two was near at hand. ITALY WINS OYER AUSTRIA-Italy decisively defeated Austria shortly after Bulgaria and Turkey had crumbled. The breakdown of Austro-Hungary on the battlefield was complete. Before the Italian offensive came to an end the Austrians had lost 300,000 men in prisoners alone and not less than 5,000. guns. The week between October 26 and November 3 brought about the Austrian undoing. The Italian army was led by General Diaz, a skillful commander. Pretending to the enemy that he proposed to advance against the mountain line between the xiivers Piave and Brenta, where range after range lay before him, Diaz swiftly threw his attack against the line of the Piave river in the Montello region. Complete collapse of so large and well-equipped an army as that of Austria was unprecedented, but it occurred almost immediately. The Austrians were soon in headlong flight back past the Livenza and Tagliamento (where they had pushed the Italians the year before, when they swept down into Italy) toward the boundary line of the Isonzo. nhile this phase of the battle was going on, General Diaz threw strong forces nurthward from the Piave and Brenta, seized the important mountain passes and was in a position to overrun the whole Trentino (between Italy and Austria-Hungary) as rapidly as the difficulties of transportation in the mountainous region could be overcome. His victories of October 30 and 31 cost the Austrians fully 83,000 men. On the latter date Austrian envoys, carrying the white flag, entered the Italian lines. The dual monarchy realized that the end had come. In the last few days of the terrific drive (which ended November 3) the Italians occupied Trieste and Trent. Italian land and sea forces were landed on the 3d at the former place. Entire Austrian regiments surrendered in the Italian advance on "Trent on November 2. On the morning of the 3d the entire Italian front was ptushing forward. On that day, the armistice was signed, hostilities to cease the following day. When the terms of surrender were announced they were found to be severe in the extreme. They included, in addition to the cessation of hostilities, the demobilization of the Austrian army, the withdrawal of all forces on the Italian front, and the surrender of half the Austrian military equipment. Besides evacuating invaded territory, Austria was to withdraw from the Trentino and part of the Tyrol, and from Istria, Dalmatia and most of the Adriatic islands. The armistice gave the Allies free use of all roads, railways, and waterways in Austria, and the control of all necessary strategic points. As in the case of Turkey, Austria was obliged to give up all allied prisoners without reciprocity. The naval conditions of the armistice included the surrender of most of the Austrian navy and the laying up of the rest, and the freedom of allied navigation in Austrian waters, without any modification of the allied blockade. GERMANY BEGS FOR ]PEACE-While Bulgaria,, Turkey and Austria-Hungary were being decisively defeated on the field of battle and were suing for peace, Germany's military pride was humbled by the forced retreat of her armies along the whole front in Belgium and France. Further humiliation came when she hurriedly evacuated the entire Belgian coast, on October 17, to avoid the capture of all her forces there, and quit the important industrial district of northern France, surrendering the cities of Lille, Douai, Cambrai, Roubaix, IaFere, Laon, St. Quentin and the forest of Argonne, won by the Americans. On October 6, forced alike by military disasters and domestic revolution, the German government appealed to President Wilson for an immediate armistice and peace on the terms repeatedly laid down by him. On October 8 President Wilson sent a reply refusing to grant the armistice. A week later (October 15) the British and Belgian troops crossed the Lys river, taking 12,000 prisoners and 100 guns. On October 21 the Allies crossed the Oise and threatened the city of Valenciennes. On the following day the British, under General Haig, crossed the Scheldt river, which flows north past Cambrai and Valenciennes., then through Belgium past Ghent and Antwerp. On October 31 the British, French and Belgian armies launched an attack along a wide front on the Scheldt, pushing their way east of Tournai. The enemy feA -III. k- I rap Idly. __ Every--- bje-t- ve1 -_sL.1aried3 and 3,000 prisoners taken- by__2--A. t-he allied armies had captured 362,355 men, including 7,990 officers, as well as 6,217 cannon, 38,622 machine guns and 3,907 mine throwers. On November 4 the British broke deeply into the enemy positions along a. thirty mile front, capturing more than 10,000 prisoners and 200 guns. Clearing the last of the wooded defenses west of the Meuse, the Americans started a new attack against the enemy's lines east of the river. The American first army, commanded by General Liggett, struck at Sedan, the historic city where Napoleon III and a French army of 86,000 surrendered, on September 2, 1870, to the Germans in the Franco-Prussian war. Of this engagement General Pershing says in his official report: "The meeting of the French and Americans at this historic spot signalized the defeat of the German arms, a defeat as decisive and humiliating as that forced upon France forty-seven years before at the same spot. If there had been question before as to the acceptance of the armistice terms the Allies' advance, culminating in this meeting at Sedan, left no choice in the matter.". On November 5 it was announced that General Pershing had taken over 5,000 prisoners and occupied about forty villages in the country reconquered from the Germans. On the 6th the Germans were retreating on a seventy-five mile front from the Scheldt to the Aisne. Two days later, November 7, German emissaries were dispatched to Marshal Foch to beg for an armistice. Germany had lost the war. She had lost also in diplomatic encounter, for President Wilson, while outlining the terms on which he hoped to see peace made, referred the Kaiser's officials to Marshal Foch, plainly stating that the peace must be a military and a decisive one. On the morning of November 11, in the little village of Senlis, the nearest point to Paris reached by the Germans in their great drive of 1914, the armistice was signed. The Allies fought up to the last moment. They had driven the enemy practically out of all the conquered parts of Belgium and France. They were victorious on every front. Germany was beaten to her knees. The great war was over. CHAPTER TII. THE ARMISTICE--AND AFTER,--The terms of the armistice which ended the war were the most severe imposed upon a defeated nation by a triumphant one. They put an end to Prussian militarism. They took from Germany the weapons with which it had been enabled to build up its supremacy. They made a resumption of the war by Germany impossible, although subsequent events disclosed that nothing was further from Germany's wishes than to carry on a losing war at a time when revolution was causing the empire to crumble at home. Under the terms of the armistice Germany was obliged to surrender all of the occupied portions of Belgium, France and Luxemburg, together with Alsace Lorraine, the former French provinces which Germany had taken away from France after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71. They were obliged to surrender 5,000 cannon, 30,000 machine guns, 2,000 aeroplanes, 5,000 locomotives, 50,000 railway cars and 10,000 motor trucks. They were obliged to surrender all their submarines, numbering around 200, fifty destroyers, six battle cruisers, ten battleships and eight light cruisers. All ports of the Black Sea occupied by the Germans were given up, together with all the Russian vessels captured by the anGermans. All merchant vessels in the hands of Germany were surrendered, without recproity. The Allies demanded the right to occupy all of the country on the west bank of the Rhine river and the principal crossings, at Mayence, Coblenz and Cologne, the Germans to evacuate within nineteen days. The Germans agreed to withdraw and create a ne outral e on the east bank of the Rhine, from twenty to thirty miles wide, extending from Holland to the Swiss border. The Germans agreed to retire from all territory held by Russia, Roumania and Turkey before the war. The treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Bucharest, ending the war with Russia and Roumania, were abrogated. Full restitution must be made for all damage done by German soldiers. All allied prisoners in Germany (military, naval and civilian) were given their liberty at once, without reciprocal action by the Allies. The territory west of the Rhine which the Germans evacuated is roughly 20,000 square miles in extent, with a population of about 9,000,000. It includes some of the most important miing and manufacturing districts of Germany, and such great centers as Cologne, Strassburg, Metz, and Essen, home of the Krupp works. The territory consists of Alsace-Lorraine, the Palatinate, the