01ý.......... sum Vot U\ 'at;> '4 717 V ~ 0 Q Q N~2~ 7' SPRAGUE'S HISTORY OF GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES MICHIGAN EMBRACING A CONCISE REVIEW OF THEIR EARLY SETTLEMENT, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND PRESENT CONDITIONS, TOGETHER WITH INTERESTING REMINISCENCES EDITED AND COMPILED BY ELVIN L. SPRAGUE, EsQ. AND MRS. GEORGE N. SMITH TO WHICH WILL BE APPENDED A COMPREHENSIVE COMPENDIUM OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY AND LIFE SKETCHES OF WELL-KNOWN CITIZENS OF THE COUNTY. ILLUSTRATED 1903 B. F. BOWEN PUBLISHER PUBLISHER'S PREFACE N PLACING Sprague's History of Grand Traverse and Leelanaw Counties, Michigan, before the citizens, the publisher can conscientiously claim that he has carried out in full every promise made in the Prospectus. He points with pride to the elegance of the binding of the volume, and to the beauty of its typography, to the superiority of the paper on which the work is printed, and the truthfulness depicted by its portraits and the high class of art in which they are finished. Every biographical sketch has been submitted for approval and correction, to the person for whom it was written, and therefore any error of fact, if there be any, is solely due to the person for whom the sketch was prepared. The publisher would here avail himself of the opportunity to thank the citizens of Grand Traverse and Leelanaw Counties for the uniform kindness with which they have regarded this undertaking, and for their many services rendered in assisting in the gaining of necessary information. Confident that our efforts to please will fully meet the approbation of the public, we are, Respectfully, ~ B. F. BOWEN, Publisher. \ lb AUTHOR'S PREFACE. ZHE OBJECT of the present work is to give as complete and authentic a history of the Grand Traverse reg ion, and especially the counties of Grand Traverse and Leelanaw, as possible, from the earliest settlement down to the present time. Comparatively little attention will be given to the rest of the region except as it comes in incidentally in connection with matters pertaining to these two counties. The first effort to write up anything like an extended description of the region was performed in 1866, by the late Alexander Winchell, A. M., who, after a very careful exploration of the region, embraced his conclusions in a report of -about one hundred printed pages, entitled, "A Report on the Geological and Industrial Re-. sources of the Counties of Antrim, Grand Traverse, Benzie and Leelanaw.") This report was of great value and assisted greatly in bringing the region to public notice and settlement. The first effort, however, to compile and place before the public anything like an authentic history of the region was performed by judge Reuben Hatch, then a,resident of Traverse City, now of Grand Rapids. The judge spent a good deal of time in making careful research and gathering material, which he embodied in a lecture which was given to the public in the shape of an address delivered to An audience in Traverse City, July 4, 18(6. The first attempt to write anything like a complete history of the region was made by Dr. M. L. Leach in 1883, and published by Mr. Thomas T. Bates, proprietor of the Grand Traverse Herald. This was followed, in 1894, by the publication of "The Grand Traverse Region, Historical and Descriptive,"' by H. R. Page & Company, of Chicago. This last included the region as far north as the Straits of Mackinaw. For much of the matter connected with the occupancy of these counties by the Indians and the subsequent work of the early missionaries among them, as well as the early settlement by the whites, the author of the present work wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the article by Judge Ha tcTfh and the. hisqtory by Dr. INDEX COMPENDIUM OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY PAGE Abbott, Lyman............. 144 Adams, Charles Kendall..... 143 Adams, John............... 25 Adams, John Quincy......... 6; Agassiz, Louis J. R.......... 137 Alger, Russell A............ 173 Allison, William B.......... 131 Allston, Washington......... 190 Altgeld, John Peter.......... 140 Andrews, Elisha B........ 184 Anthony, Susan B........ 62 Armour, Philip D........... 62 Arnold, Benedict............ 84 Arthur, Chester Allen....... 168 Astor, John Jacob........ 139 Audubon, John James....... 166 Bailey, James Montgomery... 177 Bancroft, George............ 74 Barnard, Frederick A. P..... 179 Barnum, Phineas T......... 41 Barrett, Lawrence.......... 156 Barton, Clara........... 209 Bayard, Thomas Francis..... 200 Beard, William H......... 196 Beauregard, Pierre G. T...... 203 Beecher, Henry Ward...... 26 Bell, Alexander Graham.... 96 Bennett, James Gordon...... 206 Benton, Thomas Hart........ 53 Bergh, Henry............... 60 Bierstadt, Albert.......... 197 Billings, Josh.............6 166 Blame, James Gillespie....... 22 Bland, Richard Parks....... o6 PAGE Boone, Daniel.............. 36 Booth, Edwin............. 51 Booth, Junius Brutus........ 177 Brice, Calvin S.............. 181 Brooks, Phillips............. 130 Brown, John.............. 51 Brown, Charles Farrar...... 91 Brush, Charles Francis..... 153 Bryan, William Jennings..... 158 Bryant, William Cullen...... 44 Buchanan, Franklin.......... 105 Buchanan, James............ 128 Buckner, Simon Boliver..... 188 Burdette, Robert J........... 103 Burr, Aaron................ III Butler, Benjamin Franklin... 24 Calhoun, John Caldwell..... 23 Cameron, James Donald..... 141 Cameron, Simon............. 141 Cammack, Addison........... 197 Campbell, Alexander........ 180 Carlisle, John G............ 133 Carnegie, Andrew........... 73 Carpenter, Matthew Hale.... 178 Carson, Christopher (Kit)... 86 Cass, Lewis................. o Chase, Salmon Portland..... 65 Childs, George W.......... 83 Choate, Rufus............... 207 Chaflin, Horace Brigham..... 107 Clay, Henry................. 21 Clemens, Samuel Langhorne. 86 Cleveland, Grover........... 174 Clews, Henry.............. 53! SClinton, DeWitt............ Colfax, Schuyler............ Conkling, Alfred........... Conkling, Roscoe......... Cooley, Thomas McIntyre.... Cooper, James Fenimore..... Cooper, Peter............... Copeley, John Singleton...... Corbin, Austin.............. Corcoran, W. W............ Cornell, Ezra................ Cramp, William............ Crockett, David............ Cullom, Shelby Moore....... Curtis, George William...... Cushman, Charlotte.......... Custer, George A............ Dana, Charles A............. "Danbury News Man"....... Davenport, Fanny.......... Davis, Jefferson............ Debs, Eugene V............. Decatur, Stephen........... Deering, William............ Depew, Chauncey Mitchell... Dickinson, Anna............ Dickinson, Don M......... Dingley, Nelson,, Jr......... Donnelly, Ignatius........... Douglas, Stephen Arnold.... Douglass, Frederick........ Dow, Neal................. Draper, John William........ PAGE no 139 32 32 140 58 37 191 205 196 16i 189 76 116 144 107 95 88 177 Io6 24 132 I0o 198 209 103 139 215 161 53 43 io8 184 INDEX-PART I. PAGE Drexel, Anthony Joseph..... 124 Dupont, Henry.............. 198 Edison, Thomas Alva....... 55 Edmunds, George F......... 201 Ellsworth, Oliver............ 168 Emerson, Ralph Waldo...... 57 Ericsson, John.............. 127 Evarts, William Maxwell.... 89 Farragut, David Glascoe.... 80 Field, Cyrus West.......... 173 Field, David Dudley......... 126 Field, Marshall.............. 59 Field, Stephen Johnson...... 216 Fillmore, Millard............ 113 Foote, Andrew Hull........ 176 Foraker, Joseph B.......... 143 Forrest, Edwin.................. 92 Franklin, Benjamin......... 18 Fremont, John Charles....... 29 Fuller, Melville Westoi...... 168 Fulton, Robert............... 62 Gage, Lyman J............. 71 Gallatin, Albert.............. 112 Garfield, James A.......... 163 Garrett, John Work......... 200 Garrison, William Lloyd..... 50 Gates, Horatio.............. 70 Gatling, Richard Jordan...... 16 George, Henry............. 203 Gibbons, Cardinal James..... 209 Gilmore, Patrick Sarsfield.... 77 Girard, Stephen............ 137 Gough, John B.............. 131 Gould, Jay................ 52 Gordon, John B............ 215 Grant, Ulysses S............. 55 Gray, Asa................ 88 Gray, Elisha................. 149 Greeley, Adolphus W........ 142 Greeley, Horace............ 20 Greene, Nathaniel........... 69 Gresham, Walter Quintin... 183 Hobart, Garrett A......... Holmes, Oliver Wendell..... Hooker, Joseph............. Howe, Elias.............. Howells, William Dean...... Houston, Sam............... Hughes, Archbishop John.... Hughitt, Marvin............. Hull, Isaac................ Huntington, Collis Potter.... PAGE 213 206 52 130 104 120 157 159 169 94 PAGE Morgan, John Pierpont...... 2o8 Morgan, John T............ 216 Morris, Robert............ 65 Morse, Samuel F. B......... 124 Morton, Levi P............. 142 Morton, Oliver Perry....... 215 Motley, John Lathrop........ 13 "Nye, Bill"................ 59 Nye, Edgar Wilson......... 59 O'Conor, Charles........... 187 Olney, Richard............ 133 Ingalls, John James......... 114 Ingersoll, Robert G.......... 85 Irving, Washington.......... 33 Jackson, Andrew.......... 71 Jackson, "Stonewall"....... 67 Jackson, Thomas Jonathan.. 67 Jay, John.................. 39 Jefferson, Joseph............ 47 Jefferson, Thomas........... 34 Johnson, Andrew............ 145 Johnson, Eastman........... 202 Johnston, Joseph Eccleston.. 85 Jones, James K............. 171 Jones, John Paul............ 97 Jones, Samuel Porter........ "15 Kane, Elisha Kent........... 125 Kearney, Philip............. 210 Kenton, Simon.............. 188 Knox, John Jay............. 134 Lamar, Lucius Q. C......... 201 Landon, Melville D.......... iog Lee, Robert Edward......... 38 Lewis, Charles B............ 193 Lincoln, Abraham........... 135 Livermore, Mary Ashton..... 131 Locke, David Ross.......... 172 Logan, John A............ 26 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 37 Longstreet, James........... 56 Lowell, James Russell....... o04 Mackay, John William....... 148 Madison, James............. 42 Marshall, John.............. 156 Mather, Cotton............. 164 Mather, Increase............ 163 Maxim, Hiram S............ 194 McClellan, George Brinton.. 47 McCormick, Cyrus Hall..... 172 McDonough, Com. Thomas.. 167 McKinley, William.......... 217 Meade, George Gordon...... 75 Medill, Joseph............... 159 Miles, Nelson A............ 176 Miller, Cincinnatus Heine... 218 Miller, Joaquin............. 218 Mills, Roger Quarles........ 211 Monroe, James............. 54 Moody, Dwight L........... 207 Moran, Thomas.............. 98 Paine, Thomas............. Palmer,' John M............ Parkhurst, Charles Henry..., "Partington, Mrs."........ Peabody, George........ Peck, George W.......... Peffer, William A........... Perkins, Eli................ Perry, Oliver Hazard........ Phillips, Wendell.......... Pierce, Franklin............. Pingree, Hazen S.......... Plant, Henry B............. Poe, Edgar Allen........... Polk. James Knox........... Porter, David Dixon........ Porter, Noah............... Prentice, George Denison.... Prescott, William Hickling.. Pullman, George Mortimer.. Quad, M................ Quiay, Matthew S........... Randolph, Edmund.......... Read, Thomas Buchanan.... Reed, Thomas Brackett...... Reid, Whitelaw............. Roach, John................ Rockefeller, John Ravison... Root, George Frederick...... Rothermel, Peter F......... Rutledge, John.............. 147 195 160 202 170 187 164 109L 97 30 122 212 192 69 102 68 93 119 96 121 193 171 136 132 208 149 1go 195 218 113 57 Hale, Edward Everett....... Hall, Charles Francis........ Hamilton, Alexander........ Hamlin, Hannibal........... Hampton, Wade............. Hancock, Winfield Scott...... Hanna, Marcus Alonzo...... Harris, Isham G............ Harrison, William Henry.... Harrison, Benjamin.......... Harvard, John.............. Havemeyer, John Craig...... Hawthorne, Nathaniel....... Hayes, Rutherford Birchard.. Hendricks, Thomas Andrew.. Henry, Joseph.............. Henry, Patrick.............. Hill, David Bennett.......... 79 167 31 214 192 146 169 214 87 182 129 182 135 157 212 105 83 90 Sage, Russell.............. 211 Schofield, John McAlister.... 199 Schurz, Carl................ 201 Scott, Thomas Alexander.... 204 Scott, Winfield.............. 79 Seward, William Henry..... 44 Sharon, William......... 165 Shaw, Henry W............ 166 Sheridan, Phillip Henry..... 40 Sherman, Charles R....... 87 Sherman, John.............. 8 Sherman, William Tecumseh. 30 Shillaber, Benjamin Penhallow 202 Smith, Edmund Kirby....... 114 Sousa, John Philip.......... 6o Spreckles, Claus............. 159 INDEX-PART I. PAGE Stanford, Leland............ 101 Stanton, Edwin McMasters.. 179 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady..... 126 Stephens, Alexander Hamilton 32 Stephenson, Adlai Ewing.... 141 Stewart, Alexander T........ 58 Stewart, William Morris.... 213 Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth Beecher................ 66 Stuart, James E. B.......... 122 Sumner, Charles............ 34 F Thurston, John M........... Tilden, Samuel J........... Tillman, Benjamin Ryan.... Toombs, Robert.......... '"'wain, M1ark"............. Tyler, John................. Van Buren, Martin......... Vanderbilt, Cornelius....... Vail, Alfred................. Vest, George Graham........ Vilas, William Freeman..... Voorhees, Daniel Wolsey.... Waite, Morrison Remich..... Wallace, Lewis............. Wallack, Lester............. Wallack, John Lester........ Wanamaker, John.......... Ward, "Artemus"........... PAGE 166 48 li9 205 86 93 78 35 154 214 140 95 125 199 121 121 89 91 PAGE Washburne, Elihu Benjamin.. 189 Washington, George......... 17 Watson, Thomas E.......... 78 Watterson, Henry.......... 76 Weaver, James B............ 123 Webster, Daniel............. 19 Webster, Noah.............. 49 Weed, Thurlow.............. 91 West, Benjamin............. 115 Whipple, Henry Benjamin... 161 White, Stephen V........... 162 Whitefield, George.......... 150 Whitman, Walt............. 197 Whitney, Eli............... 12o Whitney, William Collins.... 92 Whittier, John Greenleaf..... 67 Willard, Frances E.......... 133 Wilson, William L.......... 8o Winchell, Alexander.......... 175 Windom, William.......... 138 Talmage, Thomas DeWitt... Taney, Roger Brooks........ Taylor, Zachary............. Teller, Henry M............. Tesla, Nikola............ Thomas, George H.......... Thomas, Theodore......... Thurman, Allen G......... 6o 129 io8 127 193 73 172 90 PORTRAITS OF NATIONAL CELEBRITIES. PAGE Alger, Russell A............ 16 Allison, William B.......... 99 Anthony, Susan B............ 63 Armour, Philip D........... 151 Arthur, Chester A.......... 81 Barnum, Phineas T......... 117 Beecher, Henry Ward....... 27 Blaine, James G............. 151 Booth, Edwin.............. 63 Bryan, Wm. J........... 63 Bryant, William Cullen...... 185 Buchanan, James............ 81 Buckner, Simon B........ 16 Butler, Benjamin F.......... 151 Carlisle, John G............. 151 Chase, Salmon P............ 16 Childs, George W.......... 99 Clay, Henry......... 81 Cleveland, Grover.......... 45 Cooper, Peter........... 99 Dana, Charles A............ 151 Depew, Chauncey M........ 117 Douglass, Fred........... 63 Emerson, Ralph Waldo...... 27 Evarts, William M.......... 99 Farragut, Com. D. G......... 85 Field, Cyrus W............ 63 PAGE Field, Marshall.............. 117 Franklin, Benjamin.......... 63 Fremont, Gen. John C....... 16 Gage, Lyman J.............. 151 Garfield, James A.......... 45 Garrison, William Lloyd.... 63 George, Henry.............. 117 Gould, Jay................ 99 Grant, Gen. U. S............ 185 Greeley, Horace............ 81 Hampton, Wade........... 16 Hancock, Gen. Winfield S.... 185 Hanna, Mark A............. 117 Harrison, Benjamin.......... 81 Hayes, R. B.............. 45 Hendricks, Thomas A....... 81 Holmes, Oliver W........... 151 Hooker, Gen. Joseph......... 16 Ingersoll, Robert G.......... 117 Irving, Washington......... 27 Jackson, Andrew............ 45 Jefferson, Thomas........... 45 Johnston, Gen. J. E........ 16 Lee, Gen. Robert E........ 185 Lincoln, Abraham........... 81 Logan, Gen. John A........ 16 Longfellow. Henry W....... 185 PAGE Longstreet, Gen. James...... 16 Lowell, James Russell....... 27 McKinley, William.......... 45 Morse, S. F. B.............. 185 Phillips, Wendell............ 27 Porter, Com. D. D.......... 85 Pullman, George M.......... 117 Quay, M. S................. 99 Reed, Thomas B............ 151 Sage, Russell............... 117 Scott, Gen. Winfield......... 185 Seward, William H........ 45 Sherman, John.............. 99 Sherman, Gen. W. T........ 151 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady..... 27 Stowe, Harriet Beecher...... 27 Sumner, Charles............ 45 Talmage, T. DeWitt........ 63 Teller, Henry M........... 99 Thurman, Allen G.......... 8 Tilden, Samuel J............ 117 Van Buren, Martin.......... 81 Vanderbilt, Commodore...... 99 Webster, Daniel............. 27 Whittier, John G............ 27 Washington, George......... 45 Watterson, Henry.......... 63 INDEX-PART I. I PAGE Drexel, Anthony Joseph..... 124 Dupont, Henry.............. 198 Edison, Thomas Alva....... 55 Edmunds, George F......... 201 Ellsworth, Oliver............ 168 Emerson, Ralph Waldo...... 57 Ericsson, John................ 127 Evarts, William Maxwell.... 89 Farragut, David Glascoe.... 80 Field, Cyrus West........... 173 Field, David Dudley......... 126 Field, Marshall.............. 59 Field, Stephen Johnson...... 216 Fillmore, Millard............ 113 Foote, Andrew Hull........ 176 Foraker, Joseph B........... 143 Forrest, Edwin............. 92 Franklin, Benjamin......... 18 Fremont, John Charles....... 29 Fuller, Melville Weston...... 168 Fulton, Robert............... 62 Gage, Lyman J............. 71 Gallatin, Albert.............. 112 Garfield, James A........... 163 Garrett, John Work......... 2oo Garrison, William Lloyd..... 50 Gates, Horatio.............. 70 Gatling, Richard Jordan......II16 George, Henry.............. 203 Gibbons, Cardinal James..... 209 Gilmore, Patrick Sarsfield.... 77 Girard, Stephen.............. 137 Gough, John B.............. 131 Gould, Jay.................. 52 Gordon, John B............ 215 Grant, Ulysses S............ 155 Gray, Asa................... 88 Gray, Elisha................. 149 Greeley, Adolphus W........ 142 Greeley, Horace............ 20 Greene, Nathaniel........... 69 Gresham, Walter Quintin... 183 Hale, Edward Everett....... 79 Hall, Charles Francis........ 167 Hamilton, Alexander........ 31 Hamlin, Hannibal.......... 214 Hampton, Wade............. 192 Hancock, Winfield Scott..... 146 Hanna, Marcus Alonzo...... 169 Harris, Isham G............ 214 Harrison, William Henry.... 87 Harrison, Benjamin.......... 182 Harvard, John............. 129 Havemeyer, John Craig...... 182 Hawthorne, Nathaniel....... 135 Hayes, Rutherford Birchard.. 157 Hendricks, Thomas Andrew.. 212 Henry, Joseph............... 105 Henry, Patrick............. 83 Hill, David Bennett.......... go PAGE Hobart, Garrett A......... 213 Holmes, Oliver Wendell..... 206 Hooker, Joseph.............. 52 Howe, Elias................. 13 Howells, William Dean...... 104 Houston, Sam............... 120 Hughes, Archbishop John.... 157 Hughitt, Marvin............. 59 Hull, Isaac.................. 69 Huntington, Collis Potter.... 94 Ingalls, John James.......... 114 Ingersoll, Robert G.......... 8 Irving, Washington.......... 33 PAGE Morgan, John Pierpont..... 208 Morgan, John T.......... 216 Morris, Robert.......... 165 Morse, Samuel F. B......... 124 Morton, Levi P............. 142 Morton, Oliver Perry....... 215 Motley, John Lathrop........ 130 "Nye, Bill"................ 59 Nye, Edgar Wilson......... 59 O'Conor, Charles........... 187 Olney, Richard............. 133 Jackson, Andrew......... Jackson, "Stonewall"....... Jackson, Thomas Jonathan.. Jay, John............... Jefferson, Joseph............ Jefferson, Thomas.......... Johnson, Andrew............ Johnson, Eastman........... Johnston, Joseph Eccleston.. Jones, James K............. Jones, John Paul............ Jones, Samuel Porter...... Kane, Elisha Kent........... Kearney, Philip............. Kenton, Simon.............. Knox, John Jay............. Lamar, Lucius Q. C.......... Landon, Melville D.......... Lee, Robert Edward......... Lewis, Charles B............ Lincoln, Abraham.......... Livermore, Mary Ashton..... Locke, David Ross.......... Logan, John A.............. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth Longstreet, James........... Lowell, James Russell....... Mackay, John William....... Madison, James............. Marshall, John.............. Mather, Cotton.............. Mather, Increase............ Maxim, Hiram S............ McClellan, George Brinton.. McCormick, Cyrus Hall..... McDonough, Com. Thomas.. McKinley, William.......... Meade, George Gordon...... Medill, Joseph............... Miles, Nelson A............ Miller, Cincinnatus Heine... Miller, Joaquin............. Mills, Roger Quarles........ Monroe, James............ Moody, Dwight L........... Moran, Thomas............. 71 67 67 39 47 34 145 202 85 171 97 '15 125 210 I88 134 201 Iog 38 193 135 131 172 26 37 56 104 148 42 156 164 163 194 47 172 167 217 75 159 176 218 218 211 54 207 98 Paine, Thomas........... Palmer,' John M............ Parkhurst, Charles Henry.... "Partington, Mrs."........ Peabody, George........... Peck, George W............ Peffer, William A........... Perkins, Eli................. Perry, Oliver Hazard........ Phillips, Wendell........... Pierce, Franklin............. Pingree, Hazen S........... Plant, Henry B............. Poe, Edgar Allen............ Polk. James Knox........... Porter, David Dixon........ Porter, Noah............. Prentice, George Denison.... Prescott, William Hickling.. Pullman, George Mortimer.. 147 195 i6o 202 170 187 164 Iog9 97 30 122 212 192 69 102 68 93 I9r 96 121 Quad, M................... 193 Quay, Matthew S........... 171 Randolph, Edmund......... Read, Thomas Buchanan.... Reed, Thomas Brackett...... Reid, Whitelaw............. Roach, John............... Rockefeller, John Ravison... Root, George Frederick...... Rothermel, Peter F......... Rutledge, John.............. 136 132 208 149 190 195 218 113 57 Sage, Russell............... 211 Schofield, John McAlister.... 199 Schurz, Carl................ 2o0 Scott, Thomas Alexander.... 204 Scott, Winfield.............. 79 Seward, William Henry..... 44 Sharon, William............ 165 Shaw, Henry W............ 166 Sheridan, Phillip Henry..... 40 Sherman, Charles R......... 87 Sherman, John.............. 8 Sherman, William Tecumseh. 3o Shillaber, Benjamin Penhallow 202 Smith, Edmund Kirby....... It4 Sousa, John Philip.......... 6 Spreckles, Claus.............. 159 INDEX-PART I. PAGE Stanford, Leland............ o1 Stanton, Edwin McMasters.. 179 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady..... 126 Stephens, Alexander Hamilton 32 Stephenson, Adlai Ewing.... 141 Stewart, Alexander T........ 58 Stewart, William Morris.... 213 Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth Beecher.............. 66 Stuart, James E. B......... 122 Sumner, Charles............. 34 PAGE Thurston, John M........... 166 Tilden, Samuel J............ 48 Tillman, Benjamin Ryan.... 119 Toombs, Robert............. 205 "TIwain, Miark"............ 86 Tyler, John................. 93 Talmage, Thomas DeWitt... Taney, Roger Brooks........ Taylor, Zachary........ Teller, Henry M............ Tesla, Nikola............ Thomas, George H.......... Thomas, Theodore........ Thurman, Allen G........... 6o 129 io8 127 I93 73 172 90 Van Buren, Martin......... Vanderbilt, Cornelius....... Vail, Alfred.............. Vest, George Graham........ Vilas, William Freeman..... Voorhees, Daniel Wolsey.... Waite, Morrison Remich..... Wallace, Lewis............. Wallack, Lester................ Wallack, John Lester........ Wanamaker, John.......... Ward, "Artemus"........... 78 35 154 214 140 95 125 199 121 121 89 91 PAGE Washburne, Elihu Benjamin.. I89 Washington, George........ 17 Watson, Thomas E.......... 178 Watterson, Henry.......... 76 Weaver, James B............ 123 Webster, Daniel............. 19 Webster, Noah............. 49 Weed, Thurlow............ 91 West, Benjamin............. 115 Whipple, Henry Benjamin... 161 White, Stephen V........... 162 Whitefield, George........... 15o Whitman, Walt............. 197 Whitney, Eli................ 12o Whitney, William Collins.... 92 Whittier, John Greenleaf..... 67 Willard, Frances E.......... 133 Wilson, William L......... 18o Winchell, Alexander........ 175 Windom, William.......... 138 PORTRAITS OF NATIONAL CELEBRITIES. PAGE Alger, Russell A............ 16 Allison, William B......... 99 Anthony, Susan B........ 63 Armour, Philip D........... 151 Arthur, Chester A.......... 81 Barnum, Phineas T......... 117 Beecher, Henry Ward....... 27 Blaine, James G............. 151 Booth, Edwin.............. 63 Bryan, Wm. J............... 63 Bryant, William Cullen...... 185 Buchanan, James............ 81 Buckner, Simon B........... 16 Butler, Benjamin F........... 151 Carlisle, John G............. 151 Chase, Salmon P............ 16 Childs, George W.......... 99 Clay, Henry................ 81 Cleveland, Grover........... 45 Cooper, Peter............ 99 Dana, Charles A............ 151 Depew, Chauncey M......... 117 Douglass, Fred............ 63 Emerson, Ralph Waldo...... 27 Evarts, William M.......... 99 Farragut, Com. D. G......... 185 Field, Cyrus W........... 63 PAGE Field, Marshall.............. 117 Franklin, Benjamin.......... 63 Fremont, Gen. John C....... 16 Gage, Lyman J............. 151 Garfield, James A........... 45 Garrison, William Lloyd.... 63 George, Henry............. 117 Gould, Jay................. 99 Grant, Gen. U. S............ 185 Greeley, Horace............. 81 Hampton, Wade............ 16 Hancock, Gen. Winfield S.... 185 Hanna, Mark A............. 117 Harrison, Benjamin......... 81 Hayes, R. B................. 45 Hendricks, Thomas A....... 81 Holmes, Oliver W........... 151 Hooker, Gen. Joseph......... 16 Ingersoll, Robert G.......... 117 Irving, Washington.......... 27 Jackson, Andrew............ 45 Jefferson, Thomas........... 45 Johnston, Gen. J. E......... 16 Lee, Gen. Robert E......... 185 Lincoln, Abraham.......... 81 Logan, Gen. John A......... 16 Longfellow. Henry W..... 185 PAGE Longstreet, Gen. James...... 16 Lowell, James Russell....... 27 McKinley, William.......... 45 Morse, S. F. B............. 185 Phillips, Wendell............ 27 Porter, Com. D. D.......... 185 Pullman, George M.......... 117 Quay, M. S................. 99 Reed, Thomas B............ 151 Sage, Russell............... 117 Scott, Gen. Winfield......... 185 Seward, William H........ 45 Sherman, John.............. 99 Sherman, Gen. W. T........ 151 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady..... 27 Stowe, Harriet Beecher...... 27 Sumner, Charles............ 45 Talmage, T. DeWitt........ 63 Teller, Henry M........... 99 Thurman, Allen G.......... 8 Tilden, Samuel J............ 117 Van Buren, Martin.......... 81 Vanderbilt, Commodore...... 99 Webster, Daniel............. 27 Whittier, John G............ 27 Washington, George.......... 45 Watterson. Henry.......... 63 *HI STOR I CAL I NDEX. GRAND TRAVERSE COUNTY. PAGE. Chapter I-Origin of the Name................................................................ 220 Il-The Native Occupants............................................................. 221 Ill--Actual Settlement by the Whites................................................... 224 IV-Establishment of the First Protestant Mission in Grand Traverse County............... 226 V--Mr. Dougherty's Work in the S.ettlements........................................... 231 VI-Incidents connected with Lewis Miller's Trade with the Indians....................... 236 VI--The Site of Traverse City........................................................ 238 VIII-Hannah, Lay & Company Appear on the Scene...................................... 243 IX--More of the Firm of Hannah, Lay & Company...................................... 24.9 At X-Pioneers of Traverse City......................................................... 25(0 it XI-Religious Interest Awakened-Methodist Episcopal Class Organized at Old Mission.....25#3 It XII-First School in the County......................................................... 258 it XIII-Grand Traverse County Organized................................................. 251) I& XIV-The Circuit Court................................................................ 266 it XV-Traverse City Schools............................................................. 267 Ad XVL-Traverse City Church History.................................................... 271 If XVII-Traverse City Newspapers....................................................... 282 AdXVIII-Traverse City Public Library...................................................... 286, 94 XIX-Transportation Facilities by Water and Rail........................................ 287 69 XX-Public Buildings..................................................... o..... o....... 289 It XXI-Manufacturing Establishments................. o....................... o............ 290 At XXII-Traverse City Banking Establishments.............. o..........o.. o.......o. o-o......... 295 XXIII-Public Utilities..o.........................o.... o................................. o297 XXIV- -Mercantile Interests...o................... o........................... o............. 299 XXV-Secret Orders.......o.o.. o........................ o.......................... o...... 301 XXVI--Organized Townships in Grand Traverse County.................................... 0302 XXVII-Incorporation of Traverse City......... o............................................ 300 XXVIII-Land Products.o................... 0............................................*..o. 311 XXIX-Summer Resorts....................... o...................... oooo.. o............... 312 XXX-Early Pioneers............................. 0............ 0...... 0.....00.........0. 313 LEELANAW COUNTY. PAGE. Chapter I-Physical Features.................................. o............... o........... o.... 332 * I-First Settlements..o........ o........................................ o...........o.. 333 III-Civil History of Leelanaw County....................... o................... oo.. o.... 338 CA IV-Villages of Leelanaw County.......................-o. o....... o..................... 344 V- ResortsandIRItlroad o LelnaICuny..........................*35 INDEX. PAGE A Ainslie, Louis E.......... 596 Aldrich, George E.......... 715 Allen, Walter L........... 792 Allgaier, Joseph M......... 506 Amiotte, George E.......... 475 Amtsbuchler, John...... 548 Amtsbuchler, Joseph...... 530 Amtsbuechler, Frank........ 482 Anderson, Andrew F........ 473 Anderson, John............. 717 Anderson, William S....... 643 Ashton, Benjamin D., M. D.. 488 Atkinson, Asher M.......... 519 PAGE Brodhagen, Henry A........ 663 Brown, Francis E........... 754 Brown, Samuel M........... 501 Brownson, Myron S., M. D... 595 Buell, Judd H.............. 693 Buller, Henry C............ 726 Burke, Roswell W., M. D... 632 Burrows, Edward H........ 525 Burt, Henry C.............. 405 C B Barney, Robert...........670 Barry, John................ 760 Barth, Paul R.............. 369 Bartz, Robert............ 570 Bates, Thomas T............ 492 Bauer, Rev. Joseph.......... 791 Baynton, John R............ 391 Beecham, Horace K........ 615 Beers, Charles M......... 443 Bellinger, Adam E.......... 590 Bennett, Frank............. 728 Billman, Charles L......... 588 Bisard, John............. 576 Black, Edwin............. 646 Bloodgood, James 0......... 540 Box, Aaron............680 Brackett, Landon H........ 390 Brazebridge, Samuel L....... 528 Brinkman, Henry K...... 737 Broadway, Edward N........698 Campbell, Archibald M.... Campbell, Frank.......... Campbell, Henry D........ Campbell, Hon. James E... Campbell, Wilber E........ Carns, John....... Carroll, Edward...... Carter, Dan E....... Case, Earl J..... Case, Ralph.............. Cate, Moses C............. Chandler, David G........ Chase, Oscar E., M. D.... Chatsey, Frank B......... Clement, George M. D., Sr.. Cleveland, Frank............ Coates, William........... Compton, Elmer C.......... Copeland, Charles D....... Cordes, Germain H........ Core, Perry A............ Core, W illiam.............. Courtade, Henry............ Courtade, John N......... Courtade, Peter.......... Cox, Washington......... 539 372 784 454 804 574 750 735 577 658 603 756 759 611 673 640 533 653 647 688 6i8 638 553 6o0 554 575 PAGE Craker, George A........... 479 Crandall, Daniel E........... 407 Crotser, Joseph 0........... 630 Culver, Myron A............ 599 Curtis, Harvey J............ 507 D Dana, Gardiner............. 778 Davidson, William............ 722 Davis, Mrs. Ruth L....... 586 Day, David H............... 51 Dayton, Clinton L......... 683 Dean, Frank............... 585 Dean, Frank A............. 795 Dean, Samuel P........... 385 Dean, William A............ 636 Deuster, John............. 572 Dickerman, Joseph W....... 608 Dockeray, Charles R........ 423 Dohm, John A.............. 767 Dohm, Philip.............. 742 Duncan, Prof. John 0...... 551 Dunlap, Abijah B........... 803 Dunn, Francis E........... 370 Dunn, Valentine............ 394 Duryea, Elmer E........... 541 Dye, Charles B.............. 629 E East, Evan J................ 550 Estes, Charles H............ 729 Edgecomb, Robert M........ 768 Eikey, William F............ 594 Eiman, Joseph B........... 766 Elliott, James M............ 613 f INDEX. -- PAGE F Fenton, George L., M. D..... 687 Fife, William H............ 406 Foote, John, & Son......... 460 Fouch, John R.............. 602 Fowler, Curtis............... 782 Fralick, Francis J., M. D..... 425 Fralick, George W., M. D....438 Franke, Gottfried.......... 703 Fromholz, Ferdinand....... 404 Fulghum, Elisha J.......... 726 Fuller, Sanford.............. 678 G Garland, Robert P......... 802 Garland, Samuel S.......... 467 Garthe, Isaac................ 69o Garthe, Steiner C............ 694 Germaine, C. B............. 654 Germaine, W. D. C......... 654 Gibbs, Edward B........... 678 Gibbs, James L.............. 725 Gibbs, Lorraine K........... 805 Gilbert, George W.......... 529 Gilbert, I. Burton........... 740 Gilbert, Parmius C.......... 497 Gilbert, William 0.......... 523 Godard, George S........... 524 Goodrich, Frank R.......... 800 Grant, William F.......... 562 Gray, Addison M........... 605 Gray, Albert P............. 774 Green, J. Wilbur............ 711 Greilick, Edward............ 772 Greilick, John............... 724 Greilick, Joseph E........... 80 Greilick, Walter E........... 398 Greilick, William M......... 689 Gunton, James K........... 708 H PAGE Hannen, J. W.............. 728 Harrington, Nathaniel W.... 566 Hastings, Ernest W........ 457 Heim, William............. 716 Heimforth, George H....... 627 Heimforth, Philip......... 534 Heimforth, William........... 537 Hess, William M............ 72 Hoeflin, Henry.............. 538 Holden, William 0......... 478 Holdsworth, William........ 665 Holliday, Albert H., M. D.. 446 Horton, John S............ 628 howard, Charles C.......... 733 Howard, James N.......... 710 Hoxsie, Alonzo C........... 697 Hoxsie, John................. 692 Hull, Henry S.............. 416 Hull, William C............ 732 Hutchins, Daniel C.......... 584 I Iles, William................ 591 Innis, Alexander............ 536 J Jennings, Morris B......... 619 Jackson, George........... 509 Jeor, Joseph................. 506 Johnson, Capt. Frederick L.. 764 Johnson, James G............ 763 Joynt, Charles L............ 470 Joynt, Herbert 0.......... 452 K Kehl Brothers................ 464 Kehl, John.................. 674 Kelley, Thomas J........... 781 Kelley, Walter N........... 442 Kennedy, John N........... 633 Keyes, Sidney A........... 499 King, Dee C............... 621 Kingsley, Elon G..........494 Kraitz, Wenzel.............. 642 Krubner, Joseph............. 625 L LaCore, Marvin............. 502 Ladd, Emor 0............... 775 Lane, Josiah W............. 614 PAGE Lardie, George.............. 744 Larson, Ole................. 681 Lautner, Edward............ 677 Lautner, Stephen............ 671 Leach, Morgan L., M. D..... 544 Lee, William A............. 701 Linderman, Ephraim Y..... 662 Linten, Ira D............... 6o Litney, John.............. 556 Loeffler, Charles W......... 581 Longshore, Amos........... 682 Loudon, William............. 648 Love, Isaac............. 384 M McDonald, John............ 390 McGarry, Stephen, Jr....... 397 McMachen, William..........456 McManus, George C........ 526 McRae, Alexander D........ 376 McWethy, George W........ 746 Markham, James W......... 462 Marshall, John D........... 762 Marshall, William A........ 777 Matchett, Thomas........... 657 Mebert, Albert W........... 543 Merrill, James R............ 730 Miller, Archibald A......... 684 Miller, Edward E........... 471 Milliken, James W......... 448 Mitchell, William............. 458 Moffatt, Orlando C.......... 485 Monroe, Charles H.......... 668 Monroe, James H.......... 483 Montague, Herbert.......... 431 Moore, Fred E.............. 509 Morgan, Birney J............ 568 Morrison, John............... 612 Morrison, Peter............ 722 N Nerlinger, John............. 559 Newcomb, Eddy E.......... 389 Newmach, Isaac G......... 578 Nickerson, George C........ 578 Norconk, Alonzo.......... 615 O Oberlin, Meinrod............ 650 Hager, Charles M.......... Hahnenberg, Joseph......... Hall, Hiram A.............. Hamlin, Frank M........... Hammond, Finley M........ Hannaford, Charles A....... Hannah, Julius T......... Hannah, Hon. Perry........ 562 418 6o0 623 395 522 439 413 INDEX. PAGE P Peterson, Peter...........373 Popst, Herman.......... 607 Porter, Alfred E.. 0.. 0......747 Porter, John.............667 Potter, Cyrenus M........606 Pratt, Edwin S...........495 Pratt, William R............ 743 Prouty, Hugh M..........382 Ptilcipher, Harrison........388 Pulcipher, John............402 Pulver, Almon E........... 514 Putnam, Benajhar.......... 433 R PAGE Sayler, Samuel H........ Scott, Andrew............. Scott, David H......... Scott, Henry J............ Scott, John............. Seegmiller, Henry........... Selkirk, George........... Selkirk, William......... Shane, James D..... Simpson, Oscar............. Smith, Franklyn H....... Smith, George............... Smith, Henderson.......... Smith, William W....... Snyder, J. A., D. D. S..... Sogge, Louis R.......... Sours, Joseph........ Speer, Harrison.......... Spencer, John B......... Sprague, Elvin L...... Steward, George W....... St. Francis Church......... Stinson, Ambrose B....... Stone, William R......... Stormer, Peter........... Stover, Flavius J..... Strack, Ludwig........... Sraub, John G.......... Strohn, Erhard............. Sullivan, Jerry............. Sullivan, William........ Swainston, David A...... Swaney, James.............. 752 702 445 45' 486 593 535 388 705 520 793 718 521 374 794 564 55' 58o 725 410 437 786 598 755 466 392 505 517 57' 582 429 621 749 PAGE Taylor, Ernest J........557 Taylor, Joseph........... Thacker, Quincy A........383 Thomas, Joseph J.......444 Travis, Robert S..........738 V Vader, Calvin S.......... Viskochil, Lumeer........... Voice, Ernest A......... Voorhees, Henry............. WI Raff, George W......... Ransom, Elijah L............ Rennie, John............ Rennie, William A....... Revold, Fred, Jr.......... Rice, Emery................. Richter, Fred............ Roberts, George L........ Roberts, Lorin.......... Robertson, George A. Robertson, Hector J. Rogers, John............ Round, Richard W....... Ruegsegger, John, M. D.... Rushmore, William H...... Ruthardt, Louis........... 429 386 378 700 561 734 549 565 420 542 53' 384 799 661 770 706 Waagboe, Jacob............. Wait, Arthur W........ Wait, Eugene S.......... Wait, Stephen E............ Walker, Frederick R. Walter, Robert E............ Warner, Carson........... Warren, John W......... Weiss, John G.......... Wheelock, Charles W...... Whipple, Daniel.......... White, John..........-.... - White, Otis L.............. Whiteford, William H...... Whitney, Chancev L...... Whitson, George W...... Wightman, Willis.......... Williams, Hon. Charles W.. Williams, Edgar A....... Williamson, William......... Wilson, Frank W........ Wilson, William L...... Woolsey, Byron............. Wynkoop, David E......... 515 637 634 695 453 712 752 380 56o 426 652 719 616 468 797 579 401 393 779 699 624 659 396 39' 434 587 513 490 S Sackett, Lavern 0.........408 Santo, John R........ 474 Saxton, William J.......410 T Tager, Adam................ Taylor, Allison.......... 558 714 L ) ___----__________ COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY.I.. OF..?TTI CELEBRATED AMERICANS I 1 C) wwoqLW 4;~-' S iEORGE WASHINGTON, Sthe first president of the Unit1l ed States, called the "Father an~~ nw of his Country," was one of the most celebrated characters in history. He was born February 22, 1732, in Washington Parish, Westmoreland county, Virginia. His father, Augustine Washington, first married Jane Butler, who bore him four children, and March 6, 1730, he.married Mary Ball. Of six children by his second marriage, George was the eldest. Little is known of the early years of Washington, beyond the fact that the house in which he was born was burned during his early childhood, and that his father thereupon moved to another farm, inherited from his paternal ancestors, situated in Stafford county, on the north bank of the Rappahannock, and died there in 1743. From earliest childhood George developed a noble character. His education was somewhat defective, being confined to the elementary branches taught him by his mother and at a neighboring school. On leaving school he resided some time at Mount Vernon with his half OPPrtlht 1897, by Gee. A. Otle & Co. brother, Lawrence, who acted as his guar, dian. George's inclinations were for a seafaring career, and a midshipman's warrant was procured for him; but through the opposition of his mother the project was abandoned, and at the age of sixteen he was appointed surveyor to the immense estates of the eccentric Lord Fairfax. Three years were passed by Washington in a rough frontier life, gaining experience which afterwards proved very essential to him In 1751, when the Virginia militia were put under training with a view to active service against France, Washington, though only nineteen years of age, was appointed adjutant, with the rank of major. In 1752 Lawrence Washington died, leaving his large property to an infant daughter. In his will George was named one of the executors and as an eventual heir to Mount Vernon, and by the death of the infant niece, soon succeeded to that estate. In 1753 George was commissioned adjutant-general of the Virginia militia, and performed important work at the outbreak of the French and Indian war, was rapidly promoted, and at the close of that war we find him commander-in-chief of 18 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. -- --- -- all the forces raised in Virginia. A cessation of Indian hostilities on the frontier having followed the expulsion of the French from the Ohio, he 'resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces, and then proceeded to Williamsburg to take his seat in the Virginia Assembly, of which he had been elected a member. January 17, 1759, Washington married Mrs. Martha (Dandridge) Curtis, a young and beautiful widow of great wealth, and devoted himself for the ensuing fifteen years to the quiet pursuits of agriculture, interrupted only by the annual attendance in winter upon the colonial legislature at Williamsburg, until summoned by his country to enter upon that other arena in which his fame was to become world-wide. The war for independence called Washington into service again, and he was made commander-in-chief of the colonial forces, and was the most gallant and conspicuous figure in that bloody struggle, serving until England acknowledged the independence of each of the thirteen States, and negotiated with them jointly, as separate sovereignties. December 4, 1783, the great commander took leave of his officers in most affectionate and patriotic terms, and went to Annapolis, Maryland, where the congress of the States was in session, and to that body, when peace and order prevailed everywhere, resigned his commission and retired to Mount Vernon. It was in 1789 that Washington was called to the chief magistracy of the nation. The inauguration took place April 30, in the presence of an immense multitude which had assembled to witness the new and imposing ceremony. In the manifold details of his civil administration Washington proved himself fully equal to the requirements of his position. In 1792, at the second presi dential election, Washington was desirous to retire; but he yielded to the general wish of the country, and was again chosen president. At the third election, in 1796, he was again most urgently entreated to consent to remain in the executive chair. This he positively refused, and after March 4, 1797, he again retired to Mount Vernon for peace, quiet, and repose. Of the call again made on this illustrious chief to quit his repose at Mount Vernon and take command of all the United States forces, with rank of lieutenant-general, when war was threatened with France in 1798, nothing need here be stated, except to note the fact as an unmistakable testimonial of the high regard in which he was still held by his countrymen of all shades of political opinion. He patriotically accepted this trust, but a treaty of peace put a stop to all action under it. He again retired to Mount Vernon, where he died December 14, 1799, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. His remains were deposited in a family vault on the banks of the Potomac, at Mount Vernon, where they still lie entombed. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, an eminent American statesman and scientist, was born of poor parentage, January 17, 1706, in Boston, Massachusetts. He was apprenticed to his brother James to learn the printer's trade to prevent his running away and going to sea, and also because of the numerous family his parents had to support (there being seventeen children, Benjamin being the fifteenth). He was a great reader, and soon developed a taste for writing, and prepared a number of articles and had them published in the paper without his brother's knowledge, and when the authorship became known it resulted in difficulty for the COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPIHT 29 young apprentice, although his articles had been received with favor by the public. James was afterwards thrown into prison for political reasons, and young Benjamin conducted the paper alone during the time. In 1823, however, he determined to endure his bonds no longer, and ran away, going to Philadelphia, where he arrived with only three pence as his store of wealth. With these he purchased three rolls, and ate them as he walked along the streets. He soon found employment as a journeyman printer. Two years later he was sent to England by the governor of Pennsylvania, and was promised the public printing, but did not get it. On his return to Philadelphia he established the "Pennsylvania Gazette," and soon found himself a person of great popularity in the province, his ability as a writer, philosopher, and politician having reached the neighboring colonies. He rapidly grew in prominence, founded the Philadelphia Library in 1842, -and two years later the American Philosophical Society and the University of Pennsylvania. He was made Fellow of the Royal Society in London in 1775. His world-famous investigations in electricity and lightning began in 1746. He became postmaster-general of the colonies in 1753, having devised an inter-colonial postal system. He advocated the rights of the colonies at all times, and procured the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766. He was elected to the Continental congress of 1775, and in 1776 was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, being one of the committee appointed to draft that paper. He represented the new nation in the courts of Europe, especially at Paris, where his simple dignity and homely wisdom won him the admiration of the court and the favor of the people. He was governor of Pennsylvania four years; was also a member of the con vention in 1787 that drafted the constitution of the United States. His writings upon political topics, antislavery, finance, and economics, stamp him as one of the greatest statesmen of his time, while his "Autobiography" and "IPoor Richard's Almanac" give him precedence in the literary field. In early life he was an avowed skeptic in religious matters, but later in life his utterances on this subject were less extreme, though he never expressed approv.al of any sect or creed. He died in Philadelphia April 17, 179o. D ANIEL WEBSTER.-Of world wide reputation for statesmanship, diplomacy, and oratory, there is perhaps no more prominent figure in the history of our country in the interval between 1815 and 1861, than Daniel Webster. He was born at Salisbury (now Franklin), New Hampshire, January 18, 1782, and was the second son of Ebenezer and Abigail (Eastman) Webster. He enjoyed but limited educational advantages in childhood, but spent a few months in 1797, at Phillip Exeter Academy. He completed his preparation for college in the family of Rev. Samuel Wood, at Boscawen, and entered Dartmouth College in the fall of 1797. He supported himself most of the time during these years by teaching school and graduated in 18oi, having the credit of being the foremost scholar of his class. He entered the law office of Hon. Thomas W. Thompson, at Salisbury. In 1802 he continued his legal studies at Fryeburg, Maine, where he was principal of the academy and copyist in,the office of the register of deeds. In the office of Christopher Gore, at Boston, he completed his studies in 1804-5, and was admitted to the bar in the latter year, and at Boscawen and at-Portsmouth soon rose to eminence in his profes 20 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. __ sion. He became known as a federalist but did not court political honors; but, attracting attention by his eloquence in opposing the war with England, he was elected to congress in 1812. During the special session of May, I813, he was appointed on the committee on foreign affairs.and made his maiden speech June o1, 1813. Throughout this session (as afterwards) he showed his mastery of the great economic questions of the day. He was re-elected in 1814. In I816 he removed to Boston and for seven years devoted himself to his profession, earning by his arguments in the celebrated "Dartmouth College Case" rank among The most distinguished jurists of the country. In 1820 Mr. Webster was chosen a member of the state convention of Massachusetts, to revise the constitution. The same year he delivered the famous discourse on the " Pilgrim fathers," which laid the foundation for his fame as an orator. Declining a nomination for United States senator, in 1822 he was elected to the lower house of congress and was re-elected in 1824 and 1826, but in 1827 was transferred to the senate. He retained his seat in the latter chamber until 1841. During this time his voice was ever lifted in defence of the national life and honor and although politically opposed to him he gave his support to the administration of President Jackson in the latter's contest with nullification. Through all these jears he was ever found upon the side of right and justice and his speeches upon all the great questions of the day have be-.ome household words in almost every family. In 1841 Mr. Webster was appointed secretary of state by President Harrison and was continued in the same office by President Tyler. While an incumbent of this office he showed consummate ability as a diplomat in the negotiation of the " Ash burton treaty " of August 9, 1849, which settled many points of dispute between the United States and England. In May, 1843, She resigned his post and resumed his profession, and in December, 1845, took his place again in the senate. He contributed in an unofficial way to the solution of the Oregon question with Great Britain in 1847. He was disappointed in 1848 in not receiving the nomination for the presidency. He became secretary of state under President Fillmore in 1850 and in dealing with all the complicated questions of the day showed a wonderful mastery of the arts of diplomacy. Being hurt in an accident he retired to his home at Marshfield, where he died October 24, 1852. ORACE GREELEY. -As journalist, author, statesman and political leader, there is none more widely known than the man whose name heads this article. He was born in Amherst, New Hampshire, February 3, 1811, and was reared upon a farm. At an early age he evinced a remarkable intelligence and love of learning, and at the age of ten had read every book he could borrow for miles around. About 1821 the family removed to Westhaven, Vermont, and for some years young Greeley assisted in carrying on the farm. In 1826 he entered the office of a weekly newspaper at East Poultney, Vermont, where he remained about four years. On the discontinuance of this paper he followed his father's family to Erie 'ounty, Pennsylvania, whither they had moved, and for a time worked at the printer's trade in that neighborhood. -In 1831 Horace went to New York City, and for a time found employment as journeyman printer. January, 1833, in partnership with Francis Story, he published the Morning Post, the first penny COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 21 c" ~ paper ever printed. This proved a failure and was discontinued after three weeks. The business of job printing was carried on, however, until the death of Mr. Story in July following. In company with Jonas Winchester, March 22, 1834, Mr. Greeley commenced the publication of the New Yorker, a weekly paper of a high character. For financial reasons, at the same time, Greeley wrote leaders for other papers, and, in 1838, took editorial charge of the Jeffersonian, a Whig paper published at Albany. In 1840, on the discontinuance of that sheet, he devoted his energies to the Log Cabin, a campaign paper in the interests of the Whig party. In the fall of 1841 the latter paper was consolidated with the New Yorker, under the name of the Tribune, the first number of which was issued April o1, 1841. At the head of this paper Mr. Greeley remained until the day of his death. In 1848 Horace Greeley was elected to the national house of representatives to fill a vacancy, and was a member of that body until March 4, 1849. In I85I he went to Europe and served as a juror at the World's Fair at the Crystal Palace, London. In 1855, he made a second visit to the old world. In 1859 he crossed the plains and received a public reception at San Francisco and Sacramento. He was a member of the Republican national convention, at Chicago in i860, and assisted in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln for President. The same year he was a presidential elector for the state of New York, and a delegate to the Loyalist convention at Philadelphia. At the close of the war, in 1865, Mr. Greeley became a strong advocate of universal amnesty and complete pacification, and in pursuance of this consented to become one of the bondsmen for Jefferson Davis, who was imprisoned for treason. In 1867 he was a delegate to the New York state convention for the revision of the constitution. In 1870 he was defeated for congress in the Sixth New York district. At the Liberal convention, which met in Cincinnati, in May, 1872, on the fifth ballot Horace Greeley was nominated for president and July following was nominated for the same office by the Democratic convention at Baltimore. He was defeated by a large majority. The large amount of work done by him during the campaign, together with the loss of his wife about the same time, undermined his strong constitution, and he was seized with inflammation of the brain, and died November 29, 1872. In addition to his journalistic work, Mr. Greeley was the author of several meritorious works, among which were: ~" Hints toward reform," "Glances at Europe," " History of the struggle for slavery exten sion," " Overland journey to San Francisco," "The American conflict," and ' Recollections of a busy life." HENRY CLAY.-In writing of this eminent American, Horace Greeley once said: "He was a matchless party chief, an admirable orator, a skillful legislator, wielding unequaled influence, not only over his friends, but even over those of his political antagonists who were subjected to the magic of his conversation and manners." A law. yer, legislator, orator, and statesman, few men in history have wielded greater influence, or occupied so prominent a place in the hearts of the generation in which they lived. Henry Clay was born near Richmond, in Hanover county, Virginia, April 12, 1777, the son of a poor Baptist preacher who died when Henry was but five years 22 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHtT. old. The mother married again about ten years later and removed to Kentu6ky leaving Henry a clerk in a store at Richmond. Soon afterward Henry Clay secured a position as copyist in the office of the clerk of the high court of chancery, and four years later entered the law office of Robert Brooke, then attorney general and later governor of his native state. In 1797 Henry Clay was licensed as a lawyer and followed his mother to Kentucky, opening an office at Lexington and soon built up a profitable practice. Soon afterward Kentucky, in separating from Virginia, called a state convention for the purpose of framing a constitution, and Clay at that time took a prominent part, publicly urging the adoption of a clause providing for the abolition of slavery, but in this he was overruled, as he was fifty years later, when in the height of his fame he again advised the same course when the state constitution was revised in 1850. Young Clay took a very active and conspicuous part in the presidential campaign in I8oo, favoring the election of Jefferson; and in 1803 was chosen to represent Fayette county in the state legislature. In 18o6 General John Adair, then United States senator from Kentucky, resigned and Henry Clay was elected to fill the vacancy by the legislature and served through one session -in which he at once assumed a prominent place. In 1807 he was again a representative in the legislature and was elected speaker of the house. At this time originated his trouble with Humphrey Marshall. Clay proposed that each member clothe himself and family wholly in American fabrics, which Marshall characterized as the " language of a demagogue. " This led to a duel in which both parties were slightly injured. In 18o09 Henry Clay was again elected to fill a vacancy in the United States senate, and two years later elected representative in the low. er house of congress, being chosen speaker of the house. About this time warwas declared against Great Britain, and Clay took a prominent public place during this struggle and was later one of the commissioners sent to Europe by President Madison to negotiate peace, returning in September, 1815, having been re-elected speaker of the house during his absence, and was re-elected unanimously. He was afterward reelected to congress and then became secretary of state under John Quincy Adams. In 1831 he was again elected senator from Kentucky and remained in the senate most of the time until his death. Henry Clay was three times a candidate for the presidency, and once very nearly elected. He was the unanimous choice of the Whig party in 1844 for the presidency, and a great effort was made to elect him but without success, his opponent, James K. Polk, carrying both Pennsylvania and New York by a very slender margin, while either of them alone would have elected Clay. Henry Clay died at Washington Juoe 29, 1852. AMES GILLESPIE BLAINE was one of the most distinguished of American statesmen and legislators. He was born January 31, 1830, in Washington county, Pennsylvania, and received a thorough education, graduating at Washington College in 1847. In early life he removed to Maine and engaged in newspaper work, becoming editor of the Portland "'Advertiser." While yet a young man he gained distinction as a debater and became a conspicuous figure in political and public affairs. In I862 he was elected to congress on the Republican ticket in Maine and was re-elected five times. In March, 1869, he was chosen speaker of the COMPENDIUM OF BI 0 GRAPHY. 23 house of representatives and was re-elected in I871 and again in 1873. In 1876 he was a representative in the lower house of congress and during that year was appointed United States senator by the Governor to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Morrill, who had been appointed secretary of the treasury. Mr. Blaine served in the senate until March 5, 188I, when President Garfield appointed him secretary of state, which position he resigned in December, 188i. Mr. Blaine was nominated for the presidency by the Republicans, at Chicago in June, 1884, but was defeated by Grover Cleveland after an exciting and spirited campaign. During the later years of his life Mr. Blaine devoted most of his time to the completion of his work "Twenty Years in Congress," which had a remarkably large sale throughout the United States. Blaine was a man of great mental ability and force of character and during the latter part of his life was one of the most noted men of his time. He was the originatorof what is termed the " reciprocity idea" in tariff matters, and outlined the plan of carrying it into practical effect. In 1876 Robert G. Ingersoll in making a nominating speech placing Blaine's name as a candidate for president before the national Republican convention at Cincinnati, referred to Blaine as the "Plumed Knight" and this title clung to him during the remainder of his life. His death occurred at Washington, January 27, I893. JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN, a distinguished American statesman, was a native of South Carolina, born in Abbeville district, March 18, 1782. He was given the advantages of a thorough education, graduating at Yale College in 1804, and adopted the calling of a lawyer. A Demo crat politically, at that time, he took a foremost part in the councils of his party and was elected to congress in 181 1, supporting the tariff of 1816 and the establishing of the United States Bank. In I817 he became secretary of war in President Monroe's cabinet, and in 1824 was elected vice-president of the United States, on the ticket with John Quincy Adams, and re-elected in 1828, on the ticket with General Jackson. Shortly after this Mr. Calhoun became one of the strongest advocates of free trade and the principle of sovereignty of the states and was one of the originators of the doctrine that " any state could nullify unconstitutional laws of congress." Meanwhile Calhoun had become an aspirant for the presidency, and the fact that General Jackson advanced the interests of his opponent, Van Buren, led to a quarrel, and Calhoun resigned the vicepresidency in 1832 and was elected United States senator from South Carolina. It was during the same year that a convention was held in South Carolina at which the " Nullification ordinance" was adopted, the object of which was to test the constitutionality of the protective tariff measures, and to prevent if possible the collection of import duties in that state which had been levied more for the purpose of "protection" than revenue. This ordinance was to go into effect in February, 1833, and created a great deal of uneasiness throughout the country as it was feared there would be a clash between the state and federal authorities. It was in this serious condition of public affairs that Henry Clay came forward with the the famous "(tariff compromise" of 1833, to which measure Calhoun and most of his followers gave their support and the crisis was averted. In 1843 Mr. Calhoun was appointed secretary of state in President Tyler's cabinet, and it was under 2O4 C OMPENDIUM" OF BIOGRAPHr. his administration that the treaty concerning the annexation of Texas was negotiated. In 1845 he was re-elected to the United States senate, and continued in the senate until his death, which occurred in March, 1850. He occupied a high rank as a scholar, student and orator, and it is conceded that he was one of the greatest debaters America has produced. The famous debate between Calhoun and Webster, in 1833, is regarded as the most noted for ability and eloquence in the history of the country. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUTLER, one of America's most brilliant and profound lawyers and noted public men, was a native of New England, born at Deerfield, New Hampshire, November 5, i818. His father, Captain John Butler, was a prominent man in his day, commanded a company during the war of 1812, and served under Jackson at New Orleans. Benjamin F. Butler was given an excellent education, graduated at Waterville College, Maine, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1840, at Lowell, Massachusetts, where he commenced the practice of his profession and gained a wide reputation for his ability at the bar, acquiring an extensive practice and a fortune. Early in life he began taking an active interest in military affairs and served in the state militia through all grades from private to brigadier-general. In 1853 he was elected to the state legislature on the Democratic ticket in Lowell, and took a prominent part in the passage of legislation in the interests of labor. During the same year he was a member of the constitutional convention, and in 1859 represented his district in the Massachusetts senate. When the Civil war broke out General Butler took the field and remained at the front most of the time during that bloody struggle. Part of the time he had charge of Fortress Monroe, and in February, 1862, took command of troops forming part of the expedition against New Orleans, and later had charge of the department of the Gulf. He was a conspicuous figure during the -continuance of the war. After the close of hostilities General Butler resumed his law practice in Massachusetts and in 1866 was elected to congress from the Essex district. In 1882 he was elected governor of Massachusetts, and ip 1884 was the nominee of the ( Greenback" party for president of the United States. He continued his legal practice, and maintained his place as one of the most prominent men in New England until the time of his death, which occurred January o10, 1893. EFFERSON DAVIS, an officer, statesman and legislator of prominence in America, gained the greater part of his fame from the fact that he was president of the southern confederacy. Mr. Davis was born in Christian county, Kentucky, June 3, 18o8, and his early education and surroundings were such that his sympathies and inclinations were wholly with the southern people. He received a thorough education, graduated at West Point in 1828, and for a number of years served in the army at western posts and in frontier service, first as lieutenant and later as adjutant. In 1835 he resigned and became a cotton planter in Warren county, Mississippi, where he took an active interest in public affairs and became a conspicuous figure in politics. In 1844 he was a presidential elector from Mississippi and during the two following years served as congressman from his d;strict. He then became colonel' of a iviississippi regiment in the war with Mexico andi participated in some of the most severe cPa COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. 25 ties, being seriously wounded at Buena Vista. Upon his return to private life he again took a prominent part in political affairs and represented his state in the United States senate from 1847 to 185 I. He then entered President Pierce's cabinet as secretary of war, after which he again entered the United.States senate, remaining until the outbreak of the Civil war. He then became president of the southern confederacy and served as such until captured in May, 1865, at Irwinville, Georgia. He was held as prisoner of war at Fortress Monroe, until 1867, when he was released on bail and finally set free in 1868. His death occurred December 6, 1889. Jefferson Davis was a man of excellent abilities and was recognized as one of the best organizers of his day. He was a forceful and fluent speaker and a ready writer. He wrote and published the " Rise and Fall of the Southern Confederacy," a work which is considered as authority by the southern people. JOHN ADAMS, the second president of the United States, and one of the most conspicuous figures in the early struggles of his country for independence, was born in the present town of Quincy, then a portion of Braintree, Massachusetts, October 30, 1735. He received a thorough education, graduating at Harvard College in 1755, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1758. He was well adapted for this profession and after opening an office in his native town rapidly grew in prominence and public favor and soon was regarded as one of the leading lawyers of the country. His attention was called to political affairs 'by the passage of the Stamp Act, in 1765, and he drew up a set of resolutions on the subject which were very popular. In 1768 he re moved to -Boston and became one of the most courageous and prominent advocates of the popular cause and was chosen a member of the Colonial. legislature from Boston. He was one of the delegates that represented Massachusetts in the first Con, tinental congress, which met in September, 1774. In a letter written at this crisis he uttered the famous words: "The die is now cast; I have passed the Rubicon. Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish with my country, is my unalterable determination." He was a prominent figure in congress and advocated the movement for independence when a majority of the members were inclined to temporize and to petition the King. In May, 1776, he presented a resolution in congress that the colonies should assume the duty of self-government, which was passed. In June, of the same year, a resolution that the United States "are, and of right ought to be, free and independent," was moved by Richard H. Lee, seconded by Mr. Adams and adopted by a small majority, Mr. Adams was a member of the committee of five appointed June 11 to prepare a declaration of independence, in support of which he made an eloquent speech. He was chairman of the Board of War in 1776 and in 1778 was sent as commissioner to France, but returned the following year. In 1780 he went to Europe, having been appointed as minister to negotiate a treaty of peace and commerce with Great Britain. Conjointly with Franklin and Jay he negotiated a treaty in 1782. He was employed as a minister to the Court of St. James from 1785 to 1788, and during that period wrote his famous "Defence of the American Constitutions." In 1789 he became vice-president of the United States and was re-elected in I792. In 1796 Mr. Adams was chosen presi COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHr. dent of the United States, his competitor being Thomas Jefferson, who became vicepresident. In 18oo he was the Federal candidate for president, but he was not cordially supported by Gen. Hamilton, the favorite leader of his party, and was defeated by Thomas Jefferson. Mr. Adams then retired from public life to his large estate at Quincy, Mass., where he died July 4, 1826, on the same day that witnessed the death of Thomas Jefferson. Though his physical frame began to give way many years before his death, his mental powers retained their strength and vigor to the last. In his ninetieth year he was gladdened by.the elevation of his son, John Quincy Adams, to the presidential office. HENRY WARD BEECHER, one of the most celebrated American preachers and authors, was born at Litchfield, Connecticut, June 24,1813. His father was Dr. Lyman Beecher, also an eminent divine. At an early age Henry Ward Beecher had a strong predilection for a sea-faring life, and it was practically decided that he would follow this inclination, but about this time, in consequence of deep religious impressions which he experienced during a revival, he renounced his former intention and decided to enter the ministry. After having graduated at Amherst College, in 1834, he stud, ied theology at Lane Seminary under the tuition of his father, who was then president of that institution. In 1847 he became pastor of the Plymouth Congregational church in Brooklyn, where his oratorical ability and original eloquence attracted one of the largest congregations in the country. He continued to served this church until the time of his death, March 8, 1887. Mr. Beecter aisc found time for a great amount of literary work. For a number of years he was editor of the "IIndependent " and also the " Christian Union." He also produced many works which are widely known. Among his principal productions are "'Lectures to Young Men," "Star Papers," "Life of Christ," "Life Thoughts," "Royal Truths" (a novel), "Norwood," " Evolution and Revolution," and " Sermons on Evolution and Religion." Mr. Beecher was also long a prominent advocate of anti-slavery principles and temperance reform, and, at a later period, of the rights of women. OHN A. LOGAN, the illustrious statesman and general, was born in Jackson county, Illinois, February 9, 1824. In his boyhood days he received but a limited education in the schools of his native county. On the breaking out of the war with Mexico he enlisted in the First Illinois Volunteers and became its quartermaster. At the close of hostilities he returned home and was elected clerk of the courts of Jackson county in 1849. Determining to supplement his education Logan entered the Louisville University, from which he graduated in 1852 and taking up the study of law was admitted to the bar. He attained popularity and success in his chosen profession and was elected to the legislature in 1852, 1853, 1856 and 1857. He was prosecuting attorney from 1853 to 1857. He was elected to congress in 1858 to fill a vacancy and again in 186o. At the outbreak of the Rebellion, Logan resigned his office and entered the army, and in September, 1861, was appointed colonel of the Thirty-first Illinois Infantry, which he led in the battles of Belmont and Fort Donelson. In the latter engagement he was wounded. In March, 1862, he was promoted to be brigadier-general and in the following month participated in the battles of Dittsburg Landing. In November, 1862, rot, Ir-il 1c11 I~EI~ Jrn~j F IIrAl y I COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHYR. 29 -- for gallant conduct he was made major-general. Throughout the Vicksburg campaign he was in command of a division of the Seventeenth Corps and was distinguished at Port Gibson, Champion Hills and in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. In October, 1863, he was placed in command of the Fifteenth Corps, which he led with great credit. During the terrible conflict before Atlanta, July 22, 1864, on the death of General McPherson, Logan, assuming command of the Army of the Tennessee, led it on to victory, saving the day by his energy and ability. He was shortly after succeeded by General O. O. Howard and returned to the command of his corps. He remained in command until the presidential election, when, feeling that his influence was needed at home he returned thither and there remained until the arrival of Sherman at Savannah, when General Logan rejoined his command. In May, 1865, he succeeded General Howard at the head of the Army of the Tennessee. He resigned from the army in August, the same year, and in November was appointed minister to Mexico, but declined the honor. He served in the lower house of the fortieth and forty-first congresses, and was elected United States senator from his native state in I870, 1878 and 1885. He was nominated for the vice-presidency in 1884 on the ticket with Blaine, but was defeated. General Logan was the author of " The Great Conspiracy, its origin and history," published in 1885. He died at Washington, December 26, I886. OHN CHARLES FREMONT, the first Republican candidate for president, was born in Savannah, Georgia, January 21, 1813. He graduated from Charleston College (South Carolina) in 1830, and turned his attention to civil engineering. He was shortly 2 afterward employed in the department of government surveys on the Mississippi, and constructing maps of that region. He was made lieutenant of engineers, and laid before the war department a plan for penetrating the Rocky Mountain regions, which was accepted, and in 1842 he set out upon his first famous exploring expedition and explored the South Pass. He also planned an expedition to Oregon by a new route further south, but afterward joined his expedition with that of Wilkes in the region of the Great Salt Lake. He made a later expedition which penetrated the Sierra Nevadas, and the San Joaquin and Sacramento river valleys, making maps of all regions explored. In 1845 he conducted the great expedition which resulted in the acquisition of California, which it was believed the Mexican government was about to dispose of to England. Learning that the Mexican governor was preparing to attack the American settlements in his dominion, Fremont determined to forestall him. The settlers rallied to his camp, and in June, 1846, he defeated the Mexican forces at Sonoma Pass, and a month later completely routed the governor and his entire army. The Americans at once declared their independence of Mexico, and Fremont was elected governor of California. By this time Commodore Stockton had reached the coast with instructions from Washington to conquer California. Fremont at once joined him in that effort, which resulted in the annexation of California with its untold mineral wealth. Later Fremont became involved in a difficulty with fellow officers which resulted in a court martial, and the surrender of his commission. He declined to accept reinstatement. He afterward laid out a great road from the Mississippi river to San Francisco, and became the first United States senator from Califor I 80 COMPENDIUfM O1f BIOGRA PTr. nia, in I849. In 1856 he was nominated by the new Republican party as its first candidate for president against Buchanan, and received I14 electoral votes, out of 296. In 186I he was made major-general and placed in charge of the western department. He planned the reclaiming of the entire Mississippi valley, and gathered an army of thirty thousand men, with plenty of artillery, and was ready to move upon the confederate General Price, when he was deprived of his command. He was nominated for the presidency at Cincinnati in 1864, but withdrew. He was governor of Arizona in 1878, holding the position four years. He was interested in an engineering enterprise looking toward a great southern trans-continental railroad, and in his later years also practiced law in New York. He died July 13, 1890. W ENDELL PHILLIPS, the orator and abolitionist, and a conspicuous figure in American history, was born November 29, 181 1, at Boston, Massachusetts. He received a good education at Harvard College, from which he graduated in 1831, and then entered the Cambridge Law School. After completing his course in that institution, in 1833, he was admitted to the bar, in 1834, at Suffolk. He entered the arena of life at the time when the forces of liberty and slavery had already begun their struggle that was to culminate in the Civil war. William Lloyd Garrison, by his clearheaded, courageous declarations of the antislavery principles, had done much to bring about this struggle. Mr. Phillips was not a man that could stand aside and see a great struggle being carried on in the interest of humanity and look passively on. He first attracted attention as an orator in 1837, at a meeting that was called to protest against the murder of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy. The meeting would have ended in a few perfunctory resolutions had not Mr. Phillipp by his manly eloquence taken the meeting out of the hands of the few that were inclined to temporize and avoid radical utterances. Having once started out in this career as an abolitionist Phillips never swerved from what he deemed,his duty, and never turned back. He gave up his legal practice and launched himself heart and soul in the movement for the liberation of the slaves. He was an orator of very great ability and by his earnest efforts and eloquence he did much in arousing public sentiment in behalf of the anti-slavery cause-possibly more than any one man of his time. After the abolition of slavery Mr. Phillips was, if possible, even busier than before in the literary and lecture field. Besides temperance and women's rights, he lectured often and wrote much on finance, and the relations of labor and capital, and his utterances on whatever subject always bore the stamp of having emanated from a master mind. Eminent critics have stated that it might fairly be questioned whether there has ever spoken in America an orator superior to Phillips. The death of this great man occurred February 4, 1884. WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN was one of the greatest generals that the world has ever produced and won immortal fame by that strategic and famous " march to the sea," in the war of the Rebellion. He was born February 8, 1820, at Lancaster, Ohio, and was reared in the family of the Hon. Thomas Ewing, as his father died when he was but nine years of age. He entered West Point in 1836, was graduated from the same in 1840, and appointed a second lieutenant in the Third COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 31 Artillery. He passed through the various grades of the service and at the outbreak of the Civil war was appointed colonel of the Thirteenth Regular Infantry. A full history of General Sherman's conspicuous services would be to repeat a history of the army. He commanded a division at Shiloh, and was instrumental in the winning of that battle, and was also present at the siege of Vicksburg. On July 4, 1863, he was appointed brigadier-general of the regular army, and shared with Hooker the victory of Missionary Ridge. He was commander of the Department of the Tennessee from October 27th until the appointment of General Grant as lieutenant-general, by whom he was appointed to the command of the Department of the Mississippi, which he assumed in March, 1864. He at once began organizing the army and enlarging his communications preparatory to his march upon Atlanta, which he started the same time of.he beginning of the Richmond campaign by Grant. He started on May 6, and was opposed by Johnston, who had fifty thousand men, but by consummate generalship, he captured Atlanta, on September 2, after several months of hard fighting and a severe loss of men. General Sherman started on his famous march to the sea November I5, 1864, and by December Io he was before Savannah, which he took on December 23. This campaign is a monument to the genius of General Sherman as he only lost 567 men from Atlanta to the sea. After resting his army he moved northward and occupied the following places: Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville, Ayersboro, Bentonville, Goldsboro, Raleigh, and April I18, he accepted the surrender of Johnston's army on a basis of agreement that was not received by the Government with favor, but finally accorded Johnston the same terms as Lee was given by General Grant. He was present at the grand review at Washington, and after the close of the war was appointed to the command of the military division of the Mississippi; later was appointed lieutenant-general, and assigned to the military division of the Missouri. When General Grant was elected president Sherman became general, March 4, 1869, and succeeded to the command of the army. His death occurred February 14, 1891, at Washington. A LEXANDER HAMILTON, one of the most prominent of the early American statesmen and financiers, was born in Nevis, an island of the West Indies, January I I, 1757, his father being a Scotchman and his mother of Huguenot descent. Owing to the death of his mother and business reverses which came to his father, young Hamilton was sent to his mother's relatives in Santa Cruz; a few years later was sent to a grammar school at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, and in 1773 entered what is now known as Columbia College. Even at that time he began taking an active part in public affairs and his speeches, pamphlets, and newspaper articles on political affairs of the day attracted considerable attention. In 1776 he received a captain's commission and served in Washington's army with credit, becoming aide-de-camp to Washington with rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1781 he resigned his commission because of a rebuke from General Washington. He next received command of a New York battalion and participated in the battle of Yorktown. After this Hamilton studied law, served several terms in congress and was a member of the convention at which the Federal Constitution was drawn up. His work connected with " The Federalist" at about this time attracted much attention. Mr. Hamilton 82 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. was chosen as the first secretary of the United'States treasury and as such was the author of the funding system and founder of the United States Bank. In 1798 he was made inspector-general of the army with the rank of major-general and was also for a short time commander-in-chief. In 1804 Aaron Burr, *then candidate for governor of New York, challenged Alexander Hamilton to fight a duel, Burr attributing his defeat to Hamilton's opposition, and Hamilton, though declaring the code as a relic of barbarism, accepted the challenge. They met at Weehawken, New Jersey, July 1I, 1804. Hamilton declined to fire at his adversary, but at Burr's first fire was fatally wounded and died July 12, 1804. A LEXANDER HAMILTON STEPHENS, vice-president of the southern confederacy, a former United States senator and governor of Georgia, ranks among the great men of American history. He was born February 11, 1812, near Crawfordsville, Georgia. He was a graduate of the University of Georgia, and admitted to the bar in 1834. In 1837 he made his debut in political life as a member of the state house of representatives, and in 1841 declined the nomination for the same office; but in 1842 he was chosen by the same constituency as state senator. Mr. Stephens was one of the promoters of the Western and Atlantic Railroad. In 1843 he was sent by his district to the national house of representatives, which office he held for sixteen consecutive years. He was a member of the house during the passing of the Compromise Bill, and was one of its ablest and most active supporters. The same year (1850) Mr. Stephens was a delegate to the state convention that framed the celebrated " Georgia Platform," aid was also a dele gate to the convention that passed the ordinance of secession, though he bitterly opposed that bill by voice and vote, yet he readily acquiesced in their decision after it received the votes of the majority of the convention. He was chosen vice-president of the confederacy without opposition, and in 1865 he was the head of the commission sent by the south to the Hampton Roads conference. He was arrested after the fall of the confederacy and was confined in Fort Warren as a prisoner of state but was released on his own parole. Mr. Stephens was elected to the forty-third, forty-fourth, forty-fifth, forty-sixth and forty-seventh congresses, with hardly more than nominal opposition. He was one of the Jeffersonian school of American politics. He wrote a number of works, principal among which are: "Constitutional View of the War between the States," and a " Compendium of the History of the United States." He was inaugurated as governor of Georgia November 4th, 1882, but died March 4, 1883, before the completion of his term. ROSCOE CONKLING was one of the most noted and famous of American statesmen. He was among the most finished, fluent and eloquent orators that have ever graced the halls of the American congress; ever ready, witty and bitter in debate he was at once admired and feared by his political opponents and revered by his followers. True to his friends, loyal to the last degree to those with whom his interests were associated, he was unsparing to his foes and it is said " never forgot an injury." Roscoe Conkling was born at Albany, New York, on the 3oth of October, 1829, being a son of Alfred Conkling. Alfred Conkling was also a native of New York, COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHT. 83 c born at East Hampton, October 12, 1789, and became one of the most eminent lawyers in the Empire state; published several legal works; served a term in congress; afterward as United States district judge for Northern New York, and in 1852 was minister to Mexico. Alfred Conkling died in 1874. Roscoe Conkling, whose name heads this article, at an early age took up the study of law and soon became successful and prominent at the bar. About 1846 he removed to Utica and in 1858 was elected mayor of that city. He was elected representative in congress from this district and was re-elected three times. In 1867 he was elected United States senator from the state of New York and was re-elected in 1873 and 1879. In May, 1881, he resigned on account of differences with the president. In March, 1882, he was appointed and confirmed as associate justice of the United States supreme court but declined to serve. His death occurred April 18, 1888. W ASHINGTON IRVING, one of the most eminent, talented and popular of American authors, was born in New York City, April 3, 1783. His father was William Irving, a merchant and a native of Scotland, who had married an English lady and emigrated to America some twenty years prior to the birth of Washington. Two of the older sons, William and Peter, were partially occupied with newspaper work and literary pursuits, and this fact naturally inclined Washington to follow their example. Washington Irving was given the advantages afforded by the common schools until about sixteen years of age when he began studying law, but continued to acquire his literary training by diligent perusal at home of the older English writers. When nineteen he made his first literary venture by printing in the " Morning Chronicle," then edited by his brother, Dr. Peter Irving, a series of local sketches under the nom-de-plume of "Jonathan Oldstyle." In 1804 he began an extensive trip through Europe, returned in 1806, quickly completed his legal studies and was admitted to the bar, but never practiced the profession. In 1807 he began the amusing serial " Salmagundi," which had an immediate success, and not only decided his future career but long determined the character of his writings. In 18o8, assisted by his brother Peter, he wrote " Knickerbocker's History of New York," and in 18io an excellent biography of Campbell, the poet, After this, for some time, Irving's attention was occupied by mercantile interests, but the commercial house in which he was a partner failed in 1817. In 1814 he was editor of the Philadelphia "Analectic Magazine." About 1818 appeared his "SketchBook," over the nom-de-plume of "Geoffrey Crayon," which laid the foundation of Irving's fortune and permanent fame. This was soon followed by the legends of " Sleepy Hollow," and " Rip Van Winkle," which at once took high rank as literary productions, and Irving's reputation was firmly established in both the old and new worlds. After this the path of Irving was smooth, and his subsequent writings appeared with rapidity, including "Bracebridge Hall," "The Tales of a Traveler," "History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus," "The Conquest of Granada," "The Alhambra," "Tour on the Prairies," "Astoria," "Adventures of Captain Bonneville," "Wolfert's Roost," " Mahomet and his Successors," and "Life of Washington," besides other works. Washington Irving was never married. COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. He resided during the closing years of his life at Sunnyside (Tarrytown) on the Hudson, where he died November 28, 1859. CHARLES SUMNER.-Boldly outlined on the pages of our history stands out the rugged figure of Charles Sumner, statesman, lawyer and writer. A man of unimpeachable integrity, indomitable will and with the power of tireless toil, he was a fit leader in troublous times. First in rank as an anti-slavery leader in the halls of congress, he has stamped his image upon the annals of his time. As an orator he took front rank and, in wealth of illustration, rhetoric and lofty tone his eloquence equals anything to be found in history. Charles Sumner was born in Boston, Massachusetts, January 6, 18I I, and was the son of Charles P. and Relief J. Sumner. The family had long been prominent in that state. Charles was educated at the Boston Public Latin School; entered Harvard College in 1826, and graduated therefrom in 1830. In 1831 he joined the Harvard Law School, then under charge of Judge Story, and gave himself up to the study of law with enthusiasm. His leisure was devoted to contributing to the American Jurist. Admitted to the bar in 1834 he was appointed reporter to the circuit court by Judge Story. He published several works about this time, and from 1835 to 1837 and again in 1843 was lecturer in the law school. He had planned a lawyer's life, but in 1845 he gave his attention to politics, speaking and working against the admission of Texas to the Union and subsequently against the Mexican war. In I848 he was defeated for congress on the Free Soil ticket. His stand on the antislavery question at that time alienated both friends and clients, but he never swerved from his convictions. In 185 1 he was elected to the United States senate and took his seat therein December i of that year. From this time his life became the history of the anti-slavery cause in congress. In August, 1852, he began his attacks on slaveryf by a masterly argument for the repeal of the fugitive slave law. On May 22, 1856, Preston Brooks, nephew of Senator Butler, of South Carolina, made an attack upon Mr. Sumner, at his desk in the senate, striking him over the head with a heavy cane. The attack was quite serious in its effects and kept Mr. Sumner absent from his seat in the senate for about four years. In 1857, 1863 and 1869 he was re-elected to the office of senator, passing some twenty-three years in that position, always advocating the rights of freedom and equity. He died March i i, 1874. HOMAS JEFFERSON, the third president of the United States, was born near Charlottesville, Albemarle county, Virginia, April 13, 1743, and was the son of Peter and Jane (Randolph) Jefferson. He received the elements of a good education, and in 1760 entered William and Mary College. After remaining in that institution for two years he took up the study of law with George Wythe, of Williamsburg, Virginia, one of the foremost lawyers of his day, and was admitted to practice in 1767. He obtained a large and profitable practice, which he held for eight years. The conflict between Great Britain and the Colonies then drew him into public life, he having for some time given his attention to the study of the sources of law, the origin of liberty, and equal rights. Mr. Jefferson was elected to the Virginia house of burgesses in 1769, and served in that body several years, a firm supporter of liberal measures, and, although a slave COMIPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 85 holder himself, an opponent of slavery. With others, he was a leader among the opposition to the king. He took his place as a member of the Continental congress June 21, 1775, and after serving on several committees was appointed to draught a Declaration of Independence, which he did, some corrections being suggested by Dr. Franklin and John Adams. This document was presented to congress June 28, 1776, and after six days' debate was passed and was signed. In the following September Mr. Jefferson resumed his seat in the Virginia legislature, and gave much time to the adapting of laws of that state to the new condition of things. He drew up the law, the first ever passed by a legislature or adopted by a government, which secured perfect religious freedom. June I, 1779, he succeeded Patrick Henry as governor of Virginia, an office which, after co-operating with Washington in defending the country, he resigned two years later. One of his own estates was ravaged by the British, and his house at Monticello was held by Tarleton for several days, and Jefferson narrowly escaped capture. After the death of his wife, in 1782, he accepted the position of plenipotentiary to France, which he had declined in 1776. Before leaving he served a short time in congress at Annapolis, and succeeded in carrying a bill for establishing our present decimal system of currency, one of his most useful public services. He remained in an official capacity until October, 1789, and was a most active and vigilant minister. Besides the onerous duties of his office, during this time, he published " Notes on Virginia," sent to the United States seeds, shrubs and plants, forwarded literary and scientific news and gave useful advice to some of the leaders of the French Revolution. Mr. Jefferson landed in Virginia Novem ber 18, 1789, having obtained a leave of absence from his post, and shortly after accepted Washington's offer of the portfolio of the department of state in his cabinet. He entered upon the duties of his office in March, 1791, and held it until January I, 1794, when he tendered his resignation. About this time he and Alexander Hamilton became decided and aggressive political opponents, Jefferson being in warm sympathy with the people in the French revolution and strongly democratic in his feelings, while Hamilton took the opposite side. In 1796 Jefferson was elected vice-president of the United States. In 18oo he was elected to the presidency and was inaugurated March 4, 1801. During his administration, which lasted for eight years, he having been re-elected in 1804, he waged a successful war against the Tripolitan pirates; purchased Louisiana of Napoleon; reduced the public debt, and was the originator of many wise measures. Declining a nomination for a third term he returned to Monticello, where he died July 4, 1826, but a few hours before the death of his friend, John Adams. Mr. Jefferson was married January i, 1772, to Mrs. Martha Skelton, a young, beautiful, and wealthy widow, who died September 6, 1782, leaving three children, three more having died previous to her demise. ORNELIUS VANDERBILT, known as " Commodore " Vanderbilt, was the founder of what constitutes the present immense fortune of the Vanderbilt family. He was born May 27, 1794, at Port Richmond, Staten Island, Richmond county, New York, and we find him at sixteen years running a small vessel between his home and New York City. The fortifications of Staten and Long Islands were just in course of COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. - -- construction, and he carried the laborers from New York to the fortifications in his "perianger, " as it was called, in the day, and at night carried supplies to the fort on the Hudson. Later he removed to New York, where he added to his little fleet. At the age of twenty-three he was free from debt and was worth $9,ooo, and in 1817, with a partner he built the first steamboat that was run between New York and New Brunswick, New Jersey, and became her captain at a salary of $1,ooo a year. The next year he took command of a larger and better boat and by 1824 he was in complete control of the Gibbon's Line, as it was called, which he had brought up to a point where it paid $40,000 a year. Commodore Vanderbilt acquired the ferry between New York and Elizabethport, New Jersey, on a fourteen years' lease and conducted this on a paying basis. He severed his connections with Gibbons in 1829 and engaged in business alone and for twenty years he was the leading steamboat man in the country, building and operating steamboats on the Hudson River, Long Island Sound, on the Delaware River and the route to Boston, and he had the monopoly of trade on these routes. In 1850 he determined to broaden his field of operation and accordingly built the steamship Prometheus and sailed for the Isthmus of Darien, where he desired to make a personal investigation of the prospects of the American Atlantic and Pacific Ship Canal Company, in which he had purchased a controlling interest. Commodore Vanderbilt planned, as a result of this visit, a transit route from Greytown on the Atlantic coast to San Juan del Sud.on the Pacific coast, which was a saving of 700 miles over the old route. In 1851 he placed three steamers on the Atlantic side and four on the Pacific side to accommodate the enor mous traffic occasioned by the discovery of gold in California. The following year three more vessels were added to his fleet and a branch line established from New Orleans to Greytown. In 1853 the Commodore sold out hisNicarauguaTransit Company, which had netted him $I,ooo,ooo and built the renowned steam yacht, the " North Star." He continued in the shipping business nine years longer and accumulated some $1o,ooo,ooo. In 1861 he presented to the government his magnificent steamer " Vanderbilt, " which had cost him $800,000 and for which he received the thanks of congress. In 1844 he became interested in the railroad business which he followed in later years and became one of the greatest railroad magnates of his time. He founded the Vanderbilt University at a cost of $I,ooo,ooo. He died January 4, 1877, leaving a fortune estimated at over $1oo,ooo,ooo to his children. ANIEL BOONE was one of the most famous of the many American scouts, pioneers and hunters which the early settlement of the western states brought into prominence. Daniel Boone was born February I I, 1735, in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, but while yet a young man removed to North Carolina, where he was married. In 1769, with five companions, he penetrated into the forests and wilds of Kentucky -then uninhabited by white men. He had frequent conflicts with the Indians and was captured by them but escaped and continued to hunt in and explore that region for over a year, when, in 1771, he returned to his home. In the summer of 1773, he removed with his own and five other families into what was then the wilderness of Kentucky, and to defend his colony against the savages, he built, in 1775, a fort at Boonesborough, COMI'IPENDIUM OF BIO GR'AIPHr. 87 AMMINW&UAM -m on the Kentucky river. This fort was attacked by the Indians several times in I777, but they were repulsed. The following year, however, Boone was surprised and captured by them. They took him to Detroit and treated him with leniency, but he soon escaped and returned to his fort which he defended with success against four hundred and fifty Indians in August, I778. His son, Enoch Boone, was the first white male childborn in the state of Kentucky., In 1795 Daniel Boone-removed with his family to Missouri, locating about forty-five miles west of the present site of St. Louis, where he found fresh fields for his favorite pursuits -adventure, hunting, and pioneer life. His death occurred September 20, 1820. ENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW, said to have been America's greatest "poet of the people," was born at Portland, Maine, February 27, I807. He entered Bowdoin College at the age of fourteen, and graduated in 1825. During his college days he distinguished himself in modern languages, and wrote several short poems, one of the best known of which was the " Hymn of the Moravian Nuns." After his graduation he entered the law office of his father, but the following year was offered the professorship of modern languages at Bowdoin, with the privilege of three years study in Europe to perfect himself in French, Spanish, Italian and German. After the three years were passed he returned to the United States and entered upon his profes. sorship in 1829. His first volume was a small essay on the "Moral and Devotional Poetry of Spain" in 1833. In 1835 he published some prose sketches of travel under the tite of "Outre Mer, a Pilgrimage beyond the Sea." In 1835 he was elected to the chair of modern languages and literature at Harvard University and spent a year in Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland, cultivating a knowledge of early Scandinavian literature and entered upon his professor. ship in 1836. Mr. Longfellow published in 1839 " Hyperion, a Romance," and "Voices of the Night," and his first volume of original verse comprising the selected poems of twenty years work, procured him immediate recognition as a poet. "Ballads and other poems" appeared in 1842, the "Spanish Student" a drama in three acts, in 1843, "The Belfry of Bruges " in 1846, "Evangeline, a Tale of Acadia," in 1847, which was considered his master piece. In I845 he published a large volume of the "Poets and Poetry of Europe," 1849 " Kavanagh, a Tale," "1The Seaside and Fireside" in 185o, "The Golden Legend" in 1851, "The Song of Hiawatha "in I855, "The Courtship of Miles Standish " in 1858, " Tales of a Wayside Inn " in 1863; "Flower de Luce" in 1866;" "New England Tragedies" in 1869; "The Divine Tragedy" in 1871; "Three Books of Song" in 1872; "The Hanging of the Crane" in 1874. He also published a masterly translation of Dante in 1867-70 and the "Morituri Salutamus," a poem read at the fiftieth anniversary ot his class at Bowdoin College. Prof. Longfellow resigned his chair at Harvard University in 1854, but continued to reside at Cambridge. Some of his poetical works have been translated into many languages, and their popularity rivals that of the best modern English poetry. He died March 24, 1882, but has left an imperishable fame as one of the foremost of American poets. P ETER COOPER was in three particulars-as a capitalist and manufacturer, as an inventor, and as a philanthropist-- connected intimately with some of the most COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHr. __ __ important and useful accessions to the industrial arts of America, its progress in invention and the promotion of educational and benevolent institutions intended for the benefit of people at large. He was born in New York city, February 12, 1791. His life was one of labor and struggle, as it was with most of America's successful men. In early boyhood he commenced to help his iather as a manufacturer of hats. He attended school only for half of each day for a single year, and beyond this his acquisitions were all his own. When seventeen years old he was placed with John Woodward to learn the trade of coach-making and served his apprenticeship so satisfactorily chat his master offered to set him up in business, but this he declined because of the debt and obligation it would involve. The foundation of Mr. Cooper's fortune was laid in the invention of an improvement in machines for shearing cloth. This was largely called into use during the war of 1812 with England when all importations of cloth from that country were stopped. The machines lost their value,, however, on the declaration of peace. Mr. Cooper then turned his shop into the manufacture of cabinet ware. He afterwards went into the grocery business in New York and finally he engaged in the manufacture of glue and isinglass which he carried on for more than fifty years. In 1830 he erected iron works in Canton, near Baltimore. Subsequently he erected a rolling and a wire mill in the city of New York, in which he first successfully applied anthracite to the.puddling of iron. In these works, he was the first to roll wrought-iron beams for fire-proof buildings. These works grew to be very extensive, including mines, blast farnaces, etc. While in Baltimore Mr. Cooper built in I830, after his own designs, the first loco motive engine ever constructed on this continent and it was successfully operated on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. He also took a great interest and invested large capital in the extension of the electric telegraph, also in the laying of the first Atlantic cable; besides interesting himself largely in the New York state canals. But the most cherished object of Mr. Cooper's life was the establishment of an institution for the instruction of the industrial classes, which he carried out on a magnificent scale in New York city, where the "Cooper Union" ranks among the most important institutions. In May, 1876, the Independent party nominated Mr. Cooper for president of the United States, and at the election following he received nearly oo100,000ooo votes., is death occurred April 4, 1883. G ENERAL ROBERT EDWARD LEE, one of the most conspicuous Confederate generals during the Civil war, and one of the ablest military commanders of modern times, was born at Stratford House, Westmoreland county, Virginia, January 19, 1807. In 1825 he entered the West Point academy and was graduated second in his class in 1829, and attached to the army as second lieutenant of engineers. For a number of years he was thus engaged in engineering work, aiding in establishing the boundary line between Ohio and Michigan, and superintended various river and harbor improvements, becoming captain of engineers in 1838. He first saw field service in the Mexican war, and under General Scott performed valuable and efficient service. In that brilliant campaign he was conspicuous for professional ability as well as gallant and meritorious conduct, winning in quick succession the brevets of major, lieutenant COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHP. 89 colonel, and colonel for his part in the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Cherubusco, Chapultepec, and in the capture of the city Mexico. At the close of that war he resumed his engineering work in connection with defences along the Atlantic coast, and from 1852 to 1855 was superintendent of the Military Academy, a position which he gave up to become lieutenant-colonel of the Second Cavalry. For several years thereafter he served on the Texas border, but happening to be near Washington at the time of John Brown's raid, October 17 to 25, I859, Colonel Lee was placed in command of the Federal forces employed in its repression. He soon returned to his regiment in Texas where he remained the greater part of 186o, and March 16, 1861, became colonel of his regiment by regular promotion. Three weeks later, April 25, he resigned upon the secession of Virginia, went at once to Richmond and tendered his services to the governor of that state, being by acclamation appointed commander-inchief of its military and naval forces, with the rank of major-general. He at once set to work to organize and develop the defensive resources of his state and within a month directed the occupation in force of Manassas Junction. Meanwhile Virginia having entered the confederacy and Richmond become the capitol, Lee became one of the foremost of its military officers and was closely connected with Jefferson Davis in planning the moves of that tragic time. Lee participated in many of the hardest fought battles of the war among which were Fair Oaks, White Lake Swamps, Cold Harbor, and the Chickahominy, Manassas, Cedar Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Malvern Hill, Gettysburg, the battles of the Wilderness campaign, all the campaigns about Richmond, Petersburg, Five Forks, and others. Lee's surrender at Appomatox brought the war to a close. It is said of General Lee that but few commanders in history have been so quick to detect the purposes of an opponent or so quick to act upon it. Never surpassed, if ever equaled, in the art of winning the passionate, personal love and admiration of his troops, he acquired and held an influence over his army to the very last, founded upon a supreme trust in his judgment, prescience and skill, coupled with his cool, stable, equable courage. A great writer has said of him: "As regards the proper measure of General Lee's rank among the soldiers of history, seeing what he wrought with such resources as he had, under all the disadvantages that ever attended his operations, it is impossible to measure what he might have achieved in campaigns and battles with resources at his own disposition equal to those against which he invariably contended." Left at the close of the war without estate or profession, he accepted the presidency of Washington College at Lexington, Virginia, where he died October 12, 1870. OHN JAY, first chief-justice of the United States, was born in New York, December 12, 1745. He took up the study of law, graduated from King's College (Columbia College), and was admitted to the bar in 1768. He was chosen a member of the committee of New York citizens to protest against the enforcement by the British government of the Boston Port Bill, was elected to the Continental congress which met in 1774, and was author of the addresses to the people of Great Britian and of Canada adopted by that and the succeeding congress. He was chosen to the provincial assembly of his own state, and 40 C OIMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. resigned from the Continental congress to serve in that body, wrote most of its public papers, including the constitution of the new state, and was then made chief-justice. He was again chosen as a member of the Continental congress in 1778, and became president of that body. He was sent to Spain as minister in 1780, and his services there resulted in substantial and moral aid for the struggling colonists. Jay, Franklin, and Adams negotiated the treaty of peace with Great Britain in 1-78j, and Jay was appointed secretary of foreign affairs in 1784, and held the position until the adoption of the Federal constitution. During this time he had contributed strong articles to the " Federalist" in favor of the adoption of the constitution, and was largely instrumental in securing the ratification of that instrument by his state. He was appointed by Washington as first chief-justice of the United States in 1789. In this high capacity the great interstate and international questions that arose for immediate settlement came before him for treatment. In 1794, at a time when the people in gratitude for the aid that France had extended to us, were clamoring for the privilege of going to the aid of that nation in her struggle with Great Britain and her own oppressors, John Jay was sent to England as special envoy to negotiate a treaty with that power. The instrument known as "Jay's Treaty " was the result, and while in many of its features it favored our nation, yet the neutrality clause in it so angered the masses that it was denounced throughout the entire country, and John Jay was burned in effigy in the city of New York. The treaty was finally ratified by Washington, and approved, in August, 1795. Having been elected governor of his state for three consecutive terms, he then retired from active life, declining an appointment as chief-justice of the supreme court, made by John Adams and confirmed by the senate. He died in New York in 1829. PHILLIP HENRY SHERIDAN was one of the greatest American cavalry generals. He was born March 6, 1831, at Somerset, Perry county, Ohio, and was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated and was assigned to the First Infantry as brevet second lieutenant July i, 1853. After serving in Texas, on the Pacific coast, in Washington and Oregon territories until the fall of I861, he was recalled to the states and assigned to the army of southwest Missouri as chief quartermaster from the duties of which he was soon relieved. After the battle of Pea Ridge, he was quartermaster in the Corinth campaign, and on May 25 he was appointed colonel of the Second Michigan Cavalry. On July i, in command of a cavalry brigade, he defeated a superior force of the enemy and was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. General Sheridan was then transferred to the army of the Ohio, and commanded a division in the battle of Perrysville and also did good service at the battle of Murfreesboro, where he was commissioned majorgeneral of volunteers. He fought with great gallantry at Chickamauga, after which Rosecrans was succeeded by General Grant, under whom Sheridan fought the battle of Chattanooga and won additional renown. Upon the promotion of Grant to lieutenantgeneral, he applied for the transfer of General Sheridan to the east, and appointed him chief of cavalry in the army of the Potomac. During the campaign of 1864 the cavalry covered the front and flanks of the infantry until May 8, when it was witi C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHiI. 4LL -- drawn and General Sheridan started on a raid against the Confederate lines of communication with Richmond and on May 25 he rejoined the army, having destroyed considerable of the confederate stores and defeated their cavalry under General Stuart at Yellow Tavern. The outer line of defences around Richmond were taken, but the second line was too strong to be taken by assault, and accordingly Sheridan crossed the Chickahominy at Meadow Bridge, reaching. James River May 14, and thence by White House and Hanover Court House back to Ihe army. The cavalry occupied Cold Harbor May 31, which they held until the arrival of the infantry. On General Sheridan's next raid he routed Wade Hampton's cavalry, and August 7 was assigned to the commabnd of the Middle Military division, and during the campaign of the Shenandoah Valley he performed the unheard of feat of "( destroying an entire army." He was appointed brigadier-general of the regular army and for his victory at Cedar Creek he was promoted to the rank of major-general. General Sheridan started out February 27, 1865, with ten thousand cavalry and destroyed the Virginia Central Railroad and the James River Canal and joined the army again at Petersburg March 27. He commanded at the battle of Five Forks, the decisive victory which compelled Lee to evacuate Petersburg. On April 9, Lee tried to break through Sheridan's dismounted command but when the General drew aside his cavalry and disclosed the deep lines of infantry the attempt was abandoned. General Sheridan mounted his men and was about tc charge when a white flag was flown at the head of Lee's column which betokened the surrender of the army. After the war General Sheridan had command of the army of the southwest, of the gulf and the depart ment of Missouri until he was appointed lieutenant-general and assigned to the division of Missouri with headquarters at Chicago, and assumed supreme command of the army November I, 1883, which post he held until his death, August 5, i888. PHINEAS T. BARNUM, the greatest showman the world has ever seen, was born at Danbury, Connecticut, July 5, i8io. At the age of eighteen years he began business on his own account. He opened a retail fruit and confectionery house, including a barrel of ale, in one part of an old carriage house. He spent fifty dollars in fitting up the store and the stock cost him seventy dollars. Three years later he put in a full stock, such as is generally carried in a country store, and the same year he started a Democratic newspaper, known as the "Herald of Freedom." He soon found himself in jail under a sixty days' sentence for libel. During the winter of 1834-5 he went to New York and began soliciting business for several Chatham street houses. In 1835 he embarked in the show business at Niblo's Garden, having purchased the celebrated "Joice Heth" for one thousand dollars. He afterward engaged the celebrated athlete, Sig. Vivalia, and Barnum made his "first appearance on any stage," acting as a "super" to Sig. Vivalia on his opening night. He became ticket seller, secretary and treasurer of Aaron Turner's circus in 1836 and traveled with it about the country. His next venture was the purchase of a steamboat on the Mississippi, and engaged a theatrical company to show in the principal towns along that river. In 1840 he opened Vaux Hall Garden, New York, with variety performances, and introduced the celebrated jig dancer, John Diamond, to the public. The next year he quit the show 42 C OMPENDIUPM OF BIO GRAPHT. business and settled down in New York as agent of Sear's Pictorial Illustration of the Bible, but a few months later again leased Vaux Hall. In September of the same year he again left the business, and became " puff" writer for the Bowery Amphitheater. In December he bought the Scudder Museum, and a year later introduced the celebrated Tom Thumb to the world, taking him to England in 1844, and remaining there three years. He then returned to New York, and in 1849, through James Hall Wilson, he engaged the "Swedish Nightingale," Jenny Lind, to come to this country and make a tour under his management. He also had sent the Swiss Bell Ringers to America in 1844. He became owner of the Baltimore Museum and the Lyceum and Museum at Philadelphia. In 1850 he brought a dozen elephants from Ceylon to make a tour of this country, and in 1851 sent the "Bateman Children" to London. During 1851 and 1852 he traveled as a temperance lecturer, and became president of a bank at Pequonnock, Connecticut. In 1852 he started a weekly pictorial paper known as the 1" Illustrated News." In 1865 his Museum was destroyed by fire, and he immediately leased the Winter Garden Theatre, where he played his company until he opened his own Museum. This was destroyed by fire in 1868, and he then purchased an interest in the George Wood Museum. After dipping into politics to some extent, he began his career as a really great showman in 1871. Three years later he erected an immense circular building in New York, in which he produced his panoramas. He has frequently appeared as a lecturer, some times on temperance, and some times on other topics, among which were "Humbugs of the World," "Struggles and Triumphs," etc. He was owner of the im mense menagerie and circus known as the "Greatest Show on Earth," and his fame extended throughout Europe and America. He died in 1891. AMES MADISON, the fourth president of the United States, 18o9-17, was born at Port Conway, Prince George county, Virginia, March 16, 1751. He was the son of a wealthy planter, who lived on a fine estate called " Montpelier," which was but twenty-five miles from Monticello, the home of Thomas Jefferson. Mr. Madison was the eldest of a family of seven children, all of whom attained maturity. He received his early education at home under a private tutor, and consecrated himself with unusual vigor to study. At a very early age he was a proficient scholar in Latin, Greek, French and Spanish, and in 1769 he entered Princeton College, New Jersey. He graduated in 1771, but remained for several months after his graduation to pursue a course of study under the guidance of Dr. Witherspoon. He permanently injured his health at this time and returned to Virginia in 1772; and for two years he was immersed in the study of law, and at the same time made extended researches in theology, general literature, and philosophical studies. He then directed his full attention to the impending struggle of the colonies for ihdependence, and also took a prominent part in the religious controversy at that time regarding so called persecution of other religious denominations by the Church of England. Mr. Madison was elected to the Virginia assembly in 1776 and in November, 1777, he was chosen a member of the council of state. He took his seat in the continental congress in March, 178o. He was made chairman of the committee on foreign relations, and drafted an able memoranda for the use of.:, M.. COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRARPHY. 48 - t the American ministers to the French and Spanish governments, that established the claims of the republic to the territories between the Alleghany Mountains and the Mississippi River. He acted as chairman of the ways and means committee in 1783 and as a member of the Virginia legislature in 1784-86 he rendered important services to the state. Mr. Madison represented Virgiana in the national constitutional convention at Philadelphia in 1787, and was one of the ch-:e framers of the constitution. He was a member of the first four congresses, 1789-97, and gradually became identified with the anti-federalist or republican party of which he eventually became the leader. He remained in private life during the administration of John Adams, and was secretary of state under President Jefferson. Mr. Madison administered the affairs of that post with such great ability that he was the natural successor of the chief magistrate and was chosen president by an electoral vote of 122 to 53. He was inaugurated March 4, 1809, at that critical period in our history when the feelings of the people were embittered with those of England, and his first term was passed in diplomatic quarrels, which finally resulted in the declaration of war, June 18, 1812. In the autumn of that year President Madison was re-elected by a vote of 128 to 89, and conducted the war for three years with varying success and defeat in Canada, by glorious victories at sea, and by the battle of New Orleans that was fought after the treaty of peace had been signed at Ghent, December 24, 1814. During this war the national capitol at Washington was burned, and many valuable papers were destroyed, but the declaration of independence was saved to the country by the bravery and courage of Mr. Madison's illustrious wife. A commercial treaty was negotiated with Great Britain in 1815, and in April, 1816, a national bank was incorporated by congress. Mr. Madison was succeeded, March 4, 1817, by James Monroe, and retired into private life on his estate at Montpelier, where he died June 28, 1836. FREDERICK DOUGLASS, a noted 1Amcricah character, was a protege of the great abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison, by whom he was aided in gaining his education. Mr. Douglass was born in Tuckahoe county, Maryland, in February, 1817, his mother being a negro woman and his father a white man. He was born in slavery and belonged to a man by the name of Lloyd, under which name he went until he ran away from his master and changed it to Douglass. At the age of ten years he was sent to Baltimore where he learned to read and write, and later his owner allowed him to hire out his own time for three dollars a week in a shipyard. In September, 1838, he fled from Baltimore and made his way to New York, and from thence went to New Bedford, Massachusetts. Here he was married and supported himself and family by working at the wharves and in various workshops. In the summer of 1841 he, attended an anti-slavery convention at Nantucket, and made a speech which was so well received that he was offered the agency of the Massachusetts Anti-slavery Society. In this capacity he traveled through the New England states,- and about the same time he published his first book called "Narrative of my Experience in Slavery." Mr. Douglass went to England in 1845 and lectured on slavery to large and enthusiastic audiences in all the large towns of the country, and his friends made up a purse of seven hundred and fifty dollars and purchased his freedom in due form of law. 44 C COMPENDIUMI OF BIOGRAPHr. Mr. Douglass applied himself to the delivery of lyceum lectures after the abolition of slavery, and in 1870 he became the editor of the " New National Era " in Washington. In 1871 he was appointed assistant secretary of the commission to San Domingo and on his return he was appointed one of the territorial council for the District of Colorado by President Grant. He was elected presidential elector-at-large for the state of New York and was appointed to carry the electoral vote to Washington. He was also United States- marshal for the District of Columbia in I876~, and later was recorder of deeds for the same, from which position he was removed by President Cleveland in 1886. In the fall of that year he visited England to inform the friends that he had made while there, of the progress of the colored race in America, and on his return he was appointed minister to Hayti, by President Harrison in 1889. His career as a benefactor of his race was closed by his death in February, 1895, near Washington. -W ILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.-The V ear for rhythm and the talent for graceful expression are the gifts of nature, and they were plentifully endowed on the above named poet. The principal charac-, teristic of his poetry is the thoughtfulness and intellectual process- by which his ideas ripened in his mind, as all his poems are bright, clear and sweet. Mr. Bryant was born November 3, 1794, at Cummington, Hampshire county, Massachusetts, and was educated at Williams College, from which he graduated, having entered it in 18 io. He took up the study of law, and in I815 was admitted to the bar, but after practicing successfully for ten years at Plainfield and Great Barrington, he removed to New York in I825. The following year he became the editor of the ", Evening Post," which he edited until his death, and under his direction this paper maintained, through a long series of years, a high standing by the boldness of its protests against slavery before the war, by its vigorous support of the government during the war, and by the fidelity and ability of its advocacy of the Democratic freedom in trade. Mr. Bryant visited EuIrope in 1834, 1845, 1849 and 1857, and presented to the literary world the fruit of his travels in the series of "Letters of a Traveler," and "Letters from Spain and Other Countries." In the world of literature he is known chiefly as a poet, and here Mr. Bryant's name is illustrious, both at home and abroad. He contributed verses to the "Country Gazette " before he was ten years of age, and at the age of nineteen he wrote "Thanatopsis," the most impressive and widely known of his poems. The later outgrowth of his genius was his translation of Homer's "Iliad" in 1870 and the "Odyssey" in 1871. He also made several speeches and addresses which have been collected in a comprehensive volume called " Orations and Addresses." He was honored in many ways by his fellow citizens, who delighted to pay tributes of respect to his literary eminence, the breadth of his public spirit, the faithfulness of his service, and the worth of his private character. Mr. Bryant died in New York City June 12, 1878. W ILLIAM HENRY SEWARD, the secretary of state during one of the mqst critical times in the history of our country, and the right hand man of President Lincoln, ranks among the greatest statesmen America has produced. Mr. Seward was born May I6, I8oi, at Florida, Orange county, New York, and with such ~444w 0-407- mo COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 47 facilities as the place afforded he fitted himself for a college course. He attended Union College at Schenectady, New York, at the age of fifteen, and took his degree in the regular course, with signs of promise in 1820, after which he diligently addressed himself to the study of law under competent instructors, and started in the practice of his profession in 1823. Mr. Seward entered the political arena and in 1828 we find him presiding over a convention in New York, its purpose being the nomination of John Quincy Adams for a second term. He was married in 1824 and in 1830 was elected to the state senate. From 1838 to 1842 he was governor of the state of New York. Mr. Seward's next important position was that of United States senator from New York. 'V. H. Seward was chosen by President Lincoln to fill the important office of the secretary of state, and by his firmness and diplomacy in the face of difficulties, he aided in piloting the Union through that period, of strife, and won an everlasting fame. This great statesman died at Auburn, New York, October Io, 1872, in the seventy-second year of his eventful life. JOSEPH JEFFERSON, a name as dear as it is familiar to the theater-going world in America, suggests first of all a funloving, drink-loving, mellow voiced, goodnatured Dutchman, and the name of "Rip Van Winkle " suggests the pleasant features of Joe Jefferson, so intimately are play and player associated in the minds of those who have had the good fortune to shed tears of laughter and sympathy as a tribute to the greatness of his art. Joseph Jefferson was born in Philadelphia, February 20, 1829. His genius was an inheritance, if there be such, as his great-grandfather, Thomas 3 Jefferson, was a manager and actor in Eng. land. His grandfather, Joseph Jefferson, was the most popular comedian of the New York stage in his time, and his father, Joseph Jefferson, the second, was a good actor also, but the third Joseph Jefferson outshone them all. At the age of three years Joseph Jefferson came on the stage as the child in "Pizarro," and his training was upon the stage from childhood. Later on he lived and acted in Chicago, Mobile, and Texas. After repeated misfortunes he returned to New Orleans from Texas, and his brother-in-law, Charles Burke, gave him money to reach Philadelphia, where he joined the Burton theater company. Here his genius soon asserted itself, and his future became promising and brilliant. His engagements throughout the United States and Australia were generally successful, and when he went to England in 1865 Mr. Boucicault consented to make some important changes in his dramatization of Irving's story of Rip Van Winkle, and Mr. Jefferson at once placed it in the front rank as a comedy. He made a fortune out of it, and played nothing else for many years. In later years, however, Mr. Jefferson acquitted himself of the charge of being a one-part actor, and the parts of 6"Bob Acres," "Caleb Plummer" and "Golightly " all testify to the versatility of his genius. GEORGE BRINTON McCLELLAN, a noted American general, was born in Philadelphia, December 3, 1826. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1846 from West Point, and was breveted second lieutenant of engineers. He was with Scott in the Mexican war, taking part in all the engagements from Vera Cruz to the final capture of the Mexi 48 C OMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. can capital, and was breveted first lieutenant and captain for gallantry displayed on various occasions. In 1857 he resigned his commission and accepted the position of chief engineer in the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, and became president of the St. Louis & Cincinnati Railroad Company. He was commissioned majorgeneral by the state of Ohio in I861, placed in command of the department of the Ohio, and organized the first volunteers called for from that state. In May he was appointed major-general in the United States army, and ordered to disperse the confederates overrunning West Virginia. He accomplished this task promptly, and received the thanks of congress. After the first disaster at Bull Run he was placed in command of the department of Washington, and a few weeks later of the Army of the Potomac. Upon retirement of General Scott the command of the entire United States army devolved upon McClellan, but he was relieved of it within a few months. In March, I862, after elaborate preparation, he moved upon Manassas, only to find it deserted by the Confederate army, which had been withdrawn to impregnable defenses prepared nearer Richmond. He then embarked his armies for Fortress Monroe and after a long delay at Yorktown, began the disastrous Peninsular campaign, which resulted in the Army of the Potomac being cooped up on the James River below Richmond. His forces were then called to the support of General Pope, near Washington, and he was left without an army. After Pope's defeat McClellan was placed in command of the troops for the defense of the capital, and after a thorough organization he followed Lee into Maryland and the battles of Antietam and South Mountain ensued. The delay which followed caused general dissatisfaction, and he was relieved of his command,and retired from active service. In 1864 McClellan was nominated for the presidency by the Democrats, and overwhelmingly defeated by Lincoln, three states only casting their electoral votes for McClellan. On election day he resigned his commission and a few months later went to Europe where he spent several years. He wrote a number of military text-books and reports. His death occurred October 29, 1885. S AMUEL J. TILDEN.-Among the great statesmen whose names adorn the pages of American history may be found that of the subject of this sketch. -Known as a lawyer of highest ability, his greatest claim to immortality will ever lie in his successful battle against the corrupt rings of his native state and the elevation of the standard of official life. Samuel J. Tilden was born in New Lebanon, New York, February 9, 1814. He pursued his academic studies at Yale College and the University of New York, taking the course of law at the latter. He was admitted to the bar in 1841. His rare ability as a thinker and writer upon public topics attracted the attention of President Van Buren, of whose policy and administration he became an active and efficient champion. He made for himself a high place in his profession and amassed quite a fortune as the result of his industry and judgment. During the days of his greatest professional labor he was ever one of the leaders and trusted counsellors of the Democratic party. He was a member of the conventions to revise the state constitution, both in I846 and 1867, and served two terms in the lower branch of the state leg C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHr. 49 islature. He was one of the controlling spirits in the overthrow of the notorious " Tweed ring " and the reformation of the government of the city of New York. In 1874 he was elected governor of the state of New York. While in this position he assailed corruption in high places, successfully battling with the iniquitous "canal ring " and crushed its sway over all departments of the government. Recognizing his character and executive ability Mr. Tilden was nominated for president by the national Democratic convention in I876. At the election he received a much larger popular vote than his opponent, and 184 uncontested electoral votes. There being some electoral votes contested, a commission appointed by congress decided in favor of the Republican electors and Mr. Hayes, the candidate of that party was declared elected. In 188o, the Democratic party, feeling that Mr. Tilden had been lawfully elected to the presidency tendered the nomination for the same office to Mr. Tilden, but he declined, retiring from all public functions, owing to failing health. He died August 4, I886. By will he bequeathed several millions of dollars toward the founding of public libraries in New York City, Yonkers, etc. NOAH WEBSTER.-As a scholar, lawyer, author and journalist, there is no one who stands on a higher plane, or whose reputation is better established than the honored gentleman whose name heads this sketch. He was a native of West Hartford, Connecticut,. and was born October 17, 1758. He.came of an old New England family, his mother being a descendant of Governor William Bradford, of the Plymouth colony. After acquiring a solid education in early life Dr. Webster entered Yale College, from which he graduated in 1778. For a while he taught school in Hartford, at the same. time studying law, and was admitted 'to the bar in 1781. He taught a classical school at Goshen, Orange county, New York, in 1782-83, and while there prepared his spelling book, grammar and reader, which was issued under the title of "A Grammatical Institute of the English Language," in three parts,-so successful a work that up to 1876 something like forty million of the spelling books had been sold. In 1786 he delivered a course of lectures on the English language in the seaboard cities and the following year taught an academy at Philadelphia. From December 17, 1787, until November, 1788, he edited the "American Magazine," a periodical that proved unsuccessful. In 1789-93 he practiced law in Hartford having in the former year married the daughter of William Greenleaf, of Boston. He returned to New York and November, 1793, founded a daily paper, the "Minerva," to which was soon added a semi-weekly edition under the name of the " Herald." The former is still in existence under the name of the "Commercial Advertiser." In this paper, over the signature of "Curtius'," he published a lengthy and scholarly defense of " John Jay's treaty.".In 1798, Dr. Webster moved to New Haven and in 1807 commenced the preparation of his great work, the "American Dictionary of the English Language," which was not completed and published until 1828. He made his home in Amherst, Massachusetts, for the ten years succeeding 1812, and was instrumental in the establishment of Amherst College, of which institution he was the first president of the board of trustees. During 1824-5 he resided in Europe, pursuing his philological studies in Paris. He completed his dictionary from the libraries of Cambridge University in 1825, and de 50 COMPENDIUI'f OF BIOGRAPHY. voted his leisure for the remaifider of his life to the revision of that and his school books. Dr. Webster was a member of the legislatures of both Connecticut and Massachusetts, was judge of one of the courts of the former state and was identified with nearly all the literary and scientific societies in the neighborhood of Amherst College. He died in New Haven, May 28, 1843. Among the more prominent works emanating from the fecund pen of Dr. Noah Webster besides those mentioned above are the following: "Sketches of American Policy," " Winthrop's Journal," "A Brief History of Epidemics," "Rights of Neutral Nations in time of War," "A Philosophical and Practical Grammar of the English Language," "Dissertations on the English Language," "A Collection of Essays," "The Revolution in France," "Political Progress of Britain," "Origin, History, and Connection of the Languages of Western Asia and of Europe," and many others. W ILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON, the great anti-slavery pioneer and leader, was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, December 12, 1804. He was apprenticed to the printing business, and in 1828 was induced to take charge of the "Journal of the Times" at Bennington, Vermont. While supporting John Quincy Adams for the presidency he took occasion in that paper to give expression of his views on slavery. These articles attracted notice, and a Quaker named Lundy, editor of the "Genius of Emancipation," published in Baltimore, induced him to enter a partnership with him for the conduct of his paper. It soon transpired that the views of the partners were not in harmony, Lundy favoring gradual emancipation, while Garrison favored immediate freedom. In 1850 Mr. Garrison was thrown into prison for libel, not being able to pay a fine of fifty dollars and costs. In his cell he wrote a number of poems which stirred the entire north, and a merchant, Mr. Tappan, of New York, paid his fine and liberated him, afterseven weeks of confinement. He at once began a lecture tour of the northern cities, denouncing slavery as a sin before God, and demanding its immediate abolition in the name of religion and humanity. He opposed the colonization scheme of President Monroe and other leaders, and declared the right of every slave to immediate freedom. In 1831 he formed a partnership with Isaac Knapp, and began the publication of the " Liberator " at Boston. The "immediate abolition " idea began to gather power in the north, while the south became alarmed at the bold utterance of this journal. The mayor of Boston was besought by southern influence to interfere, and upon investigation, reported upon the insignificance, obscurity, and poverty of the editor and his staff, which report was widely published throughout the country. Rewards were offered by the southern states for his arrest and conviction. Later Garrison brought from England, where an emancipation measure had just been passed, some of the great advocates to work for the cause in this country. In 1835 a mob broke into his office, broke up a meeting of women, dragged Garrison through the street with a rope around his body, and his life was saved only by the interference of the police, who lodged him in jail. Garrison declined to sit in the World's Anti-Slavery convention at London in 1840, because that body had refused women representation. He opposed the formation of a political party with emancipation as its basis. C OMPENDIUML OF BIOGRAPHA. 51 He favored a dissolution of the union, and declared the constitution which bound the free states to the slave states " A covenant with death and an agreement with hell." In 1843 he became president of the American Anti-Slavery society, which position he held until 1865, when slavery was no more. During all this time the " Liberator" had continued to promulgate anti-slavery doctrines, but in 1865 Garrison resigned his position, and declared his work was completed. He died May 24, 1879. J OHN BROWN (" Brown of Ossawatomie"), a noted character in American history, was born at Torrington, Connecticut, May 9, 18oo. In his childhood he removed to Ohio, where he learned the tanner's trade. He married there, and in 1855 settled in Kansas. He lived at the village of Ossawatomie in that state, and there began his fight against slavery. He advocated immediate emancipation, and held that the negroes of the slave states merely waited for a leader in an insurrection that would result in their freedom. He attended the convention called at Chatham, Canada, in 1859, and was the leading spirit in organizing a raid upon the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. His plans were well laid, and carried out in great secrecy. He rented a farm house near Harper's Ferry in the summer of 1859, and on October 16th of that year, with about twenty followers, he surprised and captured the United States arsenal, with all its supplies and arms. To his surprise, the negroes did not come to his support, and the next day he was attacked by the Virginia state militia, wounded and captured. He was tried in the courts of the state, convicted, and was hanged at Charlestown, December 2, 1859. The raid and its results had a tremendous effect, and hastened the culmination of the troubles between the north and south. The south had the advantage in discussing this event, claiming that the sentiment which inspired this act of violence was shared by the anti-slavery element of the country. E DWIN BOOTH had no peer upon the American stage during his long career as a star actor. He was the son of a famous actor, Junius Brutus Booth, and was born in 1833 at his father's home at Belair, near Baltimore. At the age of sixteen he made his first appearance on the stage, at the Boston Museum, in a minor part in "Richard III." It was while playing in California in 1851I that an eminent critic called general attention to the young actor's unusual talent. However, it was not until 1863, at the great Shakspearian revival at the Winter Garden Theatre, New York, that the brilliancy ol his career began. His Hamlet held the boards for o100 nights in succession, and from that time forth Booth's reputation was established. In 1868 he opened his own theatre (Booth's Theater) in New York. Mr. Booth never succeeded as a manager, however, but as an actor he was undoubtedly the most popular man on the American stage, and perhaps the most eminent one in the world. In England he also won the greatest applause. Mr. Booth's work was confined mostly to Shakspearean roles, and his art was characterized by intellectual acuteness, fervor, and poetic feeling. His Hamlet, Richard II, Richard III, and Richelieu gave play to his greatest powers. In 1865, when his brother, John Wilkes Booth, enacted his great crime, Edwin Booth resolved to retire from the stage, but was pursuaded to reconsider that decision. The odium did not in any way attach to the 62 COMPENDIUMM OF BIOGRAPHT. I great actor, and his popularity was not affected. In all his work Mr. Booth clung closely to the legitimate and the traditional in drama, making no experiments, and offering little encouragement to new dramatic authors. His death occurred in New York, June 7, 1894. OSEPH HOOKER, a noted American officer, was born at Hadley, Massachusetts, November 13, 1814. He graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1837, and was appointed lieutenant of artillery. He served in Florida in the Seminole war, and in garrison until the outbreak of the Mexican war. During the latter he saw service as a staff officer and was breveted captain, major and lieutenant-colonel for gallantry at Monterey, National Bridge and Chapultepec. Resigning his commission in 1833 he took up farming in California, which he followed until 1861. During this time he acted as superintendent of military roads in Oregon. At the outbreak of the Rebellion Hooker tendered his services to the government, and, May 17, 1861, was appointed brigadier-general of.volunteers. He served in the defence of Washington and on the lower Potomac until his appointment to the command of a division in the Third Corps, in March, 1862. For gallant conduct at the siege of Yorktown and in the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Frazier's Farm and Malvern Hill he was made major-general. At the head of his division he participated in the battles of Manassas and Chantilly. September 6, 1862, he was placed at the head of the First Corps, and in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam acted with his usual gallantry, being wounded in the latter engagement. On rejoining the army in November he was made brigadier-general in the regular army. On General Burnside attaining the command of the Army of the Potomac General Hooker was placed in command of the center grand division, consisting of the Second and Fifth. Corps. At the head of these gallant men he participated in the battle of Fred-' ericksburg, December 13, 1862. In January, 1863, General Hooker assumed command of the Army of the Potomac, and in May following fought the battle of Chancellorsville. At the time of the invasion of Pennsylvania, owing to a dispute with General Halleck, Hooker requested to be relieved of his command, and June 28 was succeeded by George G. Meade. In September, 1863, General Hooker was given command of the Twentieth Corps and transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, and distinguished himself at the battles of Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Ringgold. In the Atlanta campaign he saw almost daily service and merited his wellknown nickname of "Fighting Joe." July 30, 1864, at his own request, he was relieved of his command. He subsequently was in command of several military departments in the north, and in October, 1868, was retired with the full rank of major-general. He died October 31, 1879. AY GOULD, one of the greatest financiers that the world has ever produced, was born May 27, 1836, at Roxbury, Delaware county, New York. He spent his early years on his father's farm and at the age of fourteen entered Hobart Academy, New York, and kept books for the village blacksmith. He acquired a taste for mathematics and surveying and on leaving school found employment in making the surveyor's map of Ulster county. He surveyed very extensively in the state and accumulated five thousand dollars as the fruits of his labor. He COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHT. 53 was then stricken with typhoid fever but recovered and made the acquaintance of one Zadock Pratt, who sent him into the western part of the state to locate a site for a tannery. He chose, a fine hemlock grove, built a sawmill and blacksmith shop and was soon doing a large lumber business with Mr. Pratt. Mr. Gould soon secured control of the entire plant, which he sold out just before the panic of 1857 and in this year he became the largest stockholderin the Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, bank. Shortly after the crisis he bought the bonds of the Rutland & Washington Railroad at ten cents on the dollar, and put all his money into railroad securities. For a long time he conducted this road which he consolidated with the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad. In 1859 he removed to New York and became a heavy investor in Erie Railroad stocks, entered that company and was president until its reorganization in 1872. In December, I88o, Mr. Gould was in control of ten thousand miles of railroad. In 1887 he purchased the controlling interest in the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad Co., and was a joint owner with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Co. of the western portion of the Southern Pacific line. Other lines soon came under his control, aggregating thousand of miles, and he soon was recognized as one of the world's griatest railroad magnates. He continued to hold his place as one of the master financiers of the century until the time of his death which occurred December 2, 1892. THOMAS HART BENTON, a very prominent United States senator and statesman, was born at Hillsborough, North Carolina, March 14, 1782. He removed to Tennessee in early life, studied law, and began to practice at Nashville about 18Io. During the war of 1812-1815 he served as colonel of a Tennessee regiment under General Andrew Jackson. In 1815 he removed to St. Louis, Missouri, and in 1820 was chosen United States senator for that state. Having been re-elected in 1826, he supported President Jackson in his opposition to the United States bank and advocated a gold and silver currency, thus gaining the name of " Old Bullion," by which he was familiarly known. For many years he was the most prominent man in Missouri, and took rank among the greatest statesmen of his day. He was a member of the senate for thirty years and opposed the extreme states' rights policy of John C. Calhoun. In 1852 he was elected to the house of representatives in which he opposed the repeal of the Missouri compromise. He was opposed by a powerful party of States' Rights Democrats in Missouri, who defeated him as a candidate for governor of that state in 1856. Colonel Benton published a considerable work in two volumes in 1854-56, entitled " Thirty Years' View, or a History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, 1820-50." He died April 10, 1858. STEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS.-One of the most prominent figures in political circles during the intensely exciting days that preceded the war, and a leader of the Union branch of the Democratic party was the gentleman whose name heads this sketch. He was born at Brandon, Rutland county, Vermont, April 23, 1813, of poor but respectable parentage. His- father, a practicing physician, died while our subject was but an infant, and his mother, with two small children and but small means, could give him but the rudiments of an education. C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAlPHT. At the age of fifteen young Douglas engaged at work in the cabinet making business to raise fuuds to carry him througn college. After a few years of labor he was enabled to pursue an academical course, first at Brandon, and later at Canandaigua, New York. In the latter place he remained until 1833, taking up the study of law. Before he was twenty, however, his tunds running low, he abandoned all further attempts at education, determining to enter at once the battle of life. After some wanderings through the western states he tooK up his residence at Jacksonville, Illinois, where, after teaching school for three months, he was admitted to the bar, and opened an office in 1834. Within a year from that time, so rapidly had he risen in his profession, he was chosen attorney general of the state, and warmly espoused the principles of the Democratic party. He soon became one of the most popular orators in Illinois. It was at this time he gained the name of the "Little Giant." In 1835 he resigned the position of attorney general having been elected to the legislature. In 1841 he was chosen judge of the supreme,court of Illinois which he resigned two years later to take a seat in congress. It was during this period of his life, while,a member of the lower house, that he established his reputation and took the side of those who contended that congress had no constitutional right to restrict the extension of slavery further than the agreement between the states made in 1820. This, in spite of his being opposed to slavery, and only on grounds which he believed to be right, favored what was called the Missouri compromise. In 1847 Mr. Doug"'las was chosen United States senator for six years, and greatly distinguished himself. -In 1852 he was re-elected tothe.sameoffice. During this latter "term, under his leader ship, the '6 Kansas-Nebraska bill " was carried in the senate. In 1858, nothwithstanding the fierce contest made by his able competitor for the position, Abraham Lincoln, and with the administration of Buchanan arrayed against him, Mr. Douglas was re-elected senator. After the trouble in the Charleston- convention, when by the withdrawal of several state delegates without a nomination, the Union Democrats, in convention at Baltimore, in 186o, nominated Mr. Douglas as their candidate for presidency. The results of this election are well known and the great events of 1861 coming on, Mr. Douglas was spared their full development, dying at Chicago, Illinois, June 3, 1861, after a short illness. His last words to his children were, " to obey the laws and support the constitution of the United States." JAMES MONROE, fifth president of the United States, was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, April 28, 1758. At the age of sixteen he entered William and Mary College, but two years later the Declaration of Independence having been adopted, he left college and hastened to New York where he joined Washington's army as a military cadet. At the battle of Trenton Monroe performed gallant service and received a wound in the shoulder, and was promoted to a captaincy. He acted as aide to Lord Ster.ling at the battles of Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth. Washington then. sent him to Virginia to raise a new regiment of which he was to be colonel. The exhausted condition of Virginia made this impossible, but he received his commission. He next entered the law office of Thorfa3 Jefferson to study law. as there was no opening for him as an officer in the army. In COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. 55 1782 he was elected to the Virginia assembly, and the next year he was elected to the Continental congress. Realizing the inadequacy of the old articles of confederation, he advocated the calling of a convention to consider their revision, and introduced in congress a resolution empowering congress to regulate trade, lay import duties, etc. This resolution was referred to a committee, of which he was chairman, and the report led to the Annapolis convention, which called a general convention to meet at Philadelphia in 1787, when the constitution was drafted. Mr. Monroe began the practice of law at Fredericksburg, Virginia, and was soon after.!-cted to the legislature, and appointed as one of the committee to pass upon the adoption of the constitution. He opposed it, as giving too much power to the central government. He was elected to the United States senate in 1789, where he allied himself with the Anti-Federalists or "Republicans," as they were sometimes called. Although his views as to neutrality between France and England were directly opposed to those of the president, yet Washington appointed him minister to France. His popularity in France was so great that the antagonism of England and her friends in this country brought about his recall. He then became governor of Virginia. He was sent as envoy to France in 1802; minister to England in 1803; and envoy to Spain in 1805. The next year he returned to his estate in Virginia, and with an ample inheritance enjoyed a few years of repose. He was again called to be governor of Virginia, and was then appointed secretary of state by President Madison. The war with England soon resulted, and when the capital was burned by the British, Mr. Monroe became secretary of war also, and planned the measures for the defense of New Orleans. The treasury being exhausted and credit gone, he pledged his own estate, and thereby made possible the victory of Jackson at New Orleans. In I817 Mr. Monroe became president of the United States, having been a candidate of the "Republican" party, which at that time had begun to be called the "Democratic" party. In 1820 he was re-elected, having two hundred and thirty-one electoral votes out of two hundred and thirty-two. His administration is known as the "Era of good-feeling," and party lines were almost wiped out. The slavery question began to assume importance at this time, and the Missouri Compromise was passed. The famous "Monroe Doctrine" originated in a great state paper of President Monroe upon the rumored interference of the Holy Alliance to prevent the formation of free republics in South America. President Monroe acknowledged their independence, and promulgated his great " Doctrine," which has been held in reverence since. Mr. Monroe's death occurred in New York on July 4, 1831. T HOMAS ALVA EDISON, the master wizard of electrical science and whose name is synonymous with the subjugation of electricity to the service of man, was born in 1847 at Milan, Ohio, and it was at.Port Huron, Michigan, whither his parents had moved in 1854, that his self-education began-for he never attended school for more than two months. He eagerly devoured every book he could lay his hands on and is said to have read through an encyclopedia without missing a word. At thirteen he began his working life as a trainboy upon the Grand Trunk Railway between Port Huron and Detroit. Much of his time was now spent in Detroit, where he found increased facilities for reading at the public libraries. b6 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPH T. He was not content to be a newsboy, so he got together three hundred pounds of type and started the issue of the " Grand Trunk Herald." It was only a small amateur weekly, printed on one side, the impression being made from the type by hand. Chemical research was his next undertaking and a laboratory was added to his movable publishing house, which, by the way, was an old freight car. One day, however, as he was experimenting with some phosphorus, it ignited and the irate conductor threw the young seeker after the truth, chemicals and all, from the train. His office and laboratory were then removed to the cellar of his father's house. As he grew to manhood he decided to become an operator. He won his opportunity by saving the life of a child, whose father was an old operator, and out of gratitude he gave Mr. Edison lessons in telegraphy. Five months later he was competent to fill a position in the railroad office at Port Huron. Hence he peregrinated to Stratford, Ontario, and thence successively to Adrian, Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Memphis, Louisville and Boston, gradually becoming an expert operator and gaining experience that enabled him to evolve many ingenious ideas for the improvement of telegraphic appliances. At Memphis he constructed an automatic repeater, which enabled Louisville and New Orleans to communicate direct, and received nothing more than the thanks of his employers. Mr. Edison came to New York in 1870 in search of an opening more suitable to his capabilities and ambitions. He happened to be in the office of the Laws Gold Reporting Company when one of the instruments got out of order, and even the inventor of the system could not make it work. Edison requested to be allowed tq attempt the task, and in a few minutes he had overcome the difficulty and secured an advantageous engagement. For several years he had a contract with the Western Union and the Gold Stock companies, whereby he received a large salary, besides a special price for all telegraphic improvements he could suggest. Later, as the head of the Edison General Electric company, with its numerous subordinate organizations and connections all over the civilized world, he became several times a millionaire. Mr. Edison invented the phonograph and kinetograph which bear his name, the carbon telephone, the tasimeter, and the duplex and quadruplex systems of telegraphy. AMES LONGSTREET, one of the most conspicuous of the Confederate generals during the Civil war, was born in 1820, in South Carolina, but was early taken by his parents to Alabama where he grew to manhood and received his early education. He graduated at the United States military academy in 1842, entering the army as lieutenant and spent a few years in the frontier service. When the Mexican war broke out he was called to the front and participated in all the principal battles of that war up to the storming of Chapultepec, where he received severe wounds. For gallant conduct at Contreras, Cherubusco, and Molino del Rey he received the brevets of captain and major. After the close of the Mexican war Longstreet served as adjutant and captain on frontier service in Texas until 1858 when he was transferred to the staff as paymaster with rank of major. In June, 1861, he resigned to join the Confederacy and immediately went to the front, commanding a brigade at Bull Run the following month. Promoted to be major-general in 1862 he thereafter bore a conspicuous COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHIT. O' -- part and rendered valuable service to the Confederate cause. He participated in many of the most severe battles of the Civil war including Bull Run (first and second), Seven Pines, Gaines' Mill, Fraziers Farm, Malvern Hill, Antietam, Frederickburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Wilderness, Petersburg and most of the fighting about Richmond. When the war closed General Longstreet accepted the result, renewed his allegiance to the government, and thereafter labored earnestly to obliterate all traces of war and promote an era of good feeling between all sections of the country. He took up his residence in New Orleans, and took an active interest and prominent part in public affairs, served as surveyor of that port for several years; was commissioner of engineers for Louisiana, served four years as school commissioner, etc. In 1875 he was appointed supervisor of internal revenue and settled in Georgia. After that time he served four years as United States minister to Turkey, and also for a number of years was United States marshal of Georgia, besides having held other important official positions. OHN RUTLEDGE, the second chiefjustice of the United States, was born at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1739. He was a son of John Rutledge, who had left Ireland for America about five years prior to the birth of our subject, and a brother of Edward Rutledge, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. John Rutledge received his legal edacation at the Temple, London, after which he returned to Charleston and soon won distinction at the bar. He was elected to the old Colonial congress in 1765 to protest against the " Stamp Act," and was a member of the South Carolina convention of 1774, and of the Continental congress of that and the succeeding year. In 1776 he was chairman of the committee that draughted the constitution of his state, and was president of the congress of that state. He was not pleased with the state constitution, however, and resigned. In 1779 he was again chosen governor of the state, and granted extraordinary powers, and he at once took the field to repel the British. He joined the army of General Gates in 1782, and the same year was elected to congress. He was a member of the constitutional convention which framed our present constitution. In 1789 he was appointed an associate justice of the first supreme court of the United States. He resigned to accept the position of chief-justice of his own state. Upon the resignation of Judge Jay, he was appointed chief-justice of the United States in 1795. The appointment was never confirmed, for, after presiding at one session, his mind became deranged, and he was succeeded by Judge Ellsworth. He died at Charleston, July 23, i8oo. RALPH WALDO EMERSON was one of the most noted literary men of his time. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, May 25, 1803. He had a minister for an ancestor, either on the paternal or maternal side, in every generation for eight generations back. His father, Rev. William Emerson, was a native of Concord, Massachusetts, born May 6, 1769, graduated at Harvard, in 1789, became a Unitarian minister; was a fine writer and one of the best orators of his day; died in 1811. Ralph Waldo Emerson was fitted for college at the public schools of Boston, and graduated at Harvard College in 1821, winning about this time several prizes for es COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. says. For five years he taught school in Boston; in 1826 was licensed to preach, and in 1829 was ordained as a colleague to Rev. Henry Ware of the Second Unitarian church in Boston. In 1832 he resigned, making the announcement in a sermon of his unwillingness longer to administer the rite of the Lord's Supper, after which he spent about a year in Europe. Upon his return he began his career as a lecturer before the Boston Mechanics Institute, his subject being "Water." His early lectures on " Italy" and "Relation of Man to the Globe " also attracted considerable attention; as did also his biographical lectures on Michael Angelo, Milton, Luther, George Fox, and Edmund Burke. After that time he gave many courses of lectures in Boston and became one of the best known lecturers in America. But very few men have rendered such continued service in this field. He lectured for forty successive seasons before the Salem, Massachusetts, Lyceum and also made repeated lecturing tours in this country and in England. In 1835 Mr. Emerson took up his residence at Concord, Massachusetts, where he continued to make his home until his death which occurred April 27, 1882. Mr. Emerson's literary work covered a wide scope. He wrote and published many works, essays and poems, which rank high among the works of American literary men. A few of the many which he produced are the following: "Nature;" "The Method of Nature;" "Man Thinking;" "The Dial;",'Essays;" "Poems;" "English Traits;" "The Conduct of Life;" "May-Day and other Poems " and ''" Society and Solitude;" besides many others. He was a prominent member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, of the American Philosophical Society, the Massachusetts Historical Society and other kindred associations. A LEXANDER T. STEWART, one of the famous merchant princes of New York, was born near the city of Belfast, Ireland, in 1803, and before he was eight years of age was left an orphan without any near relatives, save an aged grandfather. The grandfather being a pious Methodist wanted to make a minister of young Stewart, and accordingly put him in a school with that end in view and he graduated at Trinity College, in Dublin. When scarcely twenty years of age he came to New York. His first employment was that of a teacher, but accident soon made him a merchant. Entering into business relations with an experienced man of his acquaintance he soon found himself with the rent of a store on his hands and alone in a new enterprise. Mr. Stewart's business grew rapidly in all directions, but its founder had executive ability sufficient for any and all emergencies, and in time his house became one of the greatest mercantile establishments of modern times, and the name of Stewart famoUs. Mr. Stewart's death occurred April Io, 1876. JAMES FENIMORE COOPER. - In speaking of this noted American novelist, William Cullen Bryant said: " He wrote for mankind at large, hence it is that he has earned a fame wider than any American author of modern times. The creations of his genius shall survive through centuries to come, and only perish with our language." Another eminent writer (Prescott) said of Cooper: " In his productions every American must take an honest pride; for surely no one has succeeded like Cooper in the portraiture of American character, or has given such glowing and eminently truthful pictures of American scenery." James Fenimore Cooper was born Sep C OMPENDIUM OF BIO G GRAPrT5. 59 tember 15, 1789, at Burlington, New Jer~ey, and was a son of Judge William Cooper. About a year after the birth of our subject the family removed to Otsego county, New York, and founded the town called " Cooperstown." James Fenimore Cooper spent his childhood there and in 180o2 entered Yale College, and four years later became a midshipman in the United States navy. In 1811 I he was married, quit the seafaring life, and began devoting more or less time to literary pursuits. His first work was "Precaution," a novel published in 1819, and three years later he produced "The Spy, a Tale of Neutral Ground," which met with great favor and was a universal success. This was followed by many other works, among which may be mentioned the following: ''The Pioneers," "The Pilot," "Last of the Mohicans," "The Prairie," "The Red Rover," "The Manikins," "Homeward Bound," "Home as Found," "History of the United States Navy," "The Pathfinder," "Wing and Wing," "Afloat and Ashore," "The Chain-Bearer," "OakOpenings," etc. J. Fenimore Cooper died at Cooperstown, New York, September 14, 1851. M ARSHALL FIELD, one of the merchant princes of America, ranks among the most successful business men of the century. He was born in 1835 at Conway, Massachusetts. He spent his early life on a farm and secured a fair education in the common schools, supplementing this with a course at the Conway Academy. His natural bent ran in the channels of commercial life, and at the age of seventeen he was given a position in a store at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Mr. Field remained there four years and removed to Chicago in 1856. He began his career in Chicago as a clerk in the wholesale dry goods house,of Cooley, Wadsworth& Company, which later became Cooley, Farwell & Company, and still later John V. Farwell & Company. He remained with them four years and exhibited marked ability, in recognition of which he was given a partnership. In 1865 Mr. Field and L. Z. Leiter, who was also a member of the firm, withdrew and formed the firm of Field, Palmer & Leiter, the third partner. being Potter Palmer, and they continued in business until 1867, when Mr. Palmer retired and the firm became Field, Leiter & Company. They ran under the latter name until 188i, when Mr. Leiter retired and the house has since continued under the name of Marshall Field & Company. The phenomenal success accredited to the house is largely due to the marked ability of Mr. Field, the house had become one of the foremost in the west, with an annual sale of $8,oo000,ooo in 1870. The total loss of the firm during the Chicago fire was $3,500,000 of which $2,500,000 was recovered through the insurance companies. It rapidly recovered from the effects of this and to-day the annual sales amount to over $40,000,000. Mr. Field's real estate holdings amounted to "$io,ooo,ooo. He was one of the heaviest subscribers to the Baptist University fund although he is a Presbyterian, and gave $I,ooo,ooo for the endowment of the Field Columbian Museum-- one of the greatest institutions of the kind in the world. E DGAR WILSON NYE, who won an immense popularity under the pen name of "Bill Nye," was one of the most eccentric humorists of his day. He was born August 25, 1850, at Shirley, Piscataqua county, Maine, "at a very early age" as he expresses it. He took an academic course in 60 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. River Falls, Wisconsin, from whence, after his graduation, he removed to Wyoming Territory. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1876. He began when quite young to contribute humorous sketches to the newspapers, became connected with various western journals and achieved a brilliant success as a humorist. Mr. Nye settled later in New York City where he devoted his time to writing funny articles for the big newspaper syndicates. He wrote for publication in book form the following: "Bill Nye and the Boomerang," "The Forty Liars," "Baled Hay," "Bill Nye's Blossom Rock," "Remarks," etc. His death occurred February 21, 1896, at Asheville, North Carolina. THOMAS DE WITT TALMAGE, one of the most celebrated American preachers, was born January 7, 1832, and was the youngest of twelve children. He made his preliminary studies at the grammar school in New Brunswick, New Jersey. At the age of eighteen he joined the church and entered the University of the City of New York, and graduated in May, 1853. The exercises were held in Niblo's Garden and his speech aroused the audience to a high pitch of enthusiasm. At the close of his college duties he imagined himself interested in the law and for three years studied law. Dr. Talmage then perceived his mistake and prepared himself for the ministry at the Reformed Dutch Church Theological Seminary at New Brunswick, New Jersey. Just after his ordination the young minister received two calls, one from Piermont, New York, and the other from Belleville, New Jersey. Dr. Talmage accepted the latter and for three years filled that charge, when he was called to Syracuse, New York. Here it was that his sermons first drew large crowds of people to his church, and from thence dates his popularity. Afterward he became the pastor of the Second Reformed Dutch church, of Philadelphia, remaining seven years, during which period he first entered upon the lecture platform and laid the foundation for his future reputation. At the end of this time he received three calls, one from Chicago, one from San Francisco, and one from the Central Presbyterian church of Brooklyn, which latter at that time consisted of only nineteen members with a congregation of about thirty-five. This church offered him a salary of seven thousand dollars and he accepted the call. He soon induced the trustees to sell the old church and build a new one. They did so and erected the Brooklyn Tabernacle, but it burned down shortly after it was finished. By prompt sympathy and general liberality a new church was built and formally opened in February, 1874. It contained seats for four thousand, six hundred and fifty, but if necessary seven thousand could be accommodated. In,October, 1878, his salary was raised from seven thousand dollars to twelve thousand dollars, and in the autumn of 1889 the second tabernacle was destroyed by fire. A third tabernacle was built and it was formally dedicated on Easter Sunday, 1891. JOHN PHILIP SOUSA, conceded as being one of the greatest band leaders in the world, won his fame while leader of the United States Marine Band at Washington, District of Columbia. - He was not originally a band player but was a violinist, and at the age of seventeen he was conductor of an opera company, a profession which he followed for several years, until he was offered the leadership of the Marine Band at Washington. The proposition was repugnant to him at first but he accepted the C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PRhT. 61 offer and then ensued ten years of brilliant success with that organization. When he first took the Marine Band he began to gather the national airs of all the nations that have representatives in Washington, and compiled'a comprehensive volume including nearly all the national songs of the different nations. He composed a number of marches, waltzes and two-steps, prominent among which are the "Washington Post," "Directorate," "King Cotton," "High School Cadets," " Belle of Chicago," "Liberty Bell March," "Manhattan Beach, " 'On Parade March," '' Thunderer March," "Gladiator March," El Capitan March," etc. He became a very extensive composer of this class of music. OHN QUINCY ADAMS, sixth president of the United States, was born in Braintree, Massachusetts, July II, 1767, the son of John Adams. At the age of eleven he was sent to school at Paris, and two years later to Leyden, where he entered that great university. He returned to the United States in 1785, and graduated from Harvard in 1788. He then studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1791. His practice brought no income the first two years, but he won distinction in literary fields, and was appointed minister to The Hague in 1794. He married in 1797, and went as minister to Berlin the same year, serving until 80oi, when Jefferson became president. He was elected to the senate in 1803 by the Federalists, but was condemned by that party for advocating the Embargo Act and other Anti-Federalist measures. He was appointed as professor of rhetoric at Harvard in i8b5, and in 1809 was sent as minister to Russia. He assisted in negotiating the treaty of peace with England in I814, and became minister to that power the next year. He served during Monroe's administration two terms as secretary of state, during which time party lines were obliterated, and in 1824 four candidates for president appeared, all of whom were identified to some extent with the new " Democratic" party. Mr. Adams received 84 electoral votes, Jackson 99, Crawford 41, and Clay 37. As no candidate had a majority of all votes, the election went to the house of representatives, which elected Mr. Adams. As Clay had thrown his influence to Mr. Adams, Clay became secretary of state, and this caused bitter feeling on the part of the Jackson Democrats, who were joined by Mr. Crawford and his following, and opposed every measure of the administration. In the election of 1828 Jackson was elected over Mr. Adams by a great majority. Mr. Adams entered the lower house of congress in 183o, elected from the district in which he was born and continued to represent it for seventeen years. He was known as " the old man eloquent," and his work in congress was independent of party. He opposed slavery extension and insisted upon presenting to congress, one at a time, the hundreds of petitions against the slave power. One of these petitions, presented in 1842', was signed by forty-five citizens of Massachusetts, and prayed congress for a peaceful dissolution of the Union. His enemies seized upon this as an opportunity to crush their powerful foe, and in a caucus meeting determined upon his expulsion from congress. Finding they would not be able to command enough votes for this, they decided upon a course that would bring equal disgrace. They formulated a resolution to the effect that while he merited expulsion, the house would, in great mercy, substitute its severest censure. When it was read in the house the old man, then in his seventy-fifth 4 62 COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHr. year, arose and demanded that the first paragraph of the Declaration of Independence be read as his defense. It embraced the famous sentence, "that whenever any form of government becomes destructive to those ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, etc., etc." After eleven days of hard fighting his opponents were defeated. On February 21, 1848, he rose to address the speaker on the Oregon question, when he suddenly fell from a stroke of paralysis. He died soon after in the rotunda of the capitol, where he had been 'conveyed by his colleagues. S USAN B. ANTHONY was one of the most famous women 'of America. She was born at South Adams, Massachusetts, February 15, 1820, the daughter of a Quaker. She received a good education and became a school teacher, following that profession for fifteen years in New York. Beginning with about 1852 she became the active leader of the woman's rights movement and won a wide reputation for her zeal and ability. She also distinguished herself for her zeal and eloquence in the temperance, and anti-slavery causes, and became a conspicuous figure during the war. After the close of the war she gave most of her labors to the cause of woman's suffrage. PHILIP D. ARMOUR, one of the most conspicuous figures in the mercantile history of America, was born May 16, 1832, on a farm at Stockbridge, Madison county, New York, and received his early education in the common schools of that county. He was apprenticed to a farmer and worked faithfully and well, being very ambitious and desiring to start out for himself. At the age of twenty he secured a release from his indentures and set out overland fdr the Sgold fields of California. After a great; deal of hard work he accumulated a little L money and then came east and settled 0 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He went into the grain receiving and warehouse business and was fairly successful, and later on he formed a partnership with John Plankinton in the pork packing line, the style of the firm being Plankinton & Armour. Mr. Armour made his first great "deal" in selling pork "short " on the New York market in the anticipation of the fall of the Confederacy, and Mr. Armour is said to have made through this deal a million dollars. He then established packing houses in Chicago and Kansas City, and in 1875 he removed to Chicago. He increased his business by adding to it the shipment of dressed beef to the European markets, and many other lines of trade and manufacturing, and it rapidly assumed vast proportions, employing an army of men in different lines of the business. Mr. Armour successfully conducted a great many speculative deals in pork and grain of immense proportions and also erected many large warehouses for the storage of grain. He became one of the representative business men of Chicago, where he became closely identified with all enterprises of a public nature, but his fame as a great business man extended to all parts of the world. He founded the "Armour Institute " at Chicago and also contributed largely to benevolent and charitable institutions. ROBERT FULTON.-Although Fulton is best known as the inventor of the first successful steamboat, yet his claims to distinction do not rest alone upon that, for he was an inventor along other lines, a painter and an author. He was born at Little Britain, Lancaster county, Pennsyl TM - Who, UP 00, low, woe AW Aoil* woo-vow 00-30"S % nr' "k4 COMPENDIUM 0 -, BIOGRAPHRY. 65 - -----~ -- vania, in 1765, of Scotch-Irish ancestry. At the age of seventeen he removed to Philadelphia, and there and in New York engaged in miniature painting with success both from a pecuniary and artistic point of view. With the results of his labors he purThased a farm for the support of his mother. He went to London and studied under the great painter, Benjamin West, and all through life retained his fondness for art and gave evidence of much ability in that line. While in England he was brought in contact with the Duke of Bridgewater, the father of the English canal system; Lord Stanhope, an eminent mechanician, and James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine. Their influence turned his mind to its true field of labor, that of mechanical invention. Machines for flax spinning, marble sawing, rope making, and for removing earth from excavations, are among his earliest ventures. His "Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation," issued in 1796, and a series of essays on canals were soon followed by an English patent for canal improvements. In 1797 he went to Paris, where he resided until I8o6, and there invented a submarine torpedo boat for maritime defense, but which was rejected by the governments of France, England and the United States. In 1803 he offered to construct for the Emperor Napoleon a steamboat that would assist in carrying out the plan of invading Great Britain then meditated by that great captain. In pursuance he constructed his first steamboat on the Seine, but it did not prove a full success and the idea was abandoned by the French government. By the aid of Livingston, then United States minister to France, Fulton purchased, in 18o6, an engine which he brought t6 this country. After studying the defects of his own and other attempts in 4 this line he built and launched in 1807 the Clermont, the first successful steamboat. This craft only attained a speed of five miles an hour while going up North river. His first patent not fully covering his invention, Fulton was engaged in many law suits for infringement. He constructed many steamboats, ferryboats, etc., among these being the United States steamer " Fulton the First," built in 1814, the first war steamer ever built. This craft never attained any great speed owing to some defects in construction and accidentally blew up in 1829. Fulton died in New York, February 21, 1815. SALMON PORTLAND CHASE, sixth chief-justice of the United States, and one of the most eminent of American jurists, was born in Cornish, New Hampshire, January 13, 18o8. At the age of nine he was left in poverty by the death of his father, but means were found to educate him. He was sent to his uncle, a bishop, who conducted an academy near Columbus, Ohio, and here young Chase worked on the farm and attended school. At the age of fifteen he returned to his native state and entered Dartmouth College, from which he graduated in 1826. He then went to Washington, and engaged in teaching school, and studying law under the instruction of William Wirt. He was licensed to practice in 1829, and went to Cincinnati, where he had a hard struggle for several years following. He had in the meantime prepared notes on the statutes of Ohio, which, when published, brought him into prominence locally. He was soon after appointed solicitor of the United States Bank. In 1837 he appeared as counsel for a fugitive slave woman, Matilda, and sought by all the powers of his learning and eloquence to prevent her owner 66 C OMPENDIUMI OF BIO GRA PHr. from reclaiming her. He acted in many other cases, and devolved the trite expression, "Slavery is sectional, freedom is national." He was employed to defend Van Zandt before the supreme court of the United States in 1846, which was one of the most noted cases connected with the great struggle against slavery. By this time Mr. Chase had become the recognized leader of that element known as "( free-soilers." He was elected to the United States senate in 1849, and was chosen governor of Ohio in 1855 and re-elected in 1857. He was chosen to the United States senate from Ohio in 186i, but was made secretary of the treasury by Lincoln and accepted. He inaugurated a financial system to replenish the exhausted treasury and meet the demands of the greatest war in history and at the same time to revive the industries of the country. One of the measures which afterward called for his judicial attention was the issuance of currency notes which were made a legal tender in payment of debts. When this question came before him as chief-justice of the United States he reversed his former action and declared the measure unconstitutional. The national banking system, by which all notes issued were to be based on funded government bonds of equal or greater amounts, had its direct origin with Mr. Chase. Mr. Chase resigned the treasury portfolio in 1864, and was appointed the same year as chief-justice of the United States supreme court. The great questions that came up before him at this crisis in the life of the nation were no less than those which confronted the first chief-justice at the formation of our government. Reconstruction, private, state and national interests, the constitutionality of the acts of congress o1assed in times of great excitement, the construction and interpretation to be placed upon the several amendments to the national constitution,-these were among the vital questions requiring prompt decision. He received a paralytic stroke in 1870, which impaired his health, though his mental powers were not affected. He continued to preside at the opening terms for two years following and died May 7, 1873. HARRIET ELIZABETH BEECHER STOWE, a celebrated American writer, was born June 14, 1812, at Litchfield,. Connecticut. She was a daughter of Lyman Beecher and a sister of Henry Ward Beecher, two noted divines; was carefully educated, and taught school for several years at Hartford, Connecticut. In 1832 Miss Beecher married Professor Stowe, then of Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, and afterwards at Bowdoin College and Andover Seminary. Mrs. Stowe published in 1849 "The Mayflower, or sketches of the descendants of the Pilgrims," and in 1851 commenced in the " National Era " of Washington, a serial story which was published separately in 1852 under the title of "Uncle Tom's Cabin." This book attained almost unparalleled success both at home and abroad, and within ten years it had been translated in almost every language of the civilized world. Mrs. Stowe published in 1853 a "Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin ' in which the data that she used was published and its truthfulness was corroborated. I In 1853 she accompanied her husband and brother to Europe, and on her return puDlished "Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands " in 1854. Mrs. Stowe was for some time one of the editors of the "Atlantic Monthly " and the " Hearth and Home," for which she had written a number of articles. Among these, also published separately, are (" Dred, a tale of the Great Dismal Swamp" (later published under the title of "Nina COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. 67 - -- -- -- Gordon "); "The Minister's Wooing;" 'The Pearl of Orr's Island;" "Agnes of Sorrento;" "Oldtown Folks;" " My Wife and I;" "Bible Heroines," and "A Dog's Mission." Mrs. Stowe's death occurred July I, 1896, at Hartford, Connecticut. THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON, better known as "Stonewall" Jackson, was one of the most noted of the Confederate generals of the Civil war. He was a soldier by nature, an incomparable lieutenant, sure to execute any operation entrusted to him with marvellous precision, judgment and courage, and all his individual campaigns and combats bore the stamp of a masterly capacity for war. He was born January 21, 1824, at Clarksburg, Harrison county, West Virginia. He was early in life imbued with the desire to be a soldier and it is said walked from the mountains of Virginia to Washington, secured the aid of his congressman, and was appointed cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point from which he was graduated in 1846. Attached to the army as brevet second lieutenant of the First Artillery, his first service was as a subaltern with Magruder's battery of light artillery in the Mexican war. He participated at the reduction of Vera Cruz, and was noticed for gallantry in the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Moline del Rey, Chapultepec, and the capture of the city of Mexico, receiving the brevets of captain for conduct at Contreras and Cherubusco and of major at Chapultepec. In the meantime he had been advanced by regular promotion to be first lieutenant in 1847. In 1852, the war having closed, he resigned and became professor of natural and experimental philosophy and artillery instructor at the Virginia State Military Institute at Lexington, Virginia, where he remained until Virginia declared for secession, he becoming chiefly noted for intense religious sentiment coupled with personal eccentricities. Upon the breaking out of the war he was made colonel and placed in command of a force sent to sieze Harper's Ferry, which he accomplished May 3, 1861. Relieved by General J. E. Johnston, May 23, he took command of the brigade of Valley Virginians, whom he moulded into that brave corps, baptized at the first Manassas, and ever after famous as the " Stonewall Brigade." After this " Stonewall " Jackson was made a major-general, in 1861, and participated until his death in all the famous campaigns about Richmond and in Virginia, and was a conspicuous figure in the memorable battles of that time. May 2, 1863, at Chancellorsville, he was wounded severely by his own troops, two balls shattering his left arm and another passing through the palm of his right hand. The left arm was amputated, but pneumonia intervened, and, weakened by the great loss of blood, he died May Io, 1863. The more his operations in the Shenandoah valley in 1862 are studied the more striking must the merits of this great soldier appear. OHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER.Near to the heart of the people of the Anglo-Saxon race will ever lie the verses of this, the" Quaker Poet." The author of "Barclay of Ury," " Maud Muller" and "Barbara Frietchie," always pure, fervid and direct, will be remembered when many a more ambitious writer has been forgotten. John G. Whittier was born at Haverhill, Massachusetts, December 7, 1807, of' Quaker parentage. He had but a commonschool education and passed his boyhood days upon a farm. In early life he learned the trade of shoemaker. At the age of 8 'COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHIr. eighteen he began to write verses for the Haverhill " Gazette." He spent two years after that at the Haverhill academy, after which, in 1829, he became editor of the "American Manufacturer," at Boston. In 183O he succeeded George D. Prentice as editor of the I"New England Weekly Review," but the following year returned to Haverhill and engaged in farming. In 1832 and in 1836 he edited the " Gazette." In 1835 he was elected a member of the legislature, serving two years. In 1836 he became secretary of the Anti-slavery Society of Philadelphia. In 1838 and 1839 he edited the " Pennsylvania Freeman," but in the latter year the office was sacked and burned by a mob. In 1840 Whittier settled at Amesbury, Massachusetts. In 1847 he became corresponding editor of the "National Era," an anti-slavery paper published at Washington, and contributed to its columns many of his anti-slavery and other favorite lyrics. Mr. Whittier lived for many years in retirement of Quaker simplicity, publishing several volumes of poetry which have raised him to a high place among American authors and brought to him the love and admiration of his countrymen. In the electoral colleges of I86o and 1864 Whittier was a member. Much of his time after 18y6 was spent at Oak Knoll, Danvers, Massachusetts, but still retained his residence at Amesbury. He never married. His death occurred September 7,.1892. The more prominent prose writings of John G. Whittier are as follows: "Legends of New England," "Justice and Expediency, or Slavery Considered with a View to Its Abolition," " The Stranger in Lowell," " Supernaturalism in New England," " Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal," "Old Portraits and Modern Sketches" and "Literary Sketches." DAVID DIXON PORTER, illustrious as admiral of the United States navy, and famous as one of the most able naval officers of America, was born in Pennsylvania, June 8, 1814. His father was also a naval officer of distinction, who left the service of the United States to become commander of the naval forces of Mexico during the war between that country and Spain, and through this fact David Dixon Porter was appointed a midshipman in the Mexican navy. Two years later David D. Porter joined the United States navy as midshipman, rose in rank and eighteen years later as a lieutenant he is found actively engaged in all the operations of our navy along the east coast of Mexico. When the Civil war broke out Porter, then a commander, was dispatched in the Powhattan to the relief of Fort Pickens, Florida. This duty accomplished, he fitted out a mortar flotilla for the reduction of the forts guarding the approaches to New Orleans, which it was considered of vital importance for the government to get possession of. After the fall of New Orleans the mortar flotilla was actively engaged at Vicksburg, and in the fall of 1862 Porter was made a rear-admiral and placed in command of all the naval forces on the western rivers above New Orleans. The ability of the man was now conspicuously manifested, not only in the battles in which he was engaged, but also in the creation of a formidable fleet out of river steamboats, which he covered with such plating as they would bear. In 1864 he was transferred to the Atlantic coast to command the naval forces destined to operate against the defences of Wilmington, North Carolina, and on Jan. 15, 1865, the fall of Fort Fisher was hailed by the country as a glorious termination of his arduous war service. In I866 he was made vice-admiral C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHY. 6V and appointed superintendent of the Naval Academy. On the death of Farragut, in I870, he succeeded that able man as admiral of the navy. His death occurred at Washington, February 13, 1891. N ATHANIEL GREENE was one of the best known of the distinguished generals who led the Continental soldiery against the hosts of Great Britain during the Revolutionary war. He was the son of Quaker parents, and was born at Warwick, Rhode Island, May 27, 1742. In youth he acquired a good education, chiefly by his own efforts, as he was a tireless reader. In 1770 he was elected a member of the Assembly of his native state. The news of the battle of Lexington stirred his blood, and he offered his services to the government of the colonies, receiving the rank of brigadier-general and the command of the troops from Rhode Island. He led them to the camp at Cambridge, and for thus violating the tenets of their faith, he was cast out of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. He soon won the esteem of General Washington. In August, 1776, Congress promoted Greene to the rank of major-general, and in the battles of Trenton and Princeton he led a division. At the battle of Brandywine, September I, 1777, he greatly distinguished himself, protecting the retreat of the Continentals by his firm stand. At the battle of Germantown, October 4, the same year, he commanded the left wing of the army with credit. In March, 1778, he reluctantly accepted the office of quartermaster-general, but only with the understanding that his rank in the army would not be affected and that in action he should retain his command. On the bloody field of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, he commanded the right wing, as he did at the battle of Tiverton Heights. He was in command of the army in 1780, during the absence of Washington, and was president of the court-martial that tried and condemned Major Andre. After General Gates' defeat at Camden, North Carolina, in the summer of 1780, General Greene was appointed to the command of the southern army. He sent out a force under General Morgan who defeated General Tarleton at Cowpens, January 17, 1781. On joining his lieutenant, in February, he found himself out numbered by the British and retreated in good order to Virginia, but being reinforced returned to North Carolina where he fought the battle of Guilford, and a few days later compelled the retreat of Lord Cornwallis. The British were followed by Greene part of the way, when the American army marched into South Carolina. After varying success he fought the battle of Eutaw Springs, September 8, 1781. For the latter battle and its glorious consequences, which virtually closed the war in the Carolinas, Greene received a medal from Congress and many valuable grants of land from the colonies of North and South Carolina and Georgia. On the return of peace, after a year spent in Rhode Island, General Greene took up his residence on his estate near Savannah, Georgia, where he died June 19, 1786. DGAR ALLEN POE.-Among the many great literary men whom this country has produced, there is perhaps no name more widely known than that of Edgar Allen Poe. He was born at Boston, Massachusetts, February 19, 1809. His parents were David and Elizabeth (Arnold) Poe, both actors, the mother said to have been the natural daughter of Benedict Arnold. The parents died while Edgar was COMiPENDIUM OF BIOGRAP121. still a child and he was adopted by John Allen, a wealthy and influential resident of Richmond, Virginia. Edgar was sent to school at Stoke, Newington, England, where he remained until he was thirteen years old; was prepared for college by private tutors, and in 1826 entered the Virginia University at Charlottesville. He made rapid progress in his studies, and was distinguished for his scholarship, but was expelled within a year for gambling, after which for several years he resided with his benefactor at Richmond. He then went to Baltimore, and in 1829 published a 71-page pamphlet called "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems," which, however, attracted no attention and contained nothing of particular merit. In 1830 he was admitted as a cadet at West Point, but was expelled about a year later for irregularities. Returning to the home of Mr. Allen he remained for some time, and finally quarrelled with his benefactor and enlisted as a private soldier in the U. S. army, but remained only a short time. Soon after this, in 1833, Poe won several prizes for literary work, and as a result secured the position of editor of the " Southern Literary Messengerd," at Richmond, Virginia. Here he married his cousin, Virginia Clemm, who clung to him with fond devotion through all the many trials that came to them until her death in January, 1848. Poe remained with the '"Messenger" for several years, writing meanwhile many tales, reviews, essays and poems. He afterward earned a precarious living by his pen in New York for a time; in 1839 became editor of "Burton's Gentleman's Magazine"; in 1840 to 1842 was editor of " Graham's Magazine," and drifted around Irom one place to another, returning to New York in 1844. In 1845 his best known production, "The Raven," appeared in the "Whig Review," and gained him a reputation which is now almost world-wide. He then acted as editor and contributor on various magazines and periodicals until the death of his faithful wife in 1848. In the summer of 1849 he was engaged to be married to a lady of fortune in Richmond, Virginia, and the day set for the wedding. He started for New York to make preparations for the event, but, it is said, began drinking, was attacked with dilirium tremens in Baltimore and was removed to a hospital, where he died, October 7, 1849. The works of Edgar Allen Poe have been repeatedly published since his death, both in Europe and America, and have attained an immense popularity. H ORATIO GATES, one of the prominent figures in the American war for Independence, was not a native of the colonies but was born in England in 1728. In early life he entered the British army and attained the rank of major. At the capture of Martinico he was aide to General Monkton and after the peace of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, he was among the first troops that landed at Halifax. He was with Braddock at his defeat in 1755, and was there severely wounded. At the conclusion of the French and Indian war Gates purchased an estate in Virginia, and, resigning from the British army, settled down to life as a planter. On the breaking out of the Revolutionary war he entered the service of the colonies and was made adjutant-general of the Continental forces with the rank of brigadier-general. He accompanied Washington when he assumed the command of the army. In June, 1776, he was appointed to the command of the army of Canada, but was superseded in May of the following COMPENDIUJM OF BIOGRAPHr. year by General Schuyler. In August, 1777, however, the command of that army was restored to General Gates and September I9 he fought the battle of Bemis Heights. October 7, the same year, he won the battle of Stillwater, or Saratoga, and October 17 received the surrender of General Burgoyne and his army, the pivotal point of the war. This gave him a brilliant reputation. June 13, 1780, General Gates was appointed to the command of the sou'hern military division, and August 16 of that year suffered defeat at the hands of Lord Cornwallis, at Camden, North Carolina. In December following he was superseded in the command by General Nathaniel Greene. On the signing of the peace treaty General Gates retired to his plantation in Berkeley county, Virginia, where he lived until 1790, when, emancipating all his slaves, he removed to New York City, where he resided until his death, April io, 18o6. L YMAN J. GAGE.--When President McKinley selected Lyman J. Gage as secretary of the treasury he chose one of the most eminent financiers of the century. Mr. Gage was born June 28, 1836, at De Ruyter, Madison county, New York, and was of English descent. He went to Rome, New York, with his parents when he was ten years old, and received his early education in the Rome Academy. Mr. Gage graduated from the same, and his first position was that of a clerk in the post office. When he was fifteen years of age he was detailed as mail agent on the Rome & Watertown R. R. until the postmaster-general appointed regular agents for the route. In 1854, when he was in his eighteenth year, he entered the Oneida Central Bank at Rome as a junior clerk at a salary of one hundred dol lars per year. Being unable at the end of one year and a half's service to obtain an increase in salary he determined to seek a wider field of labor. Mr. Gage set out in the fall of 1855 and arrived in Chicago, Illinois, on October 3, and soon obtained a situation in Nathan Cobb's lumber yard and planing mill. He remained there three years as a bookkeeper, teamster, etc., and left on account of change in the management. But not being able to find anything else to do he accepted the position of night watchman in the place for a period of six weeks. He then became a bookkeeper for the Merchants Saving, Loan and Trust Company at a salary of five hundred dollars per year. He rapidly advanced in the service of this company and in 1868 he was made cashier. Mr. Gage was next offered the position of cashier of the First National Bank and accepted the offer. He became the president of the First National Bank of Chicago January 24, 1891, and in 1897 he was appointed secretary of the treasury. His ability as a financier and the prominent pcirt he took in the discussion of financial aff-irs while president of the great Chicago b' _: _ave him a national reputation. A NDREW JACKSON, the seventh president of the United States, was born at the Waxhaw settlement, Union county, North Carolina, March 15, 1767. His parents were Scotch-Irish, natives of Carr. ickfergus, who came to this country in I665 and settled on Twelve-Mile creek, a tributary of the Catawba. His father, who was a poor farm laborer, died shortly before Andrew's birth, when the mother removed to Waxhaw, where some relatives lived. Andrew's education was very limited, he showing no aptitude for study. In 1780 when but thirteen years of age, he and his 72 C OMPENDIU3iM OF BIOGRAPHT. ~ brother Robert volunteered to serve in the American partisan troops under General Sumter, and witnessed the defeat at Hanging Rock. The following year the boys were both taken prisoners by the enemy and endured brutal treatment from the British officers while confined at Camden. They both took the small pox,' when the mother procured' their exchange but Robert died shortly after. The mother died in Charleston of ship fever, the same year. Young Jackson, now in destitute circumstances, worked for about six months in a saddler's shop, and then turned school master, although but little fitted for the position. He now began to think of a profession and at Salisbury, North Carolina, entered upon the study of law, but from all accounts gave but little attention to his books, being one of the most roistering, rollicking fellows in that town, indulging in many of the vices of his time. In 1786 he was admitted to the bar and in 1788 removed to Nashville, then in North Carolina, with the appointment of public prosecutor, then an office of little honor or emolument, but requiring much nerve, for which young Jackson was already noted. Two years later, when Tennessee became a territory he was appointed by Washington to the position of United States attorney for that district. In 1791 he married Mrs. Rachel Robards, a daughter of Colonel John Donelson, who was supposed at the time to have been divorced from her former husband that year by act of legislature of Virginia, but two years later, on finding that this divorce was not legal, and a new bill of separation being granted by the courts of Kentucky, they were remarried in 1793. This was used as a handle by his opponents in the political campaign afterwards. Jackson was untiring in his efforts as United I States attorney and obtained much influence. He was chosen a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1796, when Tennessee became a state and was its first representative in congress. In 1797 he was chosen United States senator, but resigned the following year to accept a seat on the supreme court of Tennessee which he 'held until 1804. He was elected major-general of the militia of that state in i8oi. In 1804, being unsuccessful in obtaining the governorship of Louisiana, the new territory, he retired from public life to the Hermitage, his plantation. On the outbreak of the war with Great Britain in I812 he tendered his services to the government and went to New Orleans with the Tennessee troops in January, 1813. In March of that year he was ordered to disband his troops, but later marched against the Cherokee Indians, defeating them at Talladega, Emuckfaw and Tallapoosa. Having now a national reputation, he was appointed major-general in the United States army and was sent against the British in Florida. He conducted the defence of Mobile and seized Pensacola. He then went with his troops to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he gained the famous victory of January 8, 1815. In 1817-i8 he conducted a war against the Seminoles, and in 1821 was made governor of the new territory of Florida. In 1823 he was elected United States senator, but in 1824 was the contestant with J. Q. Adams for the presidency. Four years later he was elected president, and served two terms. In 1832 he took vigorous action against the nullifiers of South Carolina, and the next year removed the public money from the United States bank. During his second term the national debt was extinguished. At the close of his administration he retired to the Hermitage, where he died June 8, 1845. I COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHT. 78 A NDREW CARNEGIE, the largest manufacturer of pig-iron, steel rails and coke in the world, well deserves a place among America's celebrated men. He was born November 25, 1835, at Dunfermline, Scotland, and emigrated to the United States with his father in 1845, settling in Pittsburg. Two years later Mr. Carnegie began his business career by attending a small stationary engine. This work did not suit him and he became a telegraph messenger with the Atlantic and Ohio Co., and later he became an operator, and was one of the first to read telegraphic signals by sound. Mr. Carnegie was afterward sent to the Pittsburg office of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co., as clerk to the superintendent and manager of the telegraph lines. While in this position he made the acquaintance of Mr. Woodruff, the inventor of the sleeping-car. Mr. Carnegie immediately became interested and was one of the organizers of the company for its construction after the railroad had adopted it, and the success of this venture.gave him the nucleus of his wealth. He was promoted to the superintendency of the Pittsburg division of the Pennsylvania Railroad and about this time was one of the syndicate that purchased the Storey farm on Oil Creek which cost forty thousand dollars and in one year it yielded over one million dollars in cash dividends. Mr. Carnegie later was associated with others in establishing a rollingmill, and from this has grown the most extensive and complete system of iron and steel industries ever controlled by one individual, embracing the Edgar Thomson Steel Works; Pittsburg Bessemer Steel Works; Lucy Furnaces; Union Iron Mills; Union Mill; Keystone Bridge Works; Hartman Steel Work'; Frick Coke Co.; Scotia Ore Mines. Besides directing his immense iron industries he owned eighteen English newspapers which he ran in the interest oi the Radicals. He has also devoted large sums of money to benevolent and educational purposes. In 1879 he erected commodious swimming baths for the people of Dunfermline, Scotland, and in the following year gave forty thousand dollars for a free library. Mr. Carnegie gave fifty thousand dollars to Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1884 to found what is now called "Carnegie Laboratory," and in 1885 gave five hundred thousand dollars to Pittsburg for a public library. He also gave two hundred and fifty thousand dollars for a music hall and library in Allegheny City in 1886, and two hundred and fifty thousand dollars to Edinburgh, Scotland, for a free library. He also established free libraries at Braddock, Pennsylvania, and other places for the benefit of his employes. He also published the following works, "An American Four-in-hand in Britain;" " Round the World;" "''Triumphant Democracy; or Fifty Years' March of the Republic." GEORGE H. THOMAS, the "Rock of Chickamauga," one of the best known commanders during the late Civil war, was born in Southampton county, Virginia, July 31, I816, his p-arents being of Welsh and French origin respectively. In 1836 young Thomas was appointed a cadet at the Military Academy, at West Point, from which he graduated in 1840, and was promoted to the office of second lieutenant in the Third Artillery. Shortly after, with his company, he went to Florida, where he served for two years against the Seminole Indians. In 1841 he was brevetted first lieutenant for gallant conduct. He remained in garrison in the south and southwest until 1845, at which date with the regiment he joined the army under General Taylor, and participat 74 COMIPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. ed in +he defense of Fort Brown, the storming of Monte'rey and the battle of Buena Vista. After the latter event he remained in garrison, now brevetted major, until the close of the Mexican war. After a year spent in Florida, Captain Thomas was ordered to West Point, where he served as instructor until 1854. He then was transferred to California. In May, 1855, Thomas was appointed major of the Second Cavalry, with whom he spent five years in Texas. Although a southern man, and surrounded by brother officers who all were afterwards "n the Confederate service, Major Thomas:never swerved from his allegiance to the -government. A. S. Johnston was the colonel of the regiment, R. E. Lee the lieutenant-colonel, and W. J. Hardee, senior major, while among the younger officers were Hood, Fitz Hugh Lee, Van Dorn and Kirby Smith. When these officers left the regiment to take up arms for the Confederate cause he remained with it, and April I7th, 1861, crossed the Potomac into his native state, at its head. After taking an active part in the opening scenes of the war on the Potomac and Shenandoah, in August, 1861, he was promoted to be brigadier-general and transferred to the Army of the Cumberland. January 19-20, 1862, Thomas defeated Crittenden at Mill Springs, and this brought him into notice and laid the foundation of his fame. He continued in command of his division until September 20, 1862, except during the Corinth campaign when he commanded the right wing of the Army of the Tennessee. He was in command of the latter at the battle of Perryville, also, October 8, 1862. On the division of the Army of the Cumberland into corps, January 9, 1863, General Thomas was assigned to the command of the Fourteenth, and at the battle of Chick amauga, after the retreat of Rosecrans, firmly held his own against the hosts of General Bragg. A history of his services from that on would be a history of the war in the southwest. On September 27, 1864, General Thomas was given command in Tennessee, and after organizing his army, defeated General Hood in the battle of Nashville, December 15 and 16, 1864. Much complaint was made before this on account of what they termed Thomas' slowness, and he was about to be superseded because he would not strike until he got ready, but when the blow was struck General Grant was the first to place on record this vindication of Thomas' judgment. He received a vote of thanks from Congress, and from the legislature of Tennessee a gold medal. After the close of the war General Thomas had command of several of the military divisions, and died at San Francisco, California, March 28, 1870. SEORGE BANCROFT, one of the most eminent American historians, was a native of Massachusetts, born at Worcester, October 3, 80oo, and a son of Aaron Bancroft, D. D. The father, Aaron Bancroft, was born at Reading, Massachusetts, November o1, 1755. He graduated at Harvard in 1778, became a minister, and for half a century was rated as one of the ablest preachers in New England. He was also a prolific writer and published a number of works among which was " Life of George Washington." Aaron Bancroft died August 19, I839. The subject of our present biography, George Bancroft, graduated at Harvard in 1817, and the following year entered the University of Gottingen, where he studied history and philology under the most eminent teachers, and in 1820 received the de COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. gree of doctor of philosophy at Gottingen. Upon his return home he published a volume of poems, and later a translation of Heeren's " Reflections on the Politics of Ancient Greece." In 1834 he produced the first volume of his "History of the United States," this being followed by other volumes at different intervals later. This was his greatest work and ranks as the highest authority, taking its place among the greatest of American productions. George Bancroft was appointed secretary of the navy by President Polk in 1845, but resigned in 1846 and became minister plenipotentiary to England. In 1849 he retired from public life and took up his residence at Washington, D. C. In 1867 he was appointed United States minister to the court of Berlin and negotiated the treaty by which Germans coming to the United States were released from their allegiance to the government of their native land. In 1871 he was minister plenipotentiary to the German empire and served until 1874. The death of George Bancroft occurred January 17, 1891. GEORGE GORDON MEADE, a famous Union general, was born at Cadiz, Spain, December 30, 1815, his father being United States naval agent at that port. After receiving a good education he entered the West Point Military Academy in 1831. From here he was graduated June 30, 1835, and received the rank of second lieutenant of artillery. He participated in the Seminole war, but resigned from the army in October, 1836. He entered upon the profession of civil engineer, which he followed for several years, part of the time in the service of the government in making surveys of the mouth of the Mississippi river. His report and results of some experiments made by him in this service gained Meade much credit. He also was employed in surveying the boundary luie of Texas and the northeastern boundary line between the United States and Canada. In 1842 he was reappointed in the army to the position of second lieutenant of engineers. During the Mexican war he served with distinction on the staff of General Taylor in. the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma and the storming of Monterey. He received his brevet of first lieutenant for the latter action. In 1851 he was made full first lieutenant in his corps; a captain in 1856, and major soon after. At the close of the war with Mexico he was employed in lighthouse construction and in geodetic surveys until the breaking out of the Rebellion, in which he gained great reputation. In August, 1861, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers and placed in command of the second brigade of the Pennsylvania Reserves, a division of the First Corps in the Army of the Potomac. In the campaign of 1862, under McClellan, Meade took an active part, being present at the battles of Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill and Glendale, in the latter of which he was severely wounded. On rejoining his command he was given a division and distinguished himself at its head in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam. During the latter, on the wounding of General Hooker, Meade was placed in command of the corps and was himself slightly wounded. For services he was promoted, November, 1862, to the rank of major-general of volunteers. On the recovery of General Hooker General Meade returned to his division and in December, 1862, at Fredericksburg, led an attack which penetrated Lee's right line and swept to his rear. Being outnumbered and unsupported, he finally was driven back. The same month Meade was assigned to the 76 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. command of the Fifth Corps, and at Chancellorsville in May, 1863, his sagacity and ability so struck General Hooker that when the latter asked to be relieved of the command, in June of the same year, he nominated Meade as his successor. June 28, 1863, President Lincoln commissioned General Meade commander-in-chief of the Army of the Potomac, then scattered and moving hastily through Pennsylvania to the great and decisive battlefield at Gettysburg, at which he was in full command. With the victory on those July days the name of Meade will ever be associated.. From that time until the close of the war he commanded the Army of the Potomac. In 1864 General Grant, being placed at the head of all the armies, took up his quarters with the Army of the Potomac. From that time until the surrender of Lee at Appomatox Meade's ability shone conspicuously, and his tact in the delicate position in leading his army under the eye of his superior officer commanded the respect and esteem of General Grant. For services Meade was promoted to the rank of major-general, and on the close of hostilities, in July, 1865, was assigned to the command of the military division of the Atlantic, with headquarters at Philadelphia. This post he held, with the exception of a short period on detached duty in Georgia, until his death, which took place November 6, 1872. DAVID CROCKETT was a noted hunter and scout, and also one of the earliest of American humorists. He was born August 17, 1786, in Tennessee, and was one of the most prominent men of his locality, serving as 'representative in congress from 1827 until 1831. He attracted considerable notice while a member of congress and was closely.associated with General Jack son, of whom he was a personal friend. He went to Texas and enlisted in the Texan army at the time of the revolt of Texas against Mexico and gained a wide reputation as a scout. He was one of the famous, one hundred and forty men under Colonel W. B. Travis who were besieged in Fort Alamo, near San Antonio, Texas, by General Santa Anna with some five thousand Mexicans on February 23, 1836. The fort was defended for ten days, frequent assaults being repelled with great slaughter, over one thousand Mexicans being killed or wounded, while not a man in the fort was injured. Finally, on March 6, three assaults were made, and in the hand-to-hand fight that followed the last, the Texans were wofully outnumbered and overpowered. They fought desperately with clubbed muskets till only six were left alive, including W. B. Travis, David Crockett and James Bowie. These surrendered under promise of protection; but when they were brought before Santa Anna he ordered them all to. be cut to pieces. HENRY WATTERSON, one of the most conspicuous figures in the history of American journalism, was born at Washington, District of Columbia, February 16, 1840. His boyhood days were mostly spent in the city of his birth, where his father, Harvey M. Watterson, was editor of the "Union," a well known journal. Owing to a weakness of the eyes, which interfered with a systematic course of study, young Watterson was educated almost entirely at home. A successful college career was out of the question, but he acquired a good knowledge of music, literature and art from private tutors, but the most valuable part of the training he received was by associating with his father and the throng oit COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 77 public men whom he met in Washington in the stirring days immediately preceding the Civil war. He began his journalistic career at an early age as dramatic and musical critic, and in 1858, became editor of the "Democratic Review" and at the same time contributed to the "States," a journal of liberal opinions published in Washington. In this he remained until the breaking out of the war, when the " States," opposing the administration, was suppressed, and young Watterson removed to Tennessee. He next appears as editor of the Nashville "Republican Banner," the most influential paper in the state at that time. After the occupation of Nashville by the Federal troops, Watterson served as a volunteer staff officer in the Confederate service until the close of the war, with the exception of a year spent in editing the Chattanooga "Rebel." On the close of the war he returned to Nashville and resumed his connection with the "IBanner." After a trip to Europe he assumed control of the Louisville "Journal," which he soon combined with the "Courier" and the " Democrat" of that place, founding the well-known "Courier-Journal," the first number of which appeared November 8, 1868. Mr. Watterson also represented his district in congress for several years. DATRICK SARSFIELD GILMORE, 1 one of the most successful and widely known bandmasters and musicians of the last half century in America, was born in Ballygar, Ireland, on Christmas day, 1829. He attended a public school until apprenticed to a wholesale merchant at Athlone, of the brass band of which town he soon became a member.. His passion for music conflicting with the duties of a mercantile life, his position as clerk was exchanged for that of musical instructor to the young sons of his employer. At the age of nineteen he sailed for America and two days after his arrival in Boston was put in charge of the band instrument department of a prominent music house. In the interests of the publications of this house he organized a minstrel company known as "Ordway's Eolians," with which he first achieved success as a cornet soloist. Later on he was called the best E-flat cornetist in the United States. He became leader, successively, of the Suffolk, Boston Brigade and Salem bands. During his connection with the latter he inaugurated the famous Fourth of July concerts on Boston Common, since adopted as a regular programme for the celebration of Independence Day. In 1858 Mr. Gilmore founded the organization famous thereafter as Gilmore's Band. At the outbreak of the Civil war this band was attached to the Twenty-Fourth,Massachusetts Infantry. Later, when the economical policy of dispensing with music had proved a mistake, Gilmore was entrusted with the re-organization of state military bands, and upon his arrival at New Orleans with his own band was made bandmaster-general by General Banks. On the inauguration of Governor Hahn, later on, in Lafayette square, New Orleans, ten thousand children, mostly of Confederate parents, rose to the baton of Gilmore and, accompanied by six hundred instruments, thirty-six guns and the united fire of three regiments of infantry, sang the Star-Spangled Banner, America and other patriotic Union airs. In June, 1867, Mr. Gilmore conceived a national musical festival, which was denounced as a chimerical undertaking, but he succeeded and June 15, 1869, stepped upon the stage of the Boston Colosseum, a vast structure erected for the occasion, and in the presence of over fifty 78 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPIIr. thousand people lifted his baton over an orchestra of one thousand and a chorus of ten thousand, On the I7th of June, 1872, he opened a still greater festival in Boston, when, in addition to an orchestra of two thousand and a chorus of twenty thousand, were present the Band of the Grenadier Guards, of London, of the Garde Republicaine, of Paris, of Kaiser Franz, of Berlin, and one from Dublin, Ireland, together with Johann Strauss, Franz Abt and many other soloists, vocal and instrumental. Gilmore's death occurred September 24, 1892. M ARTIN VAN BUREN was the eighth -president of the United States, 1837 to 1841. He was of Dutch extraction, and his ancestors were among the earliest settlers on the banks of the Hudson. He was born December 5, 1782, at Kinderhook, New York. Mr. Van Buren took up the study of law at the age of fourteen and took an active part in political matters before he had attained his majority. He commenced the practice of law in 1803 at his native town, and in i8o9 he removed to Hudson, Columbia county, New York, where he spent seven years gaining strength and wisdom from his contentions at the bar with some of the ablest men of the profession. Mr. Van Buren was elected to the state senate, and from 1815 until 1819 he was attorney-general of the state. He was reelected to the senate in 18 I6, and in I818 he was one of the famous clique of politicians known as the "Albany regency. " Mr. Van Buren was a member of the convention for the revision of the state constitution, in 1821. In the same year he was elected to the United States senate and served his term in a manner that caused his re-election to that body in 1827, but resigned the. following year as he had been elected governor of New York. Mr. Van Buren was appointed by President Jackson as secretary of state in March, 1829, but resigned in 1831, and during the recess of congress he was appointed minister to England. The senate, however, when it convened in December refused to ratify the appointment. In May, 1832, he was nominated by the Democrats as their candidate for vice-president on the ticket with Andrew Jackson, and he was elected in the following November. He received the nomination to succeed President Jackson in 1836, as the Democratic candidate, and in the electoral college he received one hundred and seventy votes out of two hundred and eighty-three, and was inaugurated March 4, 1837. His administration was begun at a time of great business depression, and unparalled financial distress, which caused the suspension of specie payments by the banks. Nearly every bank in the country was forced to suspend specie payment, and no less than two hundred and fifty-four business houses failed in New York in one week. The President urged the adoption of the independent treasury idea, which passed through the senate twice but each time it was defeated in the house. However the measure ultimately became a law near the close of President Van Buren's term of office. Another important measure that was passed was the pre-emption law that gave the actual settlers preference in the purchase of public lands. The question of slavery had begun to assume great preponderance during this administration, and a great conflict was tided over by the passage of a resolution that prohibited petitions or papers that in any way related to slavery to be acted upon. In the Democratic convention of 1840 President Van Buren secured the nomination for re-election on that ticket COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. 79 without opposition, but in the election he only received the votes of seven states, his opponent, W. H. Harrison, being elected president. In 1848 Mr. Van Buren was the candidate of the * Free-Soilers," but was unsuccessful. After this he retired from public life and spent the remainder of his life on his estate at Kinderhook, where he died July 24, 1862. WINFIELD SCOTT, a distinguished American general, was born June 13, 1786, near Petersburg, Dinwiddie county, Virginia, and was educated at the William and Mary College. He studied law and was admitted to the bar, and in 1808 he accepted an appointment as captain of light artillery, and was ordered to New Orleans. In June, I812, he was promoted to be lieutenantcolonel, and on application was sent to the frontier, and reported to General Smyth, near Buffalo. He was made adjutant-general with the rank of a colonel, in March, 1813, and the same month attained the colonelcy of his regiment. He participated in the principal battles of the war and was wounded many times, and at the close of the war he was voted a gold medal by congress for his services. He was a writer of considerable merit on military topics, and he gave to the military science, " General Regulations of the Army " and " System of Infantry and Rifle Practice." He took a prominent part in the Black Hawk war, and at the beginning of the Mexican war he was appointed to take the command of the army. Gen. Scott immediately assembled his troops at Lobos Island from which he moved by transports to Vera Cruz, which he took March 29, 1847, and rapidly followed up his first success. He fought the battles of Cerro Gordo and Jalapa, both of which he won, and proceeded to Pueblo where he was preceded by Worth's division which had taken the town and waited for the coming of Scott. The army was forced to wait here for supplies, and August 7th, General Scott started on his victorious march to the city of Mexico with ten thousand, seven hundred and thirty-eight men. The battles of Contreras, Cherubusco and San Antonio were fought August 19-20, and on the 24th an armistice was agreed upon, but as the commissioners could not agree on the terms of settlement, the fighting was renewed at Molino Del Rey, and the Heights of Chapultepec were carried by the victorious army of General Scott. He gave the enemy no respite, however,, and vigorously followed up his advantages.. On September 14, he entered the City of Mexico and dictated the terms of surrenderin the very heart of the Mexican Republic. General Scott was offered the presidency of the Mexican Republic, but declined. Congress extended him a vote of thanks and ordered a gold medal be struck in honor of his generalship and bravery. He was candidate for the presidency on the Whig plat form but was defeated. He was honored by having the title of lieutenant-general conferred upon him in 1855. At the beginning of the Civil war he was too infirm to take charge of the army, but did signal service in behalf of the government. He retired from the service November I, 1861, and in 1864 he published his "Autobiography." General Scott died at West Point, May 29, 1866 EDWARD EVERETT HALE for many. years occupied a high place among the most honored of America's citizens. As, a preacher he ranks among the foremost in the New England states, but to the general public he is best known through his, writings. Born in Boston, Mass., April 3, .80 COMCPENPDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 1822, a descendant of one of the most prominent New England families, he enjoyed in his youth many of the advantages denied the majority of boys. He received his preparatory schooling at the Boston Latin School, after which he finished his studies at Harvard where he was graduated with high honors in 1839. Having studied theology at home, Mr. Hale embraced the ministry and in 1846 became pastor of a Unitarian PFhurch in Worcester, Massachusetts, a post which he occupied about ten years. He then, in i856, became pastor of the South Congregational church in Boston, over which he presided many years. Mr. Hale also found time to write a great many literary works of a high class. Among many other well-known productions -f his are " The Rosary," " Margaret Percival in America," "Sketches of Christian -listory," "Kansas and Nebraska," "Let-;ers on Irish Emigration," " Ninety Days' Worth of Europe," '"If, Yes, and Perhaps," 9"Ingham Papers," "Reformation," "Level Best and Other Stories," " Ups and Downs," "Christmas Eve and Christmas Day," " In His Name," "1Our New Crusade," "Workingmen's Homes," "Boys' Heroes," etc., etc., besides many others which might be mentioned. One of his works, "In His Name," has earned itself enduring fame by the good deeds it has called forth. The numerous associations known as '"The King's Daughters," which has accomplished much good, owe their existence to the story mentioned. D AVID GLASCOE FARRAGUT stands pre-eminent as one of the greatest naval officers of the world. He was born at Campbell's Station, East Tennessee, July 5, I8oi, and entered the navy of the United States as a midshipman. He had the good fortune to serve under Captain David Porter, who commanded the " Essex," and by whom he was taught the ideas of devotion to duty from which he never swerved during all his career. In 1823 Mr. Farragut took part in a severe fight, the result of which was the suppression of piracy in the West Indies. He then entered upon the regular duties of his profession which was only broken into by a year's residence with Charles Folsom, our consul at Tunis, who was afterwards a distinguished professor at Harvard. Mr. Farragut was one of the best linguists in the navy. He had risen through the different grades of the service until the war of 1861-65 found him a captain residing at Norfolk, Virginia. He removed with his family to Hastings, on the Hudson, and hastened to offer his services to the Federal government, and as the capture of New Orleans had been resolved upon, Farragut was chosen to command the expedition. His force consisted of the West Gulf blockading squadron and Porter's mortar flotilla. In January, 1862, he hoisted his pennant at the mizzen peak of the "Hartford" at Hampton roads, set sail from thence on the 3rd of February and reached Ship Island on the 20oth of the same month. A council of war was held on the 20oth of April, in which it was decided that whatever was to be done must be done quickly. The signal was made from the flagship and accordingly the fleet weighed anchor at 1:55 on the morning of April 24th, and at 3:30 the whole force was under way. The history of this brilliant struggle is well known, and the glory of it made Farragut a hero and also made him rear admiral. In the summer of 1862 he ran the batteries at Vicksburg, and on March 14. 1863, he passed through the fearful and destructive fire from Port Hudson, and opened up communication with Flag-officer Porter, who COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 8? had control of the upper Mississippi. On May 24th he commenced active operations against that fort in conjunction with the army and it fell on July 9th. Mr. Farragut filled the measure of his fame on the 5th of August, 1864, by his great victory, the capture of Mobile Bay and the destruction of the Confederate fleet, including the formidable ram Tennessee. For this victory the rank of admiral was given to Mr. Farragut. He died at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, August 4, 1870. GEORGE W. CHILDS, a philanthropist whose remarkable personality stood for the best and highest type of American citizenship, and whose whole life was an object lesson in noble living, was born in 1829 at Baltimore, Maryland, of humble parents, and spent his early life in unremitting toil. He was a self-made man in the fullest sense of the word, and gained his great wealth by his own efforts. He was a man of very great influence, and this, in conjunction with his wealth, would have been, in the hands of other men, a means of getting them political preferment, but Mr. Childs steadily declined any suggestions that would bring him to figure prominently in public affairs. He did not choose to found a financial dynasty, but devoted all his powers to the helping of others, with the most enlightened beneficence and broadest sympathy. Mr. Childs once remarked that his greatest pleasure in life was in doing good to others. He always despised meanness, and one of his objects of life was to prove that a man could be liberal and successful at the same time. Upon these lines Mr. Childs made a name for himself as the director of one of the representative newspapers of America, "The Philadelphia Public Ledger," which was owned jointly by 6 himself and the Drexel estate, and which he edited for thirty years. He acquired control of the paper at a time when it was being published at a heavy loss, set it upon a firm basis of prosperity, and he made it more than a money-making machine-he made it respected as an exponent of the best side of journalism, and it stands as a monument to his sound judgment and upright business principles. Mr. Childs' charitable repute brought him many applications for assistance, and he never refused to help any one that was deserving of aid; and not only did he help those who asked, but he would by careful inquiry find those who needed aid but were too proud to solicit it. He was a considerable employer of labor, and his liberality was almost unparalleled. The death of this great and good man occurred February 3d, 1894. PATRICK HENRY won his way to un. dying fame in the annals of the early history of the United States by introducing into the house of burgesses his famous resolution against the Stamp Act, which he carried through, after a stormy debate, by a majority of one. At this time he exclaimed " Caesar had his Brutus, Charles I his Cromwell and George III" (here he was interrupted by cries of " treason ") " may profit by their example. If this be treason make the most of it." Patrick Henry was born at Studley, Hanover county, Virginia, May 29, 1736, and was a son of Colonel John Henry, a magistrate and school teacher of Aberdeen, Scotland, and a nephew of Robertson, the historian. He received his education from his father, and was married at the age of eighteen. He was twice bankrupted before he had reached his twenty-fourth year, when after six weeks of study he was admitted to 84 COiMPENVDIUiM OF BIOGRAPHr. the bar. fie worked for three years without a case and finally was applauded for his plea for the people's rights and gained immense popularity. After his famous Stamp Act resolution he was the leader of the patriots in Virginia. In 1769 he was admitted to practice in the general courts and speedily won a fortune by his distinguished ability as a speaker. He was the first speaker of the General Congress at Philadelphia in 1774. He was for a time a colonel of militia in 1775, and from 1776 to 1779 and 1781 to 1786 he was governor of Virginia. For a number of years he retired from public life and was tendered and declined a number of important political offices, and in March, 1789, he was elected state senator but did not take his seat on account of his death which occurred at Red Hill, Charlotte county, Virginia, June 6, 1799. BENEDICT ARNOLD, an American general and traitor of the Revolutionary war, is one of the noted characters in American history. He was born in Norwich, Connecticut, January 3, 1740. He ran away and enlisted in the army when young, but deserted in a short time. He then became a merchant at New Haven, Connecticut, but failed. In 1775 he was commissioned colonel in the Massachusetts militia, and in the autumn of that year was placed in command of one thousand men for the invasion of Canada. He marched his army through the forests of Maine and joined General Montgomery before Quebec. Their combined forces attacked that city on December 31, 1775, and Montgomery was killed, and Arnold, severely wounded, was compelled to retreat and endure a rigorous winter a few miles from the city, where they were at the mercy of the Canadian troops had they cared to attack them. On his re turn he was raised to the rank of brigadiergeneral. He was given command of a small flotilla on Lake Champlain, with which he encountered an immense force, and though defeated, performed many deeds of valor. He resented the action of congress in promoting a number of his fellow officers and neglecting himself. In 1777 he was made major-general, and under General Gates at Bemis Heights fought valiantly. For some reason General Gates found fault with his conduct and ordered him under arrest, and he was kept in his tent until the battle of Stillwater was waxing hot, when Arnold mounted his horse and rode to the front of his old troop, gave command to charge, and rode like a mad man into the thickest of the fight and was not overtaken by Gates" courier until he had routed the enemy and fell wounded. Upon his recovery he was made general, and was placed in command at Philadelphia. Here he married, and his acts of rapacity soon resulted in a courtmartial. He was sentenced to be reprimanded by the commander-in-chief, and though Washington performed this duty with utmost delicacy and consideration, it was never forgiven. Arnold obtained command at West Point, the most important post held by the Americans, in 1780, and immediately offered to surrender it to Sir Henry Clinton, British commander at New York. Major Andre was sent to arrange details with Arnold, but on his return trip to New York he was captured by Americans, the plot was detected, and Andre suffered the death penalty as a spy. Arnold escaped, and was paid about $40,000 by the British for his treason and was made brigadier-general. He afterward commanded an expedition that plundered a portion of Virginia, and another that burned New London, Connecticut, and captured Fort Trum COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. 85 bull, the commandant of which Arnold murdered with the sword he had just surrendered. He passed the latter part of his life in England, universally despised, and died in London June 14, 18oi. OBERT G. INGERSOLL, one of the most brilliant orators that America has produced, also a lawyer of considerable merit, won most of his fame as a lecturer. Mr. Ingersoll was born August 24, 1833, at Dryden, Gates county, New York, and received his education in the common schools. He went west at the age of twelve, and for a short time he attended an academy in Tennessee, and also taught school in that state. He began the practice of law in the southern part of Illinois in 1854. Colonel Ingersoll's principal fame was made in the lecture room by his lectures in which he ridiculed religious faith and creeds and criticised the Bible and the Christian religion. He was the orator of the day in the Decoration Day celebration in the city of New York in 1882 and his oration was widely commended. He first attracted political notice in the convention at Cincinnati in 1876 by his brilliant eulogy on James G. Blaine. He practiced law in Peoria, Illinois, for a, number of years, but later located in the city of New York. He published the following: "The Gods and other Lectures;" "The Ghosts;" ''Some Mistakes of Moses;" "What Shall I Do To Be Saved;" "Interviews on Talmage and Presbyterian Catechism;" The "North American Review Controversy;" "Prose Poems;" "A Vision of War;" etc. OSEPH ECCLESTON JOHNSTON, a noted general in the Confederate army, was born in Prince Edward county, Virginia, in 1807. He graduated from West Point and entered the army in 1829. For a number of years his chief service was garrison duty. He saw active service, however, in the Seminole war in Florida, part of the time as a staff officer of General Scott. He resigned his commission in 1837, but returned to the army a year later, and was brevetted captain for gallant services in Florida. He was made first lieutenant of topographical engineers, and was engaged in river and harbor improvements and also in the survey of the Texas boundary and the northern boundary of the United States until the beginning of the war with Mexico. He was at the siege of Vera Cruz, and at the battle of Cerro Gordo was wounded while reconnoitering the enemy's position, after which he was brevetted major and colonel. He was in all the battles about the city of Mexico, and was again wounded in the final assault upon that city. After the Mexican war closed he returned to duty as captain of topographical engineers, but in I855 he was made lieutenant-colonel of cavalry and did frontier duty, and was appointed inspector-general of the expedition to Utah. In 1860 he was appointed quartermaster-general with rank of brigadiergeneral. At the outbreak of hostilities in 1861 he resigned his commission and received the appointment of major-general of the Confederate army. He held Harper's Ferry, and later fought General Patterson about Winchester. At the battle of Bull Run he declined command in favor of Beauregard, and acted under that general's directions. He commanded the Confederates in the famous Peninsular campaign, and was severely wounded at Fair Oaks and was succeeded in command by General Lee. Upon his recovery he was made lieutenantgeneral and assigned to the command of the southwestern department. He attempted 86 CO8MIPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPIY. ~ --- to raise the siege of Vicksburg, and was finally defeated at Jackson, Mississippi. Having been made a general he succeeded General Bragg in command of the army of Tennessee and was ordered to check General Sherman's advance upon Atlanta. Not daring to risk a battle with the overwhelming forces of Sherman, he slowly retreated toward Atlanta, and was relieved of command by President Davis and succeeded by General Hood. Hood utterly destroyed his own army by three furious attacks upon Sherman. Johnston was restored to command in the Carolinas, and again faced Sherman', but was defeated in several engagements and continued a slow retfeat toward Richmond. Hearing of Lee's surrender, he communicated with General Sherman, and finally surrendered his army at Durham, North Carolina, April 26, 1865. General Johnston was elected a member of the forty-sixth congress and was appointed United States railroad commissioner in 1885. His death occurred March 21, 189I. SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS, known throughout the civilized world as "MARK TWAIN," is recognized as one of the greatest humorists America has produced. He was born in Monroe county, Missouri, November 30, 1835. He spent his boyhood days in his native state and many of his earlier experiences are related in various forms in his later writings. One of his early acquaintances, Capt. Isaiah Sellers, at an early day furnished river news for the New Orleans "Picayune," using the nomde-plume of "Mark Twain." Sellers died in 1863 and Clemens took up his nom-deplume and made it famous throughout the world by his literary work. In 1862 Mr. Clemens became a journalist at Virginia, Nevada, and afterward followed the same profession at San Francisco and Buffalo, New York. He accumulated a fortune from the sale of his many publications, but in later years engaged in business enterprises, particularly the manufacture of a typesetting machine, which dissipated his fortune and reduced him almost to poverty, but with resolute heart he at once again took up his pen and engaged in literary work in the effort to regain his lost ground. Among the best known of his works may be mentioned the following: " The Jumping Frog," I"Tom Sawyer," "Roughing it," "Innocents Abroad," " Huckleberry Finn," " Gilded Age," "Prince and Pauper," "Million Pound Bank Note," "A Yankee in King Arthur's Court," etc. CHRISTOPHER CARSON, better known as "KIT CARSON;" was an American trapper and scout who gained a wide reputation for his frontier work. He was a native of Kentucky, born December 24th, I809. He grew to manhood there, developing a natural inclination for adventure in the pioneer experiences in his native state. When yet a young man he became quite well known on the frontier. He served as a guide to Gen. Fremont in his Rocky Mountain explorations and enlisted in the army. He was an officer in the United States service in both the Mexican war and the great Civil war, and in the latter received a brevet of brigadier-general for meritorious service. His death occurred May 23, I868. JOHN SHERMAN.--Statesman, politician, cabinet officer and senator, the name of the gentleman who heads this sketch is almost a household word throughout this country. Identified with some of the most COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRA PHr 87 --- -- important measures adopted by our Government since the close of the Civil war, he may well be called one of the leading men of his day. John Sherman was born at Lancaster, Fairfield county, Ohio, May Ioth, 1823, the son of Charles R. Sherman, an eminent lawyer and judge of the supreme court of Ohio and who died in 1829. The subject of this article received an academic education and was admitted to the bar in 1844. In the Whig conventions of 1844 and 1848 he sat as a delegate. He was a member of the National house of representatives, from 1855 to I86I. In 186o he was reelected to the same position but was chosen United States senator before he took his seat in the lower house. He was re-elected senator in 1866 and 1872 and was long chairman of the committee on financ.e and on agriculture. He took a prominent part in debates on finance and on the conduct of the war, and was one of the authors of the reconstruction measures in I866 and 1867, and was appointed secretary of the treasury March 7th, 1877. Mr. Sherman was re-elected United States senator from Ohio January I8th, 1881, and again in 1886 and 1892, during which time he was regarded as one of the most prominent leaders of the Republican party, both in the senate and in the country. He was several times the favorite of his state for the nomination for president. On the formation of his cabinet in March, 1897, President McKinley tendered the position of secretary of state to Mr. Sherman, which was accepted. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, ninth president of the United States, was born in Charles county, Virginia, February 9, 1773, the son of Governor Benjamin Harrison. He took a course in HampdenSidney College with a view to the practice of medicine, and then went to Philadelphia to study under Dr. Rush, but in 1791 he entered the army, and obtained the commission of ensign, was soon promoted to the lieutenancy, and was with General Wayne in his war against the Indians. For his valuable service he was promoted to the rank of captain and given command of Fort Washington, now Cincinnati. He was appointed secretary of the Northwest Territory in 1797, and in 1799 became its representative in congress. In 18oi he was appointed governor of Indiana Territory, and held the position for twelve years, during which time he negotiated irriportant treaties with the Indians, causing them to relinquish millions of acres of land, and also won the battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. He succeeded in obtaining a change in the law which did not permit purchase of public lands in less tracts than four thousand acres, reducing the limit to three hundred and twenty acres. He became major-general of Kentucky militia and brigadier-general in the United States army in 1812, and won great renown in the defense of Fort Meigs, and his victory over the British and Indians under Proctor and Tecumseh at the Thames river, October 5, 1813. In 1816 General Harrison was elected to congress from Ohio, and during the canvass was accused of corrupt methods in regard to the commissariat of the army. He demanded an investigation after the election and was exonerated. In 1819 he was elected to the Ohio state senate, and in 1824 he gave his vote as a presidential elector to Henry Clay. He became a member of the United States senate the same year. During the last year of Adams' administration he was sent as minister to Colombia, but was re 88 C OMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. called by President Jackson the following year. He then retired to his estate at North Bend, Ohio, a few miles below Cincinnati. *In 1836 he was a candidate for the presidency, but as there were three other candidates the votes were divided, he receiving seventythree electoral votes, a majority going to Mr. Van Buren, the Democratic candidate. Four years later General Harrison was again nominated by the Whigs, and elected by a tremendous majority. The campaign was noted for its novel features, many of which have found a permanent place in subsequent campaigns. Those peculiar to that campaign, however, were the " log-cabin " and " hard cider " watchwords, which produced great enthusiasm among his followers. One month after his inauguration he died from - an attack of pleurisy, April 4, 1841. CHARLES A. DANA, the well-known and widely-read journalist of New York City, a native of Hinsdale, New Hampshire, was born August 8, 1819. He received the elements of a good education in his youth and studied for two years at Harvard University. Owing to some disease of the eyes he was unable to complete his course and graduate, but was granted the degree of A. M. notwithstanding. For some time he was editor of the " Harbinger," and was a regular contributor to the Boston '' Chronotype." In I847 he became connected with the New York "Tribune, " and continued on the staff of that journal until 1858. In the latter year he edited and compiled "The Household Book of Poetry," and later, in connection with George Ripley, edited the "New American Cyclopaedia." Mr. Dana, on severing his connection with the " Tribune " in 1867, became editor of the New York "Sun," a paper with which he was identified for many years, and which he made one of the leaders of thought in the eastern part of the United States. He wielded a forceful pen and fearlessly attacked whatever was corrupt and unworthy in politics, state or national. The same year, 1867, Mr. Dana organized the New York " Sun " Company. During the troublous days of the war, when the fate of the Nation depended upon the armies in the field, Mr. Dana accepted the arduous and responsible position of assistant secretary of war, and held the position during the greater part of 1863 and 1864. He died October 17, 1897. A SA GRAY was recognized throughout the scientific world as one of the ablest and most eminent of botanists. He was born at Paris, Oneida county, New York, November i8, 18 Io. He received his medical degree at the Fairfield College of Physicians and Surgeons, in Herkimer county, New York, and studied botany with the late Professor Torrey, of New York. He was appointed botanist to the Wilkes expedition in 1834, but declined the offer and became professor of natural history in Harvard University in 1842. He retired from the active duties of this post in I873, and in 1874 he was the regent of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, District of Columbia. Dr. Gray wrote several books on the subject of the many sciences of which he was master., In I836 he published his "Elements of Botany," "Manual of Botany" in 1848; the unfinished "Flora of North America," by himself and Dr. Torrey, the publication of which commenced in 1838. There is another of his unfinished works called "Genera Boreali-Americana," published in 1848, and the " Botany of the United States Pacific Exploring Expedition in 1854." He wrote many elaborate papers COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHRY. 89 'C on the botany of the west and southwest that were published in the Smithsonian Contributions, Memoirs, etc., of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, of which institution he was president for ten years. lie was also the author of many of the government reports. "How Plants Grow," " Lessons in Botany," " Structural and Systematic Botany," are also works from his ready pen. Dr. Gray published in 1861 his "Free Examination of Darwin's Treatise " and his " Darwiniana," in 1876. Mr. Gray was elected July 29, 1878, to a membership in the Institute of France, Academy of Sciences. His death occurred at Cambridge, Massachusetts, January 30, 1889. W ILLIAM MAXWELL EVARTS was one of the greatest leaders of the American bar. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, February 6, 1818, and graduated from Yale College in 1837. He took up the study of law, which he practiced in the city of New York and won great renown as an orator and advocate. He affiliated with the Republican party,.which he joined soon after its organization. He was the leading counsel employed for the defense of:esident Johnson in his trial for impeach-,,ent before the senate in April and May of 1868. In July, 1868, Mr. Evarts was appointed attorney-general of the United States, and served until March 4, I869. He was one of the three lawyers who were selected by President Grant in 1871 to defend the interests of the citizens of the United States before the tribunal of arbitration which met at Geneva in Switzerland to settle the controversy over the " Alabama Claims." He was one of the most eloquent advocates in the United States, and many of his public addresses have been preserved and published. He was appointed secretary of state March 7, 1877, by President Hayes, and served during the Hayes administration. He was elected senator from the state of New York January 21, 1885, and at once took rank among the ablest statesmen in Congress, and the prominent part he took in the discussion of public questions gave him a national reputation. OHN WANAMAKER.-The life of this great merchant demonstrates the fact that the great secret of rising from the ranks is, to-day, as in the past ages, not so much the ability to make money, as to save it, or in other words, the ability to live well within one's income. Mr. Wanamaker was born in Philadelphia in 1838. He started out in life working in a brickyard for a mere pittance, and left that position to work in a book store as a clerk, where he earned the sum of $5.00 per month, and later on was in the employ of a clothier where he received twenty-five cents a week more. He was only fifteen years of age at that time, but was a " money-getter " by instinct, and laid by a small sum for a possible rainy day. By strict attention to business, combined with natural ability, he was promoted many times, and at the age of twenty he had saved $2,000. After several months vacation in the south, he returned to Philadelphia and became a master brick mason, but this was too tiresome to the young man, and he opened up the " Oak Hall " clothing store in April, 1861, at Philadelphia. The capital of the firm was rather limited, but finally, after many discouragements, they laid the foundations of one of the largest business houses in the world. The establishment covers at the present writing some. fourteen acres of floor space, and furnishes 90 C OMPENDIUM OF BIO'GRA PHr. employment for five thousand persons. Mr. Wanamaker was also a great church worker, and built a church that cost him $60,000, and he was superintendent of the Sundayschool, which had a membership of over three thousand children. He steadily refused to run for mayor or congress and the only public office that he ever held was that of postmaster-general, under the Harrison administration, and here he exhibited his extraordinary aptitude for comprehending the details of public business. DAVID BENNETT HILL, a Democratic politician who gained a national reputation, was born August 29, 1843, at Havana, New York. He was educated at the academy of his native town, and removed to Elmira, New York, in 1862, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1864, in which year he was appointed city attorney. Mr. Hill soon gained a considerable practice, becoming prominent in his profession. He developed a taste for politics in which he began to take an active part in the different campaigns and became the recognized leader of the local Democracy. In 1870 he was elected a member of the assembly and was re-elected in 1872. While a member of this assembly he formed the acquaintance of Samuel J. Tilden, afterward governor of the state, who appointed Mr. Hill, W. M. Evarts and Judge Hand as a committee to provide a uniform charter for the different cities of the state. The pressure of professional engagements compelled him to decline to serve. In 1877 Mr. Hill was made chairman of the Democratic state convention at Albany, his election being due to the Tilden wing of the party, and he held the same position again in 1881. He served one term as alderman in Elmira, at the expiration of which term, in 1882, he was elected mayor of Elmira, and in September of the same year was nominated for lieutenant-governor on the Democratic state ticket. He was successful in the campaign and two years later,. when Grover Cleveland was elected to the presidency, Mr. Hill succeeded to the governorship for the unexpired term. In 1885 he was elected governor for a full'term of three years, at the end of which he was reelected, his term expiring in 1891, in which year he was elected United States senator. In the senate he became a conspicuous figure and gained a national reputation. ALLEN G. THURMAN.-" The noblest Roman of them all" was the title by which Mr. Thurman was called by his compatriots of the Democracy. He was the greatest leader of the Democratic party in his day and held the esteem of all the people, regardless of their political creeds. Mr. Thurman was born November 13, 1813, at Lynchburg, Virginia, where he remained until he had attained the age of six years, when he moved to Ohio. He received an academic education and after graduating, took up the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1835, and achieved a brilliant success in that line. In political life he was very successful, and his first office was that of representative of the state of Ohio in the twenty-ninth congress. He was elected judge of the supreme court of Ohio in 185 1, and was chief justice of the same from 1854 to I856. In 1867 he was the choice of the Democratic party of his state for governor, and was elected to the United States senate in 1869 to succeed Benjamin F. Wade, and was re-elected to the same position in 1874. A He was a prominent figure in the senate, until the expiration of his service ia 1881. Mr. Thurman was also one of the COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. 91 _ principal presidental possibilities in the Democratic convention held at St. Louis in I876. In 1888 he was the Democratic nominee for vice-president on the ticket with Grover Cleveland, but was defeated. Allen Granberry Thurman died December 12, 1895, at Columbus, Ohio. CHARLES FARRAR BROWNE, better known as " Artemus Ward," was born April 26, 1834, in the village of Waterford, Maine. He was thirteen years old at the time of his father's death, and about a year later he was apprenticed to John M. Rix, who published the " Coos County Democrat " at Lancaster, New Hampshire. Mr. Browne remained with him one year, when, hearing that his brother Cyrus was starting a paper at Norway, Maine, he left Mr. Rix and determined to get work on the new paper. He worked for his brother until the failure of 'the newspaper, and then went to Augusta, Maine, where he remained a few weeks and then removed to Skowhegan, and secured a position on the " Clarion." But either the climate or the work was not satisfactory to him, for one night he silently left the town and astonished his good mother by appearing unexpectedly at home. Mr. Browne then received some letters of recommendation to Messrs. Snow and Wilder, of Boston, at whose office Mrs. Partington's (B. P. Shillaber) "Carpet Bag " was printed, and he was engaged and remained there for three years. He then traveled westward in search of employment and got as far as Tiffin, Ohio, where he found employment in the office of the "Advertiser," and remained there some months when he proceeded to Toledo, Ohio, where he became one of the stair of the " Commercial," which position he held until 1857. Mr. Browne next went to Cleveland, Ohio, and became the local editor of the "Plain Dealer," and it was in the columns of this paper that he published his first articles and signed them " Artemus Ward." In 1860 he went to New York and became the editor of " Vanity Fair," but the idea of lecturing here seized him, and he was fully determined to make the trial. Mr. Browne brought out his lecture, "Babes in the Woods" at Clinton Hall, December 23, 1861, and in 1862 he published his first book entitled, " Artemus Ward; His Book." He attained great fame as a lecturer and his lectures were not confined to America, for he went to England in I866, and became exceedingly popular, both as a lecturer and a contributor to "Punch." Mr. Browne lectured for the last time January 23, 1867. He died in Southampton, England, March 6, 1867. HURLOW WEED, a noted journalist and politician, was born in Cairo, New York, November 15, 1797. He learned the printer's trade at the age of twelve years, and worked at this calling for several years in various villages in central New York. He served as quartermaster-sergeant during the war of 1812. In 1818 he established the "Agriculturist," at Norwich, New York. and became editor of the "Anti-Masonic Enquirer," at Rochester, in 1826. In the same year he was elected to the legislature and re-elected in I830, when he located in Albany, New York, and there started the " Evening Journal," and conducted it in opposition to the Jackson administration and the nullification doctrines of Calhoun. He became an adroit party manager, and was instrumental in promoting the nominations of Harrison, Taylor and Scott for the presidency. In 1856 and in 186o he threw his support to W. H. Seward, but when defeated in his object, he gave cordiai support to 92 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPIH. Fremont and Lincoln. Mr. Lincoln prevailed upon him to visit the various capitals of Europe, where he proved a valuable aid to the administration in moulding the opinions of the statesmen of that continent favorable to the cause of the Union. Mr. Weed's connection with the "Evening Journal " was severed in 1862, when he settled in New York, and for a time edited the "Commercial Advertiser." In I868 he retired from active life. His " Letters from Europe and the West Indies," published in x866, together with some interesting "Reminiscences," published in the "Atlantic Monthly," in 1870, an autobiography, and portions of an extensive correspondence will be of great value to writers of the political history of the United States. Mr. Weed died in New York, November 22, 1882. W ILLIAM COLLINS WHITNEY, one of the prominent Democratic politicians of the country and ex-secretary of the navy, was born July 5th, 1841, at Conway, Massachusetts, and received his education at Williston Seminary, East Hampton, Massachusetts. Later he attended Yale College, where he graduated in 1863, and entered the Harvard Law School, which he left in 1864. Beginning practice in New York city, he soon gained a reputation as an able lawyer. He made his first appearance in public affairs in 1871, when he was active in organizing a young men's Democratic club. In 1872 he was the recognized leader of the county Democracy and in 1875 was appointed corporation counsel for the city of New York. He resigned the office, 1882, to attend to personal interests and on March 5, 1885, he was appointed secretary of the navy by President Cleveland. Under his administration the navy of the United States rapidly rose in rank among the navies of the world. When he retired from office in I889, the vessels of the United States navy designed and contracted for by him were five double-turreted monitors, twc new armor-clads, the dynamite cruiser "Vesuvius," and five unarmored steel and iron cruisers. Mr. Whitney was the leader of the Cleveland forces in the national Democratic convention of I892. DWIN FORREST, the first and greatest American tragediain, was born in Philadelphia in 18o6. His father was a tradesman, and some accounts state that he had marked out a mercantile career for his son, Edwin, while others claim that he had intended him for the ministry. His wonderful memory, his powers of mimicry and his strong musical voice, however, attracted attention before he was eleven years old, and at that age he made his first appearance on the stage. The costume in which he appeared was so ridiculous that he left the stage in a fit of anger amid a roar of laughter from the audience. This did not discourage him, however, and at the age of fourteen, after some preliminary training in elocution, he appeared again, this time as Young Norvel, and gave indications of future greatness. Up to 1826 he played entirely with strolling companies through the south and west, but at that time he obtained an engagement at the Bowery Theater in New York. From that time his fortune was made. His manager paid him $4o per night, and it is stated that he loaned Forrest to other houses from time to time at $200 per night. His great successes were Virginius, Damon, Othello. Coriolanus, William Tell, Spartacus and Lear. He made his first appearance in London in I836, and his success was unqtqestioned from the start. In I845, on his C OMPENDIUMrI OP BIO GRAPHY. 93 _ -- _-~-- second appearance in London, he became involved in a bitter rivalry with the great English actor, Macready, who had visited America two years before. The result was that Forrest was hissed from the stage, and it was charged that Macready had instigated the plot. Forrest's resentment was so bitter that he himself openly hissed Macready from his box a few nights later. In 1848 Macready again visited America at a time when American admiration and enthusiasm for Forrest had reached its height. Macready undertook to play at Astor Place Opera House in May, 1849, but was hooted off the stage. A few nights later Macready made a second attempt to play at the same house, this time under police protection. The house was filled with Macready's friends, but the vioolence of the mob outside stopped the play, and the actor barely escaped with his life. Upon reading the riot act the police and troops were assaulted with stones. The troops replied, first with blank cartridges, and then a volley of lead dispersed the mob, leaving thirty men dead or seriously wounded. After this incident Forrest's popularity waned, until in 1855 he retired from the stage. He re-appeared in I86o, however, and probably the most remunerative period of his life was between that date and the close of the Civil war. His last appearance on the stage was at the Globe Theatre, Boston,, in Richelieu, in April, 1872, his death occurring December 12 of that year. NOAH PORTER, D. D., LL. D., was one of the most noted educators, authors and scientific writers of the United States. He was born December 14, i81i, at Farmington, Connecticut, graduated at Yale College in 1831, and was master of SHopkins Grammar School at New Haven in 1831-33. During 1833-35 he was a tutor at Yale, and at the same time was pursuing his theological studies, and became pastor of the Congregational church at New Milford, Connecticut, in April, 1836. Dr. Porter removed to Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1843, and was chosen professor of metaphysics and moral philosophy at Yale in 1846. He spent a year in Germany in the study of modern metaphysics in 1853 -54, and in 1871 he was elected president of Yale College. He resigned the presidency in 1885, but still remained professor of metaphysics and moral philosophy. He was the author of a number of works, among which are the following: " Historical Essay," written in commemoration of the 200th aniversary of the settlement of the town ol Farmington; "I Educational System of the Jesuits Compared;" "The Human Intellect," with an introduction upon psychology and the soul; "' Books and Reading;" "American Colleges and the American Public;" " Elements of Intellectual Philosophy;" "'The Science of Nature versus the Science of Man;" " Science and Sentiment;" " Elements of Moral Science." Dr. Porter was the principal editor of the revised edition of Webster's Dictionary in 1864, and contributed largely to religious reviews and periodicals. Dr. Porter's death occurred March 4, 1892, at New Haven, Connecticut. JOHN TYLER, tenth president of the United States, was born in Charles City county, Virginia, March 29, 1790, and was the son of Judge John Tyler, one of the most distinguished men of his day. When but twelve years of age young John Tyler entered William and Mary College, graduating from there in 18o6. He took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1809, when but nineteen years 94 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. of age. On attaining his majority in 18 11 he was elected a member of the state legislature, and for five years held that position by the almost unanimous vote of his county. He was elected to congress in 1816, and served in that body for four years, after which for two years he represented his district again in the legislature of the state. While in congress, he opposed the United States bank, the protective policy and internal improvements by the United States government. 1825 saw Mr. Tyler governor of Virginia, but in 1827 he was chosen member of the United States senate, and held that office for nine years. He therein opposed the administration of Adams and the tariff bill of 1828, sympathized with the nullifiers of South Carolina and was the only senator who voted against the Force bill' ior the suppression of that state's insipient rebellion. He resigned his position as senator on account of a disagreement with the legislature of his state in relation to his censuring President Jackson. He retired to Williamsburg, Virginia, but being regarded as a martyr by the Whigs, whom, heretofore, he had always opposed, was supported by many of that party for the vice-presidency in 1836. He sat in the Virginia legislature as a Whig in 1839-40, and was a delegate to the convention of that party in I839. This national convention nominated him for the second place on the ticket with General William H. H. Harrison, and he was elected vice-president in November, 1840. President Harrison dying one month after his inauguration, he was succeeded by John Tyler. He retained the cabinet chosen by his predecessor, and for a time moved in harmony with the Whig party. He finally instructed the secretary of the treasury, Thomas Ewing, to submit to congress a bill for the incorporation of a fiscal bank of the United States, which was passed by congress, but vetoed by the president on account of some amendments he considered unconstitutional. For this and other measures he was accused of treachery to his party, and deserted by his whole cabinet, except Daniel Webster. Things grew worse until he was abandoned by the Whig party formally, when Mr. Webster resigned. He was nominated at Baltimore, in May, 1844, at the Democratic convention, as their presidential candidate, but withdrew from the canvass, as he saw he had not succeeded in gaining the confidence of his old party. He then retired from politics until February, 1861, when he'was made president of the abortive peace congress, which met in Washington. He shortly after renounced his allegiance to the United States and was elected a member of the Confederate congress. He died at Richmond, January 17, 1862. Mr. Tyler married, in 1813, Miss Letitia Christian, who died in 1842 at Washington. June 26, 1844, he contracted a second marriage, with Miss Julia Gardner, of New York. COLLIS POTTER HUNTINGTON, one of the great men of his time and who has left his impress upon the history of our national development, was born October 22, 1821, at Harwinton, Connecticut. He received a common-school education and at the age of fourteen his spirit of getting along in the world mastered his educational propensities and his father's objections and he left school. He went to California in the early days and had opportunities which he handled masterfully. Others had the same opportunities but they did not have his brains nor his energy, and it was he who overcame obstacles and reaped the reward of his genius. Transcontinental railways COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPIT 9. 95 were inevitable, but the realization of this masterful achievement would have been delayed to a much later day if there had been no Huntington. He associated himself with Messrs. Mark Hopkins, Leland Stanford, and Charles Crocker, and they furnished the money necessary for a survey across the Sierra Nevadas, secured a charter for the road, and raised, with the government's aid, money enough to construct and equip that railway, which at the time of its completion was a marvel of engineering and one of the wonders of the world. Mr. Huntington became president of the Southern Pacific railroad, vice-president of the Central Pacific; trustee of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company, and a director of the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company, besides being identified with many other business enterprises of vast importance. GEORGE A. CUSTER, a famous Indian fighter, was born in Ohio in 1840. He graduated at West Point in I861, anserved in the Civil war; wag at Bull Run id 1861, and was in the Peninsular campaign, being one of General McClellan's aides-de, camp. He fought in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam in 1863, and was with General Stoneman on his famous cavalry raid. He was engaged in the battle of Gettysburg, and was there made brevetmajor. In 1863 was appointed brigadiergeneral of volunteers. General Custer was in many skirmishes in central Virginia in 1863-64, and was present at the following battles of the Richmond campaign: Wilderness, Todd's Tavern, Yellow Tavern, where he wasbrevetted lieutenant-colonel; Meadow Bridge, Haw's Shop, Cold Harbor, Trevillian Station. In the Shenandoah Valley 1864-65 he was brevetted colonel at Opequan Creek, and at Cedar Creek he was made brevet major-general for gallant conduct during the engagement. General Custer was in command of a cavalry division in the pursuit of Lee's army in 1865, and fought at Dinwiddie Court House, Five Forks, where he was made brevet brigadier-general; Sailors Creek and Appomattox, where he gained additional honors and was made brevet major-general, and was given the command of the cavalry in the military division of the southwest and Gulf, in 1865. After the establishment of peace he went west on frontier duty and performed gallant and valuable service in the troubles with the Indians. He was killed in the massacre on the Little Big Horn river, South Dakota, June 25, 1876. D ANIEL WOLSEY VOORHEES, celbrated as " The Tall Sycamore of the Wabash," was born September 26, 1827, in Butler county, Ohio. When he was two months old his parents removed to Fountain county, Indiana. He grew to manhood on a farm, engaged in all the arduous work pertaining to rural life. In 1845 he entered the Indiana Asbury University, now the De Pauw, from which he graduated in I849. He took up the study of law at Crawfordsville, and in I851 began the practice of his profession at Covington, Fountain county, Indiana. He became a law partner of United States Senator Hannegan, of Indiana, in 1852, and in 1856 he was an unsuccessful candidate for congress. In the following year he took up his residence in Terre Haute, Indiana. He was United States district attorney for Indiana from 1857 until I861, and he had during this period been elected to congress, in I186o. Mr. Voorhees was re-elected to congress in 1862 and 1864, but he was unsuccessful in the election of I866. However, he was returned to con 96 COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHrT. gress in 1868,where he remained until 1874, having been re-elected twice. In 1877 he was appointed United States senator from Indiana to fill a vacancy caused by the death of 0. P. Morton, and at the end of the term was elected for the ensuing term, being reelected in 1885 and in 1891 to the same office. He served with distinction on many of the committees, and took a very prominent part in the discussion of all the important legislation of his time. His death occurred in August, 189 A LEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, famous as one of the inventors of the telephone, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March 3rd, 1847. He received his early education in the high school and later he attended the university, and was specially trained to follow his grandfather's profession, that of removing impediments of speech. He emigrated to the United States in x872, and introduced into this country his father's invention of visible speech in the institutions for deaf-mutes. Later he was appointed professor of vocal physiology in the Boston University. He worked for many years during his leisure hours on his telephonic discovery, and finally perfected it and exhibited it publicly, before it had reached the high state of perfection to which he brought it. His first exhibition of it was at the Centennial Exhibition that was held in Philadelphia in 1876. Its success is now established throughout the civilized world. In 1882 Prof. Bell received a diploma and the decoration of the Legion of Honor from the Academy of Sciences of France. WILLIAM HICKLING PRESCOTT, the justly celebrated historian and author, was a native of Salem, Massachusetts, and was born May 4, 1796. He was the son of Judge William Prescott and the grandson of the hero of Bunker Hill, Colonel William Prescott. Our subject in 18o8 removed with the family to Boston, in the schools of which city he received his early education. He entered Harvard College as a sophomore in 18i I, having been prepared at the private classical college of Rev. Dr. J. S. J. Gardijner. The following year he received an inury in his left eye which made study through life a matter of difficulty. He graduated in 1814 with high honors in the classics and belle lettres. He spent several months on the Azores Islands, and later visited England, France and Italy, returning home in 1817. In June, 1818, he founded a social and literary club at Boston for which he edited " The Club Room," a periodical doomed to but a short life. May 4, 182o, he married Miss Susan Amory. He devoted several years after that event to a thorough study of ancient and modern history and literature. As the fruits of his labors he published several well written essays upon French and Italian poetry and romance in the " North American Review." January I9, 1826, he decided to take up his first great historical work, the " History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella." To this he gave the labor of ten years, publishing the same December 25, 1837. Although placed at the head of all American authors, so diffident was Prescott of his literary merit that although he had four copies of this work printed for his own convenience, he hesitated a long time before giving it to the public, and it was only by the solicitation of friends, especially of that talented Spanish scholar, George Ticknor, that he was induced to do so. Soon the volumes were translated into French, Italian, Dutch and German, and the work was recognized COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHlT. 97 throughout the world as one of the most meritorious of historical compositions. In 1843 he published the "Conquest of Mexico," and in 1847 the "Conquest of Peru." Two years later there came from his pen a volume of " Biographical and Critical Miscellanies." Going abroad in the summer of 1850, he was received with great distinction in the literary circles of London, Edinburgh, Paris, Antwerp and Brussels. Oxford University conferred the degree of D. C. L. upon him. In 1855 he issued two volumes of his "History of the Reign of Philip the Second," and a third in 1858. In the meantime he edited Robertson's "Charles the Fifth," adding a history of the life of that monarch after his abdication. Death cut short his work on the remaining volumes of " Philip the Second," coming to him at Boston, Massachusetts, May 28, 1859. OLIVER HAZARD PERRY, a noted American commodore, was born in South Kingston, Rhode Island, August 23, 1785. He saw his first service as a midshipman in the United States navy in April, 1799. He cruised with his father, Captain Christopher Raymond Perry, in the West Indies for about two years. In 1804 he was in the war against Tripoli, and was made lieutenant in 1807. At the opening of hostilities with Great Britain in 1812 he was given command of a fleet of gunboats on the Atlantic coast. At his request he was transferred, a year later, to Lake Ontario, where he served under Commodore Chauncey, and took an active part in the attack on Fort George. He was ordered to fit out a squadron on Lake Erie, which he did, building most of his vessels from the forests along the shore, and by the summer of 1813 he had a fleet of nine vessels at Presque Isle, now Erie, Pennsylvania. September Ioth he attacked and captured the British fleet near Put-in-Bay, thus clearing the lake of hostile ships. His famous dispatch is part of his fame, " We have met the enemy, and they are ours." He co-operated with Gen. Harrison, and the success of the campaign in the northwest was largely due to his victory. The next year he was transferred to the Potomac, and assisted in the defense of Baltimore. After the war he was in constant service with the various squadrons in cruising in all parts of the world. He died of yellow fever on the Island of Trinidad, August 23, 1819. His remains were conveyed to Newport, and buried there, and an imposing obelisk was erected to his memory by the State of Rhode Island. A bronze statue was also erected in his honor, the unveiling taking place in 1885. OHN PAUL JONES, though a native of Scotland, was one of America's most noted fighters during the Revolutionary war. He was born July 6, 1747. His father was a gardener, but the young man soon became interested in a seafaring life and at the age of twelve he was apprenticed to a sea captain engaged in the American trade. His first voyage landed him in Virginia, where he had a brother who had settled there several years prior. The failure of the captain released young Jones from his apprenticeship bonds, and he was engaged as third mate of a vessel engaged in the slave trade. He abandoned this trade after a few years, from his own sense of disgrace. He took passage from Jamaica for Scotland in 1768, and on the voyage both the captain and the mate died and he was compelled to take command of the vessel for the remainder of the voyage. He soon after became master of the vessel. He returned to Virginia about 1773 to settle up the estate COMPENDIUM OF* BIO GRA PH.Y1 of his brother, and at this time added the name "Jones," having previously been known as John Paul. He settled down in Virginia, but when the war broke out in 1775 he offered his services to congress and was appointed senior lieutenant of the flagship "Alfred," on which he hoisted the American flag with his own hands, the first "vessel that had ever carried a flag of the new nation. He was afterward appointed to the command of the "IAlfred," and later of the "Providence," in each of which vessels he did good service, as also in the " Ranger," to the command of which he was later appointed. The fight that made him famous, however, was that in which he captured the "Serapis," off the coast of Scotland. He was then in command of the "Bon Homme Richard," which had been fitted out for him by the French government and named by Jones in honor of Benjamin Franklin, or " Good Man Richard," Franklin being author of the publication known as " Poor Richard's Almanac." The fight between the " Richard" and the "Serapis" lasted three hours, all of which time the vessels were at close range, and most of the time in actual contact. Jones' vessel was on fire several times, and early in the engagement two of his guns bursted, rendering the battery useless. Also an envious officer of the Alliance, one of Jones' own fleet, opened fire upon the " Richard " at a critical time, completely disabling the vessel. Jones continued the fight, in spite of counsels to surrender, and after dark the "Serapis" struck her colors, and was hastily boarded by Jones and his crew, while the "Richard" sank, bows first, after the wounded had been taken on board the " Serapis." Most of the other vessels of the fleet of which the " Serapis" was convoy, surrendered, and were taken with the "Serapis" to France, where Jones was received with greatest honors, and the king presented him with an elegant sword and the cross of the Order of Military Merit. Congress gave him a vote of thanks and made him commander of a new ship, the "America," but the vessel was afterward given to France and Jones never saw active sea service again. He came to America again, in 1787, after the close of the war, and was voted a gold medal by congress. He went to Russia and was appointed rear-admiral and rendered service of value against the Turks, but on account of personal enmity of the favorites of the emperor he was retired on a pension. Failing to collect this, he returned to France, where he died, July 18, 1792. THOMAS MORAN, the well-known painter of Rocky Mountain scenery, was born in Lancashire, England, in 1837. He came to America when a child, and showing artistic tastes, he was apprenticed to a wood engraver in Philadelphia. Three years later he began landscape painting, and his style soon began to exhibit signs of genius. His first works were water-colors, and though without an instructor he began the use of oils, he soon found it necessary to visit Europe, where he gave particular attention to the works of Turner. He joined the Yellowstone Park exploring expedition and visited the Rocky Mountains in 1871 and again in 1873, making numerous sketches of the scenery. The most noteworthy results were his " Grand Canon of the Yellowstone," and " The Chasm of the *Colorado," which were purchased by congress at $Io,ooo each, the first of which is undoubtedly the finest landscape painting produced in this country. Mr. Moran has subordinated art to nature, and the subjects he has chosen leave little ground for fault 7y.5. Q U AY. HENRY hl. M.C.VANDERBI LT W M. M. EVA TS PC JOHN 5HERMAN Aýl./I C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRARPHIT. 101 finding on that account. " The Mountain of the Holy Cross," "The Groves Were God's First Temples," "The Cliffs of Green River, " " The Children of the Mountain," " The Ripening of the Leaf," and others have given him additional fame, and while they do not equal in grandeur the first mentioned, in many respects from an artistic standpoint they are superior. L ELAND STANFORD was one of the greatest men of the Pacific coast and also had a national reputation. He was born March 9, 1824, in Albany county, New York, and passed his early life on his father's farm. He attended the local schools of the county and at the age of twenty began the study of law. He entered the law office of Wheaton, Doolittle and Hadley, at Albany, in 1845, and a few years later he moved to Port Washington, Wisconsin, where he practiced law four years with moderate success. In 1852 Mr. Stanford determined to push further west, and, accordingly went to California, where three of his brothers were established in business in the mining towns. They took Leland into partnership, giving him charge of a branch store at Michigan Bluff, in Placer county. There he developed great business ability and four years later started a mercantile house of his own in San Francisco, which soon became one of the most substantial houses on the coast. On the formation of the Republican party he interested himself in politics, and in 186o was sent as a delegate to the convention that nominated Abraham Lincoln. In the autumn of I86i he was elected, by an immense majority, governor of California. Prior to his election as governor he had been chosen president of the newly-organized Central Pacific Railroad Company, 6 and after leaving the executive chair he devoted all of his time to the construction of the Pacific end of the transcontinental railway. May 10, 1869, Mr. Stanford drove the last spike of the Central Pacific road, thus completing the route across the continent. He was also president of the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company. He had but one son, who died of typhoid fever, and as a monument to his child he founded the university which bears his son's name, Leland Stanford, Junior, University. Mr. Stanford gave to this university eightythree thousand acres of land, the estimated value of which is $8,000,000, and the entire endowment is $20,000,000. In 1885 Mr. Stanford was elected United States senator as a Republican, to succeed J. T. Farley, a Democrat, and was re-elected in 1891. His death occurred J'ine 20, 1894, at Palo Alto, California. TEPHEN DECATUR, a famous commodore in the United States navy, was born in Maryland in I779. He entered the naval service in 1798. In 1804, when the American vessel Philadelphia had been run aground and captured in the harbor of Tripoli, Decatur, at the head of a few men, boarded her and burned her in the face of the guns from the city defenses. For this daring deed he was made captain. He was given command of the frigate United States at the breaking out of the war of 1812, and in October of that year he captured the British frigate Macedonian, and was rewarded with a gold medal by congress. After the close of the war he was sent as commander of a fleet of ten vessels to chastise the dey of Algiers, who was preying upon American commerce with impunity and demanding tribute and ransom for the release of American citizens captured. Decatur 102 C OMIPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHrT. captured a number of Algerian vessels, and compelled the dey to sue for peace. He was noted for his daring and intrepidity, and his coolness in the face of danger, and helped to bring the United States navy into favor with the people and congress as a means of defense and offense in time of war. He was killed in a duel by Commodore Barron, March 12, 1820. JAMES KNOX POLK, the eleventh president of the United States, 1845 to 1849, was born November 2, 1795, in Mecklenburg county, North Carolina, and was the eldest child of a family of six sons. He removed with his father to the Valley of the Duck River, in Tennessee, in I8o6. He attended the common schools and became very proficient in the lower branches of education, and supplemented this with a course in the Murfreesboro Academy, which he entered in 1813 and in the autumn of 1815 he became a student in the sophomore class of the University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, and was graduated in 1818. He then spent a short time in recuperating his health and then proceeded to Nashville, Tennessee, where he took up the study of law in the office of Felix Grundy. After the completion of his law studies he was admitted to the bar and removed to Columbia, Maury county, Tennessee, and started in the active practice of his profession. Mr. Polk was a Jeffersonian I"Republican " and in 1823 he was elected- to the legislature of Tennessee. He was a strict constructionist and did not believe that the general government had the power to carry on internal improvements in the states, but deemed it important that it should have that power, and wanted the constitution amended to that effect. But later on he became alarmed lest the general government might become strong enough -to abolish slavery and therefore gave his whole support to the " State's Rights" movement, and endeavored to check the centralization of power in the general government. Mr. Polk was chosen a member of congress in 1825, and held that office until 1839. He then withdrew, as he was the successful gubernatorial candidate of his state. He had become a man of great influence in the house, and, as the leader of the Jackson party in that body, weilded great influence in the election of General Jackson to the presidency. He sustained the president in all his measures and still remained in the house after General Jackson had been succeeded by Martin Van Buren. He was speaker of the house during five sessions of congress. He was elected governor of Tennessee by a large majority and took the oath of office at Nashville, October 4, I839. He was a candidate for re-election but was defeated by Governor Jones, the Whig candidate. In 1844 the most prominent question in the election was the annexation of Texas, and as Mr. Polk was the avowed champion of this cause he was nominated for president by the proslavery wing of the democratic party, was elected by a large majority, and was inaugurated March 4, 1845. President Polk formed a very able cabinet, consisting of James Buchanan, Robert J. Walker, William L. Marcy, George Bancroft, Cave Johnson, and John Y. Mason. The dispute regarding the Oregon boundary was settled during his term of office and a new department was added to the list of cabinet positions, that of the Interior. The low tariff bill of 1846 was carried and the financial system of the country was reorganized. It was also during President Polk's term that the Mexican war was successfully conducted, which resulted in the acquisition of Califor COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHIrY. 103 nia and New Mexico. Mr. Polk retired from the presidency March 4, 1849, after having declined a re-nomination, and was succeeded by General Zachary Taylor, the hero of the Mexican war. Mr. Polk retired to private life, to his home in Nashville, where he died at the age of fifty-four on June 9, 1849. ANNA DICKINSON (Anna Elizabeth Dickinson), a noted lecturer and public speaker, was born at Philadelphia, October 28, 1842. Her parents were Quakers, and she was educated at the Friends' free schools in her native city. She early manifested an inclination toward elocution and public speaking, and when, at the age of 18, she found an opportunity to appear before a national assemblage for the discussion of woman's rights, she at once established her reputation as a public speaker. From I86o to the close of the war and during the exciting period of reconstruction, she was one of the most noted and influential speakers before the American public, and her popularity was unequaled by that of any of her sex. A few weeks after the defeat and death of Colonel Baker at Ball's Bluff, Anna Dickinson, lecturing in New York, made the remarkable assertion, " Not the incompetency of Colonel Baker, but the treachery of General McClellan caused the disaster at Ball's Bluff." She was hissed and hooted off the stage. A year later, at the same hall and with much the same class of auditors, she repeated the identical words, and the applause was so great and so long continued that it was impossible to go on with her lecture for more than half an hour. The change of sentiment had been wrought by the reverses and dismissal of McClellan and his ambition to succeed Mr. Lincoln as president. Ten years after the close of the war, Anna Dickinson was not heard of on the lecture platform, and about that time she made an attempt to enter the dramatic profession, but after appearing a number of times in different plays she was pronounced a failure. ROBERT J. BURDETTE.-Some personal characteristics of Mr. Burdette were quaintly given by himself in the following words: "Politics? Republican after the strictest sect. Religion? Baptist. Personal appearance? Below medium height, and weigh one hundred and thirty-five pounds, no shillings and no pence. Rich? Not enough to own a yacht. Favorite reading? Poetry and history-know Longfellow by heart, almost. Write for magizines? Have mo;e ' declined with thanks' letters than would fill a trunk. Never able to get into a magazine with a line. Care about it? Mad as thunder. Think about starting a magazine and rejecting everbody's articles except my own." Mr. Burdette was born at Greensborough, Pennsylvania, in 1844. He served through the war of the rebellion under General Banks " on an excursion ticket " as he felicitously described it, "good both ways, conquering in one direction and running in the other, pay going on just the same." He entered into journalism by the gateway of New York correspondence for the "Peoria Transcript," and in 1874 went on the "Burlington Hawkeye" of which he became the managing editor, and the work that he did on this paper made both himself and the paper famous in the world of humor. Mr. Burdette married in 1870, and his wife, whom he called " Her Little Serene Highness," was to him a guiding light until the day of her death, and it was probably the unconscious pathos with which he described her in his work that broke the barriers that had kept him out of the maga 104 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. zines and secured him the acceptance of his " Confessions" by Lippincott some years ago, and brought him substantial fame and recognition in the literary world. WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS, one of the leading novelists of the present century and author of a number of works that gained for him a place in the hearts of the people, was born March I, 1837, at Martinsville, Belmont county, Ohio. At the age of three years he accompanied his father, who was a printer, to Hamilton, Ohio, where he learned the printer's trade. Later he was engaged on the editorial staff of the " Cincinnati Gazette" and the " Ohio State Journal." During 1861-65 he was the United States consul at Venice, and from 1871 to 1878 he was the editor-inchief of the "Atlantic Monthly." As a writer he became one of the most fertile and readable of authors and a pleasing poet. In 1885 he became connected with " Harper's Magazine." Mr. Howells was author of the list of books that we give below: "Venetian Life," " Italian Journeys, " No Love Lost," " Suburban Sketches," "'Their Wedding Journey," "A Chance Acquaintance," "A Foregone Conclusion," "Dr. Breen's Practice," "A Modern Instance," "The Rise of Silas Lapham," "Tuscan Cities," "Indian Summer," besides many others. He also wrote the " Poem of Two Friends," with J. J. Piatt in 1860, and some minor dramas: "The Drawing Room Car," "The Sleeping Car," etc., that are full of exqusite humor and elegant dialogue. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL was a son of the Rev. Charles Lowell, and was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, February 22, 1819. He graduated at Harvard College in 1838 as class poet, and went to Harvard Law School, from which he was graduated in 1840, and commenced the practice of his profession in Boston, but soon gave his undivided attention to literary labors. Mr. Lowell printed, in 1841, a small volume of poems entitled " A Year's Life," edited with Robert Carter; in 1843, "The Pioneer," a literary and critical magazine (monthly), and in 1848 another book of poems, that contained several directed against slavery. He published in 1844 a volume of "Poems" and in 1845 "Conversations on Some of the Old Poets," "The Vision of Sir Launfal," "A Fable for Critics," and "The Bigelow Papers," the latter satirical essays in dialect poetry directed against slavery and the war with Mexico. In 1851-52 he traveled in Europe and resided in Italy for a considerable time, and delivered in 1854-55 a course of lectures on the British poets, before the Lowell Institute, Boston. Mr. Lowell succeeded Longfellow in January, 1855, as professor of modern languages and literature at Harvard College, and spent another year in Europe qualifying himself for that post. He edited the " Atlantic Monthly " from 1857 to 1862, and the "North American Review" from 1863 until 1872. From 1864 to 187o he published the following works: " Fireside Travels," " Under the Willows," " The Commemoration Ode," in honor of the alumni of Harvard who had fallen in the Civil war; "The Cathedral," two volumes of essays; "Among My Books" and " My Study Windows," and in 1867 he published a new series of the " Bigelow Papers." He traveled extensively in Europe in 1872-74, and received in person the degree of D. C. L. at Oxford and that of LL. D. at the University of Cambridge, England. He was also interested in political life and held C OMPENDIUMI OF BIOGRAPHT. 105 many important offices. He was United States minister to Spain in 1877 and was also minister to England in 1880-85. On January 2, 1884, he was elected lord rector of St. Andrew University in Glasgow, Scotland, but soon after he resigned the same: Mr. Lowell's works enjoy great popularity in the United States and England. He died August 12, 1891. OSEPH HENRY, one of America's greatest scientists, was born at Albany, New York, December 17, 1797. He was educated in the common schools of the city and graduated from the Albany Academy, where he became a professor of mathematics in 1826. In 1827 he commenced a course of investigation, which he continued for a number of years, and the results produced had great effect on the scientific world. The first success was achieved by producing the electric magnet, and he next proved the possibility of exciting magnetic energy at a distance, and it was the invention of Professor Henry's intensity magnet that first made the invention of electric telegraph a possibility. He made a statement regarding the practicability of applying the intensity magnet to telegraphic uses, in his article to the ('American Journal of Science " in 183 I. I)uring the same year he produced the first mechanical contrivance ever invented for maintaining continuous motion by means of electro-magnetism, and he also contrived a machine by which signals could be made at;, distance by the use of his electro-magnet, the signals being produced by a lever striking on a bell. Some of his electro-magnets were of great power, one carried over a ton and another not less than three thousand six hundred pounds. In 1832 he discovered that secondary currents could be produced in a long conductor by the induction of the primary current upon itself, and also in the same year he produced a spark by means of a purely magnetic induction. Professor Henry was elected, in 1832, professor of natural philosophy in the College of New Jersey, and in his earliest lectures at Princeton, demonstrated the feasibility of the electric telegraph. Hevisited Europe in 1837, and while there he had an interview with Professor Wheatstone, the inventor of the needle magnetic telegraph. In 1846 he was elected secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,being the first incumbent in that office, which he held until his death. Professor Henry was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in 1849, and of the National Academy of Sciences. He was made chairman of the lighthouse board of the United States in 1871 and held that position up to the time of his death. He received the honorary degree of doctor of laws from Union College in 1829, and from Harvard University in 1851, and his death occurred May 13, 1878. Among his numerous works may be mentioned the following: "Contributions to Electricity and Magnetism," " American Philosophic Trans," and many articles in the "American Journal of Science," the journal of the Franklin Institute; the proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in the annual reports of the Smithsonian Institution from its foundation. FRANKL'IN BUCHANAN, the famous rear-admiral of the Confederate navy during the rebellion, was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He became a United States midshipman in 1815 and was promoted through the various grades of the service and became a captain in 1855. Mr. Buch anan resigned his captaincy in order to join 106 C 00IPENODIUM OF BIOGRAPH." the Confederate service in 1861 and later he asked to be reinstated, but his request was refused and he then entered into the service of the Confederate government. He was placed in command of the frigate " Merrimac" after she had been fitted up as an ironclad, and had command of her at the time of the battle of Hampton Roads. It was he who had command when the "Merrimac " sunk the two wooden frigates, " Congress" and "Cumberland," and was also in command during part of the historical battle of the " Merrimac" and the "Monitor," where he was wounded and the command devolved upon Lieutenant Catesby Jones. He was created rear-admiral in the Confederate service and commanded the Confederate fleet in Mobile bay, which was defeated by Admiral Farragut, August 5, 1864. Mr. Buchanan was in command of the " Tennessee," an ironclad, and during the engagement he lost one of his legs and was taken prisoner in the end by,the Union fleet. After the war he settled in Talbot county, Maryland, where he died May ii, 1874. ICHARD PARKS BLAND, a celebrated American statesman, frequently called "the father of the house," because of his many years of service in the lower house of congress, was born August 19, 1835, near Hartford, Kentucky, where he received a plain academic education. He moved, in 1855, to Missouri, from whence he went overland to California, afterward locating in Virginia City, now in the state of Nevada, but then part of the territory of Utah. While there he practiced law, dabbled in mines and mining in Nevada and California for several years, and served for a time as treasurer of Carson county, Nevada. Mr. Bland returned to Missouri in 1865, where he engaged in the practice of law at Rolla, Missouri, and in 1869 removed to Lebanon, Missouri. He began his congressional career in 1873, when he was elected as a Democrat to the forty-third congress, and he was regularly re-elected to every congress after that time up to the fifty-fourth, when he was defeated for re-election, but was returned to the fifty-fifth congress as a Silver Democrat. During all his protracted service, while Mr. Bland was always steadfast in his support of democratic measures, yet he won his special renown as the great advocate of silver, being strongly in favor of the free and unlimited coinage of silver, and on account of his pronounced views was one of the candidates for the presidential nomination of the Democratic party at Chicago in 1896. FANNY DAVENPORT (F. L. G. Davenport) was of, British birth, but she belongs to the American stage. She was the daughter of the famous actor, E. L. Davenport, and was born in London in I85o. She first went on the stage as a child at the Howard Athenaeum, Boston, and her entire life was spent upon the stage. She played children's parts at Burton's old theater in Chambers street, and then, in 1862, appeared as the King of Spain in " Faint Heart Never Won Fair Lady." Here she attracted the notice of Augustin Daly, the noted manager, then at the Fifth Avenue theater, who offered her a six weeks' engagement with her father in "London Assurance." She afterwards appeared at the same house in a variety of characters, and her versatility was favorably noticed by the critics. After the burning of the old Fifth Avenue, the present theater of that name was built at Twenty-eighth street, and here Miss Davenport appeared in a play written for her by COM1PENDIUMA OF BIO GRA PHRT. 107 Mr. Daly. She scored a great success. She then starred in this play throughout the country, and was married to Mr. Edwin F. Price,.an actor of her company, in 1880. In 1882 she went to Paris and purchased the right to produce in America Sardou's great emotional play, "Fedora." It was put on at the Fourteenth Street theater in New York, and in it she won popular favor and became one of the most famous actresses of her time. HORACE BRIGHAM CLAFLIN, one of the greatest merchants America has produced, was born in Milford, Massachusetts, a son of John Claflin, also a merchant. Young Claflin started his active life as a clerk in his father's store, after having been offered the opportunity of a college education, but with the characteristic promptness that was one of his virtues he exclaimed, "No law or medicine for me." He had set his heart on being a merchant, and when his father retired he and his brother Aaron, and his brother-in-law, Samuel Daniels, conducted the business. Mr. Claflin was not content, however, to run a store in a town like Milford, and accordingly opened a dry goods store at Worcester, with his brother as a partner, but the partnership was dissolved a year later and H. B. Claflin assumed complete control. The business in Worcester had been conducted on orthodox principles, and when Mr. Claflin came there and introduced advertising as a means of drawing trade, he created considerable animosity among the older merchants. Ten years later he was one of the most prosperous merchants. He disposed of his business in Worcester for $30,000, and went to New York to search for a wider field than that of a shopkeeper. Mr. Claflin and William M. Bulkley started in the dry goods business there under the firm name of Bulkley & Claflin, in 1843, and Mr. Bulkley was connected with the firm until 1851, when he retired. A new firm was then formed under the name of Claflin, Mellin & Co. This firm succeeded in founding the largest dry goods house in the world, and after weathering the dangers of the civil war, during which the house came very near going under, and was saved only by the superior business abilities of Mr. Claflin, continued to grow. The sales of the firm amounted to over $72,000,000 a year after the close of the war. Mr. Claflin died November 14, 1885. CHARLOTTE CUSHMAN (Charlotte Saunders Cushman), one of the most celebrated American actresses, was born in Boston, July 23, 1816. She was descended from one of the earliest Puritan families. Her first attempt at stage work was at the age of fourteen years in a charitable concert given by amateurs in Boston. From this time her advance to the first place on the American lyric stage was steady, until, in 1835, while singing in New Orleans, she suddenly lost control of her voice so far as relates to singing, and was compelled to retire. She then took up the study for the dramatic stage under the direction of Mr. Barton, the tragedian. She soon after made her debut as " Lady Macbeth." She appeared in New York in September, 1836, and her success was immediate. Her "Romeo" was almost perfect, and she is the only woman that has ever appeared in the part of " Cardinal Wolsey." She at different times acted as support of Forrest and Macready. Her London engagement, secured in 1845, after many and great discouragements, proved an unqualified success. 108 C OMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. ~I-- '- --- -----`-- - - Her farewell appearance was at Booth's theater, New York, November 7, 1874, in the part of ( Lady Macbeth," and after that performance an Ode by R. H. Stoddard was read, and a body of citizens went upon the stage, and in their name the venerable poet Longfellow presented her with a wreath of laurel with an inscription to the effect that "she who merits the palm should bear it." From the time of her appearance as a modest girl in a charitable entertainment down to the time of final triumph as a tragic queen, she bore herself with as much honor to womanhood as to the profession she represented. Her death occurred in Boston, February 18, 1876. By her profession she acquired a fortune of $600,ooo. N EAL DOW, one of the most prominent temperance reformers our country has known, was born in Portland, Me., March 20, 1804. He received his education in the Friends Seminary, at New Bedford, Massachusetts, his parents being members of that sect. After leaving school he pursued a mecrantile and manufacturing career for a number of years. He was active in the affairs of his native city, and in 1839 became chief of the fire department, and in 1851 was elected mayor. He was re-elected to the latter office in 1854. Being opposed to the liquor traffic he was a champion o'f the project of prohibition, first brought forward in 1839 by James Appleton. While serving his first term as mayor he drafted a bill for the " suppression of drinking houses and tippling shops," which he took to the legislature and which was passed without an alteration. In 1858 Mr. Dow was elected to the legislature. On the outbreak of the Civil war he was appointed colonel of the Thirteenth Maine Infantry and accompanied General Butler's expedition to New Orleans. In 1862 he was made brigadier-general. At the battle of Port Hudson May 27, 1863, he was twice wounded, and taken prisoner. He was confined at Libby prison and Mobile nearly a year, when, being exchanged, he resigned, his health having given way under the rigors of his captivity. He made several trips to England in the interests of temperance organization, where he addressed large audiences. He was the candidate of the National Prohibition party for the presidency in 188o, receiving about ten thousand votes. In 1884 he was largely instrumental in the amendment of the constitution of Maine, adopted by an overwhelming popular vote, which forever forbade the manufacture or sale of any intoxicating beverages, and commanding the legislature to enforce the prohibition. He died October 2, 1897. SACHARY TAYLOR, twelfth president of the United States, was born in Orange county, Virginia, September 24, 1784. His boyhood was spent on his father's plantation and his education was limited. In 18o8 he was made lieutenant of the Seventh Infantry, and joined his regiment at New Orleans. He was promoted to captain in 18Io, and commanded at Fort Harrison, near the present site of Terre Haute, in 1812, where, for his gallant defense, he was brevetted major, attaining full rank in 1814. In 1815 he retired to an estate near Louisville. In 1816 he re-entered the army as major, and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and then to colonel. Having for many years been Indian agent over a large port:ion of the western country, he was often required in Washington to give. advice and counsel in matters connected with the Indian btureau. He served through the Black Hawk Indian war of 1832, and in 1837 was ordered to the command of the COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRARPHY. 109 army in Florida, where he attacked the Indians in the swamps and brakes, defeated them and ended the war. He was brevetted brigadier-general and made commander-inchief of the army in Florida. He was assigned to the command of the army of the southwest in 1840, but was soon after relieved of it at his request. He was then stationed at posts in Arkansas. In 1845 he was ordered to prepare to protect and defend Texas boundaries from invasion by Mexicans and Indians. On the annexation of Texas he proceeded with one thousand five hundred men to Corpus Christi, within the disputed territory. After reinforcement he was ordered by the Mexican General Ampudia to retire beyond the Nueces river, with which order he declined to comply. The battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma followed, and he crossed the.Rio Grande and occupied Matamoras May 18th. He was commissioned major-general for this campaign, and in September he advanced upon the city of Monterey and captured it after a hard fight. Here he took up winter quarters, and when he was about to resume activity in the spring he was ordered to send the larger part of his army to reinforce General Scott at Vera Cruz. After leaving garrisons at various points his army was reduced to about five thousand, mostly fresh recruits. He was attacked by the army of Santa Anna at Buena Vista,.February 22, 1847, and after a severe fight completely routed the Mexicans. He received the thanks of congress and a gold medal for this victory. He remained in command of the "(army of occupation" until winter, when he returned to the United States. In 1848 General Taylor was nominated by the Whigs for president. He was elected over his two opponents, Cass and Van Buren. Great bitterness was developing in the struggle for and against the extension of slavery, and the newly acquired territory in the west, and the fact that the states were now equally divided on that question, tended to increase the feeling. President Taylor favored immediate admission of California with her constitution prohibiting slavery, and the admission of other states to be formed out of the new territory as they might elect as they adopted constitutions from time to time. This policy resulted in the " Omnibus Bill," which afterward passed congress, though in separate bills; not, however, until after the death of the soldierstatesman, which occurred July 9, i850. One of his daughters became the wife of Jefferson Davis. MELVILLE D. LANDON, better known as "( Eli Perkins," author, lecturer and humorist, was born in Eaton, New York, September 7, 1839. He was the son of John Landon and grandson of Rufus Landon, a revolutionary soldier from Litchfield county, Connecticut. Melville was educated at the district school and neighboring academy, where he was prepared for the sophomore class at Madison University. He passed two years at the latter, when he was admitted to Union College, and graduated in the class of 1861, receiving the degree of A. M., in 1862. He was, at once, appointed to a position in the treasury department at Washington. This being about the time of the breaking out of the whr, and before the appearance of any Union troops at the capital, he assisted in the organization of the " Clay Battalion," of Washington. Leaving his clerkship some time later, he took up duties on the staff of General A. L. Chetlain, who was in command at Memphis. In 1864 he resigned from the army and engaged in cotton planting in Arkansas 110 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. ----^~ ' and Louisiana. In 1867 he went abroad, making the tour of Europe, traversing Russia. While in the latter country his old commander of the " Clay Battalion," General Cassius M. Clay, then United States minister at St. Petersburg, made him secretary of legation. In 1871, on returning to America, he published a history of the Franco-Prussian war, and followed it with numerous humorous writings for the public press under the name of " Eli Perkins," which, with his regular contributions to the " Commercial Advertiser," brought him into notice, and spread his reputation as a humorist throughout the country. He also published "Saratoga in 1891," "Wit, Humor and Pathos," " Wit and Humor of the Age," * Kings of Platform and Pulpit, " ' Thirty Years of Wit and Humor, " Fun and Fact," and " China and Japan." LEWIS CASS, one of the most prominent statesman and party leaders of his day, was born at Exeter, New Hampshire, October 9, 1782. He studied law, and having removed to Zanesville, Ohio, commenced the practice of that profession in 1802. He entered the service of the American government in 1812 and was made a colonel in the army under General William Hull, and on the surrender of Fort Maiden by that officer was held as a prisoner. Being released in 1813, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general and in 1814 appointed governor of Michigan Territory. After he had held that office for some sixteen years, negotiating, in the meantime, many treaties with the Indians, General Cass was made secretary of war in the cabinet of President Jackson, in 1831. He was, in 1836, appointed minister to France, which office he held for six years. In 1844 he wvas elected United States senator from Michigan. In 1846 General Cass opposed the Wilmot Proviso, which was an amendment to a bill for the purchase of land from Mexico, which provided that in any of the territory acquired from that power slavery should not exist. For this and other reasons he was nominated as Democratic candidate for the presidency of the United States in 1848, but was defeated by General Zachary Taylor, the Whig candidate, having but one hundred and thirty-seven electoral votes to his opponent's one hundred and sixtythree. In 1849 General Cass was re-elected to the senate of the United States, and in 1854 supported Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska bill. He became secretary of state in March, 1857, under President Buchanan, but resigned that office in December, 186o. He died June 17, 1866. The published works of Lewis Cass, while not numerous, are well written and display much ability. He was one of the foremost men of his day in the political councils of the Democratic party, and left a reputation for high probity and honor behind him. E WITT CLINTON.