Rhine province, Birkenfeld, and about one-third of Hesse. THE KAISER ABDICATES--By the time the armistice was signed, on the morning of November 11, 1918, the Kaiser and the Crown Prince of Germany had abdicated. Both fled to Holland, where they were interned as military refugees. Later, the Allies united in demanding that Holland surrender the Kaiser to them to stand trial for his many crimes in connection with the war. A British high court has already returned an indictment against him for murder. The peace conference, which will definitely_ close the war-although the armistice had the effect of stopping all hostilities-Lwill be held at Paris as early as possible in 1919. In the meantime Allied troops occupy the west bank of the Rhine, as agreed upon by the armistice. On December 4 President Wilson sailed from New York to attend the preliminary peace conference of the Allies in Paris. THE GREATEST OF ALL WARS--This, the most frightful of wars was fought out at a cost of approximately $200,000,000,,000 and 10,000,000 lives. In the following table is shown the men in arms, the lives lost, and the total casualties of the leading nations involved in the war. The totals of the United States, Great Britain, Italy and Germany are official. The others are from unofficial returns. Men in Arms Lives Lost Total Casualties United States............................................ 3,764,700 48,900 286,000 Great Britain..................................-......... 7,500,000 900,000 3,049,991 France........................................................- 6,000,000 1,385,300 4,000,000 Italy -----------------------------------------------.-.-.-------.- 5,000,000 330,000 1,620,000 Russia.--------------......................................... 12,000,000 1,700,000 3,800,000 B elgium -----------------.-.-.-------------------------.... 350,000 102,000. 300,000 Servia...................................................-300,000 125,000 200,000 Roum ania......................................... 600,000 100,000 300,000 Germ any -...............-.............-................. 10,000,000 1,600,000 4,000,000 Austria-Hungary-------- 7,500,000 800,000 3,120,000 Turkey -----------------------------............... 1,500,000 250,000 750,000 B ulgaria ---------------.--.-.--.----.--.----..-.----.-..___ 1,000,000 100,000 300,000 Totals......................-......-............... 55,514,000 7,441,200 21,725,991 At such a frightful cost was the world made safe for democracy. It was a struggle between autocracy and democracy, and the latter was victorious. It was the greatest war in the history of the world, no matter from what angle it was viewed. On the following pages will be found a complete chronology of the war CHAPTER VIII. THE PEACE CONFERENCE AND ITS WORK-Since the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918, the attention of the world has been chiefly centered upon the work of the Peace Conference at Paris. President Wilson sailed for France December 4th and by conferences with the Inter-allied Supreme War Council and meetings with the prime Ministers and foreign Ministers of France, England,~ Italy and Japan, the prel~iminary problems. THE PLAN OF REPRESENTATION FOR THE CONFERENCE first decided on was as follows: Five delegates each from France, England, United States, Italy and Japan; two each from Australia, Canada, South Africa and India; one from New Zealand; three from Brazil; two each from Belgium, China, Greece, Portugal, Poland, the Czecho-Slovak Republic, Rumania and Serbia; one each from Cuba, Siam, Boliwia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Hon duras, Liberia, Nicaragua, Peru, Uruguay, Panama and Montenegro. This plan was somewhat changed later, admitting three delegates from Belgium, Serbia and India, and two from the Kingdom of the Hejaz in Arabia. The list of delegates were as follows: Pres. Woodrow Wilson-.... United States Andrew Bonar Law-........ Great Britain Robert Lansing-................ United States George Nicoll Barnes-...... Great Britain Hon. Henry White-.......... United States Roman Dmawsky-........................ Poland Edward M. House-..........United States M. Van Den Heuvel....-............Belgium General Tasker Bliss-...... United States Emile Vandervelde-.................. Belgium Sir George Foster-...................... Canada Paul Hymans-- --..................I.......Belgium Premier Robt. Borden-.............. Canada Ante Trumbitch-..........................-Serbia Premier W m. M. Hughes-...... Australia M. Zolger--....--................................Serbia Sir Joseph Cook-...................... Australia Nikola Pashitch-.......................... Serbia W. H. Ijuin-.................................. Japan Dr. M. Vesnitch-.......................... Serbia B aron M akino-.............................. Japan N icolas P olitis-............................-G reece M. K. Matsuli-................................ Japan Eleutherios Venizelos..........-......Greece Viscount Chinda-.......................... Japan Charles Kramar-............ Czechoslovakia General Jan. C. Smuts...... South Africa Dr. Edward Benes-........ Czechoslovakia General Louis Botha........ South Africa Penha Garcia....-..........-...........Portugal Premier Wm. F. Massey New Zealand Dr. Egaz Moniz..-.....................-Portugal Sir Wm. F. Lloyd-...........Newfoundland Jean Bratiano........................-Rumania Chengting Thomas Wing............-China Nicholas Misu....Rumania Vikyuin W ellington Koo.............. China Antonio Burgos....-...-................Panama Sao K e A lfred Sze-.....-........ -.........- Ch ina E pitacio P essoa............................-B razil Lu Chieng Tsang........................-,China Olyntho De Magalhaes ---------------- Brazil Suntchou W ei-..............................China S. A. L'Emir Feisal-..........-..........Arabia Premier Clemenceau...............-,..France Rustem Haidar..........---------------- Arabia Jules Cambon -............................France Don Y. De Alsua......................-Ecuador Louis Lucien Klotz-.................... France Sir S. P. Sinha............-----------------... India Andre Tardieu-............................-France Edwin Samuel Montagu-............... -India Stephen Pichon...................-.......France Maharajah of Bikaner....-..............India P r e m ie r O rla n d o............................-I ta ly P r in c e C h a r o o n -..............................S ia m Baron Sonnino -------------------------------- Italy Phya Bieadh K osha ---------------------- Siam Salvatore Barzilai-..........................-Italy R afael M artinez-......................-------Cuba Salvago Raggi-..................-..............-Italy Antonio Sanchez Bustamante.-.....-Cuba Antonio Salandra ------.. _ _.-------.. - ---Italy Ismael Montes.....---------------------- Bolivia Premier David Lloyd George.__ Francisco Garcia Calderon........-....Peru ---------------------------------Great Britain Juan Carlos Blanco-................ Uruguay Arthur James Balfour-....-Great Britain C. B. D. King............------------------Liberia Lord Robert Cecil..........-Great Britain Certullian Guilbaud-..............---------Haiti A BR~EIEF HCISTOR~CY OF THE GREA~T WKAR Page Thirteene On January 19th it was decided that only delegates from the five principal powers were to be active in all sessions. The smaller allied states were to be.represented only when questions in which they were essentially concerned were discussed, the neutrals only when invited for particular reasons. ADVISBBEPIAL GROUPS-In addition to the delegates there were in Paris large groups of advisors--experts in finance, trade, co-mmerce and officers of the army and navy--men of varied and expert knowledge--through its cominiittee system the Conference gave every question the benefit of all the knowledge available. Some dissatist action appeared among the smaaller states in the beginning, because of their small representation, -this, however, put them to no serious d-Isadvantage, as the decisions were not to be made by majority vote, but by Lhe assent of the countries concerned. The question of publicity provoked a storm of comment. Generally spealking, Great Britain and the United States favored publicity, while France, Italy and Japan desired secrecy. The result was a large amount of publicity... Ne~wspaper men were present at most of the sessions and frequent official bulletins were issued. Perhaps the foremostt figure at the Conference was President W~ilson. To many of his countrymen his departure see med a d~oubtful experiment, but the chara~cter of his reception abroad has gradually been changing this opinion. The people of Europe welcomed him not only as the representative o~f the UCnited States, but as a symbol of the promise of peace. "His arrival popularized the work -of the conference and helped make lit an affair of democracies rather than of p~rime ~ministers or ruling classes." THE TASKL~S which the Conference had before it was a gigantic one. No Conference was ever confronted by