-Probably there were but few men who were so popular in their time, or who have had so much influence in moulding events as the individual whose name honors the head of this article. De Witt Clinton was the son of General James Clinton, and a nephew of Governor George Clinton, who was the fourth vicepresident of the United States. He was a native of Orange county, New York, born at Little Britain, March 2, 1769. He graduated from Columbia College, in his native state, in 1796, and took up the study of law. In 1790 he became private secretary to his uncle, then governor of New York. He entered public life as a Republican or antiFederalist, and was elected to the lower C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRARPHY. 1li house of the state assembly in 1797, and the senate of that body in 1798. At that time he was looked on as "( the most rising man in the Union." In 18oi he was elected to the United States senate. In 1803 he was appointed by the governor and council mayor of the city of New York, then a very important and powerful office. Having been re-appointed, he held the office of mayor for nearly eleven years, and rendered great service to that city. Mr. Clinton served as lieutenant-governor of the state of New York, 1811-13, and was one of the commissioners appointed to examine and survey a route for a canal from the Hudson river to Lake Erie. Differing with President Madison, in relation to the war, in 1812, he was nominated for the presidency against that gentleman, by a coalition party called the Clintonians, many of whom were Federalists. Clinton received eight-nine electoral votes. His course at this time impaired his popularity for a time. He was removed from the mayoralty in 1814, and retired to private life. In 1815 he wrote a powerful argument for the construction of the Erie canal, then a great and beneficent work of which he was the principal promoter. This was in the shape of a memorial to the legislature, which, in 1817, passed a bill authorizing the construc. tion of that canal. The same year he was elected governor of New York, almost unanimously, notwithstanding the opposition of a few who pronounced the scheme of the canal visionary. He was re-elected governor in 1820. He was at this time, also, president of the canal commissioners. He declined a re-election to the gubernatorial chair in 1822 and was removed from his place on the canal board two years later. But he was triumphantly elected to the office of governor that fall, and his pet project, the Erie canal, was finished the next year. He was re-elected governor in 1826, but died while holding that office, February i, 1828. ARON BURR, one of the many brilliant figures on the political stage in the early days of America, was born at Newark, New Jersey, February 6, 1756. He was the son of Aaron and Esther Burr, the former the president of the College of New Jersey, and the latter a daughter of Jonathan Edwards, who had been president of the same educational institution. Young Burr graduated at Princeton in 1772. In 1775 he joined the provincial army at Cambridge, Massachusetts. For a time, he served as a private soldier, but later was made an aide on the staff of the unfortunate General Montgomery, in the Quebec expedition. Subsequently he was on the staffs of Arnold, Putnam and Washington, the latter of whom he disliked. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and commanded a brigade on Monmouth's bloody field. In 1779, on account of feeble health, Colonel Burr resigned from the army. He took up the practice of law in Albany, New York, but subsequently removed to New York City. In 1789 he became attorney-general of that state. In 1791 he was chosen to represent the state of New York in the United States senate and held that position for six years. In 8oo he and Thomas Jefferson were both candidates for the presidency, and there being a tie in the electoral college, each having seventy-three votes, the choice was left to congress, who gave the first place to Jefferson and made Aaron Burr vice-president, as the method then was. In 1804 Mr. Burr and his great rival, Alexander Hamilton, met in a duel, which resulted in the death of the latter, Burr losing thereby con 112 C 0 MPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHrT. siderable political and social influence. He soon embarked in a wild attempt upon Mexico, and as was asserted, upon the southwestern territories of the United States. He was tried for treason at Richmond, Virginia, in 1807, but acquitted, and to avoid importunate creditors, fled to Europe. After a time, in 1812, he returned to New York, where he practiced law, and where he died, September 14, 1836. A man of great ability, brilliant and popular talents, his influence was destroyed by his unscrupulous political actions and immoral private life. A LBERT GALLATIN, one of the most distinguished statesmen of the early days of the republic, was born at Geneva, Switzerland, January 29, 1761. H'e was the son of Jean de Gallatin and Sophia A. Rolaz du Rosey Gallatin, representatives of an old patrician family. Albert Gallatin was left an orphan at an early age, and was educated under the care of friends of his parents. He graduated from the University of Geneva in 1779, and declining employment under one of the sovereigns of Germany, came to the struggling colonies, landing in Boston July 14, 1780. Shortly after his arrival he proceeded to Maine, where he served as a volunteer under Colonel Allen. He made advances to the government for the support of the American troops, and in November, 1780, was placed in command of a small fort at Passamaquoddy, defended by a force of militia, volunteers and Indians. In 1783 he was professor of the French language at Harvard University. A year later, having received his patrimony from Europe, he purchased large tracts of land in western Virginia, but was prevented by the Indians from forming the large settlement he proposed, and, in I786, purchased a farm in Fayette county, Pennsylvania. In 1789 he was a member of the convention to amend the constitution of that state, and united himself with the Republican party, the head of which was, Thomas Jefferson. The following year he was elected to the legislature of Pennsylvania, to which he was subsequently re-elected. In 1793 he was elected to the United States senate, but could not take his seat on account of not having been a citizen long enough. In 1794 Mr. Gallatin was elected to the representative branch of congress, in which he served three terms. He also took an important position in the suppression of the "whiskey insurrection." In I8oI, on the accession of Jefferson to the presidency, Mr. Gallatin was appointed secretary of the treasury. In 1809 Mr. Madison offered him the position of secretary of state, but he declined, and continued at the head of the treasury until 1812, a period of twelve years. He exercised a great influence on the other departments and in the general administration, especially in the matter of financial reform, and recommended measures for taxation, etc., which were passed by congress, and became laws May 24, 1813. The same year he was sent as an envoy extraordinary to Russia, which had offered to mediate between this country and Great Britain, but the latter country refusing the interposition of another power, and agreeing to treat directly with the United States, in 1814, at Ghent, Mr. Gallatin, in connection with his distinguished colleagues, negotiated and signed the treaty of peace. In 1815, in conjunction with Messrs. Adams and Clay, he signed, at London, a commercial treaty between the two countries. In i816, declining his old post at the head of the treasury, Mr. Gallatin was sent as minister to France, where he remained until 1823. C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHY.1 113 After a year spent in England as envoy extraordinary, he took up his residence in New York, and from that time held no public office. In 1830 he was chosen president of the council of the University of New York. He was, in 1831, made president of the National bank, which position he resigned in 1839. He died August 12, 1849. MILLARD FILLMORE, the thirteenth president of the United States, was born of New England parentage in Summer Hill, Cayuga county, New York, January 7, i8oo. His school education was very limited, but he occupied his leisure hours in study. He worked in youth upon his father's farm in his native county, and at the age of fifteen was apprenticed to a wool carder and cloth dresser. Four years later he was induced by Judge Wood to enter his office at Montville, New York, and take up the study of law. This warm friend, finding young Fillmore destitute of means, loaned him money, but the latter, not wishing to incur a heavy debt, taught school during part of the time and in this and other ways helped maintain himself. In 1822 he removed to Buffalo, New York, and the year following, being admitted to the bar, he commenced the practice of his profession at East Aurora, in the same state. Here he remained until 183o, having, in the meantime, been admitted to practice in the supreme court, when he returned to Buffalo, where he became the partner of S. G. Haven and N. K. Hall. He entered politics and served in the state legislature from 1829 to 1832. He was in congress in 1833 -35 and in 1837-41, where he proved an active and useful member, favoring the views of John Quincy Adams, then battling almost alone the slave-holding party in national politics, and in most of public ques tions acted with the Whig party. While chairman of the committee of ways and means he took a leading part in draughting the tariff bill of 1842. In 1844 Mr. Fillmore was the Whig candidate for governor of New York. In 1847 he was chosen comptroller of the state, and abandoning his practice and profession removed to Albany. In 1848 he was elected vice president on the ticket with General Zachary Taylor, and they were inaugurated the following March. On the death of the president, July 9, 185o, Mr. Fillmore was inducted into that office. 'The great events of his administration were the passage of the famous compromise acts of 1850o, and the sending out of the Japan expedition of 1852. March 4, 1853, having served one term, President Fillmore retired from office, and in 1855 went to Europe, where he received marked attention. On returning home, in 1856, he was nominated for the presidency by the Native American or " Know-Nothing" party, but was defeated, James Buchanan being the successful candidate. Mr. Fillmore ever afterward lived in retirement. During the conflict of Civil war he was mostly silent. It was generally supposed, however, that his sympathy was with the southern confederacy. He kept aloof from the conflict without any words of cheer to the one party or the other. For this reason he was forgotten by both. He died of paralysis, in Buffalo, New York, March 8, 1874. PETER F. ROTHERMEL, one of America's greatest and best-known historical painters, was born in Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, July 8, 1817, and was of German ancestry. He received his earlier education in his native county, and in Philadelphia 114 C OMP'ENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHF. learned the profession of land surveying. But a strong bias toward art drew him away and he soon opened a studio where he did portrait painting, This soon gave place to historical painting, he having discovered the bent of his genius in that direction. Besides the two pictures in the Capitol at Washington-' 'De Soto Discovering the Mississippi" and "Patrick Henry Before the Virginia House of Burgesses "-Rothermel painted many others, chief among which are: "Columbus Before Queen Isabella," "Martyrs of the Colosseum," "Cromwell Breaking Up Service in an English Church, " and the famous picture of the "Battle of Gettysburg." The last named was painted for the state of Pennsylvania, for which Rothermel received the sum of $25,ooo, and which it took him four years to plan and to paint. It represents the portion of that historic field held by the First corps, an exclusively Pennsylvania body of men, and was selected by Rothermel for that reason. For many years most of his time was spent in Italy, only returning for short periods. He died at Philadelphia, August 16, 1895. frontier, and was wounded in a fight with: Comanche Indians in Texas, May 13,. 1859. In January, 1861, he became major of his regiment, but resigned April 9th to follow the fortunes of the southern cause. He was appointed brigadier-general in the Confederate army and served in Virginia. At the battle of Bull Run, July 21, i86i, he arrived on the field late in the day, but was soon disabled by a wound. He was made major-general in 1862, and being transferred to East Tennessee, was given command of that department. Under General Braxton Bragg he led the advance in the invasion of Kentucky and defeated the Union forces at Richmond, Kentucky, August 30, 1862, and advanced to Frankfort. Promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, he was engaged at the battle of Perryville, October Io, and in the battle of Murfreesboro, December 31, 1862, and January 3, 1863. He was soon made general, the highest rank in the service, and in command of the trans-Mississippi department opposed General N. P. Banks in the famous Red River expedition, taking part in the battle of Jenkins Ferry, April 30, 1864, and other engagements of that eventful campaign. He was the last to surrender the forces under his command, which he did May 26, 1865. After the close of the war he located in Tennessee, where he died March 28, 1893. OHN JAMES INGALLS, a famous American statesman, was born December 29, 1833, at Middleton, Massachusetts, where he was reared and received his early education. He went to Kansas in I858 and joined the free-soil army, and a year after his arrival he was a member of the historical Wyandotte convention, which drafted a free-state constitution. In I860 he was. EDMUND KIRBY SMITH, one of the distinguished leaders upon the side of the south in the late Civil war, was born at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1824. After receiving the usual education he was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated in 1845 and entered the army as second lieutenant of infantry. During the Mexican war he was made first lieutenant and captain for gallant conduct at Cerro Gordo and Contreras. From 1849 to 1852 he was assistant professor of mathematics at West Point. He was transferred to the Second cavalry with the rank of captain in I855, served on the; COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHPT. 1.^ i made secretary of the territorial council, and in 1861 was secretary of the state senate. The next year he was duly elected to the legitimate state senate from Atchison, where he had made his home. From that time he was the leader of the radical Republican element in the state. He became the editor of the "IAtchison Champion " in 1863, which was a "red-hot free-soil Republican organ." In 1862 he was the antiLane candidate for lieutenant-governor, but was defeated. He was elected to the United States senate to succeed Senator Pomeroy, and took his seat in the forty-third congress and served until the fiftieth. In the forty-ninth congress he succeeded Senator Sherman as president pro tem., which position he held through the fiftieth congress. BENJAMIN WEST, the greatest of the early American painters, was of English descent and Quaker parentage. He was born in Springfield, Pennsylvania, in 1738. From what source he inherited his genius it is hard to imagine, since the tenets and tendencies of the Quaker faith were not calculated to encourage the genius of art, but at the age of nine years, with no suggestion except that of inspiration, we find him choosing his model from life, and laboring over his first work calculated to attract public notice. It was a representation of a sleeping child in its cradle. The brush with which he painted it was made of hairs which he plucked from the cat's tail, and the colors were obtained from the war paints of friendly Indians, his mother's indigo bag, and ground chalk and charcoal, and the juice of berries; but there were touches in the rude production that he declared in later days were a credit to his best works. The picture attracted notice, for a council was called at once to pass upon the boy's conduct in thus infringing the laws of the society. There were judges among them who saw in his genius a rare gift and their wisdom prevailed, and the child was given permission to follow his inclination. He studied under a painter named Williams, and then spent some years as a portrait painter with advancing success. At the age of twentytwo he went to Italy, and not until he had perfected himself by twenty-three years of labor in that paradise of art was he satisfied to turn his face toward home. However, he stopped at London, and decided to settle there, sending to America for his intended bride to join him. Though the Revolutionary war was raging, King George III showed the American artist the highest consideration and regard. His remuneration from works for royalty amounted to five thousand dollars per year for thirty years. West's best known work in America is, perhaps, " The Death of General Wolf." West was one of the thirty-six original members of the Royal academy and succeeded Joshua Reynolds as president, which position he held until his death. His early works were his best, as he ceased to display originality in his later life, conventionality having seriously affected his efforts. He died in 1820. SAMUEL PORTER JONES, the famous Georgia evangelist, was born October 16, 1847, in Chambers county, Alabama. He did not attend'school regularly during his boyhood, but worked on a farm, and went to school at intervals, on account of ill health. His father removed to Cartersville, Georgia, when Mr. Jones was a small boy. He quit school at the age of nineteen and never attended college. The war inter. fered with his education, which was intended 116 COMPENDIUAM OF BIOGRAPHIT. - '' to prepare him for the legal profession. After the war he renewed his preparation for college, but was compelled to desist from such a course, as his health failed him entirely. Later on, however, he still pursued his legal studies and was admitted to the bar. Soon after this event he went to Dallas, Paulding county, Georgia, where he was engaged in the practice of his profession, and in a few months removed to Cherokee county, Alabama, where he taught school. In 1869 he returned to Cartersville, Georgia, and arrived in time to see his father die. Immediately after this event he applied for a license to preach, and went to Atlanta, Georgia, to the meeting of the North Georgia Conference of the M. E. church south, which received him on trial. He became an evangelist of great note, and traveled extensively, delivering his sermons in an inimitable style that made him very popular with the masses, his methods of conducting revivals being unique and original and his preaching practical and incisive. SHELBY MOORE CULLOM, a national character in political affairs and for many years United States senator from Illinois, was born November 22, 1829, at Monticello, Kentucky. He came with his parents to Illinois in 1830 and spent his early yearson a farm, but having formed the purpose of devoting himself to the lawyer's profession he spent two years study at the Rock River seminary at Mount Morris, Illinois. In 1853 Mr. Cullom entered the law office of Stuart and Edwards at Springfield, Illinois, and two years later he began the independent practice of law in that city. He took an active interest in politics and was soon elected city attorney of Springfield. In 1856 he was elected a member of the Illinois house of representatives. He identified himself with the newly formed Republican party and in 186o was re-elected to the legislature of his state, in which he was chosen speaker of the house. In 1862 President Lincoln appointed a commission to pass upon and examine the accounts of the United States quartermasters and disbursing officers, composed as follows: Shelby M. Cullom, of Illinois; Charles A. Dana, of New York, and Gov. Boutwell, of Massachusetts. Mr. Cullom was nominated for congress in 1864, and was elected by a majority of 1,785. In the house of representatives he became an active and aggressive member, was chairman of the committee on territories and served in congress until 1868. Mr. Cullom was returned to the state legislature, of which he was chosen speaker in 1872, and was re-elected in 1874. In 1876 he was elected governor of Illinois and at the end of his term he was chosen for a second term. He was elected United States senator in 1883 and twice re-elected. RICHARD JORDAN GATLING, an American inventor of much note, was born in Hertford county, North Carolina, September 12, 1818. At an early age he gave promise of an inventive genius. The first emanation from his mind was the invention of a screw for the propulsion oi water craft, but on application for a patent, found that he was forestalled but a short time by John Ericsson. Subsequently he invented a machine for sowing wheat in drills, which was used to a great extent throughout the west. He then studied medicine, and in 1847-8 attended lectures at the Indiana Medical College at Laporte, and in 1848-9 at the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati. He later discovered a method of transmitting power through the medium of compressed air. A H E NRY T.A.............. A A sJ C OMPENDIUM ý OF BIO GRA PHT: 119 double-acting hemp break was also invented by him. The invention, however, by which Dr. Gatling became best known was the famous machine gun which bears his name. This he brought to light in 1861-62, and on the first trial of it, in the spring of the latter year, two hundred shots per minute were fired from it. After making some improvements which increased its efficiency, it was submitted to severe trials by our government at the arsenals at Frankfort, Washington and Fortress Monroe, and at other points. The gun was finally adopted by our government, as well as by that of Great Britain, Russia and others. BENJAMIN RYAN TILLMAN, who won a national fame in politics, was born August i I, 1847, in Edgefield county, South Carolina. He received his education in the Oldfield school, where he acquired the rudiments of Latin and Greek, in addition to a good English education. He left school in 1864 to join the Confederate army, but was prevented from doing so by a severe illness, which resulted in the loss of an eye. In 1867 he removed to Florida, but returned in i868, when he was married and devoted himself to farming. He was chairman of the Democratic organization of his county, but except a few occasional services he took no active part in politics then. Gradually, however, his attention was directed to the depressed condition of the farming interests of his state, and in August, 1885, before a joint meeting of the agricultural society and state grange at Bennettsville, he made a speech in which he set forth the cause of agricultural depression and urged measures of relief. From his active interest in the farming class he was styled the "(Agricultural Moses." He advocated an industrial school for women and for a separate agri7 cultural college, and in 1887 he secured a modification in the final draft of the will of Thomas G. Clemson, which resulted in the erection of the Clemson Agricultural College at Fort Hill. In I89o he was chosen governor on the Democratic ticket, and carried the election by a large majority. Governor Tillman was inaugurated December 4, 1890. Mr. Tillman was next elected to the United States senate from South Carolina, and gained a national reputation by his fervid oratory. GEORGE DENISON PRENTICE.No journalist of America was so celebrated in his time for the wit, spice, and vigor of his writing, as the gentleman whose name heads this sketch. From Atlantic to Pacific he was well known by his witticism as well as by strength and force of his editorials. He was a native of Preston, Connecticut, born December 18, 1802. After laying the foundation of a liberal education in his youth, he entered Brown University, from which he was graduated in 1823. Taking up the study of law, he was admitted to the bar in 1829. During part of his time he was editor of the " New England Weekly Review," a position which he relinquished to go south and was succeeded by John Greenleaf Whittier, the Quaker poet. On arriving in Louisville, whither he had gone to gather items for his history of Henry Clay, Mr. Prentice became identified with the "( Louisville Journal," which, under his hands, became one of the leading Whig newspapers of the country. At the head of this he remained until the day of his death. This latter event occurred January 22, 1870, and he was succeeded in the control of the " Journal" by Colonel Henry Watterson. Mr. Prentice was an author of considerable celebrity, chief among his works being * 120 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. "The Life of Henry Clay," and "Prenticeana," a collection of wit and humor, that passed through several large editions. S AM. HOUSTON, in the opinion of some critics one of the most remarkable men who ever figured in American history, was a native of Rockbridge county, Virginia, born March 2, 1793. Early in life he was left in destitute circumstances by the death of his father, and, with his mother, removed to Tennessee, then almost a boundless wilderness. He received but little education, spending the most of his time among the Cherokee Indians. Part of the time of his residence there Houston acted as clerk for a trader and also taught one of the primitive schools of the day. In 1813 he enlisted as private in the United States army and was engaged under General Jackson in the war with the Creek Indians. When peace was made Houston was a lieutenant, but he resigned his commission and commenced the study of law at Nashville. After holding some minor offices he was elected member of congress from Tennessee. This was in 1823. He retained this office until 1827, when he was chosen governor of the state. In 1829, resigning that office before the expiration of his term, Sam Houston removed to Arkansas, and made his home among the Cherokees, becoming the agent of that tribe and representing their interests at Washington. On a visit to Texas, just prior to the election of delegates to a convention called for the purpose of drawing up a constitution previous to the admission of the state into the Mexican union, he was unanimously chosen a delegate. The convention framed the constitution, but, it being rejected by the government of Mexico, and the petition for admission to the Confederacy denied and the Texans told by the. president of the Mexican union to give up their arms, bred trouble. It was determined to resist this demand. A military force was soon organized, with General Houston at the head of it. War was prosecuted with great vigor, and witif varying success, but at the battle of San Jacinto, April 2 I, 1836, the Mexicans were defeated and their leader and president, Santa Anna, captured. Texas was then proclaimed an independent republic, and in October of the same year Houston was inaugurated president. On the admission of Texas to the Federal Union, in 1845, Houston was elected senator, arind held that position for twelve years. Opposing the idea of secession, he retired from political life in 1861, and died at Huntsville, Texas, July 25, 1863. LI WHITNEY, the inventor of the cot-. ton-gin, was born in Westborough, Massachusetts, December 8, 1765. After his graduation from Yale College, he went to Georgia, where he studied law, and lived with the family of the widow of General Nathaniel Greene. At that time the only way known to separate the cotton seed from the fiber was by hand, making it extremely slow and expensive, and for this reason cotton was little cultivated in this country. Mrs. Greene urged the inventive Whitney to devise some means for accomplishing this work by machinery. This he finally succeeded in doing, but he was harassed by attempts to defraud him by those who had stolen his ideas. He at last formed a partnership with a man named Miller, and they began the manufacture of the machines at Washington, Georgia, in 1795. The success of his invention was immediate, and the legislature of South Carolina voted the sum of $50,000 for his idea. This sum he had great difficulty in collecting, after years of C OMPENDIUM2 OF BIO GRA PIAT. 121 litigation and delay. North Carolina allowed him a royalty, and the same was agreed to by Tennessee, but was never paid. While his fame rests upon the invention of the cotton-gin, his fortune came from his improvements in the manufacture and construction of firearms. In 1798 the United States government gave him a contract for this purpose, and he accumulated a fortune from it. The town of Whitneyville, Connecticut, was founded by this fortune. Whitney died at New Haven, Connecticut, January 8, 1825. The cotton-gin made the cultivation of cotton profitable, and this led to rapid introduction of slavery in the south. His invention thus affected our national history in a manner little dreamed of by the inventor. LESTER WALLACK (John Lester Wallack), for many years the leading light comedian upon the American stage, was the son of James W. Wallack, the " Brummell of the Stage." Both father and son were noted for their comeliness of feature and form. Lester Wallack was born in New York, January I, 1819. He received his education in England, and made his first appearance on the stage in 1848 at the New Broadway theater, New York. He acted light comedy parts, and also occasionally in romantic plays like Monte Cristo, which play made him his fame. He went to England and played under management of such men as Hamblin and Burton,and then returned to New York with his father, who opened the first Wallack's theater, at the corner of Broome and Broadway, in 1852. The location was afterward changed to Thirteenth and Broadway, in 1861, and later to its present location, Broadway and Thirteenth, in 1882. The elder Wallack died in 1864, after which Lester assumed management, jointly with Theodore Moss. Lester Wallack was commissioned in the queen's service while in England, and there he also married a sister to the famous artist, the late John Everett Millais. While Lester Wallack never played in the interior cities, his name was as familiar to the public as that of our greatest stars. He died September 6, 1888, at Stamford, Connecticut. GEORGE MORTIMER PULLMAN, the palace car magnate, inventor, multi-millionaire and manufacturer, may well be classed among the remarkable self-made men of the century. He was born March 3, 1831, in Chautauqua county, New York. His parents were poor, and his education was limited to what he could learn of the rudimentary branches in the district school. At the age of fourteen he went to work as clerk for a country merchant. He kept this place three years, studying at night. When seventeen he went to Albion, New York, and worked for his brother, who kept a cabinet shop there. Five years later he went into business for himself as contractor for moving buildings along the line of the Erie canal, which was then being widened by the state, and was successful in this. In 1858 he removed to Chicago and engaged in the business of moving and raising houses. The work was novel there then and he was quite successful. About this time the discomfort attendant on traveling at night attracted his attention. He reasoned that the public would gladly pay for comfortable sleeping accommodations. A few sleeping cars were in use at that time, but they were wretchedly crude, uncomtortable affairs. In 1859 he bought two old day coaches from the Chicago &Alton road and remodeled them something like the general plan of the sleeping 122 COM2PEN2DIUMJJ OF BIOGRAPHT. cars of the present day. They were put into service on the Chicago & Alton and became popular at once. In 1863 he built the first sleeping-car resembling the Pullman cars of to-day. It cost $18,ooo and was the "Pioneer." After that the Pullman Palace Car Company prospered. It had shops at different cities. In I88o the Town of Pullman was founded by Mr. Pullman and his company, and this model manufacturing community is known all over the world. Mr. Pullman died October 19, 1897. AMES E. B. STUART, the most famous cavalry leader of the Southern Confederacy during the Civil war, was born in Patrick county, Virginia, in 1833. On graduating from the United States Military Academy, West Point, in 1854, he was assigned, as second lieutenant, to a regiment of mounted rifles, receiving his commission in October. In March, 1855, he was transferred to the newly organized First cavalry, and was promoted to first lieutenant the following December, and to captain April 22, 1861. Taking the side of the south, May 14, 1861, he was made colonel of a Virginia cavalry regiment, and served as such at Bull Run. In September, I861, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, and major-general early in 1862. On the reorganization of the Army of Northern Virginia, in June of the latter year, when R. E. Lee assumed command, General Stuart made a reconnoissance with one thousand five hundred cavalry and four guns, and in two days made the circuit of McClellan's army, producing much confusion and gathering useful information, and losing but one man. August 25, 1862, he captured part of Pope's headquarters' train, including that general's private baggage and official correspondence, and the next night, in a descent upon Manasses, capturing immense quantities of commissary and quartermaster store, eight guns, a number of locomotives and a few hundred prisoners. During the invasion of Maryland, in September, 1862, General Stuart acted as rearguard, resisting the advance of the Federal cavalry at South Mountain, and at Antietam commanded the Confederate left. Shortly after he crossed the Potomac, making a raid as far as Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. In the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, General Stuart's command was on the extreme right of the Confederate line. At Chancellorsville, after "Stonewall " Jackson's death and the wounding of General A. P. Hill, General Stuart assumed command of Jackson's corps, which he led in the severe contest of May 3, 1863. Early in June, the same year, a large force of cavalry was gathered under Stuart, at Culpepper, Virginia, which, advancing to join General Lee in his invasion of Pennsylvania, was met at Brandy Station, by two divisions of cavalry and two brigades of infantry, under General John I. Gregg, and driven back. During the movements of the Gettysburg campaign he rendered important services. In May, 1864, General Stuart succeeded, by a detour, in placing himself between Richmond and Sheridan's advancing column, and at Yellow Tavern was attacked in force. During the fierce conflict- that ensued General Stuart was mortally wounded, and died at Richmond, May II, 1864. FRANKLIN PIERCE, the fourteenth president of the United States-from 1853 until 1857-was born November 23, I804, at Hillsboro, New Hampshire. He came of old revolutionary stock and his father was a governor of the state. Mr. Pierce entered Bowdoin College in 1820, -I COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRARPHA. 12.3 was graduated in 1824, and took up the study of law in the office of Judge Woodbury, and later he was admitted to the bar. Mr. Pierce practiced his profession with varying successes in his native town and also in Concord. He was elected to the state legislature in 1833 and served in that body until 1837, the last two years of his term serving as speaker of the house. He was elected to the United States senate in 1837, just as President Van Buren began his term of office. Mr. Pierce served until 1842, and many times during Polk's term he declined important public offices. During the war with Mexico Mr. Pierce was appointed brigadier-general, and he embarked with a portion of his troops at Newport, Rhode Island, May 27, 1847, and went with them to the field of battle. He served through the war and distinguished himself by his skill, bravery and excellent judgment. When he reached his home in his native state he was received coldly by the opponents of the war, but the advocates of the war made up for his cold reception by the enthusiastic welcome which they accorded him. Mr. Pierce resumed the practice of his profession, and in tle political strife that followed he gave his support to the pro-slavery wing of the Democratic party. The Democratic convention met in Baltimore, June 12, 1852, to nominate a candidate for the presidency, and they continued in session four days, and in thirtyfive ballotings no one had secured the requisite two-thirds vote. Mr. Pierce had not received a vote as yet, until the Virginia delegation brought his name forward, and finally on the forty-ninth ballot Mr. Pierce received 282 votes and all the other candidates eleven. His opponent on the Whig ticket was General Winfield Scott, who only received the electoral votes of four states. Mr. Pierce was inaugurated president of the United States March 4, 1853, with W. R. King as vice president, and the following named gentlemen were afterward chosen to fill the positions in the cabinet: William S. Marcy, James Guthrie, Jefferson Davis, James C. Dobbin, Robert McClelland, James Campbell and Caleb Cushing. During the administration of President Pierce the Missouri compromise law was repealed, and all the territories of the Union were thrown open to slavery, and the disturbances in Kansas occurred. In 1857 he was succeeded in the presidency by James Buchanan, and retired to his home in Concord, New Hampshire. He always cherished his principles of slavery, and at the outbreak of the rebellion he was an adherent of the cause of the Confederacy. He died at Concord, New Hampshire, October 8, 1869. AMES B. WEAVER, well known as a leader of the Greenback and later of the Populist party, was born at Dayton, Ohio, June 12, 1833. He received his earlier education in the schools of his native town, and entered the law department of the Ohio University, at Cincinnati, from which he graduated in 1854. Removing to the growing state of Iowa, he became connected with "The Iowa Tribune," at the state capital, Des Moines, as one of its editors. He afterward practiced law and was elected district attorney for the second judicial district of Iowa, on the Republican ticket in 1866, which office he held for a short time. In 1867 Mr. Weaver was appointed assessor of internal revenue for the first district of Iowa, and filled that position until sometime in 1873. He was elected and served in the forty-sixth congress. In 188o the National or Greenback party in convention at Chicago, nominated James B. Weaver as 12-4 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHYT --- its candidate for the presidency. By a union of the Democratic and National parties in his district, he was elected to the forty-ninth congress, and re-elected to the same office in the fall of 1886. Mr. Weaver was conceded to be a very fluent speaker, and quite active in all political work. On July 4, 1892, at the National convention of the People's party, General James B. Weaver was chosen as the candidate for president of that organization, and during the campaign that followed, gained a national reputation. ANTHONY JOSEPH DREXEL, one of the leading bankers and financiers of the United States, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1826, and was the son of Francis M. Drexel, who had established the large banking institution of Drexel & Co., so well known. The latter was a native of Dornbirn, in the Austrian Tyrol. He studied languages and fine arts at Turin, Italy. On returning to his mountain home, in 1809, and finding it in the hands of the French, he went to Switzerland and later to Paris. In 1812, after a short visit home, he went to Berlin, where he studied painting until 1817, in which year he emigrated to America, and settled in Philadelphia. A few years later he went to Chili and Peru, where he executed some fine portraits of notable people, including General Simon Bolivar. After spending some time in Mexico, he returned to Philadelphia, and engaged in the banking business. In 1837 he founded the house of Drexel & Co. He died in 1837, and was succeeded by his two sons, Anthony J. and Francis A. His son, Anthony J. Drexel, Jr., entered the bank when he was thirteen years of age, before he was through with his schooling, and after that the history of the banking business of which he was the head, was the history of his life. The New York house of Drexel, Morgan & Co. was established in 1850; the Paris house, Drexel, Harjes & Co.,in 1867. The Drexel banking houses have supplied iand placed hundreds of millions of dollars n government, corporation, railroad arid other loans and securities. The reputation of the houses has always been held on the highest plane. Mr. Drexel founded and heavily endowed the Drexel Institute, in Philadelphia, an institution to furnish better and wider avenues of employment to young people of both sexes. It has departments of arts, science, mechanical arts and domestic economy. Mr. Drexel, Jr., departed this life June 30, 1893. SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE MORSE. inventor of the recording telegraph instrument, was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, April 27, 1791. He graduated from Yale" College in 18Io, and took up art as his profession. He went to London with the great American painter, Washington Allston, and studied in the Royal Academy under Benjamin West. His " Dying Hercules," his first effort in sculpture, took the gold medal in 1813. He returned to America in 1815 and continued to pursue his profession. He was greatly interested in scientific studies, which he carried on in connection with other labors. He founded the National Academy of Design and was many years its president. He returned to Europe and spent three years in study in the art centers, Rome, Florence, Venice and Paris. In 1832 he returned to America and while on the return voyage the idea of a recording telegraph apparatus occurred to him, and he made a drawing to represent his conception. He was the first to occupy the chair of fine arts in the University of New C OAiPENDIUAM OF BIOGRAPz.H r 1 125 York City, and in 1835 he set up his rude instrument in his room in the university. But it was not until after many years of discouragement and reverses of fortune that lie finally was successful in placing his invention before the public. In 1844, by aid of the United States government, he had constructed a telegraph line forty miles in length from Washington to Baltimore. Over this line the test was made, and the first telegraphic message was flashed May 24, 1844, from the United States supreme court rooms to Baltimore. It read, "What hath God wrought!" His fame and fortune were established in an instant. Wealth and honors poured in upon him from that day. The nations of Europe vied with each other in honoring the great inventor with medals, titles and decorations, and the learned societies of Europe hastened to enroll his name upon their membership lists and confer degrees. In 1858 hewas the recipient of an honor never accorded to an inventor before. The ten leading nations of Europe, at the suggestion of the Emporer Napoleon, appointed representatives to an international congress, which convened at Paris for the special purpose of expressing gratitude of the nations, and they voted him a present of 4oo, 00ooo francs. Professor Morse was present at the unveiling of a bronze statue erected in his honor in Central Park, New York, in 1871. His last appearance in public was at the unveiling of the statue of Benjamin Franklin in New York in 1872, when he made the dedicatory speech and unveiled the statue. He died April 2, I872, in the city of New York. M ORRISON REMICH WAITE, seventh chief justice of the United States, was born at Lyme, Connecticut, November 29, 18x6. He was a graduate from Yale Col lege in 1837, in the class with William M. Evarts. His father was judge of the supreme court of errors of the state of Connecticut, and in his office young Waite studied law. He subsequently removed to Ohio, and was elected to the legislature of that state in I849. He removed from Maumee City to Toledo and became a prominent legal light in that state. He was nominated as a candidate for congress repeatedly but declined to run, and also declined a place on the supreme bench of the state. He won great distinction for his able handling of the Alabama claims at Geneva, before the arbitration tribunal in 1871, and was appointed chief justice of the supreme court of the United States in 1874 on the death of Judge Chase. When, in 1876, electoral commissioners were chosen to decide the presidential election controversy between Tilden and Hayes, Judge Waite refused to serve on that commission. His death occurred March 23, 1888. E LISHA KENT KANE was one of the distinguished American explorers of the unknown regions of the frozen north, and gave to the world a more accurate knowledge of the Arctic zone. Dr. Kane was born February 3, i82o, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a graduate of the universities of Virginia and Pennsylvania, and took his medical degree in 1843. He entered the service of the United States navy, and was physician to the Chinese embassy. Dr. Kane traveled extensively in the Levant, Asia and Western Africa, and also served in the Mexican war, in which he was severely wounded. His first Arctic expedition was under De Haven in the first Grinnell expedition in search of Sir John Franklin in 1850. He commanded the second Grinnell expedition 126 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. in 1853-55, and discovered an open polar sea. For this expedition he received a gold medal and other distinctions. He published a narrative of his first polar expedition in 1853, and in 1856 published two volumes relating to his second polar expedition. He was a man of active, enterprising and courageous spirit. His health, which was always delicate, was impaired by the hardships of his Arctic expeditions, from which he never fully recovered and from which he died February 16, 1857, at Havana. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON was a daughter of Judge Daniel Cady and Margaret Livingston, and was born November 12, 18i15, at Johnstown, New York. She was educated at the Johnstown Academy, where she studied with a class of boys, and was fitted for college at the age of fifteen, after which she pursued her studies at Mrs. Willard's Seminary, at Troy. Her attention was called to the disabilities of her sex by her own educational experiences, and through a study of Blackstone, Story, and Kent. Miss Cady was married to Henry B. Stanton in 1840, and accompanied him to the world's anti-slavery convention in London. While there she made the acquaintance of Lucretia Mott. Mrs. Stanton resided at Boston until 1847, when the family moved to Seneca Falls, New York, and she and Lucretia Mott signed the first call for a woman's rights convention. The meeting was held at her place of residence July 19-20, 1848. This was the first occasion of a formal claim of suffrage for women that was made. Mrs. Stanton addressed the New York legislature, in 1854, on the rights of married women, and in 186o, in advocacy of the granting of divorce for drunkenness. She also addressed the legislature and the constitutional con vention, and maintained that during the. revision of the constitution the state wa& resolved into' its original elements, and that all citizens had, therefore, a right to vote for the members of that convention. After 1869 Mrs. Stanton frequently addressed congressional committees and state constitutional conventions, and she canvassed Kansas, Michigan, and other states when the question of woman suffrage was submitted in those states. Mrs. Stanton was one of the editors of the " Revolution," and most of the calls and resolutions for conventions have come from her pen. She was president of the national committee, also of the Woman's Loyal League, and of the National Association, for many years. D AVID DUDLEY FIELD, a great American jurist, was born in Connecticut in 18o5. He en..c.ca Williams College when sixteen years old, and commenced the study of law in 1825. In 1828 he was admitted to the bar, and went to New York, where he soon catne into prominence before the bar of that state. He entered upon the labor of reforming the practice and procedure, which was then based upon the common law practice of England, and had become extremely complicated, difficult and uncertain in its application. His first paper on this subject was published in I839, and after eight years of continuous efforts in this direction, he was appointed one of a commission by New York to reform the practice of that state. The result was embodied in the two codes of procedure, civil and criminal, the first of which was adopted almost entire by the state of New York, and has since been adopted by more than half the states in the Union, and became the basis of the new practice and procedure in England, contained in the Judicature act. He COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHRY. 127 w was later appointed chairman of a new commission to codify the entire body of laws. This great work employed many years in its completion, but when finished it embraced a civil, penal, and political code, covering the entire field of American laws, statutory and common. This great body of law was adopted by California and Dakota territory in its entirety, and many other states have since adopted its substance. In 1867 the British Association for Social Science heard a proposition from Mr. Field to prepare an international code. This led to the preparation of his 1" Draft Outlines of an International Code," which was in fact a complete body of international laws, and introduced the principle of arbitration. Other of his codes of the state of New York have since been adopted by that state. In addition to his great works on law, Mr. Field indulged his literary tastes by frequent contributions to general literature, and his articles on travels, literature, and the political questions of the hour gave him rank with the best writers of his time. His father was the Rev. David Dudley Field, and his brothers were Cyrus W. Field, Rev. Henry Martin Field, and Justice Stephen J. Field of the United States supreme court. David Dudley Field died at New York, April 13, 1894. HENRY M. TELLER, a celebrated American politician, and secretary of the interior under President Arthur, was born May 23, 1830, in Allegany county, New York. He was of Hollandish ancestry and received an excellent education, after which he took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar in the state of New York. Mr. Teller removed to Illinois in January, 1858, and practiced for three years in that state. From thence he moved to Colorado in 1861 and located at Central City, which was then one of the principal mining towns in the state. His exceptional abilities as a lawyer soon brought him into prominence and gained for him a numerous and profitable clientage. In politics he affiliated with the Republican party, but declined to become a candidate for office until the admission of Colorado into the Union as a state, when he was elected to the United States senate. Mr. Teller drew the term ending March 4, 1877, but was re-elected December 11, 1876, and served until April 17, 1882, when he was appointed by President Arthur as secretary of the interior. He accepted a cabinet position with reluctance, and on March 3, 1885, he retired from the cabinet, having been elected to the senate a short time before to succeed Nathaniel P. Hill. Mr. Teller took his seat on March 4, 1885, in the senate, to which he was afterward re-elected. He served as chairman-on the committee of pensions, patents, mines and mining, and was also a member of committees on claims, railroads, privileges and elections and public lands. Mr. Teller came to be recognized as one of the ablest advocates of the silver cause. He was one of the delegates to the Republican National convention at St. Louis in 1896, in which he took an active part and tried to have a silver plank inserted in the platform of the party. Failing in this he felt impelled to bolt the convention, which he did and joined forces with the great silver movement in the campaign which followed, being recognized in that campaign as one of the most able and eminent advocates of "silver" in America. JOHN ERICSSON, an eminent inventor and machinist, who won fame in America, was born in Sweden, July 3 I, 1803. In early childhood he evinced a decided in 128 COM1PENDIUUM OF BIOGRAPHT. clination to mechanical pursuits, and at the age of eleven he was appointed to a cadetship in the engineer corps, and at the age of seventeen was promoted to a lieutenancy. in 1826 he introduced a "flame engine," which he had invented, and offered it to English capitalists, but it was found that it could be operated only by the use of wood for fuel. Shortly after this he resigned his commission in the army of Sweden, and devoted himself to mechanical pursuits. He discovered and introduced the principle of artificial draughts in steam boilers, and received a prize of two thousand five hundred dollars for his locomotive, the " Novelty," which attained a great speed, for that day. The artificial draught effected a great saving in fuel and made unnecessary the huge smoke-stacks formerly used, and the principle is still applied, in modified form, in boilers. He also invented a steam fire-engine, and later a hot-air engine, which he attempted to apply in the operation of his ship, "Ericsson," but as it did not give the speed required, he abandoned it, but afterwards applied it to machinery for pumping, hoisting, etc. Ericsson was first to apply the screw propeller to navigation. The English people not receiving this new departure readily, Ericsson came to America in 1839, and built the United States steamer, "Princeton," in which the screw-propeller was utilized, the first steamer ever built in which the propeller was under water, out of range of the enemy's shots. The achievement which gave him greatest renown, however, was the ironclad vessel, the " Monitor," an entirely new type of vessel, which, in March, 1862, attacked the Confederate monster ironclad ram, "Virginia," and after a fierce struggle, compelled her to withdraw from Hampton Roads for repairs. After the war one of his most noted inventions was his vessel, " Destroyer," with a submarine gun, which carried a projectile torpedo. In 1886 the king of Spain conferred on him the grand cross of the Order of Naval Merit. He died in March, 1889, and his body was transferred, with naval honors, to the country of his birth. AMES BUCHANAN, the fifteenth president of the United States, was a native of Pennsylvania, and was born in Franklin county, April 23, 1791. He was of Irish ancestry, his father having come to this country in 1783, in quite humble circumstances, and settled in the western part of the Keystone state. James Buchanan remained in his secluded home for eight years, enjoying but few social or intellectual advantages. His parents were industrious and frugal, and prospered, and, in 1799, the family removed to Mercersbur Pennsylvania, where he was placed in school. His progress was rapid, and in I80o he entered Dickinson College, at Carlisle, where he took his place among the best scholars in the institution. In 1809 he graduated with the highest honors in his class. He was then eighteen, tall, graceful and in vigorous health. He commenced the study of law at Lancaster, and was admitted to the bar in 1812. He rose very rapidly in his profession and took a stand with the ablest of his fellow lawyers. When but twenty-six years old he successfully defended, unaided by counsel, one of the judges of the state who was before the bar of the state senate under articles of impeachment. During the war of 1812-15, Mr. Buchanan sustained the government with all his power, eloquently urging the vigorous prosecution of the war, and enlisted as a private COMPENDIUM Z'N 7-1 " T Z-% 41" " A 7't F Y nýý volunteer to assist in repelling the British who had sacked and burned the public buildings of Washington and threatened Baltimore. At that time Buchanan was a Federalist, but the opposition of that party to the war with Great Britain and the alien and sedition laws of John Adams, brought that party into disrepute, and drove many, among them Buchanan, into the Republican, or anti-Federalist ranks. He was elected to congress in I1828. In 1831 he was sent as minister to Russia, and upon his return to this country, in 1833, was elevated to the United States senate, and remained in that position for twelve years. Upon the accession of President Polk to office he made Mr. Buchanan secretary of state. Four years later he retired to private life, and in I 53 he was honored with the mission to England. In 1856 the national Democratic convention nominated him for the presidency and he was elected. It was during his administration that the rising tide of the secession movement overtook the country. Mr. Buchanan declared that the national constitution gave him no power to do anything against the movement to break up the Union. After his succession by Abraham Lincoln in 1860, Mr. Buchanan retired to his home at Wheatland, Pennsylvania, where he died June i, I1868. OHN HARVARD, the founder of the Harvard University, was born in England about the year 16o8. He received his education at Emanuel College, Cambridge, and came to America in 1637, settling in Massachusetts. He was a non-conformist minister, and a tract of land was set aside i.or him in Charlestown, near Boston. He was at once appointed one of a committee to formulate a body of laws for the colony. One year before his arrival in the colony UOF BIOGRAPHrI. 129 the general court had voted the sum of four hundred pounds toward the establishment of a school or college, half of which was to be paid the next year In 1637 preliminary plans were made for starting the school. In 1638 John Harvard, who had shown great interest in the new institution o. learning proposed, died, leaving his entire property, about twice the sum originally voted, to the school, together with three hundred volumes as a nucleus for a library. The institution was then given the name of Harvard, and established at Newton (now Cambridge), Massachusetts. It grew to be one of the two principal seats of learning in the new world, and has maintained its reputation since. It now consists of twenty-two separate buildings, and its curriculum embraces over one hundred and seventy elective courses, and it ranks among the great universities of the world. R OGER BROOKE TANEY, a noted jurist and chief justice of the United States supreme court, was born in Calvert county, Maryland, March 17, 1777. He graduated fiom Dickinson College at the age of eighteen, took up the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1799. He was chosen to the legislature from his county, and in I8oi removed to Frederick, Maryland. He became United States senator from Maryland in I816, and took up his permanent residence in Baltimore a few years later. In 1824 he became an ardent admirer and supporter of Andrew Jackson, and upon Jackson's election to the presidency, was appointed attorney general of the United States. Two years later he was appointed secretary of the treasury, and after serving in that capacity for nearly one year, the senate refused to confirm the appointment. In 1835, upon the death of 180 COM1CPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. Chief-justice Marshall, he was appointed to that place, and a political change having occurred in the make up of the senate, he was confirmed. in 1836. He presided at his first session in January of the following year. The case which suggests itself first to the average reader in connection with this jurist is the celebrated " Dred Scott " case, which came before the supreme court for decision in 1856. In his opinion, delivered on behalf of a majority of the court, one remarkable statement occurs as a result of an exhaustive survey of the historical grounds, to the effect that " for more than a century prior to the adoption of the constitution they (Africans) had, been regarded so far inferior that they had no rights which a white man was bound to respect." Judge Taney retained the office of chief justice until his death, in 1864. OHN LOTHROP MOTLEY.-Thisgentleman had a world-wide reputation as an historian, which placed him in the front rank of the great men of America. He was born April 15, 1814, at Dorchester, Massachusetts, was given a thorough preparatory education and then attended Harvard, from which he was graduated in 1831. He also studied at Gottingen and Berlin, read law and in 1836 was admitted to the bar. In 1841 he was appointed secretary of the legation at St. Petersburg, and in 1866-67 served as United States minister to Austria, serving in the same capacity during 1869 and 1870 to England. In 1856, after long and exhaustive research and preparation,he published in London "The Rise of the Dutch Republic." It embraced three volumes and immediately attracted great attention throughout Europe and America as 1868 he produced "The History of the United Netherlands," in four volumes. Other works followed, with equal success, and his position as one of the foremost historians and writers of his day was firmly established. His death occured May 29, 1877. SLIAS HOWE, the inventor of the sewing machine, well deserves to be classed among the great and noted men of America. He was the son of a miller and farmer and was born at Spencer, Massachusetts, July 9, 1819. In 1835 he went to Lowell and worked there, and later at Boston, in the machine shops. His first sewing machine was completed in 1845, and he patented it in 1846, laboring with the greatest persistency in spite of poverty and hardships, working for a time as an engine driver on a railroad at pauper wages and with broken health. He then spent two years of unsuccessful exertion in England, striving in vain to bring his invention into public notice and use. He returned to the United States in almost hopeless poverty, to find that his patent had been violated. At last, however, he found friends who assisted him financially, and after years of litigation he made good his claims in the courts in 1854. His invention afterward brought him a large fortune. During the Civil war he volunteered as a private in the Seventeenth Connecticut Volunteers, and served for some time. During his life time he received the cross of the Legion of Honor and many other medals. His death occurred October 3, 1867, at Brooklyn, New York. pHILLIPS BROOKS, celebrated as an eloquent preacher and able pulpit orator, was born in Boston on the I3th day of a work of unusual merit. From 1861 to December, 1835. He received excellent COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHRT. 131 educational advantages, and graduated at Harvard in 1855. Early in life he decided upon the ministry as his life work and studied theology in the Episcopal Theological Seminary, at Alexandria, Virginia. In 1859 he was ordained and the same year became pastor of the Church of the Advent, in Philadelphia. Three years later he assumed the pastorate of the Church of the Holy Trinity, where he remained until 1870.' At the expiration of that time he accepted the pastoral charge of Trinity Church in Boston, where his eloquence and ability attracted much attention and built up a powerful church organization. Dr. Brooks also devoted considerable time to lecturing and literary work and attained prominence in these lines. WILLIAM B. ALLISON, a statesman of national reputation and one of the leaders of the Republican party, was born March 2, 1829, at Perry, Ohio. He grew up on his father's farm, which he assisted in cultivating, and attended the district school. When sixteen years old he went to the academy at Wooster, and subsequently spent a year at the Allegheny College, at Meadville, Pennsylvania. He next taught school and spent another year at the Western Reserve College, at Hudson, Ohio. Mr. Allison then took up the study of law at Wooster, where he was admitted to the bar in 1851, and soon obtained a position as deputy county clerk. His political leanings were toward the old line Whigs, who afterward laid the foundation of the Republican party. He was a delegate to the state convention in 1856, in the campaign of which he supported Fremont for president. Mr. Allison removed to Dubuque, Iowa, in the following year. He rapidly rose to prominence at the bar apd in politics. In i 86o he was chosen as a delegate to the Republican convention held in Chicago, of which he was elected one of the secretaries. At the outbreak of the civil war he was appointed on the staff of the governor. His congressional career opened in 1862, when he was elected to the thirty-eighth congress; he was re-elected three times, serving from March 4, 1863, to March 3, 1871. He was a member of the ways and means committee a good part of his term. His career in the United States senate began in 1873, and he rapidly rose to eminence in national affairs, his service of a quarter of a century in that body being marked by close fealty to the Republican party. He twice declined the portfolio of the treasury tendered him by Garfield and Harrison, and his name was prominently mentioned- for the presidency at several national Republican conventions. MARY ASHTON LIVERMORE, lecturer and writer, was born in Boston, December 19, 1821. She was the daughter of Timothy Rice, and married D. P. Livermore, a preacher of the Universalist church. She contributed able articles to many of the most noted periodicals of this country and England. During the Civil war she labored zealously and with success on behalf of the sanitary commission which played so important a part during that great struggle. She became editor of the " Woman's Journal," published at Boston in 1870. She held a prominent place as a public speaker and writer on woman's suffrage, temperance, social and religious questions, and her influence was great in every cause she advocated. JOHN B. GOUGH, a noted temperance lecturer, who won his fame in America, was born in the village of Sandgate, Kent, 192 C OMPENDIUUM OF BIO GRA PHr. England, August 22, 1817. He came to the United States at the age of twelve. He followed the trade of bookbinder, and lived in great poverty'on account of the liquor habit. In 1843, however, he reformed, and began his career as a temperance lecturer. He worked zealously in the cause of temperance, and his lectures and published articles revealed great earnestness. He formed temperance societies throughout the entire country, and labored with great success. He visited England in the same cause about the year 1853 and again in 1878. He also lectured upon many other topics, in which he attained a wide reputation. His death occurred February I8, I886. HOMAS BUCHANAN READ, author, sculptor and painter, was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, March 12, 1822. He early evinced a taste for art, and began the study of sculpture in Cincinnati. Later he found painting more to his liking. He went to New York, where he followed this profession, and later to Boston. In 1846 he located in Philadelphia. He visited Italy in 1850, and studied at Florence, where he resided almost continuously for twenty-two years. He returned to America in 1872, and died in New York May ii of the same year. He was the author of many heroic poems, but the one giving him the most re-nown is his famous "Sheridan's Ride," of which he has also left a representation in painting. EUGENE V. DEBS, the former famous president of the American Railway Union, and great labor leader, was born in the city of Terre Haute, Indiana, in I855. Hlie received his education in the public schools of that place and at the age of sixteen years began work as a painter in the Vandalia shops. After this, for some three years, he was employed as a locomotive fireman on the same road. His first appearance in public life was in his canvass for the election to the office of city clerk of Terre Haute. In this capacity he served two terms, and when twenty six years of age was elected a member of the legislature of the state of Indiana. While a member of that body he secured the passage of several bills in the interest of organized labor, of which he was always a faithful champion.- Mr. Debs' speech nominating Daniel Voorhees for the United States senate gave him a wide reputation for oratory. On the expiration of his term in the legislature, he was elected grand secretary and treasurer of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Fireman and filled that office for fourteen successive years. He was always an earnest advocate of confederation of railroad men and it was mainly through his efforts that the United Order of Railway Employes, composed of the Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen and Conductors, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and the Switchmen's Mutual Aid Association was formed, and he became a member of its supreme council. The order was dissolved by disagreement between two of its leading orders, and then Mr. Debs conceived the idea of the American Railway Union. He worked on the details and the union came into existence in Chicago, June 20,1893. For a time it prospered and became one of the largest bodies of railway men in the world. It won in a contest with the Great Northern Railway. In the strike made by the union in sympathy with the Pullman employes inaugurated in Chicago June 25, 1894, and the consequent rioting, the Railway Union COM-PENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 1W lost much prestige and Mr. Debs, in company with others of the officers, being held as in contempt of the United States courts, he suffered a sentence of six months in jail at Woodstock, McHenry county, Illinois. In 1897 Mr. Debs, on the demise of the American Railway Union, organized the Social Democracy, an institution founded on the best lines of the communistic idea, which was to provide homes and employment for its members. J OHN G. CARLISLE, famous as a lawyer, congressman, senator and cabinet officer, was born in Campbell (now Kenton) county, Kentucky, September 5, I835, on a farm. He received the usual education of the time and began at an early age to teach school and, at the same time, the study of law. Soon opportunity offered and he entered an office in Covington, Kentucky, and was admitted to practice at the bar in 1858. Politics attracted his attention and in 1859 he was elected to the house of representatives in the legislature of his native state. On the outbreak of the war in 1861, he embraced the cause of the Union and was largely instrumental in preserving Kentucky to the federal cause. He resumed his legal practice for a time and declined a nomination as presidential elector in I864. In 1866 and again in 1869 Mr. Carlisle was elected to the senate of Kentucky. He resigned this position in 1871 and was chosen lieutenant governor of the state, which office he held until 1875. He was one of the presidential electors-at-large for Kentucky in 1876. He first entered congress in 1877, and soon became a prominent leader on the Democratic side of the house of representatives, and continued a member of that body through the forty-sixth, fortyseventh, forty-eighth and forty-ninth con gresses, and was speaker of the house during the two latter. He was elected to the United States senate to succeed Senator Blackburn, and remained a member of that branch of congress until March, 1893, when he was appointed secretary of the treasury. He performed the duties of that high office until March 4, 1897, throughout the entire second administration of President Cleveland. His ability and many years of public service gave him a national reputation. F RANCES E. WILLARD, for many years president of the 'Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and a noted American lecturer and writer, was born in Rochester, New York, September 28, 1839. Graduating from the Northwestern Female College at the age of nineteen she began teaching and met with great success in mrany cities of the west. She was made directress of Genesee Wesleyan Seminary at Lima, Ohio, in 1867, and four years later was elected president of the Evanston College for young ladies, a branch of the Northwestern University. During the two years succeeding 1869 she traveled extensively in Europe and the east, visiting Egypt and Palestine, and gathering materials for a valuable course of lectures, which she delivered at Chicago on her return. She became very popular, and won great influence in the temperance cause. Her work as president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union greatly strengthened that society, and she made frequent trips to Europe in the interest of that cause. P ICHARD OLNEY.-Among the promiS nent men who were members of the cabinet of President Cleveland in his second administration, the gentleman whose name 184 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. -- heads this sketch held a leading place, occupying the positions of attorney general and secretary of state. Mr. Olney came from one of the oldest and most honored New England families; the first of his ancestors to come from England settled in Massachusetts in 1635. This was Thomas Olney. He was a friend and co-religionist of Roger Williams, and when the latter moved to what is now Rhode Island, went with him and became one of the founders of Providence Plantations. Richard Olney was born in Oxford, Massachusetts, in 1835, and received the elements of his earlier education in the common schools which New England is so proud of. He entered Brown University, from which he graduated in 1856, and passed the Harvard law school two years later. He began the practice of his profession with Judge B. F. Thomas, a prominent man of that locality. For years Richard Olney was regarded as one of the ablest and most learned lawyers in Massachusetts. Twice he was offered a place on the bench of the supreme court of the state, but both times he declined. He was always a Democrat in his political tenets, and for many years was a trusted counsellor of members of that party. In 1874 Mr. Olney was elected a member of the legislature. In 1876, during the heated presidential campaign, to strengthen the cause of Mr. Tilden in the New England states, it was intimated that in the event of that gentleman's election to the presidency, Mr. Olney would be attorney general. When Grover Cleveland was elected presiiaont of the United States, on his inauguration in March, 1893, he tendered the position of attorney general to Richard Olney. This was accepted, and that gentleman fulflled the duties of the office until the death of Walter Q. Gresham, in May, 1895, made vacant the position of secretary of state. This post was filled by the appointment of Mr. Olney. While occupying the later office, Mr. Olney brought himself into international prominence by some very able state papers. OHN JAY KNOX, for many years comptroller of the currency, and an eminent financier, was born in Knoxboro, Oneida county, New York, May 19, 1828. He received a good education and graduated at Hamilton College in 1849. For about thirteen years he was engaged as a private banker, or in a position in a bank, where he laid the foundation of his knowledge of the laws of finance. In 1862, Salmon P. Chase, then secretary of the treasury, appointed him to an office in that department of the government, and later he had charge of the mint coinage correspondence. In 1867 Mr. Knox was made deputy comptroller of the currency, and in that capacity, in 1870, he made two reports on the mint service, with a codification of the mint and coinage laws of the United States, and suggesting many important amendments These reports were ordered printed by resolution of congress. The bill which he prepared, with some slight changes, was subsequently passed, and has been known in history as the " Coinage Act of 1873." In 1872 Mr. Knox was appointed comptroller of the currency, and held that responsible position until 1884, when he resigned. He then accepted the position of president of the National Bank of the Republic, of New York City, which institution he served for many years. He was the author of " United States Notes," published in 1884. In the reports spoken of above, a history of the two United States banks is COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. 1385 given, together with that of the state and national banking system, and much valuable statistical matter relating to kindred subjects. N ATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.-In the opinion of many critics Hawthorne is pronounced the foremost American novelist, and in his peculiar vein of romance. is said to be without a peer. His reputation is world-wide, and his ability as a writer is recognized abroad as well as at home. He was born July 4, 1804, at Salem, Massachusetts. On account of feeble health he spent some years of his boyhood on a farm near Raymond, Maine. He laid the foundation of a liberal education in his youth, and entered Bowdoin College, from which he graduated in 1825 in the same class with H W Longfellow and John S. C. Abbott. He then returned to Salem, where he gave his attention to literature, publishing several tales and other articles in various periodicals. His first venture in the field of romance, "1Fanshaw," proved a failure. In 1836 he removed to Boston,,and became editor of the "IAmerican Magazine," which soon passed out of existence. In 1837 he published " Twice Told Tales," which were chiefly made up of his former contributions to magazines. In 1838-41 he held a position in the Boston custom house, but later took part in the " Brook farm experiment," a socialistic idea after the plan of Fourier. In 1843 he was married and took up his residence at the old parsonage at Concord, Massachusetts, which he immortalized in his next work, "Mosses From an Old Manse," published in 1846. From the latter date until 185o he was surveyor of the port of Salem, and while thus employed wrote one of his strongest works, "The Scarlet Letter." For the succeeding two 8 years Lenox, Massachusetts, was his home, and the " House of the Seven Gables " was produced there, as well as the " Blithedale Romance." In 1852 he published a "ILife of Franklin Pierce," a college friend whom he warmly regarded. In 1853 he was appointed United States consul to Liverpool, England, where he remained some years, after which he spent some time in Italy. On returning to his native land he took up his residence at Concord, Massachusetts. While taking a trip for his health with exPresident Pierce, he died at Plymouth, New Hampshire, May 19, 1864. In addition to the works mentioned above Mr. Hawthorne gave to the world the following books: " True Stories from History," "The Wonder Book," " The Snow Image," "Tanglewood Tales," "The Marble Faun," and " Our Old Home." After his death appeared a series of "Notebooks," edited by his wife, Sophia P. Hawthorne; " Septimius Felton," edited by his daughter, Una, and "Dr. Grimshaw's Secret," put into shape by his talented son, Julian. He left an unfinished work called " Dolliver Romance," which has been published just as he left it. A BRAHAM LINCOLN, sixteenth president of the United States, was born February 12, 18o, in Larue county (Hardin county), Kentucky, in a log-cabin near Hudgensville. When he was eight years old he removed with his parents to Indiana, near the Ohio river, and a year later his mother died. His father then married Mrs. Elizabeth (Bush) Johnston, of Elizabethtown, Kentucky, who proved a kind of foster-mother to Abraham, and encouraged him to study. He worked as a farm hand and as a clerk in a store at Gentryville, and was noted for his athletic feats and strength, fondness for debate, a fund of humorous 186 COMIPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. -.~----------------------------- anecdote, as well as the composition of rude verses. He made a trip at the age of nineteen to New Orleans on a flat-boat, and settled in Illinois in 1830.. He assisted his father to build a log house and clear a farm on the Sangamon river near Decatur, Illinois, and split the rails with which to fence it. In I85I he was employed in the building of a flat-boat on the Sangamon, and to run it to New Orleans. The voyage gave him a new insight into the horrors of slavery in the south. On his return he settled at New Salem and engaged, first as a clerk in a store, then as grocer, surveyor and postmaster, and he piloted the first steamboat that ascended the Sangamon. He participated in the Black Hawk war as captain of volunteers, and after his return he studied law, interested himself in politics, and became prominent locally as a public speaker. He was elected to the legislature in 1834 as a " Clay Whig," and began at once to display a command of language and forcible rhetoric that made him a match for his more cultured opponents. He was admitted to the bar in 1837, and began practice at Springfield. He married a lady of a prominent Kentucky family in 1842. He was active in the presidential campaigns of 1840 and 1844 and was an elector on the Harrison and Clay tickets, and was elected to congress in 1846, over Peter Cartwright. He voted for the Wilmot proviso and the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, and opposed the war with Mexico, but gained little prominence during his two years' service. He then returned to Springfield and devoted his attention to law, taking little interest in politics, until the repeal of the Missouri compromise and the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill in 1854. This awakened his interest in politics again and he attacked the champion of that measure, Stephen A. Douglas, in a speech at Springfield that made him famous, and is said by those who heard it to be the greatest speech of his life. Lincoln was selected as candidate for the United States senate, but was defeated by Trumbull. Upon the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill the Whig party suddenly went to pieces, and the Republican party gathered head. At the Bloomington Republican convention in 1856 Lincoln made an effective address in which he first took a position antagonistic to the existence of slavery. He was a Fremont elector and received a strong support for nomination as vice-president in the Philadelphia convention. In I858 he was the unanimous choice of the Republicans for the United States senate, and the great campaign of debate which followed resulted in the election of Douglas, but established Lincoln's reputation as the leading exponent of Republican doctrines. He began to be mentioned in Illipois as candidate for the presidency, and a course of addresses in the eastern states attracted favorable attention. When the national convention met at Chicago, his rivals, Chase, Seward, Bates and others, were compelled to retire before the western giant, and he was nominated, with Hannibal Hamlin as his running mate. The Democratic party had now been disrupted, and Lincoln's election assured. He carried practically every northern state, and the secession of South Carolina, followed by a number of the gulf states, took place before his inauguration. Lincoln is the only president who was ever compelled to reach Washington in a secret manner. He escaped assassination by avoiding Baltimore, and was quietly inaugurated March 4, I86i. His inaugural address was firm but conciliatory, and he said to the secessionists: "You have no oath registered in heaven COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHYR. 187 to destroy the government, while I have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it.' He made up his cabinet chiefly of those political rivals in his own partySeward, Chase, Cameron, Bates-and secured the co-operation of the Douglas Democrats. His great deeds, amidst the heat and turmoil of war, were: His call for seventy-five thousand volunteers, and the blockading of southern ports; calling of congress in extra session, July 14, 1861, and obtaining four hundred thousand men and four hundred million dollars for the prosecution of the war; appointing Stanton secretary of war; issuing the emancipation proclamation; calling three hundred thousand volunteers; address at Gettysburg cemetery; commissioned Grant as lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States; his second inaugural address; his visit to the army before Richmond, and his entry into Richmond the day after its surrender. Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth in a box in Ford's theater at Washington the night of April 14, 1865, and expired the following morning. His body was buried at Oak Ridge cemetery, Springfield, Illinois, and a monument commemorating his great work marks his resting place. STEPHEN GIRARD, the celebrated philanthropist, was born in Bordeaux, France, May 24, 1750. He became a sailor engaged in the American coast trade, and also made frequent trips to the West Indies. During the Revolutionary war he was a grocer and liquor seller in Philadelphia. He married in that city, and afterward separated from his wife. After the war he again engaged in the coast and West India trade, and his fortune began to accumulate from receiving goods from West Indian planters during the insurrection in Hayti, little of which was ever called for again. He became a private banker in Philadelphia in 1812, and afterward was a director in the United States Bank. He made much money by leasing property in the city in times of depression, and upon the revival of industry sub-leasing at enormous profit. He became the wealthiest citizen of the United States of his time. He was eccentric, ungracious, and a freethinker. He had few, if any, friends in his lifetime. However, he was most charitably disposed, and gave to charitable institutions and schools with a liberal hand. He did more than any one else to relieve the suffering and deprivations during the great yellow fever scourge in Philadelphia, devoting his personal attention to the sick. He endowed and made a free institution, the famous Will's Eye and Ear Infirmary of Philadelphia-one of the largest institutions of its kind in the world. At his death practically all his immense wealth was bequeathed to charitable institutions, more than two millions of dollars going to the founding of Girard College, which was to be devoted to the education and training of boys between the ages of six and ten years. Large donations were also made to institutions in Philadelphia andf New Orleans. The principal building of Girard College is the most magnificent example of Greek architecture in America. Girard died December 26, 1831. L OUIS J. R. AGASSIZ, the eminent naturalist and geologist, was born in the parish of Motier, near Lake Neuchatel, Switzerland, May 28, 1807, but attained his greatest fame after becoming an American citizen. He studied the medical sciences at 138 CO1iPENDIUUM OF BIOGRAPHr. Zurich, Heidelberg and Munich. His first work was a Latin description of the fishes which Martius and Spix brought from Brazil. This was published in 1829-3I1. He devoted much time to the study of fossil fishes, and in 1832 was appointed professor of natural history at Neuchatel. He greatly increased his reputation by a great work in French, entitled " Researches on Fossil Fishes," in 1832-42, in which he made many important improvements in the classification of fishes. Having passed many summers among the Alps in researches on glaciers, he propounded some new and interesting ideas on geology, and the agency of glaciers in his "Studies by the Glaciers." This was published in 1840. This latter work, with his " System of the Glaciers," published in 1847, are among his principal works. In 1846, Professor Agassiz crossed the ocean on a scientific excursion to the United States, and soon determined to remain here. He accepted, about the beginning of 1848, the chair of zoology and geology at Harvard. He explored the natural history of the United States at different times and gave an impulse to the study of nature in this country. In 1865 he conducted an expedition to Brazil, and explored the lower Amazon and its tributaries. In 1868 he was made non-resident professor of natural history at Cornell University. In December, 1871, he accompanied the Hassler expedition, under Professor Pierce, to the South Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 14, I873. Among other of the important works of Professor Agassiz may be mentioned the following: "Outlines of Comparative Physiology," "Journey to Brazil," and "Contributions to the Natural History of the United States." It is said of Professor Agassiz, that, perhaps, with the exception of Hugh Miller, no one had so popularized science in his day, or trained so many young naturalists. Many of the theories held by Agassiz are not supported by many of the naturalists of these later days, but upon many of the speculations into the origin of species and in physics he has left the marks of his own strongly marked individuality. WILLIAM WINDOM.--As a prominent and leading lawyer of the great northwest, as a member of both houses of congress, and as the secretary of the treasury, the gentleman whose name heads this sketch won for himself a prominent position in the history of our country. Mr. Windom was a native of Ohio, born in Belmont county, May 10, 1827. He received a good elementary education in the schools of his native state, and took up the study of law. He was admitted to the bar, and entered upon the practice of his profession in Ohio, where he remained until 1855. In the latter year he made up his mind to move further west, and accordingly went to Minnesota, and opening an office, became identified with the interests of that state, and the northwest generally. In I858 he took his place in the Minnesota delegation in the national house of representatives, at Washington, and continued to represent his constituency in that body for ten years. In 1871 Mr. Windom was elected United States senator from Minnesota, and was re-elected to the same office after fulfilling the duties of the position for a full term, in 1876. On the inauguration of President Garfield, in March, 1881, Mr. Windom became secretary of the treasury in his cabinet. He resigned this office October 27, I88r, and was elected senator from the North Star state to fill the va. COMPENVDIUMf OF BIOGRAPHRA. 139 cancy caused by the resignation of A. J. Edgerton. Mr. Windom served in that chamber until Marct, 1883. William Windom died in New York City January 29, 1891. DON M. DICKINSON, an American politician' and lawyer, was born in Port Ontario, New York, January 17, 1846. He removed with his parents to Michigan when he was but two years old. He was educated in the public schools of Detroit and at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and was admitted to the bar at the age of twenty-one. In 1872 he was made secretary of the Democratic state central committee of Michigan, and his able management of the campaign gave him a prominent place in the councils of his party. In 1876, during the Tilden campaign, he acted as chairman of the state central committee. He was afterward chosen to represent his state in the Democratic national committee, and in 1886 he was appointed postmastergeneral by President Cleveland. After the expiration of his term of office he returned to Detroit and resumed the practice of law. In the presidential campaign of 1896, Mr. Dickinson adhered to the " gold wing" of the Democracy, and his influence was felt in the national canvass, and especially in his own state. SOHN JACOB ASTOR, the founder of the Astor family and fortunes, while not a native of this country, was one of the most noted men of his time, and as all his wealth and fame were acquired here, he may well be classed among America's great men. He was born near Heidelberg, Germany, July 17, 1763, and when twenty years old emigrated to the United States. Even at that age he exhibited remarkable business ability and foresight, and soon he was investing capital in furs which he took to London and sold at a great profit. He next settled at New York, and engaged extensively in the fur trade. He exported furs to Europe in his own vessels, which returned with cargoes of foreign commodities, and thus he rapidly amassed an immense fortune. In 1811 he founded Astoria on the western coast of North America, near the mouth of the Columbia river, as a depot for the fur trade, for the promotion of which he sent a number of expeditions to the Pacific ocean. He also purchased a large amount of real estate in New York, the value of which increased enormously All through life his business ventures were a series of marvelous successes, and he ranked as one of the most sagacious and successful business men in the world. He dieci March 29, 1848, leaving a fortune estimated at over twenty million dollars to his children, who have since increased it. John Jacob Astor left $400,000 to found a public library in New York City, and his son, William B. Astor, who died in 1875, left $300,000 to add to his father's bequest. This is known as the Astor Library, one of the largest in the United States. SCHUYLER COLFAX, an eminent American statesman, was born in New York City, March 23, 1823, being a grandson of General William Colfax, the commander of Washington's life-guards. In 1836 he removed with his mother, who was then a widow, to Indiana, settling at South Bend. Young Schuyler studied law, and in 1845 became editor of the "ISt. Joseph Valley Register," a Whig paper published at South Bend. He was a member of the convention which formed a new constitution for Indiana in 1850, and he opposed 140 COMIPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. the clause that prohibited colored men from settling in that state. In I851 he was defeated as the Whig candidate for congress but was elected in 1854, and, being repeatedly re-elected, continued to represent that district in congress until 1869. He became one of the most prominent and influential members of the house of representatives, and served three terms as speaker. During the Civil war he was an active participant in all public measures of importance, and was a confidential friend and adviser of President Lincoln. In May, 1868, Mr. Colfax was nominated for vice-president on the ticket with General Grant, and was elected. After the close of his term he retired from office, and for the remainder of his life devoted much of his time to lecturing and literary pursuits. His death occurred January 23, 1885. He was one of the most prominent members of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in America, and that order erected a bronze statue to his memory in University Park, Indianapolis, Indiana, which was unveiled in May, 1887. W ILLIAM FREEMAN VILAS, who attained a national reputation as an able lawyer, statesman, and cabinet officer, was born at Chelsea, Vermont, July 9, 1840. His parents removed to Wisconsin when our subject was but eleven years of age, and there with the early settlers endured all the hardships and trials incident to pioneer life. William F. Vilas was given all the advantages found in the common schools, and supplemented this by a course of study in the Wisconsin State University, after which he studied law, was admitted to the bar and began practicing at Madison. Shortly afterward the Civil war broke out and Mr. Vilas enlisted and became colonel of the Twenty-third regiment of Wisconsin Volunteers, serving throughout the war with distinction. At the close of the war he returned to Wisconsin, resumed his law practice, and rapidly rose to eminence in this profession. In 1885 he was selected by President Cleveland for postmaster-general and at the close of his term again returned to Madison, Wisconsin, to resume the practice of law. THOMAS McINTYRE COOLEY, an eminent American jurist and law writer, was born in Attica, New York, January 6, 1824. He was admitted to the bar in 1846, and four years later was appointed reporter of the supreme court of Michigan, which office he continued to hold for seven years. In the meantime, in 1859, he became professor of the law department of the University of Michigan, and -soon afterward was made dean of the faculty of that department. In 1864 he was elected justice of the supreme court of Michigan, in 1867 became chief justice of that court, and in 1869 was re-elected for a term of eight years. In I881 he again joined the faculty of the University of Michigan, assuming the professorship of constitutional and administrative law. His works on these branches have become standard, and he is recognized as authority on this and related subjects. Upon the passage of the inter-state commerce law in 1887 he became chairman of the commission and served in that capacity four years. JOHN PETER ALTGELD, a noted American politician and writer on social questions, was born in Germany, December 30, 1847. He came to America with his parents and settled in Ohio when two years old. In 1864 he entered the Union army I COMPENDIUMF OF BIOGRAPHR. 141 and served till the close of the war, after which he settled in Chicago, Illinois. He was elected judge of the superior court of Cook county, Illinois, in 1886, in which capacity he served until elected governor of Illinois in 1892, as a Democrat. During the first year of his term as governor he attracted national attention by his pardon of the anarchists convicted of the Haymarket murder in Chicago, and again in 1894 by his denunciation of President Cleveland for calling out federal troops to suppress the rioting in connection with the great Pullman strike in Chicago. At the national convention of the Democratic party in Chicago, in July, 1896, he is said to have inspired the clause in the platform denunciatory of interference by federal authorities in local affairs, and " government by injunction." He was gubernatorial candidate for re-election on the Democratic ticket in 1896, but was defeated by John R. Tanner, Republican. Mr. Altgeld published two volumes of essays on " Live Questions," evincing radical views on social matters. ADLAI EWING STEVENSON,an Amer. ican statesman and politician, was born in Christian county, Kentucky, October 23, 1835, and removed with the family to Bloomington, Illinois, in 1852. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, and settled in the practice of his profession in Metamora, Illinois. In 1861 he was made master in chancery of Woodford county, and in 1864 was elected state's attorney. In 1868 he returned to Bloomington and formed a law partnership with James S. Ewing. He had served as a pres-. idential elector in I864, and in 1868 was elected to congress as a Democrat, receiving a majority vote from every county in his district. He became prominent in his party, and was a delegate to the national convention in 1884. On the election of Cleveland to the presidency Mr. Stevenson was appointed first assistant postmastergeneral. After the expiration of his term he continuqed to exert a controlling influence in the politics of his state, and in 1892 was elected vice-president of the United States on the ticket with Grover Cleveland. At the expiration of his term of office he resumed the practice of law at Bloomington, Illinois. S IMON CAMERON, whose name is prominently identified with the history of the United States as a political leader and statesman, was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, March 8, 1799. He grew to manhood in his native county, receiving good educational advantages, and developing a natural inclination for political life. He rapidly rose in prominence and became the most influential Democrat in Pennsyh vania, and in 1845 was elected by that party to the United States senate. Upon the organization of the Republican party he was one of the first to declare his allegiance to it, and in 1856 was re-elected United States senator from Pennsylvania as a Republican. In March, 1861, he was appointed secretary of war by President Lincoln, and served until early in I862, when he was sent as minister to Russia, returning in 1863. In 1866 he was again elected United States senator and served until 1877, when he resigned and was succeeded by his son, James Donald Cameron. He continued to exert a powerful influence in political affairs up to the time of his death, June 26, 1889. JAMES DQNALD CAMERON was the eldest son of Simon Cameron, and also attained a high rank among American statesmen. He was born at Harrisburg, 141 C OMCPENDIUUM OF BIOGRAPHr. Pennsylvania, May 14, 1833, and received an excellent education, graduating at Princeton College in 1852. Ile rapidly developed into one of the most able and successful business men of the country and was largely interested in and identified with the development of the coal, iron, lumber and manufacturing interests of his native state. He served as cashier and afterward president of the Middletown bank, and in 1861 was xnade vice-president, and in 1863 president of the Northern Central railroad, holding this position until 1874, when he resigned and was succeeded by Thomas A. Scott. This road was of great service to the government during the war as a means of communication between Pennsylvania and the national capital, via Baltimore. Mr. Cameron also took an active part in political affairs, always as a Republican. In May, 1876, he was appointed secretary of war in President Grant's cabinet, and in 1877 succeeded his father in the United States senate. He was re-elected in 1885, and again in 189I, serving until 1896, and was recognized as one of the most prominent and influential members of that body. A DOLPHUS W. GREELEY, a famous American arctic explorer, was born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, March 27, 1844. He graduated from Brown High School at the age of sixteen, and a year later enlisted in Company B, Nineteenth Massachusetts Infantry, and was made first sergeant. In 1863 he was promoted to second lieutenant. After the war he was assigned to the Fifth United States Cavalry, and became first lieutenant in 1873. He was assigned to duty in the United States signal service shortly after the close of the war. An expedition was fitted out by the United States government in 1881, un der auspices of the weather bureau, and Lieutenant Greeley placed in command. They set sail from St. Johns the first week in July, and after nine days landed in Greenland, where they secured the services of two natives, together with sledges, dogs, furs and equipment. They encountered an ice pack early in August, and on the 28th of that month freezing weather set in. Two of his party, Lieutenant Lockwood and Sergeant Brainard, added to the known maps about forty miles of coast survey, and reached the highest point yet attained by man, eighty-three degrees and twenty-four minutes north, longitude, forty-four degrees and five minutes west. On their return to Fort Conger, Lieutenant Greeley set out for the south on August 9, 1883. He reached Baird Inlet twenty days later with his entire party. Here they were compelled to abandon their boats, and drifted on an ice-floe for one month. They then went into camp at Cape Sabine, where they suffered untold hardships, and eighteen of the party succumbed to cold and hunger, and had relief been delayed two days longer none would have been found alive. They were picked up by the relief expedition, under Captain Schley, June 22, 1884. The dead were taken to New York for burial. Many sensational stories were published concerning the expedition, and Lieutenant Greeley prepared an exhaustive account of his explorations and experiences. LEVI P. MORTON, the millionaire politician, was born in Shoreham, Vermont, May 16, 1824, and his early education consisted of the rudiments which he obtained in the common school up to the age of fourteen, and after that time what knowledge he gained was wrested from the hard school of experience. He removed to COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT.. 148 Hanover, Vermont, then Concord, Vermont, and afterwards to Boston. He had worked in a store at Shoreham, his native village, and on going to Hanover he established a store and went into business for himself. In Boston he clerked in a dry goods store, and then opened a business of his own in the same line in New York. After a short career he failed, and was compelled to settle with his creditors at only fifty cents on the dollar. He began the struggle anew, and when the war began he established a banking house in New York, with Junius Morgan as a partner. Through his firm and connections the great government war loans were floated, and it resulted in immense profits to his house. When he was again thoroughly established he invited his former creditors to a banquet, and under each guest's plate was found a check covering the arount of loss sustained respectively, with interest to date. President Garfield appointed Mr. Morton as minister to France, after he had declined the secretaryship of the navy, and in 1888 he was nominated as candidate for vice-president, with Harrison, and elected. In 1894 he was elected governor of New York over David B. Hill, and served one term. CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS, one of the most talented and prominent educators this country has known, was born January 24, 1835, at Derby, Vermont. He received an elementary education in the common schools, and studied two terms in the Derby Academy. Mr. Adams moved with his parents to Iowa in 1856. He was very anxious to pursue a collegiate course, but this was impossible until he had attained the age of twenty-one. In the autumn of 1856 he began the study of Latin and Greek at Denmark Academy, and in September, 1857, he was admitted to the University of Michigan. Mr. Adams was wholly dependent upon himself for the means of his education. During his third and fourth year he became deeply interested in historical studies, was assistant librarian of the university, and determined to pursue a postgraduate course. In 1864 he was appointed instructor of history and Latin and was advanced to an assistant professorship in 1865, and in 1867, on the resignation of Professoi White to accept the presidency of Cornell, he was appointed to fill the chair of professor of history. This he accepted on condition of his being allowed to spend a year for special study in Germany, France and Italy. Mr. Adams returned in 1868, and assumed the duties of his professorship. He introduced the German system for the instruction of advanced history classes, and his lectures were largely attended. In 1885, on the resignation of President White at Cornell, he was elected his successor and held the office for seven years, and on January 17, 1893, he was inaugurated president of the University of Wisconsin. President Adams was prominently connected with numerous scientific and literary organizations and a frequent contributor to the historical and educational data in the periodicals and journals of the country. He was the author of the following: " Democracy and Monarchy in France," " Manual of Historical Literature," " A Plea for Scientific Agriculture," " Higher Education in Germany." OSEPH B. FORAKER, a prominent political leader and ex-governor of Ohio, was born near Rainsboro, Highland county, Ohio, July 5, 1846. His parents operated a small farm, with a grist and sawmill, hav 144 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. ing emigrated hither from Virginia and Delaware on account of their distaste for slavery. Joseph was reared upon a farm until 1862, when he enlisted in the Eighty-ninth Ohio Infantry. Later he was made sergeant, and in 1864 commissioned first lieutenant. The next year he was brevetted captain. At the age of nineteen he was mustered out of the army after a brilliant service, part of the time being on the staff of General Slocum. He participated in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Lookout Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain and in Sherman's march to the sea. For two years subsequent to the war young Foraker was studying at the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, but later went to C.ornell University, at Unity, New York, from which he graduated July i, 1869. He studied law and was admitted to the bar. In 1879 Mr. Foraker was elected judge of the superior court of Cincinnati and held tLh office for three years. In 1883 he was defeated in the contest for the governorship with Judge Hoadly. In 1885, however, being again nominated for the same office, he was elected and served two terms. In 1889, in running for governor again, this time against James E. Campbell, he was defeated. Two years later his career in the United States senate began. Mr. Foraker was always a prominent figure at all national meetings of the Republican -arty, and a strong power, politically, in his native state. LYMAN ABBOTT, an eminent American preacher and writer on religious subjects, came of a noted New England family. His father, Rev. Jacob Abbott, was a prolific and popular writer, and his uncle, Rev. John S. C. Abbott, was a noted preacher and author. Lyman Abbott was born December I8, 1835, in Roxbury, Massachusetts. He graduated at the New York University, in 1853, studied law, and practiced for a time at the bar, after which he studied theology with his uncle, Rev. John S. C. Abbott, and in 186o was settled in the ministry at Terre Haute, Indiana, remaining there until after the close of the war. He then became connected with the Freedmen's Commission, continuing this until 1868, when he accepted the pastorate of the New England Congregational church, in New York City. A few years later he resigned, to devote his time principally to literary pursuits. For a number of years he edited for the American Tract Society, its "Illustrated Christian Weekly," also the New York "Christian Union." He produced many works, which had a wide circulation, among which may be mentioned the following: "Jesus of Nazareth, His Life and Teachings," "Old Testament Shadows of New Testament Truths," "6Morning and Evening Exercises, Selected from Writings of Henry Ward Beecher,"."Laicus, or the Experiences of a Layman in a Country Parish," "Popular Religious Dictionary," and "Commentaries on Matthew, Mark, Luke, John and Acts." GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS.-The well-known author, orator and journalist whose name heads this sketch, was born at Providence, Rhode Island, February 24, 1824. Having laid the foundation of a most excellent education in his native land, he went to Europe and studied at the University of Berlin. He made an extensive tour throughout the Levant, from which he returned home in 185o. At that early age literature became his field of labor, and in 1851 he published his first important work, C OM.PE2NDIUM OF BIO GRAPHAT. 145 ( "Nile Notes of a Howadji." In 1852 two works issued from his facile pen, "The Howadji in Syria," and " Lotus-Eating." Later on he was the author of the wellknown " Potiphar Papers," " Prue and I," and I"Trumps." He greatly distinguished himself throughout this land *as a lecturer on many subjects, and as an orator had but few peers. He was also well known as one of the most fluent speakers on the stump, making many political speeches in favor of the Republican party. In recognition of his valuable services, Mr. Curtis was appointed 'by President Grant, chairman of the advisory board of the civil service. Although a life-long Republican, Mr. Curtis refused to support Blaine for the presidency in 1884, because of his ideas on civil service and other reforms. For his memorable and magnificent eulogy on Wendell Phillips, delivered in Boston, in 1884, that city presented Mr. Curtis with a gold medal. George W. Curtis, however, is best known to the reading public of the United States by his connection with the Harper Brothers, having, been editor of the "Harper's Weekly," and of the " Easy Chair," in " Harper's Monthly Magazine, "for many years, in fact retaining that position until the day of his death, which occurred August 31, 1892. A NDREW JOHNSON, the seventeenth president of the United States, served from 1865 to 1869. He was born December 8, 18o8, at Raleigh, North Carolina, and was left an orphan at the age of four years. He never attended school, and was apprenticed to a tailor. While serving his apprenticeship he suddenly acquired a passion for knowledge, and learned to read. From that time on he spent all his spare time in reading, and after working for two years as a journeyman tailor at Lauren's Court House, South Carolina, he removed to Greenville, Tennessee, where he worked at his trade and was married. Under his wife's instruction he made rapid progress in his studies and manifested such an interest in local politics as to be elected as " workingmen's candidate " alderman in 1828, and in 1830 to the mayoralty, and was twice re-elected to each office. Mr. Johnson utilized this time in cultivating his talents as a public speaker, by taking part in a debating society. He was elected in 1835 to the lower house of the legislature, was reelected in 1839 as a Democrat, and in 1841 was elected state senator. Mr. Johnson was elected representative in congress in 1843 and was re-elected four times in succession until 1853, when he was the successful candidate for the gubernatorial chair of Tennessee. He was re-elected in 1855 and in 1857 he entered the United States senate. In i86o he was supported by the Tennessee delegation to the Democratic convention for the presidential nomination, and lent his 'influence to the Breckinridge wing of the party. At the election of Lincoln, which brought about the first attempt at secession in December, 186o, Mr. Johnson took a firm attitude in the senate for the Union. He was the leader of the loyalists in East Tennessee. By the course that Mr. Johnson pursued in this crisis he was brought prominently before the northern people, and when, in March, 1862, he was appointed military governor of Tennessee with the rank of brigadier-general, he increased his popularity by the vigorous manner in which he labored to restore order. In the campaign of 1864 he was elected vice-president on the ticket with President Lincoln, and upon the assassination of the latter he succeeded to the 146 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. presidency, April 15, 1865. He retained the cabinet of President Lincoln, and at first exhibited considerable severity towards the former Confederates, but he soon inaugurated a policy of reconstruction, proclaimed a general amnesty to the late Confederates, and established provisional governments in the southern states. These states claimed representation in congress in the following December, and then arose the momentous question as to what should be the policy of the victorious Union against their late enemies. The Republican majority in congress had an apprehension that the President would undo the results of the war, and consequently passed two bills over the executive veto, and the two highest branches of the government were in open antagonism. The cabinet was reconstructed in July, and Messrs. Randall, Stanbury and Browning superseded Messrs. Denison, Speed and Harlan. In August, 1867, President Johnson removed the secretary of war and replaced him with General Grant, but when congress met in December it refused to ratify the removal of Stanton, who resumed the-functions of his office. In 1868 the president again attempted to remove Stanton, who refused to vacate his post and was sustained by the senate. President Johnson was accused by congress of high crimes and misdemeanors, but the trial resulted in his acquittal. Later he was United States senator from Tennessee, and died July 31, 1875. EDMUND RANDOLPH, first attorneygeneral of the United States, was born in Virginia, August Io, 1753. His father, John Randolph, was attorney-general of Virginia, and lived and died a royalist. Edmund was educated in the law, but joined the army as aide-de-camp to Washington in 1775, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was elected to the Virginia convention, in 1776, and attorney-general of the state the same year. In 1779 he was elected to the Continental congress, and served four years in that body. He was a member of the convention in I787 that framed the constitution. In that convention he proposed what was known as the " Virginia plan" of confederation, but it was rejected. He advocated the ratification of the constitution in the Virginia convention, although he had re fused to sign it. He became governor of Virginia in 1788, and the next year Washington appointed him to the office of attorney-general of the United States upon the organization of the government under the constitution. He was appointed secretary of state to succeed Jefferson during 'Washington's second term, but resigned a year later on account of differences in the cabinet concerning the policy pursued toward the new French republic. He died September 12, 1813. W INFIELD SCOTT HANCOCK was born in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, February 14, 1824. He received his early education at the Norristown Academy, in his native county, and, in 1840, was appointed a cadet in the United States Military Academy, at West Point. He was graduated from the latter in 1844, and brevetted as secoud lieutenant of infantry. In 1853 he was made first lieutenant, and two years later transferred to the quartermaster's department, with the rank of captain, and in 1863 promoted to the rank of major. He served on the frontier, and in the war with Mexico, displaying conspicuous gallantry during the latter. Ie also took a part in the Seminole war, and in the troubles in Kansas, in 1857, and in California, at the out COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHR. 14T break of the Civil war, as chief quartermaster of the Southern district, he exerted a powerful influence. In 1861 he applied for active duty in the field, and was assigned to the department of Kentucky as chief quartermaster, but before entering upon that duty, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. His subsequent history during the war was substantially that of the Army of the Potomac. He participated in the campaign, under McClellan, and led the gallant charge, which captured Fort Magruder, won the day at the battle of Williamsburg, and by services rendered at Savage's Station and other engagements, wvon several grades in the regular service, and was recommended by McClellan for major-general of volunteers. He was a conspicuous figure at South Mountain and Antietam. He was commissioned major-general of volunteers, November 29, 1862, and made commander of the First Division of the Second Corps, which he led at Fredricksburg and at Chancellorsville. He was appointed to the command of the Second Corps in June, 1863, and at the battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2 and 3, of that year, took an important part. On his arrival on the field he found part of the forces then in retreat, but stayed the retrograde movement, checked the enemy, and on the following day commanded the left center, repulsed, on the third, the grand assault of General Lee's army, and was severely wounded. For his services on that field General Hancock received the thanks of congress. On recovering from his wound, he was detailed to go north to stimulate recruiting and fill up the diminished corps, and was the recipient of many public receptions and ovations. In March, 1864, he returned to his command, and in the Wilderness and at Spottsylvania led large bodies of men successfully and conspicuously. From ttat on to the close of the campaign he was a prominent figure. In November, 1864, he was detailed to organize the First Veteran Reserve Corps, and at the close of hostilities was appointed to the command of the Middle Military Division. In July, 1866, he was made major-general of the regular service. He was at the head of various military departments until 1872, when he was assigned to the command of the Department of the Atlantic, which post he held until his death. In 1869 he declined the nomination for governor of Pennsylvania. He was the nominee of the Democratic party for president, in 188o, and was defeated by General Garfield, who had a popular majority of seven thousand and eighteen and an electoral majority-of fifty-nine. General Hancock died February 9, 1886. HOMAS PAINE, the most noted political and deistical writer of the Revolutionary period, was born in England, January 29, 1737, of Quaker parents. His education wasobtained in the grammar schools of Thetford, his native town, and supplemented by hard private study while working at his trade of stay-maker at London and other cities of England. He was for a time a dissenting preacher, although he did not relinquish his employment. He married a revenue official's daughter, and was employed in the revenue seryice for some time. He then became a grocer and during all this time he was reading and cultivating his literary tastes, and had developed a clear and forcible style of composition. He was chosen to represent the interests of the excisemen, and published a pamphlet that brought him considerable notice. He was soon afterward introduced to Benjamin Franklin, and having been dismissed from the service on a. 148 C O1MPENDIUPM OF BIOGRAPHY. --- charge of smuggling, his resentment led him to accept the advice of that statesman to come to America, in 1774. He became editor of the " Pennsylvania Magazine," and the next year published his "Serious Thoughts upon Slavery" in the "Pennsylvania Journal." His greatest political work, however, was written at the suggestion of Dr. Rush, and entitled "Common Sense." It was the most popular pamphlet written during the period and he received two thousand five hundred dollars from the state of Pennsylvania in recognition of its value. His periodical, the " Crisis," began in 1776, and its distribution among the soldiers did a great deal to keep up the spirit of revolution. He was made secretary of the committee of foreign affairs, but was dis-' missed for revealing diplomatic secrets in one of his controversies with Silas Deane. He was originator and promoter of a subscription to relieve the distress of the soldiers near the close of the war, and was sent to France with Henry Laurens to negotiate the treaty with France, and was granted three thousand dollars by congress for his services there, and an estate at New Rochelle, by the state of New York. In 1787, after the close of the Revolutionary war, he went to France, and a few years later published his " Rights of Man," defending the French revolution, which gave him great popularity in France. He was made a citizen and elected to the national convention at Calais. He favored banishment of the king to America, and opposed his execution. He was imprisoned for about ten months during 1794 by the Robespierre party, during which time he wrote the "Age of Reason," his great deistical work. He was in danger of the.guillotine for several months. He took up his residence with the family of James Monroe, then minister to France and was chosen again to the convention. He returned to the United States, in 1802, and was cordially received throughout the country except at Trenton, where he was insulted by Federalists. He retired to his estate at New Rochelle, and his death occurred June 8, 18o9. OHN WILLIAM MACKAY was one of America's noted men, both in the development of the western coast and the building of the Mackay and Bennett cable. He was born in 1831 at Dublin, Ireland; came to New York in I840 and his boyhood days were spent in Park Row. He went to California some time after the argonauts of 1849 and took to the primitive methods of mining-lost and won and finally drifted into Nevada about 186o. The bonanza discoveries which were to have such a potent influence on the finance and statesmanship of the day came in 1872. Mr. Mackay founded the Nevada Bank in 1878. He is said to have taken one hundred and fifty million dollars in bullion out of the Big Bonanza mine. There were associated with him in this enterprise James G. Fair, senator from Nevada; William O'Brien and James C. Flood. When vast wealth came to Mr. Mackay he believed it his duty to do his country some service, and he agitated in his mind the building of an American steamship line, and while brooding over this his attention was called to the cable relations between America and Europe. The financial management of the cable was selfish and extravagant, and the capital was heavy with accretions of financial ( water" ana to pay even an apparent dividend upon the sums which represented the nominal value of the cables, it was necessary to hold the rates ^ COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHIT. 149 at an exorbitant figure. And, moreover, the cables were foreign; in one the influence of France being paramount and in the other that of England; and in the matter of intelligence, so necessary in case of war, we would be at the mercy of our enemies. This train of thought brought Mr. Mackay into relation with James Gordon Bennett, the proprietor of the " New York Herald." The result of their intercourse was that Mr. Mackay so far entered into the enthusiasm of Mr. Bennett over an independent cable, that he offered to assist the enterprise with five hundred thousand dollars. This was the inception of the Commercial Cable Company, or of what has been known for years as the Mackay-Bennett cable. ELISHA GRAY, the great inventor and electrician, was born August 2, 1835, at Barnesville, Belmont county, Ohio. He was, as a child, greatly interested in the phenomena of nature, and read with avidity all the books he could obtain, relating to this subject. He was apprenticed to various trades during his boyhood, but his insatiable thirst for knowledge dominated his life and he found time to study at odd intervals. Supporting himself by working at his trade, he found time to pursue a course at Oberlin College, where he particularly devoted himself to the study of physicial science. Mr. Gray secured his first patent for electrical or telegraph apparatus on October 1, 1867. His attention was first attracted to telephonic transmission during this year and he saw in it a way of transmitting signals for telegraph purposes, and conceived the idea of electro-tones, tuned to different tones in the scale. He did not then realize the importance of his invention, his thoughts being employed on the capacity of the apparatus for transmitting musical tones through an electric circuit, and it was not until 1874 that he was again called to consider the reproduction of electrically-transmitted vibrations through the medium of animal tissue. He continued experimenting with various results, which finally culminated in his taking out a patent for his speaking telephone on February 14, 1876. He took out fifty additional patents in the course of eleven years, among which were, telegraph switch, telegraph repeater, telegraph annunciator and typewriting telegraph. From 1869 until 1873 he was employed in the manufacture of telegraph apparatus in Cleveland and Chicago, and filled the office of electrician to the Western Electric Company. He was awarded the degree of D. S., and in 1874 he went abroad to perfect himself in acoustics. Mr. Gray's latest invention was known as the telautograph or long distance writing machine. Mr. Gray wrote and published several works on scientific subjects, among which were: "ITelegraphy and Telephony," and "Experimental Research in Electro-Harmonic Telegraphy and Telephony." WHITELAW REID.--Among the many men who have adorned the field of journalism in the United States, few stand out with more prominence than the scholar, author and editor whose name heads this article. Born at Xenia, Greene county, Ohio, October 27, 1837, he graduated at Miami University in 1856. For about a year he was superintendent of the graded schools of South Charleston, Ohio, after which he purchased the "IXenia News," which he edited for about two years. This paper was the first one outside of Illinois to advocate the nomination of Abraham Lincoln, Mr. Reid having been a Republican since the birth of that party in I856. After taking an active 150 C OMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. part in the campaign, in the winter of i86o6i1, he went to the state capital as correspondent of three daily papers. At the close of the session of the legislature he became city editor of the " Cincinnati Gazette," and at the breaking out of the war went to the front as a correspondent for that journal. For a time he served on the staff of General Morris in West Virginia, with the rank of captain. Shortly after he was on the staff of General Rosecrans, and, under the name of "Agate," wrote most graphic descriptions of the movements in the field, especially that of the battle of Pittsburg Landing. In the spring of 1862 Mr. Reid went to Washington and was appointed librarian to the house of representatives, and acted as correspondent of the " Cincinnati Gazette." His description of the battle of Gettysburg, written on the field, gained him added reputation. In I1865 he accompanied Chief Justice Chase on a southern tour, and published "After the War; a Southern Tour." During the next two years he was engaged in cotton planting in Louisiana and Alabama, and published " Ohio in the War." In 1868 he returned to the " Cincinnati Gazette," becoming one of its leading editors. The same year he accepted the invitation of Horace Greeley and became one of the staff on the "New York Tribune." Upon the death of Mr. Greeley in 1872, Mr. Reid became editor and chief proprietor of that paper. In 1878 he was tendered the United States mission to Berlin, but declined. The offer was again made by the Garfield administration, but again he declined. In 1878 he was elected by the New York legislature regent of the university, to succeed General John A. Dix. Under the Harrison administration he served as United States minister to France, and in 1892 was the Republican nominee for the vice-presidency of the United States. Among other works published by him were the " Schools of Journalism," "The Scholar in Politics," "Some Newspaper Tendencies," and "Town-Hall Suggestions." G EORGE WHITEFIELD was one of the most powerful and effective preachers the world has ever produced, swaying his hearers and touching the hearts of immense audiences in a manner that has rarely been equalled and never surpassed. While not a native of America, yet much of his labor was spent in this country. He wielded a great influence in the United States in early days, and his death occurred here; so that he well deserves a place in this volume as one of the most celebrated men America has known. George Whitefield was born in the Bull Inn, at Gloucester, England, December 16, 1714. He acquired the rudiments of learning in St. Mary's grammar school. Later he attended Oxford University for a time, where he became intimate with the Oxford Methodists, and resolved to devote himself to the ministry. He was ordained in the Gloucester Cathedral June 20, 1836, and the following day preached his first sermon in the same church. On that day there commenced a new era in Whitefield's life. He went to London and began to preach at Bishopsgate church, his fame soon spreading over the city, and shortly he was engaged four times on a single Sunday in addressing audiences of enormous magnitude, and he preached in various parts of his native country, the people crowding in multitudes to hear him and hanging upon the rails and rafters of the churches and approaches thereto. He finally sailed for America, landing in Georgia, where he stirred the people to great enthusiasm. During the balance of U3~USSOWL ~./' 1-04 k A\\XXNN. A A I, I L. v C OMIPENDIUM OF BIO GRARPHI. 153 his life he divided his time between Great Britain and America, and it is recorded that he crossed the Atlantic thirteen times. He came to America for the seventh time in 1770. He preached every day at Boston from the 17th to the 20oth of September, 1770, then traveled to Newburyport, preaching at Exeter, New Hampshire, September 29, on the way. That evening he went to Newburyport, where he died the next day, Sunday, September 30, 1770. " Whitefield's dramatic power was amazing," says an eminent writer in describing him. " His voice was marvelously varied, and he ever had it at command-an organ, a.flute, a harp, all in one. His intellectual powers were not of a high order, but he had an abundance of that ready talent and that wonderful magnetism which makes the popular preacher; and beyond all natural endowments, there was in his ministry the power of evangelical truth, and, as his converts believed, the presence of the spirit of God." _ CHARLES FRANCIS BRUSH, one of America's prominent men in the development of electrical science, was born March 17, 1849, near Cleveland, Ohio, and spent his early life on his father's farm. From the district school at Wickliffe, Ohio, he passed to the Shaw Academy ait Collamer, and then entered the high school at Cleveland. His interest in chemistry, physics and engineering was already marked, and during his senior year he was placed in charge of the chemical and physical apparatus. During these years he devised a plan for lighting street lamps, constructed telescopes, and his first electric arc lamp, also an electric motor. In September, 1867, he entered the engineering department of the University of Michigan and graduated in 9 1869, which was a year in advance of his class, with the degree of M. E. He the:i returned to Cleveland, and for three years was engaged as an analytical chemist and for four years in the iron business. In 1875 Mr. Brush became interested in electric lighting, and in 1876, after four months' experimenting, he completed the dynamoelectric machine that has made his name famous, and in a shorter time produced the series arc lamps. These were both patented in the United States in 1876, and he afterward obtained fifty patents on his later inventions, including the fundamental storage battery, the compound series, shuntwinding for dynamo-electric machines, and the automatic cut-out for arc lamps. His patents, two-thirds of which have already been profitable, are held by the Brush Electric Company, of Cleveland, while his foreign patents are controlled by the AngloAmerican Brush Electric Light Company, of London. In 188o the Western Reserve University conferred upon Mr. Brush the degree of Ph. D., and in I88i the French government decorated him as a chevalier of the Legion of Honor. H ENRY CLEWS, of Wall-street fame, was one of the noted old-time operators on that famous street, and was also an author of some repute. Mr. Clews was born in Staffordshire, England, August 14, 1840. His father had him educated with the intention of preparing him for the ministry, but on a visit to the United States the young man became interested in a business life, and was allowed to engage as a clerk in the importing house of Wilson G. Hunt & Co., of New York. Here he learned the first principles of business, and when the war broke out in I86i young Clews saw in the needs of the government an opportunity to 154 CO-MPENDIUMi OF BIOGRAPHY. reap a golden harvest. He identified himself with the negotiating of loans for the government, and used his powers of pursuasion upon the great money powers to convince them of the stability of the government and the value of its securities. By enthusiasm and patriotic arguments he induced capitalists to invest their money in government securities, often against their judgment, and his success was remarkable. His was one of the leading firms that aided the struggling treasury department in that critical hour, and his reward was great. In addition to the vast wealth it brought, President Lincoln and Secretary Chase both wrote important letters, acknowledging his valued service. In 1873, by the repudiation of the bonded indebtedness of the state of Georgia, Mr. Clews lost six million dollars which he had invested in those securities. It is said that he is the only man, with one exception, in Wall street, who ever regained great wealth after utter disaster. His " Twenty-Eight Years in Wall Street " has been widely read. A LFRED VAIL was one of'the men that gave to the world the electric telegraph and the names of Henry, Morse and Vail will forever remain linked as the prime factors in that great achievement. Mr. Vail was born September 25, 1807, at Morristown, New Jersey, and was a son of Stephen Vail, the proprietor of the Speedwell Iron Works, near Morristown. At the age of seventeen, after he had completed his studies at the Morristown Academy, Alfred Vail went into the Speedwell Iron Works and contented himself with the duties of his position until he reached his majority. He then determined to prepare himself for the ministry, and at the age of twenty-five he entered the University of the City of New York, where he was graduated in 1836. His health becoming impaired he labored for a time under much uncertainty as to his future course. Professor S. F. B. Morse had come to the university in 1835 as professor of literature and fine arts, and about this time, 1837, Professor Gale, occupying the chair of chemistry, invited Morse to exhibit his apparatus for the benefit of the students. On Saturday, September 2, 1837, the exhibition took place and Vail was asked to attend, and with his inherited taste for mechanics and knowledge of their construction, he saw a great future for the crude mechanism used by Morse in giving and recording signals. Mr. Vail interested his father in the invention, and Morse was invited to Speedwell and the elder Vail promised to help him. It was stipulated that Alfred Vail should construct the required apparatus and exhibit before a committee of congress the telegraph instrument, and was to receive a quarter interest in the invention. Morse had devised a series of ten numbered leaden types, which were to be operated in giving the signal. This was not satisfactory to Vail, so he devised an entirely new instrument, involving a lever, or " point," on a radically different principle, which, when tested, produced dots and dashes, and devised the famous dot-and-dash alphabet, misnamed the " Morse." At last the machine was in working order, on January 6, 1838. The machine was taken to Washington, where it caused not only wonder, but excitement. Vail continued his experiments and devised the lever and roller. When the line between Baltimore and Washington was completed, Vail was stationed at the Baltimore end and received the famous first message. It is a remarkable fact that not a single feature of the original invention of Morse, as formulated COMPENDIUM1 OF BIOGAGRAPHTr. 155 by his caveat and repeated in his original patent, is to be found in Vail's apparatus. From 1837 to 1844 it was a combination of the inventions of Morse, Henry and Vail, but the work of Morse fell gradually into desuetude, while Vail's conception of an alphabet has remained unchanged for half a century. Mr. Vail published but one work, "American Electro-Magnetic Telegraph," in 1845, and died at Morristown at the comparatively early age of fifty-one, on January 19, 1859. ULYSSES S. GRANT, the eighteenth president of the United States, was born April 27, 1822, at Point Pleasant, Clermont county, Ohio. At the age of seventeen he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated in June, 1843, and was given his brevet as second lieutenant and assigned to the Fourth Infantry. He remained in the service eleven years, in which time he was engaged in the Mexican war with gallantry, and was thrice brevetted for conduct in the field. In 1848 he married Miss Julia Dent, and in 1854, having reached the grade of captain, he resigned and engaged in farming near St. Louis. In 186o he entered the leather business with his father at Galena, Illinois. On the breaking out of the war, in 186i, he commenced to drill a company at Galena, and at the same time offered his services to the adjutant-general of the army, but he had few influential friends, so received no answer. He was' employed by the governor of Illinois in the organization of the various volunteer regiments, and at the end of a few weeks was given the colonelcy of the Twenty-first Infantry, from that state. His military training and knowledge soon attracted the attention of his su perior officers, and on reporting to General Pope in Missouri, the latter put him in the way of advancement. August 7, 186i, he was promoted to the rank of brigadiergeneral of volunteers, and for a few weeks was occupied in watching the movements of partisan forces in Missouri. September I, the same year, he was placed in command of the Department of Southeast Missouri, with headquarters at Cairo, and on the 6th of the month, without orders, seized Paducah, which commanded the channel of the Ohio and Tennessee rivers, by which he secured Kentucky for the Union. He now received orders to make a demonstration on Belmont, which he did, and with about three thousand raw recruits held his own against the Confederates some seven thousand strong, bringing back about two hundred prisoners and two guns. In February, 1862, he moved up the Tennessee river with the na'val fleet under Commodore Foote. The latter soon silenced Fort Henry, and Grant advanced against Fort Donelson and took their fortress and its garrison. His prize here consisted of sixty-five cannon, seventeen thousand six hundred stand of arms, and fourteen thousand six hundred and twenty-three prisoners. This was the first important success won by the Union force#. Grant was immediately made a major-general and placed in command of the district of West Tennessee. In April, 1862, he fought the battle of Pittsburg Landing, and after the evacuation of Corinth by the enemy Grant became commander of the Department of the Tennessee. He now made his first demonstration toward Vicksburg, but owing to the incapacity of subordinate officers, was unsuccessful. In January, 1863, he took command of all the troops in the Mississippi Valley and devoted several months to the siege of Vicksburg, 156 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. which was finally taken possession of by him July 4, with thirty-one thousand six hundred prisoners and one hundred and seventy-two cannon, thus throwing the Mississippi river open to the Federals. He was now raised to the rank of major-general in the regular army. October following, at the head of the Department of the Mississippi,. General Grant went to Chattanooga, where he overthrew the enemy, and united with the Army of the Cumberland. The remarkable successes achieved by him pointed Grant out for an appropriate commander of all national troops, and in February, 1864, the rank of lieutenant-general was made for him by act ot congress. Sending Sherman into Georgia, Sigel into the Valley of West Virginia and Butler to attempt the capture of Richmond he fought his way through the Wilderness to the James and pressed the siege of the capital of the Confederacy. After the fall of the latter Grant pressed the Confederate army so hard that their commander surrendered at Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. This virtually ended the war. After the war the rank of general was conferred upon U. S. Grant, and in 1868 he was elected president of the United States, and re-elected his own successor in 1872. After the expiration of the latter teem he made his famous tour of the world. He died at Mt. McGregor, near Saratoga, New York, July 23, 1885, and was buried at Riverside Park, New York, where a magnificent tomb has been erected to hold the ashes of the nation's hero. OHN MARSHALL, the fourth chief justice of the United States supreme court, was born in Germantown, Virginia, September 24, I755 His father, Colonel Thomas Marshall, served with distinction in the Rev olutionary war, while he also served from the beginning of the war until 1779, where he became noted in the field and courts martial. While on detached service he attended a course of law lectures at William and Mary College, delivered by Mr. Wythe, and was admitted to the bar. The next year he resigned his commission and began his career as a lawyer. He was a distinguished member of the convention called in Virginia to ratify the Federal constitution. He was tendered the attorney-generalship of the United States, and also a place on the supreme bench, besides other places of less honor, all of which he declined. He went to France as special envoy in 1798, and the next year was elected to congress. He served one year and was appointed, first, secretary of war, and then secretary of state, and in 18oi was made chief justice of the United States. He held this high office until his death, in 1835. Chief Justice Marshall's early education was neglected, and his opinions, the most valuable in existence, are noted for depth of wisdom, clear and comprehensive reasoning, justice, and permanency, rather than for wide learning and scholarly construction. His decisions and rulings are resorted to constantly by our greatest lawyers, and his renown as a just judge and profound jurist was world wide. LAWRENCE BARRETT is perhaps.known more widely as a producer of new plays than as a great actor. He was born in Paterson, New Jersey, in 1838, and educated himself as best he could, and 4t the age of sixteen years became salesman for a Detroit dry goods house. He afterwards began to go upon the stage as- a supernumerary, and his ambition was soon rewarded by the notice of the management. COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRARPHT. 157 During the war of the Rebellion he was a soldier, and after valiant service for his country he returned to the stage. He went to Europe and appeared in Liverpool, and returning in 1869, he began playing at Booth's theater, with Mr. Booth. He was afterward associated with John McCullough in the management of the California theater. Probably the most noted period of his work was during his connection with Edwin Booth as manager of that great actor, and supporting him upon the stage. Mr. Barrett was possessed of the creative instinct, and, unlike Mr. Booth, he sought new fields for the display of his genius, and only resorted to traditional drama in response to popular demand. He preferred new plays, and believed in the encouragement of modern dramatic writers, and was the only actor of prominence in his time that ventured to put upon the stage new American plays, which he did at his own expense, and the success of his experiments proved the quality of his judgment. He died March 21, I89f. ARCHBISHOP JOHN HUGHES, a celebrated Catholic clergyman, was born at Annaboghan, Tyrone county, Ireland, June 24, 1797, and emigrated to America when twenty years of age, engaging for some time as a gardener and nurseryman. In I819 he entered St. Mary's College, where he secured an education, paying his way by caring for the college garden. In 1825 he was ordained a deacon of the Roman Catholic church, and in the same year, a priest. Until 1838 he had pastoral charges in Philadelphia, where he founded St. John's Asylum in 1829, and a few years later established the "Catholic Herald." In 1838 he was made bishop of Basileopolis in partibus and coadjutor to Bishop Dubois, of New York, and in 1842 became bishop of New York. In 1839 he founded St. John's College, at Fordham. In 1850 he was made archbishop of New York. In 1861-2 he was a special agent of the United States in Europe, after which he returned to this country and remained until his death, January 3, 1864. Archbishop Hughes early attracted much attention by his controversial correspondence with Rev. John Breckinridge in 1833-35. He was a man of great ability, a fluent and forceful writer and an able preacher. SUTHERFORD BIRCHARD HAYES V was the nineteenth president of the United States and served from 1877 to 188I. He was born October 4, 1822, at Delaware, Ohio, and his ancestry can be traced back as far as 1280, when Hayes and Rutherford were two Scottish chieftans fighting side by side with Baliol, William Wallace and Robert Bruce. The Hayes family had for a coat of arms, a shield, barred and surmounted by a flying eagle. There was a circle of stars about the eagle, while on a scroll underneath was their motto, "'Recte." Misfortune overtook the family and in 168o George Hayes, the progenitor of the American family, came to Connecticut and settled at Windsor. Rutherford B. Hayes was a very delicate child at his birth and was not expected to live, but he lived in spite of all and remained at home until he was seven years old, when he was placed in school. He was a very tractable pupil, being always very studious, and in 1838 entered Kenyon College, graduating from the same in 1842. He then took up the study of law in the office of Thomas Sparrow at Columbus, but in a short time he decided to enter a law school at Cambridge, Massachusetts, where for two years he was immersed in the 158 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. study of law. Mr. Hayes was admitted to the bar in 1845 in Marietta, Ohio, and very soon entered upon the active practice of his profession with Ralph P. Buckland, of Fremont, Ohio. He remained there three years, and in 1849 removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, where his ambition found a new stimulus. Two events occurred at this period that had a powerful influence on his.after life. One was his marriage to Miss Lucy Ware Webb, and the other was his introduction to a Cincinnati literary club, a body embracing such men as Salmon P. Chase, John Pope, and Edward F. Noyes. In 1856 he was nominated for judge of the court of common pleas, but declined, and two years later he was appointed city solicitor. At the outbreak of the Rebellion Mr. Hayes was appointed major of the Twenty-third Ohio Infantry, June 7, i86i, and in July the regiment was ordered to Virginia, and October 15, i86I, saw him promoted to the lieutenant-colonelcy of his regiment. He was made colonel of the Seventy-ninth Ohio Infantry, but refused to leave his old comrades; and in the battle of South Mountain he was wounded very 2everely and was unable to rejoin his regiment until November 30, 1862. He had been promoted to the colonelcy of the regiment on October 15, 1862. In the following December he was appointed to command the Kanawa division and was given the rank of brigadier-general for meritorious services in several battles, and in 1864 he was brevetted major-general for distinguished services in 1864, during which campaign he was wounded several times and five horses had been shot under him. Mr. Hayes' first venture in politics was as a Whig, and later he was one of the first to unite with the Republican party. In 1864 he was elected from the Second Ohio district to congress, re-elected in 1866, and in 1867 was elected governor of Ohio over Allen G. Thurman, and was re-elected in 1869. Mr. Hayes was elected to the presidency in 1876, for the term of four years, and at its close retired to private life, and went to his home in Fremont, Ohio, where he died on January 17, 1893. WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN became a celebrated character as the nominee of the Democratic and Populist parties for president of the United States in 1896. He was born March 19, I860, at Salem, Illinois. He received his early education in the public schools of his native county, and later on he attended the Whipple Academy at Jacksonville. _ He also took a course in Illinois College, and after his graduation from the same went to Chicago to study law, and entered the Union College of Law az a student. He was associated with the late Lyman Trumbull, of Chicago, during his law studies, and devoted considerable time to the questions of government. He graduated from the college, was admitted to the bar, and went to Jacksonville, Illinois, where he was married to Miss Mary Eliza.. beth Baird. In 1887 Mr. Bryan removed to Lincoln, Nebraska, and formed a law partnership with Adolphus R. Talbot. He entered the field of politics, and in 1888 was sent as a delegate to the state convention, which was to choose delegates to the national convention, during which he made a speech which immediately won him a high rank in political affairs. He declined, in the next state convention, a nomination for lieutenant-governor, and in 1890 he was elected congressman from the First district of Nebraska, and was the youngest member of the fifty-second congress. He championed the Wilson tariff bill, and served COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRARPHtT. 159 three terms in the house of representatives. He next ran for senator, but was defeated by John M. Thurston, and in I896 he was selected by the Democratic and Populist parties as their nominee for the presidency, being defeated by William McKinley. M ARVIN HUGHITT, one of America's famous railroad men, was born in Genoa, New York, and entered the railway service in 1856 as superintendent of telegraph and trainmaster of the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago, now Chicago & Alton Railroad. Mr. Hughitt was superintendent of the southern division of the Illinois Central Railroad from 1862 until 1864, and was, later on, the general superintendent of the road until 1870. He was then connected with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad as assistant general manager, and retained this position until 1871I, when he became the general manager of Pullman's Palace Car Company. In 1872 he was made general superintendent of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. He served during 1876 and up to 188o as general manager, and from 188o until 1887 as vice-president and general manager. He was elected president of the road in 1887, in recognition of his ability in conducting the affairs of the road. He was also chosen president of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway; the Fremont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley Railroad, and the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad, and his services in these capacities stamped him as one of the most able railroad managers of his day. OSEPH MEDILL, one of the most eminent of American journalists, was oorn in New Brunswick, Canada, April 6, 1823. In I83I his father moved to Stark county, Ohio, and until 1841 Joseph Medill worked on his father's farm. Later he studied law, and began the practice of that profession in 1846 at New Philadelphia, Ohio. But the newspaper field was more attractive to Mr. Medill, and three years later he founded a free-soil Whig paper at Coshocton, Ohio, and after that time journalism received all his abilities. "The Leader," another free-soil Whig paper, was founded by Mr. Medill at Cleveland in 1852. In that city he also became one of the first organizers of the Republican party. Shortly after that event he removed to Chicago and in 1855, with two partners, he purchased the " Chicago Tribune." In the contest for the nomination for the presidency in i86o, Mr. Medill worked with unflagging zeal for Mr. Lincoln, his warm personal friend, and was one of the president's stanchest supporters during the war. Mr. Medill was a member of the Illinois Constitutional convention in 1870. President Grant, in 1871, appointed the editor a member of the first United States civil service commission, and the following year, after the fire, he was elected mayor of Chicago by a great majority. During 1873 and 1874 Mr. Medill spent a year in Europe. Upon his return he purchased a controlling interest in the " Chicago Tribune." C LAUS SPRECKELS, the great "sugar baron," and one of the most famous representatives of commercial life in America, was born in Hanover, Germany, and emigrated to the United States in 184o, locating in New York. He very soon became the proprietor of a small retail grocery store on Church street, and embarked on a career that has since astonished tne world. He sold out his business and went to California with the argonauts of i849, 160 C 0IPEIVNDIUM OF BIOGRA PHT. -~----- not as a prospector, but as a trader, and for years after his arrival on the coast he was still engaged as a grocer. At length, after a quarter of a century of fairly prosperous business life, he found himself in a position where an ordinary man would have retired, but Mr. Spreckles did not retire; he had merely been gathering capital for the real work of his life. His brothers had followed him to California, and in combination with them he purchased for forty thousand dollars an interest in the Albany Brewery in San Francisco. But the field was not extensive enough for the development of his business abilities, so Mr. Sprecklas branched out extensively in the sugar business. He succeeded in securing the entire 6utput of sugar that was produced on the Sandwich Islands, and after 1885 was known as the "(Sugar King of Sandwich Islands." He controlled absolutely the sugar trade of the Pacific coast which was known- to be not less than ten million dollars a year. CHARLES HENRY PARKHURST, famous as a clergyman, and for many years president of the Society for the Prevention of Crime, was born April 17, 1842, at Framingham, Massachusetts, of English descent. At the age of sixteen he was pupil in the grammar school at Clinton, Massachusetts, and for the ensuing two years was a clerk in a dry goods store, which position he gave up to prepare himself for college at Lancaster academy. Mr. Parkhurst went to Amherst in 1862, and after taking a thorough course he graduated in 1866, and in 1867 became the principal of the Amherst High School. He retained this position until 1870, when he visited Germany with the intention of taking a course in philosophy and theology, but was forced to abandon this intention on account of illness in the family causinr his early return from Europe. He accepted the chair of Latin and Greek in Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Massachusetts, and remained there two years. He then accompanied his wife to Europe, and devoted two years to study in Halle, Leipsic and Bonn. Upon his return home he spent considerable time in the study of Sanscrit, and in 1874 he became the pastor of the First Congregational church at Lenox, Massachusetts. He gained here his reputation as a pulpit orator, and on March 9, 188o, he became the pastor of the Madison Square Presbyterian church of New York. He was, in 189o, made a member of the Society for the Prevention of Crime, and the same year became its president. He delivered a sermon in 1892 on municipal corruption, for which he was brought before the grand jury, which body declared his charges to be without sufficient foundation. But the matter did not end here, for he immediately went to work on a second sermon in which he substantiated his former sermon and wound up by saying, "I know, for I have seen." He was again summoned before that august body, and as a result of his testimony and of the investigation of the jurors themselves, the police authorities were charged with incompetency and corruption. Dr. Parkhurst was the author of the following works: "(The Forms of the Latin Verb, Illustrated by Sanscrit," "The Blind Man's Creed and Other Ser. mons," "The Pattern on the Mount," and " Three Gates on a Side." HENRY BERGH, although a writer,. diplomatist and government official, was noted as a philanthropist-the founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. On his labors for the dumb creation alone rests his fame. COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. 