problems of such variety and perplexity. Besides. the Americas and Europe, almost every country of Asia and Africa, and even the islands in the southern seas were affected. Questions regarding armament, commerce, trade, labor, international highways and waterways had to be decided. Questions dealing with indemnities, boundaries, the formation of new states, Germany and Russia had to be settled. TH3E T`HREE BIG PROBLEMS~II at the outset had to deal first with peace with Germany and Austria, second with the redrawing of the Maps of Europe, Asia and Africa, -and third, with the forming of some kind of an association of Nations which would dominate international relations and make another world war impossible. The problem of Germany was complicated by the instability of its government following the Armistice. It was of the utmost importance to the Conference that there be formed a stable government with which t0o make peace, which would be able to comply with the peace terms and control the nation it represented. During the first weeks of November, following the Armistice, Germany was torn by a revolution which threatened a repetition of ev~ents in Russia. Wrhen the Conference assembled in January she seemed a crushed and miserable object. Two months later the elements of disorder were largely cru~shed and the revolution over. On January 19th a general election provided for a National Assembly which met at W7eimar F'ebr~uary 6th and apparently was in control of the;state. On February 11th, Ebert, leader of the Majority Socialist's, was elected President of Germany, a -constitution was adopted, a cabinet sele~cted, and a renewal of the armistice signed. Germany now begaln t~o reassert her~self, to renew her claims to Alsace-Lorraine, to mobilize an army and to try to destroy t~he hope of Polish liberation. INa REMAKINGT~d THHE MAIII settlements of old disputes had to be made, and new nations formed. To the first group of questions belonged the question of Ahlsace-Lorraine, the Italian frontier, the Danes of Schleswig, the Germans in Austria, the frontiers of the Jugo-Slavs and the Latins. The problem of forming the new states was almost beyond measurement. It demanded that a new Poland be created, that Cze~choslovakia and a Jugo THZE FIRI~ST DRAFT OF`~Ii LEAGUEE SUIBMITTEDJ[P-- On Feb ruary 144th the constitution of the proposed League of Nations plan was read and explained to the Conference by President W~ilson. It included 26 articles. It provided for a per-manent executive council, a body of delegates from the member nations and a secretarial. President Wilson described it as "a moral force having an armed for~ce in the~ background." On February 15th PFresident Wiilson sailed for the United States and the first phase of the Conference was over. During President WVilson's absence the attention of the Conference was given to work on the preliminary peace treaty. This period was marked by a growing feeling of unrest and dissatisfaction in Paris, and of disorder and the spread of Bolshevism in the east. iOn March 4th President Wrilson arrived for the; second time in Paris, and found the Conference in the act of completing the preliminary peace terms. H-is insistence on incorporating the Leag~ue of Nat'ions covenant in the Peace Treaty caused great ex~cite~ment and practical paralysis on the peace terms work for a few days. THE ITALIAN W ITIPDRAWNAL--Further trouble was caused by the withdralwal of the Italian delegat~es on April 24th, because of disagreement over the Fiume question. Later, the del~egation returned and harmony was restored. On April 28th the revised form of the League of Nations Covenant was adopted by the Conference. For the Fhi~al F~orm of the League, see the inside back eover o~f this History. TREATBI~Y ~HANDED~ GERMAINY-O-O n May 1 st th e Germman rep resentatives to the Conference were received and credenltials were exchanged. The names of the German delegates were as follows: Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, Minister of Foreign Affaiirs; Herr Landsberg, Minister of Publicity, Arts and Literature; Herr G~iesbekts, Minister of Posts; Herr Leinert, President of Pru-ssian Assembly; Adolf Mueller, Minister to Berne; WNalter Rathenau, Prominent Financier and Economic and Electrical Expert-, Max W7arburg, Shipbuilder and Financier; H~err Stegerwald, well-known Leader in the labor movement; Eduard David, Minister of State in Scheidemann Cabinet; Dr. Theodor Melchior, Manager of WYarburg Bank; Professor Schueeking, International lawyer, On May 7th in a great assembly, the Peace Treaty with the League of Natic--i covenant incorporated in it was presented. No oral discussion was allow~ed but a period of two weeks (later extended.) was given to Germany to make written suggestions and criticisms. FOR& THfE GERMAN PEACE TERMRIS see the inside back cover of thist History. The Peace Terms caused a storm of comment and disapproval in Germany. The last weeks~ in May were devoted by the Conference t~o the consideration of the German counter proposals and some modifications were made--particularly in the case of reparations. No considerable changes in the terms, however, were made by the Allies. The Allies' final draft of the terms was handed the German delegates at Ve~rsailles on June 16. The Delegation, headed by Count Von Brockdorff-RantzC-u carried these Final Terms to the German general assembly sitting at Weim~ar. They were given until June 23 for acceptance or refusal. In case of refusal invasion o~f Germany was to at once follow. AUSTRIAN TERMS-SIn the meantime work on other treaties and dealin~gs with other nations have gone on. On May Sth work on the Peace te,rms for Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria was begun and by June 25th wtas practically complete. The Austrian peace terms provide for the reduction of the Austrian army to 15,000 men, the surrender of all war ships and virtually all military supplies, and the (payment of an indemnity of one billion dollars. On MJay 24th the Council of Four took up the consideration of the Bulgarian peace terms. At the salme time.China authorized her delegates to sign the Peace Treaty, with reservations regarding Shantunzg. On May 27 'th a ~specia,1 committee took up the drafting of a series of treaties with the newly created states. Many questions yet remain to be settled but it is felt that the chief,aork of the Peace Conference is drawing to a ciose. THE IPROBLE31 OF~1i TURKEY~I has practically been settled by dividing it into five or six parts. The chief difficulty is to s~o distribute the parts as not to cause religious war. THE PROBLEM OF~ RUSSBIA remains a complex one. Siberia, the Ukraine, the Baltic Provinces and the Caucasus have broken away, and there is no government for the whole country. The Bolsheviki control a large part -of the country whille in Siberia and the Caucasus region a govern~ment resisting the Bolsheviki is being aided by Allied money and council. It has not been the policy of the Allies to interfere in Russian governmental affairs but to aid the Russians to establish peace and prevent the spread of Bolshevism to other countries. IVarious attempts were made by the Peace Conference to get the various elements of Russia together but to no avail. On May 26th the Council of Four decided to recognize any non-Bolshevik government which would agree to convene a National Assembly and respect the- frontiers determined by the League of Nations. The outcome is doubtful as the country is still in a state of ana~rchy and confusion. OTHIHER WARPC CHABNGES$--One of the chief results of the war was the break up of the old Austro-Hungarian E~mpire and its disintegration into a number of small states. The complete collapse of Austria made it easy to remove the Hapsburg power from Hungary as well as Austria. While Austria was becoming a republic, Hungary was going through a period o~f revolution. W7ith the abdication of Emperor Charles the government in Hungary camte into the hands of Count K~arolyi, an ardent defender of liberty and independence. On November 16th Hungary was officially declared a Republic with Karolyi its President. There followed a state of political chaos and communist revolt. Food conditions and the protest against the boundaries set by the Conference for Hungary, aggravated the situation. On March 21st the Karolyi government was, overthrown by a communist revolutionary element under Russian Bolshevik lpeadershin_ Bv A)Dril 1st altho riot and disorder still continued the Soviet Hungary. The population of this new nation is about 10,511,444 and its area about 35,261_ square miles. CAPTUREDH GERMAN VESSELrS SUNK~: On June 21st. ~the German crews of the interned Battle Fleet located at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands, sunk the greater part of- the, Fleet by opening the watercocks in the bottom of the vessels. The German crews made good their escape from the sinking vessels and are held as prisoners by the British Government. As the Allies had themselves seriously discussed the advisability of the sinking of these W~ar Vessels, the ne~ws of their loss was received with a mingled feeling of regret and relief. GERMANS ACCIEPT PEACE TERMPS: The Final Peace Terms submitted to the German Assembly at Weimar provoked--as of course was expected-aa storm of protest. After bitter discussion the German Cabinet, headed by President Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann resigned on June 21st, declining; to sign the Treaty. A new Cabinet headed by Gustav Bauer as President, and Dr, Hermann M~ueller as Minister of Foreign Affairs, took office immediately; and on June 22nd transmitted through their Representatives at Versailles, their agreement to the signing of the Treaty in the form finally presented by the Allies. THE GERMANS SIGN TRIEATY: On Saturrday, June 28th, at 12:00 o'clock noon in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles the Peace Terms were finally signed before an impressive assembly representing all the Allied Po~wers. The'German represntatives were: Dr. Hermann Mueller, Foreign Minlister; and Dr. Bell, Chief of Colonial Office. 'Thus finally closes the greatest war of all times. From it emerges a wiser if a sadder world, possessed with the hope and belief that the oceans of blood shed by brave men in the cause of freedom was not shed in vain; and with a League of Nations formed to 'maintain and perpetuate the liberties so dearly preserved during four and a half years of frightful carnage. F'OR SUM1WMARY OF PEACE TEIRMS AND RESUME OF T1a1E COONSTITUTIONO OF THE LEAGUE OF' NATGIONS9 SEE 11PEBAKCVR F " CIS BOOK., AN HISTORICAL SUMMARY O] THE WORLD WAR, 1914 WITH GAZETEER GIVING PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES OF TOWNS ON THE WESTERN FROP F;T 1914 June 28-Archduke Ferdinand and wife assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia. July 28--Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. Aug. 1--Germany declares war on Russia and general mobilizaton is under way in France and Austria-Hungary. Aug. 2-German troops enter France at Cirey; Russian troops enter Germany at Schwidden; German army enters Luxemburg over protest and Germany asks Belgium for free passage of her troops. Aug. 3-British fleet mobilizes; Belgium appeals to Great Britain ror diplomatic aid and German ambassador quits Paris. Aug. 4-France declares war on Germany; Germany declares war on Belgium; Great Britain senas Belgium neutrality ultimatum to Germany; British army mobilized and state of war between Great Britain and Germany is declared. President Wilson issues neutrality proclamation. Aug. 5--Germans begin fighting on Belgium frontier; Germany asks for Italy's help. Aug. 6--Austria declares war on Russia. Aug. 7--Germans defeated by French at Altkirch. Aug. 8--Germans capture Liege. Portugal announces it will support Great Britain; British land troops in France. Aug. 10--France declares war on Austria-Hungary. Aug. 12--Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary; Montenegro declares war on Germany. Aug. 15-Japan sends ultimatum to Germany to withdraw from Japanese and Chinese waters and evacuate Kiaochow; Russia offers autonomy to Poland. Aug. 20-German army enters Brussels. Aug. 28-Japan declares war on Germany; Russia victorious in battle in East Prussia. Aug. 24-Japanese warships bombard Tsingtao. Aug. 25--Japan and Austria break off diplomatic relations. Aug. 28--English win naval battle over German fleet near Helgoland. Aug. 29-Germans defeat Russians at Allenstein; occupy Amiens; advance to La Fere, sixty-five miles from Paris. Sept 1--Germans cross Marne; bombs dropped on Paris. -. Sept. 2--Government of France transferred to Bordeaux. Sept. 4--Germans cross the Marne. Sept. 5-England, France, and Russia sign pact to make no separate peace. Sept. 6--French win battle of Marne; Sept. 7--Germans retreat from the Marne. Sept. 14-Battle of Aisne starts; German retreat halted. Sept 1--First battle of Soissons (ought. Sept. 20-Russians capture Jaroslau and begin siege of Przemysl. Oct. 9-10-Germans capture Antwerp. Oct. 12-Germans take Ghent. Oct. 20-Fighting along Yser river begins. Oct. 29-Turkey begins war on Russia. Nov. 1--British cruiser fleet destroyed in action off coast of Chile. Nov. 7-Tsingtao falls before Japanese troops. Dec. 8---German fleet aestroyed in battle off Falkland islands. Dec. 11-German advance on Warsaw checked. Dec. 14-Belgrade recaptured by Serbians. Dec. 16-German cruisers bombard Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby, on English coast, killing fifty or more persons; Austrians said to have lost upwards of 100,000 men in Serbian defeat. Dec. 2--Italy occupies Avlona, Albania. 1915 Jan. 1-British battleship Formidable sunk. Jan. 8--Roumania mobilizes 750,000 men; violent fighting in the Argonne. Jan. 11--Germans cross the Rawka, thirty miles from Warsaw. Jan. 24-British win naval battle in North sea. Jan. 29-Russian army invades Hungary; German efforts to cross Aisne repulsed. Feb. 1-British repel strong German attack near La Bassee. Feb. 2-Turks are defeated in attack on Suez canal. Feb. 4---Russians capture Tarnow in Galicia. Feb. 8-Turks along Suez canal in full retreat; Turkish land defenses at the Dardanelles shelled by British torpedo boats. Feb. 11-Germans evacuate Lodz. Feb. 12-Germans drive Russians from positions in East Prussia, taking 26,000 prisoners. Feb. 14-Russians report capture of fortifications at Smolnik. Feb. 16--Germans capture Plock and Bielsk in Poland; French capture two miles of German trenches in Champagne district. Feb. 17-Germans report they have taken 50,000 Russian prisoners in Mazurian lake district. Feb. 18--German blockade of English and French coasts put into effect. Feb. 19-20---British and French fleets bombard Dardanelles forts. Feb. 21-American steamer Evelyn sunk by mine in North sea. Feb. 22-German war office announces capture of 100,000 Russian prisoners in engagements in Mazurian lake region; American steamer Carib sunk by mine in North sea. Feb. 28-Dardanelles entrance forts capitulate to English and French. March 4--Landing of allied troops on both sides of Dardanelles straits reported; German U-4 sunk by French destroyers. March 10--Battle of Neuve Chapelle begins. March 14-German cruiser Dresden sunk in Pacific by English. March 18-British battleships Irresistible and Ocean and French battleship Bouvet sunk in Dardanelles strait. March 22-Fort of Przemysl surrenders to Russians. March 23--Allies land troops on Gallipoli peninsula. March 25--Russians victorious over Austrians in Carpathians. April 8--German auxilliary cruiser, Prinz Eitel Friederich, interned at Newport News, Va. April 16---Italy has 1,200,000 men mobilized under arms; Austrians report complete defeat of Russians in Carpathian campaign. April 23-Germans force way across Ypres canal and take 1,600 prisoners. April 29-British report regaining of two-thirds of lost ground in Ypres battle. May 7-Liner Lusitania torpedoed and sunk by German submarine off the coast of Ireland with the loss of more than 1,000 lives. 102 Americans. May 9-French advance two and one-half miles against German forces north of Arras, taking 2,000 prisoners. May 23-Italy declares war on Austria. June 3-Germans recapture Przemysl with Austrian help. June 18-British suffer defeat north of La Bassee canal. June 28--Italians enter Austrian territory south of Riva on western shore of Lake Garda. July 3-Tolmino falls into Italian hands. July 18--Germans defeated in the Argonne. July 29---Warsaw evacuated; Lublin captured by Austrians. Aug. 4--Germans occupy Warsaw. Aug. 14-Austrians and Germans concentrate 400,000 soldiers on Serbian frontier. Aug. 21-Italy declares war on Turkey. Sept. 1-Ambassador Bernstorff announces Germans will sink no more liners without warning. Sept. 4--German submarine torpedoes liner Hesperian. Sept. 9-Germans make air raid on London, killing twenty persons and wounding 100 others; United States asks Austria to recall Ambassador Dumba. Sept. 20-Germans begin drive on Serbia to open route to Turkey. Sept. 22-Russian army retreating from Vilna, escapes German encircling movement. Sept. 25-830---Battle of Champagne, resulting in great advance for allied armies and causing Kaiser Wilhelm to rush to the west front; German counter attacks repulsed. Oct. 5--Russia and Bulgaria sever diplomatic relations; Russian, French, British, Italian, and Serbian diplomatic representatives ask for passports in Sofia. Oct. 10-German forces take Belgrade. Oct. 12-Edith Cavell executed by Germans. Oct. 13-Bulgaria declares war on Serbia. Oct. 15--Great Britain declares war on Bulgaria. Oct. l16-France declares war on Bulgaria. Oct. 19--Russia and Italy declare war on Bulgaria. Oct. 27-Germans join Bulgarians in northeastern Serbia and open way to Constantinople. Oct. 30-Germans defeated at Mitau. Nov. 9-Italian liner Ancona torpedoed. Dec. 1-British retreat from near Bagdad. Dec. 4--Ford "peace party" sails for Europe. Dec. 8-9-Allies defeated in Macedonia. Dec. 15--Sir John Douglas Haig succeeds Sir John French as chief of English armies on west front. 