161 Alone, in the face of indifference, opposition and ridicule, he began the reform which is now recognized as one of the beneficent movements of the age. Through his exertions as a speaker and lecturer, but above all as a bold worker, in the street, in the court room, before the legislature, the cause he adopted gained friends and rapidly increased in power until it has reached immense proportions and influence. The work of the society covers all cases of cruelty to all sorts of animals, employs every moral agency, social, legislative and personal, and touches points of vital concern to health as well as humanity. Henry Bergh was born in New York City in 1823, and was educated at Columbia College. In 1863 he was made secretary of the legation to Russia and also served as vice-consul there. He also devoted some time to literary pursuits and was the author of "Love's Alternative," a drama; " Married Off," a poem; "'The Portentous Telegram," "The Ocean Paragon;" " The Streets of New York," tales and sketches. HENRY BENJAMIN WHIPPLE, one of the most eminent of American divines, was born in Adams, Jefferson county, New York, February 15, 1822. He was brought up in the mercantile business, and early in life took an active interest in political affairs. In 1847 he became a candidate for holy orders and pursued theological studies with Rev. W. D. Wilson, D. D., afterward professor in Cornell University. He was ordained deacon in 1849, in Trinity church, Geneva, New York, by Rt. Rev. W. H. De Lancey, D. D., and took charge of Zion church, Rome, New York, December I, 1849. In 1850, our subject was ordained priest by Bishop De Lancey. In 1857 he became rector of the Church of the Holy Communion, Chicago. On the 3oth of June, 1859, he was chosen bishop of Minnesota, and took charge of the interests of the Episcopal church in that state, being located at Faribault. In 186o Bishop Whipple, with Revs. I. L. Breck, S. W. Mauncey and E. S. Peake, organized the Bishop Seabury Mission, out of which has grown the Cathedral of Our Merciful Savior, the Seabury Divinity School, Shattuck School and St. Mary's Hall, which have made Faribault City one of the greatest educational centersof the northwest. Bishop Whipple also became noted as the friend and defender of the North American Indians and planted a number of successful missions among them. ZRA CORNELL was one of the greatest philanthropists and friends of education the country has known. He was born at Westchester Landing, New York, January I I, 1807. He grew to manhood in his native state and became a prominent figure in business circles as a successful and self-made man. Soon after the invention of the electric telegraph, he devoted his attention to that enterprise, and accumulated an immense fortune. In 1865, by a gift of five hundred thousand dollars, he made possible the founding of Cornell University, which was named in his honor. He afterward made additional bequests amounting to many hundred thousand dollars. His death occurred at Ithaca, New York, December 9, 1874. GNATIUS DONNELLY, widely knowi. as an author and politician, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November 3, 1831. He was educated at the public schools of that city, and graduated from the 162 C OMPENVDIUiM OF BIOGRAPH,-. Central High School in 1849. He studied law in the office of Judge B. H. Brewster, and was admitted to the bar in 1852. In the spring of 1856, Mr. Donnelly emigrated to Minnesota, then a new territory, and, at Hastings, resumed the practice of law in partnership with A. M. Hayes. In 1857, and again in 1858, he was defeated for state senator, but in 1859 he was elected by the Republicans as lieutenant-governor, and reelected in I861. In 1862 he was elected to represent the Second district of Minnesota in congress. He was re-elected to the same office in 1864 and in I866. He was an abolitionist and warmly supported President Lincoln's administration, but was strongly in favor of leniency toward the people of the south, after the war. In many ways he was identified with some of the best measures brought before the house during his presence there. In the spring of 1868, at the request of the Republican national committee, he canvassed New Hampshire and Connecticut in the interests of that party. E. B. Washburne about this time made an attack on Donnelly in one of the papers of Minnesota, which was replied to on the floor of the house by a fierce phillipic that will long be remembered. Through the intervention of the Washburne interests Mr. Donnelly failed of a re-election in 1870. In 1873 he was elected to the state senate from Dakota county, and continuously re-elected until 1878. In i886 he was elected member of the house for two years. In later years he identified himself with the Populist party. In 1882, Mr. Donnelly became known as an author, publishing his first literary work,,"Atlantis, the Antediluvian World," which passed through over twenty-two editions in America, several in England, and was translated into French. This was followed by " Ragnarok, the Age of Fire and Gravel," which attained nearly as much celebrity as the first, and these two, in the opinion of scientific critics, are sufficient to stamp the author as a most capable and painstaking student of the facts he has collated in them. The work by which he gained the greatest notoriety, however, was "The Great Cryptogram, or Francis Bacon's Cipher in the Shakespeare Plays." "Caesar's Column," " Dr. Huguet," and other works were published subsequently. S TEVEN V. WHITE, a speculator of Wall Street of national reputation, was born in Chatham county, North Carolina, August I, 1831, and soon afterward removed to Illinois. His home was a log cabin, and until his eighteenth year he worked on the farm. Then after several years of struggle with poverty he graduated from Knox College, and went to St. Louis, where he entered a wholesale boot and shoe house as bookkeeper. - He then studied law and worked as a reporter for the "Missouri Democrat." After his admission to the bar he went to New York, in I865, and became a member of the banking house of Marvin & White. Mr. White enjoyed the reputation of having engineered the only corner in Wall Street since Commodore Vanderbilt's time. This was the famous Lackawanna deal in 1883, in which he made a profit of two million dollars. He was sometimes called I Deacon" White, and, though a member for many years of the Plymouth church, he never held that office. Mr. White was one of the most noted characters of the street, and has been called an orator, poet, philanthropist, linguist, abolitionist. astronomer, schoolmaster, plowboy,- and trapper. He was a lawyer, ex-congressman, expert accountant, art critic and theo COMIPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 168 logian. He laid the foundation for a " Home for Colored People," in Chatham county, North Carolina, where the greater part of his father's life was spent, and in whose memory the work was undertaken. AMES A. GARFIELD, the twentieth president of the United States, was born November 19, 1831, in Cuyahoga county, Ohio, and was the son of Abram and Eliza (Ballou) Garfield. In 1833 the father, an industrious pioneer farmer, died, and the care of the family devolved upon Thomas, to whom James became deeply indebted for educational and other advantages. As James grew up he was industrious and worked on the farm, at carpentering, at chopping wood, or anything else he found to do, and in the meantime made the most of his books. Until he was about sixteen, James' highest ambition was to become a sea captain. On attaining that age he walked to Cleveland, and, not being able to find work, he engaged as a driver on the Ohio & Pennsylvania canal, but quit this after a short time. He attended the seminary at Chester for about three years, after which he entered Hiram Institute, a school started by the Disciples of Christ in 1850. In order to pay his way he assumed the duties of janitor and at times taught school. After completing his course at the last named educational institution he entered Williams College, from which he graduated in 1856. He afterward returned to Hiram College as its president. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1859. November II, 1858, Mr. Garfield and Lucretia Rudolph were married. In 1859 Mr. Garfield made his first political speeches, at Hiram and in the neighborhood. The same year he was elected to the state senate. On the breaking out of the war, in 1861, he became lieutenant-colonel of the Fortysecond Ohio Infantry, and, while but a new soldier, was given command of four regiments of infantry and eight companies of cavalry, with which he drove the Confederates under Humphrey Marshall out of Ken tucky. January i I, 1862, he was commissioned brigadier-general. He participated with General Buell in the battle of Shiloh and the operations around Corinth, and was then detailed as a member of the Fitz John Porter court-martial. Reporting to General Rosecrans, he was assigned to the position of chief of staff, and resigned his position, with the rank of major-general, when his immediate superior was superseded. In the fall of 1862 Mr. Garfield was elected to congress and remained in that body, either in the house or senate, until i880. June 8, 188o, at the national Republican convention, held in Chicago, General Garfield was nominated for the presidency, and was elected, He was inaugurated March 4, i88i, but, July 2, following, he was shot and fatally wounded by Charles Guiteau for some fancied political slight, and died September 19, I881. NCREASE MATHER was one of the most prominent preachers, educators and authors of early times in the New England states. He was born at Dorchester, Massachusetts, June 21, 1639, and was given an excellent education, graduating at Harvard in 1656, and at Trinity College, Dublin, two years later. He was ordained a minister, and preached in England and America, and in 1664 became pastor of the North church, in Boston. In 1685 he became president of Harvard University, serving until 17o0. In 1692 he received the first doctorate in divinity conferred in English 164 C OMPENVDIEUM OF BIOGRAPHrT. speaking America. The same year he procured in England a new charter for Massachusetts, which conferred upon himself the power of naming the governor, lieutenantgovernor and council. He opposed the severe punishment of witchcraft, and took a prominent part in all public affairs of his day. He was a prolific writer, and became the author of nearly one hundred publications, large and small. His death occurred August 23, 1723, at Boston. C OTTON MATHER, a celebrated minister in the "IPuritan tiines" of New England, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, February 12, 1663, being a son of Rev. Increase Mather, and a grandson of John Cotton. A biography of his father will be found elsewhere in this volume. Cotton Mather received his early education in his native city, was trained by Ezekiel Cheever, and graduated at Harvard College in 1678; became a teacher, and in 1684 was ordained as associate pastor of North church, Boston, with his father, having by persistent effort overcome an impediment in his speech. He labored with great zeal as a pastor, endeavoring also, to establish the ascendancy of the church and ministry in civil affairs, and in the putting down of witchcraft by legal sentences, a work in which he took an active part and through which he is best known in history. He received the degree of D. D. in 1710, conferred by the University of Glasgow, and F. R. S. in 1713. His death occurred at Boston, February 13, 1728. He was the author of many publications, among which were " Memorable Providences Relating to Witchcraft," "Wonders of the Invisible World," ",Essays to Do Good," " Magnalia Christi Americana," and "Illustrations of the Sacred Scriptures." Some of these works are quaint and curious, full of learning, piety and prejudice. A wellknown writer, in summing up the life and character of Cotton Mather, says: "' Mather, with all the faults of his early years, was a man of great excellence of character. He: labored zealously for the benefit of the poor, for mariners, slaves, criminals and Indians. His cruelty and credulity were the faults of his age, while his philanthrophy was far more rare in that age than in the present." WILLIAM A. PEFFER, who won a national reputation during the time he was in the United States senate, was. born on a farm in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, September 10, 183I. He drew his education from the public schools of his native state and at the age of fifteen taught school in winter, working on a farm in the summer. In June, 1853, while yet a young man, he removed to Indiana, and opened up a farm in St. Joseph county. In 1859 he made his way to Missouri and settled on a farm in Morgan county, but on account of the war and the unsettled state of the country, he moved to Illinois in February, 1862, and enlisted as a private in Company F, Eighty-third Illinois. Infantry, the following August. He was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant in March, 1863, and served successively as quartermaster, adjutant, post adjutant, judge advocate of a military commission, and depot quartermaster in the engineer department at Nashville. He was mustered out of the service June 26, I865. He had, during his leisure hours while in the army, studied law, and in August, 1865, he commenced the practice of that profession at Clarksville, Tennessee. He removed to Kansas in 1870 and practiced there until COMPENDIUi.1M OF BIOGRAPHr. 165 1878, in the meantime establishing and conducting two newspapers, the " Fredonia Journal " and I Coffeyville Journal." Mr. Peffer was elected to the state senate in 1874 and was a prominent and influential member of several important committees. He served as a presidential elector in i880. The year following he became editor of the ( Kansas Farmer," which he made a prominent and useful paper. In 1890 Mr. Peffer was elected to the United States senate as a member of the People's party and took his seat March 4, 1891. After six years of service Senator Peffer was succeeded in March, 1897, by William A. Harris. ROBERT MORRIS.--The name of this financier, statesman and patriot is closely connected with the early history of the United States. He was a native of England, born January 20, 1734, and came to America with his father when thirteen years old. Until 1754 he served in the counting house of Charles Willing, then formed a partnership with that gentleman's son,which continued with great success until 1793. In 1776 Mr. Morris was a delegate to the Continental congress, and, although once voting against the Declaration of Independence, signed that paper on its adoption, and was several times thereafter reelected to congress. During the Revolutionary war the services of Robert Morris in aiding the government during its financial difficulties were of incalculable value; he freely pledged his personal credit for supplies for the army, at one time to the amount of about one and a half million dollars, without which the campaign of 1781 would have been almost impossible. Mr. Morris was appointed superintendent of finance in 1781 and served until 1784, continuing to employ his personal credit to facilitate the needs of his department. He also served as member of the Pennsylvania legislature, and from 1786 to 1795 was United States senator, declining meanwhile the position of secretary of the treasury, and suggesting the name of Alexander Hamilton, who was appointed to that post. During the latter part of his life Mr. Morris was engaged extensively in the China trade, and later became involved in land speculations, which ruined him, so that the remaining days of this noble man and patriot were passed in confinement for debt. His death occurred at Philadelphia, May 8, i8o6. WILLIAM SHARON, a senator ancl capitalist, and mine owner of na tional reputation, was born at Smithfield, Ohio, January 9, 1821. He was reaxed upon a farm and in his boyhood given excellent educational advantages and in 1842 entered Athens College. He remained in that institution about two years, after which he studied law with Edwin M. Stanton, and was admitted to the bar at St. Louis and commenced practice. His health failing, however, he abandoned his profession and engaged in mercantile pursuits at Carrollton, Greene county, Illinois. During the time of the gold excitement of 1849, Mr. Sharon went to California, whither so many went, and engaged in business at Sacramento. The next year he removed to San Francisco, where he operated in real estate. Being largely interested in its silver mines, he removed to Nevada, locating at Virginia City, and acquired an immense fortune. He became one of the trustees of the Bank of California, and during the troubles that arose on the death of William Ralston, the president of that institution, was largely instrumental in bringing its affairs into a satisfactory shape. 166 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. Mr. Sharon was elected to represent the state of Nevada in the United States senate in 1875, and remained a member of that body until 1881. He was always distinguished for close application to business. Senator Sharon died November 13, 1885. HENRY W. SHAW, an American humorist who became celebrated under the non-de-plume of " Josh Billings," gained his fame from the witticism of his writing, and peculiar eccentricity of style and spelling. He was born at Lanesborough, Massachusetts, in I818. For twenty-five years he lived in different parts of the western states, following various lines of business, including farming and auctioneering, and in the latter capacity settled at Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1858. In 1863 he began writing humorous sketches for the newspapers over the signature of "Josh Billings," and became immediately popular both as a writer and lecturer. He published a number of volumes of comic sketches and edited an " Annual Allminax " for a number of years, which had a wide circulation. His death occurred October 14, 1885, at Monterey, California. JOHN M. THURSTON, well known throughout this country as a senator and political leader, was born at Montpelier, Vermont, August 21, 1847, of an old Puritan family which dated back their ancestry in this country to 1636, and among whom were soldiers of the Revolution and of the war of 1812-15. Young Thurston was brought west by the family in 1854, they settling at Madison, Wisconsin, and two years later at Beaver Dam, where John M. received his schooling in the public schools and at Wayland University. His father enlisted as a private in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and died while in the service, in the spring of 1863. Young Thurston, thrown on his own resources while attaining an education, supported himself by farm work, driving team and at other manual labor. He studied law and was admitted to the bar May 21, 1869, and in October of the same year located in Omaha, Nebraska. He was elected a member of the city council in 1872, city attorney in 1874 and a member of the Nebraska legislature in 1874. He was a member of the Republican national convention of 1884 and temporary chairman of that of 1888. Taking quite an interest in the younger members of his party he was instrumental in forming the Republican League of the United States, of which he was president for two years. He was then elected a member of the United States senate, in 1895, to represent the state of Nebraska. As an attorney John M. Thurston occupied a very prominent place, and for a number of years held the position of general solicitor of the Union Pacific railroad system. OHN JAMES AUDUBON, a celebrated American naturalist, was born in Louisiana, May 4, 1780, and was the son of an opulent French naval officer who owned a plantation in the then French colony. In his childhood he became deeply interested in the study of birds and their habits. About 1794 he was sent to Paris, France, where he was partially educated, and studied designing under the famous painter, Jacques Louis David. He returned to the United States about 1798, and settled on a farm his father gave him, on the Perkiomen creek in eastern Pennsylvania. He married Lucy Bakewell in I8o8, and, disposing of his property, removed to Louisville, Ken C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA P AHt. 167 tucky, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. About two years later he began to make extensive excursions through the primeval forests of the southern and southwestern states, in the exploration of which he passed many years. He made colored drawings of all the species of birds that he found. For several years he made his home with his wife and children at Henderson, on the Ohio river. It is said that about this time he had failed, in business and was rediuced to poverty, but kept the wolf from the door by giving dancing lessons and in portrait painting. In 1824, at Philadelphia, he met Charles Lucien Bonaparte, who encouraged him to publish a work on ornithology. Two years later he went to England and commenced the publication of his great work, " The Birds of America." He obtained a large number of subscribers at one thousand dollars a copy. This work, embracing five volumes of letterpress and five volumes of beautifully colored plates, was pronounced by Cuvier " the most magnificent monument that art ever raised to ornithology." Audubon returned to America in 1829, and explored the forests, lakes and coast from Canada to Florida, collecting material for another work. This was his " Ornithological Biography; or, An Account of the Habits of the Birds of the United States, Etc." He revisited England in 1831, and returned in 1839, after which he resiaed on the Hudson, near New York City, in which place he died January 27, 1851. During his life he issued a cheaper edition of his great work, and was, in association with Dr. Bachman, preparing a work on the quadrupeds of North America. COMMODORE THOMAS McDONOUGH gained his principal fame from he celebrated victory which he gained over the superior British squadron, under Commodore Downie, September I I, 1814. Cornmodore McDonough was born in Newcastle county, Delaware, December 23, 1783, and when seventeen years old entered the United States navy as midshipman, serving in the expedition to Tripoli, under Decatur, in 1803-4. In 1807 he was promoted to lieutenant, and in July, 1813, was made a commander. The following year, on Lake Champlain, he gained the celebrated victory above referred to, for which he was again promoted; also received a gold medal from congress, and from the state of Vermont an estate on Cumberkand Head, in view of the scene of the engagement. His death occurred at sea, November 16, 1825, while he was returning from the command of the Mediterranean squadron. CHARLES FRANCIS HALL, one of America's most celebrated arctic explorers, was born in Rochester, New Hampshire, in 1821. He was a blacksmith by trade, and located in Cincinnati, where later he became a journalist. For several years he devoted a great deal of attention to calorics. Becoming interested in the fate of the explorer, Sir John Franklin, he joined the expedition fitted out by Henry Grinnell and sailed in the ship "George Henry," under Captain Buddington, which left New London, Connecticut, in I86o. He returned in 1862, and two years later published his " Arctic Researches." He again joined the expedition fitted out by Mr. Grinnell, and sailed in the ship, " Monticello," under Captain Buddington, this time remaining in the arctic region over four years. On his return he brought back many evidences of having found trace of Franklin. In 1871 the " Polaris " was fitted out by the United States government, and Captain 168 C OIIPEIVDIUM OF BIO GRA PHY. Hall again sailed for the polar regions. He died ii Greenland in October, 1871, and the "Polaris" was finally abandoned by the crew, a portion of which, under Captain Tyson, drifted with the icebergs for one hundred and ninety-five days, until picked up by the "I Tigress," on the 3oth of April, 1873. The other portion of the crew built boats, and, after a perilous voyage, were picked up in June, 1873, by a whaling vessel. OLIVER ELLSWORTH, the third chief justice of the United States, was born at Windsor, Connecticut, April 29, 1745. After graduating from Princeton, he took up the study of law, and was licensed to practice in 1771. In 1777 he was elected as a delegate'to the Continental congress. He was judge of the superior court of his state in 1784, and was chosen as a delegate to the constitutional convention in 1787. He sided with the Federalists, was elected to the United States senate in 1789, and was a firm supporter of Washington's policy. He won great distinction in that body, and was appointed chief justice of the supreme court of the United States by Washington in 1796. The relations between this country and France having become violently strained, he was sent to Paris as envoy extraordinary in 1799, and was instrumental in negotiating the treaty that averted war. He resigned the following year, and was succeeded by Chief Justice Marshall. His death occurred November 26, 1807. MELLVILLE WESTON FULLER, an eminent American jurist and chief justice of the United States supreme court, was born in Augusta, Maine, in 1833. His education was looked after in boyhood, and at the age of sixteen he entered Bowdoin College, and on graduation entered the law department of Harvard University. He then entered the law office of his uncle at Bangor, Maine, and soon after opened an office for the practice of law at Augusta. He was an alderman from his ward, city attorney, and editor of the "Age," a rival newspaper of the "Journal," which was conducted by James G. Blaine. He soon decided to remove to Chicago, then springing into notice as a western metropolis. He at once identified himself with the interests of the new city, and by this means acquired an experience that fitted him for his future work. He devoted himself assiduously to his profession, and had the good fortune to connect himself with the many suits growing out of the prorogation of the Illinois legislature in 1863. It was not long before he became one of the foremost lawyers in Chicago. He made a three days' speech in the heresy trial of Dr. Cheney, which added to his fame. He was appointed chief justice of the United States by President Cleveland in 1888, the youngest man who ever held that exalted position. His income from his practice had for many years reached thirty thousand dollars annually. CHESTER ALLEN ARTHUR, twentyfirst president of the United States, was born in Franklin county, Vermont, October 5, 1830. He was educated at Union College, Schenectady, New York, from which he graduated with honor, and engaged in teaching school. After two years he entered the law office of Judge E. D. Culver, of New York, as a student. He was admitted to the bar, and formed a partnership with an old room-mate, Henry D. Gardiner, with the intention of practicing law in the west, but after a few months' search for a location, they returned to New York and opened an office, and at once entered COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPITPY. 169 ~----- upon a profitable practice. He was shortly afterwards married to a daughter of Lieutenant Herndon, of the United States navy. Mrs. Arthur died shortly before his nomination for the vice-presidency. In 1856 a colored woman in New York was ejected from a street car and retained Mr. Arthur in a suit against the company, and obtained a verdict of five hundred dollars. It resulted in a general order by all superintendents of street railways in the city to admit colored people to the cars. Mr. Arthur was a delegate to the first Republican national convention, and was appointed judge-advocate for the Second Brigade of New York, and then chief engineer of Governor Morgan's staff. At the close of his term he resumed the practice of iaw in New York. In 1872 he was made collector of the port of New York, which position he held four years. At the Chicago convention in I88o Mr. Arthur was nominated for the vice-presidency with Garfield, and after an exciting campaign was elected. Four months after the inauguration President Garfield was assassinated, and Mr. Arthur was called to take the reins of government. His administration of affairs was generally satisfactory. At its close he resumed the practice of law in New York. His death occurred November 18, I886. _ SAAC HULL was one of the most conspicuous and prominent naval officers in the early history of America. He was born at Derby, Connecticut, March 9, 1775, being the son of a Revolutionary officer. Isaac Hull early in life became a mariner, and when nineteen years of age became master of a merchant ship in the London trade. In 1798 he became a lieutenant in the United States navy, and three years later was made 10 first lieutenant of the frigate I"Constitution. " He distinguished himself by skill and valor against the French on the coast of Hayti, and served with distinction in the Barbary expeditions. July 12, 1812, he sailed from Annapolis, in command of the "Constitution," and for three days was pursued by a British squadron of five ships, from which he escaped by bold and ingenious seamanship. In August of the same year he captured the frigate " Guerriere," one of his late pursuers and for this, the first naval advantage of that war, he received a gold medal from congress. Isaac Hull was later made naval commissioner and had command of various navy yards. His death occurred February 13, 1843, at Philadelphia. MARCUS ALONZO HANNA, famous as a prominent business man, political manager and senator, was born in New Lisbon, Columbiana county, Ohio, September 24, 1837. He removed with his father's family to Cleveland, in the same state, in 1852, and in the latter city, and in the Western Reserve College, at Hudson, Ohio, received his education. He became an employe of the wholesale grocery house of Hanna, Garrettson & Co., his father being the senior member of the firm. The latter died in 1862, and Marcus represented his interest until 1867, when the business was closed up. Our subject then became a member of the firm of Rhodes & Co., engaged in the iron and coal business, but at the expiration of ten years this firm was changed to that of M. A. Hanna & Co. Mr. Hanna was long identified with the lake carrying business, being interested in vessels on the lakes and in the construction of them. As a director of the Globe Ship Manufacturing Company, of Cleveland; president of the 170 CO7MPENDIU.M1 OF BIOGRAPHr. -- Union National Bank, of Cleveland, president of the Cleveland City Railway Company, and president of the Chapin Mining Company, of Lake Superior, he became prominently identified with the business world. He was one of the government directors of the Union Pacific Railroad, being appointed to that position in 1885 by President Cleveland. Mr. Hanna was a delegate to the national Republican convention of 1884, which was his first appearance in the political world. He was a delegate to the conventions of I888 and 1896, and was elected chairman of the Republican national committee the latter year, and practically managed the campaign of William McKinley for the presidency. In 1897 Mr. Hanna was appointed senator by Governor Bushnell, of Ohio, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Sherman. GEORGE PEABODY was one of the best known and esteemed of all philanthropists, whose munificent gifts to American institutions have proven of so much benefit to the cause of humanity. He was born February 18, 1795, at South Danvers, Massachusetts, which is now called Peabody in honor of him. He received but a meager education, and during his early life he was a mercantile clerk at Thetford, Vermont, and Newburyport, Massachusetts. In 1814 he became a partner with Elisha Riggs, at Georgetown, District of Columbia, and in 1815 they moved to Baltimore, Marylanj. The business grew to great proportions, and they opened branch houses at New York and Philadelphia. Mr. Peabody made several voyages to Europe of commercial importance, and in 1829 became the head of the firm, which was then called Peabody, Riggs & Co., and in 1838 he re moved to London, England. He retired from the firm, and established the celebrated banking house, in which he accumulated a large fortune. He aided Mr. Grinnell in fitting out Dr. Kane's Arctic expedition, in 1852, and founded in the same year the Peabody Institute, in his native town, which he afterwards endowed with two hundred thousand dollars. Mr. Peabody visited the United States in 1857, and gave three hundred thousand dollars for the establishment at Baltimore of an institute of science, literature and fine arts. In 1862 he gave two million five hundred thousand dollars for the erecting of lodging houses for the podr in London, and on another visit to the United States he gave one hundred and fifty thousand dollars to establish at Harvard a museum and professorship of American archaeology and ethnology, an equal sum for the endowment of a department of physical science at Yale, and gave the " Southern Educational Fund " two million one hundred thousand dollars, besides devoting two hundred thousand dollars to various objects of public utility. Mr. Peabody made a final visit to the United States in 1869, and on this occasion he raised the endowment of the Baltimore Institute one million dollars, created the Peabody Museum, at Salem, Massachusetts, with a fund of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, gave sixty thousand dollars to Washington College, Virginia; fifty thousand dollars for a "Peabody Museum," at North Danvers, thirty thousand dollars to Phillips Academy, Andover; twenty-five thousand dollars to Kenyon College, Ohio, and twenty thousand dollars to the Maryland Historical Society. Mr. Peabody also endowed an art school at Rome, in 1868. He died in London, November 4, 1869, less then a month after he had returned from the United States, and his COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHA. 171 remains were brought to the United States and interred in his native town. He made several other bequests in his will, and left his family about five million dollars. MATTHEW S. QUAY, a celebrated public man and senator, was born at Dillsburgh, York county,' Pennsylvania, September 30, 1833, of an old Scotch-Irish family, some of whom had settled in the Keystone state in 1715. Matthew received a good education, graduating from the Jefferson College at Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, at the age of seventeen. He then traveled, taught school, lectured, and studied law under judge Sterrett. He was admitted to the bar in 1854, was appointed a prothonotary in 1855 and elected to the same office in 1856 and 1859. Later he was made lieutenant of the Pennsylvania Re serves, lieutenant-colonel and assistant commissary-general of the state, private secretary of the famous war governor of Pennsylvania, Andrew G. Curtin, colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Pennsylvania Infantry (nine months men), military state agent and held other offices at different times. Mr. Quay was a member of the house of representatives of the state of Pennsylvania from 1865 to 1868. He filled the office of secretary of the commonwealth from 1872 to I878, and the position of delegate-atlarge to the Republican national conventions of 1872, 1876, 188o and 1888. He wasthe editor of the "Beaver Radical" and the "Philadelphia Record" for a time, and held many offices in the state conventions and on their committees. He was elected secretary of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1869, and served three years, and in 1885 was chosen state treasurer. In 1886 his great abilities pointed him out as the natural candidate for United States senator, and he was accordingly elected to that position and re-elected thereto in 1892. He was always noted for a genius for organization, and as a political leader had but few peers. Cool, serene, far-seeing, resourceful, holding his impulses and forces in hand, he never quailed from any policy he adopted, and carried to success most, if not all, of the political campaigns in which he took part. AMES K. JONES, a noted senator and political leader, attained national fame while chairman of the national executive committee of the Democratic party in the presidential campaign of 1896. He was a native of Marshall county, Mississippi, and was born September 29, 1839. His father, a well-to-do planter, settled in Dallas county, Arkansas, in 1848, and there the subject of this sketch received a careful education. During the Civil war he served as a private soldier in the Confederate army. From 1866 to I873 he passed a quiet life as a planter, but in the latter year was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law. About the same time he was elected to the Arkansas senate and re-elected in 1874. In 1877 he was made president of the senate and the following year was unsuccessful in obtaining a nomination as member of congress. In I88o he was elected representative and his ability at once placed him in a foremost position. He was re-elected to congress in I882 and in I884, and served as an influential member on the committee of ways and means. March 4, I885, Mr. Jones took his seat in the United States senate to succeed James D. Walker, and was afterward re-elected to the same office. In this branch of the national legislature his capabilities had a wider scope, and he was rec 172 C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHr. ognized as one of the ablest leaders of his party. On the nomination of William J. Bryan as its candidate for the presidency by the national convention of the Democratic party, held in Chicago in 1896, Mr. Jones was made chairman of the national committee. T HEODORE THOMAS, one of the most celebrated musical directors America has known, was born in the kingdom of Hanover in 1835, and received his musical education from his father. He was avery apt scholar and played the violin at public concerts at the age of six years. He came with his parents to America in 1845, and joined the orchestra of the Italian Opera in New York City. He played the first violin in the orchestra which accompanied Jenny Lind in her first American concert. In I86i Mr. Thomas established the orchestra that became famous under his management, and gave his first symphony concerts in New York in 1864. He began his first "summer night concerts" in the same city in 1868, and in 1869 he started on his first tour of the principal cities in the United States, which he made every year for many years. He was director of the College of Music in Cincinnati, Ohio, but resigned in I88o, after having held the position for three years. Later he organized one of the greatest and most successful orchestras ever brought together in the city of Chicago, and was very prominent in musical affairs during the World's Columbian Exposition, thereby adding greatly to his fame. CYRUS HALL McCORMICK, the famous inventor and manufacturer, was born at Walnut Grove, Virginia, February I15, 1809. When he was seven years old his father invented a reaping machine. It was a rude contrivance and not successful. In 1831 Cyrus made his invention of a reaping machine, and had it patented three years later. By successive improvements he was able to keep his machines at the head of its class during his life. In 1845 he removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, and two years later located in Chicago, where he amassed a great fortune in manufacturing reapers and harvesting machinery. In 1859 he established the Theological Seminary of the Northwest at Chicago, an institution for preparing young men for the ministry in the Presbyterian church, and he afterward endowed a chair in the Washington and Lee College at Lexington, Virginia. He manifested great interest in educational and religious matters, and by his great wealth he was able to extend. aid and encouragement to many charitable causes. His death occurred May 13, 1884. D AVID ROSS LOCKE.-Under the pen name of Petroleum V. Nasby, this well-known humorist and writer made for himself a household reputation, and established a school that has many imitators. The subject of this article was born at Vestal, Broome county, New York, September 30, 1833. After receiving his education in the county of his birth he entered the office of the " Democrat," at Cortland, New York, where he learned the printer's trade. He was successively editor and publisher of the "(Plymouth Advertiser," the " Mansfield Herald," the " Bucyrus Journal," and the "Findlay Jeffersonian." Later he became editor of the -,Toledo Blade." In I86o he commenced his " Nasby" articles, several series of which have been given the world in book form. Under a mask of misspelling, and in a ouaint COMPENDIUMi OF" BIOGRAPHYR. 173 and humorous style, a keen political satire is couched-a most effective weapon. Mr. Locke was the author of a number of serious political pamphlets, and later on a more pretentious work, " The Morals of Abou Ben Adhem." As a newspaper writer he gained many laurels and his works are widely read. Abraham Lincoln is said to have been a warm admirer of P. V. Nasby, of " Confedrit X Roads" fame. Mr. Locke died at Toledo, Ohio, February 15, 1888. RUSSELL A. ALGER, noted as a soldier, governor and secretary of war, was born in Medina county, Ohio, February 27, 1836, and was the son of Russell and Caroline (Moulton) Alger. At the age of twelve years he was left an orphan and penniless. For about a year he worked for his board and clothing, and attended school part of the time. In 1850 he found a place which paid small wages, and out of his scanty earnings helped his brother and sister. While there working on a farm he found time to attend the Richfield Academy, and by hard work between times managed to get a fair education for that time. The last two years of his attendance at this institution of learning he taught school during the winter months. In 1857 he commenced the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. For a while he found employment in Cleveland, Ohio, but impaired health induced him to remove to Grand Rapids, where he engaged in the lumber business. He was thus engaged when the Civil war broke out, and, his business suffering and his savings swept away, he enlisted as a private in the Second Michigan Cavalry. He was promoted to be captain the following month, and major for gallant conduct at Boonesville, Mississippi, July i, 1862. October I6, 1862, he was made lieutenant-colonel of the Sixth Michigan Cavalry, and in February, 1863, colonel of the Fifth Michigan Cavalry. He rendered excellent service in the Gettysburg campaign. He was wounded at Boonesboro, Maryland, and on returning to his command took part with Sherman in the campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. For services rendered, that famous soldier recommended him for promotion, and he was brevetted major-general of volunteers. In 1866 General Alger took up his residence at Detroit, and prospered exceedingly in his business, which was that of lumbering, and grew quite wealthy. In 1884 he was a delegate to the Republican national convention, and the same year was elected governor of Michigan. He declined a nomination for re-election to the latter office, in 1887, and was the following year a candidate for the nomination for president. In 1889 he was elected commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, and at different times occupied many offices in other organizations. In March, 1897, President McKinley appointed General Alger secretary of war. C YRUS WEST FIELD, the father of submarine telegraphy, was the son of the Rev. David D. Field, D.D., a Congregational minister, and was born at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, November 30, 1819. He was educated in his native town, and at the age of fifteen years became a clerk in a store in New York City. Being gifted with excellent business ability Mr. Field prospered and became the head of a large mercantile house. In 1853 he spent about six months in travel in South America. On his return he became interested in ocean telegraphy. Being solicited to aid in the cii; I 174 COM4P PENDIIUM OF BIOGRAPHtTr. struction of a land telegraph across New Foundland" to receive the news from a line of fast steamers it was proposed to run from from Ireland to St. Johns, the idea struck him to carry the line across the broad Atlantic. In 1850 Mr. Field obtained a concession from the legislature of Newfoundland, giving him the sole right for fifty years to land submarine cables on the shores of that island. In company with Peter Cooper, Moses Taylor, Marshall 0. Roberts and Chandler White, he organized a company under the name of the New York, Newfoundland & London Telegraph Company. In two years the line from New York across Newfoundland was built. The first cable connecting Cape Breton Island with Newfoundland having been lost in a storm while being laid in 1855, another was put down in 1856. In the latter year Mr. Field went to London and organized the Atlantic Telegraph Company, furnishing one-fourth of the capital himself. Both governments loaned ships to carry out the enterprise. Mr. Field accompanied the expeditions of 1857 and two in 1858. The first and second cables were failures, and the third worked but a short time and then ceased. The people of both continents became incredulous of the feasibility of laying a successful cable under so wide an expanse of sea, and the war breaking out shortly after, nothing was done until 1865-66. Mr. Field, in the former year, again made the attempt, and the Great Eastern laid some one thousand two hundred miles when the cable parted and was lost. The following year the same vessel succeeded in laying the entire cable, and picked up the one lost the year before, and both were carried to America's shore. After thirteen years of care and toil Mr. Field had his reward. He was the recipient of many, medals and honors from both home and abroad. He gave his attention after this to establishing telegraphic communication throughout the world and many other large enterprises, notably the construction of elevated railroads in New York. Mr. Field died July 11, 1892. G ROVER CLEVELAND, the twentysecond president of the United States, was born in Caldwell, Essex county, New Jersey, March I8, 1837, and was the son of Rev. Richard and Annie (Neale) Cleveland. The father, of distinguished New England ancestry, was a Presbyterian minister in charge of the church at Caldwell at the time. When Grover was about three years of age the family removed to Fayetteville, Onondaga county, New York, where he attended the district school, and was in the academy for a short time. His father believing that boys should early learn to labor, Grover entered a village store and worked for the sum of fifty dollars for the first year. While he was thus engaged the family removed to Clinton, New York, and there young Cleveland took up -i's studies at the academy. The death of his father dashed all his hopes of a collegiate education, the family being left in straightened circumstances, and Grover started out to battle for himself. After acting for a year (1853 -54) as assistant teacher and bookkeeper in the Institution for the Blind at New York City, he went to Buffalo. A short time after he entered the law office of Rogers, Bowen & Rogers, of that city, and after a hard struggle with adverse circumstances, was admitted to the bar in 1859. He became confidential and managing clerk for the firm under whom he had studied, and remained with them until I863. In the latter year he was appointed district attorney COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 179 o0 Erie county. It was during his incumbency of this office that, on being nominated by the Democrats for supervisor, he came within thirteen votes of election, although the district was usually Republican by two hundred and fifty majority. In 1866 Grover Cleveland formed a partnership with Isaac V. Vanderpoel. The most of the work here fell upon the shoulders of our subject, and he soon won a good standing at the bar of the state. In 1869 Mr. Cleveland associated himself in business with A. P. Laning and Oscar Folsom, and under the firm name of Laning, Cleveland & Folsom soon built up a fair practice. In the falrof 1870 Mr. Cleveland was elected sheriff of Erie county, an office which he filled for four years, after which he resumed his profession, with L. K. Bass and Wilson S. Bissell as partners. This firm was strong and popular and shortly was in possession of a lucrative practice. Mr. Bass retired from the firm in 1879, and George J. Secard was admitted a member in 188I. In the latter year Mr. Cleveland was elected mayor of Buffalo, and in 1882 he was chosen governor by the enormous majority of one hundred and ninety-two thousand votes. July I I, 1884, he was nominated for the presidency by the Democratic national convention, and in November following was elected. Mr. Cleveland, after serving one term as president of the United States, in I888 was nominated by his party to succeed himself, but he failed of the election, being beaten by Benjamin Harrison. In 1892, however, being nominated again in opposition to the then incumbent of the presidency, Mr. Harrison, Grover Cleveland was elected president for the second time and served for the usual term of four years. In 1897 Mr. Cleveland retired from the chair of the first magistrate of the nation, and in New York City resumed the practice of law, in which city he had established himself in 1889. June 2, I886, Grover Cleveland was united in marriage with Miss Frances Folsom, the daughter of his former partner. LEXANDER WINCHELL, for many years one of the greatest of American scientists, and one of the most noted and prolific writers on scientific subjects, was born in Duchess county, New York, December 31, 1824. He received a thorough collegiate education, and graduated at the Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, in 1847. His mind took a scientific turn, which manifested itself while he was yet a boy, and in I848 he became teacher of natural sciences at the Armenian Seminary, in his native state, a position which he filled for three years. In 1851-3 he occupied the same position in the Mesopotamia Female Seminary, in Alabama, after which he was president of the Masonic Female Seminary, in Alabama. In 1853 he became connected with the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, at which institution he performed the most important work of his life, and gained a wide reputation as a scientist. He held many important positions, among which were the following: Professor of physics and civil engineering at the University of Michigan, also of geology, zoology and botany, and later professor of geology and palaeontology at the same institution. He also, for a time, was president of the Michigan Teachers' Association, and state geologist of Michigan. Professor Winchell was a very prolific writer on scientific subjects, and published many standard works, his most important and widely known being those devoted to geology. He also contributed a large number of articles to scientific and popular journals. 176 COMPENCDIUUM OF BIOGRAPHIIT. NDREW HULL FOOTE, of the United States navy, was a native of New England, born at New Haven, Connecticut, May 4, i8o8. He entered the navy, as a midshipman, December 4, 1822. He slowly rose in his chosen profession, attaining the rank of lieutenant in 1830, commander in 1852 and captain in 1861. Among the distinguished men in the breaking out of the Civil war, but few stood higher in the estimation of his brother officers than Foote, and when, in the fall of I861, he was appointed to the command of the flotilla then building on the Mississippi, the act gave great satisfaction to the service. Although embarrassed by want of navy yards and supplies, Foote threw himself into his new work with unusual energy. He overcame all obstacles and in the new, and, until that time, untried experiment, of creating and maintaining a navy on a river, achieved a success beyond the expectations of the country. Great incredulity existed as to the possibility of carrying on hostilities on a river where batteries from the shore might bar the passage. But in spite of all, Foote soon had a navy on the great river, and by the heroic qualities of the crews entrusted to him, demonstrated the utility of this new departure in naval architecture. All being prepared, February 6, 1862, Foote took Fort Henry after a hotly-contested action. On the I4th of the same month, for an hour and a half engaged the batteries of Fort Donelson, with four ironclads and two wooden gunboats, thereby disheartening the garrison and assisting in its capture. April 7th of the same year, after several hotly-contested actions, Commodore Foote received the surrender of Island No. Io, one of the great strongholds of the Confederacy on the Mississippi river. Foote having been wounded at Fort Donelson, and by neglect it having become so serious as to endanger his life, he was forced to resign his command and return home. June 16, 1862, he received the thanks of congress and was promoted to the rank of rear admiral. He was appointed chief of the bureau of equipment and recruiting. June 4, 1863, he was ordered to the fleet off Charleston, to supercede Rear Admiral Dupont, but on his way to that destination was taken sick at New York, and died June 26, 1863. NELSON A. MILES, the well-known soldier, was born at Westminster, Massachusetts, August 8, 1839. His ancestors settled in that state in 1643 among the early pioneers, and their descendants were, many of them, to be found among those battling against Great Britain during Revolutionary times and during the war of 1812. Nelson was reared on a farm, received an academic education, and in early manhood engaged in mercantile pursuits in Boston. Early in 1861 he raised a company and offered his services to the government, and although commissioned as captain, on account of his youth went out as first lieutenant in the Twenty-second Massachusetts Infantry. In 1862 he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel and colonel of the Sixty-first New York Infantry. At the request of Generals Grant and Meade he was made a brigadier by President Lincoln. He participated in all but one of the battles of the Army of the Potomac until the close of the war. During the latter part of the time he commanded the first division of the Second Corps. General Miles was wounded at the battles of Fair Oaks, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and received four brevets for distinguished service. During the reconstruction period he commanded in North Carolina, and on the reorganization of the COM4PENDIUMI OF BIOGRAPHZ. 177 regular army he was made colonel of infantry. In 1880 he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, and in 1890 to that of major-general. He successfully conducted several campaigns among the Indians, and his name is known among the tribes as a friend when they are peacefully inclined. He many times averted war with the red men by judicious and humane settlement of difficulties without the military power. In 1892 General Miles was given command of the proceedings in dedicating the World's Fair at Chicago, and in the summer of 1894, during the great railroad strike at the same city, General Miles, then in command of the department, had the disposal of the troops sent to protect the United States mails. On the retirement of General J. M. Schofield, in I895, General Miles became the ranking major-general of the United States army and the head of its forces. JUNIUS BRUTUS BOOTH. the great actor, though born in London (1796), is more intimately connected with the American than with the English stage, and his popularity in America was almost unbounded, while in England he was not a prime favorite. He presented "Richard III." in Richmond on his first appearance on the American stage in 1821. This was his greatest role, and in it he has never had an equal. In October of the same year he appeared in New York. After a long and successful career he gave his final performance at New Orleans in 1852. He contracted a severe cold, and for lack of proper medical attention, it resulted in his death on November 30th of that year. He was, without question, one of the greatest tragedians that ever lived. In addition to his professional art and genius, he was skilled in -languages, drawing, painting and sculpture. In his private life he was reserved, and even eccentric. Strange stories are related of his peculiarities, and on his farm near Baltimore he forbade the use of animal food, the taking of animal life, and even the felling of trees, and brought his butter and eggs to the Baltimore markets in person. Junius Brutus Booth, known as the elder Booth, gave to the world three sons of note: Junius Brutus Booth, Jr., the husband of Agnes Booth, the actress; John Wilkes Booth, the author of the greatest tragedy in the life of our nation; Edwin Booth, in his day the greatest actor of America, if not of the world. AMES MONTGOMERY BAILEY, famous as the "Danbury News Man," was one of the best known American humorists, and was born September 25, 1841, at Albany, N. Y. He adopted journalism as a profession and started in his chosen work on the "Danbury Times," which paper he purchased on his return from the war. Mr. Bailey also purchased the "Jeffersonian," another paper of Danbury, and consolidated them, forming the "Danbury News," which paper soon acquired a celebrity throughout the United States, from an incessant flow of rich, healthy, and original humor, which the pen of the editor imparted to its columns, and he succeeded in raising the circulation of the paper from a few hundred copies a week to over forty thousand. The facilities of a country printing office were not so complete in those days as they are now, but Mr. Bailey was resourceful, and he put on relays of help and ran his presses night and day, and always prepared his matter a week ahead of time. The 'Danbury News Man" was a new figure in literature, as his humor was so different from that of the newspaper 178 C O1I7'8ECrDIU.M OF BIO GRA PnT-. wits-who had preceded him, and he may be called the pioneer of that school now so familiar. Mr. Bailey published in book form "Life in Danbury" and "The Danbury News Man's Almanac." One of his most admirable traits was philanthrophy, as he gave with unstinted generosity to all comers, and died comparatively poor, notwithstanding his ownership of a very profitable business which netted him an income of $40, 000 a year. He died March 4, 1894. MATTHEW HALE CARPENTER, a famous lawyer, orator and senator, was born in Moretown, Vermont, December 22, 1824. After receiving a common-school education he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, but only remained two years. On returning to his home he commenced the study of law with Paul Dillingham, afterwards governor of Vermont, and whose daughter he married. In 1847 he was admitted to practice at the bar in Vermont, but he went to Boston and for a time studied with Rufus Choate. In 1848 he moved west, settling at Beloit, Wisconsin, and commencing the practice of his profession soon obtained a wide reputation for ability. In I856 Mr. Carpenter removed to Milwaukee, where he found a wider field for his now increasing powers. During the Civil war, although a strong Democrat, he was loyal to the government and aided the Union cause to his utmost. In 1868 he was counsel for the government in a test case to settle the legality of the reconstruction act before the United States supreme court, and won his case against Jeremiah S. Black. This gave him the election for senator from Wisconsin in 1869, and he served until 1875, during part of which time he was president pro tempore of the senate. Failing oi a re-election Mr. Carpenter resumed the practice of law, and when William W. Belknap, late secretary of war, was impeached, entered the case for GeneraI Belknap, and secured an acquittal. During the sitting of the electoral commission of 1877, Mr. Carpenter appeared for Samuel J. Tilden, although the Republican managers had intended to have him represent R. B. Hayes. Mr. Carpenter was elected to the United States senate again in 1879, and remained a member of that body until the day of his death, which occurred at Washington, District of Columbia, February 24, 1881i. Senator Carpenter's real name was Decatur Merritt Hammond Carpenter but about 1852 he changed it to the one by which he was universally known. THOMAS E. WATSON, lawyer and congressman, the well-known Georgian, whose name appears at the head of this sketch, made himself a place in the history of our country by his ability, energy and fervid oratory. He was born in Columbia (now McDuffie) county, Georgia, September 5, 1856. He had a commonschool education, and in 1872 entered Mercer University, at Macon, Georgia, as freshman, but for want of money left the college at the end of his sophomore year. He taught school, studying law at the same time, until 1875, when he was admitted to the bar. He opened an office and commenced practice in Thomson, Georgia, in November, 1876. He carried on a successful business, and bought land and farmed on an extensive scale. Mr. Watson was a delegate to the Democratic state convention of I88o, and was a member of the house of representatives of the legislature of his native state in I8828 In 1888 he was an elector-at-large on the COM1PENDIUMI OF BIOGRAPHr. 179 Cleveland ticket, and in 1890 was elected to represent his district in the fifty-second congress. This latter election is said to have been due entirely to Mr. Watson's " dashing display of ability, eloquence and popular power." In his later years he championed the alliance principles and policies until he became a leader in the movement. In the heated campaign of 1896, Mr. Watson was nominated as the candidate for vice-president on the Bryan ticket by that part of the People's party that would not endorse the nominee for the same position made by the Democratic party. F REDERICK A. P. BARNARD, mathematician, physicist and educator, was born in Sheffield, Massachusetts, May 5, 1809. He graduated from Yale College in 1828,and in 1830 became a tutor in the same. From 1837 to 1848 he was professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the University of Alabama, and from 1848 to 1850o, professor of chemistry and natural history in the same educational institution. In 1854 he became connected with the University of Mississippi, of which he became president in 1856, and chancellor in 1858. In 1854 he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church. In 1861 Professor Barnard resigned his chancellorship and chair in the university, and in 1863 and 1864 was connected with the United States coast survey in charge of chart printing and lithography. In May, 1864, he was elected president of Columbia College, New York City, which he served for a number of years. Professor Barnard received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Jefferson College, Mississippi, in I855, and from Yale College in 1859; also the degree of S. T. D. from the University of Mississippi in I86I, and that of L. H. D. from the regents of the University of the State of New York in 1872. In I86o he was a member of the eclipse party sent by the United States coast survey to Labrador, and during his absence was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Ia the act of congress establishing the National Academy of Sciences in 1863, he was named as one of the original corporators. In 1867 he was one of the United States commissioners to the Paris Exposition. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, associate member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and many.other philosophical and scientific societies at home and abroad. Dr. Barnard was thoroughly identified with the progress of the age in those branches. His published works relate wholly to scientific or educational subjects, chief among which are the following: Report on Collegiate Education; 'Art Culture; History of the American Coast Survey; University Education; Undulatory Theory of Light; Machinery and Processes of the Industrial Arts, and Apparatus of the Exact Sciences, Metric System of Weights and Measures, etc. E DWIN McMASTERS STANTON, the secretary of war during the great Civil war, was recognized as one of America's foremost public men. He was born December 19, 1814, at Steubenville, Ohio, where he received his education and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1836, and was reporter of the supreme court of Ohio from 1842 until 1845. He removed to Washington in 1856 to attend to his practice before the United States supreme court, and in 1858, he went to California as counsel for the government in certain land cases, which he carried to a successful conclusion. Mr. Stanton was appointed 180 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. attorney-general of the United States in December, I86o, by President Buchanan. On March 4, I86I, Mr. Stanton went with the outgoing administration and returned to the practice of his profession. He was appointed secretary of war by President Lincoln January 20, 1862, to succeed Simon Cameron. After the assassination of President Lincoln and the accession of Johnson to the presidency, Mr. Stanton was still in the same office. He held it for three years, and by his strict adherence to the Republican party, he antagonized President Johnson, who endeavored to remove him. On August 5, 1867, the president requested him to resign, and appointed General Grant to succeed him, but when congress convened in December the senate refused to concur in the suspension. Mr. Stanton returned to his post until the president again removed him from office, but was again foiled by congress. Soon after, however, he retired voluntarily from office and took up the practice of law, in which he engaged until his death, on December 24, 1869. A LEXANDER CAMPBELL, the eminent theologian and founder of the church known as Disciples of Christ, was born in the country of Antrim, Ireland, in June, 1788, and was the son of Rev. Thomas CampJell, a Scoth-Irish "Seceder." After studying at the University of Glasgow, he, in company with his father, came to America in 8o8, and both began labor in western Pennsylvania to restore Christianity to apostolic simplicity. They organized a church at Brush Run, Washington county, Pennsylvania, in 1811, which, however, the year following, adopted Baptist views, and in 1813, with other congregations joined a Baptist association. Some of the underlying principles and many practices of the Campbells and their disciples were repugnant to the Baptist church and considerable friction was the result, and 1827 saw the separation of that church from the Church of Christ, as it is sometimes called. The latter then reorganized themselves anew. They reject all creeds, professing to receive the Bible as their only guide. In most matters of faith they are essentially in accord with the other Evangelical Christian churches, especially in regard to the person and work of Christ, the resurrection and judgment. They celebrate the Lord's Supper weekly, hold that repentance and faith should precede baptism, attaching much importance to the latter ordinance. On all other points they encourage individual liberty of thought. In 1841, Alexander Campbell founded Bethany College, West Virginia, of which he was president for many years, and died March 4, 1866. The denomination which they founded is quite a large and important church body in the United States. They support quite a number of institutions of learning, among which are: Bethany College, West Virginia; Hiram College, Hiram,.Ohio; Northwestern Christian University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eureka College, Illinois; Kentucky University, Lexington, Kentucky; Oskaloosa College, Iowa; and a number of seminaries and schools. They also support several monthly and quarterly religious periodicals and many papers, both in the United States and Great Britain and her dependencies. W ILLIAM L.WILSON, the noted West Virginian, who was postmaster-general under President Cleveland's second administration, won distinction as the father of the famous " Wilson bill," which became a law under the same administration. Mr. Wilson was born May 3, 1843, in Jeffer-. COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHR. 181 son county, West Virginia, and received a good education at the Charlestown Academy, where he prepared himself for college. He attended the Columbian College in the District of Columbia, from which he graduated in 186o, and then attended the University of Virginia. Mr. Wilson served in the Confederate army during the war, after which he was a professor in Columbian College. Later he entered into the practice of law at Charlestown. He attended the Democratic convention held at Cincinnati in 188o, as a delegate, and later was chosen as one of the electors for the state-at-large on the Hancock ticket. In the Democratic convention at Chicago in 1892, Mr. Wilson was its permanent president. He was elected president of the West Virginia University in 1882, entering upon the duties of his office on September 6, but having received the nomination for the forty-seventh congress on the Democratic ticket, he resigned the presidency of the university in June, 1883, to take his seat in congress. Mr. Wilson was honored by the Columbian University and the Hampden-Sidney College, both of which conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. In 1884 he was appointed regent of the Smithsonian Institution at \Vashington for two years, and at the end of his term was re-appointed. He was elected to the forty-seventh, forty-ninth, fiftieth, fifty-first, fifty-second and fiftythird congresses, but was defeated for reelection to the fifty-fourth congress. Upon the resignation of Mr. Bissell from the office of postmaster-general, Mr. Wilson was appointed to fill the vacancy by President Cleveland. His many years of public service and the prominent part he took in the discussion of public questions gave him a national reputation. CALVIN S. BRICE, a successful and noted financier and politician, was born at Denmark, Ohio, September 17, 1845, of an old Maryland family, who trace their lineage from the Bryces, or Bruces, of Airth, Scotland. The father of our subject was a prominent Presbyterian clergyman, who removed to Ohio in 1812. Calvin S. Brice was educated in the common schools of his native town, and at the age of thirteen entered the preparatory department of Miami University at Oxford, Ohio, and the following year entered the freshman class. On the breaking out of the Civil war, although but fifteen years old, he enlisted in a company of three-months men. He returned to complete his college course, but re-enlisted in Company A, Eighty-sixth Ohio Infantry, and served in the Virginia campaign. He then returned to college, from which he graduated in 1863. In 1864 he organized Company E, One Hundred and Eightieth Ohio Infantry, and served until the close of hostilities, in the western armies. On his return home Mr. Brice entered the law department of the University of Michigan, and in I866 was admitted to the bar in Cincinnati. In the winter of 1870 -71 he went to Europe in the interests of the Lake Erie & Louisville Railroad and procured a foreign loan. This road became the Lake Erie & Western, of which, in 1887, Mr. Brice became president. This was the first railroad in which he had a personal interest. The conception, building and sale of the New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, known as the "Nickel Plate," was largely due to him. He was connected with many other railroads, among which may be mentioned the following: Chicago & Atlantic; Ohio Central; Richmond & Danville; Richmond & West Point 182 C1 OM.PENDIU.JI OF BIO GRA Ptir. Terminal; East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia; Memphis & Charleston; Mobile & Birmingham; Kentucky Central; Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic, and the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon. In 1890 he was elected United States senator from Ohio. Notwithstanding his extensive business interests, Senator Brice gave a considerable time to political matters, becoming one of the leaders of the Democratic party and one of the most widely known men in the country. BENJAMIN HARRISON, twenty-third president of the United States, was born August 20, 1833, at North Bend, Hamilton county, Ohio, in the house of his grandfather, General William Henry Harrison, afterwards president of the United States. His great-grandfather, Benjamin Harrison, was a member of the Continental congress, signed the Declaration of Independence, and was three times elected governor of Virginia. The subject of this sketch entered Farmers College at an early age, and two years later entered Miami University, at Oxford, Ohio. Upon graduation he entered the office of Stover & Gwyne, of Cincinnati, as a law student. He was admitted to the bar two years later, and having inherited about eight hundred dollars worth of property, he married the daughter of Doctor Scott, president of a female school at Oxford, Ohio, and selected Indianapolis, Indiana, to begin practice. In i86o he was nominated by,he Republicans as candidate for state supreme court reporter, and did his first political speaking in that campaign. He was elected, and after two years in that position he organized the Seventieth Indiana Infantry, of which he was made colonel, and with his regiment joined General Sher man's army. For bravery displayed at Resaca and Peach Tree Creek he was made a brigadier-general. In the meantime the office of supreme court reporter had been declared vacant, and another party elected to fill it. In the fall of 1864, having been nominated for that office, General Harrison obtained a thirty-day leave of absence, went to Indiana, canvassed the state and was elected. As he was about to rejoin his command he was stricken down by an attack of fever. After his recovery he joined General Sherman's army and participated in the closing events of the war. In 1868 General Harrison declined to be a candidate for the office of supreme court reporter, and returned to the practice of the law. His brilliant campaign for the office of governor of Indiana in 1876, brought him into public notice, although he was defeated. He took a prominent part in the presidential canvass of 188o, and was chosen United States senator from Indiana, serving six years. He then returned to the practice of his profession. In 1888 he was selected by the Republican convention at Chicago as candidate for the presidency, and after a heated campaign was elected over Cleveland. He was inaugurated March 4, 1889, and signed the McKinley bill October I, 1890, perhaps the most distinctive feature of his administration. In 1892 he was again the nominee of the Republican party for president, but was defeated by Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate, and again resumed the practice of law in Indianapolis. J OHN CRAIG HAVEMEYER, the celebrated merchant and sugar refiner, was born in New York City in 1833. His father, William F. Havemeyer, and grandfather, William Havemeyer, were both sugar COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. 183 I refiners. The latter named came from Buckeburg, Germany, in 1799, and settled in New York, establishing one of the first refineries in that city. William F. succeeded his father, and at an early age retired from business with a competency. He was three times mayor of his native city, New York. John C. Havemeyer was educated in private schools, and was prepared for college at Columbia College grammar school. Owing to failing eyesight he was unable to finish his college course, and began his business career in a wholesale grocery store, where he remained two years. In 1854, after a year's travel abroad, he assumed the responsibility of the office work in the sugar refinery of Havemeyer & Molter, but two years later etablished a refinery of his o\vn in Brooklyn. Thb;ft"-rwards developed into the immense busine cs )o Havemeyer & Elder The capital was furr.shed by his father, and, chafing under the anxiety caused by the use of borrowed money, he sold out his interest and returned to Havemeyer & Molter. This firm dissolving the next year, John C. declined an offer of partnership from the successors, not wishing to use borrowed money. For two years he remained with the house, receiving a share of the profits as compensation. For some years thereafter he was engaged in the commission business, until failing health caused his retirement. In 1871, he again engaged in the sugar refining business at Greenport, Long Island, with his brother and another partner, under the firm name of Havemeyer Brothers & Co. Here he remained until 1880, when his health again declined. During the greater part of his life Mr. Havemeyer was identified with many benevolent societies, including the New York Port Society, Missionary Society of the Methodist Church, American Bible Society, New York Sabbath School Society and others. He was active in Young Men's Christian Association work in New York. and organized and was the first president of an affiliated society of the same at Yonkers. He was director of several railroad corporations and a trustee of the Continental Trust Company of New York. W ALTER QUINTIN GRESHAM, an emirent American statesman and jurist, was born March 17, 1833, near Corydon, Harrison county, Indiana. He acquired his education in the local schools of the county and at Bloomington Academy, akthough he did not graduate. After leaving college he read law with Judge Porter at Corydon, and just beiore the wa- e. began to take an interest in politics. Mr. Gresham was elected to the.egislatur.rom Harrison county as a Republican; previous to this the district had been represented by a Democrat. At the commencement of hostilities he was made lieutenant-colonel of the Thirty-eighth Indiana Infantry, but served in that regiment only a short time, when he was appointed colonel of the Fiftythird Indiana, and served under General Grant at the siege of Vicksburg as brigadiergeneral. Later he was under Sherman in the famous "March to the Sea," and commanded a division of Blair's corps at the siege of Atlanta where he was so badly wounded in the leg that he was compelled to return home. On his way home he was forced to stop at New Albany, where he remained a year before he was able to leave. He was brevetted major-general at the close of the war. While at New Albany, Mr. Gresham was appointed state agent, his duty being to pay the interest on the state debt in New York, and he ran twice for congress against ex-Speaker Kerr, but was 184 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. defeated in both cases, although he greatly reduced the Democratic majority. He was held in high esteem by President Grant, who offered him the portfolio of the interior but Mr. Gresham declined, but accepted the appointment of United States judge for Indiana to succeed David McDonald. Judge Gresham served on the United States district court bench until 1883, when he was appointed postmaster-general by President Arthur, but held that office only a few months when he was made secretary of the treasury. Near the end of President Arthur's term, Judge Gresham was appointed judge of the United States circuit court of the district composed of Indiana, Illinois and contiguous states, which he held until 1893. Judge Gresham was one of the presidential possibilities in the National Republican convention in 1888, when General Harrison was nominated, and was also mentioned for president `n 1892. Later the People's party inadi. strenuous effort to induce him to bec(,,me their candidate for president, he refusing the offer, howeve:, and a few weeks before the election he announced that he would support Mr. Cleveland, the Democratic nominee for president. Upon the election of Mr. Cleveland in the fall of 1892, Judge Gresham was made the secretary of state, and filled that position until his death on May 28, 1895, at Washington, District of Columbia. E LISHA B. ANDREWS, noted as an educator and college president, was born at Hinsdale, New Hampshire, January 10, 1844, his father and mother being Erastus and Elmira (Bartlett) Andrews. In 1861, he entered the service of the general government as private and non-commissioned officer in the First Connecticut Heavy Artillery, and in 1863 was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant. Returning home he was prepared for college at Powers Institute and at the Wesleyan Academy, and entered Brown University. From here he was graduated in I870. For the succeeding two years he was principal of the Connecticut Literary Institute at Suffield, Connecticut. Completing a course at the Newton Theological Institute, he was ordained pastor of the First Baptist church at Beverly, Massachusetts, July 2, 1874. The following year he became president of the Denison University, at Granville, Ohio. In 1879 he accepted the professorship of homiletics, pastoral duties and church polity at Newton Theological Institute. In 1882 he was elected to the chair of history and political economy at Brown University. The University of Nebraska honored him with an LL. D. in 1884, and the same year Colby University conferred the degree of D. D. In 1888 he became professor of political economy and public economy at Cornell University, but the next year returned to Brown University as its president. From the time of his inauguration the college work broadened in many ways. Many timely and generous donations from friends and alumni of the college were influenced by him, and large additions made to the same. Professor Andrews published, in 1887, "Institutes of General History," and in 1888, " Institutes of Economics." JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, the subject of the present biography, was, during his life, one of the most distinguished chemists and scientific writers in America. He was an Englishman by birth, born at Liverpool, May 5, 1811, and was reared in his native land, receiving an excellent education, graduating at the University of London. In 1833 he came to the United States, and eoýý I & / 7 I lap t I /1' k I < I )VI COMlPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. / 187 settled first in Pennsylvania. He graduated in medicine at the University of Philadelphia, in 1836, and for three years following was professor of chemistry and physiology at Hampden-Sidney College. He then became professor of chemistry in the New York University, with which institution he was prominently connected for many years. It is stated on excellent authority that Professor Draper, in 1839, took the first photographic picture ever taken from life. He was a great student, and carried on many important and intricate experiments along scientific lines. He discovered many of the fundamental facts of spectrum analysis, which he published. He published a number of works of great merit, many of which are recognized as authority upon the subjects of which they treat. Among his work were: "Human Physiology, Statistical and Dynamical of the Conditions and Cause of Life in Man,"" History of Intellectual Development of Europe," "History of the American Civil War," besides a number of works on chemistry, optics and mathematics. Professor Draper continued to hold a high place among the scientific scholars of America until his death, which occurred in January, 1882. GEORGE W. PECK, ex-governor of the state of Wisconsin and a famous journalist and humorist, was born in Jefferson county, New York, September 28, 1840. When he was about three years of age his parents removed to Wisconsin, settling near Whitewater, where young Peck received his education at the public schools. At fifteen he entered the office of the "Whitewater Register," where he learned the printer's art. He helped start the "Jefferson County Republican" later on, but sold out his interest therein and set type in the office of 11 the "6State Journal," at Madison. At the outbreak of the war he enlisted in the Fourth Wisconsin Cavalry as a private, and after serving four years returned a second lieutenant. He then started the "Ripon Representative," which he sold not long after, and removing to New York, was on the staff of Mark Pomeroy's "Democrat." Going to La Crosse, later, he conducted the La Crosse branch paper, a half interest in which he bought in 1874. He next started "Peck's Sun," which four years later he removed to Milwaukee. While in La Crosse he was chief of police one year, and also chief clerk of the Democratic assembly in 1874. It was in 1878 that Mr. Peck took his paper to Milwaukee, and achieved his first permanent success, the circulation increasing to 8o,ooo. For ten years he was regarded as one of the most original, versatile and entertaining writers in the country, and he has delineated every phase of country newspaper life, army life, domestic experience, travel and city adventure. Up to 1890 Mr. Peck took but little part in politics, but in that year was elected mayor of Milwaukee on the Democratic ticket. The following August he was elected governor of Wisconsin by a large majority, the "Bennett School Bill" figuring to a large extent in his favor. Mr. Peck, besides many newspaper articles in his peculiar vein and numerous lectures, bubbling over with fun, is known to fame by the following books: "Peck's Bad Boy and his Pa," and "The Grocery Man and Peck's Bad Boy." C HARLES O'CONOR, who was for many years the acknowledged leader of the legal profession of New York City, was also conceded to be one of the greatest lawyers America has produced. He was 188 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. born in New York City in 1804, his father being an educated Irish gentleman. Charles received a common-school education, and early took up the study of law, being admitted to practice in 1824. His close application and untiring energy and industry soon placed him in the front rank of the profession, and within a few years he was handling many of the most important cases. One of the first great cases he had and which gained him a wide reputation, was that of "Jack, the Fugitive Slave," in 1835, in which his masterful argument before the supreme court attracted wide attention and comment. Charles O'Conor was a Democrat all his life. He did not aspire to officeholding, however, and never held any office except that of district attorney under President Pierce's administration, which he only retained a short time. He took an active interest, however, in public questions, and was a member of the state (New York) constitutional convention in 1864. In I868 he was nominated for the presidency by the " Extreme Democrats." His death occurred in May, 1884. SIMON BOLIVAR BUCKNER, a noted American officer and major-general in the Confederate army, was born in Kentucky in 1823. He graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1844, served in the United States infantry and was later assigned to commissary duty with the rank of captain. He served several years at frontier posts, and was assistant professor in the military academy in 1846. He was with General Scott in the MexiCan war, and engaged in all the battles from Vera Cruz to the capture of the Mexican capital. He was wounded at Cherubusco and brevetted first lieutenant, and at Molino del Rey was brevetted captain. After the close of the Mexican wvar he returned to West Point as assistant instructor, and was then assigned to commissary duty at New York. He resigned in 1855 and became superintendent of construction of the Chicago custom house. He was made adjutant-geneial, with the rank of colonel, of Illinois militia, and was colonel of Illinois volunteers raised for the Utah expedition, but was not mustered into service. In I86o he removed to Kentucky, where he settled on a farm near Louisville and became inspector-general in command of the Kentucky Home Guards. At the opening of the Civil war he joined the Confederate army, and was given command at Bowling Green, Kentucky, which he was compelled to abandon after the capture of Fort Henry. He then retired to Fort Donelson, and was there captured with sixteen thousand men, and an immense store of provisions, by General Grant, in February, 1862. He was held as a prisoner of war at Fort Warren until August of that year. He commanded a division of Hardee's corps in Bragg's Army of the Tennessee, and was afterward assigned to the third division and participated in the battles of Chickamauga, and Murfreesboro. He was with Kirby Smith when that general surrendered his army to General Canby in May, 1865. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the vicepresidency on the Gold Democratic ticket with Senator John M. Palmer in 1896. S IMON KENTON, one of the famous pioneers and scouts whose names fill the pages of the early history of our country, was born in Fauquier county, Virginia, April 3, 1755. In consequence of an affray, at the age of eighteen, young Kenton went to Kentucky, then the "(Dark and Bloody Ground," and became associated with Daniel Boone and other pioneers of that region. COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHR. 189 -- -- -- -- -- For a short time he acted as a scout and spy for Lord Dunmore, the British governor of Virginia, but afterward taking the side of the struggling colonists, participated in the war for independence west of the Alleghanies. In 1784 he returned to Virginia, but did not remain there long, going back with his family to 'Kentucky. From that time until 1793 he participated in all the combats and battles of that time, and until "Mad Anthony" Wayne swept the Valley of the Ohio, and settled the supremacy of the whites in that region. Kenton laid claim to large tracts of land in the new country he had helped to open up, but through ignorance of law, and the growing value of the land, lost it all and was reduced to poverty. During the war with England in 1812-15, Kenton took part in the invasion of Canada with the Kentucky troops and participated in the battle of the Thames. He finally had land granted him by the legislature of Kentucky, and received a pension from the United States government. He died in Logan county, Ohio, April 29, 1836. ____ ELIHU BENJAMIN WASHBURNE, an American statesman of eminence, was born in Livermore, Maine, September 23, 1816. He learned the trade of printer, but abandoned that calling at the age of eighteen and entered the Kent's Hill Academy at Reading, Maine, and then took up the study of law, reading in Hallowell, Boston, and at the Harvard Law School. He began practice at Galena, Illinois, in 1840. He was elected to congress in 1852, and represented his district in that body continuously until March, 1869, and at the time of his retirement he had served a greater number of consecutive terms than any other member of the house. In 1873 President Grant ap pointed him secretary of state, which position he resigned to accept that of minister to France. During the Franco-Prussian war, including the siege of Paris and the reign of the Commune, Mr. Washburne remained at his post, protecting the lives and property of his countrymen, as well as that of other foreign residents in Paris, while the ministers of all other powers abandoned their posts at a time when they were most needed. As far as possible he extended protection to unfortunate German residents, who were the particular objects of hatred of the populace, and his firmness and the success which attended his efforts won the admiration of all Europe. Mr. Washburne died at Chicago, Illinois, October 22, 1887. W ILLIAM CRAMP, one of the most extensive shipbuilders of this country, was born in Kensington, then a suburb, now a part of Philadelphia, in 1806. He received a thorough English education, and when he left school was associated with Samuel Grice, one of the most eminent naval architects of his day. In 1830, having mastered all the details of shipbuilding, Mr. Cramp engaged in business on his own account. By reason of ability and excellent work he prospered from the start, until now, in the hands of his sons, under the name of William Cramp & Sons' Ship and Engine Building Company, it has become the most complete shipbuilding plant and naval arsenal in the western hemisphere, and fully equal to any in the world. As Mr. Cramp's sons attained manhood they learned their father's profession, and were admitted to a partnership. In 1872 the firm was incorporated under the title given above. Until I86o wood was used in building vessels, although pace was kept with all advances in the art of shipbuilding. At the opening of 190 C0OfPENDIUAM OF BIOGRAPHY. the war came an unexpected demand for war vessels, which they promptly met. The sea-going ironclad "New Ironsides" was built by them in 1862, followed by a number of formidable ironclads and the cruiser "Chattanooga." They subsequently built several war vessels for the Russian and other governments which added to their reputation. When the American steamship line was established in 1870, the Cramps were commissioned to build for it four firstclass iron steamships, the "Pennsylvania," "Ohio," " Indiana " and " Illinois," which they turned out in rapid order, some of the finest specimens of the naval architecture of their day. William Cramp remained at the head of the great company he had founded until his death, which occurred January 6, 1879. Charles H. Cramp, the successor of his father as head of the William Cramp & Sons' Ship and Engine Building Company, was born in Philadelphia May 9, I829, and received an excellent education in his native city, which he sedulously sought to supplement by close study until he became an authority on general subjects and the best naval architect on the western hemisphere. Many of the best vessels of our new navy were built by this immense concern. W ASHINGTON ALLSTON, probably the greatest American painter, was born in South Carolina in 1779. He was sent to school at the age of seven years at Newport, Rhode Island, where he met Edward Malbone, two years his senior, and who later became a painter of note. The friendship that sprang up between them undoubtedly influenced young Allston in the choice of a profession. He graduated from Harvard in 18oo, and went to England the following year, after pursuing his studies for a year under his friend Malbone at his home in South Carolina. He became a student at the Royal Academy where the great American, Benjamin West, presided, and who became his intimate friend. Allston later went to Paris, and then to Italy, where four years were spent, mostly at Rome. In 1809 he returned to America, but soon after returned to London, having married in the meantime a sister of Dr. Channing. In a short time his first great work appeared, "The Dead 1lan Restored to Life by the Bones of Elisha," which took the British Association prize and firmly established his reputation. Other paintings followed in quick succession, the greatest among which were "Uriel in the Center of the Sun," "Saint Peter Liberated by the Angel," and "Jacob's Dream," supplemented by many smaller pieces. Hard work, and grief at the death of his wife began to tell upon his health, and he left London in 1818 for America. The same year he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy. During the next few years he painted "Jeremiah," "Witch of Endor," and "Beatrice." In 1830 Allston married a daughter of Judge Dana, and went to Cambridge, which was his home until his death. Here he produced the "Vision of the Bloody Hand," "Rosalie," and many less noted pieces, and had given one week of labor to his unfinished masterpiece, "Belshazzar's Feast," when death ended his career July 9, 1843. OHN ROACH, ship builder and'manufacturer, whose career was a marvel of industrial labor, and who impressed his individuality and genius upon the times in which he lived more, perhaps, than any other manufacturer in America. He was born at Mitchelstown, County Cork, Ire COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHA. 191 land, December 25, I815, the son of a wealthy merchant. He attended school until he was thirteen, when his father became financially embarrassed and failed and shortly after died; John determined to come to America and carve out a fortune for himself. He landed in New York at the age of sixteen, and soon obtained employment at the Howell Iron Works in New Jersey, at twenty-five cents a day. He soon made himself a place in the world, and at the end of three years had saved some twelve hundred dollars, which he lost by the failure of his employer, in whose hands it was left. Returning to New York he began to learn how to make castings for marine engines and ship work. Having again accumulated one thousand dollars, in company with three fellow workmen, he purchased a small foundry in New York, but soon became sole proprietor. At the end of four years he had saved thirty thousand dollars, besides enlarging his works. In 1856 his works were destroyed by a boiler explosion, and being unable to collect the insurance, was left, after paying his debts, without a dollar. However, his credit and reputation for integrity was good, and he built the Etna Iron Works, giving it capacity to construct larger marine engines than any previously built in this country. Here he turned out immense engines for the steam ram Dunderberg, for the war vessels Winooski and Neshaning, and other large vessels. To accommodate his increasing business, Mr. Roach, in 1869, purchased the Morgan Iron Works, one of the largest in New York, and shortly after several others. In 1871 he bought the Chester ship yards, which he added to largely, erecting a rolling mill and blast furnace, and providing every facility for building a ship out of the ore and timber. This immense plant covered a large area, was valued at several millions of dollars, and was known as the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding and Engine Works, of which Mr. Roach was the principal owner. He built a large percentage of the iron vessels now flying the American flag, the bulk of his business being for private parties. In I875 he built the sectional dry docks at Pensacola. He, about this time, drew the attention of the government to the use of compound marine engines, and thus was the means of improving the speed and economy of the vessels of our new navy. In 1883 Mr. Roach commenced work on the three cruisers for the government, the " Chicago," "Boston" and "Atlanta," and the dispatch boat " Dolphin." For some cause the secretary of the navy refused to receive the latter and decided that Mr. Roach's contract would not hold. This embarrassed Mr. Roach, as a large amount of his capital was involved in these contracts, and for the protection of bondsmen and creditors, July 18, 1885, he made an assignment, but the financial trouble broke down his strong constitution, and January Io, 1887, he died. His son, John B. Roach, succeeded to the shipbuilding interests, while Stephen W. Roach inherited the Morgan Iron Works at New York. OHN SINGLETON COPLEY, one of the two great painters who laid the foundation of true American art, was born in Boston in 1737, one yeair earlier than his great contemporary, Benjamin West. His education was limited to the common schools of that time, and his training in art he obtained by his own observation and experiments solely. When he was about seventeen years old he had mapped out his future, however, by choosing painting as his pro - 192 C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHTr. fession. If he ever studied' under any teacher in his early efforts, we have no authentic account of it, and tradition credits the young artist's wonderful success entirely to his own talent and untiring effort. It is almost incredible that at the age of twenty-three years his income from his works aggregated fifteen hundred dollars per annum, a very great sum in those days. In 1774 he went to Europe in search of material for study, which was so rare in his native land. After some time spent in Italy he finally took up his permanent residence in England. In 1783 he was made a member of the Royal Academy, and later his son had the high honor of becoming lord chancellor of England and Lord Lyndhurst. Many specimens of Copley's work are to be found in the Memorial Hall at Harvard and in the Boston Museum, as well as a few of the works upon which he modeled his style. Copley was essentially a portrait painter, though his historical paintings attained great celebrity, his masterpiece being his " Death of Major Pierson," though that distinction has by some been given to his " Death of Chatham." It is said that he never saw a good picture until he was thirty-five years old, yet his portraits prior to that period are regarded as rare specimens. He died in I815. HENRY B. PLANT, one of the greatest railroad men of the country, became famous as president of the Plant system of railway and steamer lines, and also the Southern & Texas Express Co. He was born in October, I819, at Branford, Connecticut, and entered the railroad service in 1844, serving as express messenger on the Hartford & New Haven Railroad until I853, during which time he had entire charge of the expr.so business of that road. He went south in 1853 and established express lines on various southern railways, and in 1861 organized the Southern Express Co., and became its president. In 1879 he purchased, with others, the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad of Georgia, and later reorganized the Savannah, Florida & Western Railroad, of which he became president. He purchased and rebuilt, in I88o, the Savannah & Charleston Railroad, now Charleston & Savannah. Not long after this he organized the Plant Investment Co., to control these railroads and advance their interests generally, and later established a steamboat line on the St. John's river, in Florida. From 1853 until 186o he was general superintendent of the southern division of the Adams Express Co., and in 1867 became president of the Texas Express Co. The "Plant system" of railway, steamer and steamship lines is one of the greatest business corporations of the southern states. WADE HAMPTON, a noted Confederate officer, was born at Columbia, South Carolina, in 1818. He graduated from the South Carolina College, took an active part in politics, and was twice elected to the legislature of his state. In 186i he joined the Confederate army, and commanded the "( Hampton Legion " at the first battle of Bull Run, in July, 1861. He did meritorious service, was wounded, and promoted to brigadier-general. He commanded a brigade at Seven Pines, in 1862, and was again wounded. He was engaged in the battle of Antietam in September of the same year, and participated in the raid into Pennsylvania in October. In 1863 he was with Lee at Gettysburg, where he was wounded for the third time. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, and commanded a troop of cavalry in Lee's COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. 193 army during 1864, and was in numerous engagements. In 1865 he was in South Carolina, and commanded the cavalry rear guard of the Confederate army in its stubborn retreat before General Sherman on his advance toward Richmond. After the war Hampton took an active part in politics, and was a prominent figure at the Democratic national convention in 1868, which nominated Seymour and Blair for president and vice-president. He was governor of South Carolina, and took his seat in the United States senate in I879, where he became a conspicuous figure in national affairs. N IKOLA TESLA, one of the most celebrated electricians America has known, was born in 1857, at Smiljau, Lika, Servia. He descended from an old and representative family of that country. His father was a a minister of the Greek church, of high rank, while his mother was a woman of remarkable skill in the construction of looms, churns and the machinery required in a rural home. Nikola received early education in the public schools of Gospich, when he was sent to the higher "Real Schule" at Karlstadt, where, after a three years' course, he graduated in 1873. He devoted himself to experiments in electricity and magnetism, to the chagrin of his father, who had destined him for the ministry, but giving way to the boy's evident genius he was allowed to continue his studies in the polytechnic school at Gratz. He inherited a wonderful intuition which enabled him to see through the intricacies of machinery, and despite his instructor's demonstration that a dynamo could not be operated without commutators or brushes, began experiments which finally resulted in his rotating field motors. After the study of languages at Prague and Buda-Pesth, he became associated with M. Puskas, who had introduced the telephone into Hungary. He invented several improvements, but being unable to reap the necessary benefit from them, he, in search of a wider field, went to Paris, where he found employment with one of the electric lighting companies as electrical engineer. Soon he set his face westward, and coming to the United States for a time found congenial employment wfith Thomas A. Edison. Finding it impossible, overshadowed as he was, to carry out his own ideas he left the Edison works to join a company formed to place his own inventions on the market. He perfected his rotary field principle, adapting it to circuits then in operation. It is said of him that some of his proved theories will change the entire electrical science. It would, in an article of this length, be impossible to explain all that Tesla accomplished for the practical side of electrical engineering. His discoveries formed the basis of the attempt to utilize the water power of Niagara Falls. His work ranges far beyond the vast department of polyphase currents and high potential lighting and includes many inventions in arc lighting, transformers, pyro and thermo-magnetic motors, new forms of incandescent lamps, unipolar dynamos and many others. HARLES B. LEWIS won fame as an American humorist under the name of "M. Quad." It is said he owes his celebrity originally to the fact that he was once mixed up in a boiler explosion on the Ohio river, and the impressions he received from the event he set up from his case when he was in the composing room of an obscure Michigan paper. His style possesses a peculiar quaintness, and there runs through 194 C COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PH. it a vein of philosophy. Mr. Lewis was born in 1844, near a town called Liverpool, Ohio. He was, however, raised in Lansing, Michigan, where he spent a year in an agricultural college, going from there to the composing room of the "Lansing Democrat. " At the outbreak of the war he enlisted in the service, remained during the entire war, and then. returned to Lansing. The explosion of the boiler that I"blew him into fame," took place two years later, while he was on his way south. When he recovered physically, he brought suit for damages against the steamboat company, which he gained, and was awarded a verdict of twelve thousand dollars for injuries received. It was while he was employed by the "Jacksonian " of Pontiac, Mich.,that he set up his account of how he felt while being blown up. He says that he signed it "M Quad," because "a bourgeoise em quad is useless except in its own line-it won't justify with any other type." Soon after, because of the celebrity he attained by this screed, Mr. Lewis secured a place on the staff of the "(Detroit Free Press," and made for that paper a wide reputation. His sketches of the "Lime Kiln Club" and " Brudder Gardner " are perhaps the best known of his humorous writings. HIRAM S. MAXIM, the famous inventor, was born, in Sangersville, Maine, February 5, 1840, the son of Isaac W. and Harriet B. Maxim. The town of his birth was but a small place, in the woods, on the confines of civilization, and the family endured many hardships. They were without means and entirely dependent on themselves to make out of raw materials all they needed. The mother was an expert spinner, weaver, dyer and seamstress and the father a trapper, tanner, miller, blacksmith, carpenter, mason and farmer. Amid such surroundings young Maxim gave early promise of remarkable aptitude. With the universal Yankee jackknife the products of his skill excited the wonder and interest of the locality. His parents did not encourage his latent genius but apprenticed him to a doach builder. Four years he labored at this uncongenial trade but at the end of that time he forsook it and entered a machine shop at Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Soon mastering the details of that business and that of mechanical drawing, he went to Boston as the foreman of the philosophical instrument manufactory. From thence he went to New York and with the Novelty Iron Works Shipbuilding Co. he gained experience in those trades. His inventions up to this time consisted of improvements in steam engines, and an automatic gas machine, which came into general use. In 1877 he turned his attention to electricity, and in 1878 produced an incandescent lamp, that would burn 1,000ooo hours. He was the first to design a process for flashing electric carbons, and the first to "standardize" carbons for electric lighting. In i88o he visited Europe and exbibiting, at the Paris Exposition of 1881, a selfregulating machine, was decorated with the Legion of Honor. In 1883 he returned to London as the European representative of the United States Electric Light Co. An incident of his boyhood, in which the recoil of a rifle was noticed by him, and the apparent loss of power shown, in 1881-2 prompted the invention of a gun which utilizes the recoil to automatically load and fire seven hundred and seventy shots per minute. The MaximNordenfelt Gun Co., with a capital of nine million dollars, grew from this. In 1883 he patented his electric training gear for large guns. And later turned his attention to fly COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHr. 195 ing machines, which he claimed were not an impossibility. He took out over one hundred patents for smokeless gunpowder, and for petroleum and other motors and autocycles. OHN DAVISON ROCKEFELLER, one of America's very greatest financiers and philanthropists, was born in Richford, Tioga county, New York, July 8, 1839. He received a common-school education in his native place, and in 1853, when his parents removed to Cleveland, Ohio, he entered the high school of that city. After a two-years' course of diligent work, he entered the commission and forwarding house of Hewitt & Tuttle, of Cleveland, remaining with the firm some years, and then began business for himself, forming a partnership with Morris B. Clark. Mr. Rockefeller was then but nineteen years of age, and during the year I86o, in connection with others, they started the oil refining business, under the firm name of Andrews, Clark & Co. Mr. Rockefeller and Mr. Andrews purchased the interest of their associates, and, after taking William Rockefeller into the firm, established offices in Cleveland under the name of William Rockefeller & Co. Shortly. after this the house of Rockefeller & Co. was established in New York for the purpose of finding a market for their products, and two years later all the refining companies were consolidated under the firm name of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler. This firm was F.ucceeded in 1870 by the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, said to be the most gigantic business corporation of modern times. John D. Rockefeller's fortune has been variously estimated at from one hundred million to two hundred million dollars. Mr. Rockefeller's philanthropy manifested itself principally through the American Baptist Educational Society. He donated the building for the Spelman Institute at Atlanta, Georgia, a school for the instruction of negroes. His other gifts were to the University of Rochester, Cook Academy, Peddie Institute, and Vassar College, besides smaller gifts to many institutions throughout the country. His princely donations, however, were to the University of Chicago. His first gift to this institution was a conditional offer of six hundred thousand dollars in 1889, and when this amount was paid he added one million more. During 1892 he made it two gifts of one million each, and all told, his donations to this one institution aggregated between seven and eight millions of dollars. OHN M. PALMER.-For over a third of a century this gentleman occupied a prominent place in the political world, both in the state of Illinois and on the broader platform of national issues. Mr. Palmer was born at Eagle Creek, Scott county, Kentucky, September 13, 1817. The family subsequently removed to Christian county, in the same state, where he acquired a common-school education, and made his home until 1831. His father was opposed to slavery, and in the latter year removed to Illinois and settled near Alton. In 1834 John entered Alton College, organized on the manual-labor plan, but his funds failing, abandoned it and entered a cooper shop. He subsequently was engaged in peddling, and teaching a district school near Canton. In 1838 he began the study of law, and the following year removed to Carlinville, where, in December of that year, he was admitted to the bar. He was shortly after defeated for county clerk, In 1843 he was elected probate judge. In the constitutional convention of 1847, Mr. Palmer was a delegate, and from I849 to 196 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. c 1851 he was county judge. In 1852 he became a member of the state senate, but not being with his party on the slavery question he resigned that office in 1854. In 1856 Mr. Palmer was chairman of the first Republican state convention held in Illinois, and the same year was a delegate to the national convention. In I86o he was an elector on the Lincoln ticket, and on the breaking out of the war entered the service -as colonel of the Fourteenth Illinois Infantry, but was shortly after brevetted brigadiergeneral. In August, 1862, he organized the One Hundred and Twenty-second Illinois Infantry, but in September he was placed in command of the first division of the Army of the Mississippi, afterward was promoted to the rank of major-general. In 1865 he was assigned to the military administration in Kentucky. In 1867 General TPlmer was elected governor of Illinois and s'rved four years. In 1872 he went with the Liberal Republicans, who supported Horace Greeley, after which time he was identified with the Democratic party. In I890 he was elected United States senator from Illinois, and served as such for six years. In 1896, on the adoption of the silver plank in the platform of the Democratic party, General Palmer consented to lead, as presidential candidate, the National Democrats, or Gold Democracy. W ILLIAM H. BEARD, the humorist among American painters, was born at Painesville, Ohio, in 1821. His father, James H. Beard, was also a painter of national reputation. William Hm Beard began his career as a traveling portrait painter. He pursued his studies in New York. and later removed to Buffalo, where he achieved reputation. He then went to Italy and after a short stay returned to New York and opened a studio. One of his earliest paintings was a small picture called " Cat and Kittens," which was placed in the National Academy on exhibition. Among his best productions are "Raining Cats and Dogs," "The Dance of Silenus," "Bears on a Bender," "Bulls and Bears," "Whoo!" " Grimalkin's Dream," "ILittle Red Riding Hood," "The Guardian of the Flag." His animal pictures convey the most ludicrous and satirical ideas, and the intelligent, human expression in their faces is most comical. Some artists and critics have refused to give Mr. Beard a place among the first circles in art, solely on account of the class of subjects he has chosen. W W. CORCORAN, the noted philanthrophist, was born at Georgetown, District of Columbia; December 27, 1798. At the age of twenty-five he entered the banking business in Washington, and in time became very wealthy. He was noted for his magnificent donations to charity. Oak Hill cemetery was donated to Georgetown in 1847, and ten years later the Corcoran Art Gallery, Temple of Art, was presented to the city of Washington. The uncompleted building was utilized by the government as quartermaster's headquarters during the war. The building was completed after the war at a cost of a million and a half dollars, all the gift of Mr. Corcoran. The Louise Home for Women is another noble charity to his credit. Its object is the care of women of gentle breeding who in declining years are without means of support. In addition to this he gave liberally to many worthy institutions of learning and charity. He died at Washington February 24, i888. COMPENDIUAM OF BIOGRAPHT. 197 ALBERT BIERSTADT, the noted painter of American landscape, was born in Dusseldorf, Germany, in 1829, and was brought to America by his parents at the age of two years. He received his early education here, but returned to Dusseldorf to study painting, and also went to Rome. On his return to America he accompanied Lander's expedition across the continent, in 1858, and soon after produced his most popular work, "The Rocky MountainsLander's Peak." Its boldness and grandeur were so unusual that it made him famous. The picture sold for twenty-five thousand dollars. In 1867 Mr. Bierstadt went to Europe, with a government commission, and gathered materials for his great historical work, " Discovery of the North River by Hendrik Hudson." Others of his great works were " Storm in the Rocky Mountains," " Valley of the Yosemite," "'North Fork of the Platte," "Diamond Pool," "Mount Hood," " Mount Rosalie," and "The Sierra Nevada Mountains." His "Estes Park" sold for fifteen thousand dollars, and "Mount Rosalie" brought thirty-five thousand dollars. His smaller Rocky mountain scenes, however, are vastly superior to his larger works in execution and coloring. ADDISON CAMMACK, a famous millionaire Wall street speculator, was born in Kentucky. When sixteen years old he ran away from home and went to New Orleans, where he went to work in a shipping house. He outlived and outworked all the partners, and became the head of the firm before the opening of the war. At that time he fitted out small vessels and engaged in running the blockade of southern ports and carrying ammunition, merchandise, etc., to the southern people. This made him a fortune. At the close of the war he quit business and went to New York. For two years he did not enter any active business, but seemed to be simply an on-looker in the great speculative center of America. He was observing keenly the methods and financial machinery, however, and when, in 1867, he formed a partnership with the popular Charles J. Osborne, the firm began to prosper. He never had an office on the street, but wandered into the various brokers' offices and placed his orders as he saw fit. In 1873 he dissolved his partnership with Osborne and operated alone. He joined a band of speculative conspirators known as the "Twenty-third party," and was the ruling spirit in that organization for the control of the stock market. He was always on the * bear " side and the only serious obstacle he ever encountered was the persistent boom in industrial stocks, particularly sugar, engineered by James R. Keane. Mr. Cammack fought Keane for two years, and during the time is said to have lost no less than two million dollars before he abandoned the fight. W ALT. WHITMAN.-Foremost among the lesser poets of the latter part of the nineteenth century, the gentleman whose name adorns the head of this article takes a conspicuous place. Whitman was born at West Hills, Long Island, New York, May 13, 1809. In the schools of Brooklyn he laid the foundation of his education, and early in life learned the printer's trade. For a time he taught country schools in his native state. In I846-7 he was editor of the "Brooklyn Eagle," but in 1848-9 was on the editorial staff of the "Crescent," of New Orleans. He made an extended tour throughout the United States and Canada, and returned to 198 COMPENDIUAM OF BIOGRAPHr. Brooklyn, where, in 1850, he published the "Freeman. " For some years succeeding.his he was engaged as carpenter and builder. During the Civil war, Whitman acted as,a volunteer nurse in the hospitals at Washington and vicinity and from the close of hostilities until I873 he was employed in various clerkships in the government offices in the nation's capital. In the latter year he was stricken with paralysis as a result of his labors in the hospital, it is said, and being partially disabled lived for many years at Camden, New Jersey. The first edition of the work which was to bring him fame, "Leaves of Grass," was published in 1855 and was but a small volume of about ninety-four pages. Seven or eight editions of "Leaves of Grass" have been issued, each enlarged and enriched with new poems. "Drum Taps," at first a separate publication, has been incorporated with the others. This volume and one prose writing entitled " Specimen Days and Collect," constituted his whole work. Walt. Whitman died at Camden, New Jersey, March 26, 1892. HENRY DUPONT, who became celebrated as America's greatest manufacturer of gunpowder, was a native of Delaware, born August 8, 1812. He received his education in its higher branches at the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated and entered the army as second lieutenant of artillery in I833. In I834 he resigned and became proprietor of the extensive gunpowder manufacturing plant that bears his name, near Wilmington, Delaware. His large business interests interfered with his taking any active participation in political life, although for many years he served as adjutant-general of his native state, and during the war as major-general commanding the Home Guards. He died August 8, 1889. His son, Henry A. Dupont, also was a native of Delaware, and was born July 30o, 1838. After graduating from West Point in 186i1, he entered the army as second lieutenant of engineers. Shortly after he was transferred to the Fifth Artillery as first lieutenant. He was promoted to the rank of captain in 1864, serving in camp and garrison most of the time. He was in command of a battery in the campaign of 1863-4. As chief of artillery of the army of West Virginia, he figured until the close of the war, being in the battles of Opequan, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, besides many minor engagements. He afterward acted as instructor in the artillery school at Fortress Monroe, and on special duty at West Point. He resigned from the army March I, 1875. W ILLIAM DEERING, one of the famous manufacturers of America, and also a philanthropist and patron of education, was born in Maine in 1826. His ancestors were English, having settled in New England in 1634. Early in life it was William's intention to become a physician, and after completing his common-school education, when about eighteen years of age, he began an apprenticeship with a physician. A short time later, however, at the request of his father, he took charge of his father's business interests, which included a woolen mill, retail store and grist mill, after which he became agent for a dry goods commission house in Portland, where he was married. Later he became partner in the firm, and removed to New York. The business prospered, and after a number of years, on account of failing health, Mr. Deering sold his interest to his partner, a Mr. Milner. The COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHR. 199 business has since made Mr. Milner a millionaire many times over. A few years later Mr. Deering located in Chicago. His beginning in the manufacture of reapers, which has since made his name famous, was somewhat of an accident. He had loaned money to a man in that business, and in 1878 was compelled to buy out the business to protect his interests. The business developed rapidly and grew to immense proportions. The factories now cover sixtytwo acres of ground and employ many thousands of men. JOHN McALLISTER SCHOFIELD, an American general, was born in Chautauqua county, New York, September 29, 1831. He graduated at West Point in 1853, and was for five years assistant professor of natural philosophy in that institution. In I86i he entered the volunteer service as major of the First Missouri Volunteers, and was appointed chief of staff by General Lyon, under whom he fought at the battle of Wilson's Creek. In November, I861, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and was placed in command of the Missouri militia until November, 1862, and of the army of the frontier from that time until 1863. In 1862 he was made major-general of volunteers, and was placed in command of the Department of the Missouri, and in 1864 of the Department of the Ohio. During the campaign through Georgia General Schofield was in command of the Twenty-third Army Corps, and was engaged in most of the fighting of that famous campaign. November 30, 1864, he defeated Hood's army at Franklin, Tennessee, and then joined General Thomas at Nashville.' He took part in the battle of Nashville, where Hood's army was destroyed. In January, 1865, he led his corps into North Carolina, captured Wilmington, fought the battle of Kingston, and joined General Sherman at Goldsboro March 22, 1865. He executed the details of the capitulation of General Johnston to Sherman, which practically closed the war. In June, 1868, General Schofield succeeded Edwin M. Stanton as secretary of war, but was the next year appointed majorgeneral of the United States army, and ordered to the Department of the Missouri. From 1870 to 1876 he was in command of the Department of the Pacific; from 1876 to I881 superintendent of the West Point Military Academy; in 1883 he was in charge of the Department of the Missouri, and in 1886 of the division of the Atlantic. In I888 he became general-in-chief of the United States army, and in February, 1895, was appointed lieutenant-general by President Cleveland, that rank having been revived by congress. In September, 1895, he was retired from active service. LEWIS WALLACE, an American general and famous author, was born iri Brookville, Indiana, April Io, 1827. He served in the Mexican war as first lieutenant of a company of Indiana Volunteers. After his return from Mexico he was admitted to the bar, and practiced law in Covington and Crawfordsville, Indiana, until I861. At the opening of the war he was appointed adjutant-general of Indiana, and soon after became colonel of the Eleventh Indiana Volunteers. He defeated a force of Confederates at Romney, West Virginia, and wa% made brigadier-general in September, i861. At the capture of Fort Donelson in 1862 he commanded a division, and was engaged in the second day's fight at Shiloh. In 1863 his defenses about Cincinnati saved that city from capture by Kirby Smith. At Monocacy in July, I864, he was defeated, but 200 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. his resistance delayed the advance of General Early and thus saved Washington from capture. General Wallace was a member of the court that tried the assassins of President Lincoln, and also of that before whom Captain Henry Wirtz, who had charge of the Andersonville prison, was tried. In 1881 General Wallace was sent as minister to Turkey. When not in official service he devoted much of his time to literature. Among his better known works are his,"Fair God," "Ben Hur," "Prince of India," and a " Life of Benjamin Harrison." THOMAS FRANCIS BAYARD, an American statesman and diplomat, was born at Wilmington, Delaware, October 29, 1828. He obtained his education at an Episcopal academy at Flushing, Long Island, and after a short service in a mercantile house in New York, he returned to Wilmington and entered his father's law office to prepare himself for the practice of that profession. He was admitted to the bar in 1851. He was appointed to the office of United States district attorney for the state of Delaware, serving one year. In 1869 he was elected to the United States senate, and continuously represented his state in that body until 1885, and in 188 I, when Chester A. Arthur entered the presidential chair, Mr. Bayard was chosen president pro tempore of the senate. He had also served on the famous electoral commission that decided the Hayes-Tilden contest in 1876-7. In 1885 President Cleveland appointed Mr. Bayard secretary of state. At the beginning of Cleveland's second term, in 1893, Mr. Bayard was selected for the post of ambassador at the court of St. James, London, and was the first to hold that rank in American diplomacy, serving until the beginning of the McKinley admin istration. The questions for adjustment at that time between the two governments were the Behring Sea controversy and the Venezuelan boundary question. He was very popular in England because of his tariff views, and because of his criticism of the protective policy of the United States in his public speeches delivered in London, Edinburgh and other places, he received, in March, 1896, a vote of censure in the lower house of congress. JOHN WORK GARRETT, for so many years at the head of the great Baltimore & Ohio railroad system, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, July 31, 1820. His father, Robert Garrett, an enterprising merchant, had amassed a large fortune from a small beginning. The son entered Lafayette College in 1834, but left the following year and entered his father's counting room, and in 1839 became a partner. John W. Garrett took a great interest in the development of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. He was elected one of the directors in 1857, and was its president from 1858 until his death. When he took charge of the road it was in an embarrassed condition, but within a year, for the first time in its existence, it paid a dividend, the increase in its net gains being $725,385. After the war, during which the road suffered much damage from the Confederates, numerous branches and connecting roads were built or acquired, until it reached colossal proportions. Mr. Garrett was also active in securing a regular line of steamers between Baltimore and Bremen, and between the same port and Liverpool. He was one of the most active trustees of Johns Hopkins University, and a liberal contributor to the Young Men's Christian Association of Baltimore. He died September 26, 1884. COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHA. 201 Robert Garrett, the son of John W. Garrett, was born in Baltimore April 9, 1847, and graduated from Princeton in 1867. He received a business education in the banking house of his father, and in I871 became president of the Valley Railroad of Virginia. He was made third vice-president of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1879, and first vice-president in I881. He succeeded his father as president in 1884. Robert Garrett died July 29, 1896. C ARL SCHURZ, a noted German-American statesman, was born in Liblar, Prussia, March 2, 1829. He studied at the University of Bonn, and in 1849 was engaged in an attempt to excite an insurrection at that place. After the surrender of Rastadt by the revolutionists, in the defense of which Schurz took part, he decided to emigrate to America. He resided in Philadelphia three years, and then settled in Watertown, WVisconsin, and in 1859 removed to Milwaukee, where he practiced law. On the organization of the Republican party he became a leader of the German element and entered the campaign for Lincoln in 186o. He was appointed minister to Spain in 186I, but resigned in December of that year to enter the army. He was appointed brigadiergeneral in 1862, and participated in the second battle of Bull Run, and also at Chancellorsville. At Gettysburg he had temporary command of the Eleventh Army Corps, and also took part in the battle of Chattanooga. After the war he located at St. Louis, and in 1869 was elected United States senator from Missouri. He supported Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872, and in the campaign of 1876, having removed to New York, he supported Hayes and the Republican ticket, and was appointed secre tary of the interior in I877. In I88I he became editor of the "New York Evening Post," and in 1884 was prominent in his opposition to James G. Blaine, and became a leader of the "Mugwumps," thus assisting in the election of Cleveland. In the presidential campaign of 1896 his forcible speeches in the interest of sound money wielded an immense influence. Mr. Schurz wrote a "Life of Henry Clay," said to be the best biography ever published of that eminent statesman. G EORGE F. EDMUNDS, an American statesman of national reputation, was born in Richmond, Vermont, February I, 1828. His education was obtained in the public schools and from the instructions of a private tutor. He was admitted to the bar, practiced law, and served in the state legislature from 1854 to 1859, during three years of that time being speaker of the lower house. He was elected to the state senate and acted as president pro tempore of that body in 1861 and 1862. He became prominent for his activity in the impeachment proceedings against President Johnson, and was appointed to the United States senate to fill out the unexpired term of Solomon Foot, entering that body in I866. He was re-elected to the senate four times, and served on the electoral commission in 1877. He became president pro tempore of the senate after the death of President Garfield, and was the author of the bill which put an end to the practice of polygamy in the territory of Utah. In November, 189i, owing to impaired health, he retired from the sen, ate and again resumed the practice of law. UCIUS Q. C. LAMAR, a prominent political leader, statesman and jurist. was born in Putnam county, Georgia, Sep 202 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. tember 17, 1825. He graduated from Emory College in 1845, studied law at Macon under Hon. A. H. Chappell, and was admitted to the bar in I847. He moved to Oxford, Mississippi, in 1849, and was elected to a professorship in the State University. He resigned the next year and returned to Covington, Georgia, and resumed the practice of law. In 1853 he was elected to the Georgia Legislature, and in 1854 he removed to his plantation in Lafayette county, Mississippi, and was elected to represent his district in the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth congresses. He resigned in 1860, and was sent as a delegate to the secession convention of the state. He entered the Confederate service in 1861 as lieutenant-colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, and was soon after made colonel. In 1863 President Davis appointed him to an important diplomatic mission to Russia. In 1866 he was elected professor of political economy and social science in the State University, and was soon afterward transferred to the professorship of the law department. He represented his district in the forty-third and forty-fourth congresses, and was elected United States senator from Mississippi in 1877, and re-elected in 1882. In 1885, before the expiration of his term, he was appointed by President Cleveland as secretary of the interior, which position he held until his appointment as associate justice of the United States supreme court, in 1888, in which capacity he served until his death, January 23, 1894. BENJAMIN PENHALLOW SHILLABER won fame in the world of humorists under the name of "Mrs. Partington." He was born in 1841 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and started out in life as a printer. Mr. Shillaber went to Dover, where he secured employment in a printing office, and from there he went to Demerara, Guiana, where he was employed as a compositor in 1835-37. In 1840 he became connected with the "Boston Post," and acquired quite a reputation as a humorist by his "Sayings of Mrs. Partington." He remained as editor of the paper until 185o, when he printed and edited a paper of his own called the "Pathfinder," which he continued until 1852. Mr. Shillaber became editor and proprietor of the "Carpet Bag," which he conducted during 1850-52, and then returned to the "Boston Post," with which he was connected until 1856. During the same time he was one of the editors of the "Saturday Evening Gazette," and continued in this line after he severed his connection with the "Post," for ten years. After 1866 Mr. Shillaber wrote for various newspapers and periodicals, and during his life published the following books: "Rhymes with Reason and Without," "Poems," "Life and Sayings of Mrs. Partington," "Knitting Work," and others. His death occurred at Chelsea, Massachusetts, November 25, 1890. ASTMAN JOHNSON stands first among painters of American country life. He was born in Lovell, Maine, in 1824, and began his work in drawing at the age of eighteen years. His first works were portraits, and, as he took up his residence in Washington, the most famous men of the nation were his subjects. In 1846 he went to Boston, and there made crayon portraits of Longfellow, Emerson, Sumner, Hawthorne and other noted men. In 1849 he went to Europe. He studied at Dusseldorf, Germany; spent a year at the Royal Academy, and thence to The Hague, where he spent four years, producing there his first pictures COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHRY. 208 of consequence, "The Card-Players " and "The Savoyard." He then went to Paris, but was called home, after an absence from America of six years. He lived some time in Washington, and then spent two years among the Indians of Lake Superior. In 1858 he produced his famous picture, "The Old Kentucky Home." He took up his permanent residence at New York at that time. His " Sunday Morning in Virginia" is a work of equal merit. He was especially successful in coloring, a master of drawing, and the expression conveys with precision the thought of the artist. His portrayal of family life and child life is unequalled. Among his other great works are "The Confab," "Crossing a Stream,' "Chimney Sweep," "IOld Stage Coach," " The New Bonnet," " The Drummer Boy," " Childhood of Lincoln," and a great variety of equally familiar subjects. P IERCE GUSTAVE TOUTANT BEAUREGARD, one of the most distinguished generals in the Confederate army, was born near New Orleans, Louisiana, May 28, 1818. He graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1838, and was made second lieutenant of engineers. He was with General Scott in Mexico, and distinguished himself at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, and the battles near the City of Mexico, for which he was twice brevetted. After the Mexican war closed he was placed in charge of defenses about New Orleans, and in i86o was appointed superintendent Of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He held this position but a few months, when he resigned February 20, 186i, and accepted a commission of brigadier-general in the Confederate army. He directed the attack on Fort Sumter, the first engagement of the Civil war. He was 12 in corimand of the Confederates at the first battle of Bull Run, and for this victory was made general. In 1862 he was placed in command of the Army of the Mississippi, and planned the attack upon General Grant at Shiloh, and upon the death of General Johnston he took command of the army and was only defeated by the timely arrival of General Buell with reinforcements. He commanded at Charleston and successfully defended that city against the combined attack by land and sea in 1863. In 1864 he was in command in Virginia, defeating General Butler, and resisting Grant's attack upon Petersburg until reinforced from Richmond. During the long siege which followed he was sent to check General Sherman's march to the sea, and was with General Joseph E. Johnston when that general sutrendered in 1865. After the close of the war he was largely interested in railroad management. In 1866 he was offered chief command of the Army of Roumania, and in 1869, that of the Army of Egypt. He declined these offers. His death occurred February 20, 1893. HENRY GEORGE, one of America's most celebrated political economists, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 2, 1839. He received a commonschool education and entered the high school in 1853, and then went into a mercantile office. He made several voyages on the sea, and settled in California in I858. He then worked at the printer's trade for a number of years, which he left to follow the editorial profession. He edited in succession several daily newspapers, and attracted attention by a number of strong essays and speeches on political and social questions. In 1871 he edited a pamphlet, entitled "Our Land and Policy," in which he outlined a 204 C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHTr. theory, which has since made him so widely known. This was developed in "(Progress and Poverty," a book which soon attained a large circulation on both sides of the Atlantic, which has been extensively translated. In i88o Mr. George located in New York, where he made his home, though he frequently addressed audiences in Great Britain, Ireland, Australia, and throughout the United States. In I886 he was nominated by the labor organizations for mayor of New York, and made a campaign notable for its development of unexpected power. In 1887 he was candidate of the Union Labor party for secretary of state of New York. These campaigns served to formulate the idea of a single tax and popularize the Australian ballot system. Mr. George became a free trader in 1888, and in 1892 supported the election of Grover Cleveland. His political and economic ideas, known as the "single tax," have a large and growing support, but are not confined to this country alone. He wrote numerous miscellaneous articles in support of his principles, and also published: "The Land Question," " Social Problems," "Protection or Free Trade," "The Condition of Labor, an Open Letter to Pope Leo XIII.," and " Perplexed Philosopher." HOMAS ALEXANDER SCOTT. -This name is indissolubly connected with the history and development of the railway systems of the United States. Mr. Scott was born December 28, 1823, at London, Franklin county, Pennsylvania. He was first regularly employed by Major James Patton, the collector of tolls on the state road between Philadelphia and Columbia, Pennsylvania. He entered into the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1850, and'went through all the different branches of work until he had mastered all the details' of the office work, and in 1858 he was appointed general superintendent. Mr. Scott was the next year chosen vice-president of the road. This position at once brought him before the public, and the enterprise and ability displayed by him in its management marked him as a leader among the railroad men of the country. At the outbreak of the rebellion in I861, Mr. Scott was selected by Governor Curtin as a member of his staff, and placed in charge of the equipment and forwarding of the state troops to the seat of war. On April 27, i86I, the secretary of war desired to establish a new line of road between the national capital and Philadelphia, for the more expeditious transportation of troops. He called upon Mr. Scott to direct this work, and the road by the way of Annapolis and Perryville was, completed in a marvelously short space of time. On May 3, i861, he was commissioned colonel of volunteers, and on the 23d of the same month the government railroads. and telegraph lines were placed in his charge. Mr. Scott was the first assistant secretary of war ever appointed, and he took charge of this new post August I, 1861. In January, 1862, he was directed to organize transportation in the northwest, and in March he performed the same service on the western rivers. He resigned June i, 1862, and resumed his direction of affairA on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Colonel Scott directed the policy that secured to his road the control of the western roads, and became the president of the new company to operate these lines in 1871. ' For one year, from March, 1871, he was president of the Union Pacific Railroad, and in 1874 he succeeded to the presidency of the Pennsylvania Company. He projected the Texas Pacific Railroad and was for many years its president. Colonel Scott's health failed COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHR. 205 him and he resigned the presidency of the road June I, I1880, and died at his home in Darby, Pennsylvania, May 21, i188I. ROBERT TOOMBS, an American statesman of note, was born in Wilkes county, Georgia, July 2, 18io. He attended the University of Georgia, and graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York, and then took a law course at the University of Virginia. In 1830, before he had attained his majority, he was admitted to the bar by special act of the legislature, and rose rapidly in his profession, attracting the attention of the leading statesmen and judges of that time. He raised a volunteer company for the Creek war, and served as captain to the close. He was elected to the state legislature in 1837, re-elected in 1842, and in 1844 was elected to congress. He had been brought up as a Jeffersonian Democrat, but voted for Harrison in 1840 and for Clay in 1844. He made his first speech in congress on the Oregon question, and immediately took rank with the greatest debaters of that body. In 1853 he was elected to the United States senate, and again in 1859, but when his native state seceded he resigned his seat in the senate and was elected to the Confederate congress. It is stated on the best authority that had it not been for a misunderstanding which could not be explained till too late he would have been elected president of the Confederacy. He was appointed secretary of state by President Davis, but resigned after a few months and was commissioned brigadier-general in the Confederate army. He won distinction at the second battle of Bull Run and at Sharpsburg, but resigned his commission soon after and returned to Georgia. He organized the militia of Georgia to resist Sherman, and was made brigadier-general of the state troops. He left the cou'ntry at the close of the war and did not return until I867. He died December 15, 1885. A USTIN CORBIN, one of the greatest railway magnates of the United States,. was born July II, 1827, at Newport, New Hampshire. He studied law with Chief Justice Cushing and Governor Ralph Metcalf, and later took a course in the Harvard Law School, where he graduated in 1849. He was admitted to the bar, and practiced law, with Governor Metcalf as his partner, until October I12, 1851. Mr. Corbin then removed to Davenport, Iowa, where he remained until 1865. In 1854 he was a partner in the banking firm of Macklot & Corbin, and later he organized the First National bank of Davenport, Iowa, which commenced business June 29, 1863, and which was the first national bank open for business in the United States. Mr. Corbin sold out his business in the Davenport bank, and removed to New York in 1865 and commenced business with partners under the style of Corbin Banking Company. Soon after his removal to New York he became interested in railroads, and became one of the leading railroad men of the country. The development of the west half of Coney Island as a summer resort first brought him into general prominence. He built a railroad from New York to the island, and built great hotels on its ocean front. He next turned his attention to Long Island, and secured all the railroads and consolidated them under one management, became president of the system, and under his control Long Island became the great ocean suburb of New York. His latest public achievement was the rehabilitation of the Reading Railroad, of Pennsylvania, and :206 C OMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. during the same time he and his friends purchased the controlling interest of the New Jersey Central Railroad. He took it out of the hands of the receiver, and in three years had it on a dividend-paying basis. Mr. Corbin's death occurred June 4, 1896. AMES GORDON BENNETT, SR., was one of the greatest journalists of America in his day. He was born September I, 1795, at New Mill, near Keith, Scotland. At the age of fourteen he was sent to Aberdeen to study for the priesthood, but, convinced that he was mistaken in his vocation, he determined to emigrate. He landed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1819, where he attempted to earn a living by teaching bookkeeping. Failing in this he went to Boston and found employment as a proof reader. Mr. Bennett went to New York about 1822 and wrote for the newspapers. Later on he became assistant editor in the office of the "Charleston Courier," but returned to New York in 1824 and endeavored to start a commercial school, but was unsuccessful in this, and again returned to newspaper work. He continued in newspaper work with varying success until, at his suggestion, the "Enquirer" was consolidated with another paper, and became the "Courier and Enquirer," with James Watson Webb as editor and Mr. Bennett for assistant. At this time this was the leading American newspaper. He, however, severed his connection with this newspaper and tried, without success, other ventures in the line of journalism until May 6, 1835, when he issued the first number of the "New York Herald." Mr. Bennett wrote the entire paper, and made up for lack of news by his own imagination. The paper became pop u lar, and in 1838 he engaged European journalists as regular correspondents. In 1841 the income derived from his paper was at least one hundred thousand dollars. During the Civil war the " Herald " had on its staff sixty-three war correspondents and the circulation was doubled. Mr. Bennett was interested with John W. Mackay in that great enterprise which is now known as the Mackay-Bennett Cable. He had collected for use in his paper over fifty thousand biographies, sketches and all manner of information regarding every well-known man, which are still kept in the archives of the "Herald" office. He died in the city of New York in 1872, and left to his son, James Gordon, Jr., one of the greatest and most profitable journals in the United States, or even in the world. LIVER WENDELL HOLMES, a noted American, won distinction in the field of literature, in which he attained a world-wide reputation. He was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 29, 1809. He received a collegiate education and graduated from Harvard in 1829, at the age of twenty, and took up the study of law and later studied medicine. Dr. Holmes attended several years in the hospitals of Europe and received his degree in 1836. He became professor of anatomy and physiology in Dartmouth in 1838, and remained there until 1847, when he was called to the Massachusetts Medical School at Boston to occupy the same chair, which position he resigned in 1882. The first collected edition of his poems appeared in 1836, and his "Phi Beta Kappa Poems," "Poetry," in 1836; "Terpsichore," in 1843; "Urania," in 1846, and "Astraea," won for him many fresh laurels. His series of papers in the "Atlantic Monthly," were: COMPEANDIUM OF BIOGRAPHrT. 207 "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," "Professor at the Breakfast Table," "Poet at the Breakfast Table," and are a series of masterly wit, humor and pathos. Among his medical papers and addresses, are: 'Currents and Counter-currents in the Medical Science," and "Borderland in Some Provinces of Medical Science." Mr. Holmes edited quite a number of works, of which we quote the following: "Else Venner," "Songs in Many Keys," "Soundings from the Atlantic," "Humorous Poems," "The Guardian Angel," "Mechanism in Thoughts and Morals," "Songs of Many Seasons," "John L. Motley"-a memoir, "The Iron Gate and Other Poems," "Ralph Waldo Emerson," "A Moral Antipathy." Dr. Holmes visited England for the second time, and while there the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Edinburgh. His death occurred October 7, 1894. RUFUS CHOATE, one of the most eminent of America's great lawyers, was born October I, 1799, at Essex, Massachusetts. He entered Dartmouth in 1815, and after taking his degree he remained as a teacher in the college for one year. He took up the study of law in Cambridge, and subsequently studied under the distinguished lawyer, Mr. Wirt, who was then United States attorney-general at Washington. Mr. Choatebegan the practice of law in Danvers, Massachusetts, and from there he went to Salem, and afterwards to Boston, Massachusetts. While living at Salem he was elected to congress in 1832, and later, in 1841, he was chosen United States senator to succeed Daniel Webster, Mr. Webster having been appointed secretary of state under William Henry Harrison. After the death of Webster. Mr- Choate was the acknowledged leader of the Massachusetts bar, and was looked upon by the younger members of the profession with an affection that almost amounted to a reverence. Mr. Choate's powers as an orator were of the rarest order, and his genius made it possible for him to enchant and interest his listeners, even while discussing the most ordinary theme. He was not merely eloquent on the subjects that were calculated to touch the feelings and stir the passions of his audience in themselves, but could at all times command their attention. He retired from active life in 1858, and was on his way to Europe, his physician having ordered a sea voyage for his health, but had only reached Halifax, Nova Scotia, when he died, July 13, 1858. D WIGHT L. MOODY, one of the most noted and effective pulpit orators and evangelists America has produced, was born in Northfield, Franklin county, Massachusetts, February 5, 1837. He received but a meager education and worked on a farm until seventeen years of age, when he became clerk in a boot and shoe store in Boston. Soon after this he joined the Congregational church and went to Chicago, where he zealously engaged in missionary work among the poor classes. He met with great success, and in less than a year he built up a Sunday-school which numbered over one thousand children. When the war broke out he became connected with what was known as the "Christian Commission," and later became city missionary of the Young Men's Christian Association at Chicago. A church was built there for his converts and he became its unordained pastor. In the Chicago fire of 1871 the church and Mr. Moody's house and furniture, which had been given him, were destroyed. The I 208 COMIPECNDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. church edifice was afterward replaced by a new church erected on the site of the old one. In 1873, accompanied by Ira D. Sankey, Mr. Moody went to Europe and excited great religious awakenings throughout England, Ireland and Scotland. In 1875 they returned to America and held large meetings in various cities. They afterward made another visit to Great Britain for the same purpose, meeting with great success, returning to the United States in 1884. Mr. Moody afterward continued his evangelistic work, meeting everywhere with a warm reception and success. Mr. Moody produced a number of works, some of which had a wide circulation. JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN, a financier of world-wide reputation, and famous as the head of one of the largest banking houses in the world, was born April 17, 1837, at Hartford, Connecticut. He received his early education in the English high school, in Boston, and later supplemented this with a course in the University 'of Gottingen, Germany. He returned to the United States, in 1857, and entered the banking firm of Duncan, Sherman & Co., of New York, and, in i86o, he became agent and attorney, in the United States, for George Peabody & Co., of London. He became the junior partner in the banking firm of Dabney, Morgan & Co., in 1864, and that of Drexel, Morgan & Co., in 1871. This house was among the chief negotiators of railroad bonds, and was active in the reorganization of the West Shore Railroad, and its absorption by the New York Central Railroad. It was conspicuous in the reorganization of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, in 1887, which a syndicate of capitalists, formed by Mr. Morgan, placed on a sound financial basis. After that time many other lines of railroad and gigantic financial enterprises were brought under Mr. Morgan's control, and in some respects it may be said he became the foremost financier of the century. T HOMAS BRACKETT REED, one of the most eminent of American statesmen, was born October I8, 1839, at Portland, Maine, where he received his early education in the common schools of the city, and prepared himself for college. Mr. Reed graduated from Bowdoin College in 186o, and won one of the highest honors of the college, the prize for excellence in English composition. The following four years were spent by him in teaching and in the study of law. Before his admission to the bar, however, he was acting assistant paymaster in the United States navy, and served on the "tin-clad" Sybil, which patrolled the Tennessee, Cumberland and Mississippi rivers. After his discharge in 1865, he returned to Portland, was admitted to the bar, and began the practice of his profession. He entered into political life, and in 1868 was elected to the legislature of Maine as a Republican, and in 1869 he was re-elected to the house, and in 1870 was made state senator, from which he passed to attorney-general of the state. He retired from this office in 1873, and until 1877 he was solicitor for the city of Portland. In 1876 he was elected to the forty-fifth congress, which assembled in 1877. Mr. Reed sprung into prominence in that body by one of the first speeches which he delivered, and his long service in congress, coupled with his ability, gave him a national reputation. His influence each year became more strongly marked, and the leadership of his party was finally conceded to him, and in the forty-ninth and fiftieth COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAHPHT' 2iY low. congresses the complimentary nomination ftor the speakership was tendered him by the Republicans. That party having obtained the ascendency in the fifty-first congress he was elected speaker on the first ballot, and he was again chosen speaker of the fiftyfourth and fifth-fifth congresses. As a writer, Mr. Reed contributed largely to the magazines and periodicals, and his book upon parliamentary rules is generally recognized as authority on that subject. CLARA BARTON is a celebrated character among what might be termed as the highest grade of philanthropists America has produced. She was born on a farm at Oxford, Massachusetts, a daughter of Captain Stephen Barton, and was educated at Clinton, New York. She engaged in teaching early in life, and founded a free school at Bordentown, the first in New Jersey. She opened with six pupils, but the attendance had grown to six hundred up to 1854, when she went to Washington. She was appointed clerk in the patent department, and remained there until the outbreak of the Civil war, when she resigned her position and devoted herself to the alleviation of the sufferings of the soldiers, serving, not in the hospitals, but on the battle field. She was present at a number of battles, and after the war closed she originated, and for some time carried on at her own expense, the search for missing soldiers. She then for several years devoted her time to lecturing on " Incidents of the War." About i1868 she went to Europe for her health, and settled in Switzerland, but on the outbreak of the Franco-German war she accepted the invitation of the grand duchess of Baden to aid in the establishment of her hospitals, and Miss Barton afterward foliowed the German army She was deco rated with the golden cross by the gran, duke of Baden, and with the iron cross by the emperor of Germany. She aiso served for many years as president of the famous Red Cross Society and attained a worldwide reputation. C ARDINAL JAMES GIBBONS, one of the most eminent Catholic clergymen in America, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, July 23, 1834. He was given a thorough education, graduated at St. Charles College, Maryland, in 1857, and studied theology in St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, Maryland. In 1861 he became pastor of St. Bridget's church in Baltimore, and in 1868 was consecrated vicar apostolic of North Carolina.. In 1872 our subject became bishop of Richmond, Virginia, and five years later was made archbishop of Baltimore. On the 30th of June, 1885, he was admitted to the full degree of cardinal and primate of the American Catholic church. He was a fluent writer, and his book, "Faith of Our Fathers," had a wide circulation. C HAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW.This name is, without doubt, one of the most widely known in the United States. Mr. Depew was born April 23, 1834, at Peekskill, New York, the home of the Depew family for two hundred years. He attended the common schools of his native place, where he prepared himself to enter college. He began his collegiate course at Yale at the age of eighteen and graduated in 1856. He early took an active interest in politics and joined the Republican party at its formation. He then took up the study of law and went into the office of the Hon. William Nelson, of Peekskill, for that purpose. and in I858 he was admitted to the bar. 210 C OMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. He was sent as a delegate by the new party to the Republican state convention of that year. He began the practice of his profession in 1859, but though he was a good worker. his attention was detracted by the campaign of 1860, in which he took an active part. During this campaign he gained his first laurels as a public speaker. Mr. Depew was elected assemblyman in 1862 from a Democratic district. In 1863 he secured the nomination for secretary of state, and gained that post by a majority of thirty thousand. In 1866 he left the field of politics and entered into the active practice of his law business as attorney for the New York & Harlem Railroad Company, and in 1869 when this road was consolidated with the New York Central, and called the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, he was appointed the attorney for the new road. His rise in the railroad business was rapid, and ten years after his entrance into the Vanderbilt system as attorney for a single line, he was the general counsel for one of the largest railroad systems in the world. He was also a director in the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, Michigan Central, Chicago & Northwestern, St. Paul & Omaha, West Shore, and Nickel Plate railroad companies. In 1874 Mr. Depew was made regent of the State University, and a member of the commission appointed to superintend the erection of the capitol at Albany. In 1882, on the resignation of W. H. Vanderbilt from the presidency of the New York Central and the accession to that office by James H. Rutter, Mr. Depew was made second vice-president, and held that position until the death of Mr. Rutter in 1885. In this year Mr. Depew became the execu tive head of this great corporation. Mr. Depew's greatest fame grew from his ability and eloquence as an orator and " after-dinner speaker," and it has been said by eminent critics that this country has never produced his equal in wit, fluency and eloquence. PHILIP KEARNEY.