1916 Jan. 8--British troops at Kut-elAmara surrounded. Jan. 9--British evacuate Gallipoli peninsula. Jan. 13-Austrians capture Cetinje, capital of Montenegro. Jan. 23-Scutari, capital of Albania, captured by Austrians. Feb. 22-German crown prince's army begins attack on Verdun. March 8-Germany declares war on Portugal. March 15--Austria-Hungary declares war on Portugal. March 24---Steamer Sussex torpedoed and sunk. April 10--President Wilson speaks to congress, explaining diplomatic situation. April 18--President Wilson sends note to Germany. April 24--Insurrection in Dublin. April 29-British troops at Kut-elAmara surrender to Turks. April 30--Irish revolution sup. pressed. May 3-Irish leaders of insurrection executed. May 4---Germany makes promise to change methods of submarine warfare. May 13-Austrians begin great offensive against Italians in Trentino. May 31-Great naval battle off Danish coast. (Battle of Jutland.) June 5--Lord Kitchener lost with cruiser Hampshire. June 11-Russians capture Dubno. June 29--Sir Roger Casement sentenced to be hanged for treason. July 1-British and French begin great offensive on the Somme. July 6--David Lloyd George appointed secretary of war. July 9--German merchant submarine Deutschland arrives at Baltimore. July 23-Gen. Kuropatkin's Russian army wins battle near Riga. July 27-English take Delville wood; Serbian forces begin attack on Bulgars in Macedonia. Continued on Next Page A BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE GREAT WORLD WAR Aug. 2-French take Fleury. Aug. 3--Sir Roger Casement executed for treason. Aug. 4--French recapture Thiaumont for fourth time; British repulse Turkish attack on Suez canal. Aug. 7-Italians on Isonzo front capture Monte Sabotino and Monte San Michele. Aug. 8-Turks force Russian evacuation of Bitlis and Mush. Aug. 9-Italians cross Isonzo river and occupy Austrian city of Goeritz. Aug. 10--Austrians evacuate Stanislau; allies take Doiran, near Saloniki, from Bulgarians. Aug. 19--German submarines sink British light cruisers Nottingham and Falmouth. Aug. 24-French occupy Maurepas, north of the Somme; Russians recapture Mush in Armenia. Aug. 27-Italy declares war on Germany; Roumania enters war on side of allies. Aug. 29-Field Marshal von Hindenburg made chief of staff of German armies, succeeding Gen. von Falkenbayn. Aug. 80---Russian armies seize all a five passes in Carpathians into Hungary. Sept 8--Allies renew offensive north of Somme; Bulgarian and German troops invade Dobrudja, in Roumania. Sept. 7-Germans and Bulgarians capture Roumanian fortress of Tutrakan; Roumanians take Orsova, Bulgarian city. Sept. 10--German-Bulgarian army capture Roumanian fortress of Silistria. Sept. 14--British for first time use "tanks." Sept 15--Italians begin new offensive on Carso. Oct. 2--Roumanian army of invasion in Bulgaria defeated by Germans and Bulgarians under Von Mackensen. Oct. 4-German submarines sink French cruiser Gallia and Cunard liner Franconia. Oct, 8---German submarines sink six merchant steamships off Nantucket, Mass. Oct. 11-Greek seacoast forts dismantled and turned over to allies on demand of England and France. Oct. 23-German-Bulgar armies capture Constanza, Roumania. Oct. 24-French win back forts near Verdun, in smash of two miles. Nov. 1-Italians, in new offensive on the Carso plateau, capture 5,000 Austrians. Nov. 2-Germans evacuate Yort Vaux at Verdun. Nov. 5-Germans and Austrians proclaim new kingdom of Poland, of territory captured from Russia. Nov. 6--Submarine sinks British passenger steamer Arabia. Nov. 7-Cardinal Mercier protests against German deportation of Belgians; submarine sinks American steamer Columbian. Nov. 8--Russian army invades Transylvania, Hungary. Nov. 9-Austro-German armies defeat Russians in Volhynia and take 4,000 prisoners. Nov. 18--British launch new offensive in Somme region on both sides of Ancre. Nov. 14--British capture fortified village of Beacourt, near the Ancre. Nov. 19-Serbian, French, and Russian troops recapture Monastir; Germans cross Transylvania Alps and enter western Roumania. Nov. 21-British hospital ship Britannic sunk by mine in Egean sea. ov. -23--Roumanian army retreats ilnety miles from Bucharest. Nov. 24--German-Bulgarian armies take Orsova and Turnu-Severin from Roumanians. Nov. 25--Greek provisional government declares war on Germany and Bulgaria. Nov. 28--Roumanian government abandons Bucharest and moves capital to Jassy. Dec. ---Premier Herbert Asquith of England resigns. Dec. 7-David Lloyd George accepts British premiership. Dec. 8--Gen. von Mackensen captures big Roumanian army in Prohova valley. Dec. 12-Chancellor von BethmanHollweg announces in reichstag that Germany will propose peace; new cabinet in France under Aristide Briand as premier, and Gen. Robert Georges Nivelle given chief of command of French army. Dec. 15-French at Verdun win two miles of front and capture 11,000 men. Dec. 19--Lloyd George declines German peace proposals. Dec, 23-Baron Burian succeeded as minister of foreign affairs in Austria by Count Czernin. Dec. 26--German proposes to President Wilson "an immediate meeting of delegates of the belligerents." Dec. 27-Russians defeated in fiveday battle in eastern Wallachia, Roumania. 1917 Jan. 1-Submarine sinks British transport Ivernia. Jan. 9--Russian premier, Trepoff, resigns. Golitzin succeeds him. Jan. 31-Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare. Feb. 3-President Wilson reviews submarine controversy before congress; United States severs diplomatic rlations with Germany; American steamer Housatonic sunk without warning. Feb. 7-Senate indorses president's act of breaking off diplomatic relations. Feb, 12-United States refuses German request to discuss matters of difference unless Germany withdraws unrestricted submarine warfare order. Feb. 14-Von Bernstorff sails for Germany. Feb. 25--British under Gen. Maude ~capture Kut-el-Amara; submarine sinks liner Laconia without warning; many lost, including two Americans. Feb. 26--President Wilson asks congress for authority to arm American merchantships. Feb. 28--Secretary Lansing makes public Zimmerman note to Mexico, proposing Mexican-Japanese-German alliance. IMarch 9-President Wilson calls extra session of congress for April 16. March 11-British under Gen. Maude capture Bagdad; revolution starts in Petrograd. March 15--Czar Nicholas of Russia abdicates. March 17-French and British capture Bapaume. March 18--New French ministry is formed by Alexander Ribot. March 21-Russian forces cross Persian border into Turkish territory; American oil steamer Healdton torpedoed without warning. March 22-United states recognizes new government of Russia. March 27-Gen. Murray's British expedition into the Holy Land defeats Turkish army near Gaza. April 2-President Wilson asks congress to declare that acts or Germany constitute a state of war; submartne Continued sinks American steamer Aztec without warning. April 4--United States senate passes resolution declaring a state of war exists with Germany. April 6--House passes war resolution and President Wilson signs joint resolution of congress. April 8-Austria declares severance of diplomatic relations with United States. April 9-British defeat Germans at Vimy Ridge and take 6,000 prisoners; United States seizes fourteen Austrian interned ships. April 20--Turkey severs diplomatic relations with the U. S. April 28--Congress passes selective service act for raising of army of 500,000; Guatemala severs diplomatic relations with Germany. May 7-War department orders raising of nine volunteer regiments of engineers to go to France. May 14-Espionage act becomes law by passing senate. May 18-President Wilson signs selective service act. Also directs expeditionary force of regulars under Gen. Pershing to go to France. May 19-Congress passes war appropriation bill of $3,000,000,000. June 5-Nearly 10,000,000 men in U. S. register for military training. June 12-King Constantine of Greece abdicates. June 13--Gen. Pershing and staff arrive in Paris. June 15--First Liberty loan closes with large oversubscription. June 26--First contingent American troops under Gen. Sibert arrives in France. June 29-Greece severs diplomatic relations with Teutonic allies. July 9--President Wilson drafts state militia into federal service. Also places food and fuel under federal control. July 13-War department order drafts 678,000 men into military service. Jnly 14--Aircraft appropriation bill of $640,000,000 passes house; Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's resignation forced by German political crisis. July 18-United States government orders censorship of telegrams and cablegrams crossing frontiers. July 19-New German Chancellor Michaelis declares Germany will not war for conquest; radicals and Catholic party ask peace without forced acquisitions of territory. July 22-Siam declares war on Germany. July 23--Premier Kerensky given unlimited powers in Russia. July 28-United States war industries board created to supervise expenditures. Aug. 25-Italian Second army breaks through Austrian line on Isonzo front. Aug. 28--President Wilson rejects Pope Benedict's peace plea. Sept. 10-Gen. Korniloff demands control of Russian government. Sept. 11-Russian deputies vote to support Kerensky. Korniloff's generals ordered arrested. Sept. 16---Russia proclaims new republic by order of Premier Kerensky. Sept. 20-Gen. Haig advances mile through German lines at Ypres. Sept. 21-Gen. Tasker H. Bliss named chief of staff, U. S. army. Oct. 16--Germans occupy islands of Runo and Adro in the Gulf of Riga. Oct. 25--French under Gen. Petain advance and take 12,000 prisoners on Aisne front. Oct. 27-Formal announcement made that American troops in France had fired their first shots in the war. on Next Page Oct. 29-Italian Isonzo front collapses and Austro-German army reaches outposts of Udine. Nov. 1-Secretary Lansing makes public the Luxburg "spurlos versenkt" note. Nov. 9-Permanent interallied military commission created. Nov. 24-Navy department announces capture of first German submarine by American destroyer. ^Nov. 28--Bolsheviki get absolute control of Russian assembly in Russian elections. Dec. 6-Submarine sinks the Jacob Jones, first regular warship of American navy destroyed. Dec. 7-Congress declares war on Austria-Hungary. Dec. 8--Jerusalem surrenders to Gen. Allenby's forces. 