-Among the most dashing and brilliant commanders in the United States service, few have outshone the talented officer whose name heads this sketch. He was born in New York City, June 2, 1815, and was of Irish ancestry and imbued with all the dash and bravery of the Celtic race. He graduated from Columbia College and studied law, but in 1837 accepted a commission as lieutenant in the First United States Dragoons, of which his uncle, Stephen W. Kearney, was then colonel. He was sent by the government, soon after, to Europe to examine and report upon the tactics of the French cavalry. There he attended the Polytechnic School, at Samur, and subsequently served as a volunteer in Algiers, winning the cross of the Legion of Honor. He returned to the United States in 1840, and on the staff of General Scott, in the Mexican war, served with great gallantry. He was made a captain of dragoons in 1846 and made major for services at Contreras and Cherubusco. In the final assault on the City of Mexico, at the San Antonio Gate, Kearney lost an arm. He subsequently served in California and the Pacific coast. In 1851 he resigned his commission and went to Europe, where he resumed his military studies. In the Italian war, in 1859, he served as a volunteer on the staff of General Maurier, of the French army, and took part in the battles of Solferino and Magenta, and for bravery was, for the second time, decorated with the cross of the Legion of Honor. On the opening of the Civil war he hastened home. and, offering his services to the general gov COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHRt. 211 ernment, was made brigadier-general of volunteers and placed in command of a brigade of New Jersey troops. In the campaign un6er McClellan he commanded a division, and at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks his services were valuable and brilliant, as well as in subsequent engagements. At Harrison's Landing he was made major-general of volunteers. In the second battle of Bull Run he was conspicuous, and at the battle of Chantilly, September I, 1862,. while leading in advance of his troops, General Kearney was shot and killed. R USSELL SAGE, one of the financial giants of the present century and for more than an average generation one of the most conspicuous and celebrated of Americans, was born in a frontier hamlet in central New York in August, 18 16. While Russell was still a boy an elder brother, Henry Risley Sage, established a small grocery store at Troy, New York, and here Russell found his first employment, as errand boy. He served a five-years apprenticeship, and then joined another brother, Elisha M. Sage, in a new venture in the same line, which proved profitable, at least for Russell, who soon became its sole owner. Next he formed the partnership of Sage & Bates, and greatly extended his field of operations. At twenty-five he had, by his own exertions, amassed what was, in those days, a considerable fortune, being worth about seventyfive thousand dollars. He had acquired an influence in local politics, and four years later his party, the Whigs, elected him to the aldermanic board of Troy and to the treasuryship of Rensselaer county. In 1848 he was a prominent member of the New York delegation to the Whig convention at Philadellphia, casting his first votes for Henry Clay, but joining the "stampede" which nominated Zachary Taylor. In 1850 the Whigs of Troy nominated him for congress, but he was not elected-a failure which he retrieved two years later, and in 1854 he was re-elected by a sWeeping majority. At Washington he ranked high in influence and ability. Fame as a speaker and as a political leader was within his grasp, when he gave up public life, declined a renomination to congress, and went back to Troy to devote himself to his private business. Six years later, in 1863, he removed to New York and plunged into the arena of Wall street. A man of boundless energy and tireless pertinacity, with wonderful judgment of men and things, he soon took.his place as a king in finance, and, it is said, during the latter part of his life he controlled more ready money than any other single individual on this continent. ROGER QUARLES MILLS, a noted United States senator and famous as the father of the '"Mills tariff bill," was born in Todd county, Kentucky, March 30, 1832. He received a liberal education in the common schools, and removed to Palestine, Texas, in 1849. He took up the study of law, and supported himself by serving as an assistant in the post-office, and in the offices of the court clerks. In 1850 he was elected engrossing clerk of the Texas house of representatives, and in 1852 was admitted to the bar, while still a minor, by special act of the legislature. He then settled at Corsicana, Texas, and began the active practice of his profession. He was elected to the state legislature in 1859, and in 1872 he was elected to congress from the state at large, as a Democrat. After his first election he was continuously returned to congress until he resigned to accept the position of United States senator, to which he 212 2 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. was elected March 23, 1892, to succeed Hon. Horace Chilton. He took his seat in the senate March 30, 1892; was afterward re-elected and ranked among the most useful and prominent members of that body. In 1876 he opposed the creation of the electoral commission, and in 1887 canvassed the state of Texas against the adoption of a. prohibition amendment to its constitution, which was defeated. He introduced into the house of representatives the bill that was known as the " Mills Bill," reducing duties on imports, and extending the free list. The bill passed the house on July 21, 1888, and made the name of " Mills" famous throughout the entire country. H AZEN S. PINGREE, the celebrated Michigan political leader, was born in Maine in 1842. Up to fourteen years of age he worked hard on the stony ground of his father's small farm. Attending school in the winter, he gained a fair education, and when not laboring on the farm, he found employment in the cotton mills in the vicinity. He resolved to find more steady work, and accordingly went to Hopkinton, Massachusetts, where he entered a shoe factory, but on the outbreak of the war he enlisted at once and'was enrolled in the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He participated in the battle of Bull Run, which was his initial fight, and served creditably his early term of service, at the expiration of which he re-enlisted. He fought in the battles of Fredricksburg, Harris Farm, Spottsylvania Court House and Cold Harbor. In 1864 he was captured by Mosby, and spent five months at Andersonville, Georgia, as a prisoner, but escaped at the end of that time. He re-entered the service and participated in the battles of Fort Fisher, Boyden, and Sailor's Creek. He was honorably mustered out of service, and in 1866 went to Detroit, Michigan, where he made use of his former experience in a shoe factory, and found work. Later he formed a partnership with another workman and started a small factory, which has since become a large establishment. Mr. Pingree made his entrance into politics in 1889, in which year he was elected by a surprisingly large majority as a Republican to the mayoralty of Detroit, in which office he was the incumbent during four consecutive terms. In November, 1896, he was elected governor of the state of Michigan. While mayor of Detroit, Mr. Pingree originated and put into execution the idea of allowing the poor people of the city the use of vacant city lands and lots,for the purpose of raising potatoes. The idea was enthusiastically adopted by thousands of poor families, attracted wide attention, and gave its author a national reputation as "Potato-patch Pingree. " THOMAS ANDREW HENDRICKS, an eminent American statesman and a Democratic politician of national fame, was born in Muskingum county, Ohio, September 7, 1819. In 1822 he removed, with his father, to Shelby county, Indiana. He graduated from the South Hanover College in 1841, and two years later was admitted to the bar. In 1851 he was chosen a member of the state constitutional convention, and took a leading part in the deliberations of that body. He was elected to congress in 1851, and after serving two terms was appointed commissioner of the United States general land-office. In 1863 he was elected to the United States senate, where his distinguished services commanded the respect of all parties. He was elected governor of Indiana in 1872, serving four years, and in COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. 218 1876 was nominated by the Democrats as candidate for the vice-presidency with Tilden. The returns in a number of states were contested, and resulted in the appointment of the famous electoral commission, which decided in favor of the Republican candidates. In 1884 Mr. Hendricks was again nominated as candidate for the vicepresidency, by the Democratic party, on the ticket with Grover Cleveland, was elected, and served about six months. He died at Indianapolis, November 25, 1885. He was regarded as one of the brainiest men in the party, and his integrity was never questioned, even'by his political opponents. GARRETT A. HOBART, one of the many able men who have held the high office of vice-president of the United States, was born June 3, I844, in Monmouth county, New Jersey, and in 1860 entered the sophomore class at Rutgers College, from which he graduated in 1863 at the age of nineteen. He then taught school until he entered the law office of Socrates Tuttle, of Paterson, New Jersey, with whom he studied law, and in 1869 was admitted to the bar. He immediately began the active practice of his profession in the office of the above named gentleman. He became interested in political life, and espoused the cause of the Republican party, and in 1865 held his first office, serving as clerk for the grand jury. He was also city counsel of Paterson in 1871, and in May, 1872, was elected counsel for the board of chosen freeholders. He entered the state legislature in 1873, and was re-elected to the assembly in 1874. Mr. Hobart was made speaker of the assembly in 1876, and and in 1879 was elected to the state senate. After serving three years in the same, he was elected president of that body in 1881, and the following year was re-elected to that office. He was a delegate-at-large to the Republican national convention in 1876 and 1880, and was elected a member of the national committee in 1884, which pos;tion he occupied continuously until 1896. He was then nominated for vice-president by the Republican national convention, ant was elected to that office in the fall of 1896 on the ticket with William McKinley. WILLIAM MORRIS STEWART, noted as a political leader and senator, was born in Lyons, Wayne county, New York, August 9, 1827, and removed with his parents while still a small child to Mesopotamia township, Trumbull county, Ohio. He attended the Lyons Union school and Farmington Academy, where he obtained his education. Later he taught mathematics in the former school, while yet a pupil, and with the little money thus earned and the assistance of James C. Smith, one of the judges of the supreme court of New York, he entered Yale College. He remained there until the winter of 1849-50, when, attracted by the gold discoveries in California he wended his way thither. He arrived at San Francisco in May, 1850, and later engaged in mining with pick and shovel in Nevada county. In this way he accumulated some money, and in the spring of 1852 he took up the study of law under John R. McConnell. The following December he was appointed district attorney, to which office he was chosen at the general election of the next year. In 1854 he was appointed attorney-general of California, and in 186o he removed to Virginia City, Nevada, where he largely engaged in early mining litigation. Mr. Stewart was also interested in the development of the "Comnstock lode," and in 1861 was chosen a 1214 COMCPENNDIUUM OF BIOGRAPHr. member of the territorial council. He was elected a member of the constitutional convention in 1863, and was elected United States senator in 1864, and re-elected in 1869. At the expiration of his term in 1875, he resumed the practice of law in Nevada, California, and the Pacific coast generally. He was thus engaged when he was elected again to the United States senate as a Republican in 1887 to succeed the late James G. Fair, a Democrat,.and took his seat March 4, 1887. On the expiration of his term he was again re-elected and became one of the leaders of his party in congress. His ability as an orator, and the prominent part he took in the discussion of public questions, gained him a national reputation. GEORGE GRAHAM VEST, for many years a prominent member of the United States senate, was born in Frankfort, Kentucky, December 6, 1848. He graduated from Center College in 1868, and from the law department of the Transylvania University of Lexington, Kentucky, in 1853. In the same year he removed to Missouri and began the practice of his profession. In 186o he was an elector on the Democratic ticket, and was a member of the lower house of the Missouri legislature in 186o-6. He was elected to the Confederate congress, serving two years in the lower house and one in the senate. He then resumed the practice of law, and in 1879 was elected to the senate of the United States to succeed James Shields. He was re-elected in 1885, and again in 1891 and I897. His many years of service in the National congress, coupled with his ability as a speaker and the active part he took in the discussion of public questions, gave him a wide reputation. H ANNIBAL HAMLIN, a noted American statesman, whose name is indissolubly connected with the history of this country, was born in Paris, Maine, August 27, 1809. He learned the printer's trade and followed that calling for several years. He then studied law, and was admitted to practice in I833. He was elected to the legislature of the state of Maine, where he was several times chosen speaker of the lower house. He was elected to congress by the Democrats in 1843, and re-elected in I845. In 1848 he was chosen to the United States senate and served in that body until 1861. He was elected governor of Maine in 1857 on the Republican ticket, but resigned when re-elected to the United States senate the same year. He was elected vice-president of the United States on the ticket with Lincoln in 186o, and inaugurated in March, 1861. In 1865 he was appointed collector of the port of Boston. Beginning with 1869 he served two six-year terms in the United States senate, and was then appointed by President Garfield as minister to Spain in 188I. His death occurred July 4, 1891. I SHAM G. HARRIS, famous as Confederate war governor of Tennessee, and distinguished by his twenty years of service in the senate of the United States, was born in Franklin county, Tennessee, and educated at the Academy of Winchester. He then took up the study of law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice at Paris, Tennessee, in 1841. He was elected to the state legislature in 1847, was a candidate for presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1848, and the next year was elected to congress from his district, and re-elected in I85I. In 1853 he was renominated by the Democrats of his COMPENDIUM OF b'IOGRAPHT. 215 -- district, but declined, and removed to Memphis, where he took up the practice of law. He was a presidential elector-at-large from Tennessee in 1856, and was elected governor of the state the next year, and again in 1859, and in 1861. He was driven from Nashville by the advance of the Union armies, and for the last three years of the war acted as aid upon the staff of the commanding general of the Confederate army of Tennessee. After the war he went to Liverpool, England, where he became a merchant, but returned to Memphis in 1867, and resumed the practice of law. In 1877 he was elected to the United States senate, to which position he was successively reelected until his death in 1897. N ELSON DINGLEY, JR., for nearly a quarter of a century one of the leaders in congress and framer of the famous "Dingley tariff bill," was born in Durham, Maine, in 1832. His father as well as all his ancestors, were farmers, merchants and mechanics and of English descent. Young Dingley was given the advantages first of the common schools and in vacations helped his father in the store and on the farm. When twelve years of age he attended high school and at seventeen was teaching in a country school district and preparing himself for college. The following year he entered Waterville Academy and in 1851 entered Colby University. After a year and a half in this institution he entered Dartmouth College and was graduated in 1855 with high rank as a scholar, debater and writer. He next studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1856. But instead of practicing his profession he purchased the "Lewistown (Me.) Journal," which became famous throughout the New England states as a leader in the advocacy of Repub lican principles. About the same time Mr. Dingley began his political career, although ever after continuing at the head of the newspaper. He was soon elected to the state legislature arid afterward to the lower house of congress, where he became a prominent national character. He also served two terms as governor of Maine. OLIVER PERRY MORTON, a distinguished American statesman, was born in Wayne county, Indiana, August 4, 1823. His early education was by private teaching and a course at the Wayne County Seminary. At the age of twenty years he entered the Miami University at Oxford, Ohio, and at the end of two years quit the college, began the study of law in the office of John Newman, of Centerville, Indiana, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. Mr. Morton was elected judge on the Democratic ticket, in 1852, but on tht passage of the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill" he severed his connection with that party, and soon became a prominent leader of the Republicans. He was elected governor of Indiana in I861, and as war governor became well known throughout the country. He received a paralytic stroke in 1865, which partially deprived him of the use of his limbs. He was chosen to the United States senate from Indiana, in 1867, and wielded great influence in that body until the time of his death, November I, 1877. JOHN B. GORDON, a brilliant Confederate officer and noted senator of the United States, was born in Upson county, Georgia, February 6, 1832. JHe graduated from the State University, studied law, and took up the practice of his profession. At the beginning of the war he entered the Confederate service as captain of infantry, and rapidly 216 C OCMPENDPIUM OF BIO GRAPHr. ~ rose to the rank of lieutenant-general, commanding one wing of the Confederate army at the close of the war. In 1868 he was Democratic candidate for governor of Georgia, and it is said was elected by a large majority, but his opponent was given the office. He was a delegate to the national Democratic conventions in 1868 and 1872, and a presidential elector both years. In 1873 he was elected to the United States senate. In 1886 he was elected governor of Georgia, and re-elected in 1888. He was again elected to the United States senate in 189o, serving until 1897, when he was succeeded by 'A. S. Clay. He was regarded as a leader of the southern Democracy, and noted for his fiery eloquence. STEPHEN JOHNSON FIELD, an illustrious associate justice of the supreme court of the United States, was born at Haddam, Connecticut, November 4, 1816, being one of the noted sons of Rev. D. D. Field. He graduated from Williams College in 1837. took up the study of law with his brother, David Dudley Field, becoming his partner upon admission to the bar. He went to California in 1849, and at once began to take an active interest in the political affairs of that state. He was elected alcalde of Marysville, in 1850, and in the autumn of the same year was elected to the state legislature. In 1857 he was elected judge of the supreme court of the state, and two years afterwards became its chief justice. In 1863 he was appointed by President Lincoln as associate justice of the supreme court of the United States. During his incumbency, in 1873, he was appointed by the governor of California one of a commission to examine the codes of the state and for the preparation of amendments to the same for submission to the legislature. In 1877 he was one of the famous electoral commission of fifteen members, and voted as one of the seven favoring the election of Tilden to the presidency. In 188o a large portion of the Democratic party favored his. nomination as candidate for the presidency. He retired in the fall of 1897, having served a greater number of years on the supreme bench than any of his associates or predecessors, Chief Justice Marshall coming next in length of service. OHN T. MORGAN, whose services in the United States senate brought him into national prominence, was born in Athens, Tennessee, June 20, 1824. At the: age of nine years he emigrated to Alabama, where he made his permanent home, and, where he received an academic education. He then took up the study of law, and was. admitted to the bar in 1845. He took a leading part in local politics, was a presidential elector in 186o, casting his ballot for Breckenridge and Lane, and in I86i was a delegate to the state convention which passed the ordinance of secession. In May, of the same year, he joined the Confederate: army as a private in Company I, Cahawba Rifles, and was soon after made major and then lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth Regiment. In 1862 he was commissioned colonel, and soon after made brigadier-general and assigned to the command of a brigade in Virginia. He resigned to join his old regiment whose colonel had been killed. He was soon afterward again made brigadier-general and given command of the brigade that included his regiment. After the war he returned to the practice of law, and continued it up to the time of his election to the United States senate, it 1877. He was a presidential elector in 1876w and cast his vote for Tilden and Hendricek COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHTr. 217 He was re-elected to the senate in 1883, andagainin 1889, and I895. His speeches and the measures he introduced, marked as they were by an intense Americanism, brought him into national prominence, W ILLIAM McKINLEY, the twenty-fifth president of the United States, was born at Niles, Trumbull county, Ohio, January 29, 1844. He was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and received his early education in a Methodist academy in the small village of Poland, Ohio. At the outbreak of the war Mr. McKinley was teaching school, earning twenty-five dollars per month. As soon as Fort Sumter was fired upon he eniisted in a company that was formed in Poland, which was inspected and mustered in by General John C. Fremont, who at first objected to Mr. McKinley, as being too young, but upon examination he was finally accepted. Mr. McKinley was seventeen when the war broke out but did not look his age. He served in the Twenty-third Ohio Infantry throughout the war, was promoted from sergeant to captain, for good conduct on the field, and at the close of the war, for meritorious services, he was brevetted major. After leaving the army Major McKinley took up the study of law, and was admitted to the bar, and in 1869 he took his initiation into politics, being elected prosecuting attorney of his county as a Republican, although the district was usually Democratic. In 1876 he was elected to congress, and in a call upon the President-elect, Mr. Hayes, to whom he went for advice upon the way he should shape his career, he was told that to achieve fame and success he must take one special line and stick to it. Mr. McKinley chose tariff legislation and he became an authority in regard to import duties. He was a member of congress for many years, became chairman of the ways and means committee, and later he advocated the famous tariff bill that bore his name, which was passed in 1890. In the next election the Republican party was overwhelmingly defeated through the country, and the Democrats secured more than a two- thirds majority in the lower house, and also had control of the senate, Mr. McKinley being defeated in his own district by a small majority. He was elected governor of Ohio in 1891 by a plurality of twenty-one thousand, five hundred and eleven, and two years later he was re-elected by the still greater plurality of eighty thousand, nine hundred and ninety-five. He was a delegate-at-large to the Minneapolis Re, publican convention in 1892, and was instructed to support the nomination of Mr. Harrison. He was chairman of the con, vention, and was the only man from Ohio to vote for Mr. Harrison upon the roll call. In November, 1892, a number of prominent politicians gathered in New York to discuss the political situation, and decided that the result of the election had put an end to McKinley and McKinleyism. But in less than four years from that date Mr. McKinley was nominated for the presidency against the combined opposition of half a dozen rival candidates. Much of the credit for his success was due to Mark A. Hanna, of Cleveland, afterward chairman of the Republican national committee. At the election which occurred in November, 1896, Mr. McKinley was elected president of the United States by an enormous majority, on a gold standard and protective tariff platform. He was inaugurated on the 4th of March, I897, and called a special session of congress, to which was submitted a bill for tariff reform, which was passed in the latter part of July of that year. 218 COMP8ENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. C INCINNATUS HEINE MILLER, known in the literary world as Joaquin Miller, "the poet of the Sierras," was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1841. When only about thirteen years of age he ran away from home and went to the mining regions in California and along the Pacific coast. Some time afterward he was taken prisoner by the Modoc Indians and lived with them for five years. He learned their language and gained great influence with them, fighting in their wars, and in all modes of living became as one of them. In 1858 he left the Indians and went to San Francisco, where he studied law, and in I86o was admitted to the bar in Oregon. In 1866 he was elected a county judge in Oregon and served four years. Early in the seventies he began devoting a good deal of time to literary pursuits, and about 1874 he settled in Washington, D. C. He wrote many poems and dramas that attracted considerable attention and won him an extended reputation. Among his productions may be mentioned " Pacific Poems," " Songs of the Sierras," "Songs of the Sun Lands," " Ships in the Desert, " " Adrianne, a Dream of Italy," ''Danites," ''Unwritten History," " First- Families of the Sierras " (a novel), " One Fair Woman " (a novel), " Songs of Italy," "Shadows of Shasta," "The GoldSeekers of the Sierras," and a number of others. G EORGE FREDERICK ROOT, a noted music publisher and composer, was born in Sheffield, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on August 30, 1820. While working on his father's farm he found time to learn, unaided, several musical instruments. and in his eighteenth year he went to Boston, where he soon found employment as a teacher of music. From 1839 until 1844 he gave instructions in music in the public schools of that city, and was also director of music in two churches. Mr. Root then went to New York and taught music in the various educational institutions of the city. He went to Paris in i85o and spent one year there in study, and on his return he published his first song, "Hazel Dell." It appeared as the work of "Wurzel," which was the German equivalent of his name. He was the originator of the normal musical institutions, and when the first one was started in New York he was one of the faculty. He removed to Chicago, Illinois, in 186o, and established the firm of Root & Cady, and engaged in the publication of music. He received, in 1872, the degree of " Doctor of Music" from the University of Chicago. After the war the firm became George F. Root & Co., of Cincinnati and Chicago. Mr. Root did much to elevate the standard of music in this country by his compositions and work as a teacher. Besides his numerous songs he wrote a great deal of sacred music and published many collections of vocal and instrumental music. For many years he was the most popular song writer in America, and was one of the greatest song writers of the war. He is also well-known as an author, and his work in that line comprises: "Methods for the Piano and Organ," " Handbook on Harmony Teaching," and innumerable articles for the musical press. Among his many and most popular songs of the war time are: " Rosalie, the Prairie-flower," "Battle Cry of Freedom," "Just Before the Battle," " Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching," " The Old Folks are Gone," "A Hundred Years Ago," "Old Potomac Shore," and " There's Music in the Air." Mr. Root's cantatas include "The Flower Queen" and "The Haymakers." He died in 1896. HISTORY OF GRAND TRAVERSE COUNTY, MICHIGAN. CHAPTER I. ORIGIN OF THE NAME AND DESCRIPTION. The early French voyageurs in coasting from Mackinaw southward found two considerable indentations of the coast line of Lake Michigan on the east side, which they were accustomed to cross from headland to headland. The smaller of these they designated La Petite Traverse and the greater ILa Grande Traverse. These names were transferred to the two bays known as the Little Traverse and Grand Traverse bays, from the latter of which Grand Traverse county was named. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. Grand Traverse bay is a bay of Lake 1Michigan, indenting the northwestern shore' of the southern peninsula of the state of Michigan. Its general direction,is from north to south. Its mouth is in latitude forty-five degrees, fifteen minutes north, 13 and its head in forty-four degrees, fortyfive minutes north. Its length in a straight line is therefore thirty-four and seventyhundredths statute miles. The undefined region bordering on this bay is generally known as the Grand Traverse region. The county of Antrim lies upon the east side of the bay, the county of Leelanaw on the west, and the county of Grand Traverse on and about the head of the bay. The southern poftion of the bay is divided into the east and west arms by a belt of land from one to two miles wide and about seventeen miles in length, known as the "Peninsula." The east arm has an average width of about four and a half miles; the west arm is somewhat wider. The depth of water in the bay is generally from twenty to seventy fathoms. The east arm attains the greatest depth, being about a hundred fathoms at a point opposite Old Mission across towards Petobego lake. 220 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. The entire bay constitutes a harbor secure from all except northerly winds, while the two arms of the bay are not seriously disturbed by storms from any direction. The shores of the bay, however, present a number of harbors in which vessels may at all times lie in perfect safety. Entering the bay at its mouth and proceeding along the western shore, the first important harbor reached is Northport, which opens towards the south, being separated from the bay by a tongue of land called Carrying Point. This harbor is about two miles wide and nearly three miles deep and is a frequent resort for vessels overtaken by storm on the lake, the water being of sufficient depth for the largest vessels. Besides the steamboat docks here are located the car-ferry slips for the transfer of cars from the Traverse City, Leelanaw & Manistique Railroad between Northport and Manistique. Proceeding southward, twelve miles from the mouth of the bay we reach New Mission or Omena Harbor, also opening southward and separated from the bay by Shabawasson Point. This harbor is a mile and a half wide and a mile deep, with plenty of water for navigation. The village of Omena at this point is the terminus of the Leelanaw county branch of the Manistee & Northeastern Railroad. Four miles further south is Sutton's bay, opening toward the northeast and separated from the bay by Stony Point. This harbor is three miles long and a mile and a half wide, with plenty of water. On this harbor the flourishing village of Sutton's Bay is situated. Lee's point, eleven miles from the head of the west arm, forms another shallow harbor. Bower's harbor, on the west side of the peninsula, opens to the southwest, being isolated from the west arm by Traverse Point, to the south of which is Harbor island, forming, in connection with the point, a harbor about three miles in length by one and a half in width. On the north side of this harbor is located the beautiful and popular summer resort, Ne-ah-at-wanta. On the east side of the peninsula, near the point, is Old Mission harbor, having a capacity of about one square mile. Going southward from the mouth of Grand Traverse bay along the shores of Lake Michigan, we find a broad indentation at the mouth of Carp river, where is located Leland, the county seat of Leelanaw county, opening towards the northwest and partially protected from west and southwest win(ls by the highlands of Mount Carp. Between Mount Carp and North Unity is Good Hairbor, a broad bay about five miles deep, affording protection from all winds except those proceeding from the north and northwest. Between North Unity and Sleeping Bear Point is another broad bay about four miles deep, forming the harbor of Glen Arbor and Glen Haven, affording shelter from all except north and northwest winds. All the harbors mentioned above embraced within the Grand Traverse region are just as nature formed them, as not a dollar of money has ever been expended by the government for the improvement of any of them. CHAPTER II. THE NATIVE OCCUPANTS. For many centuries prior to the settlement by the whites the entire region about Grand Traverse bay and on the borders of Lake Michigan had been inhabited by the Indians. The deep and well-worn trails in various directions through the country, the old clearings at Old Mission, Cat Head Point and other places, the old scars on maple tress, deeply imbedded in the wood and nearly grown over where they had been tapped for sugar many generations before, which were observed by the earliest white settlers, corroborate the statements made by the oldest Indians that this country had from a very remote period been a favorite resort for the aborigines. According to the most reliable traditions the remnant of the tribes of Indians which still remain in Leelanaw county and other parts of the region first acquired possession of the country nearly two hundred years ago. The fact is very well established that in the year that Quebec was founded by the French, 16o8, a party of Indians belonging to the Chippeways, which then inhabited Grand Manitoulin Island on the northeastern coast of Lake Huron, set sail in canoes in search of the white settlements on the St. Lawrence, being led to undertake the enterprise by the dream of one of the old men of the tribe, who informed them that a strange people from the region of the sun had appeared on the banks of that river. They proceeded on their journey in their frail crafts, little dreaming that the time would come when the waters through which they passed would be covered with great steamships bearing the commerce of a mighty nation. When they at length arrived opposite the site of the present city of Quebec they discovered the French, who invited them to land and treated them in a friendly manner, furnishing them with clothing such as they themselves wore, and giving them fire-arms and merchandise in exchange for furs. The Indians were highly pleased with the treatment they received and after remaining some days, went home, having promised to return soon and bring with them a quantity of furs, which the French agreed 'to purchase. In this way a trade of considerable magnitude sprung up between the French and the boldest and most energetic of the Chippeways, who in their frequent voyages between their country and Quebec, learned something of the manners and customs of civilization, which they appear to have made use of'to good advantage, as in time they gained a decided superiority over those Indians who remained at home and took no ND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANATV COUNTIES. 222 part in these commercial expeditions andt transactions. The envy of those who remained at home and took no part in this commercial trade with the French was soon aroused to such a degree that the traders were finally compelled to abandon the Great Manitoulin Island. Upon their separation from the rest of the tribe they took the name of Ottawas and located on Mackinaw Island and on the main land south of the straits. After becoming well established in their new home they made excursions to the south and in the neighborhood of what is now Cross Village, Emmet county, encountered a hostile tribe of the Prairie Indians, who then occupied the Grand Traverse region. A fierce battle ensued, in which the Prairies were overcome and fled. The Ottawas followed up the advantage which they had gained princi-- pally by iieans of firearms they had obtained from the French and which their adversaries did not possess. They pursued the Prairies to Sleeping Bear Point, in the southwest corner of Leelanaw county, and again attacked and repulsed them with considerable loss, so that they were compelled to fly with such precipitance as to leave much of their camp equipage behind. They were hotly pursued by the Ottawas until they reached Pere Marquette, where they were hemmed in on a narrow point between Lake Michigan and Marquette lake, and where the final and decisive battle was fought, resulting in the almost total distinction of the Prairies, a few only escaping by swimming the river. The Ottawas were thus left in the undisputed possession of the country. In a course of time a reconciliation took place between the Chippeways, which was then one of the most numerous and powerful tribes of the northwest, and the Ottawas, by which the former were allowed a joint occupancy of the Grand Traverse region with the latter, and the two tribes have continued to dwell together to the present time. The remnants of these bands in Leelanaw county have never made rapid strides in civilization, but have copied the vices rather than the virtues of the white man, and their numbers are fast fading away, and the red man who so proudly roamed the forests of this region in the early days will soon have disappeared forever. The late Rev. George N. Smith, a missionary among the Indians at Northport, whose work will receive more elaborate mention later, tells of having visited the place of the battle at Sleeping Bear and found there buried in the drifting sands the clay kettles set upon stones, as they had been left by the Indians in their flight. FIRST WHITE SETTLEMENT IN MICHIGAN. In 1668 Father Claude Allouez founded the first white settlement on Lake Superior and Father Marquette, having been sent to this Ottawa Mission, as it was called, arrived at Sault Ste Marie in the spring of 1668, and began his work on the American side. The following year Father Dablon, the superior of the mission, joined him, and this, according to the best information, was the first permanent settlement made on the soil of Michigan by the whites. The Indians had inhabited Mackinaw Island at least some years previous to this. Father Marquette came to Mackinaw in 1670 and in the following year established the mission at St. Ignace. From the autobiography of Alexander GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 228 Henry, the first English fur trader who ventured among the Indians at Mackinaw, we get the first mention of Grand Traverse, although we have good reason for believing that the Jesuit missionaries already mentioned had visited the region all along the shores of Lake Michigan and its bays. The missionaries combined with their religious fervor a zeal for exploration, which has given them a foremost place in the history of the new world, and we have good authority for believing that "Le Grande Traverse" was so called by Father Marquette and his co-laborers. Dr. Leach in his history thinks there is no evidence that Father Marquette ever visited the wilderness bordering upon Grand Traverse bay and that his first tour of discovery from St. Ignace to the west and south was made two years after he took up his residence at St. Ignace, when he set out, in company with Joliet and "passed westward to Green bay, and then to the Mississippi by the way of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. Returning, he passed up the Illinois and Des Plaines rivers,crossed the Portage to the Chicago, and from the mouth of that stream coasted along the western shore of the lake to Green bay. After spending the winter and summer there, he set out on a visit to the Illinois, taking the route of the western shore of the lake and the portage to the Des Plaines. On his return, in the spring of 1675, he started to coast for the first time along the eastern shore of the lake. A disease from which he had long been a sufferer, assumed increased violence, and it soon became evident that he could not long survive. At the mouth of a little river, supposed to be somewhere north of the river that bears his name, he peacefully passed away, and was buried by his faithful attendants, Pierre and Jacques, who then pursued their lonely journey to St. Ignace. A year afterwards a party of Ottawas, returning from their annual winter hunt, opened the grave, washed and dried the bones, enclosed them in a box of birch bark, and carried them to St. Ignace, where they were received with solemn ceremony, and buried beneath the floor of the little chapel of the mission." From the time of the death of Pere Marquette, in 1675, up to the massacre of Fort Mackinaw, in 1763, we know very little regarding the occupancy of Grand Traverse and Leelanaw by the Indians, but that they were so occupied at the latter date is very certain, as the fur trader, Henry, who began his traffic with the Indians at Mackinaw in 1761 and was a captive carried away at the time of the massacre, and having spent the winter of 1763 in the region of Aux Sauble river hunting with his captors, gives an account of meeting with a band of Indians from this region. He says: "At the Grand Traverse we met a large party of Indians who appeared to labor, like ourselves, under considerable alarm, and who dared proceed no further lest they should be destroyed by the English. Frequent councils were held and I told them that if ever my countrymen returned to Mackinaw I would recommend them to their favor, on account of the good treatment I had received from them. Thus encouraged, they embarked at an early hour the next morning. In crossing the bay we experienced a storm of thunder and lightning. Our port was the village of L'Arbre Croche [Cross Village], which we reached in safety." CHAPTER III. ACTUAL SETTLEMENT BY THE WHITES. The last chapter closed the account of the traditional settlement of this region by the Indians, and its discovery by the Jesuit missionaries. We now come to the time of its actual occupancy by the whites. Rev. Dr. Morse, father of the inventor of the telegraph, visited Mackinaw in June, 1820, and preached the first Protestant sermon ever delivered in this part of the Northwest. He became interested in the condition of the traders and natives and made to the United Foreign Missionary Society, of New York, a report of his visit, the result of which was that Rev. William M. Ferry was sent in 1822 to explore the field, which resulted in the establishment of a school, which was kept up until 1837, by which time the population had so changed around Mackinaw that it was thought to be no longer desirable for an Indian mission. At this time the Indians had permanent settlements at various points in the region. There were gardens on the peninsula in Grand Traverse bay and a village at Old Mission, while west of the bay, in Leelanaw county, a small band had their home on the point afterwards known as New Mission, now Omena, and another on the shore of Lake Michigan not far from the present village of Leland. Dr. Leach thus de scribes their dwellings and mode of living 4t this time. "Their dwellings were of various sizes and shapes, and were constructed of a variety of materials. The most substantial and permanent consisted of a frame of cedar poles, covered with cedar bark. One of these called, o-maw-gay-ko-gaw-mig, was square or oblong, with perpendicular walls, and a roof with a slope in opposite directions, like the simplest form of frame houses among white men. Another, the ke-no-day-wegaw-mig, had perpendicular end walls, but the side walls in the upper part were bent inward, meeting along the middle line, thus forming the roof in the shape of a broad arch. Houses of this kind were sometimes fifty or sixty feet long, and had places for three fires. The ne-saw-wah-e-gun and the wah-ge-no-gawn were light but very serviceable houses, consisting of frames of poles covered with mats. The former was cone-shaped; the latter regularly convex at the top. The mats, ten or twelve feet long and three or four wide, were made of the long, slender leaves of the cat-tail flag (Typha), properly cured and carefully sewed together. When suitably adjusted on frames, with the edges lapping, they made a serviceable roof. Being light and, when GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 225 rolled up, not inconvenient to carry, they were used for traveling tents. Houses of mats were often used for winter residence in the woods, and were not uncomfortable. The ah-go-beem-wah-gun was a small summer house for young men, usually constructed of cedar bark, on an elevated platform resting on posts, reached only by ascending a ladder. Winter houses in the woods were sometimes built of slabs, or plank of split timber. They were often cone shaped, and were made tight and warm. They were called pe-no-gawn. In the woods, even in winter, they sometimes lived in temporary wigwams of evergreen boughs, which they managed to make comfortable. "The Indian houses were without windows. The fire was built upon the ground, in the center if the lodge was small; or there was a row of fires down the middle line, in a long ke-no-day-we-gaw-mig. A hole in the roof, above each fire, served for the escape of the smoke. A raised platform, a foot or a foot and a half high, covered with mats, along the sides of the room, served for a seat during the day and for a sleeping place at night. The mats, some of them beautifully ornamented with colors, were made of rushes found growing in shallow lakes, ingeniously woven together with twine manufactured from the bark of the slippery elm. "In their gardens they cultivated corn, pumpkins, beans and potatoes. Apple trees, the seed for which was originally obtained from the whites, either the Jesuit missionaries or the fur traders, were planted in every clearing. Wild fruits, especially choice varieties of wild plums, were grown from seed introduced from their distant southern hunting grounds. The gardens were frequently some distance from the villages. The owners resorted to them at proper season, to do the necessary work, living for the time in portable lodges or in temporary structures erected for the occasion. "Though they hunted more or less at all times, winter was the season devoted more especially to that pursuit. Then the greater part of the population left the villages, and scattered through the forest. The chain of inland lakes in Antrim county, having its outlet at Elk Rapids, was a favorite resort, on account of the facilities for fishing, as well as for hunting and trapping. Many plunged into the deeper solitudes of the forest, and fixed their winter abode on the Manistee, the Muskegon, or the Sauble. Others embarked in canoes, and coasted along Lake Michigan to its southern extremity, from there making their way to the marshes of the Kankakee and the hunting grounds of northern Indiana and Illinois. Several families had their favorite winter camping place on the northeastern shore of Boardman Lake, within the present corporate limits of Traverse City." CHAPTER IV. 11 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIRST PROTESTANT MISSION IN GRAND TRAVERSE COUNTY. In May, 1839, Rev. John Fleming and Rev. Peter Dougherty, missionaries of the Presbyterian Board of Missions, having spent the previous winter at Mackinaw, came to Grand Traverse bay to found a school for the education of the Indians. T'hey brought supplies with them, including doors and windows for a house. They landed in Old Mission harbor, where the Indians had a village, but found only a few lone Indians there, who informed them, that the main band were encamped at the mouth of what is now known as Elk river, on the opposite side of the bay. The next day a chief, with a number of men, came over. The missionaries told him that they had come by direction of their agent at Mackinaw, and by permission of their great father, the President, to establish a school among them for the education of their children, and to teach them a knowledge of the Savior. They were informed that the head chief, with his men, would come in a few days, and then they would give an answer. The chief came and the council was held and the fnissionaries were informed that the Indians had decided to unite all the bands living in the vicinity, and locate near the river on the east side of the bay. If the missionaries would go with them they would show them the intended location of their new village and gardens, so they could select a good central place for their dwelling and school. Accordingly, about the twentieth of the month, the missionaries, in their Mackinaw boat, accompanied by a fleet of Indian canoes, crossed the bay, landing at what is now Elk Rapids, then called by the Indians Tawassing. The missionaries chose a location about a quarter of a mile south of Elk river and immediately proceeded to cut logs and erect a building. The body of the house was not much more than erected before a messenger came from Mackinaw with the intelligence that Mr. Fleming's wife had suddenly (lied at that place. Mr. Fleming immediately embarked in the boat bringing the sad news, and returned to Mackinaw. He never returned to the mission. Dr. Leach says: "After the departure of his comrade, Mr. Dougherty, with the assistance of Peter Greensky, the interpreter, busied himself with the work of finishing the house and clearing away the brush in the vicinity. Once or twice the cedar bark of the roof took fire from the stove pipe, but fortunately the accident was discovered before any ser GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 227 ious damage was done. The old chief Aishqua-gwon-a-ba and his wife, perhaps to show their friendliness and make it less lonely for the missionary, came and stayed with him several days in his new house. "About the 20th of June, Henry R. Schoolcraft, Indian agent at Mackinaw, arrived in a small vessel, accompanied by his interpreter, Robert Graverat, and Isaac George as Indian blacksmith. From information received at Mackinaw, Mr. Schoolcraft had come impressed with the notion that the harbor near the little island, on the west side of the peninsula (Bowers' Harbor), would be a suitable point at which to locate the blacksmith, carpenter and farmer that, by terms of the recent treaty, the government was obliged to furnish for the benefit of the Indians. Looking over the ground, and consulting the wishes of the Indians, he finally came to the conclusion that Mission Harbor was a more suitable place. Accordingly Mr. George was left to commence operations, and Mr. Schoolcraft returned to Mackinaw. "Soon after the departure of Mr. Schoolcraft Ah-go-sa, the chief at Mission Harbor, accompanied by the principal men of his band, visited Mr. Dougherty, saying that most of the Indians at that place were unwilling to move over to the east side of the bay, and offering to transport him and his goods across to Mission Harbor, and furnish him a house to live in, if he would take up his residence with them. Convinced that, all things considered, the harbor was a more eligible site for the mission, Mr. Dougherty at once accepted the proposal. Leaving what things were not needed for immediate use, and loading the balance in Indian canoes le was ferried across the bay to the scene of his future labors-the place where he had first landed not many weeks before, and which, under the name of Old Mission, has since become famous as a center of development of the agricultural interests of northwestern Michigan. "The next day arrangements were made for opening a school, with interpreter Greensky as teacher, in the little bark wigwam that the Indians had vacated for Mr. Doughertyls use. Then followed a hard summer's work. Mr. Dougherty and Mr. George commenced the construction of a house for themselves. The logs for the building were cut close along the border of the harbor, floated to a point near where they were to be used, and then dragged to the site of the building by hand. Of course the work could never have been accomplished without the aid of the Indians. The house was covered with shingles, such as the two inexperienced men were able to make, and a few boards brought from Mackinaw with their supplies. The building was so nearly completed that the men found themselves comfortably housed before winter fairly set in. "Desiring not to be left alone while the Indians were absent on their annual winter hunt, fMr, Dougherty induced the chief Ahgo-sa and two others, with their families, to remain till sugar making time in the spring, by offering to help them put up comfortable houses for winter. There is some uncertainty about the style of these houses. We are informed that the offer was to help them put up log or slab shanties. If finally the latter was determined on, the slabs must have been rough planks, split out of suitable logs with beetle and wedges, and smoothed with an ax. Whether the shanties were built cone shape or not, by placing the planks 228 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. on end in a circle, with tops inclining inward like the Ottawa pe-bo-ne-gawn, does not appear. Before they were finished, the weather had become so cold that boiling water had to be used to thaw the clay for plastering the chinks in the walls. Mr. Dougherty's house stood on the bank of the harbor, east of the site afterwards occupied by the more commodious and comfortable mission house. The chief's shanty was built on the south side of the little lake lying a short distance northwest of the harbor. The cabins of the other two Indian families were located a little way south of where the mission church was afterwards built. "In the fall John Johnston arrived at the mission, having come, by appointment of Mr. Schoolcraft, to reside there as Indian farmer. During the winter the mission family consisted of the four men-Dougherty, George, Greensky and Johnston. Mr. Johnston had brought with him a yoke of oxen, for use in Indian farming. There was no fodder in the country, unless he may have brought a little with him. Be that as it may, he found it necessary to browse his cattle all winter. "In the spring of 1840 the log house which had been built at Elk Rapids the previous year was taken down, and the materials were transported across the bay and used in the construction of a school house and wood shed. Until the mission church was built, a year or two after, the school house was used for holding religious services, as well as for school. "In the fall of 1841, besides Indian wigwams, there were five buildings at the mission-the school house and four dwellings. All were built of logs, and all, except Mr. Dougherty's house, were covered with cedar bark. The dwellings were occupied by Mr. Dougherty, missionary, Henry Bradley, mission teacher, John Johnson, Indian farmre, and David McGulpin, assistant farmer. Mr. George was still there, and there had been another addition to the community in the person of George Johnston, who had come in the capacity of Indian carpenter. As regards race, the little community, the only representatives of Christian civilization in the heart of a savage wilderness, was somewhat mixed. John Johnston was half Indian with a white wife; McGulpin was a white man with an Indian wife. All the others, except Greensky, the interpreter, were whites. "As the little community represented two races, so also it represented two distinct agencies, working in harmony for the improvement of the physical, intellectual and moral condition of the Indians. The blacksmith, carpenter and farmer were employes of the United States government, appointed by the Indian agent at Mackinaw, Sand subject to his control. It was their duty to instruct the Indians in the simpler and more necessary arts of civilization. The missionary and his assistants, the interpreter and teacher, were employed by the Presbyterian board and supported by missionary funds. The only assistance they received from the government was an allowance for medicines dispensed to the Indians. "In the fall of 1841 an event occurred that must have created a little flutter of excitement in the q\uiet and isolated settlement at the mission. It was on a pleasant morning in September that the little schooner "Supply" came into the harbor, having on board as passengers, besides Mr. and Mrs. Dougherty and their infant daughter, Hen GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 229 rietta, two persons whose names have since become intimately associated with the events of the early history of the Grand Traverse country. Those two persons were Deacon Joseph Dame and Lewis Miller. "We are not informed at which time Mrs. Dougherty first came to the mission. On the occasion referred to she and her husband were returning from a visit to Mackinaw, where they had gone some time previously, in order to be within reach of suitable assistance at the period of Mrs. Dougherty's confinement. Deacon Dame had received the appointment of Indian farmer, as successor to John Johnston, and came to enter upon the duties of his office. With him were Mrs. Dame, their eldest son, Eusebius F., and two daughters, Almira and Mary. Another daughter, Olive M., came the following year. Lewis Miller was an orphan, left alone to make his way in the world. His birthplace was Waterloo, Canada West; the date of his birth September 14, 1824. The year 1839 found him in Chicago. From that city, in 1840, he made his way to Mackinaw. Here be became acquainted with the Dames. A strong friendship grew up between him and Mr. and Mrs. Dame. When, in 1841, Deacon Dame received his appointment as Indian farmer, and commenced preparations for removal to his new field of labor, Miller, then seventeen years of age, resolved to accompany him, more for the novelty of the thing than from any definite purpose with reference to the future. Except the children who came with their parents, he was the first white settler in the Grand Traverse country who did not come in consequence of an appointment from the Presbyterian board on the Mackinaw Indian agency. Eusebius and Almira Dame were in their teens; Mary was younger. During some portion of the time for the next year or two, the three, with young Miller, were pupils in the mission school. Except the Catholic mission school at Little Traverse, it was the first in the Grand Traverse country. "About 1842, the construction of a more commodious dwelling and a mission church was commenced by Mr. Dougherty. The dwelling, since known as the mission house, was the first frame building erected in the Grand Traverse country. The church had solid walls of hewn cedar timbers laid one upon another and kept in place by the ends being fitted into grooves in upright posts. The timbers were brought from the east side of the bay, in a huge log canoe, or dug-out, called the 'Pe-to-be-go,' which was thirty feet long, and, it is said, was capable of carrying twenty barrels of flour." At the present writing, sixty years after the completion of these buildings, the Mission House, enlarged and greatly improved, is owned and occupied by Mr. Rushmore, and known as the Rushmore House, and is used and well patronized as a hotel for summer visitors. The church has been moved from its original location near the beach, up to front the street, sided up, painted and put in good repair, and is owned and used by the Methodist Episcopal church at Old Mission as a place of worship. The little log schoolhouse, in which Mr. Bradley taught Lewis Miller and the young Dames, in connection with the Indian boys and girls, was destroyed by fire many years ago. During the ten years between 1842 and 1852 some changes occurred at the mission. Mr. Bradley as teacher was succeeded by a 280 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. gentleman by the name of Whiteside. Not liking the position, Mr. Whiteside soon resigned, and was followed by Andrew Porter. Changes were also made, from time to time, among the, employes of the Indian agency. Some of them remained in the country after their connection with the agency had terminated, and turned their attention to farming or other pursuits. Among such appear the names of John Campbell, Robert Campbell, William R. Stone and J. M. Pratt. Among the earlier settlers not connected with the mission or the agency were H. K. Coles, John Swaney and Martin S. Wait. O. P. Ladd and his brother-in-law, Orlin Hughson, settled on the peninsula as early as 185o, but remained only two or three years. E. P. Ladd, having come on a visit to his sister, Mrs. Hughson, in May, 1852, was so well pleased with the country that he at once determined to make his home here. G. A. Craker arrived in April of the same year, and immediately hired out to Mr. Dougherty. The little group of wigwams and log cabins at the harbor had grown to a village of considerable size. The Indians had generally abandoned their early style of wigwams and were living in houses built of hewn logs and whitewashed on the inside. Seen from a distance, the village presented a pretty and inviting appearance; a close inspection did not always confirm first impressions. According to their original custom, the Indians lived in the village, and cultivated gardens some distance away. The gardens, or patches of cultivated ground, were of all sizes, from one acre to six. The Indians had no legal title to the soil. By the terms of treaty, the peninsula had been reserved for their exclusive occu pation for a period of five years, and after that they were to be permitted to remain during the pleasure of the government. The period of five years had long since expired. Their landed property was held by suffrance and was liable at any moment to be taken away. The project of removing them beyond the Mississippi was, at one time seriously entertained by the government, or at least it was so understood. The prospect was not pleasing to the Indians. A deputation sent to examine their proposed new home in the west reported unfavorably. They determined not to be removed, preferring to take refuge in Canada, as a large part of the Indian population of Emmet county had done several years before. At this juncture, the adoption of the revised state constitution of 185o made citizens of all civilized persons of Indian descent, not members of any tribe. Here was a way out of the difficulty. They could purchase land of the government, settle down upon it, and claim the protection of the state and the general government as citizens. The land on the peninsula was not yet in market; that on the west shore of the bay was. By the advice of Mr. Dougherty, several families agreed to set apart a certain amount of their next annual payment, for the purchase of land. A list of names was made, and the chief was authorized to receive the money from the agent at Mackinaw, which he brought to Mr. Dougherty for safe keeping. Having made their selections, on the west side of the bay, some of their most trusty men were sent to the land office, at Ionia, the following spring, to make the purchase. If the general government ever seriously entertained the project of removing the Indians of the Grand Traverse country beyond GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 281 I the Mississippi, it was abandoned, and several townships, in what are now the counties of Leelanaw, Charlevoix and Emmet, were withdrawn from market and set apart as reservations for their benefit. Within the limits of these reservations, each head of a family and each single person of mature age was permitted to select a parcel of land, to be held for his own use, and eventually to become his property in fee simple. As already indicated, the lands on the peninsula were not yet in market. The Indians held possession of considerable portions, but could give no legal title to the soil. They could, however, sell their possessory rights, and white men, recognizing the eligibility of the location for agricultural pursuits, were not backward in becoming purchasers, taking the chances of obtaining a title from the government at a future time. MISSION MOVED TO OMENA. The combined effect of the several circumstances narrated above was to cause a gradual scattering of the Indians of the mission settlement. Those who had purchased land on the west side of the bay removed to the lands they had selected in the reserved townships. Seeing that the Indian community at the mission would finally be broken up, Mr. Dougherty wisely concluded to change the location of the mission itself. Accordingly purchase was made of an eligible tract of land, suitable for a farm and manual labor school, on Mission Point, near the place now called Omena, in Leelanaw county, to which he removed early in the spring of 1852. Considering the scattered condition and migratory habits of the Indiahs, it was thought that the most effective work for their Christianization and civilization could be done by gathering the youth into one family, where they would be constantly and for a term of years under the direct supervision and influence of teachers. And then, a well managed industrial school, it was thought, could not fail to exert, in some degree, a beneficial influence on the parents and youth of the vicinity, who did not attend, by a practical exhibition of the advantages of education and industry. In this iespect the new location of the mission was well chosen, being in the vicinity of those families who had purchased land of the government and who, it might reasonably be expected, would profit by its example. Mission Point had been occupied by a band of Indians, called, from the name of their chief, Shawb-wah-sun's band, some of whose gardens were included in the tract purchased by Mr. Dougherty. There were apple trees growing there, at the time of the purchase, as large as a man's body. Tradition says that the band had inhabited the western shore of the bay for a long time, and had once been numerous and powerful. The manual labor school was opened in the fall following the removal. The number of pupils was limited to fifty-twenty-five of each sex. Young children were not received, except in one instance, when the rule was suspended in favor of two homeless orphans. When received into the school, the pupils were first washed and clothed. The common clothing of both sexes consisted of coarse but decent and serviceable material. The boys were employed on the farm; the girls in housework and sewing. At five o'clock in the morning the bell rang for all to rise. At six it called all together for worship. Soon 282 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. after worship breakfast was served, the boys sitting at one table, the girls at another. After breakfast all repaired to their daily labor and worked till half past eight, when the school bell gave warning to assemble at the school-room. The boys worked under the supervision of Mr. Craker. Every boy had suitable tools assigned him, which he was required to care for and keep in their proper places. Mr. Craker kept the tools in order, so that they were always ready for use, and each boy could go to his work promptly. A considerable portion of the mission farm was cleared, and afterwards cultivated, by the labor of the boys. The girls were divided into classes, or companies, to each of which was assigned some particular department of domestic labor, changes being made weekly, so that all could be instructed in every department In the school-room were two teachers, one for the boys and another for the girls. Miss Isabella Morrison, of New Haven, Connecticut, was for many years the girls' teacher. After her resignation the place was filled by Miss Catherine Gibson till the mission was discontinued. Miss Gibson was from Pennsylvania. In the boys' department, the teachers were successively Miss Harriet Cowles, Miss Beach, John Porter, and Miss Henrietta Dougherty. Miss Cowles came from near Batavia, New York, Miss Beach from White Lake, New York, and Mr. Porter from Pennsylvania. Concerning the mission, it only remains to mention that the financial embarrassment of the board, growing out of the war of the Rebellion, necessitated the discontinuance of the work. The school was finally broken up, and the mission farm passed into other hands and is now owned by a Cincinnati company, who have changed the building into a summer hotel, giving it the name of "The Leelanaw." Omena has in fact become an ideal summer resort. I"The Inn" is another resort hotel built upon Omena Point, which is filled every summer with visitors from the south. A large number of very handsome cottages have already been built about Omena bay, and many more are likely to be added in the near future. The village is also likely to become a town of considerable importance, not only on this account, but because the Manistee & Northeastern Railroad will undoubtedly soon extend its road to this place. The new Traverse City, Leelanaw & Manistique road also touches at this place. CHAPTER V. MR. DOUGHERTY'S WORK IN THE SETTLEMENTS. During the period of Mr. Dougherty's residence at Old Mission, there being no physician in the country, he was often applied to for medicine and advice for the sick. On one occasion, after Mr. Boardman had established himself at the head of the bay, at the place where Traverse City now stands, he was called to prescribe for Mrs. Duncan, who was keeping the boarding house at that place. He found Mrs. Duncan very sick. Two or three days after, not having heard from his patient in the interval, he became anxious for her safety, and resolved to get some information in regard to her condition, and to send a further supply of medicine, or repeat his visit. There were some men from Boardman's establishment getting out timber at the harbor on the west side of the peninsula (Bowers' Harbor), which they were conveying home in a boat. Hoping to get the desired information from them, and to send the necessary medicine by their hand, he walked across the peninsula to their place of labor. The men had gone home with a cargo. Thinking he might get to Boardman's in time to return with them on their next trip, he started for the head of the bay on foot, making his way as rapidly as possible along the beach. There was no bridge over Boardman river near the boarding~house, and, on his arrival, the skiff used for crossing was on the other side. There was no time to lose. Not to be delayed, he quickly entered the stream and waded across, the cold water coming up to his chin. Fortunately he found his patient much improved; unfortunately, the boat in which he had hoped to return was already nearly out of sight, on its way back to the peninsula. Mr. Dougherty would have been hospitably entertained, could he have been persuaded to remain, but he felt that he must return home. Not stopping to put on a dry suit that was offered him, he partook of a hasty lunch, and set out on his return. Some one set him across the river in the skiff. As soon as hIe was out of sight in the woods, he resolved to dry his clothes, without hindering himself in the journey. Taking off his shirt, he hung it on a stick carried in the hand, spreading it to the sun and air, as he walked rapidly along. The day was warm, and the sun shone brightly. When the shirt was partly dry, he exchanged it for his flannel, putting on the shirt and hanging the flannel on the stick. It was near sundown when he reached home, thoroughly fatigued, 284 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. but happy in the thought that his patient was getting well. The next day he was so sore and stiff as to be scarcely able to move. - Some years later, after the removal of the mission to the west side of the bay, Mr. Dougherty had an adventure that may serve to illustrate the wild character of the country and the shifts to which the settlers were sometimes reduced. While seeking supplies for his school, one spring, he heard that a vessel, carrying a cargo of provisions, had been wrecked on the shore of Lake Michigan, somewhere south of Sleeping Bear Point, and that consequently there was flour for sale there at a reasonable price. In those. days the wrecking on the shore of a vessel with such a cargo, while it was, as now, a misfortune to the owners and underwriters, was not unfrequently a blessing of no small magnitude to the inhabitants. The captain of the unfortunate craft was usually willing and even anxious to sell, at a moderate price, such provisions as could be saved from the wreck, and the people were only too glad to buy. Starting early one morning, Mr. Dougherty walked across the country to the Indian village of Che-ma-go-bing, near the site of the present village of Leland. From Chema-go-bing he followed the shore round the bay since marked on the maps as Good Harbor, past the place afterwards called North Unity, and round the point separating Good Harbor from what was then known as Sleeping Bear bay, but since called Glen Arbor bay, his point of destination being the residence of John Lerue, who he knew lived on the shore somewhere in that region. The walk was long and fatiguing. When the shades of evening fell upon the landscape he had not reached Mr. Lerue's cabin. At ten o'clock he came to a small shed on the beach, where some cooper had been making barrels for the fishermen on the coast. It was now too dark to travel, and he resolved to pass the night there. The air was chilly, but everything was very dry, and he feared to make a fire, lest the shed should be burned. One less conscientious than Mr. Dougherty, and less careful of the rights of others, would not have hesitated for such a reason, but he preferred a night of discomfort to the risk of injuring a fellow-being. A backwoodsman of more experience would, no doubt, have found a method to make everything safe, while enjoying the luxury of a camp fire. Looking about for the best means of protection from the cold, he found two empty barrels, each with a head out. It occurred to him that these might be converted into a sleeping apartment. It required some little ingenuity to get into both at once, but after considerable effort he succeeded. Bringing the second barrel so near he could reach the open end, he worked his head and shoulders into the first, and placing his feet and legs in the second, drew it up as close to the first as possible. In telling the story years afterwards, Mr. Dougherty declared that he slept, and could not recollect his dreams, but, as his business was urgent, the luxury of his bed did not keep him long the next morning. He was out early and soon found Mr. Lerue's house, which was not far off. Hie now learned, what would have saved him a toilsome journey had he known it a day earlier, that the flour had been removed to Northport, which was only a few miles from the mission. After breakfast, Mr. Lerue guided him across the point that separates the bays, and hlie set out for Northport. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 285 Arriving there after dark, he was disappointed with the information that the flour had all been sold. After a night's rest, not in barrels on the beach, he had no alternative but to return home empty-handed. Mr. Dougherty was a graduate of Princeton Theological Seminary. He was a person of strong convictions, energetic and persevering in labor, in manner gentle and pleasing. His life work was well done. Blessed with a companion of superior natural and educational endowments, and the sincerety, sweet disposition and polished manners of the ideal Christian lady, the social atmosphere of his home produced a healthful moral effect on all who came within the sphere of its influence. Mr. and Mrs. Dougherty were fortunate in their children, of whom there were nine-one son and eight daughters. Two of the daughters died in childhood. The other children grew up to be an honor to their parents and a blessing to the communities in which their lots were cast. At the proper age, most of them were sent east, for a few years, for the sake of the educational advantages that could not be had at home." The society of the early days of the Grand Traverse country was largely ind(ebted to the Doughertys for the refinement that distinguished it from the coarseness too often found in border settlements. FIRST MARRIAGE CEREMONY. Those early days had their romance, as well as their stern realities of hardships and endurance. The first wedding in the Grand Traverse country would, no doubt, form a pleasing episode in the history we are tracing, were all the incidents of the affair placed at the disposal of some one capable of weaving them into shape with an artistic hand. 14 It has been already mentioned that Deacon Dame's oldest daughter, Olive M., came to Old Mission the summer following the arrival of the family. She had passed the winter in Wisconsin, where she had been' betrothed to Mr. Ansel Salisbury. In the fall after her arrival Mr. Salisbury came to Old Mission to claim his bride. Mr. Dougherty was anxious that the Indians of his flock should profit by acquaintance with the institutions of Christian civilization. The opportunity to show them a form of marriage recognized by the white man and the church was too important to let slip; consequently, by the consent of all parties, it was arranged that the ceremony should take place in publi'c. At a convenient hour in the morning, the little schoolhouse was filled with a mixed company of whites and Indians. There was no newspaper reporter present to describe the trousseau of the bride or the costumes of distinguished guests. We must draw upon the imagination for a picture of the same. We see the bride in simple attire, as became the occasion and the surroundings. There are the Indian women, in their brighest shawls and elaborately beaded moccasins, and the Indian men, some of them clothed in a style only a degree or two removed from the most primitive undress, all looking gravely on, apparently unmoved, yet keenly observant of all that passes. The whites are dressed in their Sunday best, which, to telt the truth, is in most cases somewhat rusty, their hilarity scarcely veiled by the gravity inspired by the solemnity of the occasion, The hymeneal rite is simple and impressive -the more impressive from the simple earnestness of its administration. Then we see the group of friends on the shore, waving adieus amid smiles and tears, as the newly 286 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. married couple float away in their canoe on the bridal tour. Mrs. Dame accompanied her daughter as far as Mackinaw. The craft in which the company embarked was a large birch bark canoe, navigated by four Indians. They proceeded directly across the bay to the east shore. There the Indians got out a long line manufactured from basswood bark, and running along the beach, towed the canoe rapidly after them. At night they had reached the mouth of Pine river, where they made their camp. The next morning, the Indians hoisted a large, square sail, and, running before a fair wind, they reached Mackinaw at night. Mrs. Dame returned in the canoe, with the Indians, to Old Mission. Mr. and Mrs. Salisbury remained a few days at Mackinaw, and then embarked on a steamboat for their home in Wisconsin. CHAPTER VI. INCIDENTS CONNECTED WITH LEWIS MILLER'S TRADE WITH THE INDIANS. It has already been stated that Lewis Miller came to Old Mission in company with the Dame family, more for the novelty of the thing than because of any definite plan for the future. At that time the fur trade, having its center at Mackinaw, was still profitable. When young 'Miller had been at the Mission about a year, he entered into an arrangement with Mr. Herrick, a merchant of,Mackinaw, to open trade with the Indians on the bay. Mr. Herrick was to furnish the goods, Miller to conduct the business. A wigwam, rented of an Indian, served for a storehouse at the Mission. To carry on trade with the Indians successfully and profitably involved a great deal of hard labor. Frequent journeys had to be made to Mackinaw, and to various points along the shore, at all seasons of the year. When the lake was open Indian canoes or Mackinaw boats were used; when it was closed there was no way but to travel on snow-shoes, on the ice or along the beach. The winter journeys were always attended with hardships, sometimes with danger. Mr. Miller was usually accompanied by a man in his employ, and not unfrequently by twohalf-breeds or Indians. When overtaken by night, a camping place was selected on the shore, where there was plenty of fuel at hand, and where some thicket would, in a measure, break the fury of the wintry wind. With their snow-shoes for shovels, the travelers cleared away the snow down to the surface of the ground-not an easy task when, as was sometimes the case, it was three feet or GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 287 -- more in depth. Then evergreen boughs were set up around the cleared space, as a further protection from the wind, and a thick carpet of twigs was spread on the ground. A fire was built, the kettle hung above it, and tea made. After supper the tired wanderers, each wrapped in two or three Mackinaw blankets, lay down to rest. On one of his journeys to Mackinaw, in the depth of winter, Mr. Miller and his companions waded Pine river, where Charlevoix is now situated, both going and returning. Stopping over at Little Traverse, when on a boat journey in December, Mr. Miller was informed by the Indians that a vessel had gone ashore, near the "Big Stone," on the south side of Little Traverse bay. It was already dark, but, procuring a boat and two Indians to row, he lost no time in crossing the bay to the scene of the disaster. He found the vessel without difficulty. There was no one remaining on board, but a light could be seen, among the trees, some distance back from the beach. Making his way to it, he found gathered round a camp fire the crew of the vessel, which proved to be the "Champion," and eighteen passengers. Had he dropped from the cluds into their midst, the company would have been scarcely more surprised. He was immediately overwhelmed with questions as to who he was, where he came from, and especially where they were. Neither captain, crew nor passengers had any (lefinite notion of the locality they were in. Learning their exact position, they set about making arrangements to get out of the wilderness. The captain willingly sold to Mr. Miller, at a low price, such supplies as the latter wished to purchase. Some of them b]ought boats of the Indians and made their way to Mackinaw. A party, led by the cap tain, crossed Grand Traverse bay, landing in the vicinity of Omena, and proceeded south, on foot, along the shore of Lake Michigan. As far as known, crew and passengers all eventually reached their homes, but not without undergoing considerable hardship. Fortunately there were no women or children on board the "Champion." The first bride who came to the Grand Traverse country on her wedding tour was Mrs. Lewis Miller, whose maiden name was Catherine Kiley. She was a native of London, England, and, like her husband, had been left an orphan. Somehow she had found her way to America, and then to the outpost of civilization at Mackinaw. During Mr. Miller's frequent visits to that place, an attachment had grown up between them, which finally resulted in marriage. The wedding took place in September, 1845. Immediately after the marriage they set sail in the little sloop "Lady of the Lake" for their home in the wilderness. Mr. Miller had chartered the vessel for the occasion, and had loaded her with goods for the Indian trade, furniture and supplies for housekeeping. The "Lady" was a bit of a craft, but she was a perfect duck on the water and fleet before anything like a favorable wind. The fates, however, if the fates have anything to do with regulating wedding trips, decreed a long and tempestuous voyage. It was the season when the god of the winds, on the northern lakes, delights to ornament their surface with foaming waves, and tantalize the impatient mariner with variable breezes and the most disappointing kinds of weather. The first day they made the island of St.Helena, where they were compelled to seek the shelter of the harbor. There were a dozen sail or more there, waiting for a favorable 288 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. change. Several times the "Lady" ventured out, but was as often compelled to put back. Finally, seizing the most favorable opportunity, she was able to reach Little Traverse. Here she was compelled to remain four days. The newly married couple went on shore and found comfortable quarters in an Indian house. The woman of the house had been brought up in a white family in Mackinaw, and, being able to understand the wants of her guests, was in a degree successful in her kind endeavors to make their stay pleasant. Leaving Little Traverse, the vessel reached the mouth of Grand Traverse bay, when she was again driven back. At the second attempt she was obliged to heave to in the mouth of the bay, the captain remaining all night at the helm. As Miller came on deck in the morning, dull, leaden clouds obscured the sky, and the air was filled with snow flakes. He proposed to take the captain's place at the helm, while the latter should turn in for a little rest. The captain gladly consented. Once installed in authority, Miller made sail, and let the captain sleep till the "Lady" was safeJy moored in the harbor at Old Mission. A young bride, coming for the first time to the home of her husband, naturally looks with a great deal of interest at the surroundings. Sometimes there is disappointment. There was probably no serious disappointment in this case, but it is a part of the traditional family history that as Mrs. Miller came on deck, that gloomy September morning, and looked anxiously out upon the scene, beautiful in its gloominess; and saw only the forest-skirted shore and the smoke curling upward from the log houses of the whites and a few Indian wigwams, the first question she asked her husband was, "Where is the town?" Mr. Miller's oldest son, Henry L., was the first white child born in the Grand Traverse country. CHAPTER VII. THE SITE OF TRAVERSE CITY. Not far south of the shore of Grand Traverse bay, at the head of its western arm, lies Boardman lake, a sheet of water a square mile or more in extent. From its northwestern angle issues the Boardman river, which flows for some distance in a northwesterly direction, then turns sharply round toward the east, and, after running along nearly parallel with the bay shore, enters the bay at a point nearly opposite that at which it issues from the lake. Its course from the lake to the bay is not unlike the letter V, with GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 289 its sharp angle turned towards the west. The:site of Traverse City lies between the lake and the bay, and extends some distance both east and west, embracing at the present time, 1903, the whole of sections I, 2, 3, the east half of 4 and 9, and all of o1, II and 12, town 27 north of range 1 west. All accounts agree in the statement that before so-called improvements of civilization had marred the adornments of nature this was a most beautiful spot. The waters of Boardman lake were clear as crystal. The river, without driftwood or the unsightly obstructions of fallen trees, ran with a swift current through an open forest of pines, which occupied all the space between the lake and the bay. There was no underbrush nor herbage-only a brown carpet of dead pine leaves upon the ground. So open and park-like was the forest that one could ride through it in all directions on horseback at a rapid pace. On the right bank of the river, a few rods below its exit from the lake, just where the land slopes gently down to the water, there was a little open space covered with grass, where the Indians sometimes landed from their canoes. On the higher land above were some Indian graves, of no great age, each with a stake at the head and foot. Not far away were other graves, of a circular, mound-like form, the work, probably, of a more ancient people. On the northeastern shore of the lake were a few bark wigwams, where the women and children of some Indian families usually passed the winter, while the men were absent on their annual hunt. With these exceptions, there was no mark to indicate that the foot of man had ever trod these solitudes, or that his voice had ever been heard above the rippling music of the river or the singing of the north wind in the: tops of the pine trees. However, it was not the beauty of the place, nor its attractive solitudes, so near to nature's heart, but its promised advantages for gain, that.brought the first adventurous settler to fix his abode there. FIRST SETTLEMENT. In 1847 Captain Boardman, a thrifty farmer living near Napierville, Illinois, purchased of the United States government a small tract of land at the mouth of the river, and furnished means to his son, Horace Boardman, to build a saw-mill. The latter, with two or three men in his employ, arrived at the river in the early part of June of that year, and immediately commenced the construction of a dwelling. The place selected was on the right bank of the stream, a little way below where it issues from Boardman lake, but a few steps from the grass plat and, canoe landing above alluded to. The exact location of the building was in what is now East Eighth street, between the center of the street and its southern boundary, just east of the eastern boundary of Boardman avenue. It was a house of modest pretensions as to size, being only sixteen feet by twenty-four, and one story high. The material for the walls was pine logs hewn square with the broad ax. In after years it was known to the inhabitants of the village as the "Old Blockhouse." It was eventually destroyed by fire. On the 20th of June, a week or more after Mr. Boardman's arrival, the "Lady of the 1.ake," owned by him and sailed by Michael Gay, one of his employes, arrived in the mouth of the river, with supplies. There. came with Gay a man by the name of Dun-; 240 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ham, who, having been in the bay on a previous occasion, acted as pilot. The."Lady of the Lake," which should not be confounded with another vessel of the same name, in which Lewis Miller returned to Old Mission after his marriage, was a craft of only a few tons burthen, and had originally been a pleasure yacht. She was sharp built, sloop rigged and a fast sailer. Having become old and rotten, and therefore undesirable for the purpose for which she was originally intended, Mr. Boardman had been able to purchase her cheaply, as a vessel to answer his present convenience. Her only fault was that, on account of her decayed condition, she was unsafe in a storm. After assisting for a few days in the building of the house, Gay was dispatched with the little vessel to the Manitou islands, to bring on a party of employes, who, it had been arranged, should come as far as the islands by steamer. Returning, the "Lady" entered the river on the 5th of July. There came in her as passengers Mr. Gay's young wife, -then only about fifteen or sixteen years of age, and her fourteen months' old baby, Mr. and Mrs. Duncan, a hired girl named Ann Van Amburg, and several carpenters. Only the walls of the house had as yet been erected. The building was without roof, floors, doors or windows, A sort of lean-to, or open shed, with a floor of hewn planks, had been built for a temporay kitchen, against one side of the house,in which a cook stove had been set up. A tent was now constructed of some spare sails, inside the unfinished kitchen, for the accommodation of two married couples and the girl. The single men shifted for themselves as best they could. The company lived in this man ner during the remainder of the summer. The house was not finished till the saw-mill was so far completed as to saw lumber with which to finish it. It was only a day or two after their arrival that the women, being alone, were alarmed by the sound of the trampling of horses, followed by a confusion of discordant yells, which their excited imagination magnified into the terrific warwhoop of a multitude of bloodthirsty savages hankering after scalps. Mrs. Duncan and Ann cowered within the tent. Mrs. Gay, though scarcely less frightened, thought it policy to put on a semblance of bravery. She accordingly went out and spoke to the Indians in their own language, a few words of which she had learned while living near Grand Rapids. To the relief of the women, the Indians proved to be friendly. They had seen the "Lady of the Lake" sailing up the bay, and had come to visit the white man's camp, prompted mainly by curiosity, but had brought for traffic sugar, fish and potatoes, which they were glad to exchange for such commodities as the whites had to dispose of. They were particularly fond of pork, and were especially glad to give any of their own food in exchange for it. The trade with the Indians became afterwards an important source of supply, when the failure of provisions threatened the little colony with famine. Mrs. Gay was a French woman who not only spoke the English language, but the French as well, and one of the Indian women also spoke French fluently, and in future transactions the two acted as interpreters, Mrs. Gay translating the English into French and the Indian woman the French into Indian, the response being conveyed GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 241 back in a similar manner, through a double translation. How much of homesickness there was in the little colony we are left in a great measure to conjecture. It may be related on Mrs. Gay's own authority that, as for herself, she time and again sat for hours by the little grass plot at the canoe landing, the only place she could find that had a look of civilization, shedding tears over her separation from the associations of her former home. Mrs. Duncan was fortunate enough to pay a visit to the ladies at Old Mission the fall succeeding her arrival at the river, but Mrs. Gay had been here more than two years before she had the pleasure of looking upon the face of a civilized woman other than the two with whom she came. THE FIRST MILL. It had been Mr. Boardman's intention to throw a dam across the Boardman river, at some point not far below the lake, and build a saw-mill on that stream. The convenience of residing near the mill had been the main consideration that determined the location of the block-house. After a more thorough exploration of the country, however, and an estimate of the probable difficulties in the way of building, he was led to modify his plan. Mill creek, a small stream that has its source in the hills to the south and west of the bay, and enters the Boardman at the western angle of its bend, seemed to offer facilities for cheaply building a small mill that should answer present purposes. He therefore determined to build on that stream, with the intention of erecting afterwards a larger and more permanent structure on the Boardman. By that plan he would have the advantage of the smaller mill for making boards, planks and timbers for the larger, thus avoiding the difficulty of obtaining from a distance the lumber it would be necessary to have before a large mill could be put into condition for service. There was no place nearer than Manistee where lumber could be obtained, and the "Lady of the Lake" was too small and too unsafe to be relied on for bringing any large quantity such a distance. It was not easy, at that time, to induce vessel masters to enter the bay, which to them was an unexplored sea. Immediately after the arrival of the carpenters, all hands were set to work upon the mill. The "Lady of the Lake" made a trip to Manistee after plank for the flume. When the frame was ready, all the white men at Old Mission and several Indians came to help raise it. It took three days to get it up. It was finally got into a condition to be set running about the first of October. Then some of the first boards made were used to complete the block-house, which up to that time had remained unfinished. It was a long walk from the house to the mill. The path from one to the other ran along the southwestern bank of the Boardman. For convenience of reaching it from the house, a foot-bridge of poles was thrown across the river at the canoe landing, near the point now occupied by the East Eighth street bridge. This mill was afterwards used for a flouring-mill, the first one in Traverse City, and later by J. E. Greilick & Company, of which firm the present J. E. Greilick Company is the successor, for a planing-mill and sash, door and blinds factory. The building has now disappeared, as well as the dam across the creek, and the place oc GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 242* cupied by the pond is now nearly all built up and occupied with good and comfortable dwellings. SHIPWRECK. The mill having been completed, and there no longer being suitable employment for the mechanics who had been engaged upon it, it became necessary to provide for their conveyance home. It was arranged that Mr. Boardman should take them in the "Lady of the Lake"' to the Manitous, where they could get passage on one of the steamers that were in the habit of touching there. Hie would then freight his vessel with supplies, which he expected to find waiting there, and return. It was about the ioth of October that the "Lady of the Lake" sailed on this her last voyage. While waiting for the supplies, which had not arrived after landing her passengers, the little vessel was caught in a storm, driven upon the beach and totally wrecked. The supplies came, but Mr. Boardman searched in vain for means to transport them to Grand Traverse bay. Convinced at last that he could accomplish nothing by remaining at the islands, he took passage on a steamer for Mackinaw. Here he found means to cross to the mainland, and then set out on foot on his toilsome journey home. The route lay for more than a hundred miles along the beach, most of the way without even a semblance of a foot-path, and without a civilized dwelling, except at the missions of Cross Village and Little Traverse, at which he could ask for a night's shelter or a morsel of food. In the meantime the people at home be came alarmed at his long absence. Then information reached them, through the agency of some fishermen, that the vessel was lost. It was late in the season. Navigation would soon be closed. Something must be done, and done quickly. A consultation was held, the result of which was an agreement that Mr. Gay should go to Old Mission, get a boat there, if possible, and endeavor to reach the Manitous and bring away such supplies as he might be able to find. HAVING A FEAST. Mrs. Duncan accompanied Mr. Duncan to Old Mission, for a visit to the ladies there. The day after their departure Mrs. Gay and Ann, perhaps not having the fear of famine before their eyes, or perhaps expecting to perish with hunger but believing in the maxim "live while you live," resolved to have one more good dinner. An examination of the larder showed on hand a small supply of musty flour, some sour yeast, a little maple sugar, and fish enough for a meal-not a very promising stock, to be sure, out of which to prepare a tempting dinner. Among the men was one named Joe Mead. Joe had a contract with Mr. Boardman to cut logs for the next winter. To make sure of provisions for his hands, he had scoured the country-that is, he had been to Old Mission, the only settlement in the region, and brought back all the supplies he could get, the chief item of which was a barrel of hogs' heads. It was known, too, that Joe had some saleratus among his stores. A dinner without meat would be lacking, and sour yeast without an alkali would not raise musty flour. The women applied for a hog's head and a bit of saler GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 248 atus, but Joe would give them neither, so they were fain to make the best of it. Lye made of ashes, with the sour yeast, served to make the dough light, and some sugar was converted into syrup; so they had, after all, a respectable dinner for the time and place-pancakes of musty flour, maple syrup and fish. The meal was scarcely ready, when they were agreably surprised by the arrival of Mr. Boardman, foot-sore and exhausted and glad to be again at home. At table tears of thankfulness ran down his cheeks, as he partook with a keen relish of the homely fare they had unintentionally prepared for him in their efforts to get up a "good dinner." SUPPLIES OBTAINED BY MR. GAY. Mr. Gay was successful in his expedition. At Old Mission he obtained the little schooner "Arrow," her owner, A. K. Cowles, with Robert Campbell and several others, volunteering to accompany him to the Manitous. Having loaded with the supplies, at the latter place, he returned in safety, reaching Old Mission on Thanksgiving day and the river on the day following. It was found that the block-house was too far from the mill for convenience. After Mr. Gay's return from the Manitous he built a small log house for the use of his own family, near the mill. Both families, however, and all the hands, were accommodated in it for a short time, till a small plank house could be built for Mr. and Mrs. Duncan and the men. On examining the stores brought in by the "Arrow," it was found that a box of boots and shoes intended for winter use had been left behind. Only one pair of shoes had come, whicl had been ordered expressly for Mrs. Gay, and these proved to be not a pair, both of them being shaped for one foot. We are not informed how the men managed for the winter, but Mrs. Gay resolved that the women should not go barefoot. Applying to Mr. Boardman, she obtained permission to use some spare belt leather belonging to the machinery of the mill for soles, and some heavy gray cloth found among the stores for vamps and quarters. One of the men made her a last. Then ripping to pieces one of the useless odd shoes to obtain patterns, she made a pair each for Mrs. Duncan, Ann and herself. Though not remarkable for beauty, they proved serviceable and comfortable. And now the little community was shut in for the winter. All connection with the great world outside was severed, except an irregular and uncertain communication by way of Old Mission and Mackinac. Many were the incidents, however, novel, sad, cheerful and ludicrous, that occurred to break the monotony of their hermit-like existence. Among these incidents a rather exciting one occurred in which Mrs. Gay gave an exhibition of her courage that is well worth recording. Fur-bearing animals were quite plenty and Mr. Gay was an expert trapper and spent some of his time in trapping. One day while he was out looking after his traps, all of the other men being also away with noie in the house except Mrs. Duncan, Ann and Mrs. Gay, an Indian came to the house and, seeing none of the men about, asked where Mike was. Mrs. Gay told him that he was out visiting his traps, whereupon he ,244 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. promptly demanded that he should be given something to eat, and on Mrs. Gay informing him that she had nothing for him threatened to kill her unless she complied with his his demands. Fortunately there was an axe standing in the house only a few feet away from Mrs. Gay when the Indian made his threat. The threat was no sooner made than Mrs. Gay sprang for the axe and raised it to strike the Indian, who, realizing that his threat to obtain a meal had failed, thought discretion the better part of valor, rushed out of doors and left hurriedly. Afterwards, when Mr. Gay met the Indian and took him to task for his action, he claimed that he did not intend to harm the women and only did it as a joke, which is probably true so far as doing them any personal injury was concerned, but he probably thought he could scare them into giving him a dinner, but, when he found that it did not work, was glad to escape with a whole skin. In the summer of 1848 a small wharf was commenced at the shore of the bay, and a tram-way built for the purpose of transporting lumber to it from the mill. The next winter a beginning was made towards get-- ting out timber for the construction of the contemplated large mill on the river. Mr. Boardman from time to time varied his business by getting out shingle bolts, and hemlock bark for tanning purposes, for the Chicago market. He cleared three or four acres of land, and was successful in the cultivation of garden vegetables. The summer of 1849 was marked by several incidents that added interest to the life of the settlement. A man of the name of Freeman came out and got a considerable quantity of hemlock bark for shipment, em ploying Indians to perform most of the labor. The bark, of course, was stripped from trees growing upon government land. There was no one in this remote region whose interest it was, or who considered it his duty, to prevent the spoliations of the public property. The government had found it necessary to order a re-survey of the lands in the vicinity of the bay. For some time the surveyors' camps were pitched in the vicinity, the settlement being for them a sort of headquarters and base of supplies. In the employ of Risdon, one of the surveyors, was Henry Rutherford, afterwards well known in the settlement, having his wife with him. Word was brought to the women at the mill, one evening, that there was a woman in Risdon's camp. The announcement was sufficient to produce a flutter of excitement. Mrs. Duncan had visited the ladies at Old Mission, but Mrs. Gay, since her arrival at the river, had not seen the face of a civilized person of her own sex, except the two who had come with her. Setting out alone the next morning, she found her way to the surveyors' camp, and spent the afternoon with Mrs. Rutherford, remaining to dinner in response to a cordial invitation from the latter. The cloth was spread on the ground, where there was a bit of clean grass, outside the tent, the company sitting round it in oriental fashion. The viands'consisted of pork and potatoes, fried, with huckleberries for dessert. The next day Mrs. Rutherford returned the visit, dining with Mrs. Gay. Mrs. Rutherford was partly of Indian blood, nevertheless she was regarded as an important acquisition to the society of the colony. ~ CHAPTER VIII. HANNAH, LAY & COMPANY APPEAR ON THE SCENE. In the month of May, 1850, three enterprising young men, in the city of Chicago, entered into partnership, under the firm name of Hannah, Lay & Company, for the purpose of carrying on the lumber trade. The names of the partners were Perry Hannah, Albert Tracy Lay and James Morgan. The firm opened business on the corner of Jackson and Canal streets, buying their stock by the cargo, in the harbor. Early in I851 they conceived the project of having, somewhere, a saw-mill of their own for making lumber, thus saving to themselves the profit they were now paying to the manufacturer. Falling in with a man of the name of Curtis, one of the mechanics who had built Mr. Boardman's mill, they obtained from him their first knowledge of the country on Grand 'Traverse bay. In the meantime the price of lumber had gone down to a very low figure. Captain Boardman found that his mill, as managed by his son, was not profitable. Concluding that it would be wise to dispose of the property he proposed to sell it to the new firm. In the spring Mr. Hannah, accompanied by William Morgan and Captain Boardman, took passage on the little schooner "Venus," bound for the bay, for the purpose of viewing the property. The "Venus" was com manded by Captain Peter Nelson, a Dane by birth, afterwards well known in the Grand Traverse county, for many years keeper of the light-house near Northport. The voyage was tempestuous. After riding out a gale of three days' duration on Lake Michigan, they finally entered the bay and made Old Mission harbor in pleasant weather. The scene before them, as the vessel rounded to in the harbor, appeared to the tempest-tossed voyagers the loveliest ever beheld by mortal eyes. The sun was just sinking behind the western hills, the whitewashed houses of the Indian village gleaming brightly in his parting rays, while the tops of the forest trees seemed bathed in a floating mist of gold. On the banks sat a picturesque group of Indian men, enjoying the fragrant fumes of the pipe. The women were seen engaged in the feminie avocations pertaining to their simple modes of life. The shouting of a company of children in gleeful play, mingled with the sound of tinkling bells from a herd of ponies feeding on the hill-side beyond, made music in harmony with the quiet beauty of the scene. The restless spirit of the white man had not yet brought discontent to these simple children of the forest 246 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. the baleful effects of the destroying "fire-, water" were yet comparatively unknown. After remaining' two hours at Old Mission, the "Venus" set sail for her destination, the head of the west arm of the bay. The night was beautiful, with a glorious moon shining brightly in the heavens. When a mile out, with the vessel's prow turned towards the north, and a gentle breeze from the south filling her sails, Captain Nelson, who had been worn out with labor and watching during the gale, gave directions to the man at the helm, wrapped himself in a blanket, and lay down on the quarter deck, to get a little rest. Fatigued as he was, he seemed to have scarcely more than touched the deck, when a loud snoring indicated that he was in a sound sleep. The instructions given to the man at the helm were to hold to a north course till well down past the point of the peninsula, and then call the captain, before tacking to the west. The kindhearted sailor, knowing how hard a time the captain had had, and desiring to give him all possible opportunity to rest, could see no reason why he should not guide the vessel round the point, as there was but little wind and all looked clear. As he brought her round, at a sufficient distance beyond the point, as he supposed, sailing not more than a mile an hour, the sudden thumping of her bottom on the rocks alarmed all hands, and brought the captain quickly to his feet. Then such a chiding as the poor sailor received for his disobedience of orders is seldom heard in any dialect of the Scandinavian tongue. The vessel lay quiet, but was stuck fast. Sounding revealed the curious fact that her keel rested on a sunken rock, with not less than twenty feet of water all round. On making further soundings from the boat, which was got out for the purpose, it was found that the rock on which she rested was situated in a pool of clear, deep water, surrounded by rocks on all sides,, and that the only way of escape was to draw her back, by means of a kedge anchor, through the narrow and shallow passage by which she had entered. Several hours of tedious labor were required to liberate her from her perilous position. The captain slept no more till his vessel was moored to the slab wharf, at the head of the bay. The only opening in the forest visible to the party, as they landed, was the narrow clearing which had been made for the tramroad. Following this, Captain Boardman keeping well in advance, they soon arrived at the mnill. The mill was not running. On entering the house the hands were all found there, amusing themselves with the game of old sledge. After shaking hands all round, Captain Boardman said to his son: "Horace, how is this, that you are not running the mill?" The reply was, "Father, it was a little rainy today; the boys outside couldn't work very well, and they wanted the men in the mill to make up the number for the game; so I concluded to shut down for a time, in order that they might have a little fun." This easy way of doing business did not suit the energetic old farmer, Captain Boardman, who was now more fully convinced that the property had best be sold. After looking over the premises for a day, a party, consisting of Mr. Hannah, Horace Boardman, Mr. M-organ and a man named Whitcher, with packs of blankets and provisions, set out to explore the country and examine the timber along the Boardman river. At the end of a week Mr. Hannah estimated that they had seen at least a hun GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 247 dred million feet of pine, on government land open to sale. This was a sufficient inducement to the firm to accept Captain Boardman's proposition to sell them his entire interest in the property, consisting of the saw-mill, the cheap buildings that had been erected, and about two hundred acres of land, on which the village plat was afterwards located, for forty-five hundred dollars. The first work done by the new owners was to construct a tram-road from the bend of the Boai-dman to the mill, so that logs floated down the stream could be hauled out at the bend, and transported over land to the' mill, whence the lumber, as formerly, could be run down to the slab wharf for shipment. The next task performed, which proved to be one of no small magnitude, was the clearing of the river, so that logs could be floated down from the immense tracts of pine on the upper waters. It was not merely here and there that a fallen tree had to be removed. In some places the stream was so covered and hidden with a mass of fallen trees, and the vegetation which had taken root and was flourishing on their decaying trunks, that no water could be seen. Ten long miles of the channel had to be cleared before the first pine was reached. With an energy and a steadfastness of purpose that ever after marked the transactions of the firm, the work was rushed on till logs could be run down the stream. FIRST STEAM SAW-MILL. The saw-mill had only a single muley saw. Finding from a few months' experience that it was too small and too slow for their pur-pose, Hannah, Lay & Company determined to construct a new one, to be run by steam power. A site was selected on the narrow strip of land lying between the lower part of the river and the bay, where, on the one hand, logs could be floated in the stream directly to the mill, and, on the other, the lumber could be loaded on vessels by being conveyed only a short distance on trucks. The project was executed in 1852, and the next year the mill went into successful operation. This mill, which stood a few rods west of the mill now owned and operated by J. H. Ott & Company, was torn down several years ago. About the first work done by the steam mill was to saw up the pine timber on that portion of Traverse City that was originally laid out and platted into a village. In those days the lumber was all carried across the lake in sail craft. The first vessel that carried for the firm, and brought in the boilers for the steam mill, was the "Maria Hilliard.". No lake surveys had been made in the region of Grand Traverse bay and the masters of vessels were guided more by guess than by charts. Amusing anecdotes are told of their experiences, one of which we repeat. The "Richmond," one very dark night, was beating up the bay against a light head wind. On attempting to tack, for some unaccountable reason she would not come in stays, and, as she seemed to be fast, the captain was forced reluctantly to let her remain. When daylight revealed the situation, what was his surprise to find his vessel lying close to a bold, wooded shore with her bowsprit entangled among the trees. When the pine in the immediate vicinity of the mill had been worked up, Hannah, Lay & Company commenced the system of lumbering common at that time on all the 248 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. streams of northern Michigan. A short description of a lumber camp in those early days and the way the work of getting out the logs and floating them to the mill may not be uninteresting to the present reader. The Boardman river had been cleared as far up as the pine forests. At the beginning of winter gangs of men were sent into the woods to establish camps. A gang consisted of twenty men, more or less, a foreman, or boss, a cook, a stable-boss, and perhaps a chore-boy. A number of teams, either horses or oxen, were kept at the camp. A house was built of pine logs, large enough to accommodate the company. A part of the interior, perhaps separated from the rest only by a simple railing, constituted the domain of the cook, upon which no one was allowed to trespass. Another part was devoted to the accommodation of the men. Bunks were arranged in tiers, one above another, against the wall, for sleeping places. A huge stove made the apartment comfortable in the coldest w'eather. Rough benches for seats, and a long table, with the plainest and most durable kinds of dishes, constituted the bulk of the furniture. A large stable, built also of logs, afforded shelter for the animals. Provisions for the men and forage for the animals were brought to the camp from time to time, during the winter, by teams employed for the purpose. The first faint gleam of day usually found the men at their work and, except for dinner, there was no cessation of labor till night had again spread her dark mantle over the scene. Some cut down the pine trees, others divided them with the saw into logs of suitable length, and others again loaded the logs on huge sleds and drew them to the river bank, where they were tumbled into the stream. When the work of the day was done, the teamsters took care of their animals, receiving from the stable-boss the rations to which they were entitled. In the house, wet garments were hung up to dry, every mtn made himself as comfortable as he might without intruding on his neighbor. When supper was over, various amusements served to while away the time till the hour for retiring. Some read, by the light of a lamp, such books and papers as they could get, some played cards, chess, or checkers, and sometimes a song enlivened the spirits of those who sang, if not of those who heard. Joke,. raillery and repartee passed freely round. If a visitor called, he was made welcome and hospitably entertained. If a minister of the gospel paid them a visit sometime in the winter, all amusement was laid aside to listen to a sermon in the evening, and when he departed the following morning he was not allowed to go away empty handed. When spring opened, the camp was deserted. The men, except the log-drivers, returned to work in the mill, which was now put in operation for the season, or went to their several homes. It was the business of the log-drivers, or river-drivers, as they were sometimes called, to run the logs down the river to the mill. Not infrequently, at the place where the logs had been put into the stream, the channel was filled with them from bank to bank to a great height. To break this "jam," or loosen the logs so that they would be carried away by the current, which was usually strong from the melting of the snow at this season, involved no small amount of labor, and was sometimes dangerous. When the logs were all finally afloat in the stream, GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 249 the drivers followed them down, pushing off those that stranded on the shore, and breaking the temporary "jams" that formed wherever obstructions were met with. Frequently the men rode considerable distances on the floating logs, keeping their position by the aid of sharp spikes in the thick soles of their boots, and by balancing themselves with their lohg pike poles. At night they slept in temporary camps on the bank of the river, to which supplies were conveyed for their use. CHAPTER IX. MORE OF THE FIRM OF HANNAH, LAY & COMPANY. In 1852 a fourth partner, William Morgan, who had accompanied Mr. Hannah on his prospecting tour, was received into the firm of Hannah, Lay & Company. Afterwards, in 1859, Mr. Smith Barnes, a former resident of Port Huron, was admitted to partnership in the mercantile department, but without any connection with the lumber trade. Francis Hannah, a brother of the member of the firm, came to the bay in the fall of 1851, with a view of becoming a partner. After spending the winter in the settlement, he concluded that the financial advantages of a connection with the firm would not be a sufficient compensation for the seclusion of a life in the wilderness, and finally declined the proffered partnership. While there he had charge of the business of the firm. After Francis Hannah retired from the employ of the firm, Mr. Lay and Mr. Hannah for several years took turns in the man agement of. the business at the bay and in Chicago, Mr. Lay remaining at the former place during the summer and Mr. Hannah in Chicago, the two changing places for the winter. Finally the oversight of their interests was permanently divided between them, Mr. Hannah residing constantly in Traverse City and Mr. Lay in Chicago. COMMENCEMENT OF MERCHANDISING IN TRAVERSE CITY. From the commencement of their business at the bay, they kept a small stock of goods for supplying the wants of persons in their employ. Their first store was kept in a log building, sixteen feet long and. twelve wide, that stood at the side of the old Boardman boarding-house, near the water mill on Mill creek. From that they removed to a small frame building, erected for the purpose, on the north side of the river, just east of what is now the corner of Bay and 250 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Union streets. In order to make room for a larger structure, as business increased, the building was afterward moved to the north side of Bay street, and was for many years used as a tin shop. A lady who went shopping to this building in 1853, described the stock as consisting of "few pieces of calico, and just dry goods enough to supply the little community." After the erection of the steam saw-mill it was found convenient to have some place near it where those employed by the firm who were without families could be accommodated with board and lodging. Accordingly a boarding-house was commenced in the spring of 1854, and by the last of August was so far advanced as to be habitable. The original building, with its subsequent additions, occupied a site on the south side of Bay street, a short distance west of the corner of Bay and Union streets, and a little north of the present Manistee & Northeastern depot. After its use for a boarding-house was abandoned by Hannah, Lay & Company it was for many years used as a hotel, at first by William Fowle, as the Bay House, and afterwards by Mr. Pangborne and others as the Pangborne House. Having served its purpose well, it was razed to the ground and removed several months ago. CHAPTER X. PIONEERS OF TRAVERSE CITY. The names of all who came to the new settlement in an early day have not been preserved. Some remained only a short time and then returned to the places whence they came or wandered to other parts; others identified themselves with the interests of the community and became permanent citizens. At the setting in of winter, in 1851, the following families are known to have been in the settlement: Michael Gay's, John Lake's, Henry Rutherford's, Benjamin Austin's, T. D. Hillery's, William Voice's, Seth Norris's, Robert Pott's, a family named Barnes, a German family whose name has been forgotten and an old couple of the name of Lowery. The following names of unmar ried persons, residents at that time, have been preserved: Henrietta Baxter, who afterwards became Mrs. J. K. Gunton; Catherine Carmichael and Flora Carmichael, sisters to Mrs. Hillery and the former afterwards wife of H. D. Campbell; Dominic Dunn, William Rennie, Cuyler Germaine, Dougald Carmichael, brother to Mrs. Hillery, James K. Gunton and Richard Meagher. Francis Hannah was also there, having charge of the business of Hannah, Lay & Company, D. C. Curtis, foreman in the employ of the firm, Thomas Cutler, who had come out as engineer, to take charge of the engine of the steam saw-mill about to be built, and John B. Sper icer, who was getting GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANA Wt COUNTIES.. 251 out saw-logs for the mill and timber for building a dock,, and soon afterwards removed to Elk Rapids. Thomas Cutler's family arrived the following year. There arrived also in 1852 John Garland and two men of the name of Evans, with families, and, unmarried, Henry D. Campbell, Thomas A. Hitchcock, R. McLellan and Hugh McGinnis. Dr. Charles Holton and wife came either in the spring of 1852 or the fall previous. Dr. ID. C. Goodale, with his family, arrived in April, 1853. Many of the persons named came for the purpose of entering the employ of Hannah, Lay & Company, and most of them were, at one time of another, engaged in some capacity in the service of the firm. Mr. Voice, who had been in the country before, contemplated, in connection with his partner, Luther Scofield, the building of a saw-mill at East Bay, a project which was soon after carried into successful execution. The population of the settlement was yet small. They were surrounded and shut in by an almost impenetrable wilderness. But few improvements not demanded by the immediate exigencies of the lumber trade had been attempted. Only one public roadthat from the head of the bay to Old Mission --had been opened. This road had been made in fulfillment of an agreement between the inhabitants of the two places, entered into, probably, at the raising of Boardman's.aw-mill. The people at Old Mission were pleased to have a mill so conveniently near, and all could see that connection of the settlements by means of a passable road would be a public advantage. The inhabitants of each settlement, by voluntary contributions of labor, built the half of the road nearest themselves. 15 ORIGIN OF THE NAME TRAVERSE CITY. Up to 1853 the postoffice at Old Mission was the only one in a vast region of country around the bay. In the winter of 1852-3, Mr. Lay, while in Washington, was successful in his efforts to get one established in the new settlement. The name of the one at Old Mission was Grand Traverse. The new settlement at the head of the bay was beginning to be known as Grand Traverse City. When Mr. Lay proposed the latter name for the new postoffice, the clerk with whom he was transacting the business suggested that "Grand" be dropped, and it be called simply Traverse City, as the name would have less resemblance to that of the office at Old Mission, to which Mr. Lay acceded. Thus originated the name Traverse City. The mail was carried once a week, coming to "'Iraverse City from Manistee. Mr. Lay was the first contractor, his compensation being four hundred dollars per year. At first it was carried by an Indian, called Old Joe, in a pack upon his shoulders. Before the expiration of Mr. Lay's contract, however, the quantity of mail matter had so increased that a horse had to be employed. Hugh McGinnis was then employed as carrier, who cut out a trail as far as Herring creek, the first move in road-making between Traverse City and the lake shore. FIRST POSTMASTER. Dr. Goodale was chosen the first postmaster, and chose H. D. Campbell as assistant. Dr. Goodale continued to hold the office until after Lincoln's election to the presidency, when, in the course of events incident to the change of administration, he was removed. 252 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Previous to the establishment of the postoffice at Traverse City, whenever any one had occasion to visit Old Mission he was expected to bring, on his return, whatever mail matter was found waiting in the postoffice there. Ann Dakin, a woman employed in the boarding-house, had relatives at that place, whom she frequently visited. Being strong of frame and a pedestrian of great endurance, she thought nothing of walking to Old Mission at the end of a week's labor, returning in time to enter promptly upon the duties of the following week. On these visits to her friends she was accustomed to carry a satchel slung over her shoulder, in which she brought back the mail for the settlement. The society of the settlement was peculiar. Most of the married people were young. The unmarried men were intelligent, moral and well disposed, but bent on having their full share of sport. As not unfrequently happens in border settlements, where the male population is apt to greatly outnumber that of the gentler sex, their recreations sometimes assumed a somewhat mischievous character. On New Year's night, in the winter of 1851-2, "the boys" determined to amuse themselves by waking up, in a startling manner, the more sedate citizens. Secretly collecting all the firearms, they found they could muster thirteen guns. With these they went round to several of the houses, firing volleys under the windows, to the utter consternation of the more timid inmates, who, living in constant fear of a hostile visit from the Mormons, thought their dreaded erlemy was upon them. Card-playing and the habits of negligence and idleness to which it leads, had been among the causes that made Mr. Boardman's enterprise unsuccessful. In the boarding house of Hannah, Lay & Company it was strictly prohibited. Some of the young men, however, were not to be easily deprived of a favorite pastime. At Austin's they found a convenient rendezvous, where card playing and general hilarity, through the latter was sometimes a little boisterous, were not considered out of order. Michael Gay could play the violin and play it very well, too, and usually as often as once in two weeks his services were put in requisition. The ladies, married and single, were invited and music and dancing served to while away the long winter evening. It is not to be supposed that flirtations, love-makings and courtships, generally understood to be normal accompaniments of social parties in fashionable life, flourished in a society where the men outnumbered the women three of four to one, and where nearly all of the latter were married, yet the meetings at Austin's were not without their romance. Jim Gunton, as he was familiarly called, seems to have been the sly dog of the pack. Henrietta Baxter lived at Austin's. While his companions, deep in the attractions of euchre or old sledge, were oblivious of all things around them, Jim, fully awake to the main chance, found opportunities to whisper unobserved in the maiden's ear that which sometimes deepened the blush on her cheek. Ere the winter had passed it became known that there was an engagement of marriage. Henrietta was the daughter of a Mormon lady, who was a widow. Mrs. Baxter had been inveigled into joining her fortunes with those of the Mormons of Beaver Island, only to find, in a short time, GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 258 her property held fast in the clutches of the authorities of the Mormon church. The situation on the island for young, unmarried women, not in full sympathy with the peculiar doctrines and practices taught by Strang and his associates was far from pleasant. Henrietta found employment in the family of James Cable, a "Gentile" living on the island, between whom and the Mormons there existed a strong dislike, if not a bitter hatred. In common with some of the Gentiles with whom she was associated, she at length became alarmed for her personal safety. Her fears, in their full extent, may not have been well founded. Be that as it may, she resolved to take advantage of the first opportunity to escape. One day a vessel touched at the wharf. Though its destination was to her unknown, she determined, if possible, to get on board, and take the chances of reaching a desirable haven. As the vessel was about to sail, she took in her hand a bundle of such personal effects as she could carry, and started on a run towards it. Before reaching it, however, she was intercepted by some of the Mormons, who took away her bundle, after which she was allowed to proceed, glad to get off the island, even with nothing but the garments upon her person. The next port at which the vessel touched was Old Mission, where the fugitive was set on shore. Living in the vicinity of Old Mission was a family of Mormons of the name of Bowers, who, it was understood, had in some way incurred the displeasure of Strang and his associates, and had consequently been compelled to leave the island. In this family Henrietta found a home. From Bowers' she came to the head of the bay, where she found employment in the family of Austin, who also was known as a Mormon exile. As Henrietta regarded Bowers' house as her home, it was arranged that the marriage rite should be performed there, Rev. Dougherty to officiate. For a wedding party to get there in the depth of winter was not easy. The best preparation Mr. Gunton could make was to procure from the Indians of Old Mission two roughly made pungs, each drawn by a diminutive, shaggy, half-starved Indian pony. One pung was intended for the conveyance of himself and bride, the other for Mr. and Mrs. Austin. It was the intention to return to Austin's at night, but the ponies were slow, the roads in places were almost impassable from drifted snow, and it proved to be all they could do to reach Bowers' in the course of the day, not to think of returning. In the meantime, the "boys" at the head of the bay prepared to give the newly married couple a rousing charivari on their return, watching for them in vain till late into the night. When they finally did return, the next day, the issuing of a general invitation to a party at Austin's in the evening turned the contemplated charivari ihto a more civil and more enjoyable infair, the first ever held in what is now Traverse City. MARRIAGE, BIRTH AND DEATH. The first marriage in which the ceremony was performed within the limits of the settlement was that of James Lee and Anna Dakin, which took place, probably, in 1853. William M. McKillip, a justice of the peace, officiated. The first white child born at Traverse City was Josephine Gay, daughter of Michael Gay, afterwards Mrs. Neil Morrison. The date of her birth was May 15, 1849. 254 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. There is something peculiarly sad in the contemplation of death occurring in a small and isolated community, cut off from the sympathy of the great, kindly throbbing heart of the world of humanity, and separated, it may be, from the religious consolations that come through the agency of those noble institutions of our Christian civilization, the church and the Christian ministry. In the winter of 1852-3 a young man was accidentally killed at the camp on the Boardman. Early in the following summer another young man was taken sick in the boarding-house. He was kindly cared for, under the supervision of Mr. Lay, and attended by young Dr. Holton, who, though employed in the store of Hannah, Lay & Company, gave his attention, when called on, to the few cases of sickness occurring in the settlement. Comfortable quarters were provided for the sick man in the old Boardman boarding-house, at Mill Creek, where, after lingering for a few days, he passed away. A little later in the season a vessel came into the harbor, having on board a family, in destitute circumstances, of the name of Churchill. Mrs. Churchill was taken ashore dangerously sick, and, though everything that kindness could suggest was done by the women as nurses and Dr. Goodale as physician, she lived only a few days. The three early victims of the grim messenger were buried near the south bank of Boardman river, nearly opposite the present residence of Hon. Perry Hannah. This site was used as a burying ground until I86I, during which time some twenty or more persons were buried here. In the summer of I86I the township board of health, composed of Hon. Perry Hannah, supervisor; the late Governor Morgan Bates, justice of the peace, and E. L. Sprague, located the present Oakwood cemetery, the forty acres comprising it being donated to the town by Mr. Hannah. To this the bodies buried on the bank of the Boardman were subsequently removed at the expense of the township. At the burial of the unfortunate young man accidentally killed there was no funeral service. At the burial of the one who died of disease, religious services were conducted by Rev. H. C. Scofield, a young Baptist minister, who was residing for a time at East Bay, in charge of the business in which his brother, Mr. Luther Scofield, was a partner. At the funeral of Mrs. Churchill, Mr. Lay read the Episcopal burial service at the grave. There is a tradition, not well authenticated, that Mr. Whitcher, who was early in the employ of Mr. Boardman, sometimes conducted religious services for the benefit of the men, but the funeral of the young man at the old boarding-house is the earliest occasion, so far as we have reliable proof, on which such services were ever had in Traverse City. CHAPTER XI. RELIGIOUS INTEREST AWAKENED-METHODIST EPISCOPAL CLASS ORGANIZED AT OLD MISSION. The several deaths.occurring so near together produced, perhaps, a feeling -of solemnity in the community and a desire on the part of some at least for regular religious services. Mr. Scofield consented to preach. An appointment was made for a certain Sunday at the log house which had been fitted up for a school-house. Mrs. Goodale, who took an active interest in the matter, went around and gave notice to the people. To some of the residents a religious meeting was a novelty. The children who attended went to it with something of the feeling of expectant curiosity with which they would have visited a traveling show. An amusing incident, preserved in memory by some who were present, illustrates this fact. While Mr. Scofield was offering opening prayer, two boys watched himn very attentively. As he pronounced the "amen," one of them, with a comical look, gave his companion a punch, and said, so loud that all in the house could hear, "There, didn't I tell you 'amen' would be the last word he would say?" Mr. Scofield preached a few times during the summer of 1853. After that there was no stated religious service at any point in the Grand Traverse region till June, 1857, except at the several Indian mission stations. Rev. D. R. Latham, a young local preacher licensed by the Methodist Episcopal church, came from New York and on the 2Ist of June, 1857, began to hold regular services in the mission church at Old Mission, the building which had been built and occupied by Mr. Dougherty previous to his removal to the west side of the bay. This building has been moved to another location, repaired, and is still owned and used by the Methodists at Old Mission as their house of worship. The first class-meeting was held on the T9th of July, and the first class was organized on the following Sunday. This first church organization for white people on Grand Traverse bay consisted of the following persons: Roxana Pratt, Eliza Merrill, Mary A. Wait, June Chandler, Myron Chandler, Peter Stewart and Joanna Stewart. The next Sunday two others were added, Charles Avery and Catherine McCluskey. The same day on which the class was formed a Sunday school was organized, of which Jerome M. Pratt was superintendent. The teachers were Miss Louisa Col 256 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. burn (who was afterward Mrs. S. E. Wait) and Mr. Latham. The congregation sometimes presented the scene of a curious mixture of races and classes of people, and an assortment of costumes that to one having a keen sense of the ludicrous might have been suflicient to banish all thoughts of devotion. The United States revenue cutter "Michigan" sometimes anchored in the harbor and remained over Sunday, when some of the sailors and marines would attend services in the church. Old Mission still had a considerable Indian population. One Indian used to attend, wearing a large silver ornament suspended from the cartilage of the nose. Another, Asa-bun, who was credited with having been seen eating a human heart torn from one of the victims who fell in the unfortunate attempt of the Americans to recapture Mackinaw, in the war of 1812, was sometimes present. Another, the chief Aish-qua-gwona-ba, who was supposed to have a number of white scalps safely hidden away in a certain old trunk, used to come, in warm weather, clad in only a shirt and breech-cloth, and sit through the service as stiff and sober as an old-time deacon. At the annual conference of 1857 two circuits were formed on Grand Traverse bay -Old Mission and Elk Rapids, and Northport and Traverse City. Mr. Latham was to supply the former and Rev. L. J. Griffin was appointed to the latter. On learning the relative situations of Northport and Traverse City-forty miles apart-Mr. Griffin wrote Mr. Latham, asking him to take Traverse City off his hands, which he consented to do. Mr. Griffin labored at Northport and Carp River, forming classes at those places, and Mr. Latham at Old Mission, Traverse City and Elk Rapids. The first quarterly meeting of the circuit of which Mr. Latham was now the regularly appointed pastor, was held at Old Mission, the presiding elder, Rev. H. Penfield, being present. 'J. M. Pratt had been appointed class leader and was the only official member on the circuit; the quarterly conference therefore consisted of only three-the presiding elder, the pastor and the class leader. It is said that in making out the official list Mr. Latham made the nominations, Mr. Pratt did the voting, and the presiding elder declared the result. The first Methodist class in Traverse City was organized by Mr. Latham on the I th day of April, 1858, consisting of William Fowle, Mrs. Goodale and five others. The meetings were held in the district schoolhouse, which had recently been built on the ground now occupied by the Annex to Park Place Hotel. This was the beginning of the work of the Methodist Episcopal church in the Grand Traverse region. SUNDAY SCHOOL ORGANIZED IN TRAVERSE CITY. The first Sunday school in Traverse City was begun in June, 1853, in the little log schoolhouse to be hereafter described. It was under the supervision of Mr. Scofield, assisted by Mrs. Goodale. Mr. Lay encouraged the enterprise by his, presence and approval, and Miss' Scofield, afterwards Mrs. John Black, usually came with her brother, though all the teaching was done by Mr. Scofield and Mrs. Goodale. There was no necessity, however, for a numerous corps of GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 257 teachers, as there were only eight pupils in the school. Only two of these had ever been in Sunday school before. There were no Sunday school books or papers or singing books--nothing but the Bible. It is related that on one occasion the four persons assembled at the schoolhouse, and waited in vain for the children, who failed to appear. At length Mrs. Goodale, perhaps having a correct suspicion of the cause of their absence, proposed that her companions should wait, while she should go out and look for them. She found them not far off, picking and eating huckleberries, their hands and faces all stained with the purple juice, in which condition she managed to gather them into the schoolhouse. On questioning the children as to what the parents knew concerning their doings, it came out that the latter had all gone out for a boat ride. At the approach of cold weather in the fall the Sunday school was closed. The next summer it was reopened, but lacking the support of Mr. Lay and Mr. Scofield, neither of whom was in the settlement, it was soon abandoned. Sometime afterward Mr. Lay's mother sent eighty volumes of Sunday schools books to Traverse City. The next attempt at Sunday school work was made in the fall of 1859, and proved successful. The sessions of the school were held in the new district schoolhouse. It does not appear that there was a regular superintendent, but Rev. W. W. Johnson, successor of Rev. D. R. Latham as pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church at Old Mission and Traverse City, and presiding elder of the newly formed Grand Traverse district, who preached in the schoolhouse.every alternate Sunday morning, took charge of the school when present. The teachers were Mrs. Oscar Stevens, Mrs. Jacob Barns, Mrs. Hathaway, Mrs. Goodale, and, later, Miss Belle Hannah. At the opening session Mr. Johnson prayed, "Lord, send some one to help the women.' To these. engaged in the work, it was a pleasing circumstance that among the children gathered into the school were all of the eight pupils who had constituted the classes in the log schoolhouse, five years before. In i86o the school was prosperous. Mr. E. L. Sprague was superintendent. In the spring of 1861, Mrs. Goodale and Miss Hannah collected, in four hours time, partly from the men employed in the mill, about thirty dollars, for the purchase of books. That year the school took four Sunday school papers, published by four different denominations. Three were paid for by the school, and Mr. Sprague donated the fourth. As at that time the postage on papers had to be paid at the office of delivery, Dr. Goodale relieved the school of that item of expense by assuming it himself. This Sunday school seems to have been truly non-sectarian and undenominational, members of several churches and persons not members of any church working harmoniously together. It was the parent of the several denominational Sunday schools that have since graced Traverse City. CHAPTER XII. FIRST SCHOOL IN THE COUNTY. Mr. S. E. Wait undoubtedly taught the first school for white people in Grand Traverse county, in the winter of 1851-52, and it was a very select affair, of which the account reads as follows: "In November, 1851, five young men arrived at Old Mission, in the schooner 'Madeline,' with the intention of wintering in the vicinity. Three of them were brothers, named Fitzgerald. A fourth was called William Bryce. The name of the fifth, who was employed by the others as cook, has been forgotten. The five were all good sailors, and three of them had been masters of vessels during the past season, but all were deficient in education. None of them were even tolerable readers; and one of the number was unable to write his name. An eager desire to learn was the occasion of their coming. Here in the wilderness they would be removed from the allurements that might distract the attention in a popular port. It is probable, also, that diffidence arising from a consciousness of their own deficiencies made them unwilling to enter a public school, where their limited attainments would be displayed in painful contrast with those of younger pupils. "At Old Mission, the man who had been engaged as teacher failing to meet the con tract, S. E. Wait, then only nineteen years of age, was employed, at twenty dollars per month and board. Bryce and the Fitzgeraids were to pay the bill, the cook receiving his tuition in compensation for his services. The 'Madeline' was brought round to Bowers' Harbor, and securely anchored for the winter. The after-hold was converted into a kitchen and dining room, and the cabin used as a school room. Regular hours of study were observed, and the men voluntarily submitted to strict school discipline. Out of school hours they had a plenty of exercise in cutting wood and bringing it on board, to say nothing of the recreation of snowballing, in which they sometimes engaged with the delight of genuine schoolboys. The bay that year did not freeze over till March. Previous to the freezing, the wood was brought on board in the yawl; afterwards it was conveyed over the ice. Except by way of Old Mission, to which occasional visits were made, the party was entirely cut off from communication with the outside world. "The progress of Mr. Wait's pupils in their studies was' a credit to themselves and their youthful teacher. Their after history is not known, except that four of them were captains of vessels the following season." CHAPTER XIII. GRAND TRAVERSE COUNTY ORGANIZED. In 1840 that part of the state of Michigan embraced in towns 25, 26 and 27 north, of ranges 9, 10, 11 and 12 west, and town 28 of ranges 9 and io west, and all of thepeninsula at the head of Grand Traverse bay, was laid off into a separate county, and designated as Omena county. No county government was provided, however, as therek were few white people to make use of such a thing at this time. An attempt was made to organize Grand Traverse county by the legislature by an act which passed that body and was approved April 7, 1851, which reads as follows: "The people of the state of Michigan enact, That all that portion of territory in the county of Omena, included in the boundaries hereinafter described, be, and is hereby, set off and organized into a separate county by the name of Grand Traverse, to-wit: Beginning at a point on the east side of the east arm of Grand Traverse bay, where the township line between townships 27 and 28 north strikes said bay; thence running east to the range line between ranges 8 and 9; thence south to the township line between townships 24 and.25 north; thence west to the range line between ranges 12 and 13 west; thence north to the township line bletween townships 27 and 28 north; then east to the west arm of Grand Traverse bay; then following the shore of said bay, to the place of beginning; and the seat of said county shall be at Boardman's Mills on the east fraction of section No. 3, in township 27 north of range i i west, until otherwise provided. "There shall be elected in the said county of Grand Traverse on the first Monday in August, 1851, the several county officers provided by law for the other organized counties of the state, who shall hold their offices until the general election to be held in the year 1852, and until their successors are elected and qualified. "The election to be held in pursuance of the preceding section shall, in all respects, be conducted and held in the manner prescribed for holding elections for county and state officers." This law was very incomplete, inasmuch as it made no provision for the organization of any townships, or the choosing of inspectors of election. Notwithstanding this defect an election was held at the house of Horace Boardman on the 4th of August, 1851, at which twenty-eight votes were cast and the following county officers elected: Sheriff, William H. Case; clerk and register, L. 0. Schofield; judge of probate, George N. 260 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Smith; county judge, Joseph Dame; treasurer, Horace Boardman; prosecuting attorney, Orlin P. Hughson. In the winter of 1851-52 an act to complete the organization of Grand Traverse county was passed by the legislature, which extended the boundary of the county so as to include all of the original unorganized county of Omeena. This act reads as follows: "That all that part of the county of Omeena which remained after the organization of the county of Grand Traverse, is hereby annexed to the county of Grand Traverse, and shall forever be and remain a part and parcel of said county. "There shall be elected in the county of Grand Traverse, on the first Tuesday of May next, all the several officers to which, by law, the county is entitled, and said election shall, in all respects, be conducted and held in the manner prescribed by law for holding elections for county and state officers. The canvass of said election shall be held at the county seat of said county, the Monday next following the election, and the officers so elected shall be qualified and enter upon the duties of their offices immediately, and shall continue in office until their terms of office would have expired had they been elected at the last general election; but this section shall not be so construed as to deprive any officer duly elected, and qualified to his office, or to authorize the election of any one to fill his place. "All that part of the peninsula, in Grand Traverse bay, which lies north of the line between towns 27 and 28 north, shall be organized into a separate township, by the name of Peninsula, and the first township meeting shall be held at the Old Mission. "All that part of the county of Grand Traverse not included in the township of Peninsula shall be erected into a separate township by the name of Traverse, and the first township meeting shall be held at the county seat. "The counties of Antrim, Kalkaska, Missaukee, Wexford, Manistee and Leelanaw are hereby attached to Grand Traverse for judicial and municipal purpose. "The county of Antrim shall be and remain the township of Omeena, and the name of said township is hereby changed to Antrim, and the next township meeting therein shall be held at the house of Abraham S. Wadsworth. "The county of Leelanaw is hereby erected into a township by the name of Leelanaw, and the first township meeting therein shall be held at the house of Peter Dougherty. "The counties of Kalkaska and Missaukee are hereby attached to Antrim for township purposes, and the county of Wexford to Traverse for township purposes." In compliance with this act a special election was held May 9, 1853, at which seventyone votes were cast, and the following county officers elected: Judge of Probate, George N. Smith; sheriff, Norman B. Cowles; clerk and register, Thomas Cutler; treasurer, Hosmer R. Cowles; prosecuting attorney, Robert McLellan; surveyor, Abraham S. Wadsworth. The first regular election was held November 7, 1854. At this time the legislative representative district comprised, not only all of the territory mentioned above, but extended north to Mackinaw, including the Beaver Islands. At this election Charles J. Strang, the Mormon leader of the Beavers, better known as "King Strang," was elected GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 261 - -- as representative. The county officers elected at this time and at the several elections since have been as follows: 1854-Judge of probate, Nicholas Bower; sheriff, Henry L. Brown; clerk and register, Thomas Cutler; treasurer, W. M. McKillip; prosecuting attorney, Solomon Case. Highest number of votes cast, 299. 1856-Judge of probate, Theophilas Woodruff; sheriff, William R. Stone; clerk and register, Theron Bostwick; treasurer, A. W. Langworthy; prosecuting attorney, David C. Goodale. Highest number of votes cast, 393. i858-Judge of probate, Curtis Fowler; sheriff, Henry H. Noble; clerk and register, Theron Bostwick; treasurer, David C. Goodale; prosecuting attorney, Charles H. Holden. Highest number of votes cast, 454. I86o-Judge of probate, Curtis Fowler; sheriff, W. E. Sykes; clerk and register, Theron Bostwick; treasurer, Morgan Bates; prosecuting attorney, C. H. Holden. Highest number of votes cast, 607. In May, 1862, Mr. Sykes resigned the office of sheriff and E. F. Dame was appointed to fill the vacancy. 1862-Judge of probate, Curtis Fowler; sheriff, E. F. Dame; clerk and register, James P. Brand; treasurer, Morgan Bates; prosecuting attorney, Charles H. Marsh. 1864-Judge of probate, Curtis Fowler; sheriff, A. P. Wheelock; clerk and register, Jesse Cram; treasurer, Morgan Bates; prosecuting attorney, C. H. Marsh. 1866-Judge of probate, Curtis Fowler; sheriff, Charles W. Day; clerk and register, Jesse Cram; treasurer, Morgan Bates; prosecuting attorney, E. C. Tuttle. Mr. Tuttle was succeeded by E. S. Pratt. I868-Judge of probate, Curtis Fowler: sheriff, W. W. Bartlett; clerk and register, Jesse Cram; treasurer, IH. E. Steward; prosecuting attorney, Frederick Brown. 1870-Judge of probate, Curtis Fowler; sheriff, Birney J. Morgan: clerk and register, Jesse Cram; treasurer, Henry E. Steward; prosecuting attorney, Edwin S. Pratt. I872-Judge of probate, Charles T. Scofield; sheriff, Birney J. Morgan; clerk and register, Jesse Cram; treasurer, Henry E. Steward; prosecuting attorney, Lovell H. Gage. I874-Sheriff, Samuel K. Northam; clerk and register, J. B. Haviland; treasurer, John T. Beadle; prosecuting attorney, L. H. Gage. 1876-Judge of probate, Charles T. Scofield; sheriff, Birney J. Morgan; clerk and register, Joseph B. Haviland; treasurer, John T. Beadle; prosecuting attorney, L. H. Gage. 1878-Sheriff, Birney J. Morgan; clerk and register, Joseph B. Haviland; treasurer, John T. Beadle; prosecuting attorney, Seth C. Moffatt. I88--Judge of probate, Henry D. Campbell; sheriff, John Verly; clerk and register, Joseph B. Haviland; treasurer, Malcom Winnie; prosecuting attorney, Lorin Roberts. 1882-Sheriff, John J. Dunn; clerk and register, Oscar P. Carver; treasurer, Malcom Winnie; prosecuting attorney, Lorin Roberts. 1884-Judge of probate, Henry D. Campbell; sheriff, John J. Dunn; clerk and register, 0. P. Carver; treasurer, John T. Beadle; prosecuting attorney, Thomas W. Browne. I886-Sheriff, Birney J. Morgan; clerk 262 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. and register, 0. P. Carver; treasurer, E. H. Foster; prosecuting attorney, T. W. Browne. 1888-Judge of probate, H. D. Campbell; sheriff, A. S. Dobson; clerk and register, 0. P. Carver; treasurer, James H. Monroe; prosecuting attorney, L. Roberts. I89o-Sheriff, A. S. Dobson; clerk and register, Oscar P. Carver; treasurer, J. H. Monroe; prosecuting attorney, L. Roberts. 1892-Judge of probate, James H. Monroe; sheriff, Medad Vinton; clerk and register, J. L. Gibbs; treasurer, J. H. Newton; prosecuting attorney, W. H. Foster. 1894-Sheriff, Medad Vinton; clerk, J. L. Gibbs; register, E. O. Ladd; treasurer, J. H. Newton; prosecuting attorney, W. H. Foster. 1896---Judge of probate, J. IH. Monroe; sheriff, Oscar Simpson; clerk, J. L. Newton; register, O. E. Ladd; treasurer, George W. Clyde; prosecuting attorney, John J. Tweedle. 1898-Sheriff, Oscar Simpson; clerk, J. L. Newton; register, 0. C. Moffatt; treasney, Fred II. Pratt. 1900-Judge of probate, John H. Loranger; sheriff, D. G. Chandler; clerk, Robert E. Walter; register, 0. C. Moffatt; treasurer, George W. Steward; prosecuting attorney, Fred H. Pratt. 1902-Sheriff, D. G. Chandler; clerk, Robert E. Walter; register, Frank Wilson; treasurer, George W. Steward; prosecuting attorney, George H. Cross. REPRESENTATIVES IN THE STATE LEGISLATURE. As has already been stated, when Grand Traverse county was first organized the repre sentative district to which it was attached embraced almost the entire portion of the northwestern part of the lower peninsula north of Grand Haven. Since then, as the country has become more thickly populated, the territory has been gradually cut down, until the legislature of 1901 gave Grand Traverse county a representative by itself. The county since its organization has been represented in the lower house of the legislature as follows: James J. Strang, Beaver Island, 1853-55; Perry Hannah, Traverse City, 1857; Philo Beers, Northport, 1859; -Thomas J. Ramsdell, Manistee, 1861; John S. Dixon, Charlevoix, 1863; Abijah B. Dunlap, Leelanaw, 1865-67; William H. C. Mitchell, East Bay, 1869-71; Thomas A. Ferguson, Sherman, 1873-75; James Lee, Sutton's Bay, 1875-77; James L. Gibbs, Mayfield, 1877; Henry F. May, Cadillac, 1879; Seth C. Moffatt, Traverse City, 1881; Richard Knight, Atwood, 1883; David Vinton, Williamsburg, 1885; B. D. Ashton, Traverse City, 1887; J. S. Tinklepaugh, Kalkaska, 1889-91; George G. Covell, Traverse City, 1893-95; William H. Foster, Traverse City, 1897-99; E. W. Hastings, Traverse City, 19o0; James H. Monroe, 1903. STATE SENATORS. When Grand Traverse county was organized in 1853 it was embraced in a senatorial district that extended on the west side of the state from the straits of Mackinaw south to the south line of Ottaway count, and Grand Traverse was represented in the state senate during the first eight years of its organization by senators chosen from Ottawa county. The following is the list of men GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 268 who have been sent to the senate from the district of which Grand Traverse has formed a part, from 1853: I. V. Harris, Ottawa, 1853; M. L. Hopkins, Ottawa, 1855; Thomas W. Ferry, Ottawa, 1857; Henry Penoyer, Ottawa, j859; Nelson Green, Muskegon, 1861; Charles Mears, Mason, 1863; James B. Walker, Benzonia, 1865; John W. Standish, Newaygo, 1867-69; Seth C. Moffatt, Leelanaw, 1871; William H. C. Mitchell, Grand Traverse, 1873-75; Fitch R. Williams, Antrim, 1877; George W. Bell, Cheboygan, 1879; Archibald Buttars, Charlevoix, 1881-83; William H. Frances, Benzie, 1885; Walter W. Barton, Leelanaw, 1887; Roswell Leavitt, Antrim, I889; Robert R. Wilkinson, Antrim, 1891; William Mears, Charlevoix, 1893; Clyde C. Chittenden, Wexford, 1895; George G. Covell, Grand Traverse, 1897; James W. Milliken, Grand Traverse, 1899; Ambrose E. Palmer, Kalkaska, 1901o; Orra C. Moffatt, Grand Traverse, 1903. MEMBERS OF CONGRESS. The following have represented Grand Traverse county in the congress of the United States since 1853: George W. Peck, Lansing, 1855-57; Dewit C. Leach, Lansing, 1857-61; Rowland E. Trowbridge, Ottawa, 1861-63; Francis W. Kellogg, lonia, 1863-65; Thomas W. Ferry, Ottawa, 1865-71; Wilder D. Foster, Grand Rapids, 1871; Jay A. Hubbell, Houghton, 1873-81; Edward Breitung, 1883-85; Seth C. Moffatt, Traverse City, 1885-89; William C. Stevenson, 1889-93; John Avery, 1893 -97; William S. Mesick, Mancelona, 1897-99; J. H. Darrah, 1899-1903. THE BOARD OF SUPERVISORS. The first meeting of the board of supervisors of the organized county of Grand Traverse was held on Wednesday, July 27, 1853, at the store of Cowles & Campbell, in the town of Peninsula. It was a special meeting called by the request of Robert Campbell, of Peninsula, John S. Barker, of Antrim, and S. G. Rice, of Leelanaw. At this meeting the following supervisors were present: Robert Campbell, Peninsula; John S. Barker, Antrim; William McKillip, Traverse. At this meeting, on motion of John S. Barker, Willliam McKillip was elected chairman, and in the absence of the county clerk, Robert Campbell was elected clerk pro tem. Thereupon the board immediately adjourned to meet the next day at the store of Hannah, Lay & Company, Traverse City. At this meeting Samuel G. Rice, supervisor of Leelanaw, put in his appearance, but even with this addition to their numbers, making a full board, no business was transacted and an adjournment was had until the next day. At this third attempt considerable business was transacted. A resolution was passed requesting the Governor to appoint Robert McLellan circuit court commissioner. Orlin P. Hughson having escaped from the custody of the sheriff while under arrest, a reward was offered for his capture. A proposition received from Hannah, Lay & Company offering to donate the grounds now occupied by the court-house and jail for county buildings, was accepted. Another proposition t) advance six hundred dollars for the erection of a court-house and jail was received from the same firm and accepted, and Robert Campbell, William McKillip and Thomas Cutler were appointed a 264 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. committee to spend the six hundred dollars in the erection of the building. Even in these early days the fact had begun to impress itself upon some of our people that saw-dust in the streams was detrimental to the well being of the fish, a petition was presented to the board against the practice of throwing saw-dust into the bay. It was promptly tabled, however, and it was not until many years afterwards that the practice was made unlawful. More money being needed to complete this county building, which was a courthouse, county offices and jail combined, at a special meeting of the board of supervisors held March 7, 1854, in the store of Cowles & Campbell, Old Mission, a further proposition from the firm of Hannah, Lay & Company to advance fhree hundred dollars for that purpose was accepted. This first county building, erected in 1854, was destroyed by fire about eight years afterwards, although fortunately nearly all of the records were saved. Soon after this a small wooden structure for a jail was erected on the county grounds, and county offices rented. A few years after this Hon. D. C. Leach erected a building on the corner of Front and Park streets, provided it with a room for holding court, and with county offices and a fire-proof safe for the deposits of the records. This building was occupied for many years for the county offices and the circuit court. At the October session of the board of supervisors held in 1882, it was decided to build a 'jail and sheriff's residence of brick during the following year. Work was commenced and the building was completed and turned over to the county in February, 1884. The building is one of the best of the kind in the state. It was built at a cost of something over twenty thousand dollars. About this time the existing contract between the county and Mr. Leach for the use of his building for offices and the court-room having expired, a resolution was passed by the board of supervisors ordering the removal of the county offices into the new jail building, and they were removed accordingly and occupied these premises until the erection and completion of the present courthouse. A contract was also made not long after this by the board of supervisors with the Patrons of Husbandry, by the terms of which the latter was to erect a building on Cass street suitable for court rooms and rent the same to the county for court purposes for a term of years. A NEW COURT HIOUSE. The question of a new court-house had been advocated for a number of years and finally at a meeting of the board of supervisors, held in January, 1898, a resolution was adopted authbrizing the bonding of the county for the sum of thirty-five thousand dollars-thirty thousand to be expended for the erection of a court-house and five thousand dollars for grading the grounds and furnishing the building. The question of voting these bonds was submitted to the electors at the April election following, and was carried by a good majority. The bonds sold at a premium and the sum of thirty-five thousand and four hundred dollars was realized from their sale. At a meeting of the supervisors held soon after the bonds were voted, plans furnished by Rush, Bowman &" Rush, architects, of Grand Rapids, were adopted, and the firm COURT HOUSE, JAIL, AND SHERIFF'S RESIDENCE. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 265 was engaged to let the contract and supervise the erection of the building. The contract was let to J. E. Gibson, of Logansport, Indiana, for the sum of twentyeight thousand, seven hundred and forty-nine dollars. There had been considerable question whether the kind of building proposed in the plans could be erected for the sum proposed, and the successtul letting of the contract so much inside of the appropriation was an agreeable surprise to many people. But, unfortunately, the building committee in advertising for bids did not ask for schedule bids and only lump sums were named. This oversight on the part of the committee very soon led to trouble, as the foundation was hardly in before the claims for extras on the part of the contractor had reached some thousands of dollars, which claims were duly approved by the architects. County Clerk Newton, who had charge of the issuing of orders for the payment of the work, upon vouchers approved by the architects and the building committee, did not like the looks of things and refused to issue the orders asked for. The matter became pub lic and there was quite a scandal over the matter, involving several persons, and the work came to a stand-still. At the October meeting of the board of supervisors the matter came up and was thoroughly investigated with the result that the architects were discharged and C. M. Prall appointed to supervise the work. The claim for extras was compronlised with the contractor and work resumed. The delay, however, prevented the completion of the building unrtil the following summer. Under the new arrangement the building was completed, exclusive of furnishing, at an expense of about thirty-six thousand dollars. Since then the grounds have been graded and beautified, and the court-room and offices furnished, until now Grand Traverse county has one of the best and most conveniently arranged court-houses and county offices, with fire-proof vaults, in the northern portion of the lower peninsula. Grand Traverse. county is certainly to be congratulated upon possessing such fine and commodious public buildings as she does. CHAPTER XIV. THE CIRCUIT COURT. The first term of circuit court was held in the house of Thomas Cutler, then standing on the corner of Front and Union streets on the ground now occupied by the E. Wilhelm block, by Judge George Martin, of the eighth circuit, to which this county then belonged. It was opened on the 27th of July, 1853. Ebenezer Gould was appointed prosecuting attorney by the court. A. S. Wadsworth was foreman and -Dr. D. C. Goodale clerk of the first grand jury. Of the entire twentyfour members comprising this jury only one, Thomas A. Hitchcock, is now living. At this term of court Robert McLellan, of Peninsuila, was admitted to the bar. The first trial by jury of which we have any record was that of James E. Scott, for murder. It was commenced August 24, 1855, and ended the day following, the jury finding him guilty of murder in the second degree. He was sentenced to imprisonment in the state prison for fifteen years. Not long after this Grand Traverse became a part of the ninth circuit, of which Hon. Flavius J. Littlejohn was the judge. The legislature of 1865 organized the thirteenth circuit, embracing all the territory west of the meridian line from the south line of Mason county north to the straits of Mackinaw, including Cheboygan county. Of this new circuit lIon. Jonathan G. Ramsdell was elected the first judge, which position he held until 1875, when he was superseded by Hon. Reuben Hatch, now of Grand Rapids, then of the law firm of Pratt, Hatch & Davis, Traverse City, who served one term. Judge Ramsdell was again elected in 1881, and again in 1887, holding the office until Januarr I, 1894. In April, 1893, Roscoe L. Corbett, of Charlevoix county, was elected, taking possession of the office January I, 1894, which he held until November 6, 1898, when he was most unfortunately shot, while on a hunting expedition in the Upper Peninsula. In April, 1899, Frederick W. Mayne, of Charleviox, was elected, and now holds the position. From time to time, since the organization of the thirteenth judicial district, new circuits have been formed and territory detached until now the thirteenth circuit embraces only the counties of Grand Traverse, Antrim, Charleviox and Leelanaw, and the chances are, considering the rapid growth in population, that it will be still further reduced at no very distant day. .v ^:^M CENTRAL SCHOOL BUILDING, TRAVERSE CITY CHAPTER XV. TRAVERSE CITY SCHOOLS. The first school in Traverse City was taught by Miss Helen Goodale, now Mrs. T. A. Hitchcock, daughter of Dr. D. C. Goodale. This was in 1853, before the organization of a school district. For her services Miss Goodale was to receive the munificent sum of one dollar a week and the cost of her board. The amount was to be paid by private subscription, and Mr. Lay, in behalf of Hannah, Lay & Company, agreed to make up any deficiency in the amount raised. A log building erected in 1851, near the present corner of Front and Wellington streets by John B. Spencer for use in logging operations, either for a stable or a dwelling, was the only available building to be had and was fitted up for a school room. As has been stated, this was in 1853, about a year before a school district was organized. From a contribution from Mrs. Hitchcock to the Eagle regarding this school, published in 1896, we make the following extracts: "As there was no organized school district, it was simply hire a teacher and have a school, supported by subscription. Thus mine was never a part of the Michigan school system. A certificate was not needed, but I had one, and it may interest young aspirants to know that a printed certificate re16 ceived from the board of examiners and signed by the principal of the Scammon public school of West Madison street, Chicago, entitled me to legally teach in Illinois." After mentioning the securing of a schoolhouse and its fitting up by Mr. Lay, the writer continues: "In a few days the room was ready, and one bright sunny morning I started to find my school. It seems that we never did have so many genial, delightful days as that summer." Arriving at the bank of the Boardman and finding that the only provision for crossing the stream, on the opposite bank of which was the schoolhouse, was by means of a boom constructed of sticks of timbers spanning the stream, she was assisted to cross on this boom by a then young man employed at the saw-mill, the late Judge Henry D. Campbell, who made it a point while the term of school lasted to be on hand to assist the young teacher in crossing the stream on the boom. Reaching the opposite side of the river, she took the path leading to the school building, and says: "That path along the bank of the river, wandering away from every sound, the hush of the forests ending only on the shores of the Great Lakes, out and in and around the wide oaks, which grouped into high hedge 268 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ways that rose to the branches of the tall Norway pines. Long aisles, decorated here and there with oak screen of leaf-bowers, formed a frontage close to the bank, under which the river ran so swiftly still. Beyond and betxeen the pines on Squaw Peninsula glistened glimpses of the bay. I suddenly came to a little space green with wild grass, enclosed with the oaken hedge, save on the north, its front opened revealing the river, smoothly rounding the bare sand bar, then tossing, rolling and foaming into the placid bay, reaching off and off to the everywhere green unbroken forest. "In this space stood the cabin, its closed door giving it that silent, deserted appearance harmonizing so well with the unbroken silence of the oasis. "Entering my school room, I admired the clean, artistic finish of the thin, light, unpainted desk, continuous around the west and south sides of the room, and built to the log wall. Its supports were neat square sticks, slanting from the desk to the wall. Two long, neat benches were seats, not very convenient, but there was little need for facing the desk, because we had but two windows, one of which was over the teacher's desk and against the door. A good box stove and one or two chairs completed the furniture. Our text books were from Canada, Vermont, New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, and a few had been used in Mackinaw and on the Beaver Islands, i suppose, for some of my scholars had lived in the two latter places. "My scholars numbered twenty-one, as I now recall them. Nine nice, neat girls, and twelve sturdy boys; happy, interested children, some of them delighted with the novelty of the school in the woods, others with the privilege of a school in their new home. The irresistible impulse of a few to suddenly jump and exclaim: 'Is this really a school?' I never could suppress, nor did I try very much, when convinced that it was a mere exuberance of joy. Read, spell and write twice a day. The studies were geography, grammar, arithmetic, and history, too, I think. Six full hours a day, and five full days a week." In perusing the recital of Mrs. Hitchcock and comparing the conditions with those existing today, one cannot help but remark the wisdom and careful thought which prompted the early settlers to provide intellectual training for the rising generation of that period, and it may be said that that was the beginning of the establishment of an educational system which has become second to none in the state, aside from the colleges. After the close of the first term in the log schoolhouse in the fall, Miss Goodale went to Chicago, where she spent the winter in study. Returning the following spring she was again employed to teach in the log schoolhouse, and was allowed the munificent advance in salary of fifty cents a week. After the abandonment of the humble log building, and previous to the erection of a new building for the purpose, school was kept in the boarding-house of Hannah, Lay & Company, a building that stood near the corner of Union and Bay streets, but which was torn down and removed about a year ago. Previous to 1854 there was no legal organization of a school district, but on May II, 1854, school district No. I was formed, and on the I7th of the same month the first district meeting was held in the GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 269 store of Hannah, Lay & Company, and the following officers chosen: Moderator, Alvin Smith; director, David C. Goodale; assessor, Thomas Cutler. Miss Goodale afterwards became Mrs. Thomas A. Hitchcock, and she has lived to see her little log schoolhouse-where many happy and toilsome hours were spent, and where the foundations were laid for careers of honor and usefulness-swept away by the onward march of improvem'ent. She is with us today, and is an esteemed matron, residing with her husband and family on a farm just west of the thriving city which occupies the locality where the scenes of her youthful labors is still a pleasant memory. The first real schoolhouse in Traverse City was erected in 1856, at a cost of two hundred and fifty dollars, and it occupied the corner on Park and State streets where now stands Park Place hotel annex. The same building now stands on the corner of Union and State streets, but has been changed and added to until it now would not be recognized as the one-time seat of learning for the youth of the city. The new; schoolhouse answered the purpose for which it was erected for several years, and not only for that but as a place for holding religious services and Sunday schools as well, but the steady growth in population and improvement of the city soon demanded increased facilities for the instruction of the children. In 1869 another and more modern school building was erected near the first, at a cost of twelve hundred dollars, and these two, with the addition of some other rented rooms, answered the purposes of the district until the first Union school building was erected where the Central building now stands, in 1877. This was built of wood, at a cost, including the furniture, of seven thousand dollars. It has since been torn down and removed. From 1853 to 1861 the growth of the town was slow, and the number of children of school age had reached one hundred and twenty-two, of which forty-eight were in attendance at school. The school during that summer was taught by Miss Belle Hannah, sister of Hon. Perry Hannah. Various teachers followed until the winter of 1868-9, when Professor Young had charge. There were one hundred and seventy-five names enrolled, and the school census showed two hundred and seventy in the district. In the fall of 1873, under Judge Roberts, who was principal, the enrollment had increased to two hundred and twelve. In i88o Mr. Roberts was succeeded by S. G. Burkhead, who retired in 1884. At this time there were seven school buildings, all wood, and twelve teachers, besides a principal, and the school census showed the number of children to be eight hundred and sixty-eight, though the number in attendance was much less. The school board at* that time was composed of C. J. Kneeland, director; E. P. Wilhelm, assessor; Perry Hannah, moderator; George E. Steele and E. L. Sprague. In the foregoing sketch of the public schools of Traverse City many interesting facts and incidents have been omitted. Enough has been given to enable the reader to have a fair idea of the progress of education up to 1884, at which time Prof. Charles T. Grawn was engaged as superintendent, which position he filled most successfully for thirteen years, when he resigned to accept a position as superintendent of the State Normal School at Mt. Pleasant. During these thirteen years rapid and substantial 270 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. advancement was made in the efficacy of the public schools. Prof. C. H. Horn, who had as principal of the high school for several years shown himself an efficient and successful teacher, succeeded Mr. Grawn as superintendent, which position he held for three years. Prof. I. B. Gilbert, formerly of St. John's public schools, followed Mr. Horn as superintendent, commencing his work at the opening of the schools in the fall of 1902. Mr. Gilbert has proved himself a worthy successor of our most successful superintendents, and is recognized as one of the most able educators of the state. In 1886 the plan which had prevailed up to that time of building school buildings of wood was abandoned for the more substantial brick and stone, built after the most modem style of architecture, and with due regard for heat and ventilationi. The Central building, a large portion of which is occupied by the high school, is located upon a beautiful square bounded by Pine, Seventh, Eighth and Wadsworth streets, and is one of the most complete for the purpose in Michigan. The main building was erected in 1886 at a cost of twenty-eight thousand dollars. In 1893 a four-room addition was built on the east end of this building, at a cost of ten thousand eight hundred and forty-five dollars. Since then the increased demand for room has made it necessary to erect a similar addition on the west side. In 1892 a new six-room building was erected on Boardman avenue, between Webster and East Eighth streets, and another of similar design on Elmwood avenue, between Second and Randolph streets. The cost of thousand, five hundred dollars. Since then four-room additions have been made to each of these buildings. In 1895 an eight-room building was erected in the east part of the city, known as the Oak Park school. It will not be long before additional room will be required, and a site for a building in the south part of town has already been secured by the board of education. In addition to the four brick buildings mentioned above, the city has four wood buildings, each having a capacity of about thirty pupils, which are located as follows: South Side primary, on Union street; the Boon school, in the Boonville addition; State street primary, and another on Elmwood avenue. At present the two latter are not in use, but are held for emergencies. There are altogether fifty-three school rooms: eight in the Oak Park building, ten each in the Elmwood and Boardman avenue buildings, twenty-one in the Central and one each in the four-wood buildings. The total value of the buildings and grounds, at a conservative estimate, is placed at one hundred and forty thousand dollars. The school census taken in September, 1902, showed two thousand seven hundred and fifty-two persons of school age. The total enrollment of pupils in all branches and grades of the public schools of.the city on January 20, 1903, was one thousand nine hundred and ninety-four. The number of teachers, including the superintendent, for the school year 1902-3 is fifty-three-two more than for the previous year. There was paid for teachers' salaries for the year 1901-2, twenty-two thousand three hundred and eighty-eight 'dollars and sixty-six cents. these two buildings aggregated twenty-five * GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNT[ES. 271 The total annual expense of the public schools of the city is now in excess of fifty thousand dollars. ST. FRANCIS SCHOOL. By the exertions of Rev. Fr. Ziegler the first Catholic school was established) in Traverse City. He applied to the Sisters of St. Dominic in New York, who in answer to his petition sent six Sisters from their convent to establish a branch house in Traverse City. They arrived in the summer of 1887, and opened a school on the east side of Union street, between Eighth and Ninth streets. The building, which was used also for a convent, was purchased by Rev. Fr. Zeigler from his own purse at a cost of one thousand dollars, and furnished by the people at a cost of six hundred dollars. After the present convent building was erected the school was transferred to it, and whenthe present church was built the parish school was transferred to the old church building. Rev. Fr. Bauer commenced the construction of the present fine eight-room parochial school building on Cass street, south of the church, in June, 1893, and it was completed the following September, at a cost of eight thousand three hundred and fifty-eight dollars and sixty-six cents, and opened soon afterwards with an attendance of one hundred and fifty children. Since then the number has increased until at the present there are nearly three hundred enrolled. CHAPTER XVI. TRAVERSE CITY CHURCH HISTORY. FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. The First Congregational church of Traverse City was organized February 2, 1863, the way having been prepared for its existence by the American Home Missionary Society, which was giving its protecting care to and keeping a watchful eye over the new communities. Through the liberality of this society Rev. J. H. Crum and Rev. Leroy Warren, two young ordained ministers from the Oberlin Theological College, were sent into the wilds of the Grand Traverse region to pre pare the early pioneers for a formal church organization. Mr. Crum remained at Traverse City and Mr. Warren was sent to Elk Rapids. For three months Rev. Crum labored arduously, preaching in the little schoolhouse on the corner of Park and State streets, where the annex to Park Place now stands, which was at that time the only place for religious gatherings in the town, and doing pastoral visitations. At the expiration of this time a council of Congregational ministers in the region was called for the reviewing of the articles of faith, covenant and by 272 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAWYV COUNTIES. laws, as selected and framed by Mr. Crum, which upon investigation proved perfectly satisfactory, and the council proceeded to the services of public organization. About fifty persons were present on the morning of the organization. The services were conducted by Rev. George Bailey, of Benzonia. At two o'clock in the afternoon the little audience again assembled and listened to the sermon by Rev. George Thompson, of Benzonia. After the sermon the following named persons assented to the articles of faith and covenant: Rev. J. H. Crum and wife, Leroy C. Blood and Mrs. Fanny E. Blood, Amos and Mrs. Cecelia Hill, Elvin L. Sprague, Mrs. Marie Grant, Mrs. Mary E. Sprague and Mrs.'Caroline McLeod. Rev. Leroy Warren, of Elk Rapids, further assisted in the services and in the administration of the Lord's supper. The officers chosen were Elvin L. Sprague, deacon, and L. C. Blood, clerk. The church received its main support the first year from its foster parent, the Home Missionary Society. Rev. Crum remained here a little over four years, when he resigned and Rev. R. Hatch, his successor, was called from Benzonia. The membership of the church had increased at this time from ten to twentyfive, and it was agreed to raise the minister's salary from six hundred dollars to eight hundred. Rev. Hatch entered into the work with his every energy, oftentimes overtaxing his strength with his zealousness. His efforts were not confined entirely to pastoral visitation and preaching, but he was anxious for the church people to have a religious home, and with this end in view made a heroic struggle to obtain one for them. The main part of the present building is the one built under Mr. Hatch's supervision. Since then its many additions have not added to its architectural beauty. Preparations are now being made by the church society to replace this whole structure with a larger and much more imposing church building which will doubtless be accomplished at no distant day. Mr. Hatch made application to the Congregational Union for aid and received such encouragement as to warrant the commencement of the project and on April 5, 1867, the building was begun, but it was only completed by repeated struggles and urgent requests for more money from the people. Rev. Hatch himself drove many a nail in the structure and worked on it until he was completely tired out physically. At length the earnest prayers of the congregation were answered, and on January 12, 1868, the First Congregational church of Traverse City was dedicated. The pastor was assisted in the exercises by Rev. Draper, of the First Methodist Episcopal church, and Rev. Leroy Warren, of Elk Rapids. On August 7, 1871, a fine Troy bell, the first church bell in town, was hung in the tower of the church at a cost of six hundred dollars. At the close of May, 1873, Mr. Hatch preached his farewell sermon, and closed a most successful pastorate of seven years' duration. In September of the same year a call was extended to Rev. 0. H. Spoor, of Vermontville, who accepted and remained here four years. Changes seemed to follow in quick succession, the following ministers occupying the pulpit for a short time only: Rev. Olney, Rev. 0. W. Crow, Rev. W. R. Seaver, Rev. W. G. Puddeyfoot and Rev. George H. Cate. After nearly a year of vacancy, the pulpit was occupied on May 5, GRAND TRAVERSE AND. LEELANAW COUNTIES. 278 1889, by a young man, Rev. Demas Cochlin, who has for the past fourteen years watched over the flock and been instrumental in adding many new members to the fold. The membership at this writing, February, 1903, is two hundred and forty-eight. The church has large and flourishing auxiliary societies, together with a Sunday school having an enrollment of about four hundred and an average attendance of two hundred and seventy-three. FIRST METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The First Methodist Episcopal church bears the distinction of being the first Protestant church organization to establish itself in Traverse City, a class consisting of seven having been organized by Rev. D. R. Latham April II, 1858. Like all the early religious movements, the work was fraught with difficulties, not on account of the spiritual deficiencies of the pioneers, but for the reason that the country which had to be traversed was wild and much territory had to be covered by one person; then, too, funds were lacking, but the spirit of God was not only on the face of the waters but in the forest along the way, and the expounders of the Word were many times miraculously led by an unseen hand through dangers and hardships. In the soughing of the wind through the lodnely pines, the angry roar of waters on the wild and picturesque shores, through the wintry blasts of the ice and sleet, suffering often from fatigue, hunger and cold, there was but one voice heard through it all, "Peace, be still," and on these men, with charmed lives, as it were, went their way, to be rewarded with "abundant success at the last. Rev. Mr. Latham was a licensed local preacher and came to this country by mere chance in search of renewed health. When he arrived here and observed the spiritual destitution of the people he felt it his duty to remain. In the fall of 1858 Mr. Latham's voluntary efforts ended, and he was admitted to conference and appointed to the Elk Rapids circuit. The religious work in this vicinity was not to cease, however, with the removal of Mr. Latham. Through the instrumentality of a preacher named Penfield, the attention of the conference of 1858 wvs directed to the work being done in Grand Traverse, the result of which was that a new district was formed, called the Grand Traverse district, Mr. Latham being succeeded as pastor by Rev. W. W. Johnson, who was also appointed presiding elder. Mr. Johnson made his home at Old Mission and held services every alternate Sunday at Traverse City. It is told in the annals of the church that the privations and untold sufferings endured by Mr. Johnson were so wearing upon him that he recommended conference to abandon the field, but, with true Christian spirit, the conference refused to desert those who had gathered around the cross in this northern wilderness and selected Rev. Solomon Steele to continue the work. Mr. Steele took up his residence in this city in the fall of I859 in a little shanty on the west side, then known as "Slabtown." The shanty consisted of three rooms and a garret, and was named by the late Mrs. Perry Hannah, "Palace Shanty.".The society here was now thoroughly organized and work begun on a systematic basis. At this time ex-presiding elder J. W. Miller was a young attorney living at Pentwater. During the winter of 1858 he ex 274 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. perienced religion and was given a license to preach. After a time he was persuaded to go to Acme, and from there he ably assisted Mr. Steele in the work of the district, preaching in the homes of the people until Mr. Steele's removal to Detroit in the fall of i86o. It was at this time that Mr. Miller was prevailed upon to hold services in the schoolhouse here until the conference of I86o, when Rev. J. W. Robinson was appointed for Traverse City. Rev. William Rork was appointed pastor in the fall of 1862 and was succeeded the following year by Rev. J. E. McAllister. In I863 Rev. G. W. Sherman was appointed to this place, and after a pastorate of three years was succeeded, in 1866, by Rev. V. G. Boynton. The conference of I867 appointed Rev. G. C. Draper to take up the work. In the fall of I868 Rev. J. WV. Reid was appointed pastor and in I869 he was relieved by Rev. NV. Prouty, who was returned by the conference of 1870. In 1871 Rev. James Roberts was appointed by the conference; he remained two years and was succeeded in I873 by Rev. David Engle. In 1874 Rev. Worthington was appointed and remained two years. Rev. M. M. Callen took charge of the work in 1876 and his efforts were crowned with great success, and after a pastorate of three years he was followed by Rev. W. H. Thompson. Rev. WV. H. Carlisle was pastor for three years, from the autumn of I88o to I883, when he was succeeded by Rev. E. H. Day. The following ministers have followed successively in the order named up to the present time: Revs. R. Shorts, %V. Hansom, F. C. Lee, G. D. Chase, G. NV. Sheiman, NV. A. Frye, J. A. Bready, NV. L. Laufman. The work of all these last seven or eight is still fresh in the minds of the people, and many of them have hosts of warm friends here. Rev. WV. L. Laufman's pastorate has been notably successful. The presiding elders of the Grand Traverse district have been Revs. S. Steele, J. Boynton, V. G. Boynton, M. B. Camburn, J. NV. Miller, A, P. Moores, A. J. Eldred, NW. R. Stinchcomb, E. L. Kellogg, M. D. Carrel. The question of building a house of worship was agitated by Rev. G. W. Sherman in I867. Hon. Perry Hannah gave the site and the result was that, through the untiring efforts and self-denial of a few zealous people, an edifice was completed and ready for dedication October 13, 1867. The exercises were conducted by Rev. A. P. Mead, of Jackson, and were very impressive. An extract from the Herald says: "Mr. Mead had been three nights without sleep and spent the whole of Saturday night in an open boat on Grand Traverse bay. Though greatly exhausted, he did not shrink from the work he had undertaken. The dedication sermon was exceedingly able and eloquent, and made a deep impression on the audience. At the close of the sermon it was announced that the church had cost, exclusive of the spire, which had not yet been erected, four thousand dollars, and that of this sum seven hundred dollars was yet to be provided for. Mr. Mead proposed to raise the sum in a few minutes and he did so." The steeple was built during Rev. H. Worthington's stay, and the bell was purchased and hung a few years later. In I892, during Rev. G. D. Chase's pastorate, the seating capacity of the church having been inadleqtiate many times to accommodate those who sought to gain admission, the desirability of additional room GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 275 was discussed and resulted in the remodeling of the building to its present dimensions, at a cost of about five thousand dollars. It is now a fine building and has a seating capacity of six hundred, but seven hundred can be accommodated when occasion demands. There are two auxiliary societies connected with the church which are in a very flourishing condition. They are the Ladies' Aid Society and the Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society. The church parlors, in the rear of the church edifice, have been built under the supervision of the Ladies' Aid Society, at a cost of four hundred dollars. There are now five hundred and fifty communicants enrolled on the church membership. SECOND METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Previous to the founding of what is known as the Second Methodist Episcopal church of Traverse City there existed the Traverse City circuit, with appointments at Bingham, Elmwood, Cedar Run, Birmley school and Lone Tree. These appointments were filled in turn by Rev. H. Downs, Rev. George W. Youker, Rev. C. W. Smith, Rev. A. D. Green and Rev. O. G. Whitman. In September, 1887, Rev. W. A. Heath was appointed to this circuit and organized a class of fifteen or sixteen members on the west side of the city, holding meetings in the Union Chapel. The charge then became known as West Traverse City, with appointments at West Traverse City, Bingham, Lone Tree, Long Lake and Elmwood. In September, 1888, Rev. S. Steele was appointed to the charge, with appointments at West Traverse City, Long Lake, Lone Tree and Birmley school. He served one year and was succeeded by Rev. A. W. Bushee, who also served one year from September, 1889, to 1890. Rev. W. A. Taylor served from September, 1890, to September, 1892, and was succeeded by Rev. J. W. Miller, who served from September, 1892, to 1895. Rev. H. rW. Smith was appointed to take charge in 1895. During the pastorate of Mr. Miller a lot was purchased for a church location and when Mr. Smith arrived he at once began to make preparations for the erection of a place of worship. He met with little encouragement from the church people, as the most of them were in very moderate circumstances, some of them being considered poor. But Mr. Smith was not a man to be discouraged by such circumstances. He started out anew and sought aid from other sources, and from the contributions which he received he was able to make a beginning, and, understanding the carpenter's trade, he did a large portion of the work himself. The late Rev. E. L. Kellogg, presiding elder of the district, was a liberal contributor. In the fall of 1896 the church was dedicated by Rev. Washington Gardiner, and enough money and subscriptions received to make the church entirely free from debt and partially pay for the parsonage, which was erected that same year. Rev. M. E. Rousch was pastor in 1897-1898. The present pastor, Rev. Hugh Kennedy, began his labors September 18, 1899. During the year 1900 the church and parsonage were remodeled, enlarged and completed. The society is in a flourishing condition, the membership having more than doubled during the last three years, and at this writing numbers two hundred and fortysix. 276 GRAND TRAVEERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. THE FRIENDS CHURCH. Something over twenty years ago a number of families of Friends from Winchester, Indiana, moved to northern Michigan and located in Leelanaw and Grand Traverse counties. They established two meetings, one known as Round Top and the other as Long Lake. These two united in holding monthly meetings, alternating between the two places. Other Friends came from other points in Indiana and some from southern Michigan, where the Friends have lived for the greater part of a century. These organized other meetings. The meeting nearest Traverse City was held at Lone Tree in Garfield township. Prominent among the faithful ministers of the gospel who have worked among them for several years in this region are Amos Kenworthy, Jonathan Hodgson, Josiah P. White, Josiah Pennington and others, whose work has borne rich fruit. But none of the meetings had a regularly appointed pastor until the winter of 189I, when a young man was called to take charge of Long Lake and Lone Tree meetings. Later the Friends of Lone Tree and Long Lake decided it would be' well to establish a meeting place at Traverse City, so, under the able leadership of Mead A. Kelsey, their newly-called pastor, they began holding a meeting each Sunday afternoon in the United Brethren church on Elmwood avenue. These meetings grew so rapidly that it was soon necessary to secure the old school building, on the same street, and establish regular meetings and a Bible school. In 1893 it was decided that greater good could be done by building a permanent home. This was made easier of accom plishment by many of the members pledging large sums, to be paid in work and material. It was especially their desire to build at some distance from other English churches, that persons might be enabled to hear the gospel preached who were at that time prevented by distance from so doing, and also because the Friends have always sought to reach the isolated. parts of the earth. Through the generosity of Perry Hannah and others they were able to secure the presene fine location. The building was commenced and the work progressed quite rapidly, and the Friends' meeting-house, which is frequently spoken of by visitors to the city as one of its most attractive church buildings, was dedicated July 22, 1894. The people who meet in this pleasant house belong to the Indiana yearly meeting of Friends, which is held every fall at Richmond, Indiana. They are progressive Friends, holding firmly to the spiritual truths and simplicity of life as taught by George Fox, Robert Barclay, William Penn, and the other clear-minded leaders of their society, but believing that the plain language and dress are no longer a necessary testimony against worldliness, as at the time of their adoption. A large number were added to the meeting during the winter and spring of 1903, and the society is now in a very flourishing condition. Rev. Henry McKinley is the present pastor. GRACE EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 'While the Protestant Episcopal church had no parish organization in Traverse City until 1867, yet the services of that church was among the very first, if not the GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 277 first, religious services to be held among the early settlers. A. T. Lay, of the firm of Hannah, Lay & Company, a very devout and zealous churchman, who was the patron of the first Sunday school in the city, used in the early days of the settlement to frequently give lay readings for the spiritual benefit of the people before a clergyman of any denomination had been settled here. No effort, however, was made to organize a parish until 1867, when Rev. Dr. Brown, of Detroit, who was sent here on missionary work by Bishop McCrosky, of the Michigan diocese, when a parish was organized, known as St. Paul's parish. A vestry was elected, but the parish was abandoned in a short time, Dr. Brown remaining only a few months, then going to Elk Rapids. During the years 1870, '71 and '72 Rev. A. C. Lewis, of Elk Rapids, held occasional services, and in 1873 another parish was organized and the name of Grace church was given to the corporation. The signers of the articles of association were E. L. Sprague, John F. Grant, Dr. S. S. Wright, L. O. Sayler, Homer P. Daw and Frank De Neveu. A vestry was subsequently elected, consisting of the same persons, with the addition of Frank L. Furbish. Of the first vestrymen but few remain, Mr. Grant, Mr. Sayler, Dr. Wright and Mr. Furbish having joined the church triumphant. From December, 1873, to July, 1874, monthly services were held by Rev. A. C. Lewis in a hall in what was then known as the Campbell House, now Park Place, which has since been cut up into suites of sleeping rooms, and from August until October in Leach's Hall, in the building now known as the Leelanaw Hotel. The first time that a live bishop ever visited Traverse City, so far as there is any record, was August 19, 1874, when the Rt. Rev. Bishop McCrosky, of Detroit, came and held evening services in the Congregational church, kindly loaned for that purpose. He was assisted by Revs. Bush and Lewis. In May, 1875, Rt. Rev. George D. Gillespie, bishop of Western Michigan, visited the parish and held divine services in Leach's Hall and confirmed two persons. The Bishop again visited the parish the 13th of December, 1875, and held services in the Congregational church, at which time he baptized four adults and confirmed six. In the spring of 1876 a site on State street was donated by Hannah, Lay & Company for a church building. July i8th of the same year the Bishop held a service on the site and broke ground for the same in lieu of laying a corner stone. The contract for building was awarded to J. W. Hilton, who put it up and completed it in November at a cost of seventeen hundred dollars. November 12th dedication services were held and the building was consecrated to the worship of Almighty God by the bishop of the diocese, assisted by Rev. A. C. Lewis. The first clergyman called to the parish was Rev. J. W. Sparling, formerly a minister in the Methodist Episcopal church, then in deacon's orders, who came January 3, 1877. During his two years' residence the church grew rapidly and great interest was manifest. Owing to ill health, Mr. Sparling was forced to resign and Rev. Joseph S. Large, of Big Rapids, was called to fill the vacancy. Mr. Large came and, with his three charming daughters, made friends rapidly 278 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. and enjoyed the esteem of all. After a loving service of seven years' duration Mr. Large was compelled through age and failing health to seek a change of climate. In the meantime a large number of the members of the parish having died or moved away, the church was closed from 1886 to 1891, with the exception of occasional services. During a part of.this time Rev. Dr. Thrall and Rev. Luther Pardee, resident clergymen of Elk Rapids, held alternate services between Elk Rapids and Traverse City. E. L. Sprague, senior warden, held lay services for a time, but in 1891 Bishop Gillespie responded to the desires of the parish for a resident clergyman and sent Rev. A. E. Wells. Mr. Wells resigned in the fall of 1897 and the present rector, Rev. Charles T. Stout, was called by the vestry. In 1897, largely through the advice and financial assistance of the late James Morgan, of Chicago, the church building was moved from its first location to the site now occupied by it on the corner of Boardman avenue and Washington street, at the expense of nearly one thousand dollars. Since then many improvements have been added. The grounds have been nicely fitted up, and through the generosity of Mrs. James Morgan, of,Chicago, a fine vocallion has been placed in the church and a wing built for its reception. Many handsome furnishings have been added to the interior. Five new stained-glass windows have also been added. Among the latter is a memorial windoiw furnished by Mrs. L. O. Sayler for her late husband, one of the first vestrymen; a beautiful altar by Mrs. Smith Barnes, a memorial for Mr. Barnes; a beautiful cross for the altar, a gift from Miss Allie Crawi ford in memory of her father and mother, and many other fine furnishings. Mr. Stout came to his new field of work with his family and begun, his active duties January I, 1898. During Mr. Stout's rectorship a large number of communicants have been added to the church register. The church has a large vested choir of young people, embracing many of the finest voices in the city, nearly all of whom are communicants. There are three important societies connected with the church, the Woman's Auxilliary, the Ladies' Guild and the Junior Workers. The outlook for the future usefulness of the church is very bright. FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Built of stone, the First Presbyterian church, located on the corner of Washington and Park streets, presents the most imposing and substantial appearance of any church in Traverse City. The present pastor, Rev. Wiley K. Wright, came to Traverse City the first day of January, 1895, and on January 8th, just one week after his arrival, the Presbyterian society was organized. The church was started as a home mission charge, but became self-supporting in April, 1897, two years and three months after its organization. The building was erected in 1897 and the first services were held in it January 23, 1898. In size the building is thirty-six by fifty feet, with a high basement, a part of which is used for Sunday school and society meetings. The auditorium has a seating capacity of three hundred. The interior finish GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 279 is very fine. The decorations and frescoing are all in soft colors, which blend beautifully with the stained glass windows. Several of the handsome windows are placed as memorials of prominent deceased members. A flourishing Sunday school is the pride of the church, as is also a thriving Christian Endeavor Society. The Woman's Missionary society has a large membership and is doing an excellent work. ST. FRANCIS CHURCH. The history of the Catholic church in Traverse City dates back to an early day. in 1855 Rev. Fr. Mrack, who was in charge of the work among the Indians at Cross Village, was transferred to Pashabatown, Leelanaw county, where he made his home and established a school for the Indians. From this point Father Mrack made regular visits to mission fields, going as far north as Petoskey, and in I860 he was notified to include Traverse City in his rounds. There was no available place for holding services here then excepting private houses, and these were gladly offered by the members of the Catholic church. Services were held most frequently at the homes of Martin Sheridan, Dominic Dunn and Frank Pohoral. In 1869 Father Mrack was consecrated Bishop of Marquette, and Rev. Father A. Herbstreet succeeded him in this region, making his home in Sutton's Bay, and visiting Traverse City once a month. It was through his efforts that the first church building was begun in 1870, a frame building only twenty-four by thirty feet, but it was amply large when completed for the 'little body of communicants here at the time. In the fall of 1870 Father Herbstreet was transferred to Big Rapids and Rev. Father Zorn succeeded him, also making his home at Sutton's Bay. He attended to the work of twenty-one missions. He said mass in the little church building here for the first time in December, 1870. Thirty-three years has shown a wonderful growth of the church here, which could only come from sincerity of belief and close application of each individual to his religious duties, a very commendable characteristic among Catholics. The work of the first priests in this community was attended with hardships, but they were undaunted by these and pressed forward, being followed by the earnest prayers of their order and their people, feeling that their duty called them to surmount obstacles. The successor of Father Zorn, who was obliged to relinquish the Traverse City charge owing to too large a territory, was Rev. Father Shackeltown, who came here from Big Rapids. He took temporary charge of the mission here and after about eight months he was relieved by Rev. Father Zussa, who remained only three months. Father Zorn again took charge and assumed the duties of keeping the Catholic society together until 1877. In the year 1877 Rev. Father Zeigler arrived here. He made immediate preparations to organize the Catholics into a regular constituted parish. He knew the importance of instructing the children in the ways of the church and induced six St. Dominic Sisters, of New York, to come here and establish a branch school. A history of this school is given elsewhere. Father Zeigler's make-up was of the kind that makes things "go" and soon after his arrival here the original church building 280 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. was outgrown and an addition became necessary. This being accomplished, Father Zeigler built a parish residence of modest dimensions on the site where the home of Father Bauer stands. It was a neat cottage, costing one thousand two hundred dollars. Regular Sunday services have been held here since the fall of 1883. Father Zeigler labored here eight years, at the end of that time resigning and entering the Franciscan Order at St. Louis, Missouri. Many of even the younger generation remember Rev. Father Nyssen, who came here in 1885. He held his first services here December 6th of that year. At the time of his coming the little church, with its additions, was again outgrown, and Father Nyssen's ambition was to build a new one that should be a credit to the society and to the city. He met with varying degrees of success and finally procured the present site, on which the foundation for the church was laid, but the people were too poor to do more. At length he became discouraged, resigned and left the parish without a priest. He sailed for Europe and after spending a few months in travel, his heart turned again to Traverse City and at his request he was again given charge of the work here. He came back August 3, 1888, and the following year, August i8th, the present church was consecrated, the cost, including the altar and pews, being seven thousand nine hundred and forty dollars and forty-five cents. I Now that Father Nyssen's hopes had been realized, he decided to satisfy his longing for travel and a few weeks later found himself in Europe again, and the people of St. Francis church were making the acquaintance of Rev. Father Bauer, who had been stationed at Provemont, and he assumed charge on September 4, 1889. A beautiful chime of four bells was purchased in 1897 and on the ioth of October of that year were consecrated and within a week were hung in the belfry of the church, where they have since been doing constant service in calling the people to the regular church services. Father Bauer has met with wonderful success in his pastorate of over thirteen years. The seating capacity of the church is much the largest of any church building in town, and yet it is taxed to the utmost, and in fact many times it is insufficient to accommodate all the people. In Rev. Father C. Emperor Father Bauer has an able and zealous assistant whose work in building up a second Catholic parish in the west part of the city promises to be crowned with success in the very near future. THE EVANGELICAL CHURCH. The Evangelical society was organized in Traverse City in 1892 by Rev. William Vogel, an indefatigable worker. In two years' time the pastor and people built their beautiful little church, located on the corner of Ninth and Wadsworth streets, at a cost of three thousand three hundred dollars. In the spring of 1895 Rev. Vogle moved to Saginaw, and his successor, Rev. Furstenau, spent the two following years here, moving to Flint in 1897. He was followed by Rev. S. Salsbery, who after a very successful ministry was followed by the present pastor, Rev. D. O. Ruth, under whose pastorate the church continues in a flourishing condition, and is adding constantly to its membership. GRAND' TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 281 THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH. A preliminary meeting was held February 12, 1870, for the organization of a Baptist society, but the articles of association were not perfected and filed until December i, 1872. A Baptist Sunday school was organized April 10, 1870. The society held its first meeting in the little school house on the corner of Park and State streets, which has frequently before been mentioned in this work, but later secured Leach's hall for that purpose, and in March, 1870, called Rev. E. Mills, of Northport, to the pastorate. There were fifteen members at this time, but the number increased quite rapidly, and there are frequent records of the congregation repairing to the Boardman river, where the candidates for admission to the church were baptized. The church was formally recognized May 12, 1870, by a council composed of delegates from sister churches. On this occasion Rev. A. K. Herrington preached the sermon and Rev. J. C. Jordan gave the charge to the church. Sunday, March 12, 1871, Rev. E. Mills resigned the pastorate and no regular services were maintained for some time. Occasional services were held by Rev. A. H. Harrington, of Monroe Center. In June, 1873, a call was extended to Rev. E. J. Stevens, of West Sutton, Massachusetts, to become the pastor at a salary of one thousand dollars, which was accepted. On July 3, 1873, it was moved and carried at a business meeting that the association build a house of worship, and J. Gridley, H. J. Wait and E. J. Stevens were appointed a committee to procure plans and secure a lot, also to circulate a subscription paper to aid in the building. Rev. Mr. Stevens was released from the pastorate in April, 1874. In the meantime the building had been erected, at a total c st of three thousand three hundred dollars, and was dedicated July 26, 1874. Rev. A. E. Munger, of Detroit, preached the dedication sermon and was called to the pastorate. Rev. C. II. Rhodes, of Parma, was the next pastor, coming to the church in December, i88o. He met with great success, the membership being increased by an hundred during his pastorate, which closed September:7, 1885. October 5, 1885, Rev. Groff, of Coldwater, received a call, which he accepted. His stay was not long, though a pleasant one. At the end of a year he severed his connection with the church, and on December 5, 1886, Rev. Dr. Van Alstine preached his first sermon as Mr. Groff's successor. Dr. Van Alstine was as universally loved as any minister who has ever occupied the Baptist pulpit, and his death, which occurred in February, 1890, while he was still engaged in the services of the local church, was a matter of deep regret to the entire community. The next regularly appointed pastor was Rev. H. W. Powell, who preached his first sermon as pastor June 8, 1890. He resigned April 9, 1892, and the vacancy was supplied by Rev. G. S. Northrup, who received a call January 22, 1893. Because of failing health, Mr. Northrup resigned November 14, 1897, and preached his farewell sermon November 2Ist. December 26 of the same year Rev. J. C. Carman accepted a call and entered upon his duties, tendering his resignation a year later, to take effect March 26, 1899. Mr. Carman's successor, the Rev. W. T. Woodhouse, is still administering to the wants of the people. His pastorate has 282 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. been very successful and his people seem to feel greatly pleased with his work among them. SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISTS. The Seventh Day Adventists have two church organizations in Grand Traverse county-in Traverse City and in the township of Grant. Elder R. C. Horton commenced holding tent meetings in Wexford, adjoining Grant, in October, 1887. In the following month Elder F. I. Richardson organized the church in Grant, at the Kennedy school house, with twenty-five members. The church held its meetings in the school house until 1898, when a house of worship was built, which was dedicated the first of August. The church in Traverse City was organized in August, 1895, during the progress of a campmeeting held there.at the time. The organization was due mainly to the influence of Elder I. H. Evans, president of the Michigan conference, asisted by Elder G. C. Tenney and H. M. Kenyon, who were in attendance at the campmeeting. The original membership numbered twenty-two. A house of worship was built in 1896. In both orgaizations there have been some changes of membership, but the number of members remain about the same as at the beginning. Neither has enjoyed the advantage of having a settled minister, but each has kept up the regular Sabbath meetings and a Sabbath school. Usually in the regular service a short discourse is given by the church elder or some lay member, followed by a social meeting. Both the church in Grant and the one in Traverse City are in the North Michigan conference, a new conference created by the division of the late Michigan conference. CHAPTER XVII. TRAVERSE CITY NEWSPAPERS. GRAND TRAVERSE HERALD. The Grand Traverse Herald was the first newspaper published in the Grand Traverse region. The first number was issued November 8, 1858, the late Hon. Morgan Bates, editor and proprietor. It was started as a four-column folio on a sheet eighteen by twenty-six inches in size, column seventeen picas wide. It was started without a single subscriber and with only one-fourth column of local advertising, but it has been a success from the start. There were very few people here at that time, but settlers soon began coming and of course the subscription list began to swell, until today there are few GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 288 and a full and complete stock of. other things weekly newspapers in the country that have a larger list of subscribers. The firm of Hannah, Lay & Company began to advertise in a small way in the third number of the paper issued. About a year later the firm greatly increased their patronage, and from that day to this the firm has been liberal adve'rtisers, not only in the Herald, but in the Eagle and the daily papers issued from both these offices as well. In May, 1866, the columns of the paper were increased two picas in width and two inches in length. A year later a second enlargement was made and then was a folio twenty-four by thirty-six inches in size. A year later the size was increased to a sheet twenty-six by forty, and on the first of January, 1880, it was enlarged to a nine-column folio, twenty-eight by forty-four. Not long after coming into the hands of the present proprietor it was again enlarged to an eightcolumn quarto, in which size and form it has been published for many years. Morgan Bates continued to publish and edit the paper until the close of the ninth volume, December 20, 1867, when he sold the office to Hon. D. C. Leach, who remained as editor and publisher until May I I, 1876, when he sold to Thomas T. Bates, the present owner and publisher. In politics the Herald has always been Republican. It has always labored very successfully for the interests of the Grand Traverse region, and especially for Traverse City. The office is now one of the best equipped print shops in the state, and, besides printing the Herald and the Evening Record, does an extensive amount of general job printing. It has a large assortment of presses, the latest Mergenthalea machines and a full and complete stock of other things necessary to carry on a successful business. THE TRAVERSE BAY EAGLE. The first number of the Traverse Bay Eagle made its appearance in Elk Rapids March 31, 1865, under the name of Elk Rapids Eagle, Elvin L. Sprague, editor and publisher. The first number was a very unpretentious affair, consisting of four pages of three columns each, the columns being seventeen picas wide. Oq January I, 1866, the name of the paper was changed to Traverse Bay Eagle, which it has borne ever since, and the size was increased to twenty-two by thirty-two inches. In the spring of 1866 a larger press was needed and a Northrup power press was added to the plant. In the autumn of the same year the plant was removed to Traverse City and the paper enlarged to an eight-column folio. A year afterwards a steam engine was purchased to run the press. Previous to that time the exercise of muscle was the only power available. This steam engine was the first to be used in the region in a printing office, and was used continuously until June, 1895, when the electricity of the Boardman River Electric Light & Power Company was brought into requisition, with which power the plant has since been operated. A year previous to the addition of steam power a job press was added to the plant, the first one brought to the region, In 1873 the paper was again enlarged to a nine-column folio, and in 1878 a new cylinder press was purchased, manufactured in Chicago by the late government printer, S. P. Rounds, expressly for Mr. Sprague. 17 284 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Politically the Eagle was Republican until the Greeley campaign, when it advocated the election of Mr. Greeley, since which time it has been Democratic. It is still edited by its founder, Elvin L. Sprague, who has thus been in continual service as a newspaper editor for more than thirty-eight years. At the risk of being charged with a little egotism, we will say, and we believe most truthfully, that the paper has always labored faithfully and earnestly for the building up and developing of the entire Grand Traverse region. THE DAILY EAGLE. In the spring of 1893 Mr. Sprague came to the conclusion that Traverse City had reached a size both in population and in business importance to warrant the publication of a daily newspaper, and on March 28, 1893, the first number of the first daily newspaper, the Daily Eagle, made its appearance, Elvin L. Sprague, editor apd publisher. Although a good many people predicted failure, the paper met with a very cordial reception at the hands of the people and of the business firms. So good was the patronage of the advertisers that only one year from the date of its initial number it became necessary to enlarge it from a sixcolumn folio to one of seven columns. At first the revenue was not sufficient to warrant the expense of wire service, and the publisher had to depend entirely upon gathering and printing the local news to make the paper interesting to its patrons. In this the paper proved a success, but when the war with Spain came on the people demanded the latest news from the scene of operations. This demand was met by securing daily special telegraph services, and while the expense of getting out the paper was greatly increased by this, the increased subscription list and advertising patronage helped largely to meet this expense. The wire service then inaugurated has never been dropped, but rather increased, as today the paper is receiving the daily afternoon service of the ScrippsMcRae League. Politically the Daily Eagle has never allied itself with any political party, but has always taken an independent course, advocating what its editor thought was for the best interest of Traverse City and of the Grand Traverse region. In September, 1898, a corporation was formed under the name of the Eagle Press, with a capital stock of ten thousand dollars, of which E. L. Sprague, L. A. Pratt and E. Sprague Pratt were the incorporators and shareholders. Since then the paper and plant has been owned and managed by this corporation. Subsequently Messrs. E. E. White and Harry Burr became the owners of stock in the corporation. The officers and managers of the association are, E. L. Sprague, president; E. Sprague Pratt, secretary; L. A. Pratt, treasurer; E. E. White, business manager; Harry Burr, foreman of the mechanical department. About a year and a half after the incorporation of the establishment a Mergenthaler machine was installed, which was the first type-setting machine in the lower peninsula north of Grand Rapids. The size of the paper is now regularly four pages of seven colums each, and frequently six and sometimes eight pages, while on Saturdays it is always eight, and often -twelve pages. Since its establishment the city has increased greatly in population, and GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 285 the circulation of the paper has increased accordingly. The Daily Eagle was started without a single subscriber, and for the first week a copy was placed daily in every house and business place in the city. Today the actual paid list numbers more than five hundred copies in excess of the number printed and given away the first week. The Eagle Press has a fine outfit of presses and material and is having a fine patronage of job work. THE EVENING RECORD. The Record was first started as a morning paper by Thomas T. Bates and J. W. Hannen, J. W. Hannen, editor and business manager, in April, 1897. When it first made its appearance it was a five-column folio. Since then it has been enlarged from time to time until it has become a seven-column folio, and on Saturdays double that size. Additional pages also frequently appear other days, made necessary by the advertising patronage. After a time, owing to the difficulty of securing wire service for a morning paper suitable to its size, and other matters that made the expense of the publication of a morning paper greater than an evening one, the publishers changed the publication to the Evening Record. In politics the paper has always been Republican, and was never known to waver in its support of the nominees of the Republican party. It has a fine advertising patronage and a large subscription list. OTHER NEWSPAPERS. * There are now three other weekly newspapers published in the county, the Hustler, the Echo, and the Monitor, the two former published at Kingsley and the latter at Fife Lake, which will receive further mention in another part of this volume. During the time that the Herald and the Eagle have been printed, several attempts have been made to establish other newspapers in Traverse City, but all have proved failures. In some cases a few months was sufficient, and in others it took a few years to demonstrate the fact that the Herald and Eagle filled to the satisfaction of the people the weekly field, and now it is quite evident that the Daily Eagle and the Evening Record furnish the people of the city with all that is required in the way of daily newspapers. Traverse City is proud of her newspapers. There is not a city of its size in the union that can compare in the quality of its newspapers with those of Traverse City. JOB PRINTING. As has been said, both the Herald and Eagle offices do a large amount of job printing. In addition to these Messrs. Ebner Brothers have a well equipped job office for commercial printing, and have built up a good business. Charles E. Cooper also has a job office and is doing considerable business. CHAPTER XVIII. TRAVERSE CITY PUBLIC LIBRARY. The people of Traverse City are preeminently a reading people, as is evidenced by her libraries and the patronage enjoyed by them. The public library of the city is the outgrowth of the Traverse township library, which was started many years ago. When the city was incorporated this was turned over to the city and became the nucleus of what is known as the Traverse City public library. While it has always been well patronized, during the past three years it has become a very important factor in promoting the educational facilities of the city. During that time the public library and reading rooms have been kept up, new books and magazines been added, and the institution kept open every week day from one o'clock until nine P. M. and from two until five every Sunday, at an annual expense of over two thousand dollars. There are over five thousand five hundred volumes in the library and during the year ending April I, 1903, there were thirty-eight thousand, eight hundred and sixty-two books drawn out. The reading room, which is kept supplied with the current magazines, is well patronized. There are two hundred and twenty-seven valuable reference books in the library and these are frequently consulted. LADIES' LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. This is one of the earliest institutions of Traverse City. In fact it is the first woman's organization of the city. July 23, 1869, in response to a call by the late Mrs. Morgan Bates, several ladies met to talk over the organization of a Ladies' Library Association, and when a motion was made that there be such an organization it was carried unanimously. The names of the women who were present at that meeting and to whom belong the credit of the organization deserve to be placed upon record for the information of future generations. They were Mrs. Morgan Bates, Mrs. Samuel W. Arnold, Mrs. B. D. Ashton, Mrs. L. W. Hubbell, Mrs. M. K. Buck, Mrs. S. C. Fuller, Mrs. Oscar L. Noble, Mrs. R. Hatch and Mrs. M. E. C. Bates. Of those nine ladies, the five first mentioned are deceased. Mrs. Noble resides in Boston, Mrs. Fuller in the sunny south and Mrs. Hatch in Grand Rapids. Mrs. Bates is the only one still living in the city, although the other three living members still retain their interest in the organization. After the association was organized, the next question was that of obtaining books to carry out the design of the association. The GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 287 first few were donated and placed in one of the rooms of the United States land office. A few dollars were added from membership dues, so that the first report of the association, October I, 1869, showed seventy-nine volumes, of which fifty-four were donated. During the fiscal year the library was increased to three hundred and twenty-nine volumes. Mrs. Morgan Bates was the first president and held the office until her death, in 1872. In 1871 the association was incorporated, and the ladies, by putting in lots of hard work, saved up money obtained, by means of lectures, entertainments and socials and in 1887 erected the building now occupied by it on Front street at a cost of one thousand, nine hundred and forty dollars. Though the front of the building at the present time looks practically the same, it has been enlarged and changed internally, and kept up so that today the building is in good condition, with steam heat and electric lights. The first story is occupied by the library rooms of the association and two offices. The second story, which was built for a hall and was for many years the largest assembly room in the city, has been for the past three years and is now occupied by the city public library and reading rooms. The library contains nearly three thousand, five hundred volumes, consisting'mostly of carefully selected fiction. The association has one hundred and thirty-five members and values its real estate at nearly seven thousand dollars. CHAPTER XIX. TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES BY WATER AND RAIL. STEAMBOATS. In the early days the people had to depend entirely upon sailing vesels to reach this region, and a few years later upon steamers plying between Buffalo and Chicago, that made stops at Northport for wood and to leave and receive freight and passengers. The firm of Hannah, Lay & Company also owned a steamer that for many years made weekly round trips between Traverse City and Chicago, which was always very popular with the people. This line was discontinued when the firm sold out their lumber business, but its place is filled by the Northern Transportation Company, which operates some of the finest passenger boats on the lakes. Transportation between all of the towns on the bay is furnished, and has been for several years, by 288 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Captain Webb's line of boats, the "Cummings," the "Crescent" and the "Columbia." RAILROADS. Previous to the building of the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad to Traverse City the only way of getting in or out when water navigation was closed was by going through the woods to Bear Lake and then follow the beach of Lake Michigan to Grand Haven. Later, however, about 1864, a state road was cut out through the woods between Newaygo and Traverse City, and over this road a stage line was established by the late Judge Henry D. Campbell and his brother Robert, running from Traverse City to Big Rapids, where it connected with the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad. As soon as the road was completed as far north as Cadillac (then called Clam Lake), the stage route was shortened up accordingly. THE COMING OF THE RAILROAD. Before the construction of any railroad north from Grand Rapids, congress passed a bill granting every alternate section of land on either side of the line for the construction of a railroad from Grand Rapids to Traverse bay. This the managers of the railroad company which was organized to secure this land grant, succeeded in convincing the secretary of the interior meant Little Traverse bay, and the line of the Grand Rapids & Indiana was accordingly surveyed from Grand Rapids to Little Traverse bay, without coming nearer to Grand Traverse bay than Walton, twenty-six miles distant. At this time Traverse City was the most important town in this part of the state and could not afford to let a railroad pass by without stopping. A successful effort was therefore made to secure the building of a branch from Walton to Traverse City, at a cost of forty thousand dollars to the citizens. Of this sum the firm of Hannah, Lay & Company subscribed twenty thousand dollars and the citizens of the city and county the other twenty thousand dollars. The road was built and opened for business in 1872, and was for eighteen years the only railroad that ran into Traverse City. THE PERE MARQUETTE. In 1890 the Chicago & Western Michigan, now the Pere Marquette, was extended from Baldwin to Traverse City and proved a great stimulus to the business and growth of the town. Two years later it was extended north to Charlevoix and Petoskey, with a branch to Elk Rapids. THE MANISTEE & NORTHEASTERN. In 1891 the Manistee & Northeastern road was completed to Traverse City and has proved a very valuable addition to the transportation facilities, and in bringing trade to the city. THE TRAVERSE CITYY LEELANAW & MANISTIQUE. The road bed for the Traverse City, Leelanaw & Manistique road was graded in the fall of 1892 between Traverse City and Northport. It is expected that the rails will be laid and the road opened for business by the first of July, 1903. It is expected that a car ferry slip will be built at the latter place in the near future and that a car ferry will be operated between there and Manistique. A large boat for this purpose has been built and is completed at the present writing. CHAPTER, XX. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. GOVERNMENT POSTOFFICE. About a year ago an appropriation of six thousand dollars was made by congress for the purchase of a site for a government building in Traverse City. To this sum a few public spirited' citizens added sufficient to purchase a most desirable site on the corner of State and Gass streets, at a cost of aIbout eleven thousand dollars. At the session of congress just closed an appropriation of fifty thousand dollars was made for the erection of a building upon this site, and it is quite probable that before this volume leaves the printer's hands that the erection of' the structure will be under way. PUBLIC LIBRARY BUILDING. In April, 19o2, Andrew Carnegie made a proposition to donate twenty thousand dollars to the city for the erection of a home for the public library, on condition that the city would agree to appropriate not less than two thousand dollars annually for its maintainance and furnish a suitable site. The offer was accepted, and two sites have been offered, one of which was accepted by the city council and the other by the board of library trustees, and as there was a conflict of authority the matter was referred to the courts to settle, which body possessed the power to act. At present time, April 15 1903, the court has not given an opinion, although the case was submitted several wleeks since. When a decision is reached the building will undoubtedly be built. NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM. The Northern Michigan Asylum is one of the finest public institutions of the state and is located at Traverse City. The first appropriation for the institution was made by the Michigan legislature in 1881, and in November, 1885, the structure was completed and the first patient received. At first it was erected with a capacity to care for five hundred patients, but it has been enlarged and added to until at the present writing there are about forty buildings on the grounds. These include the main building, several cottages for patients, nurses' home, finely equipped engine house and boiler rooms, electric light plant, laundry, fire de'partment, vegetable cellars, barns, tool sheds, etc. The investment by the state up to the present writing has~been very nearly one million dollars. The grounds are situated upon high ground southwest of the 290 0GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. city, from which a fine view of the bay and of the city is obtained. The grounds are beautifully laid out and cared for. There are at the present time one thousand, one hundred and twenty-five patients cared for in the various buildings, and the total number of people employed are two hundred and seventy-five. The annual pay roll for the employes is not less than ninety thousand dollars. Besides this amount paid in salaries to employes, the expenditure for maintainance aggregates two hundred thousand dollars. More room is needed and an appropriation will probably be made by the legislature of 1903 for the erection of two more cottages, and some other necessary improvements The institution is under the immediate charge of Dr. J. D. Munson, who has held the position of medical superintendent from the first opening of the buildings to patients in November, 1885. The assistant superintendent is Dr. A. S. Rowley. A large staff of competent physicians are also employed. C. L. Whitney has been for several years steward of the institution, under whose management the extensive farm and gardens of the institution have been made to blossom as the rose and are models of their kind. The stock of the institution is also something to be proud of. The trustees of the asylum are Messrs. Thomas T. Bates and Harry C. Davis, Traverse City; George A. Hart, Manistee; Charles F. Backus, Detroit; XW. W. Mitchell, Cadillac; C. F. Temple, Muskegon. CHAPTER XXI. MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. The manufacture of pine lumber was the first manufacturing industry started in Traverse City. In the establishment of this business the firm of Hannah, Lay & Company were the pioneers and for many years the principal actors. In 1886 the firm sold its timber and mills to J. M. Torrent. Since that time the saw-mill plant in the city has changed owners a number of times, during which the pine timber has all disappeared and the manufacture of hemlock and hardwood has taken the place of the pine. In ig99 the firm of John F. Ott & Company became the owners of that plant and have operated it very successfully since. The company gives employment to an average of about one hundred men. The Oval Wood Dish Company moved to Traverse City from Mamcelone in 1883. It is an incorporated company and consists of H. S. Hull, president; J. M. Longnecker, secretary and treasurer, and A. L. Flack, GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. '291 general agent. Three hundred and twentyfive hands are employed, and the factory is kept busy the year around. The establishment manufactures oval wood dishes, wire end dishes, wash boards, clothespins and lumber, using fifteen milion feet of logs every year. The dishes made in this factory are used in every grocery store in the United States. William Beitner was the pioneer in the manufacture of hardwood lumber in Grand Traverse county. He commenced operations by building a small mill about five miles south of the city on what is known as Beitner's creek. Besides the manufacture of lumber, Mr. Beitner in a few years added the manufacture of chair stock. About 1887 or 1888 the plant wts removed to the city and the business greatly increased. The business was the manufacture of lumber, chair stock and curtain poles. After operating here about five years and doing an extensive business, the plant and a large amount of completed stock ready to ship was destroyed by fire, the loss being between seventy-five thousand dollars and eighty thousand dollars, with but small insurance. Inside of sixty days the plant was rebuilt and again in running order, and has been operated ever since, with constantly increasing output. The curtain-pole branch, which for a long time sent out the poles in white, has been fitted with a finishing department and the product is now sent out complete in every detail. They are finished in antique oak, natural oak, mahogany, ebony, cherry, walnut, sycamore and white maple. The plant gives employment to one hundred hands. About 1857 Messrs. Hannah, Lay & Company purchased two portable grist-mills and placed them in the building erected by Mr. Boardman for a saw-mill, but which was no longer in use as such. These were the first mills for the manufacture of flour in the region. They were operated by water here, but a couple of years later were moved into the lower story of the first steam sawmill built by the same company, the use of which for the manufacture of lumber had given place to a new and larger one built where the present John F. Ott Company plant stands, which consists in part of the original frame. In 1867 Hannah, Lay & Company built a dam across the Boardman river about midway between Union and Cass streets. In 1868 the foundation and basement walls for the present flour mills were laid, and during the following year the mill was erected and completed. It is a large wooden building, fifty by eighty feet, four stories high and basement. At the time it was built it was fitted up with the best machinery then in use. In 1885 it was overhauled and changed to the full roller system, and in 1898 it was again overhauled, the old water-wheels taken out and three new Leffel wheels put in, at a cost of ten thousand dollars. The value of the plant is estimated at forty thousand dollars, and the annual output is over one hundred thousand dollars. One of the important manufacturing establishments of the city is that of the J. E. Greilick Company. The business was established and for many years owned by Joseph E. Greilick, and upon his death was incorporated under the name of J. E. Greilick Company, the stockholders being Mrs. J. E. Greilick, Clarence L. Greilick and Ernest W. Greilick. It ranks among the first factories of the kinind in northern Michigan. 292 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. The annual output is now over one hundred and forty-five thousand dollars. It gives employment to an average of one hundred hands the year around. The business of the factory consists of the manufacture of sash, doors, store fixtures and interior finishings, and the company also owns and operates its own lumber, lath and shingle mill. The Traverse City Iron Works is the pioneer foundry and machine shop of the Grand Traverse region. It was established in 1874 by William Holdsworth, the work for several years being done almost entirely by his son, the late Pereguin Holdsworth. The business is now conducted by B. Thirlby and W. F. Calkins, Mr. Thirlby entering the firm in 1882 and Mr. Calkins in 1890. The firm is now doing a business of over forty thousand dollars a year, and employs about twenty-five men. The concern'makes a speciality of the manufacture of saw and shingle-mill machinery, and the greater portion of machinery of this description used in the Grand Traverse region is manufactured by them. Of course it is supplied with a complete outfit of all kinds of tools and machinery necessary to a first-class foundry and machine shop. Caldwell & Loudon, manufacturers of wagons and sleighs and general blacksmiths, are among the old established firms of the city. Having started in business twenty years ago, there has been a steady and gratifying growth from the start, their trade gradttally spreading out till it advanced beyond the bounds of the city and became a large manufacturing industry instead of a merely local business. The firm manufactures all kinds of vehicles, including wagons, carriages, sleighs, delivery wagons, drays, mill cart, and make a specialty of the manufacture of sleighs, their annual output being four hundred sets. Another branch of the business which is a specialty with the firm is the manufacture of big logging wheels which are equipped with patent hubs of Mr. Loudon's own invention. Both the woodworking and the blacksmithing departments are fully equipped with the latest machinery. Fifteen hands are employed, nearly all skilled labor, in the various departments, who are given steady work the year around. The Potato Implement Company was started originally as the Potato Planter Company, organized to manufacture a potato planter invented by Mr. Black, a farmer of East Bay. In 1895 it was reorganized under the present name. The officers are: President, Charles K. Buck; vice-president, Charles P. Buck; secretary and treasurer, J. \W. Milliken. The plant is valued at thirtyfive thousand dollars, and occupies an entire block on West Front street. There are eleven different articles manufactured by the company, including potato planters, corn planters, sprayers for vines and for potatoes, hand spray pumps, powder guns, etc. The annual output reaches forty-two thousand dollars. During the busy season fifty-five hands are employed, running as low as ten during the dull season. The payroll amounts to about twelve thousand dollars a year. Orders for the products of this establishment are received from all over the Lnited States, the bulk of the trade, however, being from St. Paul to St. Louis in the west, and extending east to the Atlantic coast. Besides this there is a lively demand for potato planters from New Zealand, Australia and Finland, and for miscellaneous shipments from England, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia and Mexico. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 298 The basket factory of Wells-Higman Company is one of the largest manufacturing establishments in the city. It was established in 1892, and employs three hundred hands eight months in the year. It consumes about three million feet of logs during the year, the most of the timber being basswood and elm. The annual payroll amounts to sixty thousand dollars. The goods manufactured consist of the "Climax" peach and grape baskets, bushel baskets, berry crates and veneer. The annual output in packages consists of three million peach and grape baskets, six hundred thousand bushel baskets one hundred thousand berry crates, besides a few other styles of baskets and veneer. William Jackson has been in business in Traverse City over twenty years, eleven of which he spent as partner in the Traverse City Iron Works. In 1893 he branched out for himself. His business is the manufacture of various kinds of machines and the repairing of machinery, a large amount of work being done in the latter line for the factories in the city and surrounding country. He makes a specialty of basket machines, which were designed, patented and built by himself, the patent being afterwards sold to the Wells-Higman Company, who are the largest basket manufacturers in the United States. Previous to this invention the baskets manufactured here were all made by hand, but the machine was so practical and proved so successful that the factory has been fitted out with them, both for the manufacture of the "Climax" and bushel baskets, Formerly one man could make from four hundred to five hundred "Climax" baskets in a day; the machine has a record of one thousand, six hundred and fifty and instead of four hundred bushel baskets by hand the machine can turn out from two thousand to two thousand two hundred. The Fulghum Manufacturing Company was established in 1891, the firm at that time consisting of E. J. Fulghum, L. Roberts and M. C. Oviatt. In 1893 Mr. Oviatt retired, L. H. De Zoete taking his place, and in 1901 Mr. Roberts was succeeded by W. E. Williams, of Reed City. For the first few years the factory was devoted to the manufacture of all kinds of building materials, with several side issues, such as the making of folding tables, etc., a specialty being made of maple flooring. The latter industry has developed to such an extent as to crowd out all other departments, and the factory is now running entirely along this line of work. The annual payroll of the factory amounts to thirty-three thousand dollars. About twenty-two years ago the firm of V. & A. J. Petertyl was formed and commenced the manufacture of buggies, carriages, wagons, cutters, sleighs and all kinds of vehicles, as well as the carrying on of a general blacksmithing and horseshoeing business. About five years ago V. Petertyl bought the interest of his cousin, A. J., and has since carried on the business alone. The concern enjoys an extensive trade, and gives employment to nineteen hands, the annual payroll amounting to ten thousand five hundred dollars. Mr. Petertyl's output amounts annually to over thirty-five thousand dollars. A. J. Petertyl, who was for many years in partnership with his cousin, Victor Petertyl, in the manufacture of buggies, carriages, wagons, cutters, sleighs and a general blacksmithing business, a little over four years ago went into the same kind of business for himself. He purchased a lot on the 294 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. corner of State and Union streets and erected thereon a fine two-story brick shop. He has already succeeded in building up a good trade. He employs nine hands, the yearly payroll amounting to about five thousand dollars. R. VW. Round & Son started their foundry in Traverse City a little over three years ago, during which time they have built up a,large business. They make a specialty of heavy castings, such as building columns, door sills, etc. Orders for this kind of work are received by the firm from all the towns in the region. One of the important industries of Traverse City is the candy factory of Straub Brothers & Amiotte, which was established in 1899. From a comparatively small beginning the institution has grown until it occupies an entire brick block on Front street, fifty by eighty-five feet, two stories and basement. The output is three thousand pounds a day throughout the entire year, making a total of nine hundred and thirty-six thousand pounds for the year. Forty-one hands are employed, a number of them girls. The payroll amounts to fifteen thousand dollars annually. The factory of the Michigan Starch Company was built originally for the manufacture of potato starch, with corn and wheat starch as a side issue. This was in 1899. The company was incorporated for fifty thousand dollars. In the fall of 1903 the company was reorganized with a capital of two hundred thousand dollars, and the factory changed from a potato to strictly corn starch factory, with a capacity of three thousand bushels of corn per day, which will produce one hundred thousand pounds of starch. At the present writing the factory is not in full operation. There are six or eight cigar manufacturing establishments in the city, of which that of A. W. Jahraus is the largest and has been the longest in business. His shop employs twelve hands, at an annual payroll of twelve thousand, four hundred and eighty dollars. There are probably now over fifty hands employed in the manufacture of cigars in the city. The Traverse Manufacturing Company is a new institution; having been in business at this writing less than a year and a half. The company has a fine plant and does' a general planing-mill business, and makes a specialty of custom work, manufacturing doors, window sash, and all sorts of store and office fixtures. W. L. Brown is the general manager. The other officers are Allie P. Brown, president, and S. M. Brown, vice-president. The concern gives employment to about twenty men. The South Side Lumber Company is a new concern, with a capital stock of twenty thousand dollars, located on East Eighth street and Lake avenue, for the manufacture of all kinds of house finishings, both exterior and interior. It has good buildings and is equipped with all the necessary machinery for its business. One of the greatest factors in changing the appearance of the main business streets of Traverse City from a "Wooden Town" to a brick one has been the brick manufacturing establishment of J. W. Markham. While Mr. Markham's brick yards are not located in Traverse City or even in Grand Traverse county, they are essentially a Traverse City industry, as the great bulk of their product GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 295 is used in building up Traverse City in a substantial and lasting manner. The yards are located about two and a half miles north of the city in Elmwood township, Leelanaw county, and were purchased by Mr. Markham of the Norris Brothers about 1880. At this time almost nothing had been done in the way of building with brick. Soon after this, however, the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company erected their store, for which Mr. Markham furnished all the brick. He also furnished all of the face brick and a part of the common brick for the main building of the Northern Michigan Asylum. Since that time the business has increased until there are between three and four million of Mr. Markham's brick used annually in this vicinity. The marble and granite works of H. D. Alley, which were established in 1893, and of A. W. Rickerd, established in 19o0, are both important industries. CHAPTER XXII. TRAVERSE CITY BANKING ESTABLISHMENTS. THE STATE BANK. The Traverse City State Bank is the successor of Hannah, Lay & Company, bankers, which firm constituted the pioneer bankers of Traverse City. The history of the bank dates back to 1856, when the lumber firm of Hannah, Lay & Company had but recently started in the business of manufacturing lumber in the then wilderness. All the business there was to do was transacted through this firm and gradually a little banking business sprung up, which was conducted, not so much for the profit to the firm, as for the general accommodation of the people. For many years the bank and the general office of the lumber business and the store were one and the same place. When the business of the company outgrew the quarters in the original buildings, on the corner of Union and Bay streets, and the large brick building was erected on the corner of Front and Union streets, rooms were reserved in the southwest corner of the first floor for the bank, which consists of a large general banking room, private office for Mr. Hannah, and vault for the safe keeping of the bank's valuables. The institution was incorporated under the state law in 1892, for one hundred thousand dollars. From that time until the present the business of the institution.has increased in volume.year by year. On November 25, 1902, the deposits were $1,310,462.97, and the total footings $1, 491,983.76. July I, 1903, the capital stock of the bank will be doubled, the capitalization on that date becoming two hundred thousand dollars. The erection of a new home for this bank is now in progress. It is located on 296 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. the northwest corner of Front and Union streets. In size it is seventy-five feet on Front and one hundred feet on Union street. lour stories high, and an illuminated tower above. It is constructed of red brick with terra cotta trimmings, supported at the front and side entrances with Vermont marble columns. It will be erected at a cost of not less than one hundred thousand dollars, and when conmpleted will undoubtedly be the handsomest building in the city. It will be not only modern but a model bank building in every way., The officers of the bank are: President, Perry Hannah; vice-president, A. 'Tracy Lay; cashier, Julius T. Hannah; assistant cashiers, Samuel Garland, Howard Irish; board of directors, Perry Hannah, A. Tracy Lay, J. T. Hannah, S. Garland and HIoward Irish. FIRST NATIONAL BANK. The First National Bank, which was the second bank established in Traverse City, was organized in 1885, starting in business in what is known as the Leach building, then standing on the corner of Front and Park streets. The officers were, J. C. Lewis, Whitehall, president; J. T. Beadle, vicepresident; C. A. Hammond, cashier; directors, J. C. Lewis, Hon. D. C. Leach, W. S. Johnson, C. A. Hammond. Of the original directors, J. T. Beadle is the only one remaining today, though the Lewis estate is represented by M. B. Covell, of Whitehall. On the death of Mr. Lewis in 1895, he was succeeded by J. T. Beadle, who in turn was followed by H. S. Hull in 1896. He resigned July I, 1902, to take the position of president of the new People's Savings Bank, but still remains on the board of directors. He was succeeded by J. T. Beadle as president. The present officers are, J. T. Beadle, president; B. J. Morgan and Frank Hamiltin, vice-presidents; Leon F. Titus, cashier; \. M. Kellogg, assistant cashier. The directors are J. T. Beadle, B. J. Morgan, F. Hamilton, H. S. Hull, Charles F. Read, M. B. Covell, F. Welton. C. A. Hammond was the first cashier, resigning his position in 1888, to spend some time in the west. He was succeeded by his brother, W. L. Hammond, who, in 1893, resigned to accept a similar position in what is now the First National Bank of Ludington. C. A. Hammond was again cashier from that date until April, 1899, when ill health caused him to resign. Frank "Welton, who was in the First National Bank of Benton Harbor, then took the position, which he filled very successfully until May I, 1903, resigning to accept the position of cashier of the National City Bank of Grand Rapids. Leon F. Titus, a Traverse City boy, who had had fourteen years' experience in the banking business, four years as assistant cashier in this bank, was promoted to the position of cashier. The bank was incorporated for fifty thousand dollars, and now has a surplus of twenty-five thousand dollars. It has enjoyed a very gratifying growth. On January i, 1897, the deposits were $136,597.29, and these increased by over fifty thousand dollars a year until, on April 9, 1903, the deposits had reached $496,704.54. The footings exceeded six hundred thousand dollars. The bank moved to its present location about fourteen years ago, buying a valuable corner on Front and Cass streets, twenty-four by sixty-five feet, and building in connection with FIrank Hamilton and J. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 297 W. Milliken. The second floor is used for offices, the bank occupying the first floor and basement. The bank is fitted up with all modern improvements, including safe deposit vaults, to be found in the best institutions of the kind. PEOPLE'S SAVINGS BANK. The People's Savings Bank is the youngest institution in the city. It was organized in the early part of 1902, and built for itself a home in the business center of the city. The building is of stone and brick, three stories and basement, built throughout in the most substantial manner, with strictly up-to-date appointments. It is an orna ment and a credit to the institution and the city. The capital stock of the institution is sixty thousand dollars, all owned in Traverse City and vicinity. The officers are as follows: H. S. Hull, president; H. C. Davis and A. V. Friedrich, vice-presidents; C. A. Hammond, cashier. The directors are H. S. Hull, H. C. Davis, A. V. Friedrich, C. A. Hammond, Benjamin Thirlby, F. C. Desmond, J. O. Croster, C. L. Greilick, Stephen Lautner, J. M. Huellmantel, George W. Lardie, William Loudon, Charles Wilhelm. The bank was opened for business November 25, 1902, and is fast building up a splendid business. CHAPTER XXIII. PUBLIC.UTILITIES. TRAVERSE CITY WATER WORKS. Soon after the incorporation of the village of Traverse City by the legislature of 1880-1, the late Judge H. D. Campbell was given a thirty-year franchise to establish a water-works plant for supplying the people with water, and for the purpose of fire protection. The works were installed and were operated by Mr. Campbell until 1900, when they were purchased by the city at the appraised value of forty-three thousand, six I!undred and sixty-seven dollars, for which the bonds of the city were issued. Subsequently bonds to the amount of twenty-five thousand dollars were issued for the pur pose of making extensions. When the city became the owner of the plant its management was placed in the hands of a commission, consisting of five members, one from each ward, under whose direction the mains have been extended until a very large part of the city has been covered. ELECTRIC LIGHTING PLANT. A few years after installing the waterworks in the city the proprietor, Judge Campbell, inaugurated an electric lighting plant in connection with the water-works plant, from which he furnished lights to a great number of the business houses and 298 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. dwellings. This plant he operated until after he had sold the water-works to the city, when he closed out his electric lighting business to the Boardman River Electric Light and Power Company. In 1893 the Boardman River Electric Light and Power Company was incorporated and secured a valuable site for a dam and power house on the Boardman river, about five miles from the city. The construction of a dam was commenced in April, 1894, and on November 27, 1894, less than eight months from the time work was commenced lights were turned on in the city. Soon after the plant was in operation a contract was entered into with the city for street lighting. This has since been renewed and all of the principal streets of the city are now well lighted with arc lights furnished by this company. In addition to this, the company does an immense commercial lighting business, having at the present time about twelve thousand sixteen-candle-power incandescent lights, a large number of incandescent arcs and about fifty arcs. The company is incorporated for one hundred thousand dollars. The present officers are, president, William Loudon; vicepresident, Howard Irish; secretary, A. V. Friedrich; treasurer, Samuel Garland. The directors are, William Loudon, Robert Caldwell, Louis Greilick, A. NV. Bartak, S. Garland, Howard Irish, Charles Wilhelm, A. V. Fredrich, Perry Hannah. TRAVERSE CITY GAS COMPANY. A franchise for the installation of a gas plant was secured from the city council in January, 191o, and in May of the same year work was commenced. The Traverse City Gas Company was incorporated July 23, 1901. Gas was turned on October 16, 1901. The company is officered as follows: President, H. B. Webber; vice-president and general manager, E. F. Gallager; secretary and treasurer, C. O. Ranson; local manager, T. A. Bates. The business of the company has grown very rapidly since its inauguration. Five and one-third miles of mains have been laid, and the company now has three hundred consumers. TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE LINES. The first telegraph line to reach the Grand Traverse region was the Western Union, which came a year or two before the railroad. It came down the lake shore from Grand Haven to Frankfort, and thence across the country to Traverse City. The Postal Telegraph came with the building of the Manistee & Northeastern Railroad. In addition to these lines of course each of the railroads owns and operates telegraph lines. About 1875 the Bell Telephone Company built a line from Petoskey and Charlevoix via Elk Rapids to Traverse City, and established an exchange. The Bell Company were the sole occupants of the field until 1898, when the Northern Telephone Company secured a franchise from the city council, and commenced business. After operating for a couple of years with indifferent success, the Citizens' Telephone Company acquired the property, and has made many important improvements and extensions. One of the most important improvements made by this company is the laying of its wires in underground ducts, throughout the GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 299 business portion of the city. Another important addition to the usefulness of the lines of this company is the extension of its business among the farming community of the county. Already a good portion of the re gion is connected with the Traverse City exchange, which is proving of great benefit to the farmers. Both the Michigan (Bell) Company and the Citizens' have long-distance lines extending all over the state. CHAPTER XXIV. MERCANTILE INTERESTS. As has been stated in a previous chapter, the lumber firm of Hannah, Lay & Company were the pioneers in the mercantile business of Traverse City. From the commencement of their business the firm kept a small stock of goods from which to supply the wants of persons in their employ. As the country became settled with whites the demand increased, slowly at first, but from about 1860 the increase was very rapid. The passage by congress of the homestead law brought settlers for the farming lands, and they in turn became patrons of the store. The mercantile business of the firm increased very irpidly from that time. The first stock of goo(ls was kept in a little log building, twelve ly sixteen, located near the Boardman water mill. Afterwards a small frame buildinlg, sixteen by twenty, was erected on the north side of the river, just east of what is now the corner of Union and Bay streets. Business increased and more room was needed and about 1855 a two-story building, thirty by ninety, was erected just east of the small 18 store, into which the stock of goods was removed and largely added to. This building contained not only a general stock of merchadise, but also the general business office of the firm. In 1858, Smith Barnes became general manager of the mercantile department of this firm, with an interest in the store business. In the fall of 186o the writer entered the employ of this firm as a salesman in the store, and for three months during the summer of 1861 Mr. Barnes and the writer had no difficulty in waiting upon all the customers who came to trade. Three years after this, fourteen salesmen were kept busy. In the fall of 186o the firm bought in a stock of stoves, consisting of two cook stoves, two parlor stoves and two box stoves. At the spring invoice there were still on hand both cook stoves, one parlor and one box stove. Notwithstanding this small demand, three years from that time the firm had added a salesroom twenty-four by ninety, two-thirds of which was devoted entirely to stoves. 300 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. This increased demand was caused by the rapid increase of homestead settlers. During the period mentioned three additions had been added to the original two-story building, each twenty-four by ninety, and a warehouse across the street of the same size, all crowded to their fullest capacity with goods. The business of the firm was carried on at this location until, in 1882, the brick block now occupied by the company was erected. It is a handsome and substantial structure of creamcolored brick, is three stories and a basement, with two hundred and twenty feet frontage on Front street, and extending back on Union street one hundred and ten feet. For many years the store, mills, bank, boat line, and miscellaneous business was conducted under the original firm name of Hannah, Lay & Company, but in 1883 it was decided to make a change and the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company was organized and incorporated for two hundred thousand dollars. Mr. Smith Barnes continued as the general manager until his death, in 1891, since which time Herbert Montague has held the position. This in the early days of Traverse City being the only store in the place, it became necessary that the proprietors should keep a general assortment of merchandise, a plan that the company has always pursued, being literally what they claim to, be, "dealers in everything." As time passed other dealers established themselves in business, not all of whom, however, made a success of it. Among those who are now in business, about in the order in which they came, can be mentioned the following: Dry goods and clothing, Frank Hamilton and J. W. Milliken, Julius Steinberg, A. J. Wilhelm, Emanuel Wilhelm, the Boston Store, the Globe, the Economy. These are the principal dealers in the lines mentioned. The principal grocery stores are Wilhelm, Bartak & Company, Prokop Kyselka, Jacob Furtsch, John J. Brezina, Enterprise Grocery, and at least a dozen others, some of which are doing a large business. Furniture and house furnishings, Joseph Twombly, J. W. Slater, Grand Rapids Furniture Store, Miller & Morse, besides other establishments that carry these lines in connection with other stock. Shelf hardware, stoves, etc., S. K. Northam, A. J. Montague, Julius Campbell, William Hobbs. Armes & Cole carry a line of goods and do a general business as plumbers, gas fitters, furnace and steam heaters. Harness manufacturers and dealers, John T. Beadle and Wilhelm, Bartak & Company, the former of whom came in a very early day, and the latter have been in business many years. Besides these there are several other smaller manufacturers and dealers in this line. STEINIIERG S GRAND OPERA HOUSE. The erection of this building was commenced in 1891 and was completed the following year. It occupies the second and third stories of a very fine brick block on the north side of Front street, and is fitted up and finished in the most modern and convenient style. It is in fact a most beautiful and tasty structure. Its seating capacity is between seven and eight hundred. TIHE CITY OPERA HOUSE. The City Opera House occupies the most of the second and third stories of the Wilhelm, Bartak & Company block, located on GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 801 the south side of Front street near Union. It was commenced and completed during the year 1891. It is finished in fine shape and is the largest audience room in the city, having a seating capacity of about one thousand one hundred. CHAPTE Previous to the erection of these opera houses the principal room for use as a theater or place for large gatherings was and had been for many years the Ladies' Library Hall, now in use for the public library, which had a seating capacity of three hundred. R XXV. SECRET ORDERS. THE FREE MASONS. The first secret society to be established in Traverse City was a lodge of Masons. Traverse City Lodge No. 222, Free and Accepted Masons, was instituted February 2, 1868, witll nineteen charter members. A lpublic dedication and installation was held in the Methodist Episcopal church, Thursday evening, February 20th. The persons acting as grand officers on that occasion were Rev. J. Boynton, of Pentwater, worshipful grand master; Mr. Dunham, Manistee, deputy grand master; Rev. S. Steele, then of Manistee, senior grand master; Mr. lThurber, Manistee, junior grand master; Rev. Mr.Ellis, of Pentwater, grand chaplain. An oration upon the designs and principles of Masonry was delivered by Rev. S. Steele. The lodge was dedicated and the officers installed in form as follows: Charles W. Day, worshipful master; James D. Harvey, senior warden; S. W. Arnold, junior warden; S. M. Edwards, treasurer; Edwin S. Pratt, secretary; Isaac G. Winnie, senior deacon; Joseph E. Greilick, junior deacon; Rev. Geo. N. Smith, chaplain; R. Johnson and G. W. McClellan, stewards; Prokop Kyselka, tyler. Of the nineteen charter members, E. S. Pratt, I. G. Winnie and Prokop Kyselka are still living in Traverse City. The others are either dead or have moved away. At first and for a number of years the lodge held its communications in the second story of a building on Front street, the lower story of which was used for a drug store, and later in the second story of what was known as the Hulbard store. In 1890, however, a fine brick block was erected on the corner of Front and Union streets, the third and fourth stories of which were designed, planned and built expressly to accommodate the Masonic bodies, and here they have since had an ample and most delightful home, where all of the Masonic bodies of the city hold their meetings, including the Order of 802 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. the Eastern Star, which has been instituted since. Traverse City Chapter No. 102 was instituted in June, 1877, while Traverse City Commandery was instituted only a few years later. OTHER FRATERNAL SOCIETIES. The next fraternal society to be established after the Masons was the Odd Fellows. Grand Traverse Lodge No. 200 was organized December 20, 1872. Since then Canton Traverse No. 4, Traverse City Encarpment No. 73, and Grand Traverse Lodge No. 192, Daughters of Rebekah, have been organized. Next after the Odd Fellows came the Good Templars. Traverse Bay Lodge, Independent Order of Good Templars, was organized January 19, 1876. It was in quite a flourishing condition for a time, but the interest waned, and the organization went down for a while, but has since been revived, and now Traverse City Lodge No. 421 holds regular meetings and is in a flourishing condition. Following the Good Templars came the Grand Army of the Republic. McPherson Post No. 18 was mustered in May 21, 1881, and to this has since been added McPherson Relief Corps No. 151. The fraternal organizations already men tioned may be considered as the pioneers. Since then the following organizations have been established in the city: Grand Traverse Lodge No. 169, Ancient Order of United Workmen; Traverse City Lodge No. 323, Benevolent Protective Order of Elks; Traverse City Ruling No. 524, Fraternal Mystic Circle; Queen City Lodge No. 1401, Home Forum; Court Traverse No. 853, Inddpendent Order of Forresters; Companion Court Traverse No. 6; Traverse Bay Tent No. 136, Knights of the Maccabees; Traverse City Tent No. 871, Knights of the Maccabees; Amanda Hive No. 32, Ladies of the Maccabees; Traverse Bay Hive No. 71, Ladies of the Maccabees; Traverse Bay Lodge No. 73, Knights of Pythias; Duchess Camp No. 2345, Modern Woodmen of America; Traverse City Lodge No. 139, 0. B. A.; Queen City Camp No. 573, Royal Neighbors; Traverse City Lodge No. 7, Swedish Sons of America; Woodmen of the World; Grand Traverse Grange No. 379, Patrons of Husbandry. In addition to the foregoing there are a large number of trade labor organizations, including carpenters' union, masons' union, painters' union, cigarmakers' union, journeymen barbers' union, retail clerks' union, lumber shovers' union, master horseshoers' union, typographical union, and the Central I.abor Union, made up from delegates from the various other unions. CHAPTER XXVI. ORGANIZED TOWNSHIPS IN GRAND TRAVERSE COUNTY. There are in the county of Grand Traverse now thirteen organized townships, as follows: Acme, Blair, East Bay, Fife Lake, Garfield, Grant, Green Lake, Long Lake, Mayfield, Paradise, Peninsula, Union and Whitewater. As has already been mentioned, when Grand Traverse county was organized what is now the present county was embraced in two organized townships: Peninsula, which embraced all of the peninsula lying between the east and west arms of Grand Traverse bay, and Traverse, which took in, besides other territory, all of the rest of the present county. As the county settled up other townships were organized until the township of Traverse became re(1lced so as to embrace only the following lescribed territory: All of fractional sections I, 2 and 3; the east half of fractional section 4 and the southeast fractional quarier of the northwest fractional quarter of section 4; the east half of fractional section ); all of fractional sections io, 11 and 12,:all in township 27 north, of range II west;:tlso lot I and lot 2 in section 6 in township 27 north of range Io west. By act of tle legislature approved May 18, 1895, all of this territory was organized into the city of Traverse City, thus wiping out the organized township of Traverse entirely. PENINSULA. Peninsula was organized at the same time as the county and embraced the same territory as now. Mapleton is a postoffice and settlement in this township situated twelve miles north of Traverse City. Here two of the churches of the township are located, the Methodist Episcopal and Roman Catholic. OLD MISSION. This is now a beautiful summer resort village, located in Peninsula township, eighteen miles north of Traverse City, on Old Mission harbor. It was the first place on the bay settled by the whites. Peninsula has for many years produced a great amount of fruit and other farm products, which is shipped largely from the docks owned by William D. Bagley, at Old Mission. The place possesses great historic interest. A rural mail delivery line between Traverse City and this point was established in 1902. A line for an electric railroad has been surveyed between the two places, but active work has not yet been commenced in the way of grading. H-otel Hedden and Rushmore I-ouse are two hotels here. George Lardie has a general store. There is a Meth 804 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. odist Episcopal church and a Congregational church, the history of which is given in another part of this work. There is a Maccabee and Grange Hall at Old Mission. There are now in the township of Peninsula seven school houses, embracing a total of eight rooms. The township also owns a town hall, erected at a cost of six hundred dollars. The first supervisor of the township was Robert Camtpbell. WHITEWATER. The township of Whitewater was organized by the board of supervisors in October, 1859, and now embraces the following described territory: All that part of sections 13, 14, 23 and 24, township 28 north of range 9 west, lying between Elk and Round Lakes; the east half of sections 5, 8, 17, 20, 29, 32, and all of fractional sections 3, 0o, I5, 22, 23 and 24, and all of sections 4, 9, 16, 21, 28, 33, 34, 35 and 36, township 28 north, range 9 west; the west three-fourths of section 5, the west half of sections 18 and 19, and all of sections I, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9,, II,, 13, 14, 15, I6, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36, township 27 north, range 9 west. William H. Fife was the first supervisor. Angell is a postoffice in this township, eighteen miles northeast of Traverse City, on the Pere Marquette Railroad, established when that road was built, and contains, besides the postoffice, a small saw and shingle mill. A Methodist Episcopal church is located near this place. WILLIAMSBURG. Traverse City on the Pere Marquette Railroad, at its junction with the Elks Rapids branch. It was established at an early day, before the township was organized, and has about one hundred and fifty inhabitants, and is in the midst of a thriving farming community. It has a store, hotel, blacksmith shop, drug store, saw and grist-mill, and a Methodist Episcopal church, school-house, etc. The township has seven school buildings, embracing eight rooms. It also has a town hall, built at a cost of eight hundred dollars. A Grange hall is also located in this township. GRANT. The township of Grant, embracing the township of 25 north, range 12 west, was organized by the board of supervisors in October, 1866. The first supervisor was P. C. Hopkins. The town contains one Methodist Episcopal and one Second Adventist church, four school buildings and a town hall, the latter built at a cost of eight hundred dollars. There is one small saw-mill in the town, employing about eight hands. It is a thrifty farming community. MAYFIELD. Mayfield township was organized by the board of supervisors in November, 1867. It now embraces the following territory: Township 25 north, range I west. Thomas Wynkoop was the first supervisor. This is one of the best townships of farming lands in the county. There are two postoffices in the township: Hannah, on section 5, and Bartlett, on section 18. There is one Roman Catholic and one Free This is a village twelve miles east of GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 805 Methodist church in the town. The town has five school-houses and a town hall, the latter worth six hundred dollars. There are three saw-mills in the town that give employmentt to about fifty men. EAST BAY. The township of East Bay was organized by the board of supervisors in January, 1867, and now embraces the following territory: Fractional sections 7 and 8 and the west half of fractional 9, all of sections 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, I8, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36, township 27 north, range io west; and the east half of sections 18 and 19, township 27 north, range 9 west; also sections I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, o1, II, 12, 13, 14, 15, I6, and the north half of the northeast quarter of section 6, township 26 north, range Io west. A dock and saw-mills were built at the head of the bay in this township in the 'fifties, but the timber that was available has been used up and the mill is out of commission. When this township was organized it included a portion of the present township of Acme, and a resident of that portion, J. B. Haviland, was the first supervisor. There are four school buildings in the township, and one saw-mill that employs about fifteen hands. LONG LAKE. This township was organized in January, 1867, and embraces the territory of towxvnship 27 north, raonge 12 east. The first supervisor was Benljamin I. I)urga. Cedar Run is a postoffice and station in section 6, on the Manistee & Northwestern Railroad, in this township. Neal is another postoffice in this township, eight miles west of Traverse City. There is a Union church building in the township, and a Friends meeting-house at the head of Long Lake. There is also a town hall, worth about five hundred dollars, at the head of the lake. There are five school buildings and two saw-mills in the township, the mills employing from fifteen to twenty men. BLAIR. The township of Blair was organized by the board of supervisors in April, 1867. The territory embraces township 26 north, range i west. The first supervisor was Thomas H. Clyde. The first settlement in this township was made in 1859 at Monroe Center, a postoffice on the line between Blair and Green Lake, thirteen miles south of Traverse City and four miles south of Grawn, now the nearest railroad point. GRAWN. This is a station on the Pere Marquette Railroad, in Blair township, about eight miles southeast of Traverse City. It has a population of about two hundred, and contains a hotel, stores, blacksmith shop, harness and shoe shop. A daily stage runs between here and Wexford. Keystone and Sleights are two way stations in this township on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad. There are two Methodist Episcopal churches in this township, one at Monroe Center and the other at Grawn. There are four school budilings in the township and tlhe town also owns a hall that cost eight hundred dollars. There is also an Odd Fel 806 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. lows hall and dining room at Monroe Center that cost about twenty-five hundred dollars. PARADISE. Paradise township was organized by the board of supervisors in April, 1870. The, territory now embraced in the township is township 25 north, range io west, and the south half of township 26 north, range 10 west. The first supervisor was Thomas Wynkoop. There are three villages in the township, Mayfield, Kingsley and Summit, only one, however, Kingsley, being incorporated. All are located on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, and were started about the time the road was built. At a very early day Gibbs Brothers built a saw-mill at Mayfield, and later a grist-mill. The grist-mill was destroyed by fire some years since. The manufacture of lumber and shingles was carried on by the firm for many years extensively. About four years ago the firm was dissolved and the business went into the hands of James L. Gibbs, who continued it until his death, since which time it has been conducted by his widow, Mrs. Addie A. Gibbs. The saw-mill was destroyed by fire only a few months since. The population of the village does not now probably exceed one hundred. There is a Methodist Episcopal church located at this point. Summit, which is about nineteen miles southeast of Traverse City, has a population of about two hundred and fifty. The village has three general stores, one school building of two rooms, a Methodist Episcopal church, and a flouring-mill, with a capacity of thirtyfive barrels per day. There are nine school buildings, containing a total of twelve rooms, in the township of Paradise. KINGSLEY. The village of Kingsley was first laid out into lots by Mr. J. Kingsley from a portion of his homestead on section 8. Subsequently Dr. M. S. Brownson laid out lots on property adjoining on the west, which he recorded as the village of Paradise. In the year 1893 both plats were incorporated as the village of Kingsley, and in March, 1894, a charter election was held, at which A. G. Edwards was elected president. The village has a population of about eight hundred, located in the midst of a fine farming community. There are in the village five church buildings, viz: Baptist, Methodist Episcopal, German Lutheran, Free Methodist and the Church of the Latter-Day Saints. There are two saw-mills located within the village limits, that are doing a good business. One is owned and operated by Case & Crotser and the other by Wesley Dunn. Dr. M. S. Brownson owns and operates a flouring-mill, roller process, that has a capacity of seventy-five barrels per day. One of the important institutions of Kingsley is the Brownson sanitarium, a large three-story building erected several years years ago by Dr. Myron S. Brownson, and run by him, of late, with the assistance of his son, Dr. Jay J. Brownson. The building is fitted up with baths and all the necessary appliances for an institutiton of the kind, and is having a good patronage. There are three hotels in the village, the McCulley House, Cottage Hotel and Hotel Brownson. There are a number of general stores in the place, and the village, being in the midst of a good farming community, is a good market and shipping point for farm products,, especially potatoes. Kingsley has two weekly GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 807 newspapers, the Hustler and the Kingsley Echo. The Hustler was established in 1899 by Dr. M. S. Brownson. It is a six-column folio, devoted especially to local affairs and the interests of the village and county. It appears to be receiving a very good advertising patronage. The Echo was established in 1901. It is a six-column quarto, neatly printed and well filled with local news and advertising. It is also patronized to a considerable extent by Traverse City business men. Secret societies of the town are as follows: Otto Lodge No. 324, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, owns a hall of its own in the second story of a building on Brownson avenue, where it holds its meetings. Rebekah Lodge No. 363 holds its meetings in the same hall. Strict Account Tent No. 662, Knights of the Maccabees, iholds meetings on the first and third Saturldays of each month in a hall over L. D. Ensign's store. Kingsley Industrial Hive No. 416, Ladies of the Maccabees, meets in the same hall the second and fourth Saturdays of each month. Camp No. 6789, Modern \Woo(ldmen of America, meets every second and fourth Saturday in each month. FIFE LAKE. This townlship was organized by act of the legislature in the winter of 1873, and now embraces township 25 north, range 9 \\est. The first supervisor was J. D. Johnson. The village of Walton is located at the junction of the Traverse City branch of the (rand Rapids & Indiana Railroad with tlhe main line, on sectioni 33 of this township. It was located at the time of the building of the road and for a number of years was quite an important lumbering point. It is now a place of about one hundred and fifty inhabitants, and has a hotel, store and restaurant. The most important industry is the growing of cranberries by Hon. D. C. Leach, who has an extensive marsh under cultivation with this fruit. There are three school buildings in the township outside of the village of Fife Lake. FIFE LAKE VILLAGE. This village is located on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, and takes its name from the lake on the border of which it is built. It was incorporated in 1889 and has a population of about seven hundred and fifty. It was once a large manufacturing point of pine lumber, and is now a very important shipping point. There are three churches in the village, Catholic, Methodist Episcopal and Presbyterian. It has a graded school and a school building of four rooms, built at a cost of five thousand dollars. It has two hotels, the City Hotel and Fife Lake House, and a sawmill and a wood bowl and stave factory. It has a town hall, built at a cost of five hundred dollars, and an Odd Fellows lodge, a Good Templars lodge and a Grand Army post. It also has a live weekly newspaper, the Fife Lake Monitor. It is a neatly printed six-column quarto, in its twelfth year of publication. It is ably edited and published by Will A. Kent, and receives a good advertising patronage from the business men of Fife Lake, South Boardman, WXalton, Traverse City and Cadillac. 808 GRAND- TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. GARFIELD. The township of Garfield was organized by the board of supervisors in January, 1882, and now embraces the following described territory: The west half of section 4, except the southeast quarter of the northwest quarter, which belongs to Traverse City, and the west half of section 9, all of sections 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36, township 27 north, range II west; also section 6, except the north half of the northeast quarter, and all of sections 7, 8, 17 and 18, township 26 north of range Io west. The first supervisor was H. E. Steward. There are seven school buildings in the township and two churches, Methodist Episcopal and Evangelical Alliance. The dam and power-house of the Boardman River Electric Light and Power Company are located on the Boardman river in this township. It is an excellent township of farming and fruit lands. The celebrated fruit farm of the late Judge Ramsdell, and the market garden of the late James K. Gunton are located in this township, as well as many others. GREEN LAKE. The township of Green Lake was organized by the board of supervisors in January, 1883, and embraces all of township 26 north, range 12 west. The first supervisor was George H. Wightman. The village of Interlochen is located at the junction of the Pere Marquette and Manistee & Northeastern Railroads in the center of section 16. The village has a pop ulation of about six hundred and fifty. The most important industry of the village is the Wyley Cooperage Company, which operates an extensive stave and heading factory, giving employment to about one hundred hands. There is also a shingle-mill at Interlochen. There is also a hotel, general store, meat market, blacksmith shop and drug store. Besides the manufacturing at Interlochen there are two other saw-mills in the township, one, giving employment to from twelve to fifteen hands, one and one-half miles south of Grawn, and one a mile west of Grawn. There are six school buildings in the township, with seven rooms. UNION. The township of Union was organized by the board of supervisors in October, 1884, and embraces all of township 26 north, range 9 west. The first supervisor was Byron S. Shepard. There are no, villages in the township. The township is all embraced in one school district, in which there are located two school buildings. ACME. The township of Acme embraces the following territory: All of fractional township 28 north, range o1 west, the west half of sections 5, 8, 17 and 20, and all of sections 6, 7, 18 and 19, township 28 north, range 9 west, also sections I, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11 and 12, township 27 north, range Io west; also the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter, the west half of the northwest quarter, and the west half of the southwest quarter of section 5, all of sections 6 and 7, township 27 north, range 9 west. The township was organized by the board of supervisors GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 809 - -- --- in January, I89I, John Pulcipher being the first supervisor. There are three villages and postoffices in this township. Acme village is a station on the Pere Marquette Railroad, seven miles east of Traverse City. It was settled about 1855, and now has a saw-mill, a saw and planing-mill, a shingle-mill, a general store, a woolen-mill, blacksmith shop, etc. There are in the township three saw-mills and two shingle-mills. There is a town hall in this village, built at an expense of one thousand dollars, and also a Methodist Episcopal church and a Masonic lodge. The village has a population of about two hundred. Bates is a station in this township on the Pere Marquette Railroad, eleven miles east of Traverse City. It contains a general store, postoffice and a cold storage warehouse. A large amount of farm produce, especially potatoes and fruit, is shipped from this point. Yuba is a postoffice located eleven miles northeast of Traverse City on the wagon road leading from Traverse City to Elk Rapids. It is in the center of a flourishing farming community. It has a Methodist Episcopal and a Congregational church. There are in the township of Acme three public school buildings with a total of four rooms. CHAPTER XXVII. INCORPORATION OF TRAVERSE CITY. THE VILLAGE CORPORATION. The question of incorporating the village of Traverse City was agitated for two or three years, and finally, in the winter of 1881, a bill to this effect was passed by the legislature. The village corporation included only a portion of the present city, emlracing the following described.territory: Lots 3 and 4, section 2; lots I, 2, 3, 4 and 5, section 3; lots I and 2 and the southwest quarter of the northeast fractional quarter and the southeast quarter of section. 4; north half of the northeast quarter of section 9; lots I, 13, 14 and 15, of section 11, township 27 north, range i i west. The first charter election was held on the third Monday of April, 1881. At this election two hundred and twenty-nine votes were polled, and the following Citizens' ticket was elected: President, Perry Hannah; clerk, Thomas W. Browne; treasurer, AMyron E. Haskell; assessor, Henry D. Campbell; street commissioner, John Kelly; constable, William J. Moody; trustees, Smith Barnes, Seth C. Moffatt, Homer P. Daw, 310 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Joseph B. Haviland, James Lee, Joseph E. Greilick. After holding the office for a couple of months, Mr. Browne resigned the position of clerk and Harry C. Davis was appointed to the place, a position which he held continuously until the incorporation of the town as a city in 1895. During the existence of the village corporation Hon. Perry Hannah held the office of president, with the exception of one year, when the position was held by Dr. Benjamin D. Ashton. THE CITY INCORPORATION. At a public meeting of the citizens held in the latter part of the summer of 1894, it was decided that the time had come when the size of the town demanded a city government, and a committee of citizens was appointed to draft a charter to present to the legislature for that purpose. A good deal of time was spent in the work and a draft of a charter prepared, which was passed by the legislature, and approved May 18, 1895. The first election under the city charter was held September 23, 1895, and resulted in the choice of the following: Mayor, Perry Hannah; city clerk, A. W. Rickerd; city treasurer, Malcom Winnie; Alderman, B. J. Morgan, W. J. Hobbs, R. Goodrich, C. L. Greilick, W. W. Smith, W. A. Newton, P. Kyselka, C. D. Kenyon, George P. Garrison, A. W. Jaharaus Mr. Hannah held the office of mayor until May I, 1896, when he was succeeded by H. C. Davis, who held to May, 1897. He was followed by William W. Smith who held the office for two years. On May T, 1899, Frank Hamilton took the position, holding it until May I, 19oo, when he was succeeded by Alfred V. Friedrich, followed in 1901 by J. W. Patchin. O. P. Carver was elected in 1902, followed May I, 1903, by, John R. Santo. A. W. Rickerd held the office of city clerk from the first city election until May I, 190o, when he was succeeded by Charles M. Beers, who has held the position since. Malcom Winnie held the position of treasurer during Mr. Hannah's and the first year of Mr. Smith's administration, when he was succeeded by Peter Wurzburg, who held the place until May, 1903, when he was succeeded by Myron E. Haskell, the first village treasurer. TRAVERSE CITY FIRE DEPARTMENT. The Traverse City fire department dates back to the year 1877. March i6th of that year a meeting was held at Leach's hall for the purpose of effecting an organization. A few months prior to that time a fund had been raised by subscription, through the efforts of Smith Barnes, and two hand fire engines purchased. Two hose carts had also been ordered. At this meeting the Traverse City fire dlepartment was organized and officers elected as follows: Fire marshal, S. Barnes; assistant, H. 1). Campbell; chief engineer, V. V. Harvey; fire inspectors, S. C. Despres and John Stevenson. Officers for the engines "Wide Awake" and "Invincible" were also elected. With the introduction of the waterworks in 1881, with direct pressure taking the place of the hand engines, the system was fully inaugurated. About this time S. C. Despres was appointed to the position of fire chief, a p1lace that lie continued to fill for several years, until he was succeedled by John Rennie, the present incumbent. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 811 c--~---- I----~-~----' From the beginning the department has been kept up to the full requirements of the city, and Traverse City has today one of the best equipped and best handled and efficient fire departments of any city of its size in Michigan. The expense of running the department from April I, 1902, to April I, 1903, was $4,330.99. The total amount of property on hand belonging to the department April I, 1902, was $22,518.42. To this was added (luring the year ending April I, 1903, one hose and ladder wagon and five hundred and fifty feet of new hose, at a cost of $720.95, making the total amount of property on hand at the above date, which includes engine house and lot on Cass street, two fire steamers, one chemical engine, two combination hose and ladder wagons, four hose carts, four thousand nine hundred feet of hose, two pair of horses, and a large amount of other fixtures, $26,239.37. POLICE DEPARTMENT. Traverse City has a very efficient police department, although the force employed has never been large for the size of the place. The population of the city probably at the present time exceeds twelve thousand. The entire expense of the department for the year ending April I, 1903, including dray and hack hire, fuel, board of prisoners, painting jail, and miscellaneous items, was $2,870.27. CHAPTER XXVIII. LAND PRODUCTS. Pine timber first attracted the white settlers to Grand Traverse. Fortunately, however, while there was considerable excellent pine along the borders of Boardman river,;nd about some of the other streams and lakes, the great bulk of the county was thickly covered with hardwood timber, mostly beach and hard maple, interspersed with hemlock, basswood and elm, together with large tracts of cedar, growing upon tle lower grounds, which when cleared became the best of meadow land. In the early days the pine lands were sup posed to be the most valuable, but the opposite has proved to be the case. The hardwood timber is now as valuable as was the pine at the time it was cut, and the hardwood and cedar lands when cleared from timber are the most productive of farming and fruit lands. The hardwood industry is more vallablle than the pine ever was, although divided among a much greater number of people. Millions of feet are cut and manufactured into lumber and other articles every year and shipped away. In the meantime, with the removal of the 312 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. timber, farming and fruit growing have developed to a remarkable degree. In the line of fruit, apples, pears, plums, peaches, cherries and grapes are grown in abundance and find a market all over the country, apples being shipped to Europe. While wheat, oats and corn are grown and produce well, the soil appears to be esCHAPTE pecially adapted to the growing of potatoes of the highest quality, and for many years it has been the principal crop, millions of bushels being raised and niarketed every year. The sugar beet is now beginning to receive considerable attention, and promises to become a reliable and well paying crop. 'R XXIX. SUMMER RESORTS. With the completion of the railroad to Traverse City in 1872, or rather the summer following, the people began to visit Traverse City as a summer resort. With the extension of railroad and steamboat facilities the business has been growing ever since, until the whole of the Grand Traverse bay region, including Petoskey, Charlevoix and Mackinaw, has become a vast summer resort region, with Traverse City as one of the most important distributing points. Traverse City is of itself a favorite resort for a great many people. Park Place, the largest hotel in the city, is very popular with resorters and is well filled with them during the entire summer season. The Hotel Whiting and the Columbia are also well patronized by resorters. Edgewood is on the east shore of West Bay, three miles from Traverse City, on a beautiful drive. The resort consists of quite a number of nice cottages, and is very popular with those seeking a pleasant place of rest. Neahtawanta is ten miles north of Traverse City, occupying a point of land extending into the West Bay, north of Harbor Island, from the peninsula. Besides a large number of beautiful cottages, owned by Grand Rapids people and others, the Neahtawanta Association owns a large tract of land and a fine hotel, which is under the management of the association and is well patronized. The name, Neahtawanta, means placid waters, and the water deepens so gradually that it is an ideal place for children to bathe. The bay steamers "Columbia" and "'Crescent" stop each way in their trips up and down the bay, twice daily, besides which the drive between Traverse City and this point along the bay shore is a pleasant and popular one. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 318 Old Mission is also a popular resort, a number of Lansing and Ann Arbor people owning cottages and spending their summers there. The harbor at this point is well sheltered and forms one of the most desirable places for rowing in the region. Skegemog Point is a peninsula that is almost an island, between Elk and Round Lake. It is about eighteen miles from Traverse City and seven miles by steamer from Elk Rapids. This resort has been established but a short time, but there are already several nice cottages here. The fine fishing in the immediate vicinity tends to make the resort a popular one. Forest Lodge is a beautiful private resort, owned by Rockford, Chicago and Indiani"apolis people, who spend their summers here with their families every season. There are a number of fine and picturesque cottages. It is located about six miles west of Traverse City on the east shore of Long Lake, near the head. The resorts of Leelanaw county will receive due attention in another part of this book. CHAPTER XXX. EARLY PIONEERS. This chapter the author will devote to biographical sketches of some of the early pioneers who have crossed the river to the great beyond. The author greatly regrets that he cannot make these sketches much more complete. He believes, however, that such as they are they will be found interesting to the rising generation and those who shall come after. Edwin Pulcipher was born in Jefferson county, New York, in i8o6, and was married, in 1832, to Miss Matilda Watts, a native of the same county. They came to Grand Traverse in 1855, and settled on section 24, township 28 north, range ro, in what is now Acme township, where he located three hun dred and twenty acres of excellent land, which, with the assistance of his two sons, John and Harrison, he made into a very productive fruit and grass farm. He died August 16, 1884. Both of his sons survive him and are prosperous farmers of Acme township. Lyman Smith who was the first settler of Grand Traverse county, south of Traverse City, was born in Vermont in 1813. He came to Grand Traverse in 1853 and bought lands in section 30, town 26, range I I, and section 25, town 26, range 12. He settled on Silver Lake, where he also bought land, moving later upon the first mentioned purchase. For the first nine 314 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. --- months after they settled on Silver Lake Mrs. Smith saw but two white women. Neighbors they had none, being the only settlers between Traverse City and Big Prairie, Newaygo county, the next comer being Will-' iam Munroe, who settled at what is now Monroe Center, in 1859. In 1861 the family lost a child, Albert, three years old, stolen by the Indians, who was not recovered until several years after Mr. Smith's death, which occurred October 9, 1882. lie left a family of six children, the most of whom are residents of this region. The first trip of the family from Traverse City to Silver Lake was a two-days journey, as they were obliged to cut out a road or trail the distance they were obliged to go of eight miles. Joseph B. Haviland was one of the representative men of Grand Traverse county and an early settler of what is now Acme township. His death occurred December 19, 1881. He was born March 23, 1836, in Raisin, Lenawee county, Michigan, of Quaker parentage, and when a young lad took an active part in transferring negro slaves escaping from the south to Canada, from one station to another via the "underground railroad." The writer has heard him tell of starting from his father's place many a night after ten o'clock with a load of darkies that had been in hiding all the day previous in his father's barn, landing there from another station during the night previous, carrying them ten miles to the next station and returning home before daylight in order to avoid suspicion, as in those days it was a state prison offense to assist a fugitive slave to escape from his master. In March, 1859, Mr. Haviland married Adeline L. Hoxsie, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. L. S. Hoxsie, afterwards residents of this county. In 1864 Mr. Haviland removed to Acme, in company with his wife's parents, and always considered that his home, although for seven years before his death he lived in Traverse City, the better to attend to his duties as a county officer. In 1878 he was appointed state swamp land road commisioner for Michigan and held the office continuously until his death, an almost unexampled case in the official records of the state. In 1874 he was elected county clerk and register of deeds for Grand Traverse county, and in 188o he was elected for the fourth term to that position. He was an enthusiastic Mason and a prominent member of the Methodist Episcopal church. His widow, one son and two daughters survive him, all residents of Traverse City. Joseph E. Greilick, a native of Austria, was born September I, 1834, and came with his parents to New York city in 1848, and thence to Grand Traverse in 1854. After spending some years in carpenter work and other industrial engagements, he entered into the business of manufacturing sash, doors, blinds, mouldings, frames, dressed lumber, etc., in the spring of 1867, under the firm name of Greilick & Co., Hannah, Lay & Company being partners in the business. In 1879 Mr. Greilick bought out the interests of the other parties, and conducted the business on his own account, building up an extensive trade, which since his death, which occurred September 27, 1892, has been conducted by his wi!dow and two sons, under the name of the J. E. Greilick Company. The first regular physician to engage in practice in Grand Traverse was Dr. David C. Goodale, who, with his family, consisting of his wife, two daughters, Helen, afterwards Mrs. Thomas A. Hitchcock, and Agnes, and DR. M. L. LEACH MIICHAEL GAY MORGAN BATES REV. S. STEELE GRAND TRAVERSE AND one son, Charles, arrived at Traverse City in April, 1853, and was the first postmaster of the place. Dr. Goodale was born in Waybridge, Vermont, November Jo, 1809. In June, 1835, he graduated in the medical college at Castleton, which at that time stood in the front rank of the medical schools of the country. Soon after graduating he married Miss Charlott Isabelle Cheney, and commenced practice in Panton. He was for many years secretary of the Addison County Medical Society and took an honorable place in the ranks of the profession. During the political campaign of 1839-40 he published the Green Mountain Argus. He came west in 1852. On removing to Grand Traverse county he determined to give up practice, but the needs of the settlement induced him to reconsider his determination. For many years he was the only physician in the vicinity of Traverse City, until, in 1862, Dr. B. D. Ashton came. For several years the Doctor had charge of the Hannah, Lay & Company's boarding-house. Traverse City has for several years had free mail delivery, but as a matter of fact free delivery was put into successful operation by the first postmaster, Dr. D. C. Goodale, although it was not continued by subsequent postmasters. The Doctor had his office at his house. Mails came only once a week by Indian trail, overland by the way of Manistee, and the time of its arrival was quite uncertain, varying from a few hours to as many days, hence, while people were anxious to get their mail promptly, they could not figure closely when to go to the postoffice after it. So the Doctor, to accommodate the people,established free delivery and collection of mail matter. As soon as the mail was received and assorted the postmaster put on his overcoat, having large 19 LEELANA W COUNTIES. 815 pockets on either side, and placing the mail in one of them, started out on a trip about the village to deliver the same, visiting the store, mill and boarding-house for that purpose, and at the same time collecting letters to be sent away by the next mail out, which he placed in the other pocket of his coat. It was a very satisfactory arrangement and was fully appreciated by the patrons of the office. There are one or two incidents of the early days of interest to the younger readers of today, that may be related in connection with this sketch of the Doctor, that go to illustrate the character of the man and also the way the early settlers had of doing things. Notwithstanding the Doctor was a native of Vermont, in those days there were a good many Democrats and proslavery men in the Green Mountain state, and the Doctor was one of them. He considered that coaxing a negro to run away from his master was as great a crime as to steal and run off with a man's horse. Rev. George Thompson, a native of New Jersey, in his younger days taught school in the then slave-holding state of Missouri. He was an active abolitionist and considered it his duty to assist in any way possible the negroes to escape from their masters, a duty that he did not hesitate to put into practice, with the result that he was arrested, tried and convicted for stealing negroes, and sentenced to a term of years in the state prison of Missouri. After serving out his sentence he went as a missionary to the negroes in Africa, where he remained some three years. On his return home he brought back many curiosities from Africa and wrote a very full account of his work, which was published in a book entitled, "Palm Land." He also prepared a entertaining lecture upon Africa, which he 816 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. I delivered in many places throughout the northern states. Soon after the settlement of Benzonia by the Baileys in 1858, Rev. Thompson also became a resident of the new settlement. Among other places, he was quite anxious to deliver his lecture upon Africa before the people of Traverse City, and solicited the use of the school-house for that purpose from the Doctor, who was school director and as such had charge of the building. The Doctor at once and most emphatically refused, saying that no man who had served a term in prison for stealing (even if the property stolen was negroes) could have the school-house to deliver a lecture upon any subject, even if, as in this case, it had no reference to the institution of slavery. Personally the writer of this sketch was quite anxious to hear Mr. Thompson's lecture and:urged the Doctor to let him have the use of the house, as that was the only place in town where a meeting could, be held, but it was of 1no use and the lecture had to be given up. This action of the Doctor no doubt seems very strange to the people at the present day, but he was perfectly honest in his convictions and acted entirely conscientiously in the matter. His was by no means an isolated case; there were thousands of intelligent and well informed people of the North that felt just as he did. And yet notwithstanding his want of sympathy for the enslaved negro, he was one of the most benevolent and warm-hearted men the writer ever knew. The secret of the Doctor's proslavery views was that his love of country and of the union was greater than his love for the negro as a race. He feared that the success of abolition would result in the dissolution of the Union. That he had some grounds for his fears was abundantly proven by the terrible war that came on within a few months. The writer cannot forbear to give the sequel of this lecture incident. In the fall of the same year that the Doctor had refused the use of the school house to Mr. Thompson, when the time came about for holding the annual school meeting, the Doctor's term of office expired. There were present at that meeting only three persons: Hon. Perry Hannah, moderator; Dr. Goodale, director, and the writer, who did not hold any office. The assessor, Albert W. Bacon, was out of town. We thought we had an opportunity to score a point and proposed to the Doctor that we would nominate him for re-election as director if he would agree to let Rev. George Thompson have the use of the schoolhouse in which to deliver his lecture upon Africa. This the Doctor absolutely declined to do, but promptly made a counter proposition that if we would agree that the house should not be used by Mr. Thompson that he would nominate the writer for the office. This we declined to agree to, and we three sat there until after nine o'clock, waiting for some one to come in and break the deadlock. Nobody came, and finally the Doctor nominated himself for the office and the chairman supported the nomination. When the question was put the Doctor voted yes, and the writer voted no. The chairman, Mr. Hannah, broke the tie by voting yes, thus electing the Doctor. Only a few weeks after this the Doctor and his son-in-law, Thomas A. Hitchcock. removed with their families to Detroit and engaged in the hotel business, remaining several years, but afterward returning to Traverse City, where the Doctor died and where Mr. Hitchcock still lives. Within a week after the Doctor's removal to Detroit the GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 817 writer received a letter from Rev. George Thompson, asking him to secure the use of the school house for his lecture. Mr. H-annah and Mr. Bacon, the two remaining officers, were seen, their consent obtained and notices were immediately printed and circulated appointing a time for the lecture, which was delivered to a full house. The writer at once mailed one of the notices of the lecture to Doctor Goodale, at Detroit, who acknowledged its receipt and gracefully gave up beaten. The slavery question was effectually settled by the war, which was over before the Doctor's death, which occurred November 13, 1878. Rev. Merritt Bates was a twin brother of the late Hon. Morgan Bates, and father of Thomas T. Bates, publisher of the Grand Traverse Herald, and of the late Morgan Bates, author of several works, among the number a very popular book entitled, "Martin Brook." There were also two daughters. Merritt Bates was born in Queensbury, New York, July 12, 1806. He commenced his work as a minister in the Methodist Episcopal church in 1827, and became a member of the Troy (New York) conference, where lie devoted thirty-six years of his life. In 1863, at the earnest solicitation of his brother. he assumed a superanuated relation to his conference and came to Grand Traverse with his family and settled down upon a piece of heavily timbered but excellent farming land in what is now Garfield township, which in six years he made into one of the best farms in Grand Traverse county. He died August -'2, 1869. This sketch is brief, as the most of Mr. Bates'public life work was,done outsi(le of Michigan and before he became a resident of Grand Traverse county. Hon. Morgan Bates, founder of the Grand Traverse Herald, died at his residence in Traverse City, March 2, 1874, at the age of sixty-eight years. Mr. Bates, who was a twin brother of Rev. Merritt Bates, was born near Glens Falls, New York, July 12, I806. Soon after the death of his mother, which occurred when he was only seven years old, the subject went to Sandy Hill, New York, and became an apprentice to the printing business. How long a time he spent at Sandy Hill is not known to the writer, but after, leaving that place he worked as a journeyman printer in Albany, New York, and other places. In 1820, being then only twenty years old, he engaged in his first newspaper enterprise, starting a paper at Warren, Pennsylvania, called the Warren Gazette. While publishing the Gazette Horace Greeley worked for him as a journeyman printer. Just how long he published the Gazette is not a matter of record, but we find that in 1828 he took possession of the Chautauqua Republican, a paper published at Jamestown, New York. While residing in Jamestown he married Miss Janet Cook, of Argyle, New York. After publishing the Republican some two years, he removed to the city of New York and was employed in one of the large printing offices of that city. Not long after reaching the city he worked for Greeley as foreman, as Greeley had worked for him at Warren. While thus employed by Greeley he planned the typographical formn of the New Yorker, which Greeley, or Greeley & McElrath, soon after established, which was a wonderfully popular paper in its day. In 1836 Mr. Bates came to Detroit, then in the far west, and was employed as foreman in the office of the Detroit Advertiser. In 1836 he and George Dawson, later of the Albany Journal, 818 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. bought the Advertiser, and Mr. Bates continued to run it until 1844, in the meantime acquiring Mr. Dawson's interests. The Whig party, whose policy Mr. Bates had earnestly advocated, was defeated at the presidential election of that year, and the future of the party being anything but flattering, he sold the Advertiser, and retired from the publishing business. In 1849 Mr. Bates joined the army of gold seekers and went to California. Of course at that time he went by the way of Cape Horn. Two years afterwards he returned by the way of the Isthmus. But again in 1852, taking his wife with him, he sought the land of gold. Mrs. Bates' health failing, she returned in 1855 to her friends in Argyle and died on the 19th of July of that year. Mr. Bates remained a year longer in California. During his second sojourn in California he was for a year or more the sole owner and publisher of the Alta Californian, daily and weekly. Returning to Michigan in 1857, he accepted a position in the auditor-general's office at Lansing, wlhich he held until his removal to Traverse City. While residing in Lansing Mr. Bates married Clymeno C. Cole, whose active work in the organization of the Ladies' Library Association is mentioned elsewhere in this volume. She died in 1874. In 1858 Mr. Bates decided to try the newspaper business again, and this time selected about as new and wild a region as ever a printer ventured to try his fortune in. Traverse City was at that time scarcely a village. It was one hundred and fifty miles distant from any railroad, thirty miles from any regular steamboat route, and an hundred miles or more from even a backwoods stage route. His success in establishing his paper is given in the sketch of the Grand Traverse Herald, and need not be repeated here. Mr. Bates was selected four times as county treasurer of Grand Traverse, and when Abraham Lincoln was elected President he appointed Mr. Bates register of the United States land office at Traverse City. After Andrew Johnson became President, through the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Bates refused to "swing around the circle," and he was removed and Major Lyman G. Willcox appointed in his stead. Upon the election of President Grant, Mr. Bates was reappointed and continued to hold the position till his death. In 1868 Mr. Bates was elected to the office of lieutenantgovernor of Michigan, and was re-elected in 1870. He was remarkable for his energy and industry. He was a man of very positive convictions and a vigorous, although not a prolific, writer. He could say more with the fewest words than any man we ever knew, and was noted also for his shrewdness and business tact. With the Herald he did much to settle and develop the Grand Traverse region, and made a financial success in the conduct of his business affairs, leaving a good property at the time of his death. Among the pioneers of Grand Traverse few names are better known than that of Judge Jonathan G. Ramsdell. Judge Ramsdell's parents were natives of Massachusetts, who settled in Plymouth, Michigan, in 1827. The Judge, the third of four sons, was born January Io, 1830. His early life was divided between work on a farm and attendance at school. He attended the village academy at Northville and the academy at Plymouth, from which he went to Albion College. On returning from Albion he learned the trade of moulder and finisher. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 819 lie then took a course in a commercial college, and after graduating became a bookkeeper for a Cincinnati commission house, and later in banking houses in Detroit and Adrian. While at Adrian he commenced the study of law with the late Hon. Fernando C. Baeman. Close confinement and study, however, undermined his health, and he spent a winter in the lumber woods, cutting and skidding logs. In the spring he helped run the river and through the sumrner was a tail sawyer. The next winter he acted as head sawyer, and in the following spring, having regained his health, resumed the study of law with Judge Longyear, of Lansing. In 1857 he was admitted to the bar and was the same year appointed circuit court commissioner for Ingham county, by Governor Bingham. He was school inspector and chairman of the board in the township of Lansing, and was elected the first city clerk, holding the office one month, when he resigned upon his appointment as clerk of the supreme court at Lansing. This position he held until 1861, when he resigned to enter the Agricultural College as special lecturer on commercial customs and commercial law and bookkeeping. On the completion of that course he removed to Northport and, a few months later, to Traverse City. Mr. Ramsdell was married February 3, I861, to Mrs. Clara A. Phillips, of Lansing, and in the fall of 1861 they came on horseback down the shore of Lake Michigan to Frankfort, and across by trail (there were no roads in northern Michigan then) to Traverse City, arriving there in October, and going on down the bay to Northport. Soon after this the Judge bought from the government a tract of land just west of Traverse City, which under his cultivation he developed into the celebrated Ramsdell fruit farm. On the organization of the thirteenth judicial circuit Jonathan G. Ramsdell was elected circuit judge, and was re-elected at the next succeeding election, being succeeded for one term by Judge Ruben Hatch, during which time he was engaged in practice and in looking after his fruit farm. He was again elected at the end of six years, and served two more full terms, when he retired permanently from the bench, and spent the greater part of his time thereafter until his death, February 16, 1903, in looking after the interests of his farm. Judge Ramsdell was president of the Grand Traverse Union Agricultural Society, of the State Pomological Society, and of the West Michigan Agricultural and Industrial Society, of which latter he was a director; he was commissioner for Michigan to the American Pomological Society at Chicago in 1875, and to Boston in 1879, and a member of the Columbian fair committee for Michigan fruits. For many years he was chairman of the executive committee of the State Grange. Politically he was originally an abolitionist and subsequently a Republican, but became known as a Silver Republican in 1896, when he was the Democratic-Combination candidate for congress in the eleventh district, and was chairman of the Silver Republican convention at Kansas City in 1900. Later he was classed as a Democrat, and was nominated for lieutenant governor by the Democratic convention held at Detroit, July 25, 1900. The Judge did much in the development of the fruit interests of the Grand Traverse region. Henry D. Campbell.