1918 Jan. 5--President Wilson delivers speech to congress giving "fourteen points" necessary to peace. Jan. 20-British monitors win seafight with cruisers Goeben and Breslau, sinking latter. Jan. 28--Russia and Roumania sever diplomatic relations. Feb. 2-United States troops take over their first sector, near Toul. Feb. 6--United States troopship Tuscania sunk by submarine, 126 lost. Feb. 11-President Wilson, in address to congress, gives four additional peace principles, including self-determination of nations; Bolsheviki declares war with Germany over, bu* jfuse to sign peace treatq. Feb. 13-Bolo Pasha sentenced to death in France for treason. Feb. 25--Germans take Reval, Russian naval base, and Pskov; Chancellor von Hertling agrees "in principle" with President Wilson's peace principles, in address to reichstag. March 1-Over 75,000 American troops in France by this date. Americans repulse Germans on Toul sector. March 2-Treaty of peace with Germany signed by Bolsheviki at BrestLitovsk. March 183-German troops occupy Odessa. March 14--All Russian congress of soviets ratifies peace treaty. March 21-On West Front German spring Offensive starts on fifty mile front. March 22--Germans take 16,000 British prisoners and 200 guns. March 23-German drive gains nine miles. Long Range "Mystery gun" shells Paris. March 24--Germans reach the Somme, gaining fifteen miles. American engineers rushed to aid British. March 25-Germans take Bapaume. IMarch 27-Germans take Albert. March 28-British counter attack and gain; French take three towns; Germans advance toward Amiens. March 29-"Mystery gun" kills seventy-five churchgoers in Paris on Good Friday. April 4-Germans start second phase of their spring drive on the Somme. April 10--Germans take 10,000 British prisoners in Flanders. April 16--Germans capture Messines ridge, near Ypres; Bolo Pasha executed. April 23-British and French navies "bottle up" Zeebrugge. April 26--Germans capture Mount Kemmel, taking 6,500 prisoners. 1May 5-Austria starts drive on Italy. May 10---British navy bottles up Ostend. BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMWARY OF THE GRE)T~OL WAR SMay 24--British ship Moldavia, carrying American troops, torpedoed; 56 lost. Ma~ay 27--Germans begin third phasee of drive on west front; gain five miles. May 28--Germans take 15i,000 prisoners in drive. MLay 29--Germans take Soissonrs and menace Reimsr. American troops capture Cantigny. May W0-Germans reach the Marne, fifty-five miles from Paris. Maa~y 81--Germa~ns take 45,000 prisoners in drive. June I--Germans advance nine miles; are forty-six miles from Paris. June 8--Five German submarines attack U. S. coast and sinak eleven ships. June 5-U. S. marines fight on the Marne near Chateau Thierry. June 9--Germuans start fourth phase of their drive by advancing toward Noyon. June 10--U. S. Marines capture Belleau Wood. June 12-FIirernch and Americans' start great counter attack. June U~--Austriansr begin another drive on Italy and take 16.,000 prisoners. June 17--Italianms check Austrians on Piave river. June 10--Austrians cross the Piave. June 22--Italians defeat AustriaLns on the Piave. June 23--Austrians begin great ret~reat across the Piave. July 1&-Gen. Foch launches allied offensive, with F'rench, American, British, Italian and Belgian troops. July 21-Americans anid French capture Chateau Thierry. July 30--German crown prince withdraws army from the Marne. Aug. 2-Soissons recaptured by PEoch. Aug. 4-Americans take Fismes. Aug. &--American troops landed at Archangel. Aug. 7--Americans cross the Vesle. Aug. 16--Bapaume recaptured. Aug. 28--French recross the Sommnye. Sept I-FIioch retakes Peronne. Sept. 12--Americansa launch successful attackn in St. Mihiel salient. Sept 28--Allie~s win on 250 mile line, from North sea to Verdun. Sept. 29-AlliesJ cross Hindenburg line. Sept. 30--Bulgaria surrenders, after successful Allied campaign in Balnkans. Obct. 1--French take St. Que~ntin. Oct, 4--Austria askrs Holland to. mediate with allies for peace. Oct;- ýGermans start albandonment of Lille and burn Douai. Oct 6--GermanyV asks President W~ilson for armistice. Oct. 7--Americans capture defenses in the Argonne. Oct. 8--President WTilson refuses armistice. Oct! 9--Allies capture CambraL, Oct M-Q-Allies capture Le Cateau. Oct 11~-American transport Otranto torpedoed and sunk; 500 lost. Oct. 18-Foch-'s troops take Laon and La Fere. Oct. 144-British and Belgians take REoulers; Presrident W~ilson d~emandsJ surrender by Gbermany. Oct 16s--British and Belgiaans cross Lys river, take 12,000 prisoners and 100 guns. Oct. 16--llies enter Lille outskirts. Oct. 17 --Allies capture Lille, Bruges, Zeebrugge, Ostend and Dhouai. Oct.18--C zecho- Slovaks issue declaration of independence and seize Prague. Oct. 19--President W~ilson refuses Aaustria peace plea and says CzechoSlovak state Wnust be considered. Oct. 21 -Allies cross the Oise and threaten Valenciennes. Oct. 22--Haig's forces cross the Scheldt. Oct. 23--President Wril son refuses latest German peac~e plea. Oct. 27-Gegrman government asks President 'Wilson to state terms. Oct. 28-Austria begs for separate peace. Oct. 29-Austria opens direct negotiations with Secretary Lansing. Oct. SO0-Italians inflict great defeat on Austria; capture 33,000; Austrians evacuating Italian territory. Oct. 31--Turkey surrenders; Aus-- trians utterly routed by Italians; lose 50,0,000; Austrian envoys, under white flag, enter Ittalian lines. NOT. I--Allied Conference at Versailles fixes peace terms for Germany. Nov. 3--Austria signs an armistice virtually amounting to unconditional surrender. Nov. 4--Allied terms are sent to Germany. Nov. 7-Gaermany-'s envoys enter allied lines by arraingement. NOT. 9--Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates and crown prince renounces throne. NoT. 10--Fiormer Kaiser W~ilhelm and his eldest son,'FEriedrich Wilhelmý, flee to Holland to escape widespread revolution throughout Germany. Nov. II--Germany signs armistice, ending war. I 1919 June 22--German Envoys sign Allied Peace Terms at Versailles.,June 2S---Germyan National Assembly at Weimnar approve Peace Terms, thereby formally ending the. World Waar. PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES OF TOWNS INl BELGIUMAD R ýNCE Belgiaum. Aerschot-A8ir- shot Alost--ah-lawst~ Andenne--Ahn-den Antwerp-ABhnt-werp Arlon-Aahr-long Beaumont--Bo-mong Binche--Ban-jho Blankenb erghe--Blanleen-behr-yeh Bouvigne-Boo-veen-ye Braine l'Alleud--Brainluh-leuh Braine le Conte-Brainluh- Cont Bruges--Breezh B russsel s-Br us -elz Charleroi-Shar-lah-rwah Chim~ay--Shih-may Cortemarck-Kort- mark Courtrai-Ko o r- tray Diest;-Deest Dinant--Dee-nahng Dyle--Deel Dixmude--Dee-meehd Eghezee-EEgg-a-zay Enghien-ABhn-yang F'urnes-F~Peern Gembloux-GUhon-bloo Genappe--Zhbeh-napp Gheel--Gail Grammont--Gram-mong Haelen-HBah-len Hal-HBahl HBamme--Hahm Hasselt-H~ah-sellt Herenthal e-H-eir- en-tain Heyst-H~iest H~uy--Wee Jodoigne-Zho-dwan-ye Jongres--Zhong-r K~no cke--E('noe- keh La Belle Alliance-LlawBell-Ah- lee-anz Laeken--Lah-ken La Roche--Lah Rosh Liege-Lee-ayzh~ Lierre-Laa-air Ligny--Leen-yee Limburh--Lam-bour Lipramont--Leep-rahmong Lokeren--Lo-ker-yen Lomb artzeyde-Llom-bartzide Louvain--Loo-ven Malines--Mah-leen M~anage--Mah-nahzh Mvarienb ourg--Mah-reeom-boor M~id delk~kerke--Middleherk Mons-M~Yongs MPlont St. Jean--Mong Sang; Zthong N~amur-N~ah-muhr Neerwinden-Nair-vin- den Neufch atea:u-Nuf -shah -to Nieuport--New-p ort Nievelles--Nee-vel Nonove.--No-nov Ostend--Os-tend 0 ttignes-Ot- teen- ye Oudenard--Ood-n-ard P ervyx*I--P air-v*"b Ratmillies-itah -mee-y ay Ramscapelle-Rahms-kelkpel-leh. Renaixc-Reh-nay Roulers-Rroo-lay Sambre--Sahm-br Seraing-S eh- rang Soignies--Swahn-yee St. Trond--Sang Trong Tamise--Tah-meez Term onde--Tair- mond Terveuren-Ter-voo-ren Thielt--Teelt Thourout--Too-roo Thuin--Twang Tirlemont--Teer-leh- mong Tongres--Tong-r Tournay--Toor-nay Verviers--V aLir- vee-ay Vilvorde-Veel-vort Virton--Veer-tong Vise--Vee- zay Waremme Wah-remeII Wavre-Wahv-r Yp r es-EEep-r Y s er-Ee - ay Zeebrugge-Zay-bruggeh France Aire-Air Aisne--Ain Amiens-Aah-mee-ang Ardennem--Ahr-den Ardres-ABhrd-r Argonne--Ahr-gon Arieuxe-ahr- yuh Armentierre--a-hr-mahnteo-aik' Arras-ABrrah Au druico--O -dree- ko Bailleul--Ba-yeul Barleduc--Bar-leh- duke Beauvais--Bo-vay Beaufort--Bo-for Beauvais-ino-vay Belfort--Bel-for Bergues--Bairg Berlaimont--Bair- lehmong Berry au Bac--Bair-ree-obak Besancon--Beh-zahngsong Bethune--Bay-toon Blamont--Blah-mong Bordeau--Bor-do Boulogne--Boo-lo ne-ye~ Bourbourg--Boor-boor Bourges--Boorzh Btrest--Brest Breteuil--Bre-toy Calais--Kah- lay Chalons sur Marne--Shahlong-seer-Marn Cambrai--Kong-bray Chambley--Shahm-blay Chantilly-Shang-tee-yees Chaumont--Sho-mong Cherbourg--Sher-boor Compeigne-K~ong-pee-enn Conde--Kong-day Crecy--1Bray-see Denain-Deh-neh Dieppe--Dee--epp Douai-Doao-ay Dunkerque--Daihn -keerk Epernay-ABy-pair-nay Epinal-ABy-pee-nal Etain-ABy-tang Etappes--Ay-tapp F'ontaine-FFong-ten Fumray-FPee-may Givet--Zhee-vay Gravelines-Grahv-leen HEavre-ABv-r Hazebrouck-ABhz-bruk La Bassee--Lah-Bah-say Laon--Lohng Lens--Lahng Liancourt-Lee-ong-coor. Lille--Leel Longwy--Long-vee Luneville-Lleen-veel ]Lys--Lees Malp laquet--Mahl-plahkay Marne--Marn Maiarseilles--Mar- say -yeh Maubert-MAo-bair Maubeuge--Mo-berz Meaux--Mo Mieurthe et Moselle Murtay-Mo-sel Meuse-Merz Mliezieres-May- shee- air Moontideer-Mong-teedyay M/ontfaucon-Mong-fokong M~ontmedy7-MAong-mehdee Montreuill-Mong-troy N~ancy--Nahn-ise Nanteuil--Nong-toy Neuilly--Noy-yee Nord--Nor Norvelles--No-vel Noy on--Nwah-yong Oise--Wahz Orleans--0r-lay-ong Oyi-_-Waah Pas de Calais-Pah-dKah-lay Peronne--Pair-run Reims--Renh Roubaix--Roo-bay Rouen-Ro~o-ong Sedan--Seh-dong Senlis--Song-l~ee Soissons--Swah- song Somme-Sum St. Armand--San-Tarmong St. Die--Sang-Dee -'ay St. Mihiel--Sang-Meal St. Omer-SSan-to -m air St. Pol--Sang-pohl St. Quentin--Sang-kongtang St. Remy--Sang-Ruh-m(ý Toulon--Too-long Valenciennes--Val- longs-yenn Varenes--Vah-ren Verdu~n--Vair- dung.Vervins--Ver-vang Vitry-Vee-tre@ Vosges-Vohzh Woevre--Wuh-vr Zaydcoote-aid-koht SEE FOLLOWING PAGE FOR THE PEACE CONGRESS TERMS -- AND SUMMAhRY OF THE LEAGUE CFNTIN A SUMMARY OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS The Proposed Signatories of the League--are to be the Associated Powers which drew it up. Other states may later be invited to come in. The Powers, whose members prepared the League are as follows: (A) The United States, the British Empire, France, Italy and Japan described in the League Constitution as the five allied and associated powers, and (B) Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, the Hedjas, Honduras, Liberia, Nicarag-aa, Panama, Peru, Portugal, Rumania, Serbia, Siam, CechoSlovakia, and Uruguay. Germany may later be admitted. Nentbership--The members of the league will be the signatories of the covenant and other states invited to accede, who must lodge a declaration of accession without reservation within two months. A new state, dominion, or colony may be admitted provided its admission is agreed to by two-thirds of the assembly. A state may withdraw upon giving two years' notice, if it has fulfilled all its international' obligations. Secretariat-A permanent secretariat will be established at the seat of the league which will be at Geneva. Assembly--The assembly will consist of representatives of the members of the league, and wi.1 meet at stated intervals. Voting will be by states. Each member will have one vote and not more than three representatives. {Counci--The council will consist of representatives of the five great allied powers, together with representatives of four members selected by the assembly from time to time; it may co-operate with additional states and will meet at least once a yiear. Meembers not represented will be invited to send a representative when quest.ions affecting their interests are discussed. Voting will be by states. Each state will have one vNote and not more than one, representative. Decision taken by the assembly and council must be unanimous except in regard to procedure, and in,Iertain cases specified in the covenant and in the treaty, where decisions will be by a majority. Armanients--The council will formulate plans for a reduction of armaments for consideration and adoption. These plans will be revised every ten years. Once they are with any party to the dispute which complies with it, if a member fails to carry out the award, the council will propose the necessary mneasures. The council will formulate plans for the establishment of a permanent court, of international justice to determine international disputes or to. give advisory opinions Members who do not submit their case to arbitration must accept the jurisdiction Off the assembly. If the council, less the parties to the dispute, is unanimously agreed apon the rights of it, the members agree that they will not.go to war with any party to the dispute which complies with its recommendations. In this case, a recommendation by the assembly adopted, no member must exceed the armaments.1xed without the concurrence of the council. Programs will be revised every ten years. Once they are adopted no member must exceed the armaments text without,oncurrence of the council. All members will exchange full information as to armaments and programs, and a permanent commission will advise the council on mnilitary and naval questions. "IPrevenfing of War--Upon any war, or threat of war, the council will meet to.:"onsider what common action shall be taken. -Members are pledged to submit matters of dispute to arbitration or inquiry and not to resort to war until three months after the award. Members agree to carry out an arbitral award, and not to go to war with any party to the dispute which complies with it; if a member fails 'Lo carry out the award the council will propose the necessary measures. The council will formulate plans for the establishment of a permanent court of international justice to determine international disputes or to give advisory opinions. Members who do not submit their cases to arbitration must accept the jurisdiction of the assembly. If the council, less the parties to the dispute, is unanimously agreed upon the rights of it, the members agree that they will not go to war with any party to the dispute which complies with its recommendations. In this case if the necessary agreement cannot be secured the members reserve the right to take such action as may be necessary for the maintenance of right and justice. Members resorting to war in disregard of the covenant will immediately be debarred from all intercourse with other members. The council will in such cases consider what military or naval action, can be taken by the league collectively for the protection of the covenants and will afford facilities to members co-operating in this enterprise. Talidity of Treaties--All treaties or international engagements concluded after the institunion of the league will be registered with the secretariat and published. The assembly may from time to time advise members to reconsider treaties which have become inapplicable or involve danger of peace. The covenant abrogates all obligations between members inconsistent with its terms, but nothing in it shall affect the validity of international engagement such as treaties of arbitration or regional understandings like the Monroe doctrine for securing the maintenance of peace. The _111andatory System--The tutelage of nations not yet able to stand by themselves will be entrusted to advanced nations who are best fitted to undertake it. The covenant recognizes three different stages of development requiring different kinds of mandatories. Communities like those belonging to the Turkish empire which can be provisionally recognized as independent, subject to advice and assistance from a mnandatory in whose selection they would be allowed a voice. Communities like those of Central Africa, to be administered by the mandatory under conditions generally approved by the members of the league where equal opportunities for trade will be allowed to all members; certain abuses, such as trade in slaves, arms and liquor, will be prohibited, and the construction of military and naval bases and the introduction of compulsory military training will be disallowed. Other communities, such as Southwest Africa, and the south Pacific islands, will be administered under the laws of the mandatory as integral portions of its territory. In every case the mandatory will render an annual report and the degree of its authority will be defined. Thee Monroe Doctrine--is fully safeguarded by the League, which provides that no intervention in American affairs is to be allowed. General International