-David Campbell, from whom Henry D. is descended, came 820 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. from Scotland in 1628 and settled in New Hampshire. The parents of Henry D., Robert A. and Harriet E. (Hitchcock) Campbell, were farmers near Hogansburg, Franklin county, New York, where Henry D. was born March 11, 1831. He spent his youth and received his education in his native state. In November, 1852, he came to Traverse City and entered into the employ of Hannah, Lay & Company, with whom he remained for eight years. In 1860 he engaged in agriculture, clearing up a fine farm near Silver Lake, Garfield township, which he owned and managed at the time of his death. Soon after leaving the employ of Hannah, Lay & Company Mr. Campbell beca'me interested, in connection with his brother, Robert A. Campbell, in a stage line which they established, running from Big Rapids to Cheboygan and centering at Traverse City, it being managed by them until 1874. In 1873 Mr. Campbell built the Campbell House, now that part of Park Place hotel on the southeast corner of Park and State streets, which was then the largest hotel in this part of the state. This hotel he managed until 1878, when, on account of the ill health of his wife, he sold out. In 1881, under a franchise from the then village of Traverse City, he built and operated a water works plant, then one of the most modern in Michigan, having twelve miles of mains, which he sold to the city in 1900. In 1889 he installed, in connection with his water plant, an electric light plant, the first one in the city. This he sold in May, 19oo, and it was merged into and became a part of the Boardman River Electric Light and Power Company's plant. Mr. Campbell was treasurer of Grand Traverse county for eight years. He made the first settlement ever made between the county and the state. This was at a time when it required three weeks to make the journey to Lansing and back. He held the office of supervisor for ten or twelve years. In I880 he was elected judge of probate of Grand Traverse county and entered upon his duties as such the following January, in which capacity he continued to act for twelve successive years. On July 2, 1862, Mr. Campbell was married to Miss Catherine A. Carmichael, of Traverse City, who was born in Genesee county, New York, in July, 1839. The fruit of this marriage was four sons and a daughter: Donald F., Flora A., wife of J. W. Hobbs, Willard H., David R. and Wallie G. Judge Campbell died quite suddenly of heart failure February 4, 1902, and his son, Donald F., died equally as suddenly April 19th following. The other children and his widow survive him. Mr. Campbell was a Republican and always took an active part in politics. He was a member of the Masonic fraternity, including the Knight Templar degree. During his many years of active life in northern Michigan he left his mark upon the history of the Grand Traverse region that will never be effaced. Among the first farmers who came to this country was Elisha P. Ladd, a native of the state of New York. He arrived at Old Mission May 19, 1853, and located between two and three miles southwest of the harbor. At that time the little grain that was raised was ground at a mill owned by Andrew Porter, on Little Traverse Bay, near where Petoskey now stands. Going to a mill in an open boat a distance of fifty miles late in the season, exposed to sudden storms and tossed about by the fury of the waves, was no small undertaking. At one time GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 321 Mr. Ladd embarked on the 3d of December with a grist, and with difficulty succeeded in reaching his destination, but he was detained by severe weather and storms at the mill until the 1st of January, when the bay froze over and he was compelled to return home on foot over the trail, leaving his grist behind. This is mentioned as only one of the many annoyances and difficulties under which the early pioneers labored in their efforts to plant settlements and cultivate farms in the wilderness. Mr. Ladd, however, lived to see his efforts crowned with success. During his lifetime the wilderness become thickly settled with prosperous farmers and immense orchards took the place of the forests of beech, maple and elm timber, he himself contributing not a little to that result. Mr. Ladd was a man of liberal education and was prominent in public affairs. He was many times elected supervisor of his township, and held the office of county superintendent of public schools six years. Mrs. Ladd, who came to the country with her husband, died in 1890 at the age of sixty-four. Mr. Ladd died only a few years since. Among his children is Elmer O. Ladd, a prosperous farmer of Peninsula, who was born in that township, and has held the office of register of deeds for Grand Traverse county four years. Joseph Sours was a native of the state of New York, born July 4, 1820. He first came to Michigan in 1843 and settled in the southern part of the state. He came to Grand Traverse in August, 1855, being one of the first settlers in Whitewater township. He located on section 4, where he made one of the finest fruit, grass and grain farms in the region. Mr. Sours was married in 1848 to Mary V. Lowell, a native of Chautauqua county, New York. They had five children, four of whom are living. Lowell, the eldest, whose farm adjoins that cleared up by his father, was born in Battle Creek in 1852 and was married in the fall of i88o, to Emma Sherman. Mr. Sours died in 1897, while his widow is still living with her son Frank on the old homestead. Thomas Morgan Wynkoop was born in Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, April 22, 1820, of sturdy Dutch parentage. His father paid for two hundred acres of land, which has since proven to be the richest coal field in the United States, but was defrauded of it by being unacquainted with the state law, which allowed two places of record of deeds, and was left penniless. The family removed to the then wilderness of western New York, where Thomas suffered all the privations of the early pioneer, being obliged to go barefoot until ten years of age. He had the privilege of only three months of school, yet he supplemented this with fireside study sufficient to get a certificate and teach school. After helping to build a comfortable home for his parents in Niagara county, New York, and clearing a farm of sixty acres for himself, he sold this farm and engaged in the mercantile business. Not succeeding in this, he sold his store and removed with his wife, whom he had recently married, and whose maiden name was Kingsley, to Sycamore, Illinois, and located on the prairie. Being a born child of the woods and of the romantic and somewhat poetical nature, he soon tired of the monotony of the prairie, with its cheerless expanse of grass and sky, and its sweeping winter blizzards. He came to the north woods in July, 1864, and located a homestead in section 4, township 25 north, range T1o west, 822 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. and brought his family in November of the same year to the Grand Traverse region, where he resided until his death, September 17, 1901. His was the first homestead entered in the township, which he afterward named Paradise. He always took an active part in public affairs, holding the office of supervisor in DeKalb township, Illinois, and serving seven years in Paradise in the same capacity, declining then to accept it longer. Mr. Wynkoop was a reader and a thinker, and always had implicit faith in the future of this country. He gladly endured the hardships incident to the life of the early settler, always helping to bear the burdens of his less fortunate neighbors. He loved justice and right for its own sake and weighed all questions on the broad plane of reason. Devoid of superstitions, his mind was ever serene, always looking on the bright side. He was familiar with the leading writers, especially the poets, at one time being able to repeat nearly the whole of Burns' poems from memory. He wrote several touching ballads, the sentiments of which are pure and ennobling. His biography of "Old Nick" and his "Heaven is Where We Make It," "Seek Knowledge" and "The Better Creed" express in plain but eloquent language the leading characteristics of his life. William H. C. Mitchell was born at Mount Perry, Ohio, May 30, 1825. His education was received in the district schools of Lima, Ohio. He was in direct descent from George Mitchell, who came from Scotland in 1759 and settled in York county, Pennsylvania. His mother, Maria D. Bentley, was from Winchester, Virginia. His parents moved to Lima, Ohio, in 1831, being the second family to settle there. In 1843 Mr. Mitchell was sent to Urbana, Ohio, to learn the trade of tinsmith, and served three years, working the first year for his board, and receiving' four dollars and six dollars per month respectively for the second and third years. In the spring of 1846 he started out as a journeyman tinner and was in New Orleans when the Mexican war was in progress, and tried to enlist in an Ohio regiment when in that city on its way to the front. In the spring of 1849 he joined the procession that marched across the plains to California, attracted by the gold discoveries, being the first of the memorable migration from the states to the Pacific coast. He arrived in Sacramento August 17, 1849, and worked at mining and at his trade until 1851 in Coloma, when he begun buying cattle and hogs. He bought his hogs in Oregon and shipped them to Sacramento and drove them from there to Placerville (then called Hangtown), where he had his headquarters. He was successful in the venture, and in June, 1853, he returned to Ohio by the Central American route. He built a grist-mill in Lima and soon after became engaged in the manufacture of sash, blinds and furniture. In 1866 he removed to Traverse City, where he resided until his death, February I I, 1901. Here, at the head of East Bay, he engaged in the manufacture of lumber, with his partner, Morris Mahan, who died in 1883 and who had been associated with him since they crossed the plains in 1849. In 1893 the business was merged into a company incorporated as the East Bay Lumber Company, of which Mr. Mitchell was secretary and treasurer from its organization until his death. Since the death of Mr. Mahan his children have been interested in the business, and since the death of Mr. Mitchell his son Will GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 828 iam has taken his place as secretary and treasurer of the company. Mr. Mitchell's political life will be a reminiscence to some persons now living who were in active life during the decade of 1850. His first public office was that of village trustee at Lima, in 1847. He was a candidate for township clerk in 1857 on the American or KnowNothing ticket. He was a delegate to the national convention of that party at Philadelphia, February 22, 1856, which nominated ex-President Fillmore for president and Andrew J. Donelson, of Tennessee, for vicepresident. After that campaign he became a Republican and was an active member of that party until the end of his life. He was a delegate to the national convention in 1876 which nominated Rutherford B. Hayes for president, and attended every Republican national convention since, including that which nominated McKinley and Roosevelt. He was receiver of the United States land office at Reed City, from 1878 to 1887, when it was consolidated with the office at Grayling. He served two terms as representative in the state legislature, 1867-70 and in 1871-2, and two terms as senator, 1873-4 and 1875-6. He held various local offices, including justice of the peace for fourteen years, school inspector, member of board of review and township treasurer. Mr. Mitchell was married, in 1852, at Lima, Ohio, to Miss Isabella Milligan, a daughter of Thomas Milligan. They had two daughters and two sons, all of whom are living with the exception of the eldest daughter. Mrs. Mitchell is also still living. John Francis Grant was born in England in 1821 and his occupation from boyhood was bookkeeping. He was married, January 9, 1849, to Maria Woodhams, of Bucking hamshire, England, and the same year emigrated with his wife to Brooklyn, New York, where they resided eight years, he being employed as bookkeeper. In 1856 he moved to Lansing, Michigan, and thence to Muskegon, where he remained one year, and came to Traverse City ini 1857. Here he entered into the employ of Hannah, Lay & Company, as bookkeeper, remaining with the firm until his death, March 16, 1883. Soon after coming to Grand Traverse he bought of the government two hundred acres of land in sections 8 and 9, Garfield township, where he resided with his family for the last twenty years of his life. The family of Mr. Grant consisted of himself, wife and five children, three sons and two daughters, all of whom survive him, Mrs. Grant living in Traverse City and the others in the vicinity. James Lee was born in England, March 0o, 1816. He came to Detroit, Michigan, in June, 1832, and remained in that vicinity until 1858, when he removed to Leelanaw county and purchased a farm in what is now the township of Bingham, which he cleared up and made for himself and family a beautiful home in the waving forest. He was among the first to plant fruit trees in that part of the county and was also one of the first to introduce sheep. Mr. Lee was married, in 1839, to Miss Jane Ackley, also, a native of England, who died in 1873. While living in Bingham Mr. Lee served seven years as supervisor of the township, twelve years as justice of the peace, ten or twelve years as highway commissioner, six years as school inspector, and also held various other offices. In 1875 he was elected a member of the state legislature, and was re-elected in 1877. Soon after this he retired from active farm work and removed to Traverse City, where he re 824 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. mained until his death, October 11, 1888. In Traverse City he served as highway commissioner, justice of the peace and member of the village council. Two children survive him, John A. Lee, a prosperous farmer of Leelanaw county, and Miss Sarah Lee, who lives in a beautiful residence on the comer of Ninth and Union streets, Traverse City. Smith Barnes, deceased, was one of the prominent and respected citizens of Traverse City. He was a gentleman of wide experience and unusual financial ability, and the success of the mammoth mercantile concern with which he was long identified is largely attributed to his keen judgment and able management. He was secretary, treasurer and general manager of the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company. He was born in Madison county, New York, and died June 19, 1891. He was the only son of Ro'swell and Maria (Adams) Barnes. The former was also an only son, and as the subject of this sketch had no children, his branch of the family terminated with his death. Five years of his boyhood were passed in Livingston county, Michigan, after which he resided in Oakland county six years and for twelve years in Port Huron, Michigan. From 1836 until his death his home was uninterruptedly in Michigan, and his own history was interwoven with the development of the state. In i86o Mr. Barnes came to Traverse City and obtained employment with Hannah, Lay & Company, taking sole charge of their mercantile business. During the first year, in company with one clerk, he made all the sales, amounting to about sixteen thousand dollars. He continued to manage the business until 1881, when the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company was incorporated, of which he became a large stockholder and general manager, which position he held until his death. He took great interest in local affairs, and especially in; providing fire protection for the then small village, and it was largely through his efforts that the first attempt to organize a fire department was made, which resulted in planting the seed of what has grown to be one of the best equipped fire departments possessed by any city of its size in the state. In 1852 Mr. Barnes married Miss Lucinda M. Hart, whose death occurred in 1870. The following year he married Miss Catharine K. Clarke, of Geneva, New York, who still makes her home in: Traverse City. Mrs. Barnes is a native of Buffalo, New York, and is a daughter of Grosvenor and Christine (Kip) Clarke. She received a good education and is a lady of culture and refinement. Extensive travel in Europe as well as in all parts of our own country tended to make Mr. Barnes what all his friends found him, a courteous, polished gentleman and an'interesting and entertaining conversationalist. In politics he was a Republican., but never an office-seeker. Reuben Goodrich came from a remarkable family and an illustrious ancestry, whose lineage is traced back many generations to the owners of Goodrich Castle, in England, the old feudal home of the Goodrich race. The castle dates back to 1204. The branch of the family from which the subject of this sketch descended emigrated to Connecticut in 1639. Levi Hamilton Goodrich, the father of Reuben Goodrich. was a native of Old Hadley, Massachusetts. He had eight children, of whom Reuben, the subject of this sketch, was the youngest. The latter was born in Clarence, Erie county, New York, June 28, 1819, and was reared GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 826 on the home farm, having limited opportunities for gaining an education. In boyhood he worked hard, handling logs, driving ox teams and performing the various duties incident to farm life in those days. At the age of seventeen he removed to Michigan, and remained a resident of the state until his death. The Goodrich family settled in Genesee county, Michigan, in 1836, where they purchased eleven hundred acres of land, the village of Goodrich now standing on a part of the purchase. In 1845 the brothers Enos and Reuben Goodrich built the Goodrich Flouring Mill, which was run by water power. They succeeded in establishing a large trade and excellent credit. While the brothers were thus engaged the state banking law went into effect, and the so-called "wildcat money" was issued. The law required that the issue must be secured by onethird the amount of issue in specie; that is, they must have one-third as much specie as they issued paper, and the county judge and clerk, with the sheriff, were to count the same and certify to the fact. It so happened that the same specie was used for the establishment of many different banks, and the security being thus found insufficient, the law was amended, requiring real estate security to the full amount of issue. Under the latter law the Goodrich brothers concluded to establish a bank, and made a mortgage of real estate to the state of Michigan for that purpose. They opened the bank, but soon the banks began to fail and were looked upon with disfavor, which caused them to call in the issue, pay up all claims and wind up the bank. The banks were all required to pay a specific state tax of one per cent, upon their capital stock, and Reuben took the necessary specie, fifty dollars, in a canvas bag to Gov ernor Mason, who was greatly surprised, and inquired if the folks at Goodrich were crazy, adding that it was the only bank in the state that had paid the specific tax. The crisis of 1857 swept over the land and the most of the hard earnings of twenty years were lost. Mr. Goodrich was twice honored by election to the state legislature, being in 1854 elected from Genesee county to the senate, where he was associated with such men as Austin Blair, George Jerome and 0. D. Conger. The next two years he represented the first district of Genesee county in the house of representatives, and took an active part in electing Zachariah Chandler to his first term as United States senator. In his public life the labors of Mr. Goodrich were characterized by the same energy that marked his business career in his early days. At that time one of the most momentous questions the legislature had to deal with was the disposal of about eight million acres of swamp lands, in which Grand Traverse county, in common with all the northern counties, was greatly interested. Assuming the ground that these lands were granted by the general government and accepted by the state on the specific condition that they or their proceeds should be expended for the purpose of drainage, until, in the language of the grant, they were rendered "fit for cultivation," he became one of the foremost in the band of northern statesmen who battled against the fearful odds of the older counties, that were determined to disregard the obligations of the grant, and throw into all sorts of pet educational schemes the whole bequest. Such an act would have been a palpable breach of trust and an injustice to the northern counties, and yet it was advocated at the start by overwhelming numbers from the populous 826 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. southern- counties, and, in spite of the best efforts of the defenders of the rights of the northern counties, one-half of these lands were taken from one trust fund, where a sacred compact had placed them, and transferred to the school fund, where the plausible plea of popular education had secured them. In i86o Mr. Goodrich came to Traverse City to look after his landed interests. The following year President Lincoln appointed him receiver of the United States land office, but President Johnson removed him. Later he was re-appointed by President Grant, holding the position for nine years altogether. In the organization of new townships and the establishing and upbuilding of roads Mr. Goodrich always took an active part. It was under his supervision as highway commissioner that the stumps were cleared out of Front street, Traverse City. It was said of him that he never traveled through the woods in any direction or for any purpose that he (lid not have an eye out to note any place where a road could be laid out to advantage. He was one of the three members of the state highway commission selected by the governor to prepare an amendment to the state constitution, providing for a county road system, which was adopted by the legislature, also by the popular vote at the state election in 1893. He served as highway commissioner of Traverse township for twentythree years. He also served repeatedly upon the board of education, and was a member of the city council at the time of his death, January 8, 1899. Mr. Goodrich was married, in 185D, to Miss Eliza J. Eastman. Four children were born to themi, two girls and two boys. Clara, one of the daughters, is the wife of C. B. Atwood, now living in California. Frank is married and lives in Tray erse City. The otheir son and daughter are dead. Mrs. Goodrich still survives and lives with her (laughter Clara. Mr. Goodrich was truly one of the active pioneers of Grand Traverse who did much to improve and develop it. Seth C. Moffatt was born in Battle Creek, Michigan, August I, 1841. He received a common school education there, and removed, in the fall of I858, with his parents, to Colon, St. Joseph c ounty, where he spent two years as a teacher in the seminary. H-e graduated from the law department of the Michigan University in 1863. After graduation he entered the law office of Hon. Byron D. Ball, at Grand Rapids. In the spring of 1864 he removed to Lyons and began the practice of law. From there he went to Northport, Leelanaw county, in the fall of i866. He was at once elected prosecuting attorney for that county and reelected in I868. In 1870 he was elected state senator from the thirty-first district, and served through the regular and extra sessions of I87I-2. He was appointed a member of the constitutional commission of 1873. In the spring of 1874 he was appointed register of the United States land office at Traverse City, and held the office 9 until its removal to Reed City in I878. In that year he was elected prosecuting attorney of Grand Traverse county. Having been elected representative in the state legislature in i 88o, his name was at once mentioned in connection with the speakership, to which responsible position he was elected from among several prominent and capable candidates. In 1884 he was elected to congress from the eleventh dlistrict, and with such success and satisfaction did he serve his constituents that he was re-elected in 1886, but / K GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 827 before the commencement of his second term he died at Washington, December 22, I886. Mr. Moffatt was married, in October, 1864, to Miss Emma R. Linnell, who was born in Wisconsin, her parents having removed to that state from New York. She is a lady of intelligence and refinement, and was a helpmate and confidant of her husband in all his undertakings. Their children, four in number, were Orlando C., now married and living in Traverse City, state senator from this district; Henry, who died at fifteen years of age; Lucius, who died at the age of eighteen, and Edna, who is living with her mother in a pleasant home in Traverse City. Mr. Moffatt was a Republican in politics, and was recognized as one of the most able leaders of his party. Samuel K. Northam, one of the very early pioneers of Grand Traverse, was born in Williamstown, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, December 11, 1824. When fifteen years of age he came to Michigan. In 1847, in company with his brother-in-law, the late Abram S. Wadsworth, and the latter's family, comprising his wife and two children, they left Detroit on a propeller bound for Mackinaw. From the straits they proceeded on their journey in a schooner as far as Cross Village, where, while waiting for a storm to subside, they camped several days on the beach. After the winds had abated they set out in a small boat for Old Mission, and at Middle Village again went into camp, waiting for two days on account of rain. Their next stop was made at Little Traverse, where they hoped to obtain provisions from the Indians, but they succeeded only in securing a few potatoes and a single loaf of bread. The little party had lived on fish until they could no longer bear the food, and 'the children, especially, suffered for want of their accustomed diet. After leaving Little Traverse they were favored with pleasant weather, but the last day they were on the bay the water was rough, and they feared to cross from the eastern shore to Old Mission. Seeing smoke on the shore near Elk River, they steered in that direction, and found some Indians with a seaworthy boat, who were about to cross the bay. Mrs. Wadsworth and her children were placed in the Indians' boat, which was navigated by her husband and one of the Indians, while Mr. Northam and the other Indians occupied the small boat. In a short time they were safely landed at Old Mission, on the I6th of August, 1847. After reaching Old Mission, Mr. Northam worked for some time with the Indians, after which he went to the present site of Elk Rapids, which was then a wilderness. Here, hewing out some boards, he built a rude shelter, in which Mr. Wadsworth and family, as well as himself, took up their abode until a log cabin could be constructed. The latter was placed on the present site of the town hall, and, as far as known, was the first dwelling erected by a white man in that section, except that erected by Rev. Peter Dougherty and abandoned some years previous, as mentioned in another place in this volume. In order to buy some of the actual necessities of life, Mr. Northam, assisted by some Indians, peeled a quantity of hemlock bark, which 'they shipped to Racine, Wisconsin. It would take a volume to give in detail the many adventures and experiences, both pleasant and otherwise, which fell to the lot of Mr. Northam. At Elk Rapids he, in connection with Mr. Wadsworth, erected a shingle-mill. The Indians were peaceable and were valu 828 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. able allies of the early pioneers, and helped in the building of this mill. In 1853 a portion of the water power at Elk Rapids passed into the hands of M. Craw & Company, who built a saw-mill, that three years later became the property of Dexter & Noble. Mr. Northam had charge of this mill from the time of its erection and supervised the lumbering operations of the firm until 1870, when he came to Traverse City, where for several years he was engaged in successful and extensive lumbering. He also bought an interest in a hardware store, and when five years had passed, purchased the whole concern, which has been under the immediate management of A. H. Perry, husband of a niece of Mr. Northam. Mr. Northam was a very quiet, unassuming gentleman, but an excellent business man, and succeeded in accumulating a very comfortable fortune with very little stir or bluster. Mr. Northam never married and he died in Traverse City June 23, 1903. OTHER DECEASED PIONEERS. In addition to the pioneers of Grand Traverse county already mentioned who are deceased, the following may be mentioned as among the number of those who first settled in the county, very many of whose descendants are either prominent farmers and fruit growers or business men of the county. John Wilhelm was born in Austria, May 16, 1846, and emigrated to the United States with his parents in the fall of 1852, landing in New York city, where he remained some six years. He came to Traverse City in the summer of 1858 and assisted his father to clear up his farm in Garfield township until 1866, when he entered the employ of Hannah, Lay & Company, and continued until 1870. He then engaged for two years in the manufacture and sale of furniture. He afterwards conducted for several years a dry goods and merchant clothing store, and subsequently built, in connection with the firm of Wilhelm, Bartak & Company, the City Opera House block, and owned an interest in the same at the time of his death. He held the office of director of the poor of Traverse City for several years and also the office of supervisor of his ward, both of which he managed to the entire satisfaction of the people. John D. Billings, a native of Maine, under whose management the Park Place Hotel became the most popular public house in northern Michigan, came to Traverse City with his family in 1879 and for many years conducted the Park Place Hotel. His widow, a son, Ervin C. Billings, and daughter, Bertie, survive him. Mrs. Billings owns a pleasant cottage at Elmwood, where she spends her summers. Her son and daughter are with her a part of the time. Wolcott F. Griffin, a native of the state of New York, came to Traverse City in 1876, where, after spending a short time in the grocery business, he engaged in real estate transactions. He platted Fernwood, second Fernwood, Oakwood, Winnie & Griffin's additions to Traverse City, and also that of Oak Park. William Fowle was born in England in 1833, and came to Traverse City in June, 1854. He was for some time engaged as baker in the boarding house of Hannah, Lay & Company, and later was at various times cook in their lumber camps. In May, 1857, he took the Front Street House and ran it some three years as the Traverse City GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 829 House. He was for three seasons cook on the ill-fated steamer "Sunny Side," and was on board when she was wrecked at the mouth of Pine river in the fall of 1867. In the spring of 1868 he resumed charge of Hannah, Lay & Company's boarding house, and continued until 1874, when he rented the building and conducted it on his own account for several years as the Bay House. Later he moved to Grand Rapids, where he died less than two years since. At the time of his death he owned considerable property in Traverse City and a farm of one hundred and twenty acres in Elmwood. John Black, one of the very early settlers of the region, was a native of Scotland, born in 1827. He came to Canada with his parents in 1835 and moved to Wisconsin in 185oo, and soon after to Manistee, Michigan. In the spring of 1851i he came to Traverse City and was engaged in the lumber business until 1858, when he bought one hundred and sixty acres of land on section 30, township 27, range Io, where he resided and carried on farming operations until his death. He was married, in 1853, to Harriet A. Scofield, a native of New York, who died in 1862. They had three sons and one daughter. He was married a second time, in 1865, to Helen McFarland, of Canada, who survives him and by whom he had one child. A. K. Fairbanks was a native of the state of New York. He came to Grand Traverse county in 1I861 and located a farm in Whitewater township that he cleared up and occupied until his death. Hie was twice married. His first wife's maiden name was Mary Thompson, who d(lied in 1855, leaving one daughter. In 1859 he married Emeline Eastman, a native of New York, by whom he had one son, Andrew. After his arrival and settlement in Whitewater Mr. Fairbanks was engaged in trapping for about two years and thus acquired a thorough acquaintance with the country, and aided new settlers very much in the selection of lands. In April, 1865, Mr. Fairbanks was in the office of the Traverse Bay Eagle when the first number of the paper went to press, and became the first subscriber to that paper, taking the first number of the paper off the press home with him. He remained a continuous subscriber until his.death, some thirty-six years afterwards. Jared W. Arnold, who at the time of his death was a farmer of Acme township, was a native of Rhode Island, who moved with his parents to New York and afterwards to Washtenaw county, Michigan, where he lived until 1854, when he came to the Grand Traverse region in company with the writer and worked for Dexter & Noble in a sawmill until 1868. He then bought the farm upon which he died. He was married, January 29, 1865, to Amelia L. Langworthy, and they had two sons and two daughters. William P. Deyoe, who was born in Columbia county, New York, in 18oo, was one of the early settlers in Mayfield township, locating upon a homestead there in 1863. He cleared up and made for himself and family one of the finest farms in the township, upon which he lived for twenty years, when, becoming feeble with age, he moved into Kingsley village in 1883, where he died, a highly respected citizen, several years ago. HISTORY OF LEELANAW COUNTY., MICHIGAN CHAPTER I. PHYSICAL FEATURES. Leelanaw county, with the exception of the North and South Manitou and the North and South Fox islands, which have been attached to the county since its organization, lies wholly between Grand Traverse bay and Lake Michigan. It is bounded on the south by Grand Traverse and Benzie counties. The islands just mentioned, which now constitute a part of the county, lie to the west and northwest of the mainland in Lake Michigan. It is of an irregular, triangular shape. Its greatest length from north to south is about thirty-five miles, and its greatest width on the southern boundary is twenty-two miles. It has a shore line on Grand Traverse bay and Lake Michigan, exclusive of its islands, of more than one hundred miles. There are several lakes within its territory, the most important of which are Glen lake and Carp lake, the latter of which is fifteen miles in length, measuring in a straight line, but considerably 20 more than that if measured by the crooks of the channel. The outlet of this lake is Carp river. At the south end of the lake it is a little more than three miles from Grand Traverse bay, while its north end reaches to within half a mile of Lake Michigan. Glen lake lies within a mile of Lake Michigan, into which it outlets. It covers about one-sixth of a township. The surface of the country is high and rolling, and it was originally heavily timbered. The soil presents the usual variety of the Grand Traverse region. The topography of Leelanaw county is thus described by Professor Winchell: "Some parts of the county present hills of formidable magnitude. Most of the northern part of the triangle is decidedly rough. The ridge of land separating Carp lake from Sutton's bay attains an elevation of nearly four hundred feet above the bay. The slopes, however, are passable for loaded wagons. 882 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. C~IIII~IIII---~------------_c__-- Carp lake is a beautiful sheet of pure water, resting in the bosom of the hills, which, with their rounded, forest-covered forms, furnish a setting of surpassing loveliness. Except for a short space on the east side, south of the Narrows, the shores of the lake are occupied by dry and arable land. The region between Glen Arbor and Traverse City is substantially an undulating plateau, lying at an elevation of about three hundred feet above the lake. Glen Lake is surrounded by hills, which attain an elevation of two hundred to four hundred feet. North Unity is a bold bluff of clay and sand, formed by the wasting of the lakeward-side of a prominent hill by the action of the waves. Sleeping Bear Point is an enormous pile of gravel, clay and sand which has been worn away on its exposed borders till the lakeward face presents a precipitous slope rising from the waters to an elevation of five hundred feet and forming with the horizon an angle of fifty degrees. Back from the face of the bluff is an undulating plateau of clay, pebbles and sand, covering an area of six or eight square miles, over which the only signs of vegetation are a few tufts of brown, coarse grass with scattered clumps of dwarfed and gnarley specimens of balm of gilead-a miniature desert, lying three hundred and eighty feet above the lake. Across this waste of sand and clay the wind sweeps almost incessantly, sometimes with relentless fury, driving pebbles and sand into the shelter of neighboring forests and causing the stunted poplars to shrink away in terror at its violence. The pelting sand has polished the exposed surfaces of the larger fragments of rocks to such an extent that they reflect the sunlight like a mirror. Their surfaces are sometimes Worked into furrows, pits and grotesque inequalities in consequence of the unequal hardness of different portions of the stone. The 'Bear' proper is an isolated mound rising an hundred feet above this desolated plateau and singularly covered with evergreens and other trees, presenting from the lake the dark appearance which suggested to the early navigators the idea of a bear in repose. Empire bluff, six miles further south, presents a section of another hill, which attains an altitude of nearly four hundred feet." From an eminence about four hundred feet high, two or three miles inland from Glen Arbor, on the northeast side of Glen lake, can be seen one of the most varied and beautiful landscapes to be witnessed in any country, and one which is well worth the pencil of an artist. The view is towards the west, and it should be taken when the sky is clear and the atmosphere is pervaded with that softening haze which fuses the sharper angles of the landscape and throws over it a thin veil of inscrutable vagueness. From our hill summit we look down on the tops of the trees which cover the plain immediately fronting us. On the left is a portion of Glen lake, its nearer shore concealed by the forest and the remoter one exposing a white pebbly margin, from which the verdant hills beyond rise hundreds of feet above the watery mirror in which their forms are so clearly fashioned. In front of us the green hills separate Glen lake from Lake Michigan and conceal from view the desert sand fields of Sleeping Bear. Not completely, however, for the naked and glistening flanks of the northern slope stretch beyond the forest-covered ridge and embrace the placid harbor, which struggles through the intercepting foliage and blends with the boundless expanse of the GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 888 -- great lake, still beyond. Farther off, in the midst of water, rises the green outline of the South Manitou island, bearing on its head a glistening cap of sand. Still farther to the north rises the form of the North Manitou, which seems trying to hide itself behind the towering bluff of North Unity, that guards the entrance to the harbor from the north. Two little lakes nestle in the rich woodland lhat spreads its verdure between us and the harbor, screening themselves like wood nymphs behind the thick foliage which half conceals their charms. It is doubtful whether a scene superior to this one exists in the country. Another enchanting view is obtained from the bluff at Omena. From this point the beholder has an exquisite view of Grand Traverse bay, with its eastern and western arms dissolving in smoke in the dim distance, and the broad lake seen through the mouth of the bay sinking beneath the northern horizon. An emerald fringe of forest skirts the opposite shore; the softened outlines of the peninsula emerge from the misty embrace of the two arms of the bay, and all around the framework of this scene loom from the background the purple hilltops looking perpetually down upon the picture. CHAPTER II. FIRST SETTLEMENTS. Until 1847 the beautiful peninsula now known as Leelanaw county was practically a terra incognita, here and there along its western shore, where its precipitous bluffs tower above the blue waters of Lake Michigan, nestled a few Indian villages, whose inlhabitants hunted and tshed, and planted their small clearings during the summer, closing their lodges when the rigors of winter approached and going south to the Kalamazoo river to pass the winter months. But three miles divided them from lovely Grand Traverse bay on the east, but it took many weary miles of canoe travel to follow the coast from the inland lake, now known as Carp lake, at Leland, around the point where Cat-head Light sends. forth its glow to light the vessels' path, and still farther, where the long point of the peninsula winds around like the convolutions of a shell to form the quiet harbor of Northport, that haven of the storm-tossed mariner. Then no light shone over the dark waters that beat upon that dangerous coast, where the Indians saw the great Cat's Head resting on the outstretched paws as it lay waiting for its prey. No steamers plowed their way to busy ports along its shores. No villages sent their smoke curling upward from happy firesides. Only the red man's birch canoe went to and fro, and now and then the snow white sails of some small, vessel fluttered across to Mission Point to leave supplies for the Indian mission there. 884 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. I~ In 1847 John Larue came from Chicago to the Manitou islands in search of health. At that time there was a pier on each of the two islands, where passing steamers used to call for wood; the one on the north island was owned by Mr. Pickard, that on the south by Mr. Barton. On the North Manitou were two fishermen without families. The lighthouse was kept by a man named Clark. There were, as has already been said, no white men at that time in Leelanaw county. Farther south, at the mouth of Betsey river, where Frankfort now stands, there was living a white man named Joseph Oliver, with an Indian wife, who supported his family by trapping and fishing. There were no Indians living on the Manitous, but they frequently came there to trade. Finding the climate favorable to his health, Mr. Larue commenced trading with the Indians, and the next year moved his establishment over to the mainland, locating at what was then called Sleeping Bear bay, but now Glen Arbor. He was the first white settler in the county connected with its subsequent history. FIRST MISSIONARY ESTABLISHED IN THE COUNTY. The first Christian mission among the Indians of the region was established at Old Mission by Rev. Peter Dougherty in 1839, and was removed to New Mission, now Omena, in 1853, a history of which is given elsewhere in this work. It was in June, 1849. that the first white settler landed on the quiet shores of Northport harbor to establish the second Indian mission of this region. The Indian bands, formerly at Black River, now Holland, Mich., under the charge of Rev. George N. Smith, as missionary, included those of Onumunese, the chief, whose village lay at*the mouth of the river at Leland, called by the Indians Me-shu-mayabing, or Sturgeon river, and those of the Chiefs Louis Maksaba and Naganaba, who had their villages on the great lake bluffs near Cat-Head and it was the intention when circumstances made it desirable to remove the Indian colony from Black river to reestablish it near those villages. When Mr. Smith came north in 1848 to examine the location he found that it would not be possible to land goods on account of the high bluffs, and also that there was no harbor in which vessels would be secure. But the chief told him that he could guide him to a better place, where the shores were low and boats could lie in safety, and, crossing the intervening strip of forest to the bay, they found it all that could be desired, and at once selected it as their future locatioh. In the following spring, all being arranged, a small schooner was purchased by Mr. Smith and James McLaughlin, the latter of whom had* been appointed to teach farming to the Indians, and on June I, 1849, the little band of fifteen white people embarked on their little vessel and set sail for Grand Traverse bay. These were Rev. George N. Smith, wife and four children; James McLaughlin, wife and three children; William H. Case, employed as Indian blacksmith, with wife and one child, and George Pierson, farmer's assistant. It was a slow and tempestuous voyage, but on the twelfth day they safely reached their haven and landed at the present site of Northport, which Mrs. Smith described as looking "like the Garden of Eden," with its circling green shore and blossoming wild roses. The next day was GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANA W COUNTIES. 885 - ---- begun Mr. McLaughlin's house, the first ever erected in this part of the region. Mr. Smith, having brought a little lumler from his former schoolhouse at Black river, made a slight shelter for his family while clearing a spot on which to build his house, and on the I6th of the month was laid the walls of the oldest house now existing in Leelanaw county, which was a few months previous to this writing moved from its old foundations to make way for the new Traverse City, Leelanaw & Manistique Railroad, the first to traverse these shores. Soon a little land was cleared, gardens were planted and the shrubs, trees and flowers brought from the old homes were set out to beautify the new. In August Mr. Smith finished preparing the ground, in which he planted a crop of potatoes, from which, he records, he ripened and harvested thirty-nine bushels before the snow came. A little incident of that first year was recently related by James J. McLaughlin, one of the four survivors of that first little colony, at the old settlers' meeting, which, by an odd coincidence was held at Northport on the fifty-fourth anniversary, lacking one day, of the colonists' arrival in the bay. On the first Fourth of July it was decided that it was proper to hoist the national colors and celebrate "Independence Day." But a difficulty was found to exist in the fact that they had no flag, and in none of the three families could be found the colors necessary for the construction of one. But George Pierson, who had fought in the war of 18r2, and in whose veins the fires of patriotism still burned, declared that he would give his red flannel shirt for the red stripes if Mrs. McLaughlin would give cloth for the white ones, which she did. But, alas! not among them all could be found the blue material for the field of stars. But the boys were not.to be easily defeated. On board the schooner was found a pot of lead-colored paint, which by a plentiful admixture of the laundry supply of indigo blueing was transformed into the required color, and used. After marking the outlines of thirteen stars on a white field they painted around them, and thus triumphantly completed their flag, which on the morning of the Fourth was flung to the breeze, while the cannon, made of a stout log, charged with powder, aided by the three guns of the company, thundered a 'salute. During the day Mr. Smith delivered a patriotic oration, the ladies furnished a bounteous dinner, and thus was achieved the first Fourth of July celebration of Leelanaw county. Soon after the arrival at Grand Traverse bay the Indian colony established' their village where Northport now stands, naming it Wakazooville, after the head chief, Peter Wakazoo, and the mission work went prosperously on. Mr. Smith held the church services in his own house until the following spring, when he built another building near his own to serve as a church and schoolhouse, furnishing it with the doors, windows and seats brought from his former church at Black river, and began the first school ever taught on the Leelanaw peninsula, consisting of the five white children of the colony and a number of the Indians. It would not be just, even if it were possible, in writing a history of this county, to ignore a more particular mention of the people to whom is due its settlement at that timethat strange people whose origin is mystery, whose history is. tradition, whose only litera-.ture has been the stories told in.fantastic 886 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES.; '' ' "' imagery around their campfires, and who have not even a hierogylphic for their identification-the Indians. For the sole motive that inspired the souls of the earnest missionaries who braved all the hardships of pioneer life in the forest wilds, was the conversion of these heathen people to the Christian faith, and to this end the principal advancement of the region was in the establishment of three Indian missions here. The tribes here represented, the Ottawas and Ojibways, had ever been the white man's friends, peaceful hunters and traders, and the missionaries found in them many noble qualities not always possessed by their white neighbors. When leaving their lodges, while migrating to and fro, or when absent for any reason, a small log placed across the wigwam door was the sign that the owner was not at home, and no matter how far or how long he was gone no one Would ever enter his lodge until he returned. If an article was lost the finder did not carry it away from the place where he found it, but placed it in a conspicuous position, on the assumption that the owner would look for it on the trail he had passed over. In all their life among them Mr. Smith testifies that he never locked his doors and never lost the value of a penny by theft. In 1848 he traveled with them in a birch bark canoe from Kalamazoo to Mackinaw. From the fragile nature of these boats they were never taken close to the shore when loaded, so that the bottom would not strike stones or rough obstructions, but the occupants would step out when the water became shallow and wade ashote, carrying their preciou" bark upon their shoulders. But on all their travels with Mr. Smith, whenever they were to land, their first act was to carefully lift their "teacher," as they called him, and carry him ashore, after which they landed the canoe. One of the worst difficulties met with by Mr. Smith in his work among them was their love for "fire-water." It required constant vigilance to keep them from getting liquor whenever any vessel came, to trade, and on the annual payments, held at Mackinaw island, it was impossible to keep them all sober, though many of those of Mr. Smith's mission were induced by him to take the pledge of abstinence and keep it. And it is a notable fact that up to the present day the people who were his charge and their descendants are temperate, industrious and strongly religious, in marked contrast to the majority of their race. It was a part of their early religious training to learn to sing church hymns, Mr. Smith and his wife being greatly devoted to music; and the little old melodeon on which Mrs. Smith played the church music through those early years is still treasured in her son's family as a sacred relic. Each Sunday it was borne to the little log church by the Indians and carried back when the services were over. The Indians have quite true and clear voices, and are fond of singing, but during many years' acquaintance with them the writer of this has never heard one of them sing a secular song; and the same devout spirit seems to control their general lives. They appear to have no merrymakings among them, their church-going, which is carefully attended, with its Christmas and New Year's celebrations and campmeetings, being their only social gatherings. Soon after the arrival of the Indian colony at Northport a council of all the bands was held, to which the Indians of GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Mr. Daugherty's mission were invited, that friendly relations might be established between them, and much visiting between the two missions followed, until finally, in 1853, Mr. Daugherty's mission was removed from its first location and established by the government as a manual training school for the Indians at the place now known as Omena, five miles south of Northport, where now the old mission school house is transformed into a fashionable summer resort. At about the same time was also establihed a Catholic Indian mission at the village of the chief, Pashaba, about four miles farther south, where was built a church and school house under the charge of the French priest, Father Mrack, who faithfully labored there with his "poor, wayward children" for several years. In 1855 a large number of the Indians of Cross Village, to whom Father Mrack had been ministering, left that point and settled at Pashabatown, and this faithful priest went with them and established a school for them there and made his home among them. He also attended the Chippeway and Ottowa Indians at Manistee, and went as far north as Petoskey, making his rounds either on the back of an Indian pony or by canoe. Father Mrack labored faithfully among these Indians until, at the death of Bishop Baragy, early in 1869, he was nominated for the bishopric, of Marquette, and was consecrated February 7th of the same year. After nine years' labor as bishop, his health becoming poor, he resigned his see in 1878. Then, having learned that these Pashaba Indians were without a priest, he returned to them and labored among them until ill health and old age obliged him to retire from all active work, in 1891, when he went away to St. Mary's Hospital at Marquette to die. When Mr. Smith landed first on the western shore he had to survey and cut his own way across to the bay. Only the most imperfect government survey had been made. It was not until December, 185 I, that Abraham S. Wadsworth began his new survey of the Leelanaw peninsula, and a company started to survey a road toward Grand Rapids. Previous to this but an Indian trail crossed the intervening distance, and the work of road-making must have progressed slowly, for in i856 Mr. Smith's son, on his way to college at Oberlin, went by trail from Old Mission to Muskegon, and from there to Grand Rapids. Mail came by way of Mackinaw, sometimes but once in three or four months, brought from there as opportunity offered by Indians passing to and fro. It was a vast leap toward conditions of civilization when a mail route was established and mail arrived as often as once a week. On April 14, 1851, is recorded the arrival of the steamboat "Michigan" with provisions for sale, of which Mr. Smith says: "This is probably the first steamboat that has ever landed here. It seems cheerful to see it." Gradually a few other white settlers began to arrive. Now and then a storm-driven steamer would seek the harbor for refuge and the colonists would get a chance to replenish; their supplies. In the fall of 1851 John Lerue brought in a cargo of goods to trade with the Indians for wood, furs, fish or anything they might have to sell. In 1854 0. L. White and J. M. Burbeck ettablished a general store. The next year a dock was built.by H. O. Rose and Amos Fox, and business was opened with the outside world. In this 888 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. year also a white family, that of Antoine Manseau, settled at Carp Lake, followed soon by others, and land was cleared and homes built in every direction. It was in the spring of 1853 that the organization of Grand Traverse county was completed and four townships organized, that of Leelanaw comprising the whole of Leelanaw county, including the Manitou islands. At the first township meeting six voters were present. - Mr. Smith was elected treasurer, justice of the peace for three years and commissioner of highways, and Mr. Mason, living at Carrying Place, where "Cedar Lodge" now stands, was elected justice of the peace and assessor. Though few in number, the little community succeeded in carrying on an orderly routine of life, and ere long a busy line of vessels and steamers were plying between the Leelanaw peninsula and other ports, and Leelanaw county had ceased to be a wilderness. The oldest'church building in the county is that still standing in a good state of preservation in its little cemetery at Omena. Many others have been built since then in all the hamlets along both shores. Six are at Northport. Large Catholic churches and schools, as well as others, are established at Sutton's Bay and Provemont, and almost all denominations are represented in the county. Schools are numerous, well attended and well supported. There are graded schools in all the larger villages, that of Northport employing five teachers. In four towns newspapers are now published, and the advent of two railroads accentuate the progress made from trail to rail in the half century since Leelanaw county came into existence. CHAPTER III. CIVIL HISTORY OF LEELANAW COUNTY. The organization of Grand Traverse county, which was completed in 1853, embraced the present counties of Leelanaw and Benzie, and constituted one township called Leelanaw, of which Samuel' G. Boice was the first supervisor. Joseph Dame was supervisor in 1854, Lansing Marble in 1855 and George N. Smith in 1856. A special meeting of the board of supervisors of Grand Traverse county was held March 6, 1856, at which the townships of Glen Arbor, North Unity and Centerville were organized. The territory remained in this condition until the winter of 1861-2, when an act organizing the county of Leelanaw was passed by the legislature, as follows: "An act to organize the county of Leelanaw and define the county of Benzie. "Section I. The people of the state of Michigan enact, That all that part of the county of Leelanaw which lies north of the south line of township 28 north shall be organized and the inhabitants thereof shall be GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 889 entitled to all the rights, privileges and powers to which by law the inhabitants of other organized counties in this state are entitled. "Sec. 2. At the township meeting to be held in the several townships in said county on the first Monday in April next there shall be an election of all the county officers to which by law the county may be entitled, whose term of office shall expire on the first day of January A. D. eighteen hundred and sixty-five and when their successors shall have been elected and qualified. "Sec. 3. The board of county canvassers tunder the provisions of this act shall meet on the second Tuesday succeeding the day of election, as herein appointed, in the village of Northport, in said county, at the house of Joseph Dame or such other place as may be agreed upon and provided by such board, and organize by appointing one of their number as chairman and another secretary, and shall thereupon proceed to discharge all the duties of a board of county canvassers as in other cases of the election of county officers as prescribed by the general law. "Sec. 4. The location of the county seat of said county shall be determined by the vote of the electors of said county at a special election, which is hereby appointed to be held by the several townships of said county on the first Monday in June next. There shall be written on the ballots then polled by the qualified electors of said county one of the following names of places, to-wit: Glen Arbor, Leland or Northport, and that one which shall receive the greatest number of votes shall be the county seat of Leelanaw. "Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the several boards of township inspectors in each of the townships of said county to conduct the elections authorized by the provisions of this act and to make returns thereof in accordance with the general provisions of the law for conducting the elections in this state, so far as the same may be applicable thereto. "Sec. 6. The board of county canvassers for the special election for locating the county seat shall consist of the persons appointed on the day of such special election by the several boards of township inspectors, and said board of county canvassers shall meet on the second Tuesday succeeding the day of said special election at the house of Otto Thies, in the village of Leland, and, having appointed ofe of their number chairman, and the county clerk of said county acting as secretary, shall proceed to canvass the votes and determine the location of the county seat in accordance therewith, and it shall be the duties of the clerk of said board to file a copy of the determination of said board as to the location of the county seat, signed and certified by him and countersigned by the chairman, with the secretary of state and with the towhship clerks of the several townships in said county. "Sec. 7. All that part of the county of Leelanaw which lies south of the south line of township 28 north shall be and remain the county of Benzie, and the several townships thereof shall be attached for civil and municipal purposes to the county of Grand Traverse. "Sec. 8. The secretary of state is hereby directed to furnish the township clerk of the township of Leelanaw with a certified copy of this act, and it shall be the duty of said clerk to.give the same notice of the elections to be held under the provisions of this act that is required by law to be given by the sheriff of unorganized counties. 840 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. "Sec. 9. That the said county of Leelanaw when so organized shall be attached to the tenth judicial circuit, and the judge of said circuit shall hold courts in said county as by law in such cases made and provided. "Sec. 10. All acts and parts of acts contravening the provisions of this act are hereby repealed so far as any provisions therein may conflict with this act. "Sec. I1. This act shall take immediate effect. "Approved February 27, 1863." COUNTY OFFICERS ELECTED. In accordance with the provisions of the above act elections were held on the first Monday of April, 1863, and the following named persons were elected: Judge of probate, John E. Fisher; sheriff, Edward Friend; treasurer, John I. Miller; clerk and register, Gerhard Verfurth; prosecuting attorney and circuit court commissioner, E. Cromwell Tuttle; surveyor, Joseph C. Glen; coroners, George N. Smith, George Ray. This completed the organization of the county. These men served until January I, 1865. In November preceding their successors were elected as follows: Judge of probate, L. D. Quackenbush; sheriff, John Bryant; treasurer, William Gill; clerk and register, John E. Fisher; prosecuting attorney and circuit court commissioner, E. Cromwell Tuttle; surveyor, Kassan Freeman; coroners,, William E. Powers, Harvey C. Sutton.. The county officers elected at the several elections held since 1864 are as follows: 1864-Sheriff, Samuel Wilson; clerk, John I. Miller; register, John I. Miller; treasurer, Williarm Gill; prosecuting attorney, Seth C. Moffatt; judge of probate, L. D. Quackenbush. 1866-Sheriff, Samuel Wilson; clerk, Archibald Buttars; register, John I. Miller; treasurer, William Gill; prosecuting attorney, Seth C. Moffatt; judge of probate, John Dean. 1870--Sheriff, Valentine Lee; clerk, John E. Fisher; register, Jonathan Dewing; treasurer, William Gill; prosecuting attorney, William H.'Bryant; judge of probate, John Dean. 1872--Sheriff, Eusebius F. Dame; clerk, Alfred John; register, Simeon Pickard; treasurer, William Gill; prosecuting attorney, Seth C. Moffatt; judge of probate, John I. Miller. 1874-Sheriff, Eusebius F. Dame; clerk, Alfred John; register, Simeon Pickard; treasurer, William Gill; prosecuting attorney, George A. Cutler; judge of probate, John I. Miller. 1876--Sheriff, George T..Carr; clerk, George Ray; register, Alfred John; treasurer, William Gill; prosecuting attorney, Benjamin H. Derby; judge of probate, Charles W. Williams. 1878---Sheriff, John Scott; clerk, George Steimel, Jr.; register, Alfred John; treasurer, Charles W. Williams; prosecuting attorney, Abijah B. Dunlap; judge of probate, Charles W. Williams. i880-Sheriff, Moses C. Cate; clerk, Charles A. Rosman; register, Alfred John; treasurer, Robert Lee; prosecuting attorney and circuit court commissioner, George A. Cutler; judge of probate, Charles W. Williams. 1882-Sheriff, John A. Bryant; clerk, Alfred John; register, John A. Lee; treas I GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 841 urer, John I. Miller; prosecuting attorney, George A. Cutler; circuit court commissioner, John E. Fisher. 1884--Sheriff, John A. Bryant; clerk, William H. Beeman; register, John A. Lee; treasurer, John I. Miller; prosecuting attorney, David T. Eddington; circuit court commissioner, E. P. Johnson; judge of probate, Charles W. Williams. i886-Sheriff, Henry Dunkelow; clerk, Charles A. Hannaford; register, William Hitchcock; treasurer, John Power; prosecuting attorney, Alfred John; circuit court commissioner, Alfred John; surveyor, C. P. Tuller; judge of probate, Charles W. Williams. I888-Sheriff, Nathaniel W. Herrington; clerk, Alexander J. Goffar; register, William Hitchcock; treasurer, John 1. Millar; prosecuting attorney, Myron A. Kneeland; circuit court commissioner, Michael A. Hews; surveyor, C. P. 'Tuller; judge of probate, James E. Campbell. 1890-Sheriff, Nathaniel W. Herrington; clerk, Alfred John; register, William Hitchcock; treasurer, Charles W. Williams; prosecuting attorney, Alexander McKercher; circuit court commissioner, Alfred John; surveyor, John Porter; judge of probate, James E. Campbell. 1892-Sheriff, Barton B. Ellis; clerk, Edward P. Johnson; register, William Hitchcock; treasurer, David Tweddle; prosecuting attorney, Alexander McKercher; circuit court commissioner, Alfred John; surveyor, John Porter; judge of probate, James E. Campbell. I894-Sheriff, Barton B. Ellis; clerk, Zimri E. Hinshaw; register, William Hitchcock; treasurer, Lars R. Sogge; prosecuting attorney, Clinton L. Dayton; circuit court commissioner, Alfred John; surveyor, Kasson Freeman; judge of probate, James E. Campbell. 1896-Sheriff, Adam Belinger; clerk, Zimri 1inshaw; register, Carson Warner; treasurer, Lars R. Sogge; prosecuting attorney, Clinton L. Dayton;, circuit court commissioner, Alfred John; surveyor, John Porter; judge of probate, James E. Campbell. I898-Sheriff, Adam Belinger; clerk, Zimri E. Hinshaw; register, Carson Warner; treasurer, Dennis Hoxsie; prosecuting attorney, Archibald F. Bunting; circuit court commissioner, Alfred John; surveyor, John Porter; judge of probate, James E. Campbell. 190o-Sheriff, Martin Brown; clerk, Zimri E. Hinshaw; register, Carson Warner;. treasurer, Dennis Hoxsie; prosecuting attorney, Archibald F. Bunting; surveyor, Frank E. Fisher; judge of probate, James E. Campbell. 1902-Sheriff, John Deuster; clerk, Zimri E. Hinshaw; register, Carson Warner; treasurer, Joseph Hahnenberg; prosecuting attorney, Clinton L. Dayton; circuit court commissioner, Alfred John; surveyor, John Porter; judge of probate, Steiner C. Garthe. The election of Mr. Garthe for judge of probate was contested, but he assumed the office on the first of January following his election and performed the duties of the office for several months. The matter was tried in the circuit court and was taken to the supreme court, and he was ousted and the place given to James E. Campbell, who is now holding the position. 842 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. / EARLY ACTS OF THE SUPERVISORS. The first meeting of the board of supervisors of Leelanaw county after its organization was held in May, 1863, the record of which is as follows: "County of Leelanaw and state of Michigan: The supervisors of the county of Leelanaw in the state of Michigan held their first meeting at the house of Otto Thies, iiL the village of Leland, in said county, on the 9th day of May, A. D. 1863. Present, Samuel Wood, supervisor of the township of Leelanaw, and Otto Thies, supervisor of the township of Centerville. The meeting proceeded to organize by appointing Samuel G. Wood chairman of the said board, when the following business was transacted: "The bond of the county treasurer, John I. Miller, was approved by the said board and the amount of said bond was fixed at the sum of six thousand dollars. "James M. Burbeck, John I. Miller and George Ray were appointed superintendents of the poor. "It was resolved to hold a meeting of the boards of supervisors of the several counties of Leelanaw, Grand Traverse and Antrim for the purpose of having a settlement between said counties. "The county clerk of the county of Leelanaw was appointed to procure a seal for the county of Leelanaw. "The sum of five thousand dollars was fixed to be raised by tax in the year 1863, on the taxable property of said county for a volunteers' family relief fund. "The meeting then adjourned sine die." It will be noticed that one of the important acts of the board at this meeting was to provide for the relief of the families of the soldiers who were absent fighting to suppress the rebellion. In this praiseworthy action the new county followed the example set by Grand Traverse county, which was kept up until the close of the war and the discharge of the soldiers. TOWNSHIPS ORGANIZED. At the annual meeting of the board, held in October, 1863, the township of Bingham was organized. Other townships were organized from time to time as follows. Elmwood township was organized in December, 1863; Kasson was organized in 1865, in January; Empire was organized in October, 1865; Solon was organized in October, 1871; the toyvnship of Leland was organized in October, 1875. In 1871 the name of Glen Arbor was changed to Cleveland, and Sleeping Bear to Glen Arbor. The county of Leelanaw is now composed of the following named townships, each comprising the territory named: The township of Leelanaw embraces town 31 north of range II west, and fractional towns 32 north, ranges 10 and II. North and South Fox islands are attached to this township. Sutton's Bay township lies directly south of Leelanaw and embraces town 30 north, range I west, and sections 25 and 36, town 30 north, range 12 west. Bingham township lies directly south of Sutton's Bay and consists of town 29 north, range i west, and all of that part of town 29 north, range 10 west, lying east of Carp lake. Elmwood township lies in the southeast corner of the county, and embraces/fractional town 28 north, range 1 west. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. -- Solon joins Elmwood on the west, and embraces town 28 north, range 12 west. Centerville, lying north of Solon, is composed of that part of town 29 north, range 12 west, lying west of Carp lake. Leland township, lying north of Centerville, on the shore of Lake Michigan, comprises all of town 30 north, range 12 west, except sections 26 and 36, and all of fractional town 31 north, range 12 west. North Manitou Island is attached to this township. Cleveland township lies on Lake Michigan, west of Centerville, and comprises all of town 29 north, range 13 west, except sections 19, 30 and 31, and all of fractional town 30 north, range 13 west. Kasson township lies directly south of Cleveland, and comprises all of town 28 north, range 13 west. Empire township lies on the shore of Lake Michigan, west of Kasson, and comprises all of town 28 north, range 14 west, and fractional town 28 north, range 15 west. Glen Arbor township is bounded on the north by Sleeping Bear bay, on the east by Cleveland, on the south by Empire and on the west by Lake Michigan, and embraces sections 19, 30 and 31 of town 29 north, range 13 west, all of fractional town 29 north, range 14 west; and also all of fractional town 29 north, range 15 west. South Manitou island is attached to this township. Thus it will be seen there are eleven organized townships in the county. THE COURTS. The first term of the circuit court for the county of Leelanaw was held at the village of Northport May 5, I864, by Judge F. J. Littlejohn. It was held in a schoolhouse. No cases were tried, and the only business transacted was the appointing of the necessary officers and the entering of an order designating the common jail of Grand Travers county to be used as the common jail of Leelanaw county. The second term was held on the 15th of September, 1864, at Northport, Judge Littlejohn on the bench, during which term three civil cases were tried. The first criminal case appearing on the court journal is that of the People vs Peter Drew, for adultery. The case is entered on the docket under date of September 14, 1865. It was continued until the June term, when a nolle prosequi was entered. The first criminal sentenced from Leelanaw county was an Indian named Louis Ashque-gah-bowe, convicted of burglary at the June term, 1866. He was sentenced by Judge Ramsdell to Jackson for one year. Hon. F. J. Littlejohn was judge of the tenth circuit, of which both Leelanaw and Grand Traverse were at that time a part. The records show that he held four terms of court in the county, the last, September 15, 1865. About this time the thirteenth circuit had been formed by act of the legislature, of which both Leelanaw and Grand Traverse became a part, and have remained so ever since. Hon. J. G. Ramsdell Was the first judge of the new circuit, and the various judges who have occupied the bench of Leelanaw are the same as those of Grand Traverse county. While the first term of circuit court was held in Leelanaw county, in 1864, at which there were no cases tried, the people of the county had not lived all the time previous to 844 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. that entirely without litigation. The first litigation of which there is any record was a suit tried as early as December, 1856, before Justice S. G. Wood, at Northport. The case appears on the justice's'docket as Wadenemah vs. Mr. Tuece. The suit was brought by the plaintiff to recover damages for the loss of a dog killed by the defendant. The amount of damages claimed was one hundred dollars. George N. Smith was attorney for the plaintiff and won his case, securing a verdict for twenty-five dollars and costs. While this was only one-fourth of the amount claimed, it seems to indicate that the price for dogs was rather high in those early days. CHAPTER IV. VILLAGES OF LEELANAW COUNTY. NORTHPORT. The village of Northport, which now includes the Indian village of Waukazooville, founded by Rev. George N. Smith, of which some account has already been given, is the largest village in the county. Mr. Smith's efforts were connected with the Indians, while the first business operations looking to settlement by the whites and the planting of a village were begun by Deacon Joseph Dyme, who first platted the village of Northport. Deacon Dame is so intimately connected with the early history of both Leelanaw and Grand Traverse counties that a short sketch of his life and efforts to develop the country will be of interest. Joseph Dame was born in Barnstable, New Hampshire, July 23, 1796. He was in early life engaged in brick-making and lumbering. From New Hampshire he went to Searsmont, Maine, where he was engaged in lumbering business. He moved thence to Erie county, New York, where he remained several years in the same business. In 1840 he went to Mackinaw, Michigan, on a trading expedition, dealing in lumber and in goods, including clocks, of which he brought with him a considerable stock. He was for awhile employed by the government in the instruction of the Indians. He removed from Mackinaw to Old Mission, where he was employed in teaching farming to the Indians. He remained there until 1845, when he removed to Wisconsin, where he spent seven years, and then returned to the Traverse region, and, leaving his family at Old Mission, bought a tract of land where now stands a good portion of the village of Northport. He platted a village and commenced the construction of a dock. About that time an article appeared in the New York Tribune derogatory to the character of the country and its soil. To this article Deacon Dame responded with a letter to the same publication, in which he gave such a descrip `-~*~ GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. tion of the country and its advantages for settlement that it speedily attracted attention, and from this and other causes the tide of immigration turned in this direction. This was the' opening of the country about Grand Traverse bay to farm settlement, Northport being the landing for the whole country around and the distributing point of travel and supply. Mr. Dame built and for several years kept Traverse Bay Hotel, afterwards known as the Exchange Hotel and later as the Waukazoo. It was destroyed by fire only recently. This was the first house built in Northport for the purpose of a hotel, although Mr. Dame had previously kept a hotel in his own house. Deacon Dame assisted at Old Mission in organizing the township of Peninsula. He was married November 19, 1819, to Ursula Mitchell, of Maine. They had seven children-three boys and four girls-all born before the family came to Grand Traverse. Two of the girls lived here for many years, and one son, Eusebius F., spent all his life here, (ldying only recently at his home in Northport. Deacon Dame died January tI, 1884, and his wife (lied February 21, 1877. Deacon Dame, as has been said, commenced the construction of a (lock in I853 or '54, which was afterwards completed by Ti. 0. Rose. At the opening of navigation in 1855 it was still in an unfinished condition, a part of it, for the want of plank, being covered with poles. A list of residents of the settlement for 1855 and '56 contains the following names: Joseph Dame, H. 0. Rose, Amos Fox, William Voice, Captain Peter Nelson, A. B. Page, S. 'VA. Wilson, Thomas Retford. J. M. Burbeck, 0. L. White, Henry Boyes, A. C. Stevens, Theodore Woodruff, Hiram Beckwith, Jesse Morgan, William Gill and William Thomas. The most of these were heads of families, although a few were unmarried men. In 1855 there was not a frame house in Northport. The first one completed was built by Mr. Thomas for Mr. Woodruff in I856. Mr. Voice commenced in 1855 the construction of a saw-mill, which was got to running the following summer. In 1855 no roads were opened except one leading to the Indian settlement called Cat Head village, some three miles distant. During that year only one propeller, running between Grand Haven and Buffalo, made calls at the half-built wharf. 1H. 0. Rose came to the place in June, i854, and purchased the wharf privilege owned by Deacon Dame and pushed to completion the wharf already commenced. In September, 1855, Mr. Rose sold a half interest in the property to Amos Fox, the two forming a partnership under the firm name of Rose & Fox, their principal business being dealing in wood. To this they added soon after a general merchandise business. At that time the steamers running on the lakes depended almost wholly on wood for fuel. The wharf built by Mr. Rose was the first in Grand Traverse bay, except one owned by Hannah, Lay & Company at Traverse City, at which a propeller could stop. It was easy of access and not far off the route of steamers plying between the ports on the lower lakes and those on the western shore of Lake Michigan. In I856 the firm supplied by contract the Northern Transportation Company's line of boats plying betwen Ogdensburg and Chicago, handling that season about five thousand cords of wood. Afterwards contracts were made with other lines of steamers. In I858 the firm handled from thirteen thousand to fifteen thousand cords, 846 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. and for several years after the amount of wood annually sold did not materially diminish. In the winter of 1856-57 Messrs. White & Burbeck built a wharf three miles north of the village and engaged in selling wood and shipping hemlock bark and cedar posts. Mr. White afterwards became sole owner of this wharf. There are now three docks at Northport, owned, one by Kehl Brothers, one by the Traverse City, Leelanaw & Manistique Railroad, recently purchased of H. E. Gill, and the other by the Northport Lumber Company. While there is comparatively little wood now going over these docks, there is a large amount of merchandise coming in over them and an immense amount of farm products, including fruits, annually shipped out over them. In 1855 Northport was organized into a school district, being the first regular public school district organized within the present limits of Leelanaw county. It still remains District No. I of Leelanaw township. In 1855 the postoffice of Northport was established, with A. B. Page as postmaster. J. M. Burbeck attended the business of the office, and afterwards became postmaster. He was succeeded by Rev. S. Steele, and he by William Gill, who held the office for many years. The Congregational church society was not formally organized until February, 1863, although there had been Congregational preaching since Mr. Smith began in 1849. In 1863 the society was organized with about fourteen members. A Sunday school had been organized about three years previous. Mr. Smith preached at intervals, and sometimes the society was without a pastor. In i868 a movement was made toward building a church, but It was not completed until August, 1870. The cost of the structure was two thousand five hundred dollars. The society is in a flourishing condition. In 1858 Rev. Lewis Griffin came to. Northport and organized a Methodist class, and services were held in the schoolhouse. The next year Rev. S. Steele came as presiding elder. The early ministers were Revs. N. M. Steele, E. Baird and J. W. Miller. Soon after Mr. Steele came to this district Mrs. Steele organized a Sunday school with forty scholars. She procured books from various sources and the school has continued without interruption until the present time. In 1870 Rev. S. Steele was resident pastor. He preached that year without compensation and gave two hundred dollars toward the building of a church. The corner-stone for a church was laid in May, 1871, with Masonic ceremony, Rev. S. Steele acting as grand master. There was placed in the stone an official record of the Methodist Episcopal church at Northport, a copy of the discipline of the Methodist Episcopal church, transactions of the Masonic Grand Lodge of the state of Michigan, a copy of the Traverse Bay Eagle, a copy of the Benzonia Citizen, various silver and copper coins of the United States, Canada and Norway. At the close of this ceremony the sum of one thousand three hundred and fifty dollars was pledged by the audience toward the erection of the building. The building was pushed forward to completion, and Rev. Mr. Deitz was the first pastor. The membership has increased and the society is in a prosperous candition. Mr. Steele was one of the pioneers of the region, a more extended notice of whom is GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 847 given elsewhere. In 1869 there were three hotels in Northport, all of them small except the Traverse Bay Hotel, a portion of which was at that time still unfinished. The Roman Catholics have just completed a fine church, and there are also two Norwegian churches here. The county seat was located at Northport from 1863 until 1883, when it was removed to Leland. Northport Lodge No. 265, Free and Accepted Masons, was instituted March 7, 1869. The first officers installed were J. M. Burbeck, worshipful master; Rev. S. Steele, senior warden; H. W. Nelson, junior warden; Rev. L. W. Calkins, secretary. The lodge was subsequently moved to Sutton's Bay, but has since been moved back again to Northport. It has a good membership for the size of the place, and is in a very flourishing condition. There is also a flourishing lodge of Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Daughters of Rebekah here. Northport also has a Knights of the Maccabees tent, a Ladies of the Maccabees hive, a Grand Army of the Republic post and a Woman's Relief Corps. There is now one newspaper at Northport, the Leader, published by Wilber E. Campbell. It is a good local paper and is doing a good work for Northport and Leelanaw county, not the least of which was its efforts to secure the building of the Traverse City, Leelanaw & Mainistique Railroad from Traverse City to Northport. Besides Northport village, Leelanaw township embraces the village of Omena and its adjoining beautiful summer resorts, located on New Mission bay, further mention of which will be made later. Omena was for many years the point where the late Lewis Miller had a store and 21 did a large business in handling furs which he bought from the Indian trappers and hunters. LELAND. The village of Leland, the present county seat of Leelanaw county, is located on Lake Michigan at the mouth of Carp river. Previous to 1848 and a few years after there was an Indian village located on the hill a little north of the present village. In that year Antoine Manseau and John I. Miller prospected about this part of Michigan in search of a desirable location for a mill site, and located land at the mouth of the river. Nothing was done with the property, however, until 1853, when Mr. Manseau and his son, Antoine, came and built a saw-mill on the river. A. dam was constructed and the mill put in cperation. Mr. Manseau and his son came in June. The following September John I. Miller arrived and settled on his land a little north of the mouth of the river. He was the first postmaster of Leland, and held the office until 1861, when he was succeeded by Simeon Pickard, who came here from Northport and engaged in the mercantile business. In 1859 Mr. Manseau sold out to Cordes & Thies, who built a dock and also put up a saw and grist-mill. In 1861 Christopher F. Reynolds came to Leland and built a dock and engaged in the wood business, which he carried on for about ten years. Messrs. Pickard & Barton afterward built another dock. Leland is quite exposed to winds from the north, which makes it difficult to keep (locks standing, being carried away by the fierce gales and shoving ice. The result is that since the almost entire winding up of the 848 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. wood and lumber business at this point the docks have all disappeared. The first religious worship at this point was conducted by Rev. Father Mrack, the first Catholic missionary to locate in the county, in 1855. After him came Fathers Young and Herbstrit. In 1870 the Holy Trinity Catholic society built a church. In July, 1865, the Congregational society was organized by Rev. George Thompson, at one time a missionary to Africa, who lived here at the time. A church building was erected at a cost of two thousand five hundred dollars, which was dedicated in the winter of 1872. For several years the society was in a flourishing condition, but later, from deaths, removals, and other causes, it became unable to support a minister, and a union was formed with the Methodists. The church is now owned and carried on by the Methodist Episcopal church. There is a Lutheran society, with a church building, in the place instituted at about the time the Congregational church was built. The village is in school district No. I, of the township of Leland, which was organized soon after the first settlers located here. In 1869 a company of Detroit men began the erection of an iron furnace, which was completed and commenced operations the following year. The company was known as the Leland Lake Superior Iron Company. The company gave employment to a large number of men, but did not prove to be very successful in carrying out and prosecuting its business, for, early in the summer of 1872, its entire capital of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars had been sunk, and the property was sold to Captain E. B. Ward, of Detroit, who assumed an indebtedness of one hundred and ten thousand dollars. Ward sold a half interest to W. G. Thompson, and the firm name adopted was E. B. Ward & Company. The furnace was rebuilt and operated, and was twice burned and rebuilt. It finally passed into the hands of another company, that operated it for a time, but failed to make it pay, and today nothing is left of the institution except some heaps of ruins. This furnace, which promised to be of great advantage to the village of Leland and the surrounding country, in reality proved a curse, and it is doubtful if the village of Leland would not be in a much more flourishing condition than it now is if the iron furnace had never been built. The county seat of Leelanaw county was removed from Northport to Leland in 1882. Since that time a building for a court house and county offices has been erected, and also a substantial jail building. Leland has one newspaper, the Enterprise, which was established at Northport in October, 1877, by B. H. Derby. Two years later William C. Nelson took charge of it, and has edited and published it ever since. Soon after the change in the county seat it was removed to Leland, January, 1883. There were several years during which time the Enterprise was the only newspaper published in the county. There are now three others. PROVEMONT. This is another small village in Leland township, located at the narrows of Carp lake by Mr. A. De Belloy in 1867. Here Mr. De Belloy, at the head of a company known as The Grand Traverse Bay Mineral Land Association sunk a well, hoping to strike oil, but failed to do so. They did, however, at the GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 849 depth of some seven hundred feet, secure a flow of artesian water, said to possess valuable medical qualities. There is a store and postoffice here, and also a large Catholic church and convent. The Mainstee & Northeastern Railroad was recently completed to this point, which will doubtless add much to its importance. MAPLE CITY. This village is pleasantly located in the midst of a flourishing farming community in sections 2 and 3 of Kasson township. The reason for the location of this village was the abundance of fine maple timber that grew in the forests about, which attracted the attention of some Ohio parties who were looking for a place to locate a factory for the manufacture of maple shoe pegs. They pitched upon this point. The factory was established here and was operated for several years. In 1875 William H. Crowell purchased it from J. T. Sturtevant and manufactured shoe pegs until the establishment was burned in 188o. This ended the shoe peg industry, but in 1882 Mr. Crowell built a sawmill, to which he added a planer and shingle machinery. In the meantime the settlement had grown to be a flourishing village, with postoffice, stores, blacksmith shops, hotels and various other industries. Maple City has a good school building, a Congregational church and a Friends meeting-house, both of which societies are in a prosperous condition. The fair grounds of the Leelanaw County Agricultural Society are located here, with good, substantial buildings. GLEN ARBOR. The village of Glen Arbor is located on the shore of Lake Michigan, Sleeping Bear bay, in section 23 of the township of Glen Arbor. The first settlers in the village were John E. Fisher and Dr. William H. Walker, who came from Wisconsin in 1854. They landed on Manitou- islands and came to the mainland with their families in small boats.. The next season George Ray landed here with two families from Ashtabula, Ohio, bringing with them a saw-mill. They were landed from the propeller "Saginaw" August 28, 1855. This was the first steamboat that ever made a landing in this bay. The next summer Mr. Ray, with a partner, commenced the construction of a dock, which was completed in 1857, and was afterwards known as the Central dock. In i86o this dock passed into the hands of Captain A. W. Rossman and M. D. Todd. In i86o Thomas Kelderhouse built another dock in the northeast part of the bay, about three miles distant from the Central dock. In 1865 C. C. McCartey built another dock in the northwest part of the bay, which afterwards passed into the hands of the Northern Transportation Company, of Cleveland. There are at present two docks at this place, one known as Fisher's dock, and the other belongs to the Gleq Arbor Lumber Company. Like Northport, Glen Arbor was for many years a regular stopping place for steamers to wood, and in the early days a good many settlers found their way into the Grand Traverse region by the way of Glen Arbor. It is now a flourishing little village. Immense amounts of wood and hardwood logs have been taken from the shores about 8O50 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Glen lake and towed across in rafts and on scows to a point where the lake comes within less than a mile of the lumber mills and dock at Glen Arbor and are moved across to the mill and dock on a tramway built for that purpose. The first sermon preached by a Baptist minister in Glen Arbor was by Rev. A. Joy, who landed there July 5, 1863. He was at that time, by reason of age and infirmities, past his active and constant labors in the ministry, and came to the region for the purpose of finding a home for himself and family for his declining years. He was, however, disposed to do for religion in a general way and for his own, the Baptist denomination, in particular, whatever was in his power. As this morning was Sunday he stopped at one of the first houses that looked like affording a home for the day. The place at which he stopped was the home of Mrs. Dorr, and he learned that she and the other ladies were engaged in an effort to sustain a Sunday school, and at the appointed time he accompanied her to the place of assembling. This was a small unfinished house, one room of which was occupied by their weekly school. He found present three ladies as teachers and about fifteen children. Mr. Joy made an appointment to preach in that room at five o'clock in the afternoon, and there were present at the preaching services between twenty and twenty-five persons. The Congregational church at Glen Arbor was organized August ii, 1867, by a council, and Rev. Daniel Miler, who had for many years been a local preacher in the Methodist Episcopal church, was ordained as pastor the year following. GLEN HAVEN. Glen Haven is another flourishing little village, located about two miles west of Glen Arbor in section 10, also in the township of Glen Arbor. The exact date of building a dock and commencing the wood and lumber business at this point we have not at hand, but it was a few years after the settlement at Glen Arbor. D. H. Day has a fine dock, saw-mill and store here, and has been doing an extensive business for several years in the manufacture and shipment of hard-wood lumber. The logs are taken from the country about Glen lake and towed in rafts to a small bay that comes to within about a mile and a half of the dock on the great lake near which his mill is located, and are transferred to the mill and thence to the dock by a tramway owned and operated by Mr. Day. He is also the owner of a fine steam tug that he uses to tow the rafts on the lake with. SOUTH MANITOU ISLAND. South Manitou island is now a part of the township of Glen Arbor. There is a fine hlarbor on the east side of the island, in which vessels often take refuge during stormy weather on Lake Michigan. A dock was built in this harbor at a very early day, at which many steamboats called for wood. The island has some fine farming and fruit land, which is being rapidly improved. Many summer visitors pass a few months on the island. What is said about the land of this island for farming and fruit growing is also true of North Manitou and the Fox islands. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. --~ - -~ -- -- I------ ~-~~- -- - _~_______11-I_~1 n ----------__-------~------~- ------ --r Manly through the efforts of Mr. D. H. Day, of Glen Haven, a cable has recently been laid by the United States government between the harbor on South Manitou and the mainland at Glen Haven, which is of great importance to the shipping interests, as vessels are frequently disabled and seek the harbor for safety, and are often obliged to send to points on the mainland for assistance. The government has for several years maintained a life-saving station on North Manitou island. EMPIRE VILLAGE. Empire is an incorporated village in section 19 of the township of Empire. It is on high ground on the shore of Lake Michigan. The first settler at this point was John Larue, whose coming to the region has already been mentioned. Marvin La Core and Mr. Aylesworth were also early settlers here. The Empire Lumber Company has docks and a large lumber plant at this point that they have operated extensively for many years. The company owns large tracts of hard-wood lands in the township and also in the townships adjoining on the south in Benzie county. The company has constructed a railroad from their mills back through their timber, over which they transport the logs to their mills. Passenger trains are now run over this road and the Manistee and Northeastern connects with it at Platte, Benzie county. This gives the people of Empire an outlet by rail to the outside world. BURDICKVILLE. This is a little and prettily located village located in a good farming community near the northeast corner of Empire township in sections I and 12. It has a store, postoffice, church, schoolhouse, etc. GOOD HARBOR. This is a small village just over the line from the township of that name, in the northwest corner of Centerville township, on Lake Michigan, Good Harbor bay. The Schomberg Lumber Company owns and operates a dock and saw-mills at this point. There is an extensive deposit of marl not far from this point suitable for the manufacture of cement. FOUCH. This is a station on the Manistee & Northeastern Railroad at the head of Carp lake in section I of the township of Solon. At this point boats running between the head of the lake and Leland cdnnect with the Manistee & Northeastern. It is pleasantly located and is much sought by resorters and fisherman. SOLON. This is a station situated near the center of Solon township on section 24, at the junction of the Manistee & Northeastern with its Provemont and Omena branch. It is the center of a fine farming community. CEDAR RUN, OR RUTHARDT'S SIDING. This is a small station on the Manistee & Northeastern near the southeast corner of Solon township on section 34. It has a fine and well improved farming country around it. 8562 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. CEDAR. Cedar is a station on the Provement branch of the Manistee and Northeastern in Solon township, about three miles southwest from Solon station. It has a saw and shingle-mill, hotel, store, blacksmith shop, etc. GREILICKVILLE. This point is sometimes called Norrisville, from the fact that Mr. Norris was the first person to settle there, although the Greilicks came soon after. It is pleasantly located on the shore of Grand Traverse bay about two miles north of Traverse City, in the township of Elmwood, in section 28. Seth H. Norris located land at this point and built a saw-mill here about 1852. In 1854 G. Greilick built a saw-mill here. In 1862 his sons, Anthony, John and Edward, built a saw-mill and soon afterwards built docks which they operated for many years, finishing up their lumber business only about two years since. Walter Greilick, a son of John Greilick, has owned and run a store here for several years. The mill built by Mr. Norris has been rebuilt and made into a firstclass flouring-mill, which is now run by a son, John Norris, and his partner. SUTTON'S BAY. This village has a charming location at the head of the bay by the same name, which is a branch of Grand Traverse bay, setting in some three miles from the main body of water in a southwesterly direction. The village was named in honor of H. C. Sutton, the early owner of the land upon which it is located. It began to be known about 1865 as Suttonsburg, but a few years after as Sutton's Bay. It is now an incorporated village. In the spring of 1871 Rev. Father A. Herbstrit, a Catholic priest, made a purchase of about six thousand acres of land on Sutton's Bay, and laid out a village which he called Pleasant City. He planned to establish a Catholic college and convent and many secular kinds of business, but made a failure of it, except that he did build a church and establish a school. By I88o, however, notwithstanding the failure of Father Herbstrit to carry out his plans, the village had grown to be a lively place of about two hundred and fifty people, and contained four stores, two hotels, a brick school-house, a saw-mill, printing office, and was doing an extensive trade in shipping wood. Since that time, while the wood and lumber business has greatly fallen off, the place has become a great market for farm produce. Many thousands of bushels of fruit and potatoes are shipped from here every year. The village has continued to grow and improve in importance. While the newspaper, the Tribune, which was printed here in 188o, has disappeared, others have taken its place. The Sutton's Bay Bazzoo was published semi-occasionally by Sam. Cooley, but this too has finally disappeared, and now the Sentinel is keeping the outside world informed about what Sutton's Bay is doing. PESHABATOWN. This is an Indian village, named after the chief Peshaba, who was at the head of the settlement that located here, and who has been mentioned in connection with Fa GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 858 ther Mrack's missionary work among the Indians. It is located about midway between Sutton's Bay and Omena in sections 2, 3 and io. There is a school and a Catholic church here. CAT'S-HEAD LIGHT. Cat's-lead Point, on which is located Cat's-head Lighthouse, is by road about nine miles from Northport, and is ever an object of interest to visitors, although its lighthouse does not offer the picturesque features so often possessed by these beacons of dangerous shores, being simply a strong, commodious dwelling for the keeper and his family, having a small tower in which is kept, in the immaculate spotlessness ever required by Uncle Sam, the great revolving globe of light that safeguards the approach to Grand Traverse bay. Previous to 1853, when this light was established in the homely old brick tower that preceded the present structure, this bleak and dangerous coast was left without any aid to the mariner who might seek to find entrance to the great bay that offers the safety of its sheltered harbor from any wind that blows. The bleaching bones of many a gallant craft that may still be seen where they were cast up by the furious waves beating upon that pitiless shore, show signs of a few of the tragedies of half a century ago. On June 25, 1852, the Rev. Mr. Smith, with his wife and three children started in a small boat for Black River, with the object of placing the two older children in school. Mr. Smith's diary gives a few interesting pages regarding the trip. He says: "We sailed to the mouth of the bay, then towed against a strong head wind to Cat's-head-which is a bluff, covered with cedar, projecting from the point into the lake a short distance, connected with the Point by a low reef of sand and small stones, mostly lime. It forms a grand waymark for navigators, being seen at a considerable distance, and is the last point on the lake shore as it drops off towards the mouth of Grand Traverse bay, which opens about three miles east. Here the 'Tribune,' a large, new schooner, loaded with wheat, went down with all on board. Not one was left to tell the tale of woe. None of the bodies have ever been found. The masts now lie on shore, brokee off at the deck. When we moved here, three years ago, one mast which we saw was doubtless still standing in the vessel. It had been chopped off. It is a gloomy reflection that such a vesset should go down with all on board, never more to be seen in this world." Three days later, after lying wind-bound at Cat's-head, he writes: "Being calm, we started without breakfast a little after sunrise and rowed to Louis' village, where I got some potatoes and a tent left there for us, then moved to Onumuneese village, where we met Pepequa and learned from him that all was well at home. We are now two and one-half miles from home, directly west, after nearly four days' absence." It may be of interest to note here that through severe storms, in which they were almost wrecked, by hard rowing and towing, the little family finally reached their destination on July 17, almost a month after leaving their home, on a journey that now can be accomplished in less than half a day. No wonder that he thanks God fervently for their having been safely preserved from the perils of the deep. In October, 1853, we hear of the arrival 854 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. - of Deputy United States Marshal Philo Beers, and on the following season of his being established as first keeper of Cat'shead Lighthouse. Previous to his coming to Grand Traverse Mr. Beers had served a term in the state legislature from Kent county. After settling in Leelanaw he was in 1858 again elected to the legislature, when he was succeeded as keeper of the lighthouse by his son, Henry Beers, who occupied the position until the election of President Lincoln caused a change to be made, and Dr. Shetterly, a Republican keeper, was appointed. It was about this time that the old lighthouse tower was torn down and the more modern building erected. Mr. Beers enjoyed the doubtful pleasure of sharing in the romantic adventures of those who during those years suffered from the raids of those pirates of the inland sea, Joe Smith's Mormon followers, who had established their temporal kingdom on "The Beavers beyant," and went forth to lawless pillage at their own sweet will. Many a tale is told by the early settlers of the mainland of what is known as "the Mormon raids." With their fleet of swift winged vessels, their sails tan-colored to shield them from observation at night, they would swoop down on the unsuspecting settlers slumbering quietly in their beds, and relieve them of any undefended property "with neatness and dispatch." Many a cargo of young stock, sheep, hogs, or fish and nets did these marauders bear away in spite of all precautions or watchfulness. Mr. Beers had on one occasion to lament the loss of all his nets and their contents, and on another occasion of all the lighthouse supplies. The very names of the dark-sailed fleet savor of the buccaneer spirit, with their bold irony; and one can imagine the lawless enjoyment with which they swooped down like some gigantic hawk and bore away their prey to the safe borders of their island kingdom. "Night-hawk," "Dark-Cloud," "Fly-bynight," "Dread-Naught," these were some of the appropriate names of the sturdy craft that, rigged wing and wing, would come tearing down into the bay and go again with none to stay. Many a night men lay in waiting for them, but generally those were the nights when they went elsewhere, as very few encounters are recorded. But all this is long ago. It is a placid life that is led by the keeper of Cat's-head Light in these days, broken only by the storm king's rage as the great breakers bellow on the shore, or the mournful cry of the fog whistle recently added to warn vessels away from the coast. The old Indian villages are all passed away, a few neglected burial places being all that is left to mark their former existence. The trails, and even the old "Carp river road," the first ever traveled here, are lost. Quiet farmsteads dot the shore from Leland to Cat's-head and on beyond, but not a village crowns the stretch of bluffs that make that grand shore where blue Lake Michigan shrouds her mysteries. There the great eagles still build their nests, the wild sea gulls float like great pond-lily blossoms upon the waves, or soar aloft when storms are nigh, uttering their weird cry of fierce delight, but the white beach bears no more the wrecks of dauntless schooners and frail sail vessels. The old sail traffic is almost passed away with the vanished years. The many steamers, and the railroads that, like the trail of the serpent, GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 865 have wound their sinuous length through sailors of the past; albeit, good troth, we every vale and hamlet, have taken from us have now a choice of swift journeys, and of the old time voyageur, and the bluff, brave deaths! CHAPTER V. RESORTS AND RAILROADS OF LEELANAW COUNTY. The summer resorts of the entire Traverse region have become of so much importance that a history of any portion of it would be quite incomplete without giving them some notice. Of these attractive places Leelanaw county has quite a number. Spring Beach is in Elmwood township on the west shore of Grand Traverse bay, one mile north of Traverse City. Traverse Beach, which is located three miles north of Traverse City, on the west shore of the bay, is naturally a very attractive place. It bid fair at one time to become a very popular resort. The grounds were beautifully laid out, a fine and commodious hotel, commanding a fine view of the bay, was built, but soon after its completion the owners became financially embarrassed, and the property passed into ot'her hands and the resort has not been open for business for two years. The present owners, instead of trying to develop and make something of a most beautiful location that nature has done much for, appear to be satisfied with expending their energies in fighting against the payment of their local taxes. Lee's Point, located on the west shore of the bay, about twelve miles north of Tray erse City, is a delightful spot, and will in time become a much sought resort. Omena, which is one of the most delightful summer resorts in all northern Michigan, is located on the western arm of Grand Traverse bay, about twenty miles north of Traverse City, five miles south of Northport. As has before been stated this now famous resort was originally the seat of the late Rev. Peter Daugherty's Indian mission. It is situated on a high point of native forest, threaded with beautiful woodland drives and shady walks. There are now here many handsome cottages, to which additions are being made every season. There are two fine hotels. The Inn, which is located near the beach, and the Hotel Leelanaw, located on the bluff and commanding a fine view of the bay and surrounding country. Besides being reached daily by a line of steamers, Omena is now reached by the Traverse City, Leelanaw & Mainstique Railroad, and the Manistee & Northeastern will doubtless soon be extended from Provemont to this point. All of the territory about Omena bay is fast becoming a big and popular summer resort. On the west side of the bay is The 856 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Clovers, embracing five or six beautiful and commodious cottages, the property of S. A. Keyes, which are filled every season to their utmost capacity. Northport, which has been quite fully described in another part of this work, has been popular as a resort with a certain class of persons who have sought the quiet of a pleasant, invigorating nook away from the worry and bustle of business in which to spend a few of the hot days of summer, but it has been so far away from connection with the outside world by railroad, that the great bulk of visitors have not found it sufficiently easy of access to suit them. Now, however, since the completion of a railroad to this point, Northport is likely to soon become one of the most frequented resorts on the bay. Northport Beach is a beautiful location just north of the village, upon which a large and beautiful hotel, with modern appointments, was completed in the spring of 1903. It promises to become very popular with tourists and resorters. Northport Point is a beautiful wooded point three miles from Northport, which separates Northport bay from the waters of Grand Traverse bay. The point is a mile in length, from five hundred to six hundred feet in width, and, at the narrowest point, is about two hundred feet wide. The location is an ideal one. A fine and well managed hotel is located here, called Cedar Lodge. Fouch is a station on the Manistee & Northeastern Railroad, eight miles from Traverse City, at the south end of Carp lake. There is a hotel here. It is a popular resort for fisherman. Between Fouch and Bingham, on the east shore of Carp lake, there are a number of private summer re sorts owned by Traverse City people, and the number is being added to every year. Fountain Point is a resort on Carp lake, about six miles from Fouch, located on the east shore of the lake near the Narrows, at the point where many years ago a fine flowing well was obtained in an attempt at boring for oil. There is a good hotel here, open during the resort season only. Provement, which is located at the narrowest point of Carp lake, now, that a branch of the Manistee & Northeastern Railroad is completed to it, is likely to develop into a popular resort. Leland, located on the high ground at the inlet between the head of Carp lake and Lake Michigan, has become quite an attractive point for summer visitors. It is reached by steamers on Carp lake running from Fouch, connecting at that point and also at Provemont with trains on the Manistee & Northeastern Railroad. Northland Beach occupies a well-selected location about a mile on the water front on the east shore of the Leelanaw peninsula. It can be reached by stage from Northport. Many cottages are being built at this resort, Bingham, located on the east shore of Carp lake, bids fair to become a resort of considerable importance, since the completion of the Traverse City, Leelanaw & Manistique Railroad which has a station at this point. Burdickville, on the east shore of Glen lake, has for several years been patronized by a number of summer resorters. It is a retired, but very pleasant location. Empire, located on the shore of Lake Michigan, since it can now be reached by railroad, will doubtless become a resort of importance. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAWV COUNTIES. 857 The South Manitou island resorts have been patronized very liberally by Chicago people for a number of years. There are two resorts on the island, established by the Garden City Sand Company, one in the harbor on the east side and the other at the south end. Now that the island is connected by telegraph with the mainland, these resorts will doubtless be still more extensively patronized. LEELANAW RAILROADS. Until the Manistee & Northeastern Railroad was extended from Manistee to Traverse City Leelanaw county was entirely without railroad facilities. That road only reached two towns in the county, Solon and Elmwood, giving them two stations, Fouch and Solon. In the spring of 1903 a branch of this road was completed from Solon through Centerville and into Leland township to Provemont, upon which passenger trains are now run regularly. Another extension of the Manistee & Northeastern road in Benzie county to Platte gives railroad connection with Empire by way of the Empire Lumber Company's road. The Traverse City, Leelanaw & Manistique Railroad was completed from Traverse City to Northport the present season, and regular passenger service was inaugurated on it the latter part of June, 1903. This road runs through a fine farming and fruit country. After leaving Traverse City stops are made at the following stations: Hatch's Crossing, Bingham, Fountain Point, Sutton's Bay, The Clovers, Omena and Northport. The railroad company has had built a fine car ferry, having a capacity for carrying thirty-two cars, and elaborate cabin accommodations for a large number of passengers. A slip is being constructed at Northport for this boat, which it is expected will be completed by the first of September, when the ferry will commence making regular trips across the lake between Northport and Manistique, where it will connect with railroads for all parts of the Upper Peninsula. The establishment of this line to the Upper Peninsula will be of great interest and benefit, not only to Leelanaw county, but to the entire Grand Traverse region, providing a short line and quick transportation for the fruit products of the region to the Upper Peninsula towns, where a good market for them is always to be found. CHAPTER VI. OLD PIONEERS OF LEELANAW COUNTY. William Gill was born in England in 1823 and came to the United States in 1849, and to Northport in 1855. He came to northern Michigan an invalid in search of health, and engaged to some extent in farming. In 1863 he began a mercantile business at Northport, which he successfully conducied for many years. In 1863 he was appointed postmaster of Northport, which position he held for over twenty years. He also held the office of county treasurer for fourteen years, and various town offices. He was married in 1851 to Martha Easterbrook, by whom he had four children. He died a few years since. Jesse Morgan was born in the state of Vermont and came to Old Mission in 1849. He was engaged in farming, and in 1857 came to Northport and bought a farm. He enlisted in 1861 and served in the Army of the Potomac till 1864, when he died of disease contracted in the service, leaving a widow and two sons. Simeon Pickard, deceased, was born in Madison county, New York, in 1825. He came to North Manitou island in 1846 with his brother, Nicholas, and engaged in supplying boats with wood. At that date the travel was all by the lakes, as there were no railroads through this part of Michigan. Boats called at the island daily, each way, and the small colony increased rapidly. There were no white people living on the mainland between Manistee and Presque Isle on Lake Huron except at Mackinaw Island. There was at this time an Indian village where Leland now stands, containing about three hundred persons. They used birch-bark canoes and often visited the island to fish and buy goods, as there was no place where they could trade nearer than Mackinaw island. In 1854 Mr. Pickard built a pier and established a wooding station on the west side of the island. He sold out and moved to Northport in 1857, and two years later moved to Leland, where he engaged in mercantile business, which he conducted for several years. Mr. Pickard served as postmaster of Leland for seven years, and was register of deeds for the county four years. Nicholas Pickard was born in Madison county, New York, in 1817. In 1846 he came from Buffalo, where he was engaged as his uncle's agent in supplying wood to steamboats, to the Manitou islands and established a station for the supply of wood to steamers plying between Chicago and Buffalo. There were at this time but two or three families on North Manitou and a GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. wood station on South Manitou. In 1847 he sold his interest in the business at North Manitou and removed to Buffalo, where he remained two years and returned to North Manitou, engaging again in the wood business and operating a saw-mill; his family residing in Buffalo during the winters and on North Manitou summers. He removed to Leland in 1873 and constructed a pier on his property at that point, still continuing his business on North Manitou. He died in April, 1876. The Rev. George Nelson Smith, practically the first white man to penetrate the beautiful peninsula now known as Leelanaw county, was born at Swanton, near St. Albans, Vermont, October 25, 1807. Of a strongly religious type of character, such as was then a common outgrowth of the old Puritan stock of rugged New England, we find recorded in the daily diary kept by him from his boyhood until the end of his life, that, "At the age of six, when I was, in common with the rest of my father's family, given to God in baptism, the spirit of God strove with me and brought before me in thick array the sins which I had committed, but my heart not being sufficiently subdued I continued in sin, wishing to be happy yet unwilling to be saved." A sad instance of infant depravity! And it was not until 1828 that he finally united with the Congregational church of his native town, and while continuing his course of education at the St. Albans Academy, began his study for the ministry to which he felt himself inexorably called. On July 4, 1829, he was married to Miss Arvilla A. Powers, of St. Albans, "a cousin of Hiram Powers, the sculptor. They remained in St. Albans until May, 1833, when learning that a Congregational colony was about to emigrate to Kalamazoo county, Michigan Territory, and believing that the new west offered a grander field for spiritual labor than the older land of his birth, Mr. Smith joined them and started on the long, tedious journey, which by steamboat, canal boat and team took twenty-one days and seventy dollars in gold to land himself and wife and infant son at Gull Prairie, now Richland, Michigan. On February 15, 1834, he was invited to unite with the St. Joseph's presbytery, then holding its first session. This he did, with the understanding that he was to preach and receive his support from that body during the season. But he records that after receiving twelve candles to study by he heard no more about support. But after his ordination, in February, 1836, he began missionary work in the southern part of Michigan under the Home Missionary Society of Detroit, and it was during this time that his attention was first drawn to the Indian mission work by a letter in the Christian Herald giving an account of the labors of a missionary among the Indians beyond the Rocky Mountains. Of this Mr. Smith writes: "As I read this letter I long to be there, and my soul burns within me to engage in this holy work!" And no doubt it was this that led him to begin his work among the Indians of Michigan, in which he continued to the end of his life. His efforts among them resulted in forming a colony at Allegan, which in 1839 removed to Black River, now Holland City, where they remained ten years. These were 860 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. --- years of great hardship and suffering. Sickness and death were added to the lonely isolation from all the society and comforts of civilization. Little ones were'born and buried. But four out of ten survived the trials of those dreadful years, and to those the wolves of hunger and privation were familiar visitors. Only through trackless forests, by canoe along lake and river, and on the backs of Indians along the narrow trails, could supplies be obtained, and storms often caused much delay in their transportation, so that the scanty stores often failed entirely, and the invalid wife and little childreen, alone for days in the wilds, suffered for food. On one occasion a long continued storm detained the boats until all the supplies in the little home were exhausted. Mrs. Smith was sick, her three children, the eldest but eight years old, were hungry and discouraged; no one was near to aid them, when there came feebly in,an old Indian woman, more than ninety years old and almost blind. She too was waiting for her friends to come with their supplies. When she heard that the little ones had no food she expressed her sympathy and went away. After some time she returned, bringing about a quart of wintergreen berries that she had gathered, saying that they would keep the poor little children from starving till their father came; as it fortunately did. Another time they were left until the only thing they had to eat was a soup made of the young ears of corn grated up, cob and all, as the kernels were not grown enough to eat. Yet never through all their bitter years does one page of Mr. Smith's diary breathe a complaint or regret. His was the spirit of the early martyrs, ready to cheerfully suffer or die for their convictions. To him the conversion of souls was paramount to all other considerations. Ever a kind and loyal husband, father and friend, of the utmost probity of character, leading to his filling many public positions of trust, intelligent and well read on all subjects of public interest and ready to assist in every progressive movement, yet his religious zeal made him regard all things else as of minor importance. To his austere character the hardships and trials of his daily life were but trivial difficulties to be met and overcome. They caused neither wavering nor repining, "nor shadow of turning." As a celibate priest he would have been an admirable example. As a husband and father let him be credited with the fact that no word of his indicates that he ever for a moment felt that he was sacrificing his family for his cause. He simply gave them as a part of himself for the accomplishment of the one great object. His wife, as loyal to the duties of wife and mother as he to his chosen work, bore with cheerful heroism the sufferings that he accepted with a zealot's joy. But to her, a delicate and cultured woman, life was a long martyrdom of soul and body, whose history is written only on the pages of the recording angels. Another problem soon arose before them, as their children reached the age when the question of their education became important. It was no small matter at that time to send their children away from home to seek the advantages now so easily secured, as traveling facilities were difficult and expenses many, and it required much courage and self denial to send them far from home and alone. But in 1851 they sent their son and one of the two older daughters to Oli or GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 861 vet, and after two or three years there, to Oberlin College, where they continued until 1858. The son, George, after his graduation studying for the ministry and continuing in that office until his death in 1897. During all the earlier years of the settlement of Leelanaw county Mr. Smith was the only physician here. Having studied medicine with an uncle in Canada while very young, he had acquired sufficient knowledge of drugs to enable him to successfully treat such cases of illness as occurred in his own family and among the white and Indian settlers of the county. He was the first judge of probate of Grand Traverse and Leelanaw counties, holding that office for many years. He also held many other public offices, besides preaching continuously to both white and Indian congregations,. to the end of his life. During his earlier work for the Indians he made use of an interpreter; but in many ways this was an inconvenience, and he soon acquired sufficient knowledge of the Indian language to enable him to preach to them in their own tongue. At first he conducted services for the white and Indian population together, preaching first in English then in Indian. But as the white settlers continued to arrive and make homes at Northport the little log sclioolhouse soon became overcrowded, and finding that the Indians were being crowded out Mr. Smith concluded to cease the preaching in English lest his mission work should suffer. But the village people then decided to secure his services for a church organization of their own, and in j856 he became the minister of the Congregational society of Northport, helping to form the church organization, and later giviig them the land on which to erect their church and assisting to build it, remaining as their minister until in the 'seventies, and also preaching at Carp River, now Leland, as well as at other places. Mr. Smith died at his old home in April, 1881, his wife surviving him until April, 1895. Two daughters are still living, Mrs. Mary J. Wolfe, of Traverse City, Michigan, and Mrs. A. A. Powers, of Northport. These two, with Mr. James McLaughlin, of Elk Rapids, and his sister, Mrs. A. Young, of Traverse City, Michigan, being the four survivors of the first colony of white settlers in Leelanaw county, who met face to face at the recent meeting of the old settlers of Grand Traverse bay, for the first time in ever fifty years. Among those closely identified with the early church work of the Grand Traverse region was the Rev. Solomon S. Steele, who was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in November. 1812, coming to the Grand Traverse region in November, 1859, as pastor of the Methodist Episcopal churches at Traverse City and Old Mission- and also as presiding elder of the district, which at that time included "all the territory lying between Mackinaw and Muskegon." Over this extent of district there were at that time but ten preachers. Mr. Steele's labors took him over a wild alid varied field, and the pioneer preacher was in a position to not only taste the joys of ordinary pioneer life, but to add to it all the flavors to be drawn from the adventures incident to traveling by any means possible -through vast tracts of wilderness, with means of subsistence almost as precarious as that of the birds and beasts. He might find a bed and supper at the end of the day, or he might lie rolled up in his blanket with onlyr $62 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. -I - the starry heavens for a canopy, and his supper only "that stuff which dreams are made of." Pioneer history, and particularly missionary pioneer history, is never dull reading; or at least it would not be if it could ever be faithfully and fully written-which it never was and never will be. The chance incidents that we hear repeated or write down are life a few shining beads upon a rosary. But the real days that were lived were every one of them a history of fierce, determined endeavor, and of battle against obstacles that left a mark upon the lives that lived them like the dents of bullets against the walls of a fortress. All honor to the brave hearts that bore the marks! It will be interesting to condense here a few facts and incidents in Mr. Steele's life as told by himself: "I was licensed to preach in New Britain, Connecticut, in the fall of 1836, and with an older brother immediately began the work of holding meetings. A small village, Farmington Plains, was where we' begun our ministry. No Methodist meetings had ever been held here. On reaching the schoolhouse we found it. packed, even the doors and windows occupied by a curious crowd. Had a circus been advertised instead of a religious meeting the excitement would have been no greater. We closed the services with the announcement that another service would be held at two o'clock. As the hour drew near people from all directions, and in all manner of conveyances, were seen hurrying to the school-house. The crowd out-- side was equal to that inside. "I will make no attempt to describe the feeling with which I arose to open this, my first meeting. We continued these meetings to the beginning of autumn with unabated interest on the part of the people. During all of our visits we were not asked by any to take so much as a cup of cold water, invariably taking our lunch with us. At present the very grove in which we ate our lunch dinners is the annual camping ground for thousands of worshipers. "Entering the itinerant ministry was to me an important event. It occurred in 1839. From New Britain I.came to Huron, Ohio, in 1837, intending to offer myself to the Ohio conference. I was surprised to find Huron within the bounds of the Michigan conference. Palmer Mission, Michigan, was the place of my first appointment. Palmer was at that time the county seat of St. Clair county. My circuit embraced all settlements between Lexington, on Lake Huron, and Mt. Clemens, on Lake St. Clair; also the villages of Port Huron, Palmer (now St. Clair), Newport and Algonac. At Newport and Belle River was witnessed the greatest display of saving grace. At the latter place our meetings were held in a private house, which was nightly thronged with a multitude of people, coming from miles away, on foot, on horseback, with oxen and sleds, the mothers carrying their babes in their arms, perhaps to find no place to even stand within the house, on their arrival. Everything possible was done to make room for the nightly increasing crowd. The beds were piled one on top of another, and everything else on top of the beds. The floor separating the upper and lower apartments was removed from the middle, making galleries of the sides above, to which the younger people climbed upon a suspended ladder. "My wife, leaving her domestic cares with her mother, and riding on horseback GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. -- behind me thirty miles over roads where no carriages could go, rendered me valuable service ate-this wonderful manifestation of saving grace. The whole people, with very few known exceptions, professed to be converted at these meetings. My entire receipts for this my first year's salary were less than one hundred dollars. To make my situation more embarassing, the fifty dollars of missionary appropriation to the mission was paid to me in 'wild cat' money, which was nearly worthless. I went to the circuit with fifty dollars in my pocket and a good horse, and left it with no money and two hundred dollars in debt for the support of my family of six persons and the transcient company which in those days always found welcome at the parsonage. "After two years on the Palmer mission I was by the bishop assigned to the Utica circuit. From Port Huron I sent my goods by water to Detroit, taking my family direct to Utica by land. Upon sending men with teams for my goods at Detroit, they found them with an attachment upon them, so that they could not be moved until the sum for which they were held, sixty dollars, was cancelled. Without my knowledge the men who went for the goods reported the case to John Owen, who, with the assistance of other noble Methodists in Detroit, released the goods by the payment of the debt and sent them with the men to Utica. This debt was occasioned by the loss of a pony which I borrowed for the use of a friend of mine who proposed to accompany me around the circuit. Stopping at Newport we put our horses in a pasture. Being told that the pony was a notorious jumper we tied him head and foot. Upon going to catch him in the morning he jumped the fence, plunged 22 into the river to swim across and was drowned. "My next field of labor was the Oakland circuit. All things considered, this was the most notable field of labor in my entire ministry. Over three hundred persons professed to have been saved. It was the year of the great Mille ite excitement, 1843. I baptized in the spring of this year eighty-three persons in one day-part of them at a lake north of Oxford Corners, part of them at a lake in Brandon, some by sprinkling, some by pouring and some by immersion. This was a year of the greatest suffering on the part of the family. They saw a time when they had nothing but potatoes to eat, and the last potato being cooked. Because of our living in the country it was difficult for the stewards to reach us on account of the severity of the winter and the depth of snow. No money was looked for in those years. Sometimes store orders would get our groceries and the stewards were expected to supply our provisions. The only money received was from the collections at quarterly meetings, which was divided between the preachers and presiding elder." These extracts are given as a fair example of the work undertaken by these devoted men who blazed the way of Christianity through the wilderness. And side by side with their names should be written the names of the devoted wives -who shared every privation and peril. Like the genealogical trees, we are too apt to see the male names written high upon the branches while those of the females hide humbly in obscure places. But justice should remember if fame forgets. Mr. Steele was especially fortunate in the female line. Of his mother he writes: "My mother was a Baptist. She was the 864 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. mother of ten children, seven boys and three girls. Of these seven boys six became ministers of the gospel, representing three denominations, two Baptists, three Methodists, and one Congregationalist. My mother was a Christian woman, who early taught her children to pray. My earliest recollections are associated with laying my head upon my mother's lap and repeating my infant prayer." In his ministerial work he was most ably assisted by his wife, who worked in the church as well as in the home, and who finally, according to the usages of the Methodist church, received a license to preach, and often filled his pulpit during any sickness or absence. His daughter, Mrs. Robert A. Campbell, was also a very able Christian woman, being devoted especially to the work of the Womnan's Christian Temperance Union, to which she gave much of her life. Mr. Steele was twice married, first to Miss Eliza Ann Morgan, who lived but a short time. In 1838 he was married to Miss Ruth Adelaide Lamberton, who at this writing is still living in Northport, at the advanced age of eighty-seven years. Of the children of this marriage but one survives, their son, Wilber F. Steele, who lives in Northport. Another son, Rev. Newland Steele, was also a minister in the Methodist church. Mr. Steele's work after coming to the Grand Traverse region in 1859 as presiding elder brought him to his Northport labors. In 1870 he became resident pastor of the church which had gradually been built up in that place, and during that year not only preached without compensation, but donated two hundred dollars towards building a Methodist church there. In.May, 1871, the corner ston'e ofthe present building was laid and one thousand three hundred and fifty dollars was pledged towards its construction, although it was not completed until sometime later. Mr. Steele was a convincing and forceful speaker, while not by any means a "ranter," retaining his ability to his last days'. While his extreme age brought failing physical powers his mental faculties retained much of their vigor as long as he lived. He died, truly honored and lamented, the last of April, 1903, his burial occurring May Ist, under Masonic services, of which body he had for many years been a prominent member, attended by a large concourse of his old-time friends and brethren, several ministers assisting in the ceremonies. One of the hardy mariners closely identified wtih the early history of Leelanaw county and Grand Traverse region was Captain Peter Nelson, who was born in Copeniagen, Denmark, in 1811, coming to this country in 1835. Like most of the Norsemen whose life among the wild seas and fjords of their native land make them almost as much akin to the sea as the shore, he was a skillful sailor, and we first hear of him in 1851 as captain of the little sail vessel "Venus," running between Chicago and Traverse Bay, and for many years he sailed the old schooner "J. Y. Scammon" between Chicago and Traverse City. This boat, owned by Hannah, Lay & Company, of Traverse City, was the great transportation line for general traffic for this region, carrying passengers as well as everything else required. Captain Nelson was known as a reliable and careful navigator, and his widow still relates, as an example of his rigid ideas of duty, the incident of his landing Mr. Smith's young son and daughter on one of GRAND' TRA VERSE 'AND LEELIANA W CO UNTIi.S their journeys home from college, on the farther shore beyond Carrying Place, because he considered it would conflict withi his duty to run into the harbor with them. As it was night when they went ashore and they got lost in their efforts to find their way across, being obliged to spend the night in a cedar swamp without food or shelter and find their own way home in the morning, they thought it a rather grim example of duty. After leaving the "Scammon" Captain Nelson received the appointment of lighthouse keeper at Cat's Head, which position he held for a number of years. He died on his farm south of Northport in the spring of I891. Captain Nelson remained unmarried until well advanced in years, as it was not until 1866 that he finally settled down to domestic life, marrying Mrs. Alice Bigelow, of Northport, who is still living in their old home. Two sons anda daughter were born of this union, all of whom are living. Walter W. Barton was born in Wyoming county, New York, June 22, 1834. When two years old he removed with his parents to the village of Tonawanda, Erie county, where he remained until 1852, where he received a common school education. In the fall of 1852 he removed to St. Louis, Missouri, and engaged in the construction of railroads and continued in that business in and about that city until the spring of 1858, when he went to Northport, Leelanaw county. There he engaged in the wooding of lake steamers and selling gobds until the spring of 1863, when he removed to the village of Leland, where he resided until his death, which occurred several years since. At Leland he engaged in the drug business', ahd was for a nuilber of years postmaster. tHe also held the office of supervisor and justice of the peace several terms. Mr. Barton, in company with E. O. Rose, now of Petoskey, had the job of grading the Traverse City branch of the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad between Walton Junction and Traverse City. He was representative in the' state legislature in 1881-2. He was, also elected state senator for 1887-8. George N. Smith, Jr., eldest child of Rev. George N. Smith and wife, was born in St. Albans, Vermont, June 20, 1832, and was brought west when a young child, where he shared the family fortunes until at twenty years of age he left home to enter, with his sister Arvilla, upon his school life at Olivet Institute. Previous to this time their only instructors had been their parents, and they expected to find themselves much at a disadvantage in comparison with others of their age. Happily this was not the case. The boy who at four years of age read his regular portions of the scriptures at family worship, and at eight had triumphed over that hated bugbear of youth, Colburn's Arithmetic, was not one to be intimidated by trifles; and although reared in the wilderness the young students made great progress, and in 1855 entered Olivet College, graduating in 1858. Twice during this time Mr. Smith made the journey from Northport to Grand Rapids on foot by trail, carrying his pack of blankets, books and provisions on his backrather an arduous trip even for the college athlete of today. One of these journeys was made on snow shoes, as the deep snow pre'Vented any other theans of travel, and the young.fellow, being 6f a delicate 'physique. f6und himself. wearied out lonhg before the journey wavi ended. Then as: ptog'fss gre 806 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. slow provisions began to grow scarce, until at last he divided his scanty store of crackers and dried meat into two parts, and taking one for his breakfast he labored painfully on, hoping to reach some habitation before the last was gone. As he had become quite sick while on the way the miles dragged slowly along, and while still in the depths of the forest he heard the distant bay of a pack of wolves. One after another the voices gathered from here and there, ever getting nearer together and louder. As night was coming on the situation was not very reassuring to the unarmed and half famished traveler, and he was just considering that the wolves stood a better chance to get a supper than he did, when he heard the report of a gun, and in a few minutes a party of three or four surveyors came out upon the trail, the wolf pack at their heels. Cheered by their company, and finding that they had no food that day, he divided his last little store, and they all pressed on to reach the shelter of a lumberman's shanty of which the surveyors knew, hoping to find there rest and food. But the way was long and night settled down over the weary band, while the wolves howled close behind, kept at bay by an occasional volley from the guns carried by the surveyors. Finally it was decided that Mr. Smith and another young man should leave their packs to be carried by the others, while they, being unincumbered, went ahead more rapidly to find the shanty and have food prepared by the time that the rest of the party came up, the latter holding the wolves from following. This was done, and at half past nine the light was seen shining and the haven was reached, but Mr. Smith fell fainting on the floor as the door was opened to them. However, their kind entertainer soon knew their plight, and when half an hour later the rest of the party arrived there was food and fire and a warm welcome awaiting them, and although the wolves howled around the shanty till daylight, the rest of the journey was made without further adventure. In college Mr. Smith was an earnest and efficient student, carrying off several class prizes that had been unsuccessfully competed for several years, and being called on as an assistant teacher before his own course was completed. Later he held the positions of professor of higher mathematics, and that of professor of Greek and Hebrew. He was a constant writer, both for the secular and theological publicatioin's, and the last two years of his life was employed as one of the committee appointed to retranslate the Old Testament from the original Hebrew. Having been brought up under the strongly cohiservative religious training of his parents, and finished off by the wellknown methods of President Finney, of Oberlin College, it appears somewhat remarkable that it was during his sojourn at Oberlin that Mr. Smith's views regarding the religious dogmas taught began to change. Having in some chance way been led to read some New Church books, commonly known as "Swedenborgian," he at once felt that he had found an answer to many disquieting questions of his religious life. Further study confirmed him in this opinion, and made him, long before his college life closed, an ardent follower of the faith that he lived and died by. No doubt this was a sore disappointment to the father, who had dreamed of leaving behind him a successor in faith and works, and many sharp but ever kindly discussions GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW, COUNTIES. 867 filled the frequent letters between father and son. But although immediately after his graduation the younger man entered upon his theological course at the New Church College at Urbana, Ohio, from which he graduated, and was ordained as a minister of the New Church in I86o, the differences of belief never caused a rift in the affectionate regard and respect that bound them together to the end of life. Having been called as pastor of the New 'Church in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Mr. Smith settled there and in August of that year was married to Miss Miranda Wyman, of that city. Here he remained for some time; but after the death of his wife, in 1868, he returned to Urbana as minister of the church there. He was afterwards married to Miss Seddie Powers, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, who survives him, living at "Fernbrook," their old-time summer house at Northport, where Mr. Smith died from the effects of an accident, January i i, 1897. During the years of his ministry Mr. Smith was pastor of churches in the cities of Richmond and Indianapolis, Indiana, estab lishing the first organizations of the New Church ever formed there, and serving as their pastor a number of years. He was also employed as pastor at Chicago and Canton, Illinois, and also Wyoming, Ohio, besides doing an immense amount of missionary work in Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois and Indiana, as well as at other points. In 1873, while living in Indianapolis, having previously had a slight stroke of paralysis, which still troubled him, his physicians advised Mr. Smith to leave the ministry for a time and engage in a more active out-door life. He therefore graduated from a course in the State Medical College of that city, and began the practice of medicine, which he followed during the most of the remaining years of his life in connection with his church work. The last six years of the pastoral work of Mr. Smith's life was done in Grand Rapids, where he began it nearly forty years before. He was buried in the family burial place at Northport, Michigan, attended by the Masonic fraternity, of which he was a member, having been one of the charter members of Unity Lodge, Holland, Michigan, in 860o. - p. I I _~_ _ -;i~~,: ~.::.~?-~,..;ll-11..3i ~- -..(.I ~ MR. AND MRS. PAUL R. BARTH BIOGRAPHICAL. PAUL R. BARTH. Paul R. Barth is a self-made man who, without any extraordinary family or pecuniary advantages at the commencement of life, has battled earnestly and energetically and by indomitable courage and integrity he has achieved both character and success. By sheer force of will and untiring effort he has worked his way upward and today he is a prosperous merchant of Omena, Leelanaw county. Mr. Barth is one of the citizens of Leelanaw county that the fatherland has furnished to Michigan. He was born in Prussia, Germany, on the i9th of January, 1859, and is a son of John G. and Fredericka Barth, who were also natives of Prussia. In the spring of 1866 they, too, bade adieu to their native land and with their children sailed for the new world, taking up their abode in Canada, where they lived until November of the same year. At that time they came to Michigan, settling in Northport, where they spent the winter and in the succeeding spring they took up their abode upon a farm in Leelanaw township. Throughout his entire life Mr. Barth gave his time and energies to agricultural pursuits and his close application to his work enabled him to gain a good livingK for his family, which numbered, beside himself and his wife, nine children, of whom Paul R. was the fifth in order of birth. Both Mr. and Mrs. Barth resided on what became the old family homestead in Leelanaw township until death and when they were called to the home beyondthe community lost two of its respected and highly esteemed citizens. Paul R. Barth was a little lad of only' seven summers at the time he crossed the briny deep with his parents and since November, 1866, he has been a resident of Lee-' lanaw county. He has enjoyed its advantages, has improved its business opportunities and through his earnest purpose and unfaltering diligence he has arisen to a prominent position in commercial circles. At the usual age he entered the public schools and therein continued his studies until he "had largely mastered the common branches of English learning. His training at farmi work was received on the old homestead, where he lived until twenty-two years of age, giving his father the benefit of' his services. He worked in the fields and meadows and the sun shone down on many' harvest which grew from grain that h6 870 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. planted. On leaving home he was employed in the lumber woods, during the winter months, while in the summer seasons he continued to work as a farm hand for several years. When his labor and economy had brought him capital sufficient to enable him to begin business on his own account he opened a meat market in Northport. This was in 1884 and was the first market established in the county. For four and a half years he engaged in business there, receiving a liberal patronage which brought to him a good financial return. He then disposed of his market in the fall of 1889, when he came to Omena, connecting himself with the commercial circles of this place. Here he established a general store and is still conducting it. He carries a large and well selected line of general merchandise and his store is neat in appearance and well appointed. Everything that he can do to please his customers is done by Mr. Barth and his business methods are in close conformity to the strictest ethics of commercial life. On the 8th of May, 1884, Mr. Barth was united in marriage to Miss Amelia Seelig, the wedding being celebrated in Northport. The lady was born March 2, 1862, in Prussia, a daughter of Ludwig and Amelia Seelig. She was not permitted to enjoy her happy married life very long, however, for death claimed her in 1887, she passing away at Northport on the I th of March, of that year, amid the deep regret of many warm friends. She left one daughter, Myrtle R. Mr. Barth was again married in Leland township, on the 23d of December, 1891, his second union being with Christina Alpers, who was born in that township and is a daughter of Henry and Katherine Alpers, who were likewise natives of the fatherland. Five children have been born of this union, of whom three are living, Robert C., Walter G. and Ernest A. The other two died in infancy. Mr. Barth takes an active and helpful interest in township affairs, and progress and patriotism may well be termed the keynote of his character. He is now acting as a member of the school board of Omena and he has contributed to the support of the Omena Congregational church, being interested in the moral as well as the social, material and intellectual welfare of his cotpmunity. In addition to his store and home in Omena he owns eighty acres of land in Leland township, having made judicious investments of his capital in real estate. A fact of which due recognition is not usually accorded in connection with the agricultural history of Michigan is that to no foreign element is due its present prosperity in so large a measure as to those who have had their nativity in or trace their lineage to the great empire of Germany. Among those who have left the fatherland to identify themselves with American life and institutions were the parents of our subject, bringing with them their young son Paul. The Barth family became a credit to the land of their adoption as well as to the land of their birth and in his life record Mr. Barth has manifested many of the strongest and most commendable traits of his Germany ancestry. FRANCIS E. DUNN. On section 19, Garfield township, is the fine farm of Francis E. Dunn. There, in the midst of highly cultivated fields stand GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 871 good buildings and an air of neatness and thrift pervades the place, indicating the carefill supervision of a practical and progressive owner. He represents one of the pioneer families of this section of the state, and is numbered among the native sons of Traverse City, his birth having there occurred on the Ist of August, 1855. His father, Dominick Dunn, was born in Dublin, Ireland, and after arriving at years of maturity he wedded Miss Ellen Odell, whose birth occurred in Limerick, Ireland. Believing that he might have better financial opportunities in the new world, having heard favorable reports concerning the business possibilities here for the ambitious young man, he sailed for the United States, and in the fall of 1851 arrived in Grand Traverse county. Two or three years later Miss Odell crossed the Atlantic, and they were married in Chicago. They began their domestic life in Traverse City, and were prominent and honored pioneer people of the county, residing here for a long period and watching with interest the progress and improvement made. For sixteen years Mr. Dunn was in the employ of Hannah, Lay & Company, and that he was one of the trusted representatives of the firm is indicated by his long connection with its affairs. At the end of that time he turned his attention to agricultural pursuits in Garfield township, carrying on the work of the farm until about three or four years prior to his demise, when he put aside business cares and throughout his remaining days enjoyed a well-earned rest. He died in Traverse City in the fall of 1900, when aboqt eighty years of age, and his wife passed away in August, 1891, when about seventy-two years of age. This worthy couple were the parents of six children, of whom Francis E. Dunn is the eldest. The subject was reared in Traverse City until eight years of age, and then went with his parents to the farm in Garfield township. He has since resided in this township, and his energies have been devoted to agricultural pursuits and to the lumber business. That he carefully directed his labors and that energy and sound judgment have been manifested in his career is shown by the fact that he is today the owner of two hundred acres of valuable land, and of this one hundred and twenty acres is under cultivation. Mr. Dunn was married in Traverse City, Michigan, on the Ioth of April, 1882, to Miss Ellen Duffy, of St. Louis, Missouri, and they had three children-Dominick Ivan, Arthur Edward and John Duffy. The wife and mother died in Garfield township in June, 1893, when about thirty-five years of age, and her loss was deeply deplored by many friends as well as by her immediate family. On the 31st of December, 1894, Mr. Dunn was again married, his second union being with Miss Mary Kratochoil, a native of Garfield township, Grand Traverse county, born May 20, 186o. This marriage has been blessed with four children-Clarence Leroy, Clara Belle, Raymond, Edwin and Louis Irvin. For many years Mr. Dunn has been school moderator in his district, but his best lublic service has been done as a private citizen. He has not been an aspirant for office, but has given his support to many measures for the general good, and has been a co-operant factor in many movements which have been of marked benefit to the township and county. Honored and respect 87i GRAND TkAVERSE AND 'LEL.AN.AW COUNTIES? I ed by all, the high position which he occupies in public regard has come to him not alone because of his success in business, but because of the straightforward, honorable policy he has ever followed. He is today the owner of much valuable property in Traverse City in addition to his farming interests, yet the methods he has employed in the acquirement of his capital have been such as will bear the closest investigation. Honor and integrity are synonyms with his name, and there is no citizen in Grand Traverse county more highly esteemed than is Francis E. Dunn. FRANK CAMPBELL. From humble financial positions many successful men have arisen to positions of prominence. To be born amid unfavoring circumstances does not imply that one's life. shall be passed amid such surroundings, and especially in America, ''the land of the freeand the home of the brave," is opportunity offered for advancement. It is this that has drawn so many men of foreign birth to the new world, where they have profited by existing conditions and have so shaped their lives that they have gained a fair measure of prosperity, which is the goal of all business. endeavor. Mr. Campbell is a representative of this class of citizenship, and is today. one of the well-to-do farmers of Grand Traverse county, living on section 31, Garfield township. He wasF born in county Sligo, Ireland, on the 7th of February, 1837, the sixth of nine children; constituting the family of Henry F. and.Luty (Leach) Campbell, the former a native of Ireland and the latter of Eng land. The parents were married on the EmSerald isle, and, determining to try their fortune in the new world, they left their home in county Sligo and sailed for Canada. After a short time, however, they came to Grand STraverse county, Michigan, settling in Garfield township, where Mr. Campbell lived until after the death of his wife, which occurred when she was sixty-six years of age. Subsequently he returned to Canada, where he died at the advanced age of eighty-four years.; In the county of his nativity Frank Campbell spent the first sixteen years of his life, arid then accompanied his parents on their emigration to the new world. For two years or more he lived near Toronto, Canada, and for a brief period resided in Illinois, while the years 1857 witnessed his arrival in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, among the pioneer settlers whose log cabins gave evidence of the dawn of an era of progress and improvement which was to bring great changes here. For several years he was employed in connection with the great lumbering interests of the state, working in the woods or in the saw-mills. He was also employed as a cook for some time. For some four years he sailed upon the lakes as a cook, and later he turned his attention to farming, purchasing one hundred and twelve acres of land in Garfield township. He has lived since that time upon this farm, but the place bears little resemblance to the property which came into his possession. His labors have wrought many changes. He has erected good buildings and has a nice home, while in the rear stand substantial barns and other outbuildings for the shelter of grain and stock. The work of the fields is carried on by the aid of the latest im GRAND TRAVERSE. AND 'LEELANAW COUNTIES. proved agricultural implements, and the crops when harvested find a ready sale on the market. His entire farm is under cultivation, which represents many hours of earnest toil on the part of Mr. Campbell, who has lived a busy and industrious life. On the 25th of March, I868, in Garfield township, Grand Traverse county, occurred the marriage of Mr. Campbell and Miss Julia Beitner, who was born near Berlin, Germany, July 16, 1855, a daughter of John and Anna Beitner, who in the year 1857 crossed the Atlantic to the United States,and made their way westward to Grand Traversecounty, settling in what is noww Garfield town-, ship. Here both the father and mother spent. their remaining days, the former passing away at the age of sixty-seven and the mother at the age of sixty-five years.,.Their family numbered five children, and, with one exception, Mrs. Campbell was the youngest. As the years passed five children were added to the home of the %subject and his wife, four of whom are living-Edwin H., William F., Lewis E. and Ida E. They also lost one son in infancy. The religious faith of Mr. and Mrs. Campbell is manifested by their membership in the Methodist Episcopal church and their active co-operation in many departments of the church work, leading to the strengthening of the denomination and the extension of its influence. Their 'home is celebrated for its cordial and gracious hospitality and the good cheer which there abounds. It is a favorite resort with their many friends, who in number are almost equal to the number of their acquaintances. Mr. Campbell is a man of resolute purpose, who has worked his way steadily upward. Laudable ambition has stimulated him to put forth his best efforts, and this to advance on the road to prosperity, and when difficulties have.arisen they have seemed to serve as an impetus for renewed effort. Certainly he, deserves great credit for what he has accom-; plished, and his life record should serve as a source of inspiration and encouragement to others. PETER PETERSON. Peter Peterson, who is residing on section 29, Garfield township, was born in Denmadk on the I4th of March, I848. Throughout the world wherever-the sons of that country have gone they have been recognized as. valued additions to the citizenship of the land in which they have taken up their abode. Their leading characteristics are thrift, perseverance and integrity, qualities which form an excellent foundation for character and for business success. These traits are manifest in the life history of Mr. Peterson, one of the respected and honored residents of Grand Traverse county. He remained in his native country until twenty-one years of age, and acquired his education in its public schools. lHe also learned lessons of industry and honesty, which were instilled into his mind by his parents. When he had attained his majority he resolved to sever the ties that bound him to his native land and seek a home in the new world. He had heard favorable reports of business opportunities in this country, and, wishing to improve his financial condition, he sailed for the United States, landing in New York city. He did not tarry in the eastern metropolis, however, but came at once to Michigan, settling first in Muskegon. He was then employed in a saw-mill during' 874 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. the summer months and during the winter seasons he secured work in the forests. He afterward went to Cedar Springs, where for five years he remained in the employ of one company in a saw-mill, his long connection with the firm indicating his fidelity to duty and his capability. On leaving that employ Mr. Peterson came to Grand Traverse county, arriving here in the spring of 1878. He then settled upon the farm which is now his home. It has been his place of residence for tweny-five consecutive years, and he had purchased it the year previous to his removal to the county. The farm now comprises one hundred and eighty acres of land, of which one hundred and forty acres is improved. Mr. Peterson has taken advantage of the opportunities for fruit-raising here and has some fine fruit trees upon his place. His fields are also well cultivated, and everything about his farm is indicative of the thrift and enterprise of the owner. lie has erected good buildings upon his land, and now has a nice place, which stands as a monument to his enterprise and energy. In Garfield township, Grand Traverse county, May 8, 1878, was celebrated the marriage of Peter Peterson and Miss Mary Wilhelm, who was born in this county August 28, 1861, and was a daughter of Antoine Wilhelm. Hers was a happy married life, but after several years she was called to her final rest, passing away at her home in Garfield township on the 3d of June, 1896. Of the three children born of this union, one daughter died in infancy. The surviving children are Theo, who is still at home with his father and assists in the operation of the home farm, and Clara, who is now the wife of George B. Douglass. For many years Mr. Peterson has been overseer of highways, and believes in having good roads, realizing their value in transporting farm products to the markets and bringing to the country homes the things that have been purchased in the city. In all matters pertaining to the general welfare he is progressive. Churches have his respect and good will and have received his substantial aid. In his private and public relations his influence is given for social progress and for the elevation and welfare of mankind. Viewed from a financial standpoint, he is a self-made man, all that he has being the direct result of his own labors. He is an honored representative of the land of his birth and of his adoption, in this country he has made good use of his opportunities and he has prospered from year to year, conducting all business matters carefully and successfully and in all his work displaying an aptitude for correct management. 