Provisions-Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of international conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the members of the league will in general endeavor, through the international organization established by the labor convention, to secure and maintain fair conditions of labor for men, women and children in their own countries and other countries, and undertake to secure just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their control; they will entrust the league with-the general supervision over the execution of agreements for the suppression of traffic in women and children, etc.; and the control of the trade in arms and ammunition with countries in which control is nBecessary; they will make provision for freedom of communications and transit and equitable treatment for commerce of all members of the league, with special reference to the necessities of regions devastated during the war; and they will endeavor to take steps for international prevention and control of disease, International bureaus and commissions already established will be placed under the league, as well as those to be established in the future. Amendments to the Covenant-Amendments to the covenant will take effect when ratified by the council and by a majority of the assembly. Regarding Gernitany-The covenant of the league of nations constitutes section 1 of tbe peace treaty, which places upon the league many specific duties in addition to its general duties. It mnay penalize Germany at any tim,e for a violation of the neutralized zone east of the Rhine as _ th-reat against the world's peace. It will appoint three of the five members of the Saar commission, to oversee its regime and carry out the plebiscite. It will appoint the high commissioner of Danzig, guarantee the independence of the free city and arrange for treaties between Danzig ana Germany and Poland. It will work out the mandatory system to be applied to the former German colonies, and act as a final court in part of the plebiscites of the BelgianGerman frontier, and in disputes as to the Kiel eana! and decide certain of the economic and financial problems. An international conference on labor is to be held in October under its direction, and another on the international control of ports, waterways and railways is foreshadowed. SUMMARY OF THE GERMAN PEACE TERMS Signed by the German Peace Delegates on June 28, and Ratified by the German Assembly on July 9, 1919. vI The treaty of peace between the twenty-seven allied powers on the one hand and Germany on the other, is the longest treaty ever drawn. Jt totals about 80,000 words, divided into fifteen main sections, and represents the combined product of more than a thousand experts working continually through a series of commissions for the five and a half months since Jan. 18. The treaty is printed in parallel pages of English and French, which are recognized as having equal validity. It does not deal with questions affecting Austria, Bulgaria and Turkey except in so far as binding Germany to accept any agreement reached with those former allies, Following the preamble and deposition of powers comes the covenant of the league of nations as the first section of the treaty.,The frontiers of Germany in Europe are defined in the second section; European political clauses are given in the third. Next are the military, naval and air terms as the fifth section, followed by a section on prisoners of war and military graves and a seventh on responsibilities. Reparations, financial terms and economic terms are covered in sections eight to ten. Then comes the aeronautic section, ports, waterways and railways section, the labor covenant, the section on guarantees and the final clauses. Germany by the terms of the treaty restores Alsace-Lorraine to France, accepts the internationalization of the Saar basin temporarily and of Danzig permanently, agrees to territorial changes toward Belgium and Denmark and in East Prussia, cedes most of upper Silesia to Poland, and renounces all territorial and political rights outside Europe as to her own or her allies' territories, and especially to Morocco, Egypt, Siam, Liberia and Shantung. She also recognizes the total independence of German-Austria, Czecho-Slovakia and Poland. Her army is reduced to 200,000 men, including officers; conscription within her territories is abolished; all forts fifty kilometers east of the Rhine razed; and all importation, exportation and nearly all production of war and material stopped. Allied occupation of parts of Germany will continue till reparation is made, but will be reduced at the end of each of three five-year periods if Germany is fulfilling her obligations. Any violation by Germany of the conditionls as to the zone fifty kilometers east of the Rhine will be regarded as an act of war. The German navy is reduced to six battleships, six light cruisers and twelve torpedo boats, without submarines, and a personnel of not over 15,000 troops. All other vessels must be surrendered or destroyed. Germany is forbidden to build forts controlling the Baltic, must demolish Helgoland, open the Kiel canal to all nations and surrender her fourteen submarine cables. She may have no military or naval air forces except 100 unarmed seaplanes until Oct. 1 to detect mines, and may Manufacture aviation material for six months. S Germany accepts full responsibility for all damages caused to allied and associated governments and nationals, agrees specifically to reimburse all civilian damages beginning with an initial payment of 20,000,000,000 marks (about $5,000,000,000), subsequent payments to be secured by bonds to be issued at the discretion of the reparation commission. Germany is to pay shipping damage on a ton-for-ton basis by cession of a large part of her merchant coasting and river fleets and by new construction; and to devote her economic resources to the rebuilding of the devastated regions, She agrees to return to the 1914 most-favored nation tariffs without discrimination of any sort; to allow allied and associated rationals 'freedom of transit through her territories, and to accept highl,. detailed provisions as to pre-war debts, unfair competition, internationalization of roads and rivers, and other economic and financial clauses. She also agrees to the trial of the former kaiser by an international high court for a supreme offense against international morality and of other nationals for violation of the laws and customs of war, Holland to be asked to extradite the former emperor, and Germany being responsible for delivering the latter. The league of nations is accepted by the allied and associated powers as operative and by Germany in principle, but without membership; but membership is to be given her a little later after complying with the first of the Peace Term requirements. Similarly an international labor body is brought into being with a permanent office and an annual convention. A great number of international bodies of different ]kinds and for different purposes are created, under the league of nations, some to execute the peace treaty.. Among the former is thEe commission to govern the Saar basin till a plebiscite is held fifteen years hence; the high commissioner of Danzig, which is created into a free city under the league, and various commissions for plebiscites in Malmody, Schleswig and East Prussia. Among those to carry out the peace treaty are the reparations, military, naval, air, financial and economic commissions; the international high court and military tribunals to fix the responsibilities, and a series of bodies for the control of international rivers. Certain problems are left for solution between the allied and associated powers, notably details of the disposition of the German colonies and the values paid in reparation. Certain other problems, such as the laws of the air, and the opium, arms and liquor traffic, are either agreed to in detail or set for early international action. The preamble names as parties of the one part the United States, the British empire, France, Italy and Japan, described as the five allied and associated powers, and Belgium, Bolivia, China, Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Guatemala, IHaiti, the Hedjaz, Honduras, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Serbia, Siam, Czecho-Slovakia and Uruguay, who with the five above are described as the allied and associated powers, and on the other part, Germany, r I THE FORMER EMPIRE OF TURKEY IN ASIA Since the end of the War Armenia, Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine have been taken from Turkey and placed under International control. Conservator's Report Bentley Historical Library Title: Atlas and Plat Book of Lenawee County, 1921 Received: Maps mounted to guards, stapled into paper covers with a cloth spine. Paper was acidic. Treatment: Picked book to pieces. Removed staples. Washed pages in water, removing guards. Dried and pressed in blotter stack. Deacidified. 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