0 WILLIAM W. SMITH. The history of Traverse City would not be complete, as a municipal record, without an account of the services of the subject of this review, William W. Smith. For ten years he has been an alderman from one of the wards of the city, two years he occupied the position of mayor and at this time he is discharging the duties of water commissioner. It is not that he has any penchant whatever for office-holding, but as a publicspirited citizen, when called upon by the voters to do his part in the interest of the municipality, he realized that he could do his duty in no other way than by accepting the positions offered. WILLIAM W. SMITH. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 875 William W. Smith was born August 22, 1849, in Constantia, New York. His father was William W. Smith, also a native of New York, born in 1817. He followed the calling of a lumberman and spent his entire life in his native state, dying in 1857. The mother of the subject was Ada A. (West) Smith, also a native of New York, born in 1822. In 1846 she became the wife of William W. Smith, Sr., and they were the parents of four children, only two of whom, the subject and his brother Frank, are now living. The latter is the senior member of the firm of Smith & Hull, of Grand Traverse county. The mother, now in her eighty-first year, is still living and resides at Benzonia. The early life of William W. Smith was spent in Oswego, New York, and there he received such education as the limited time afforded him at school permitted. He came to Traverse City in I86o, when only a little more than ten years old, and at the age of thirteen years entered the employ of Hannah, Lay & Co. He has not seen the inside of a school room, as a student, since he was thirteen, yet he is a man of splendid business qualifications and well informed. Naturally observant, of quick perception and of an inquiring, studious turn of mind, there are few matters to the study of which he has applied himself that he has not been able to master in a short time. For what learning he is possessed of he is indebted chiefly to his own industry and exertions. His first employment was in a saw-mill. The work was hard and the hours long, so when he got an opportunity of becoming a cabin boy on one of the company's steamboats he gladly embraced it. This was in 1864 and he remained two years. From that time until 1874 he was engaged in general work for this firm. From 1874 to 1884 he was in their grocery store, later performing whatever work was assigned him, in the saw-mill in the summer, in the woods in the winter, as steward and clerk on the steamer "City of Traverse," and later as clerk on the steamer "Faxton," plying between Traverse City and Charlevoix, Petoskey and Harbor Springs. After serving one year in the lumber office he was given charge as manager of the company's large flouring-mill, situated on the south bank of the Boardman river, near Sixth and Union streets. For a period of nearly eighteen years he has continued to hold this position, giving eminent satisfaction to the owners and winning the respect and good will of all of the patrons of the mill. June 8, 1874, in Traverse City, William W. Smith was united in marriage to Miss Susan E. Reynolds, a native of Michigan, born in York state, December 3, 1853. Her father was Edward Reynolds, a native of Greenfield, Vermont, who up to the time that he became a soldier in the war of the Rebellion had followed the calling of a lumberman. He entered the Federal service early in the war and had a splendid record as a soldier, but was killed at the battle of Monocacy Junction, Maryland, July 30, 1864. The mother of Mrs. Smith was Mary (Berryman) Reynolds. She is still living, at the age of seventy-seven years, a resident of Traverse City. They were the parents of five children, viz: James, a farmer, married, resides in Garfield township, this county; Susan E., wife of the subject of this review; Richard, delivery man at the mill of which the subject is manager; Anise, wife of E. L. Parmenter, a farmer, resides in Leelanaw county; Josephine, wife of C. 876 GRAND TRAVERSE. AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. D. Monroe, a machinist, resides in Traverse City. The family are members of the Congregational church, and Mr. Smith generally attends divine service with them, but he is not a member of that or any other religious denomination. He is a Mason, has advanced to the rank of Knight Templar and at present occupies the position of eminent commander of the Traverse City commandery. He is also an Odd Fellow, in which order he has passed the chairs, and belongs also to the Knights of the Maccabees, the Foresters and the Knights of Pythias. He is a man whose long services to the community are highly appreciated by the general public. It is also a splendid attestation to the steadfast character of the man, and creditable alike to his employers, that he has been constantly engaged in their service for upwards of forty years. Few men of the age of William W. Smith, who is now but little more than fiftythree years old, can point to such a record. None but a man of the sternest stuff could possess it. ALEXANDER D. McRAE. Grand Traverse county has been the home and scene of labor of many men who have not only led lives that should serve as an example to those who come after them, but have also been of important service to the county through various avenues of usefulness. Among them must be named Alexander McRae, who is living on section 29, Garfield township, and whose life of industry has resulted not only in the acquirement of good property interests, but.has also been of direct benefit to the community by reason of his fidelity in public office and his practical efforts for the general good. As the name indicates, Alexander McRae is descended from Scotch ancestry. He was born in Prescott county, Ontario, on Christmas day of 1837, but his parents, Kenneth and Marian (Cameron) McRae, were both natives of Inverness, Scotland. Coming to the new world, they established their home in Prescott county, Ontario, where they reared their family and continued to reside until called to their final rest. They had five sons and four daughters, of whom Alexander is the youngest. Farm life in its various departments became familiar to Alexander McRae in his youth. He remained with his parents until sixteen years of age, and was then apprenticed for three years to learn the carpenter's trade. During that time he mastered the business, becoming a good workman, and he afterward followed the trade as a journeyman in Canada for about a year and a half. Remaining a resident of his native county until September, 1858, he then came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and entered the employ of Hannah, Lay & Company, a prominent lumber firm, in the capacity of mill filer and foreman, continuing with them until they sold out their business and plant. In the meantime Mr. McRae was married in Traverse City to Miss Patience Foster, a native of Pennsylvania, who died in Traverse City, leaving a daughter, Alice M., who is now the wife of William A. Rennie, a well-known 'resident of this county, represented on another page of this volume. Mr. McRae' was' again, married in Colton ' St. Lawrence county,' New York, on the Ist of Jtune, 1867; his second tuflion beihgw-ith Mrs. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANA W 'COUNTIES Abigail R. Russell, the widow of George H. Russell, who was a soldier of the Civil war, and died at Poolesville, Maryland. Her maiden name was Abigail R. 'Macomber, her parents being Harmon and Lydia (Wright) Macomber, the former born in Castleton, Vermont, while the latter was a native of Weare, New Hampshire. Mr. Macomber was of Scotch origin, while his wife was of English descent. They became the parents of fifteen children, five sons and ten daughters, Mrs. McRae being the seventh child. Both Mr. and Mrs. Macomber died in St. Lawrence county, New York, having never come to the west to reside. Mrs. McRae was born in Bristol, Vermont, January I, 1838, and is an estimable lady, who has many friends in Grand Traverse county. Two homeless boys have been taken into the McRae home, their names being Auldiqe and Clinton. Auldice was taken by Mrs. McRae before the death of her first husband, he being at that time eleven years of age. He was a bright young fellow, having a host of friends, but unfortunately met his death by drowning at the age of twenty-one years. Relative to his death we here insert the following article from the Grand Traverse Herald under date of August Io, 1882: Auldice McRae, son of A. D. McRae, of Garfield township, whose sad death, by drowning, the Herald briefly noticed last week, was born in Parishville, St. Lawrence county, New York, November 29, 1860. He had lived in this county since 1866. Auldice had grown up here from boyhood and was well and very favorably known to most of our citizens. He was a young man of most excellent habits and unsullied character. A great reader, he had made himself familiar with the best writers, and he took especial interest in the passing events of the day, closely watching the newspapers and carefully perusing their contents. -Few young men of his age are as well posted in the politics of his country as was he. It was his ambition to becomea thorough political student that he might conscientiously exercise the right of the ballot. In this, as in many other respects, our young friend's life might serve as a pattern to others. A most affectionate son, his loving solicitude for the welfare of his parents met with a cordial response on their part, and his home life.must have been, and we know it was, a very happy life. Auldice had many warm friends among the young and the old of his acquaintance, who will all join us most heartily in this tribute to one who was worthy of kind words of remembrance. Clinton McRae was taken into the home at the age of six years. He was born at Big Rapids, Michigan, May 16, 1878, and has developed into a fine specimen of manhood, holding the universal respect of all who know him. February 14, 1900, he wedded Miss Carrie Buell, and they have one son, Clark. Since coming to this section of the state Mr. McRae has made his home either in Traverse City or upon his farm in Garfield township. He owns eighty acres of land, of which he operates sixty acres. This constitutes a good farm, because of the buildings he has erected and the neatness and thrift which pervades every corner of the place. Practical common sense is brought to bear upon all of his work and leads him to adopt all new methods advanced that prove of benefit and also enables him to determine what will prove detrimental rather than beneficial. For several years he filled the office of county drain commissioner. He has also held the office of highway commissioner for several years, has filled the position of justice of the peace for a number of years and has served in various school offices. He has taken an active part in township and county affairs; and he gives his political support to the Republican party, having firm faith in its principles and their ultimate adoption for the nation's good. His wife is an adherent of the Baptist church, and both are people of sterling worth, honored-and respected by all with whom they have come in contact. 878 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. JOHN RENNIE. Industry and ability invariably win their way to prominence. No matter how small and insignificant the beginning may be, the industrious man, who exerts his talents and has the tenacity of purpose to persist in the course good judgment dictates, never fails of success. The subject of this review, John Rennie, chief of police and of the fire department of Traverse City, is a man whose life is a fair illustration of the foregoing. Coming to Grand Traverse county when a child of only six years, he received but a limited education, worked at many kinds of hard labor, in the clearing, on the farm. and in the woods, until finally the sterling worth of the man was appreciated and he was called to the responsible and honorable position he now so ably fills. John Rennie was born in the province of New Brunswick, Canada, February 16, 1852. His father was William Rennie, born in New Brunswick February 21, 1821, but who emigrated to America with his parents when a lad of five years; he was reared, educated and grew to manhood in New Brunswick. There he met and married Margaret Fenton. a native of Scotland, who came to America with her parents when she was ten years old. The Fenton family also located in New Brunswick, and William Rennie and wife continued to reside there some years after their marriage. In 1851 the young husband visited Grand Traverse county, was favorably impressed with the location and determined to at some future time make it his place of abode. He returned to New Brunswick, but found it impossible to arrange his affairs so as to effect a removal until 1858, when, with his family, he came and established himself in what is now Traverse City. For many years he worked in the woods, as foreman, for Hannah, Lay & Company. In S862 he purchased a farm in Garfield township, this county, and superintended its cultivation in connection with his duties as foreman. About 1870 he resigned his position with the company and thereafter devoted himself to the cultivation of his farm. William and Margaret Rennie were the parents of five children, viz: John, the subject of this review; Annie, the wife of J. D. Putnam, of Omena, Michigan; Mary, wife of Alexander Weidenhamer, of Bayonne, New Jersey; Elsie, wife of Stephen McGarry, resides in Keystone, this county, and William A., who occupies and cultivates the old home place in Garfield township. Both parents are now dead, having passed away a number of years ago. The early education of the subject of this review, John Rennie, was received in the public schools of Traverse City, where he was reared. When the family moved to the farm in Garfield township, he accompanied them and devoted the next few years of his life to farm work, attending the district schools during the winter months. This constituted all the opportunities for receiving an education that were ever afforded him, as in his seventeenth year he attended school as a student for the last time. After a few years of farm work, his father permitted him to go to work in the woods and after following the calling of a woodman for about four years, working with his father, the company made him also a foreman. For eight years longer he worked for Hannah, Lay & Company in this capacity, when he went to MRS. JOHN RENNIE. JOHN RENNIE. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELAINAWU CO UNTIES, 379g work for others. The years of his life that he spent laboring in the woods number about twenty-two. April 16, 1877, at Traverse City, John Rennie was united in marriage to Miss Hattie M. Connine, a native of Connecticut, born May 5, 1857. Her foster parents were John R. and Charlotte (Cook) Connine, both natives of New York. While the children were yet quite young the foster parents moved to southern Michigan and after a short sojourn there the family moved to Alabama, where they remained a number of years. They then returned to Michigan and located on a farm near Traverse City. Mrs. Rennie was educated in the public schools of Alabama and of Michigan. She is a lady of good mental power and excellent judgment and to her many good qualities her husband is indebted for much that he is. To John and Hattie M. Rennie two children have been born, both sons, Charles E. and William J. Charles was born April 2, 1878, and is a bookkeeper in the manufacturing establishment of Victor Petertyl, Traverse City. I-s wife was Maude M. Gillett. They are comfortably situated in a pleasant home and blessed with prosperity. He is a graduate of the Traverse City high school and both the boys attended the Ferris Institute at Big Rapids, Michigan. Both of the sons are now stockholders and are engaged in the Ferris Implement Company. Villiam was born August 3, 1879. About 1890 the family moved to Traverse City and have resided here since. In 1894 John Rennie was appointed chief of police of the city, and such excellent satisfaction has he given, both to the general public and the city authorities, that each successive year since he has been reappointed. 23 In 1896, by the appointment of Chief Rennie to the position of chief of the fire department, both positions were consolidated, his salary was increased to one thousand five hundred dollars and he has been both chief of the police and chief of the fire department since. He is a most efficient official, whose services can not be complimented too highly either here or elsewhere. Politically, the subject of this review is a Republican staunch and true. His father was a most ardent Republican from the first moment that he became a citizen, and the son imbibes much of the earnestness of the father. His present position, however, is the only public office Mr. Rennie ever held or aspired to, and that can scarcely be considered political. Neither he nor Mrs. Rennie belong to any religious denomination, but they are generally attendants upon the services at the Methodist church. The subject is a Forester and a Knight of Pythias. Both his sons are Masons and Foresters, and Charles, the elder son, is, in addition, a Modern Woodman. The family has a nice home, on the corner of Jefferson avenue and Madison street, it being beautifully located and handsomely furnished. At one time he owned considerable land in the county, but considered it advisable to close it out when he was offered a fair price for it. John Rennie is a splendid specimen of American manhood-large, muscular and active. He has made one of the best officials northern Michigan has ever known, as is very forcefully shown by the manner in which he has been sustained in his position. Mentally he is even more active and alert than he is physically. In a broader field and with greater opportunities there is little doubt that he could accomplish much. As it 880 GRAND TRA VERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. is, Traverse City has the satisfaction of knowing that it is blessed with an official whose equal is rarely encountered in a city of its size. STEPHEN EDWIN WAIT. The subject of this sketch, S. E. Wait, was born in Fairfield, Franklin county, Vermont, July 21, 1834; a twin brother died a few months later. Their father, John J. Whittier, was married to Mrs. Maryann F. Hines (nee Fox) in Fairfield, August I, 1833. Afterward Mrs. Whittier was married to Martin S. Wait, in Rochester, New York, who had a contract on the building of the Genesee Valley canal. After this marriage the son of Mr. and Mrs. Whittier adopted the surname of his step-father. in T838 the family removed to Ohio, going by the Erie canal to Buffalo, where the canalboat was taken in tow by a steamer to Cleveland, and thence on the Ohio canal to Newark. A two years' residence was made each at Etna, Licking county, and Clinton, Summit county, Ohio. In 1846 the family moved by steamer to Milwaukee, thence by team to Waterville, Wisconsin, and in 1848 they came to Mackinac island, occupying the dairy farm of Michael Dousman. now the Early farm. Mr. Dousman was largely instrumental in the capture of the island by the British during the war of 1812, giving valuable aid to the enemy in landing at what is now called the British landing. Mr. Wait remembers Mr. Dousman as an old man in 1848. In the autumn of 1850 they moved to Old Mission. At that time the whole Grand Traverse region was an almost unbroken wilderness. This trip was made in the schooner "Arrow," which was making weekly trips between Mackinac and Old Mission. Here Mrs. Wait died August 29, 1879, and her husband passed away about three years later, on May 14, 1882. While the family resided in Ohio, Wisconsin and on the island of Mackinac, S. E. Wait attended school in each place. This constituted all of the opportunities he had for receiving an education, but, being a studious youth and having made good use of his time, when he left school he was amply qualified for teaching. In November, 1851, five young men arrived at Old Mission in the schooner "Madeline," with the intention of spending the winter in study. Three were brothers-William, Michael and John Fitzgerald-while the others were William Bryce and Edward Chambers, who was employed as a cook. Mr. Wait was engaged as teacher at twenty dollars per month. The Fitzgeralds and Bryce were to pay the bills, the cook receiving his tuition for his services. The "Madeline" was brought around to Bowers Harbor and anchored for the winter. The afterhold was converted into a kitchen and dining room and the cabin was used for a school room. The teacher was nineteen years old, the ages of the pupils ranging from twenty to twenty-five. Regular hours of study were observed and strict school discipline was voluntarily submitted to. Out of school hours they had plenty of exercise in cutting wood and bringing it on board, and in the recreation of snow-balling, in which they engaged with the delight of genuine school boys. Except by way of Old Mission, six miles away, to which occasional visits were made, the party was entirely cut off from communication from the outside world. The progress GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 881 of Mr. Wait's pupils in their studies was a credit to themselves and their youthful teacher, and a winter's schooling undertaken in a serious desire for knowledge must have left its mark on all their future lives. William and Michael Fitzgerald were afterwards masters of vessels for some years, William later becoming government inspector of hulls at Milwaukee, and John owning a ship-yard at the same place. Edward Chambers was afterwards lighthouse keeper at White Fish bay, and a few years ago was a thriving citizen of Mackinac. This school was the first white school north of Manistee. In 1854 Mr. Wait was engaged by Hannah, Lay & Company, of Traverse City, together with J. K. Gunton, E. F. Dame and others in building the company's boarding house and the county court house, which was burned a few years later. In the winter of 1854-5 he taught school in Clinton, Ohio. From 1856 for a number of years he had charge of the carpenter and joiner work of Dexter & Noble at Elk Rapids. During this time he planned and superintended the building of the side-wheel steamer "Albatross," the first boat of the kind to run on the inland lakes. In 1862 he was appointed by Hon. D.C. Leach, who was Indian agent for Michigan, teacher to the Indians at Middle Village and afterwards to Peshawbatown. From 1866 to 1871 Mr. Wait was clerk in Hannah, Lay & Company's store, and in the spring of 1871, when the new propeller "City of Traverse" came out he took the position on her as clerk and steward. In 1872 a severe illness compelled him to resign this position, and on his recovery, in October, he went into the drug store of L. W. Hubbell & Company as cashier and bookkeeper. In May, 1875, he purchased the drug store of the above firm, and has continued in the business since with increasing success each year. Mr. Wait was first married April 8, 1858, to Miss Louisa Colburn, of Old Mission, who died January 29, 1868, leaving two children, Ida R., who died April 29, 1876, and Cora L., wife of Fred W. Culver, of Saginaw, Michigan. They were the parents of two children, Lorraine and Donald. Mrs. Culver was a graduate in pharmacy from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. On June 23, 1870, Mr. Wait was again married, his bride on this occasion being Miss Ellen Packard, of Racine, Wisconsin. She was a native of Ohio, born at Chatham, October 18, 1836. She was the daughter of Roswell and Susan Packard, both natives of Ohio. To this union three children were born, viz: Minnie Belle, a graduate of the Traverse City high school and of the State Normal College; Edmund W. Wait, who was educated in the city schools, graduated from the high school and from the National Institute of Pharmacy at Chicago, and is a registered pharmacist; Cyrus Raymond, educated in the schools of the city, is also a graduate of the National Institute of Pharmacy. Mrs. Ellen P. Wait died May 9, 1903. May I, 1901, the firm of S. E. Wait & Sons was established by Mr. Wait taking into partnership with him his two sons. Both are married and comfortably established in homes of their own. There is no discord in the political beliefs of the Wait family. All are Republicans and each takes more than a passive interest in the result of the elections. Many years ago S. E. Wait held at different times a number of minor political positions in the township in which he lived, and later served as clerk of Traverse 882 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. township before the city was incorporated, but he never sought office or had any desire whatever for political preferment. He is a member of the Congregational church and has served as its clerk since 18,75. Few congregations have been blessed with so faithful an official and for such a length of time. The entire life of S. E. Wait has been one of industry and propriety. He has reared and educated a noble family, and now, in his declining years, surrounded with plenty to supply every want and by a family of which he is justly proud, he may pass the years in comfort and contentment-a deserved reward for a most deserving man. HUGH M. PROUTY. Since May, 19oo, Hugh M. Prouty has served as superintendent of Oakwood cemetery, and is well qualified to fill this position. This is shown in the excellent condition of the cemetery, the entire grounds being most beautifully kept up. Trees and shrubs, grass and plants are well cared for, and every effort is put forth by Mr. Prouty to enhance the loveliness of this city of the dead. A native of Wisconsin, Mr. Prouty was born in Racine county, on the 27th of August, I850, and is a son of Williard A. and.Rachel (Shepard) Prouty. His parents were natives of Washington county, New York, and for some time resided in Walker township, St. Joseph county, Indiana, whence they came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, in the year 1861. Here they settled in what is now Garfield township, but was then Traverse township, and they continued to reside upon their farm until called to the home beyond, Mrs. Prouty departing this life when sixty-nine years of age, while the father died at the ripe old age of seventyfive years. They were people of the highest respectability, and wherever known they made many warm friends. Hugh M. Prouty was eleven years of age when he accompanied his parents on their removal to Grand Traverse county. He was the youngest of their family of six children, five of whom reached the age of maturity. He well remembers the trip to this portion of the state. The journey was made by boat from Chicago, and on the 24th of May, 1861, the party arrived at Traverse City. The subject lived with his parents until he attained his majority, his youth being spent upon the home farm in Garfield township, and for a number of years before he left the parental roof he was of much assistance to his father in carrying on the work of the fields. At the age of twenty-four years he started out upon an independent business career, and was engaged in lumbering in various portions of the northern part of the state. He also followed farming to some extent, and later he gave his undivided attention to agricultural pursuits. At the time of his marriage he took up his abode upon the old family homestead in Garfield township, Grand Traverse county, which had formerly been owned by his father. He continued to make it his place of residence until he was appointed to the position of superintendent of Oakwood cemetery of Traverse City in May, 1900. He still owns sixty acres of land, of which about forty-seven. acres have been improved. Mr. Prouty was married in Monroe Center, Grand Traverse county, on the I7th of May, i88T, the lady of his choice being Miss Mattie Baker, a native of Erie county, New York, her birth having occurred there in HUGH M. PROUTY. MRS. HUGH M. PROUTY. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 888 1847. She is an estimable lady, and her many excellent traits of character have endeared her to a large circle of friends. Mr. and Mrs. Prouty belong to the Methodist Episcopal church and co-operate heartily and earnestly in its work. He has held numerous offices in the church, and in public affairs he is likewise deeply and actively interested. He has served as overseer of highways in Garfield township for several terms, and the matter of good roads is one to which he gives much attention. Whatever pertains to the public welfare receives his earnest endorsemnent, and he is a public-spirited citizen, whose worth to the community is widely acknowledged. In manner Mr. Prouty is genial and kindly, and his true worth is questioned by none who have regard for upright character and sterling integrity. From an early day he has lived in this county, and his name is, therefore, enrolled among the pioneer settlers. He can relate many interesting incidents of the time when (;rand Traverse county was largely a frontier region and when many of the roads which now pass between fields of waving grain then led through forests in which was the native growth of timber. There has been marked advancement along social, material, intellectual and moral lines as the county has emerged from its primitive conditions to take its place among the leading counties, of the commonwealth, having advantages equal to any to be gained in Michigan or in the older states of the Union. QUINCY A. THACKER. Quincy A. Thacker is a representative citizen of Acnie township, Grand Traverse.ounty, Michigan, and was among the earli est white men to establish homes here. He is a native of the Buckeye state, having been born in Defiance county, Ohio, June 9, 1849, and is a son of William and Mary W. (Lackey) Thacker. William Thacker was born in Essex county, New York, in 1797, and was twice married, his first wife being Miss Hester Beatty, to whom he was wedded in 1818, and who became the mother of seven children. His next union was with Miss Mary WV. Lackey, a native of Rochester, Ohio, and the mother of the subject. The fruits of this union were six children, of whom.five lived to adult years, viz: Henry; Quincy A.: Anna, who is the wife of J. T. Beadle and resides in Traverse City; Etta, the wife of A. E. Brainard, a well-known farmer of Acme township; and Callie, who is the wife of J. WV. Milliken, of Traverse City. He left Ohio in 1862 with his family, and was the first white man to bring a team through to Northport or Traverse City. He first stopped at Northport, Leelanaw county, but in a short time came to Grand Traverse county and located in what later became Acme township. Here he remained until he passed into the great unknown, April 22, 1878. He had lived to a good old age, and was ready for the summons which came to him on his eighty-first birthday. The loving companion who had shared with him the vicissitudes of life survived him but a few weeks, and on June 16, 1878, she sank to sleep and was laid to rest beside her husband. They were people of integrity and sterling worth, who are held in kindly remembrance by the older residents. They were members of the Presbyterian church, in which he was elder. Quincy A. Thacker was of a studious nature, and managed to obtain a good, practical education. Several years of his life have 884 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. been spent in imparting that knowledge to others, and he has been a very successful teacher, one who has held the friendship and esteem of his pupils after they passed from his control into the larger school of life. He was engaged in the seed and implement business at Charlevoix at one time. and later conducted the same line of business at Traverse City for six years. As an agriculturist he is second to none in the township, and his farm of one hundred and sixty acres now receives his entire attention. Mr. Thacker was married May I, 1879, to Miss Mae L. Arnold, who was born in Charlotte, Michigan, October I, 186o0, and is a daughter of Edwin and Elizabeth (Curtis) Arnold. They are the parents of five children-Ralph W., Mary Eva, Lloyd A., Lois A. and Nellie M. Mr. Thacker and his family are attendants of the Presbyterian church, of which they are members and of which he is an elder. He has held a number of school offices and for six years was the efficient and trustworthy treasurer of the township. engaged in the construction of railroads both there and, later, in Canada, and still later he returned to the States and was employed in blasting stone and sinking cribs for the docks at Marquette, Michigan. From there he went to Antrim county, where he worked in a saw-mill and lumbering for a few months, and about 1853 he purchased the farm which is now his home. It contains one hundred and twenty-seven acres, and was bought by him from the government, there having been no previous improvement on the place, not even a tree cut. Mr. Love was married in May, 1859, to Mrs. Ann Johnson McLaughlin, who was born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1824. She was the widow of John McLaughlin, by whom she had three children, only one of whom, John R., is now living. To Mr. and Mrs. Love have been born four children-- Ann Jane, the wife of John Carson; Martha Eliza, deceased wife of Benjamin Carson; Abraham I. and George W. Mr. and Mrs. Love are prominent members of the Methodist Episcopal church of Yuba, and have a host of friends throughout the entire county. In 1883 Mr. Love paid a visit to his native land, making a tour of the world and taking in many points of interest in his travels. He was away about six months, and spent a most enjoyable summer, but came back more than satisfied with his adopted home. JOHN ROGERS. John Rogers was born in Cornwall, England, July 6, 1832, and is a son of Henry and Elizabeth (Westlake) Rogers. When he was three years old the family crossed the. ISAAC LOVE. Isaac Love, a leading and influential agriculturist of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Bradford, Wilkshire, England, April 6, 1829. His parents were Isaac and Elizabeth (Batchelder) Love, who reared a family of twelve children. Young Love visited many places in his native country, but lived principally with his parents until about the middle of the past century, when he set sail for America, and at once proceeded to Cleveland, Ohio, where he was not long in obtaining employment. He was GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 885 ocean and took up their residence in Essex county, Canada, and this was his home until he reached man's estate. He spent a few years in British Columbia, and in 1871 came to the States, settling in Acme township, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, where he bought a farm of one hundred and seventy acres. He has devoted his attention to farming and has been successful in his business. Mr. Rogers was married in Kent county, Ontario, May 28, 1868, to Miss Ann Shaw, a native of Ireland. She died in August, 1879, leaving a family of three childrenMinerva, wife of George Jackson, resident of Acme township; William H., who survived his mother but a few years, and died at the age of eight; and Priscilla 0., who is the wife of Edward Carlisle, a resident of Acme township. Mr. Rogers was married a second time on October 15, 1887, to Mrs. Mary Gibson Hallett, who died in August, 1898. This union was without issue. Mr. Rogers is a zealous and active worker in the Methodist Episcopal church of Yuba, and is esteemed and honored by all who know him for his sterling worth and honorable, upright bearing. SAMUEL P. DEAN. Samuel P. Dean, a prominent and progressive resident of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Lucas county, Ohio, July 8, 1850, and is a son of James R. and Mary (Horton) Dean. His father was a native of Onondaga county, New York, whence they came to Monroe county, Michigan. Later they located in Charlevoix, then known as Pine River, and after remaining there for about two years they moved to Whitewater township, Grand Traverse county, in 1859 and continued to make that their home until the father's death, in January, 1897, at the age of seventy-four years. The mother is still living. The subject is the eldest of a family of seven, five sons and two daughters. He remained at home until his marriage, and soon after that moved to his present property, which consists of forty acres in Acme township. He is industrious and hard-working, and enjoys the respect of the entire community. Mr. Dean was married April 17, 1873, to Miss Mary E. Pratt, who was born at Ypsilanti, Michigan, August 12, 1849, and is a daughter of Jerome M. and Araminta (Rosecrans) Pratt. Mrs. Dean's parents came to Old Mission the year of her birth, and were among the first settlers there. They were people of sterling worth, who made many lasting friendships and were honored and esteemed by all who knew them. Mary E. Pratt grew to charming womanhood amid_ the familiar scenes of her girlhood, and no bride had more hearty good wishes to speed her on the way. She brought to her new home the same pleasing attributes of character which had characterized her girlhood, and the home over which she presides is a model of cheerfulness and hospitality and the center of an extensive social circle. Nine children have blessed the union of Mr. and Mrs. Dean, viz: Edmond J.; Herbert G., who served for one and a half years as a member of the Fourth Cavalry in the Philippines; Tena E., the wife of John C. Daw; Robert M.; Anna M.; Blanche L.; Louie R.; Joseph R. and Frank.,They are.active members of the Methodist Episcopal church of Yuba, and Mr. Dean is the efficient superintendent of the Sunday school. He has held 886 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. a number of school offices and served on the board of review. They are also members of Elk Lake Grange, and take a lively interest in all that pertains to the community in which they live. ELIJAH L. RANSOM. Elijah L. Ransom is conducting a large dairy farm on section io, Garfield township, Grand Traverse county, and is a well-known representative of agricultural interests. He was also at one time actively connected with industrial affairs in this country, and as a business man he is widely known and held in the highest esteem for his straightforward methods, which have ever been of a character that will bear the closest investigation and scrutiny. He stands today a strong man, strong in his honor and good name and in the regard of his fellow-citizens, which is uniformly tendered him. Mr. Ransom has the honor of being a native son of Michigan, his birth having occurred in Branch county on the 3( of August, 1848. His parents, Francis D. and Chloe (Streeter) Ransom, were both natives of the Empire state, but at an early day came to the west, establishing their home in Branch county, Michigan. The father, who was born on the 5th of June, 1816, died in Algansee township, Branch county, on the 5th of March, 1884, when about sixty-eight years of age, but the mother is still living, aged ninety. Their family numbered five sons, of whom Elijah L. is the youngest. The boyhood days of Elijah L. Ransom were spent in the usual manner of farmer lads of that period. During the winter sea son it was his daily task to master the lessons assigned in the schoolroom, and in the summer months, as his age and strength permitted, he assisted in the work of the fields, and when sixteen years of age he left home to aid his country in the struggle to preserve the Union. Although but a boy, he enlisted in March, 1865, and was assigned to duty with Company H, Fifteenth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, which regiment became a part of the Fifteenth Army Corps under the command of General John A. Logan. Mr. Ransom was at the front until September, 1865, and was then mustered out of the service at Little Rock, Arkansas, for the war had been brought to a successful termination, and his aid was no longer needed. There are few men of his years who can claim connection with the army which preserved the Union intact. Returning to his home in Branch county, Mr. Ransom continued upon his father's farm for, a year longer, and in the spring of 1867 he came to Grand Traverse county, reaching Traverse City on the 9th of April. Here he took charge of a saw-mill belonging to his father at Lake Ann, and in its control manifested excellent business ability and executive force. He had charge of this enterprise until 1882, and in the meantime his father built a grist-mill, which the subject likewise operated. One of the salient features of his career has been the mastery which he has shown over every task that he has undertaken. He studies business conditions closely, forms his plans readily and is determined in their execution. At length, however, he determined to put aside the cares of industrial life and turn his attention to agricultural interests. It was in October, 1883, that he purchased from his father a E. L. RANSOM GROUP. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 887 ------ tract of land in Almira township, Benzie county. However, he continued to operate the mill and carry on his private interests until September, 1891, when he disposed of his property and removed to Grand Rapids. He continued a resident of that city until the following April, when he returned to Traverse City and engaged in the buying and shipping of produce until June, 1898. It was at that date that he took up his abode upon the farm where he now resides, purchasing at that time two hundred and twenty acres of valuable land on section 1o, Garfieldtownship. In the years which have since passed he has given his undivided attention to the work of cultivating the property, and is justly classed today among the successful and enterprising agriculturists of his community. Mr. Ransom was married in Long Lake township, Grand Traverse county, on the 19th of November, 1869, to Miss Edna H. Filmore, who was born in Steuben county, New York, on the 14th of June, 1851, her parents being Ebenezer and Harriet Bessie Filmore, both of whom were natives of New York. but were numbered among the pioneer settlers of Long Lake township, Grand Traverse county, where they took up their abode in the spring of 1866. There they spent their remaining days and reared their family of ten children, of whom Mr. Ransom was the sixth child. The home of the subject and his wife has been blessed with ten children, who are yet living, as follows: Francis D., John H., Emma O., Ebenezer, Leland E., Colonel, Benjamin Harrison, Ada K., Perry Hannah and Charles K. The daughter, Emma, is now the wife of James Harris. Mr. and Mrs. Ransom also lost two children, who died in early youth. In public affairs Mr. Ransom has been quite prominent in Almira township, Benzie county. He held the office of justice of the peace and was also school inspector. In Traverse City he cccupied the position of inspector of elections for two terms, and he has also been highway commissioner in Garfield township. He votes with the Republican party, his study of the political issues of the day leading him to believe that its platform contains tlhe best elements of good government. Socially he is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows at Traverse City, and he also belongs to McPherson Post, Grand Army of the Republic, thus maintaining pleasant relations with his old army comrades. Unlike many of the old soldiers, he has never applied for a pension, nor does he intend to so long as he is able to care for himself, and it seems that there will never come a time when he will be unable to do this, for he is now meeting with creditable success in his business affairs, and is making wise provision for the future. Both he and his wife are earnest and consistent Christian people, holding membership in the First Methodist Episcopal church at Traverse City. Mr. Ransom gives his attention to the operation of a large dairy farm, and he may well be called a captain of industry, for throughout his business career he has been very active, progressive and determnined, carrying forward to successful completion whatever he has undertaken. He is a man of wide experience and broad mind, who has many friends in various sections of Michigan. He is clearly entitled to be classed among the leading citizens of Grand Traverse county-a man whose strong individuality is the strength of integrity, virtue and deep human sympathy. 888 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. HARRISON PULCIPHER. Harrison Pulcipher is a representative agriculturist of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and has resided continuously on the same farm for the past forty-eight years. He was born in Jefferson county, New York, March 21, 1840, his parents being Edwin and Matilda (Walts) Pulcipher, former well-known and highly esteemed residents of Acme township. Both parents were natives of the state of New York, but left that state and spent three years in Wisconsin. In the fall of 1855 they settled in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, locating on the farm in section 24, Acme towhship, now operated by the subject. The father died July 17, 1884, at the age of seventy-seven, and the mother September 6, 1885, when in her seventy-third year. Their family consisted of but two children, John and Harrison, both of whom have always made this locality their home and are among its most honored citizens. Harrison Pulcipher is a farmer in the truest sense, his talent for the work being both inherited and acquired. His father was a farmer and a very painstaking one, who taught his sons to be thrifty and industrious. Young Pulcipher liked the free, independent life, and was his father's able assistant in every department of the work, and it was but a short time until he was competent to successfully manage horse and plow and prove of material help in carrying on the work. Brought up on the farm, it is not surprising that he has developed into one of the foremost agriculturists of the county and his opinion is regarded as authority along lines of farm work. He owns and operates three hundred and twenty acres of land. This and most of the surrounding country had been uncultivated and but thinly inhabited when Mr. Pulcipher came here in 1855, and his reminiscences of many incidents connected with the growth and development of the country are most interesting. Mr. Pulcipher was married March 16, 1874, in Charlevoix county, to Ida M. Smith, a native of Emmett county, Michigan, born February 18, 1855, and a daughter of Thomas and Phoebe (Hull) Smith. The father is now deceased, while the mother is living in Charlevoix county at the age of seventy-four years. The subject and his wife are the parents of a bright family of six children-Grace, Bertha, Florence, Helen, Bernice and Gladys. Grace graduated in the class of 1897 in the Traverse City high school, and was a teacher for three years in Grand Traverse county. Bertha wedded John,Bennett, a resident of Acme township. Florence was in the tenth grade, and will take a business course. Mr. Pulcipher is a prominent member of Traverse City Grange No. 369, and takes a lively interest in all local affairs. He is a Democrat in his political views and has been a school officer many times, working earnestly for the betterment of the schools. WILLIAM SELKIRK. William Selkirk, a prominent member of the agricultural element of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Essex county, Ontario, December 5, 1858, and is of Scotch extraction. His father is George Selkirk, a wealthy farmer of Whitewater township, and his mother, Jeanette Selkirk, a dear EDDY E. NEWCOMB. F 4 I' MRS. E. E. NEWCOMB. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 889 old lady who was born acress the seas in the picturesque country of Scotland over seventy years ago. They are people of the strictest integrity, and have reared a family of eight children, who are an honor and credit to their teachings. William Selkirk was twelve years of age when his parents came to this county, and it was here he received the major part of his education as a student in the common schools. He has devoted his life to the pursuits of agriculture and has a farm of one hundred and eighty-five acres, the greater part of which has been placed under cultivation and made to produce large yields. He is an up-to-date farmer, using modern methods and keeping in touch with all the latest improvements, and he is not slow to introduce new ideas when they can be made to subserve his interests. Mr. Selkirk was married September 20, 1883, to Miss Rhoda Scofield, whose parents, Daniel B. and Cordelia (Gray) Scofield, were pioneer settlers of this county. Mrs. Selkirk died in April, 1894, in the thirtyseventh year of her age, and left two children, Clarence W. and Robert E. February o1, 1897, Mr. Selkirk led to the altar Miss Cordelia May Stites, who was born in Kalkaska county, this state, July 27, 1876, and is the only child of K. and Jane Stites. They have one child. Mrs. Selkirk is a bright, vivacious lady whom it is a pleasure to meet. She was formely one of the successful and popular teachers of this county, and left the school room to become the wife of Mr. Selkirk. They are liberal contributors to the cause of religion, and their influence is always on the side of right. Mr. Selkirk has always affiliated with the Republican party and has held a number of township offices, having served as treasurer, supervisor and justice of the peace. He is a present member of the board of county canvassers, and has discharged the duties in each office in a most praiseworthy and satisfactory manner. EDDY E. NEWCOMB. Eddy E. Newcomb, a venerable and respected resident of Acme township, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Kent county, New Brunswick, February 14, 1822. He is a son of Samuel and Mary (Fletcher) Newcomb, both of Nova Scotia. He grew to manhood in Ontario, was brought up on a farm and then learned the trade of a millwright, at which he worked in his native land until 186o, when he came to Michigan and folowed the business for two years more. In 1862 he settled on the farm of one hundred and sixty-two acres which he now operates, and has given his attention to agriculture. He has been a careful and prudent farmer, and all his improvements have been of a most substantial and durable nature, giving an air of elegance and ease to the entire premises. Mr. Newcomb was married March 16, 1852, in Lambden county, Ontario, to Miss Elizabeth Burgess. She was born October 9, 1833, in Lambden county, and was one of a family of ten children who were born to Edward and Sarah (Exal) Burgess. Mrs. Newcomb has presented her husband with seven children, namely: Samuel Eddy, who died September 6, 1881, at the age of twenty-eight years; Sarah A., who is the wife of Ellis Vendeventer; Andrew; David B.; John; Henry C.; Mary E., born October 7, 890 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 1854, died February IO, 1857. Mr. and Mrs. Newcomb are active members of the First Baptist church of Traverse City and.contribute liberally of both time and means for its advancement. JOHN McDONALD. This work would be incomplete did it not include in its history the memoirs of one of its most influential and valued citizens, John McDonald, who has grown gray in our midst and whose life has been closely identified with Grand Traverse county during the greater part of the past half century. He was born in Scotland, the country which has sent so many of her sturdy sons to our shores to add strength and honor to our broad civilization. His birthday was July 4, 1828, and it may be that his own and our national birthday occurring on the same date had something to do with his fervency in honoring the stars and stripes and the country this emblem represents. His parents, George and Jane (Call) McDonald, belonged to the yeomanrv of Scotland, and it was this occupation that occupied the attention of the subject in his hative country until his twenty-fourth year. In 1852 he brought his family to the United States, and for several years was engaged in operating a saw-mill at Elk Rapids. While living there he purchased eighty acres of land in Acme township, erected buildings and has since made his home upon it. He is an up-to-date farmer and has been quick to see and adopt new methods when they would be of advantage to him. Mr. McDonald was married June 8, 1852, to a Scotch lassie, Miss Mary Mc Keand, who was born July 3, 1828. Of the seven children born to this union but two survive, namely, Gertrude, wife of Hope Phillips, and Agnes A., wife of William Love. Jane was the wife of Edward Wilds. George died at the age of eighteen years. Bessie was in her twentieth year when she was called home. Jessie married John Spencer and lived to be thirty, and May died when a child of eight years. Mr. McDonald is genial and affable, the soul of honor and always ready to lend a helping hand to those in need. With the exception of town clerk, he has held every office in the township within the gift of the people. LANDON H. BRACKETT. Landon H. Brackett was born December 21, 1835, in Onondaga county, New York, the youngest of a large family of children born to Ephraim and Joanne (Buckett) Brackett, who settled in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, in 1858 and lived to extreme age, the father reaching his eightyninth year and the mother her eighty-fourth. Landon H. Brackett remained in New York until his parents came to Michigan, when he accompanied them and engaged in farming in Acme township. He is one of the men who understand how to make farming pay, and his farm, which comprises one hundred and sixty acres, is one of the best cared for and most productive in Grand Traverse county. Mr. Brackett was married in South Boardman, Kalkaska county, this state, December 14, 1878, to Miss Charlotte Ann Wells. She was born in Canada, April 14, 1852, and is a daughter of William H. and LANDON H. BRACKETT. MRS. L. H. BRACKETT. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 891 Jane (Fralick) Wells. Her father died at Walton, this county, at the age of fifty-four years. He was a man who was highly respected. There are five children in the family of Mr. Brackett, viz: Jay C., Leon E., Noble L., Elvin W. and Harry. Mr. Brackett is an independent in politics, and votes for the best man, regardless of political sentiment. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812, and located a land grant in Grand Traverse county under Buchanan's administration. Mrs. Brackett is a lady of pleasing personality and grace, and in the early days proved to her husband a true counselor and helpmate in the arduous toil incident to the establishing of their early home. She has reared a fine family, all of whom are living honorable and useful lives. JOHN R. BAYNTON. John R. Baynton is a prosperous and progressive farmer of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, where he has resided since early boyhood and where he has made friends far and near, who appreciate the many attributes which have made him a reliable, upright, honorable gentleman. He was born in West McGilvory, Ontario, January 24, 186o, and is a son of Thomas and Lucy (Patching) Baynton. His father was a native of Ontario, and his mother of England. The family consisted of twelve children, who have been residents of this county since their parents located in Acme township in 1870. They both died in the very prime of life, when about forty-eight years of age, the father in 1882 and the mother in 1887. John R. Baynton received a common school education and was reared on a farm,..where he assisted with the work and learned * habits of thrift and industry, which have placed him among the leading agriculturists. of Grand Traverse county. He owns eighty acres of productive land, which it has been his pride to keep in the highest possible state of cultivation, the immense yield of grain being due to his system of fertilization and rotation. As his land is kept in good condition he succeeds in getting much larger yields than many of his neighbors who have twice the acreage, and who are inclined to attribute his fine crops to good luck rather than good management. His buildings are substantial and comfortable and in keeping with his. surroundings. Mr. Baynton was married April 19, 1892, to Miss Mary E. Bailey, who. was born in Marshall county, Indiana, July 2, 1870, and is a daughter of Henry and Eliza (O'Brien) Bailey. She is the eldest of four children. Mrs. Baynton is the mother of three children, viz: Florence M., who died when a child of six years; Lucy A. and Ralph W. Mr. Baynton has served as overseer of highways and also as constable of Acme township and is a man whose every act will stand the closest investigation. WILLIAM WILLIAMSON. Thirty-three years have come and gone since William Williamson took up his abode in Leelanaw township, Leelanaw county, and during this period he has continued his labors in an untiring manner, until today he is the owner of a valuable farm of two hundred acres, situated on section 22, Leelanaw township. He was born in Lambton county, On 892 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. tario, on the 28th of January, 1842, his parents being John and Margaret (Calvert) Williamson, both of whom were natives of county Antrim, Ireland. They were reared on the Emerald isle and thence came to America, taking up -their abode in Canada, where they lived until called to their final rest. They were the parents of a large family of fifteen children, the subject of this review being among the older members. He was reared upon his father's farm in Canada and early became familiar with the labor incident to the cultivation of the fields and the harvesting of the crops. Throughout his entire life he has carried on farming. He lived in the place of his nativity until he came to Leelanaw county, in the spring of 1870. At that time he took up his abode upon the farm where he is now living, and it has been his home for thirty-three consecutive years. Evidences of his industry are seen in the substantial buildings which he has erected and the fine appearance of the place and in the good crops which he annually raises. Of his farm of two hundred acres one hundred and forty acres are under cultivation. He raises the cereals best adaped to the soil and climate and he also has good grades of stock upon his place. Mr. Williamson was married in Strathroy, Canada, on the 19th of November, 1867, the lady of his choice being Miss Magdelena Brown, a daughter of Calvin and Ann (Liverpool) Brown, both of whom were natives of Canada, in which place they remained until called to the home beyond. Of a family of ten children Mrs. Williamson was the second, and she was born in the county of Lambton, Canada, on the 22d of July, 1848. Eight living children graced the marriage of the subject and his wife, namely: Magde lena, who is the wife of Frank McGuire: Laura, the wife of Walter Kalb; Perry L. W.; Alice, who is the wife of E. J. Scott; Elsie, Florence, Frances and Ada, who are still under the parental roof. They also lost a daughter, Melinda, who was the wife of Edgar Miller, and died in Chicago, Illinois, on the 13th of November, 1890, when twenty-two years of age. As has been truly remarked, after all that may be done for a man in the way of giving him early opportunities for obtaining the requirements wxhich are sought in the schools and in books, he must essentially formulate, determine and give shape to his own character, and this Mr. Williamson has done. He has persevered in the pursuit of a persistent purpose and gained a most satisfactory reward. His life is exemplary in many respects, and he has ever supported those interests which have for their object the welfare of the community and the benefit of humanity. FLAVIUS J. STOVER. Flavius J. Stover, who follows farming in Garfield township, and has been a resident of Grand Traverse county since 1882, was born on a farm in Jay county, Indiana, on the IIth day of May, 1847. His father, Jacob Stover, was born in Pennsylvania, and after arriving at years of maturity he wedded Rebecca Walter, who was also a native of that state. Removing to the west they took up their abode in Jay county, Indiana, and there reared their family of two children, of whom the subject of this review is the elder. The father carried on agricultural pursuits in Jay county until his death, which F. J. STOVER. MRS. F. J. STOVER. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 898 cl-- ' - - occurred when he was fifty-five years of age. The mother afterward came to make her home in Grand Traverse county, where she died in her eighty-first year. Mr. Stover, whose name introduces this record, spent the days of his boyhood and youth in the county of his nativity upon the home farm, and as soon as old enough to handle the plow he began work in the fields, being thus employed when not engaged in the task of acquiring an education in the common schools. On leaving Indiana he located in Monroe county, Michigan, where he lived for about three years, and then returned to Jay county, which continued to be the place of his residence until his removal to Grand Traverse county, in March, 1882. He settled in Garfield township, and for twentyone consecutive years the farm upon which he now resides has been his home. He has ninety-eight acres of land, and with the exception of fifteen acres all is under cultivation. Mr. Stover was married in Randolph county, Indiana, on the 27th of February, 1868, to Miss Amanda J. Stewart, who was born in Ohio, March 18, 1850, and was reared in Randolph county, Indiana. Her parents were Isaac M. and Cynthia (Lambert) Stewart. Her mother died in Randolph county when forty years of age, and the father, surviving her for some time, passed away in Kansas. Of their nine children Mrs. Stover was the sixth. By her marriage she has become the mother of eight children-Curtis M.; Alva E.; Ollie B., who is the wife of Charles Hall; Jacob A.; Rufus S.; Ida G., the wife of Albert Redell; Ernest and Irving J. At the time of the Civil war Mr. Stover listing in January, 1864, as a member of Company B, of the Eleventh Indiana Cavalry, with which he served nearly two years. He took part in several different engagements of importance, including the battle of Nashville, Tennessee. He was also in the battle of Franklin, Tennessee, and whether upon the field of contest or stationed on the lonely picket line, he was always found loyal to the cause which he had espoused. In matters of citizenship he is true and faithful, manifesting the same interest in the welfare of his country that he showed by his services in the army. He has served as overseer of highways, and as school director in Garfield township, Grand Traverse county. Both he and his wife are consistent and helpful members of the Friends church of Traverse City, and for several years he has been one of its elders. He takes high ground on the subject of temperance, and is a pronounced Prohibitionist. WILLIAM H. WHITEFORD. William H. Whiteford, a leading and enterprising farmer of Acme township, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Brant county, Canada, December 21, 1852, and is a son of William and Mary (Mulgrove) Whiteford. His parents located in East Bay township in 1865 when it had not yet received the name of Acme, and made that their home for the remainder of their lives. The mother reached her sixtieth year and the father reached the ripe age of eightytwo. Mr. Whiteford is the eldest of ten children, and he was taught habits of industry and economy at an early age. Much of his offered his services to the government, en 394 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. early life was spent in lumbering, then he turned his attention to agriculture and purchased land from time to time, until he now owns four hundred acres in Acme township. His buildings are among the best in Grand Traverse county, and he is regarded as one whose opinions are authority on all questions of agricultural import, ar d whose judgments have been proven right by actual experience. He was married July 3,!879, to Miss Laura Scofield, who was born here April 14, 1862, and is a daughter of Charles T. and Laura (Gray) Scofield. They were among the most prominent pioneer families of Whitewater township, settling here in 1861 and taking an active part in developing this part of the county. They had -a family of eleven children, many of whc m are esteemed residents of the county today. Mrs. Scofield died at the age of fifty-six years, and her husband at the age of sixty-eight. Four children have blessed the home of Mr. and Mrs. Whiteford, the eldest dying in infancy. The remaining children are Charles T., John B. and Maribel. Mr. Whiteford is a firm believer in good road.;, and as highway commissioner ably advocated the permanent improvement of the roadways. He is a member of the Free and Accepted Masons at Acme, and he is also a member of the Williamsburg Tent, Knights of the Maccabees. VALENTINE DUNN. Most of the successful men of America are self-made, and it is one of the glories of our republic that this is so. It shows that opportunities are afforded to the citizens of the United States and that they possess the courage, determination and strength of purpose to use the advantages which surrround them. Valentine Dunn is one who deserves much credit for what he has accomplished and that his labors with those of his estimable wife have been attended with good results is shown in the fact that he is now the owner of extensive land interests, comprising one hundred and ninety-seven acres in Grand Traverse county. His home is situated on section 20, Garfield township, and he has an attractive residence there, which forms one of the pleasing features of the landscape. His father, Dominick Dunn, was born in Dublin, Ireland, and the mother,. who bore the maiden name of Ellen Odell, was also a native of the Emerald Isle, her birth having occurred in Limerick. Crossing the Atlantic to America, they became early settlers of Grand Traverse county, taking up their abode among the first residents of Traverse City. There Mr. Dunn soon became recognized as an active factor in the work of upbuilding and substantial improvement, and he remained a resident of Traverse City until called to his final rest in the fall of 19oo, when more than eighty years of age. His wife had passed away in that place in August, 1891, when more than seventy years of age. They had six children. Valentine Dunn, the second of this family, is one of the native sons of Traverse City, his birth having there occurred on the I7th of November, 1856. He spent the first nine years of his life in that place, and then removed with his parents to Garfield township, where he has since lived. In the public schools he was educated, and he has followed lumbering in connection with farming. He has allowed no difficulty or obstacle in his . VALENTINE DUNN RESIDENCE VALENTINE DUNN GROUP. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 895 path to impede his progress, but by strong purpose and indefatigable energy he has worked his way upward, and is today one of the prosperous and well-to-do citizens of his community. Of his landed possessions, comprising one hundred and ninety-seven acres, one hundred and forty acres is under cultivation. This represents much hard work, but Mr. Dunn has never had any desire to be idle, and thus upon the sure foundation of earnest labor he has builded his success. He has also erected good buildings upon his place, and his farm is now productive, returning to him a good income. Few are the residents of Grand Traverse county who have so long resided within its borders as Mr. Dunn. On the i8th of April, 1883, Mr. Dunn was united in marriage to Miss Isabella McGarry, who was born in Traverse City July 16, 1861, and is a daughter of Stephen and Jane (Humphrey) McGarry. Her mother is now deceased, having passed away in Traverse City in 1891I, when about sixty-six years of age. Mr. and Mrs. Dunn are the parents of two children, Hugh and James L. The founders of a state or county are not merely the men who handle the reigns of government or control the public policy, but are also those who carry civilization into hitherto wild regions and develop the natural resources of the country. Such a one is the subject, who in pioneer days located in the neighborhod which has since been his home. One visiting this portion of the state could then look abroad over great forests which stood in their primeval strength. Few roads had been made, and only here and there was a clearing to show that the work of settlement had been begun. Mr. Dunn remembers many pioneer experiences which came to him 24 in the course of his boyhood and youth, and can relate many interesting incidents of the early days here. Hlie has always been identified with the work of the most important lines of business that have contributed to the welfare of the county-farming and lumbering-and in the control of his own business affairs he has met with creditable and richlymerited prosperity. He is a Republican and is a member of Lodge No. 22, Free and Accepted Masons, at Traverse City. FINLEY M. HAMMOND. Finley M. Hammond, who follows general farming in Garfield township, is a son of the late Nelson Hammond, of Grand Traverse county, who was born in New York in July, 1821. The mother of the subject bore the maiden name of Mary C. LaForce, and her birth occurred in Tioga county, Pennsylvania, on the 9th of April, 1833 -For a time the parents resided in the latter county, but, wishing to take advantage of the business opportunities of the growing west, they came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, in 1867, and after living for sixmonths in East Bay township they removed to Garfield township, settling on section 24. The farm which the father there developed became the old family homestead, and hlie remained thereon until his death, which occurred in April, 1901o. He was a prosperous agriculturist, a public-spirited citizen and a man of sterling worth. He held friendship inviolable, and was true to every trust reposed in him, and because of his many excellent traits of character his loss was deeply mourned throughout the community in which hie had long made his home. His 89,8 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. widow still survives him and is yet living in Grand Traverse county. This worthy couple were the parents of eight children,,Finley M. being the third of the number. Five are still living, namely: Clinton, Callia, Finley M., Alma and Emma. Those who have passed away are Hugh, Chancy and John, who died at the age of thirteen, eleven and four years, respectively, all within a week, the disease which terminated their lives being diphtheria. Finley M. Hammond is a native of the Keystone state, his birth having occurred in Tioga county on the Ioth April, 1865. He was, therefore, only two years of age when brought by his parents to Grand Traverse county, Michigan. He was reared in Garfield township and acquired a common school education. Upon the home farm he has always resided, and when not engaged with the duties of the school room in his youth he assisted in its cultivation and improvement. After attaining man's estate he largely relieved his father of the care of the property, and is now successfully engaged in its operation. He owns about one hundred and forty acres, of which ninety acres have been improved, and through his strong purpose, unabating diligence and marked ihdustry he has won prosperity in his undertaking. April 17, 1894, in Garfield township, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Hammond and Miss Bertha M. Brodhagen, who was born in Pennsylvania January 3, 1875, and is a daughter of Henry and Bertha Brodhagen, who are now residents of Traverse City. Mr. and Mrs. Hammond have three children, Floyd E., Daisy Mildred and Henry N. Both Mr. and Mrs. Hammond have a wide acquaintance in this county and are held in the highest esteem by their many friends. The hospitality of the best homes is extended to them and their own household is noted for its good cheer and the cordial reception which is given to their many guests. In public affairs Mr. Hammond is quite prominent and influential, and matters affecting the weal or woe of the county elicit his earnest attention. Whatever receives his endorsement also wins his active aid, and the measures which he believes detrimental to the community are as earnestly opposed by him. Mr. Hammond has held the office of township treasurer of Garfield township and has also acted in the position of highway commissioner. Fraternally he is connnected with the Independent Order of Foresters, and his wife is a companion. He is accounted one of the valued representatives of the lodge to which he belongs, for he is familiar with its tenets and in his life he exemplifies its teachings and the beneficent spirit of the fraternity. A member of one of the pioneer families of this section of the state, the name of Hammond has long been closely and honorably associated with the history of Grand Traverse county, and Mr. Hammond of this review, like his father, is numbered among the honored citizens. In business he is straightforward and reliable, is patriotic in citizenship and in his social relations he is esteemed because of his cordial disposition, unfailing courtesy and genuine worth. EDGAR A. WILLIAMS. Edgar A. Williams, who owns and occupies a farm of sixty acres on section 3, Blair township, was born in Mercer county, Pennsylvania, August 3, 1838. His father was Thomas Williams, a native of New GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 897 York. Reared in the east, he chose as a companion and helpmate for life's journey Miss Angeline Drake, who was also a native of the Empire state. Their marriage was blessed with four children, Edgar A. being the youngest of the family. When he was a little youth of four years his parents removed from Pennsylvania to Chautauqua county, New York, and about the time he attained his majority the parents came with their children to Michigan, settling upon a farm in Van Buren county, where both the father and mother died. Edgar A. Williams was largely reared in Chautauqua county, New York. His boyhood was passed not unusual to the farmer boys of that period and locality. He has never desired to branch out into other fields of business activity since attaining his majority, but has been content to follow the pursuit to which he was reared, and at general farming he has gained a good livelihood. He became a farmer of Van Buren county, Michigan, where he lived until October, 1888, when he came to Grand Traverse county, and through the intervening years has resided upon the farm which is now his home. This tract of sixty acres is rich and arable land, of which fifty acres is now under cultivation. Mr. Williams was married in Van Buren county, Michigan, on the 14th of July. 1861, to Miss Flora Rice, and they have now traveled life's journey together for more than forty years. The lady was born in St. Joseph county, this state, on the 8th of August, 18.43, and is a daughter of Joseph and Eliza (Rawson) Rice. He was born in New York and the mother in Massachusetts, and of their four children Mrs. Williams is the third. Mr. and Mrs. Williams are the par ents of eight children: Seymour; Angeline, who is the widow of Charles Hagar; Kate, the wife of Charles Butcher; Cynthia, the wife of James Say; Chester; Ethel; Mary and Allan. The last four are still under the parental roof and the sons assist their father in the conduct of the home farm. Mr. Williams has never been an active politician in the sense of office-seeking, yet has held the position of school assessor. He gives his political support to the Prohibition party. He and his wife are members of the Free Methodist church, and their religious faith is manifest in their daily lives, in their treatment of their fellow-men and in the conduct of business affairs. Mr. Williams is at all times straightforward and honest in his dealings with his fellow-men, and, while he is careful to see that no man takes advantage of him, he is equally watchful to see that he does unto others as he would have others do unto him. The Golden Rule has, indeed, been the motto of his life, and there is no surer foundation upon which to build an upright manhood. STEPHEN McGARRY, JR. The sons of the Emerald isle are found in every land upon the face of the globe and their ready adaptability to circumstances, their quick wit and their enterprise have made them valued citizens. Mr. McGarry is one who has come to Michigan from the Green Isle of Erin. He was born in county Roscommon, Ireland, about 1857, and was a lad of perhaps eight years when brought by his parents to the United States. He is a son of Michael and Bridget (Mulague) McGarry, but the latter is now deceased, 898 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. having passed away at her home in Blair township. She had become the mother of nine children, Mr. McGarry of this review being the second in order of birth. He yet remembers incidents of the ocean voyage to the United States and of the early residence in Michigan. The father brought his family to Grand Traverse county, settling upon a farm in Blair township and it was here that Stephen McGarry was reared, being early trained to habits of industry upon the old homestead. He worked in the fields through the months of summer and during the winter seasons attended school. Throughout his entire life he has carried on agricultural pursuits or else worked in the lumber woods, with the exception of a brief period of two years which were passed in Manistee, Michigan. Whatever he has undertaken has received his undivided attention and his marked diligence forms the basis of'all success which has crowned his efforts. Mr. McGarry was married in Traverse City, Michigan, in the month of October, 1883, the lady of his choice being Miss Elsie Rennie, who was born in Traverse City. Their marriage has been blessed with a large family of nine children, as follows: Maggie, Lottie, Hattie, William, Dominick, Stephen, Jr., Mary, Eleanor and Annie. Mr. McGarry is now living with his family upon the home farm of one hundred and ninetyfive acres. He cultivates eighty acres of this tract and the soil is rich and productive, therefore returning to him good harvests, for which he finds a ready market. Thus his income is annually increased and he is able to provide his family with all of the necessities and many of the comforts of life. He has served as highway commissioner in Blair township and has likewise filled the office, of school director and school moderator. The cause of education finds in him a stalwart friend for he realizes its value as a preparation for life's responsible duties. From an early day he has resided in Grand Traverse county and his memory forms a connecting link between the primitive past and the progressive present. He can relate many interesting incidents of the early days here when the work of progress largely lay in the future. Not only has he been a witness of the growth of the county, however, but has also aided in its development and as one of the honored early residents of this section of the state he deserves mention in the history of Grand Traverse county. WALTER E. GREILICK. Among the representatives of the business interests of Leelanaw county, few have attained as distinctive prestige as Walter E. Greilick, whose brief life history is herewith presented. In addition to the large mercantile establishment of which he is proprietor and his extensive and valuable agricultural holdings in Michigan, he has important oil interests in California, besides being actively identified with the fruit-growing industry of that state. As the name indicates, the Greilick family is not of Anglo-Saxon origin, but German, and its genealogy is traceable to an early period in the history of Austria, in which country the subject's antecedents lived for many generations. His grandfather, Godfrey Greilick, was a prominent contractor and builder in Austria, and many monuments to his efficiency and skill as an architect may still be seen in the large public edi MRS. W. E. GREILICK. WALTER E. GREILICK. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 890 fices which he erected in various parts of that,country, among them being the largest and most imposing structures in Kratzau, the city of his residence. He is well and favorably remembered by the older residents of that place, and his reputation is destined to continue for ages to come, as he was undeniably one of the most noted architects of his day and generation in the city of which he was for many years an honored resident. John Greilick, son of Godfrey and father of the subject, was born in Austria, but came to the United States when a young man, and for about forty years carried on farming and lumbering, spending the greater part of his life in Leelanaw county. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Salina D. Weller, was a native of Ohio, born in 1850, of New England extraction, and is now living in Leelanaw county. Walter E. Greilick was born July 25, 1867, at or near his present place of residence in Leelanaw county, Michigan, and received his preliminary education in the public schools at Lansing. Later he attended -one year the high school of Lansing, after which he entered the State Agricultural College in that city, but, not finding the curriculum what he desired, he withdrew from that institution after a few months and turned his attention to business pursuits. For two and a half years after quitting college Mr. Greilick held the position of log scaler and bookkeeper for the Greilick Brothers, at the expiration of which time he accepted a clerkship in the store of W. S. Johnson & Company at Sutton's Bay, Michigan, his chief reason for making this ~change being a desire to familiarize himself with the mercantile business. After remaining one year with that firm he resigned to become manager of a large lumber yard in Milwaukee owned by the Greilick Brothers, which position he held one and a half years, severing his connection with the latter company in 1887 for the purpose of engaging in business upon his own responsibility. Returning to the place of his birth, Mr. Greilick, in 1888, embarked in general merchandising at Norrisville, and he has remained at that place ever since. In addition to his store, Mr. Greilick owns, near Norrisville, a beautiful, valuable and highly-cultivated farm of one hundred and twenty-seven acres, which contains some of the finest improvements in the country and from the proceeds of which he receives every year no small part of his income. He also owns, in partnership with his mother, a valuable ranch in California, which is becoming more productive each year, besides having considerable stock in the Superior Oil Company, which property is considered one of the best in the far-famed Sunset oil fields of that state. The stock in this company is constantly rising in value, and its future prospects are most promising, Mr. Greilick's assurance of realizing an ample competence from this source alone being so well-founded as to admit of no doubt. His various interests in the far west requires his presence there at least once a year, and he has already made six trips to the Pacific coast. Mr. Greilick is public-spirited, and in addition to building up and greatly increasing the value of his enterprises, he has been an influential factor in the affairs of his town and county, having at different times been elected to positions of honor and trust. He served six years as township treasurer, and discharged his official functions in an able manner, accounting with the most scrupU 400 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. lous exactness for every cent of the public funds and proving a safe and conservative custodian of one of the people's most important interests. Shortly after the expiration of his term as treasurer he was elected township clerk, which position he filled for a period of seven years, and in April, 1903, he was chosen supervisor of the township of Elmwood, the duties of which office he has but recently resumed. In 1897 he was appointed postmaster of Norrisville and had charge of the office until it was discontinued in 1902, his term of service covering a period of five years. From the time of attaining his majority until 1900 Mr. Greilick voted the Democratic ticket and was a zealous worker for the party, but, becoming dissatisfied with its departure from time-honored principles and its not altogether creditable record on the financial and other important issues, he withdrew his allegiance in the campaign of that year and cast his presidential ballot for William McKinley. Since then he has been unswerving in his support of the Republican party, the prosperous condition of the country and the solid basis upon which all business interests are being conducted being among the best proofs that the change in his political sentiments were not only carefully considered, but very wisely ordered. Mr. Greilick was made an Odd Fellow in 1889, and since that year has filled all the chairs in the local lodge to which he belongs, at the present time holding the title of past grand. He is also an active worker in the Pythian brotherhood, which he joined in 1894, and in which he has been honored with important official station, belonging also to the Uniform Rank of the society. Although a member of no church or religious organization, he has profound regard for Christianity and is a believer in the same. While he recognizes in all churches powerful agencies for the moral and spiritual advancement of mankind, he inclines to the belief of the Congregational church, which, though liberal in doctrine, is aggressive in good works and stands prominent among the Protestant bodies by reason of its wonderful influence in modern religious thought and its effectiveness in winning humanity to higher life. The married life of Mr. Greilick dates from the 24th of January, 1889, at which time he was joined in the bonds of wedlock to Miss Emma E. Gilbert, of Buffalo, New York, the union resulting in four children, whose names and dates of birth are as follows: Howard W., November 8, 1889; John S., July 8, 1892; Alla E., August Io, 1893, and Walter E., December 14, 1900, all living. Thus, in a brief and somewhat disjointed manner, the writer has endeavored to set forth the leading facts in the life and the salient attributes in the character of one of the active and successful business men of the county which is honored by his citizenship. His business training has been long and thorough, and his practical knowledge is one of the kind that enables the possessor to inaugurate important enterprises and push them to completion with every assurance of ultimate success. Mr. Greilick is an intelligent, broad-minded man, of courteous demeanor, and thus far his career has been one of great activity and signal usefulness. He bears an unsullied reputation in commercial and social circles and his honesty and integrity have gained him the unqualified regard of all with whom he has come in contact. Entirely free GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 401 I from ostentation, he is kindly and genial in his relations with others and has the friendship and good will of his fellow citizens, who esteem and honor him for his manly character and genuine personal worth. OTIS L. WHITE. It is the object of this volume to preserve an authentic record, as far as possible, of the lives and deeds of those who have assisted in the upbuilding of the varied interests of Leelanaw county. The rank that a city. or county holds very largely depends upon the achievements of its citizens. Some add to its reputation by official service, some by professional skill, some by increasing its manufacturing or commercial interests and some by cultivating and improving its lands. To give a faithful account of the lives of the old settlers and representative citizens of a community is to write its history in its truest sense. Mr. White is one of the venerable residents of Leelanaw county, and for many years was actively associated with its farming interests. He expects, however, to spend much of his time among his children in Gladstone, South Dakota, intending to go there in the early summer of 1903. For this reason he has rented his farm, but he still retains possession of the place which was so long his home. Mr. White was born in Jefferson county, New York, November 2, 1821, and lived there until twenty-seven years of age, during much of which he had been engaged in farming. His father was Lyman White, and his mother bore the maiden name of Hannah Wilson. Mr. White was born in Massachu setts, and the lady whom he wedded was a native of Vermont, but through a long period they resided in the Empire state and afterward died in Jefferson county. Of a family of eight children Otis L. White was the eldest. Reared in the county of his nativity, Otis L. White there pursued his education, but his advantages in that direction were somewhat limited, for his services were needed on the home farm. He worked at farm labor continuously until twenty-seven years of age, when he left Jefferson county, New York, for the west, going first to Chicago. He remained there, however, for only a brief period, and then removed to Berrien county, Michigan. He spent one summer employed in that locality and then returned to Jefferson county, New York, where he remained for a year, but the west, with its opportunities, its possibilities for growth and development, attracted him, and he had become imbued with its progressive spirit. Therefore he returned to Michigan and sought and obtained employment in a steam saw-mill at Luddington, where he remained for three years. On the expiration of that period he went to Racine, Wisconsin, where he acted as a clerk in a mercantile establishment for two years. In August, 1853, Mr. White arrived in Leelanaw county, Michigan, and located on the farm which through many years has been his home. It is situated on section 26, Leelanaw township, and until the present summer he supervised its cultivation and, in fact, took an active part in its improvement and in the labor which made it a productive tract. This was a pioneer region when Mr. White located here. The Indians were still numerous and had their wigwams in the forest, whence they issued forth to hunt and fish. Many 402 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. other evidences of pioneer life were seen. The trees stood in their primeval strength and the woodman would have to labor for.many years before this would be cut away and converted into lumber, making possible the work of the agriculturist who was to follow and transform the wild land into productive fields. Mr. White took an active part in the work of reclaiming the unimproved tract, and upon his home he placed many of the evidences of an advanced civilization. He planted an orchard, covering ten acres, and was known as a successful horticulturist, producing good apple and peach crops. He owns four hundred acres of land, of which two hundred acres are improved. Mr. White was married in Leelanaw township on the 31st of December, 1858, the lady of his choice being Miss Sarah Hazel, a native of upper Canada. Through fortyfour years she was a faithful companion and helpmate to him upon life's journey, and their mutual love and confidence increased as time went by, but on the 7th of May, 1902, when in her sixty-sixth year, Mrs. WVhite was called to her final rest, and because of this-the children having married and gone to homes of their own-the home is now desolate, and Mr. White intends to abandon housekeeping and live with his chil-' dren. He has four daughters: Irene W., who is the wife of Thomas Shelp; Jeanette L., who is the wife of George W. Lee; Ella, now the wife of Marquis Brown; and Clara, who is the wife of Elmer Whitcomb. Mr. White has held the office of supervisor of Leelanaw township, and he has also been justice of the peace, and in public office has shown himself loyal to the general good, placing public progress and improvement before personal aggrandizement. He has al ways acted with the Democratic party, and has firm faith in its principles. The history of the pioneer settlement of Leelanaw county would be incomplete without the record of this gentleman, who from a very early epoch in its development has been a prominent factor here. He braved all of the trials and hardships of pioneer life in order to make a home in the northwest, which was rich in its resources yet was unclaimed from the dominion of the red men. Today it is one of the most attractive sections of the entire country, and that this is so is due to such settlers as Mr. White, whose name is inseparably interwoven with its history. JOHN PULCIPHER. John Pulcipher is probably better known than most residents of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, as he has been a citizen of this community for half a century, coming at a time when the county was in its infancy and primitive unclaimed condition. From the first he has taken a deep interest in its progress and has been a leading factor in pushing it towards its present prosperous and flourishing condition. Mr. Pulcipher was born in Jefferson county, New York, March 8, 1838, and is the elder of two sons (Harrison is elsewhere represented in this volume) born to Edwin and Matilda (Walts) Pulcipher. Both parents were natives of New York, in which state they were reared and married. It was not until the fall of 1855 that they moved to Michigan, settling in Acme township, where they died, the mother at the age of seventy-three and the father when about seventy-eight. When Mr. Pulcipher came to Grand MRS. JOHN PULCIPHER. JOHN PULCIPHER. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 408 When Mr. Pulcipher came to Grand Traverse county, it was but sparsely inhabited and it has been his privilege and pleasure to assist in organizing many of the townships which have 'been laid out since that time. He was active in organizing East Bay and Acme townships before they were divided. We can give no better evidence of his popularity or efficiency than the fact that he has been retained in the capacity of supervisor of Acme township for a period of over twenty-eight years, a high testimonial of regard to the worth and ability of a truly good man. He has been so conscientious and earnest in performing whatever duties came to his hand that the voters of the township have honored him with office time and again. For six years he served as treasurer of Whitewater township and for a period of ten years he acted as deputy oil inspector. He has been a Republican all his life but has met with hearty support from his many friends whose political belief differed from his own. Mr. and Mrs. Pulcipher's friends are legion in all ranks of life in Acme township. The subject was married in Putnam county, Ohio, December 27, 1869, the lady of his choice being Miss Mary Hover, daughter of Joshua B. and Mary (Tracy) Hover. She was born August 4, 1848, in Lima, Ohio, where her mother died. In 1856 Joshua Hover came to Traverse City, where he remained one year. He then moved to Acme and built the first saw-mill erected there. He only remained in Michigan a few years before he returned to Putnam county, Ohio, where he died. Mr. and Mrs. Pulcipher are the parents of four children, Morgan B., Julius E., M. Salina and John W. Morgan is a graduate of law and was a member of the bar at Traverse City. He is a young man of more than ordinary talent and ability. He secured a teacher's certificate at the age of sixteen and was a successful teacher in Grand Traverse county. He was connected with the Granite State Building and Loan Association. Julius is a farmer. Salina, who completed the tenth grade, is an accomplished musician and has taught the art. Mr. Pulcipher is one of the best farmers in the county and owns one of the finest and best improved farms. He has three hundred and twenty acres, which have been accumulated by years of hard work, steady application and self denial, a competency which will enable him to spend his declining years in well-earned ease and freedom from labor. Liberal to a degree in all good works, he has been a contributor towards the maintenance of the Methodist Episcopal church of Yuba, of which Mrs. Pulcipher is a member and himself a frequent attendant. Mrs. Pulcipher was but seventeen years old when she secured her first teacher's license in Allen county, Ohio, and taught for three summers in one district. She then entered the Delphos high school and also taught one term in Van Wert county, Ohio, and then taught in the primary department of the Kalida (Ohio) schools, after which she was for one year engaged in a school in Paulding county. She is, as before stated, a devout member of the Methodist Episcopal church and belongs to the Ladies' Aid Society. Mr. Pulcipher is authority for the statement that Henry Stites, the first white person born in Cincinnati, died in Acme township, in 1875, at the age of eightyfour. He was a school-mate of Thomas Corwin, the great statesman, and was also intimate with Gen. William H. Harrison. 404 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. FERDINAND FROMHOLZ. Ferdinand Fromholz, who is living on section I, Blair township, Grand Traverse county, is a native of Prussia, Germany, his birth having occurred on the 23d of January, 1845. He lived for thirty-one years in his native country, and during that time he acquired his education in the public schools and afterward entered the army, serving with the Prussian troops in the war with Austria in i866. He had joined the army in 1864 and was engaged in military service for three years. In 1867 he returned to his parents' home and remained there until 1870, when he again entered the army and fought for his country during the Franco-Prussian war, covering a period of eleven months. On receiving an honorable discharge from the service he once more went to his old home, there living up to the time of his marriage. It was on the Ist of October, 1873, in Prussia, that he was joined in wedlock to Miss Anna Hanska, who was born in Prussia on the 12th of May, 1850. After his marriage Mr. Fromholz settled in Berlin, Germany, where he conducted a hotel about two years. On the expiration of that period he sold his property and came to America, bringing with him his wife and one child. Crossing the Atlantic on a westward-bound steamer, they landed in New York city and thence made their way to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Mr. Fromholz came to the United States with the hope that he might enjoy better advantages here and more quickly gain a competence in order to provide his family with thg comforts of life. In Pittsburg he secured employment in: glass factory, where he remained for about three years, or until November, 1879. He then came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and purchased forty acres of railroad land, comprising a part of the farm upon which he is now living. Here he has since resided and has carried forward the work of cultivation and development until the original tract bears little resemblance to the property which came into his possesion about a quarter of a century ago. He has extended the boundaries of his farm until it now comprises eighty acres, and he cultivates sixtyfive of this. Good buildings upon his place have been erected by him, and his spirit of progressiveness and energy are manifested in the excellent appearance of his place, with its well-tilled fields and modern equipments. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Fromholz have been born eight children, namely: George R.; Mary, who is the wife of Christian Strohm: Emma; William; Edith; Ferdinand E. and Frederick E., who are twins, and Elizabeth 0., who completes the family. They also lost one son, Albert, who died when about seven years of age. The parents hold membership in the German Lutheran church, and its teachings permeate their lives, their religious faith being indicated by their unfaltering integrity, their consideration for others and their attendance upon church services. Mr. Fromholz has held the office of overseer of highways and has been a member of the board of review in Blair township. While in the Prussian army he served in twenty-one different battles, and was a valiant soldier. The same loyalty to duty has characterized his life in its various relations, and in his career he has exemplified many of the sterling traits of the German people. The reliability, strong purpose and unfaltering perseverance which are so characteristic of the representatives of the Teu GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 405 I I tonic race are manifested in his career and have made him a valued addition to the citizenship of Grand Traverse county. That he made a wise choice in coming to America is indicated by the fact that success has crowned his efforts, and now he not only possesses a comfortable home and productive farm in Blair township, but has also gained many warm friends, who hold him and his wife in the highest esteem. HENRY C. BURT. Henry C. Burt is a resident of Grawn and one of the native sons of Michigan. His birth occurred in the city of Hillsdale, Hillsdale county, Michigan, on the 31st of March, 1852. Of the family of eight children he was the sixth. The parents, Orramel and Mary (Lovejoy) Burt, spent their last days in Ionia county, Michigan. When their son, Henry, wyas only eighteen months old they removed to Gratiot county and there resided until he reached the age of eleven years. At that time they went to lonia county and under the parental roof Henry C. Burt remained until he had attained his majority. The public schools afforded him his educational privileges and he became familiar with all the duties and labors that fall to the lot of the agriculturist. After putting aside his text books he was employed at various occupations and he continued to make his residence in Ionia county until 1881, when he removed to Kent county, Michigan. There he engaged in farming, which pursuit he followed continuously until 1890. That year witnessed his removal to Benzie county, this state, where he lived for a year and a half and during that time he was employed as foreman on a section of the railroad. Coming thence to Grawn, Grand Traverse county, he was for five years engaged in working on the railroad as section foreman and since that time various business enterprises have claimed his attention. He has served as postmaster of Grawn since June, 1899, and for six years he was proprietor of the hotel here. During that time he was also engaged in merchandising and in the livery business. He is a man of considerable executive force and sound discrimination and enterprise and whatever he undertakes feels the stimulus of his energy and returns to him good success. On the 24th of October, 1880, Mr. Burt was united in marriage at Crystal, Montcalm county, Michigan, to Miss Allie A. Hillard, an estimable lady, who was born in Florence township, Williams county, Ohio. Unto them have been born two children, Minnie and George. The former is now the wife of Ernest Harr. The Burt household is noted for its warm-hearted hospitality and our subject and his wife occupy an enviable position in the social circles in which they move. Mr. Burt has been called by his fellow townsmen to serve in several positions of public trust and responsibility. He has been highway commissioner and has been school director and school moderator. He is a member of Grawn Tent No. 809. Knights of the Maccabees, and in the fraternity has the high regard and good will of all of his brethren. While he has resided in various places, throughout his entire life he has remained a resident of Michigan and is a worthy representative of thq best citizenship of the state, always interested in its welfare, active in its behalf and 406 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. in business reliable and in friendship trustworthy, As the result of his diligence and perseverance he is today the owner of one hundred and twenty acres of good land in Green Lake township, all -of which is improved, and he likewise owns a nice residence in Grawn. He is a man of strong force of character and wherever he has gone he has made friends who entertain for him high regard by reason of the possession of a character that the practical, the progressive and the trustworthy elements which are a moving force in all business life and also command respect and confidence in every land and clime. WILLIAM H. FIFE. William H. Fife is one of the few remaining pioneers left to connect the present generation of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, with a past that has been fraught with events of the liveliest importance. Those sturdy men and women came to the new country and, amid privation and hardship, suffered and toiled unceasingly and uncomplainingly, to lay the foundation of our present civilization and prosperity and make Grand Traverse county what it is today. Their example and labor can not be estimated or the trials they underwent be realized by the children of today who, unquestioning, accept all the blessings which the twentieth century has to offer with little or no thought of how these blessings have been obtained. Mr. Fife was born March 17, 1823, in Upper St. Clair township, Allegheny county, Pennsylvania. He was of Scotch and English extraction, his paternal grandfather, William Fife, being a native of Scotland, while his maternal grandfather, James Thomas, was a native of Maryland but of English parentage. His grandfather Fife was a soldier of the Revolution and died in his fifty-fourth year from the effects of a bullet wound in the hip. His immediate ancestors were William and Mary (Thomas) Fife, also natives of Pennsylvania, the father of Allegheny and the mother of Washington county. They made their home in the latter county and it was there the father died, at the age of fifty-one, and the mother died at Tyner City, Indiana, at the ripe old age of ninety years. They had a large family of twelve children. William Fife, the subject of this sketch, was reared on a farm and remained at home until his twenty-second year. He was a boy of bright intellect who made the most of his opportunities and his studious habits enabled him to acquire a fund of valuable information which made him self reliant and manly and attracted the best class of friends. Leaving home, he went to West Virginia where he engaged in teaching for one year. He then accepted the principalship of the fifth ward school in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, for one year and then followed a few years which were spent in different places in various occupations. In June, 1854, he came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and on July 3 he settled with his family in Elks Rapids, where lie operated a sawmill for a short time. In 1855 he entered one hundred and sixty acres of government land in section 18, Acme township, for which he paid one dollar per acre. He at once built a log cabin on the land, upon which he has resided ever since. His work has frequently called him away for a greater or less period, but he has kept and im WILLIAM FIFE. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 407 the orioinal ho proved the original homestead, putting up first class buildings and other improvements and adding to the acreage until he now owns two hundred and fifty-one atres of good, productive land. Mr. Fife has' been an important and prominent factor in the public eye since his first coming to this county, where he has labored so hard and so long for its prosperity. He is a life-long Republican and cast the first Republican ballot ever voted in Elk Rapids, Michigan. He was in Ohio for two years, farming, and spent two years six months in teaching the Indian school at Harbor Springs, this state. It was while thus engaged that he established a postoffice at Harbor Springs and for two years served as postmaster, when it was known as Little Traverse village. In 1862, under thie administration of President Lincoln, he was appointed postmaster of Yuba by Montgomery Blair, then postmaster general. He soon after resigned this office to accept the position of deputy assessor and revenue collector for the fourth Michigan district, an office in which he was retained for eight years. He was appointed by Governor Blair as commissioner of the Little Traverse and Mackinaw state road and also as commissioner of the Traverse City and Houghton 1.ake road. He was largely instrumental in securing the docks at Charlevoix, Michigan, and no man can point to a better record for good results than Mr. Fife. He has served in a number of minor offices, such as supervisor of Acme township, justice of the peace and notary public, and has been faithful and conscientious in the discharge of each and every duty. His life has been an incentive to many and is well worthy of imitation it has been so filled with acts of usefulness and honor. Mr. Fife was first married in Oakland county, Michigan, to Miss Marietta Ainslie, who died in Acme township. He was then married to Miss Flora J. Carmichael, who also died. His present wife was Miss Josephine McFarland, a native of Dundas county, Ontario. They are members of the Presbyterian church, to which they are liberal contributors. They have no children, but in the goodness of his heart Mr. Fife has reared four orphan children to useful lives, and a few years ago these children, now grown, came to Mr. Fife and wished him to lay aside his work, that they might care for him and his wife, a most touching expression of their gratitude for his former kindness to them. DANIEL E. CRANDALL. Daniel E. Crandall is a representative of the lumber and agricultural interests of Green Lake township, Grand Traverse county. He was born near Belfast, New York, June 7, 1852, a son of James and Elizabeth (McGee) Crandall, in whose family of six children he was the second in order of birth. Both of the parents died in the Empire state. In the state of his nativity Daniel E. Crandall remained until he was eight years of age, at which time he became a resident of Wisconsin, remaining there until twenty-one years of age. For some time during that period he was employed as a farm laborer and he afterward engaged in rafting lumber on the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers for five years. On 408: GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. the expiration of that period he came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and was employed in Mayfield by the firm of Gibbs Brothers, with whom he remained for eight years. His long continuance in this service is indicative of his fidelity to the interests of his employers and the confidence they reposed in him. On severing his connection with that firm he engaged in business on his own account in connection with his brother, James Crandall, in the manufacture of shingles. This business relationship between them was continued for about six years. At the end of two years they settled about two miles north of Monroe Center and carried on business together until another four years had passed, when they dissolved partnership, Mr. Crandall of this review continuing in the manufacture of shingles alone until 1900. He then admitted his son to a partnership under the firm name of D. E. Crandall & Son. They manufacture both lumber and shingles and their business is one of the important industries of Green Lake township. The extensive forests of Michigan have made the manufacture of lumber and kindred industries one of the most important occupations of the state and Mr. Crandall has found in this labor a source of profit. As he has prospered in his undertakings he has also become the owner of valuable landed interests, including three hundred and sixty-five acres, of which about ninety acres is under cultivation. It was on Christmas day of 1876 that Mr. Crandall was united in marriage in Montello, Wisconsin, to Miss Anna Haney, a native of the Badger state. They now have four children: Agnes B., the wife of Frank L. Brown; Geneva G.; Deronda E. and Theresa F. The son Deronda is now in partnership with his father and in connection with the lumber and milling interests they are engaged in merchandising. Mr. Crandall of this review has held the office of justice of the peace, but has never been an aspirant for official positions, preferring to devote his attention to his business affairs. Fraternally lie is connected with Center Lodge No. 311, Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He thoroughly enjoys home life and takes great pleasure in the society of his family and friends. He is always courteous, kindly and affable, and those who know him personally have for him warm regard. A man of great natural ability, his success in business, from the beginning of his residence in Grand Traverse county, was uniform and rapid. As has been truly remarked, after all that may be done for a man in the way of giving him early opportunities for obtaining the requirements which are sought in the schools and in books, he must essentially formulate, determine and give shape to his own character; and this is what Mr. Crandall has clone. He has persevered in the pursuit of a persistent purpose and gained the most satisfactory reward. His life is exemplary in all respects and he has ever supported those interests which are calculated to uplift and benefit humanity, while his own high moral worth is deserving of the highest commendation. LAVERN O. SACKETT. Lavern O. Sackett, who is engaged in general farming on section 6, Blair township, was born in Allegany county, New York, on the 27th of September, 1846. His GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 409 father was Merrill Sackett, also a native of Allegany county, and it was in that county that the mother of the subject was born. She bore the maiden name of Sarah Rice and by her marriage became the mother of nine children, of whom Lavern 0. was the third. In taking up the personal history of Lavcrn 0. Sackett we present to our readers the life record of one who is widely and favorably known in Grand Traverse county. He was reared in Allegany county until six years of age, when his father purchased a farm in Potter county, Pennsylvania, and the family removed thereto. Upon that place the subject remained until he had attained his majority and lie early became familiar with the work of cultivation and improving the fields and performing other duties in the life of the agriculturist. He was married in Potter county on the 14th of May, 1864, to Miss Ann Eliza Yoker, who was born in that county on the 17th of September, 1847, a daughter of Henry and Priscilla (Phelps) Yoker. It was in March, 1866, that Mr. Yoker and his wife arrived in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, settling in what is now Green Lake township, where they lived for several years. They afterward took up their abode in Traverse City, where 1 Mrs. Yoker (lied at the age of sixty-eight rears. Of her four children Mrs. Sackett was the second in order of birth. Upon a rented farm in Potter county, Pennsylvania, the subject and his wife began their domestic life and for two years he opcrated leased land there, but in June, 1866, he severed his business relations in the east and came to Michigan, settling in what is niow Green Lake township. He has since lived in Grand Traverse county and has been actively identified with agricultural interests. For thirteen years he remained upon his first farm and then removed to the farm upon which he is now living in Blair township. This has been his home continuously since with the exception of a period of four years, which was spent in Traverse City. He owns eighty-one acres of land, of which thirty-eight acres is under cultivation. Upon his farm he has erected good buildings and modern equipments of all kinds add to the value of the place and indicate his progressive spirit. Success in life is largely due to the concentration of one's energies. The man who is a "jack of all trades is master of none." Mr. Sackett has never dissipated his efforts over many lines of labor, but has confined his attention to agricultural work with the result that he is today in good financial circumstances. Unto the subject and his wife has been born one child, who is yet living, Henry M. They also lost four children, three of whom died in early childhood, while Rhoda J. died at the age of eighteen years, her loss being deeply lamented by many friends as well as her immediate family. The parents are earnest and exemplary members of the Methodist Episcopal church at Grawn and labor earnestly for its.progress and upbuilding. Mr. Sackett has served as class leader for more than a quarter of a century and his life has ever been shaped in conformity to the teachings of his denomination. While residing in Green Lake. township he served as highway commissioner and he takes an active and commendable interest in everything pertaining to the welfare of his community. Both he and his wife are people of the highest respectability, their lives characterized by honorable principles and by Sfidelity to duty. A genial temperament and kindly disposition are also qualities which 410 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. -- have endeared them to their many friends and throughout Grand Traverse county where they are known they are held in the highest esteem. WILLIAM J. SAXTON. William J. Saxton is one of the extensive land owners of Grand Traverse county, his possessions aggregating six hundred and twenty acres in Green Lake township, of which one hundred and twenty acres is under cultivation. Farming has been his life work and although he has been a resident of this county for only a brief period he is already classed among the leading agriculturists of the community. Mr. Saxton was born in Lagrange township, Lorain county, Ohio, on the 9th of January, 1857, a son of William H. and Mary (Allyn) Saxton, natives of Connecticut and Vermont, respectively. Leaving New England they resided for many years in Lorain county, Ohio, where they spent their last days, the father's death occurring when he was sixty-eight years of age, while his wife, surviving him for several years, passed away at the age of seventy-four. Five children had been born unto them and to the third they gave the name of William J. He was reared and educated in the county of his nativity, attending the public scchools, enjoying the pleasures of the playground and assisting in the labors of the home farm. The years were thus passed and after he had attained his majority he sought a companion and helpmate for the journey of life. It was on the 5th of September, 1878, that Mr. Saxton was united in marriage to Miss Nellie Brice, a native of Lorain county. Eight children have been born unto them, namely: Alma J., who is now the wife of Frank Sherarts; Howard; Stella, the wife of Frank Gannett; Bina, Raphael, Willard, Dwight and Marjorie, all of whom are still with their parents. Mr. and Mrs. Saxton began their domestic life upon a farm in Lorain county, Ohio, and there he continued to carry on agricultural pursuits until September, 1900, when he brought his family to Grand Traverse county, Michigan. He took up his abode upon the farm on which he now lives in Green Lake township, and of his tract of land of six hundred and twenty acres, he now has one hundred and sixty acres under cultivation, planted to the cereals and fruits best adapted to the soil and climate. He has good farm animals, the latest improvements in the way of farm machinery and all modern equipments for facilitating his work. Fraternally he is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. ELVIN LYONS SPRAGUE. Inasmuch as the author and compiler of this work was himself one of the pioneers of the Grand Traverse region, a short sketch of his life may not be considered out of place or uninteresting in the work. Elvin L. Sprague was horn in Gill, Franklin county. Massachusetts, December 22, 183o. His parents were Joseph Wright and Mary Elvira (Lyons) Sprague, both natives of New England. Their children, who are still living, are Elvin L., Esther H. and Ada K. Esther H. is the wife of Reuben Hatch, of Grand Rapids, and Ada K. the wife of Ed ELVIN L. SPRAGUE GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 411 win S. Pratt, of Traverse City. In 1836 the parents of Mr. Sprague moved to Michigan with their family, and settled in Dexter, Washtenaw county. The years of the subject's boyhood and youth were passed in that locality, where he availed himself of such opportunities as the neighboring schools afforded, afterwards attending' the Albion (Michigan) College. In 1854, when in his twenty-fourth year, he came to northern Michigan, in the affairs of which he has since borne a somewhat active part. His first location was at Elk Rapids, where he assisted in the erection of a saw-mill. After the completion of the mill he was employed in running it during the summer months until I860. Winters he was engaged in the woods in lumbering operations or in teaching the district school. In the meantime he was elected supervisor and justice of the peace of the township. While not a clergyman, he was as justice of the peace frequently called upon to unite young people in marriage, and we believe that it is a fact that he used the marriage ceremony of the Protestant Episcopal church to unite a couple at Elk Rapids the first time it was ever used in the region. He also conducted a Sunday school for several years in Elk Rapids. In the fall of I86o he engaged with the firm of Hannah, Lay & Company as salesman in their store, and came to Traverse City, where he remained until 1865. During this time he held the office of supervisor of Traverse township for three years, and was superintendent of a union Sunday school, the only Sunday school in town, from I86o to 1865. There being few clergyman in the region at the time, the people had little opportunity to enjoy religious services, and Mr. Sprague, first at Elk 26 Rapids and later at Traverse City, frequently held religious services, as lay reader and preacher, with some degree of success. Being physically incapacitated from infancy from the performance of military duty, Mr. Sprague was unable to enlist, but he took an active part in securing enlistments for the war of the Rebellion, both in the army and navy. These efforts, with' the aid of others, were so successful that Traverse secured its full quota of soldiers without having to resort to a draft. Until 186o very few farmers had settled in the Grand Traverse region. It was not until after 1854 that it was possible to go from Traverse City to Elk Rapids on horse-- back except by following the beach. No road had been cut out through the wilderness between the two places. From Traverse City south as late as 1858 no road had been opened through the woods further south. than Silver Lake. From there to the next settlement south was an unbroken forest for a distance of ninety miles, traverse being possible only on foot, a trip that was. seldom performed in less than six days. This seems like slow traveling, but when we reflect that the trip was seldom performed except in the short days of winter, when lake navigation was closed, and that a person setting out on a trip had to provide himself with a blanket, a camp kettle, an axe with which to cut wood and build a camp to; stay in each night, and provisions enough to last him through, and snow shoes if the snow was deep, making a pack altogether of not less than from thirty-five to fifty pounds,. which he must carry upon his back, it is not to be wondered at that his progress was slow, especially when it is remembered that he must stop each day early enough to build 412 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. himself a camp of hemlock boughs to stay in over night, and cut wood enough to keep himself warm with, and do it all before dark, it is really surprising that the trip could be accomplished in the time named. The subject made this trip "over the trail," as it was termed, twice, and is said to have walked twenty miles over a good road in five hours with less labor and fatigue than he performed this journey at the rate of fifteen miles for a whole day's work. Mr. Sprague relates that his first trip through the woods was taken in February, 1855. The snow was very deep and snow shoes were required, but the trip was made very comfortably, although it took six full days to accomplish it.- There were three in the party. The:second day out, about ten o'clock in Ihe morning, they met a party of three coming in from the south, who informed them that they were then on their ninth day from the settlement. They were illy prepared, however, for the trip. They had neither snow shoes nor moccasins, but were traveling in boots, which were illy adapted for getting about in deep snow. They gave the information that they had traveled hard all one day and only made across one township -six miles. When the subject met them they were entirely out of provisions, as was learned afterward, although they did not impart the fact at the time. With a good road broke out for them they felt sure of getting through to Traverse City that night, where they could get plenty to eat, while they thought that Sprague's party would need all the provisions they had before getting through to the other side. This incident is given, not to show the hardships that were endured by the early settlers, for there was no especial hardship about it-at least they did not think it so at the time. True it was hard work, but it was good, healthy, invigorating labor that probably did not tend to shorten the days of any of the pioneers. When the subject and his companions reached the settlement south they were still forty-five miles north of Grand Rapids, which required another day to reach by a lumberman's supply team. Thus it will be noticed that it then took seven full days to go from Traverse City to Grand Rapids, a trip that is now performed by the fast trains in five hours. This certainly shows an improvement in the mode of travel between the two places within the last fifty years. In the spring of 1865 Mr. Sprague returned to Elk Rapids and started the Eagle, with the publication of which he has ever since been connected, a more complete history of which will be found in another chapter. In the fall of the same year he was united in marriage with Miss Sarah E. Spencer, of Elk Rapids, a daughter of the late John B. Spencer, one of the early pioneers. Their wedding tour consisted of a trip to Traverse City, where the marriage ceremony was performed, and the return to Elk Rapids, which remained their home until 1872. Mr. Sprague held the office of treasurer of Antrim county for six years, and was postmaster of Elk Rapids for seven years. In 1872 Mr. Sprague and family returned to Traverse City, which place has since been their home. While it is perhaps a matter of minor importance, it may 'be well to state Mr. Sprague's political career. His first vote for President was cast for the candidate of the Free-Soil party, John P. Hale. His second was cast for the Republican candi GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 418 date, Fremont. lie voted for Abraham Lincoln both times he ran, and for U. S. Grant the first time he was elected. In the meantime he supported the Republican candidates for state and county offices. In the Greeley campaign he supported Horace Greeley for President, and since that time has supported the Democratic candidates for both national and state offices. He was postmaster of Traverse City under President Cleveland's first administration. He has always taken an active part in the educational institutions of Traverse City, and was for many years a member of the board of education, and also of the board of library trustees, of which body he is still a member. He has one daughter, Gertrude M., who is doing literary and editorial work on the Eagle, and one son, Edward E., who is married and lives in Grand Rapids, working at his trade as a printer. HON. PERRY HANNAH. Hon. Perry Hannah, who is known as the "father of Traverse City," is justly entitled to that cognomen as he has lived here over half a century and in the early 'fifties invested, with his associates, A. T. Lay and James Morgan, the money which opened up this region and gave employment to nearly every pioneer who came here in those early days. The opening of the lumber business here by the firm was the foundation upon which the city was laid, and how firm a. foundation it was is shown today by the thriving city of over eleven thousand inhabitants and the surrounding country, which is dotted with magnificent farms, vil lages and hamlets. When Mr. Hannah came here in the whole region there was no trace of civilization and the entire country was in a state of primitive beauty just as nature with her magic hand created it. The only sounds to awaken the stillness of the dense pine forests were the songs of birds, the tinkle of the Indian ponies' bells or the splashing of the waves along the pebbly beach of the beautiful bay. All this mystic beauty in the heart of nature awakened a responsive chord in Mr. Hannah's nature and he looked at the wide spreading panorama before him with a feeling of adoration for the Maker of it all. Mr. Hannah has indelibly impressed upon his memory the first glimpse he caught of these shores, destined to become his lifelong hope and pride. He enjoys reminiscing and often describes his entrance into the harbor in this manner: "The voyage was tempestuous. After riding out a gale of three days' duration on Lake Michigan, we finally entered the bay and made Old Mission harbor in pleasant weather. The scene before us, as the vessel rounded into the harbor, appeared to us tempest-tossed voyagers the loveliest ever beheld by mortal eyes. The sun was just sinking behind the western hills, the whitewashed houses of the Indian village gleaming brightly in his parting rays, while the tops of the forest trees seemed bathed in a floating mist of gold. On the bank sat a picturesque group of Indians, enjoying the fragrant fumes of their pipes. "The women were seen engaged in ferminine avocations pertaining to their simple mode of life. The shouting of a company of children in gleeful play, mingledwith the sound of tinkling bells from a herd of ponies feeding on the hillside beyond, 414 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. made music in harmony with the quiet beauty of the scene. "After remaining two hours at Old Mission, the 'Venus' set sail for her destination, the head of the west arm of the bay. The night was beautiful, with the glorious moon shining brightly in the heavens. The only opening in the forest visible to the party as it landed was the narrow clearing opening the road to Captain Boardman's water-power saw-mill. While Mr. Hannah was deeply impressed with the scene which he so beautifully describes, it was not alone the artistic side of his nature that was moved, but he saw with keen foresight, which has characterized the business transactions of his lifetime, the possibilities of a fortune in the millions of feet of' pine which were only waiting the invasion of the woodman's axe and the hum of the mill to convert the material into valuable lumber. With an energy and steadfastness of purpose which has ever marked the transactions of the firm, the work was prosecuted with the result which is familiar to all, every member of the firm a millionaire and Mr. Hannah -the wealthiest man in the region. In all matters of local importance, Mr. Hannah's council has been considered invaluable, owing to his cautious judgment and his readiness to further the community's interest. Many of the successful men of the city obtained their first knowledge of business methods and mercantile pursuits through the kind teaching and advice of Mr. Hannah, who was ever ready to give lessons from the pages of his experience. As a financier Mr. Hannah has few peers, 'though many have accumulated greater wealth. His money has been earned honestly and none have suffered at the expense of his coffers being filled; it is the slow accumulation of years of concentrated energy. He never places temptation in the way of any whose moral nature might be too weak to resist temptation, but keeps careful watch daily of the various departments of the work of the concern, thus eliminating the possibility of trickery or deception on the part of employes which not infrequently work havoc in large business concerns. Though Mr. Hannah has nearly reached his four score years, he still takes an active part in ail that pertains to the welfare of the city which he practically founded. Here is the realization of the fondest hopes of his young manhood and the fruition of a life with the high regard of the pioneers and the old settlers who have so many years been his companions in the pursuit of life, liberty and happiness. Politically Mr. Hannah is a strong Republican. He was a member of the state legislature in 1856-7, served twenty-eight years as moderator of the school board, was supervisor several years, president of the village of Traverse City from its incorporation and later the first mayor of the city. Mr. Hannah has not affiliated himself with any church organization, but gives liberally when occasion demands, having given sites for nearly all the church buildings in the town besides subscribing large sums to the support of many at various times. He thinks the hereafter is a mystery of which no man knows anything definitely, but feels that he has lived respectably and honestly and is therefore ready to meet the uncertainty with the rest of humanity. He lives in an elegant home on Sixth street, GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 415 one of the prettiest residences of the city, overlooking the bay which has such a charm for him and which he never tires looking upon in all its varying changes and moods. Mr. Hannah was born on a farm known as "Beech Woods," twelve miles from Erie, Pennsylvania, September 22, 1824. His parents were of Scotch ancestry and were very estimable people, his father being major in the' army. When Mr. Hannah was but three years old his mother died, leaving one other son and two daughters. The subject of this sketch was taken to his grandmother's home where a great deal of affection was lavished on him by a dear old lady, who was a strong Methodist. Until he was fourteen years of age Mr. Hannah attended district school, which was in session two or three months in the winter and the same length of time in summer. In 1828 Mr. Hannah's father emigrated to Michigan, where he remained for twelve years, at the end of which time he returned to Erie for his family. Mr. Hannah was then living with William B. Weed, an own cousin of William B. Ogden, the railroad magnate of Chicago. They too were Methodists and one of the enjoyments for young Perry was attending camp meeting with them. When Mr. Hannah's father had visited the family for awhile, he gave him the privilege of coming back to Michigan with him or of remaining with Mr. Weed. The latter gentleman was very much attached to Perry and tried to persuade him to remain with him, offering as an inducement that when he should become of age he would give him a bran new suit of clothes, a yoke of oxen and a new logging chain. At that time Mr. Weed's offer would have been considered an extremely liberal one, but the young lad, filled with the spirit.of adventure, chose to accompany his father to Michigan. Mr. Hannah's sister, the late Mrs. Sarah Maynard, was also one of the party. They took a carriage to Erie and there took passage on the old steamer "Madison" for Detroit, going on second class fare. When they awoke the following morning they were pretty hungry, but had to wait until the first-class passengers had eaten. They arrived at Detroit the next morning and were taken up to Port Huron. Here Mr. Hannah was engaged for some time rafting logs. The work was often extremely tedious, especially when unfavorable winds kept them out many days. Mr. 'Hannah had other ambitions and he secured a position with John Wells, a merchant of Port Huron, for whom he worked three years, but he longed for still greater things and in looking about made the acquaintance of a lumberman and made arrangements to ship his stock to Chicago for him while the owner went in advance and opened up an office and a yard there. After Mr. Hannah had shipped all the lumber he was to go forward to Chicago. He had just enough money to pay his fare and the day before he reached Chicago he asked the barber to shave him, promising to pay him the following day. Upon arriving at Chicago he went' immediately to his employer's office and was set to work. At the close of the day he walked two miles -to the.boat to pay the barber six and one-fourth cents. Mr. Hannah remained with Mr. Mead until he had sold all his stock of lumber and then hired out to Jacob Beidler, one of the richest lumbermen in the city, at four hundred dollars a year. He thought it was an enormous salary and pitched in to work to eamrn 416 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. his money. He used to come back to Port Huron to buy logs and have lumber sawed and cut into very fine stock. His employer was very much pleased, for he made a good deal of money out of the excellent lumber that Mr. Hannah bought for him. After this practice for two or three years, Mr. Hannah was quite familiar with the lumber business and prepared to branch out into business for himself. "There is a tide in the affairs of men which taken at the flood leads on to fortune." Mr. Hannah knew the secret of this adage. He met two young men, A. Tracy Lay and'James Morgan, and the three formed a partnership under the name of Hannah, Lay & Company and started in business on a borrowed capital of six thousand dollars. They opened a lumber office in Chicago. They heard of the fine land in northern Michigan and Mr. Hannah was delegated to come up here and inspect the place. The year following the formation of the partnership valuable lands were acquired here and a saw-mill built here. For two or three years Mr. Hannah and Mr. Lay alternated in the management, but in 1854 Mr. Hananh decided to locate here. The firm of Hannah, Lay & Company, established in 1850, has continued up to the present time, the only change being made in the personnel being the addition of William Morgan, brother of James Morgan. Some years ago they retired from the lumber business, each having made a fortune, but their interests have been kept together in the corporation known as Hannah, Lay & Company, consisting of interests here and in Chicago. The company's buildings consist of a three-story brick block used for a general department store, and the Traverse City State Bank, which is a new four-story home on the corner of Union and Front streets, at a cost of two hundred thousand dollars. Hannah, Lay & Company own the Chamber of Commerce building in Chicago. The site was purchased for six hundred thousand dollars and the building cost one million dollars. All of these concerns today are under the direct -management of Mr. Hannah and Mr. Lay. William Morgan, the fourth member of the firm; lives in California. James Morgan, the only member of the firm who has passed away, died in 19oo00. The remaining three members have lived past the ordinary age of' man, but are still doing their daily work because, as Mr. Hannah says, they are mere machines, so accustomed to work that they would not be happy if unemployed. Mr. Hannah was married January I, 1852, to Miss Anna Amelia Flint, of New York, who died February 24, 1898. Three children blessed the union. They are J. T. Hannah, of this city, cashier of the State Bank, Mrs. J. F. Keeney, of Chicago, and Mrs. George W. Gardner, of St. Paul, Minnesota. HENRY S. HULL. The enterprising business man and popular citizen whose name heads this article needs no formal introduction to the people of Grand Traverse county. For some years past he has been quite prominently identified with the financial and industrial interests of the city in which he lives and always manifesting an active interest in the public welfare, he has risen to a high place in business and social circles and earned an honor GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 417 able reputation among the leading men of affairs in northwestern Michigan. Henry S. Hull, manufacturer and financier, is a native of Franklin county, Pennsylvania, and the son of George and Elizabeth Hull. The father, a farmer by occupation, followed his chosen calling in the above state until 1847, when he moved his family consisting of his wife and seven children, the subject being the youngest of the number, to Seneca county, Ohio, making the trip in one of the old Pennsylvania dry land schooners, or Conestoga wagons, and settling on a farm. He spent the remainder of his days there, always followed agricultural pursuits and departed this life in 1892, at the remarkable age of ninety-one years. Henry S. was born November 8, 1845, on the family homestead in Pennsylvania and, as already stated, accompanied his parents to Ohio in 1847 and remained at home until a youth of sixteen, meanwhile assisting his father with the labors of the farm and contributing his share to the common fund. His educational training was supplied by the common schools and later, 1864, he took a full course in the Iron City Commercial College, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, thus fitting himself for the business career upon which he had already entered, having accepted when but sixteen years of age a clerkship in a general store at Chatfield, Ohio. After serving two years in this capacity he purchased an interest in the business and the partnership thus constituted continued during the ensuing four years, at the expiration of which time he sold out and became associated with hi& brother in general merchandising at Wauseon, Ohio. Mr. Hull's business experience at the latter place covered a period of twenty-three years, very active and in the main successful, during which he was a member of the Hull Brothers firm, a house that became widely and favorably inown in commercial circles and earned for the proprietors the reputation of safe and reliable business men. Disposing of his interest to his brother, Mr. Hull, in 1883, became identified with the Oval Wood Dish Companj at Mancelona, Michigan, over which he had partial charge from the time of locating the plant in that place until its removal, nine years later, to Traverse City, continuing to make his home in the meantime in Watuseon. The better to give personal attention to the growing interests of the enterprise, he removed in 1893 to Traverse City. He was president of the company and general manager of the manufacturing department from its inception. The Oval Wood Dish Company is one of the leading enterprises of the kind in the Union, having, in addition to the main plant at Traverse City, a branch factory at Essex Centre, Canada, and agencies in nearly every state in the Union, besides consigning large quantities of their goods to other countries. The proprietors are business men of wide experience, scrupulous integrity and high standing and the solid basis upon which the affairs of the company are now conducted augurs well for the continued growth and prosperity. In addition to his connection with the above enterprise, Mr. Hull, in 1895, became a stockholder in the First National Bank of Traverse City and the same year was elected president of the institution, Which position he held until July I, 1902, when he resigned to accept the presidency of the People's Savings Bank at the same place, havingv been one of the leading spirits in the 418' GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. organization of the latter concern. He still retains the relation of president of the People's Savings Bank and in the management of its affairs has demonstrated not only a practical knowledge of every detail of the institution's constantly increasing business, but financial ability of a high order and a familiarity with mementary questions in all their relations. He is still a stockholder and is on the board of directors of the First National Bank. Since locating in Traverse City Mr. Hull has become an influential factor, not only in its business interests, but in all that concerns the material development and general moral good of the community. He gives a hearty support to every agency with these ends in view, manifests an abiding interest in the welfare of his fellow men, and his integrity, honesty and pronounced ability and business success of his various undertakings have gained him a distinctive position as one of the true and valued citizens of his adopted city and county. In the midst of the thronging cares and demands of a very busy life, he is always approachable, being gracious in his association with others and he enjoys great personal popularity as a natural result of his many admirable characteristics. Mr. Hull has gained a reputation as a man well equipped with the solid qualities essential to material success, but above these he has ordered his life on a high plane, having always in mind a deep sense of his stewardship and an appreciation of those duties which every good citizen owes to his conscience as well as to his fellow men. Fraternally he stands high in the Masonic order, having risen to the thirty-second degree in this ancient and honorable brotherhood, also Jbelonging to Aladdin Temple, of the Mystic, Shrine. Politically he gives his support to the Republican party, but has never entered the arena of partisan politics, nor sought at the hands of the public the honors or emoluments of office, being essentially a business man and preferring the simple title of citizen to any such distinction. Mr. Hull was married at Cardington, Ohio, December I, 1866, to Miss Kate Pfeiffer, daughter of Rev. W. H. Pfeiffer, a well-known minister of the Evangelical church, the issue of the union being two children, Ola, born November 2, 1867, and W. Cary, whose birth occurred October 24, 1869. JOSEPH HAHNENBERG. Leelanaw county figures as one of the most attractive, progressive and prosperous divisions of the state of Michigan, justly claiming a high order of citizenship and a spirit of enterprise which is certain to conserve consecutive development and marked advancement in the material upbuilding of this section. The county has been and is signally favored in the class of men who have controlled its affairs in official capacity, and in this conection the subject of this review demands representation, as he is serving his county faithfully and well in a position of distinct trust and responsibility, being the county treasurer, to which office he was elected in the fall of 1902. He has long been known as a prosperous and enterprising agriculturist, and one whose business methods demonstrate the power of activity and honesty in the business world. Mr. Hahnenberg is a native of Prussia, Germany, born on the 28th of May, 1847, a son of Jacob Hahnenberg, who was a car JOSEPH HAHNENBERG. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 419 penter by occupation, and died when his son Joseph was a little lad of six years. The, latter pursued his education in the schools of his native country and in his youth worked as a farm hand. Early in life he was forced to start out for himself, dependent upon his own exertions for a livelihood. At the age of twenty years he severed the ties which bound him to the fatherland and sailed for the new world, making the voyage in the spring of 1868. Landing on the Atlantic coast, he went to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he lived for a few months, and then came to Leland, Michigan, entering upon his business career here in the employ of the Leland Iron Company, by which he was employed most of the time until 1875, when he took up a homestead in Bingham towns'hip, Leelanaw county, and at once began its development. He has since made it his home and has given his attention continuously to farming. His persistency of purpose and the concentration of his energies along one line have been the strong elements in his prosperity. He is today the owner of two hundred acres of valuable land, of which one hundred and thirty acres are improved. This is a good property, and, working earnestly and enthusiastically for its development, Mr. Hahnenberg has attained prosperity, which is as creditable as it is gratifying. On the 3d of October, 1871, in Provemont, Leelanaw county, Mr. Hahnenberg was united in marriage to Miss Mary Schaub, a native of North Manitou island, Michigan. They have become the parents of thirteen children, three sons and ten daughters, as follows: Anna, Rosa, Jacob, Frank, Louisa, Simon, Barbara, Mary, Bertha, Clara, Theresa, Stella and Josephine. Of these, Rosa is now the wife of Fred Priest; Louisa has married Joseph Steimel, and Barbara is the wife of John Priest. The children have all been reared upon the homestead farm, where the family still reside, although some of the children have gone to homes of their own. The members of the household are worthy of the high regard so uniformly extended them, and no people of the community are more greatly respected than Mr. and Mrs. Hahnenberg. A Democrat in his political views, Mr. Hahnenberg keeps well informed concerning the great political questions which divide the country into parties and which affect the weal or woe of state or nation. He is able to support his position by intelligent argument, and is one of the influential members of the Democracy in this locality. He has held the office of supervisor of Bingham township for several years, has filled other township offices and for a long period has been justice of the peace. Fair and impartial are his decisions, his judgment being unbiased by personal favor or prejudice. In the fall of 1902 the public expression of confidence and approval came to him in his election to the office of county treasurer, and he is now the incumbent in that position, carefully superintending the business of the office and guarding the county's interests as faithfully as he does his own. His unbending integrity of character, his fearlessness in the discharge of his duties and his appreciation of the responsibilities that devolve upon him are such as to make him a most acceptable incumbent, and his worth is widely acknowledged, while his record as a business man has been so honorable that he has gained the confidence and trust of all with whom he has been brought in contact. 420 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. IORIN ROBERTS. It has been well said that the law is a jealous mistress, demanding of her votaries an undivided loyalty and a singleness of devotion. This fact is exemplified in the career of every truly successful lawyer. The bar of the state of Michigan has ever maintained a high standing, and among its representative members in Grand Traverse county is Mr. Roberts, who is established in the successful practice of his profession in Traverse City. Lorin Roberts is a native of the old Buckeye state, having been born in Trumbull county, Ohio, on the 12th of August, 1845, and being a son of William Roberts, who was born in Connecticut, whence his parents removed to Ohio in an early day and took up their residence in the Western Reserve, where they passed the remainder of their lives, the family having been founded in New England in the early colonial epoch. William Roberts continued to be actively engaged in agricultural pursuits in Trumbull county, Ohio, until his death, in 1889, at the age of eighty-two years. He was a man of the highest principles, was successful in his efforts and ever retained the implicit confidence and esteem of the community in which he lived. His wife, whose maiden name was Electa M. Humphrey, was likewise a native of Connecticut, where she was born in the year 1809, and when she was a child she accompanied her parents on their emigration to Trumbull county, Ohio, where the balance of her life was passed, her death occurring in the year 1889. Of this marriage were born six children, concerning whom we enter the following brief record: Frederick H., who served four years during the war of the Rebellion, later became an operator in the Pennsylvania oil fields, and he died at Bradford, that state, in 1900; Hulda became the wife of Orlando Finney and they now reside in central Kansas, where he devotes his attention to farming; Lorin is the immediate subject of this sketch; Imogene J. is the wife of Edwin Barber, a prominent civil engineer of Conneaut, Ohio; Almena M. is the wife of Nelson H. Bailey, who is now county commissioner of Trumbull county, Ohio, being a resident of the city of Warren, and he is also a contractor in the line of bridge building; and Guy A. is superintendent of live stock transit of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, with headquarters in Kansas City. Lorin Roberts was reared on the old homestead farm in Trumbull county and received his early educational discipline in the district schools, while he also attended a select school for some time. With the thundering of rebel guns against the ramparts of old Fort Sumter, his youthful patriotism and instinctive loyalty were quickened to responsive action, and on the 9th of December, 1861, when but sixteen years of age, Mr. Roberts enlisted as a private in Captain Stanhope's company of the Sixth Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, with which he proceeded to Camp Dennison, near the city of Cincinnati, and about three months later Captain Stanhope's company transferred to the Second Ohio Cavalry, which was then stationed at Leavenworth, Kansas, and Mr. Roberts became a member of Company M. He continued in active service in Kansas, Missouri and Arkansas until the autumn of 1863, when the regiment was brought to Camp *Chase, near Columbus, Ohio, to recruit its ranks, the horses being in such condition as GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 421 to be of little service, while a large proportion of the men were in impaired health. In the spring of 1864 the regiment joined Burnside's forces at Lexington, Kentucky, and thence marched with him across the Cumberland river into Tennessee, being present at the siege of Knoxville. After the siege was raised the entire regiment, whose term of enlistment had expired, re-enlisted and were then sent home on veteran furlough. At Camp Chase a consolidation was effected, by which twelve companies were reorganized into eight, and Mr. Roberts was assigned to Company D, the entire Third Battalion having been divided among the First and Second, thus reducing the number of companies as noted. The regiment was now assigned to the Army of the Potomac, joining Sheridan's cavalry corps, with which it took part in the battles of Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor, after which it proceeded with Grant on his advance to Richmond. Mr. Roberts was detailed as orderly on the staff of General Burnside's chief of artillery and acted in that capacity' until that officer was wounded, when he rejoined his regiment. The command was sent from Petersburg into the Shenandoah valley and was with Sheridan at Winchester, thence marching up the Luray valley and back to Petersburg. The regiment participated in the battle of Five Forks and was with Sheridan when he prevented Lee's journey southward, while at the time of that general's surrender the comamnd was at Appomattox, from which point it proceeded to the national capital, where it took part in the Grand Review, and Mr. Roberts was mustered out on the 9th of August, 1865, while he received his honorable discharge, at Columbus, Ohio, having made a creditable record as a faithful and valiant soldier and having done his part in conserving the integrity of the Union. After the close of the war Mr. Roberts returned home and resume his educational work. After a time he went to Tabor, Iowa, where he matriculated in Tabor College, at that place, and continued his studies there for two years, at the expiration of which he returned to Ohio and entered the junior class in Oberlin College, in which institution he was graduated as a member of the class of 1871, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He was married in August of that year and shortly afterward came to Benzonia, Benzie county, Michigan, to assume the position of principal of the college in that place, while Mrs. Roberts simultaneously became the principal of the ladies' department of the institution. In the autumn of 1872, having resigned his position at the college, Mr. Roberts came to Traverse City, where he became superintendent of the public schools, an incumbency which he retained for eight years,-a fact which indicates the ability and discrimination which he brought to bear as a teacher and administrative officer. During the last four years of his pedagogic work he devoted careful attention to the reading of law, having as his preceptor the Hon. Seth C. Moffatt, a member of Congress and one of the distinguished members of the bar of the county, and after examination he was admitted to the bar of the state, in February, I880. At the close of the school year in 1880 he entered the office of his preceptor, with whom he became actively associated in the practice of his profession, and from that time to the present he has been here, engaged in general practice, having secured a representative clientage 422 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. and having been concerned in much important litigation in this section of the state. Mr. Roberts is thoroughly well informed in the minutiae of the law, being a close and appreciative student, and is known as an able advocate and safe and duly conservative counsel, while he is a man of fine intellectuality and mature judgment, so that he has naturally attained high prestige in his chosen profession.0 S In 1891 Mr. Roberts became identified with the organization of the Fulgham Manufacturing Company, of whose stock he owned a one-third interest, and he became secretary and treasurer of the company, retaining this dual office for a period of ten years, at the expiration of which he disposed of his interests in the concern, whose line of enterprise was the manufacturing of maple flooring. In politics Mr. Roberts has been an uncomprotnmising advocate of the principles of the Republican party from the time of attaining his legal majority, his first presidential vote having been cast in support of Lincoln at the time when he was in the field as a soldier, and he has been a zealous and effective worker in the party cause and a leader in its local councils. In i88o Mr. Roberts was elected prosecuting attorney of Grand Traverse county, and was incumbent of this office for two terms. After a few years, at the earnest request of his friends, he took the office for another term. Upon the incorporation of Traverse City under city government hlie was elected judge of the recorder's court, in the year 1895, and he has ever since remained in tenure of this office, while for the past twenty years he has served as United States court commissioner for this district. He and his family are prominent and valued members of the Congregational church, and fraternally Mr. Roberts is one of the leading members of McPherson Post No. 18, Grand Army of the Republic, of Traverse City, of which he has served as commander, while he has also been a delegate to various national encampments and was junior vice-commander of the Department of Michigan, Grand Army of the Republic, for one year. He is also identified with the Masonic order, holding membership in the lodge, chapter and commandery in his home city. Mr. Roberts is a public-spirited citizen, is a man of genial presence and has gained and retained the unqualified esteem of the community in which he has so long resided. On the 8th of August, 1871, shortly after his being graduated in Oberlin College, Mr. Roberts was united in marriage to Miss Mary A. Stevens, who was born in Avon, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, on the 22d of February, 1847, and who was graduated in the literary department of Oberlin College in the year 1871, in which year Mr. Roberts was also graduated in that institution. She is a daughter of Ransomi F. and Finette Stevens, the former of whom was born in Massachusetts and the latter in Ohio. They are now deceased. Mr. and Mrs. Stevens became the parents of three children, of whom Mrs. Roberts is the eldest, while the other two are Cyrus B., who is a prominent member of the bar of Oceana county, Michigan, residing in the town of Hart; and Elihu B., who is a dealer in live stock at Allegan, this state. Of the three children of Mr. and Mrs. Roberts we incorporate the following brief record: Alice T. was graduated in the Traverse City high school in 189o, and thereafter passed two years in the alma mater of her parents, Oberlin College, GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 428 and then was successfully engaged in teaching in the State Normal School at Livingston, Alabama, for two years. At the expiration of this period she entered the Broad Street Conservatory of Music, in the city of Philadelphia, where she was graduated in 1898, and later she took a special course of instruction under Professor Oscar Sanger, one of the leading musical instructors in the city of New York. She is now engaged in teaching music in Traverse City and is one of the city's most popular and accomplished musicians and a favorite in social circles. William R. was attending school at the time of the outbreak of the late Spanish-American war, and, at the age of twenty-one years, he enlisted as a member of Company M, Thirty-fourth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, with which he went to Cuba and there participated in the famous battle of San Juan hill, remaining in the service until the month of December, 1898, when he received his honorable discharge. After his return home he became bookkeeper for the Fulgham Manufacturing Company, but about a year later he re-enlisted for service in the Philippines, where he served with distinction and marked fidelity during his term of two years, when he again received his honorable discharge. He is now suffering from extreme nervous prostration as the result of his army experience. Marion S. was graduated in the Traverse City high school in 1896 and was then matriculated in the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, where she completed three years' work in the classical course, her health becoming so impaired that she was then compelled to discontinue her studies. She is now a member of the class of 1903 in Oberlin College. CHARLES R. DOCKERAY. The gentleman whose name appears above is the founder and principal of the Traverse City Business College, which for almost a decade has occupied a position of prominence and importance in connection with the educational institutions of Grand Traverse county. Though its history is comparatively brief as compared with some of the schools in the older settled sections of the country, it has taken high rank among those of similar order throughout this section of the country. Charles R. Dockeray is a native of Michigan, having been born in Kent county on the 2Ist of July, 1853. His father, Joseph Dockeray, was born near the city of Kendall, Westmorelandshire, England, June 17, 1821, and during the greater part of his life was engaged in agricultural pursuits. In 1837 Joseph Dockeray came to the United States and located in Orleans county, New York, where he engaged in farm work. He was industrious and thrifty and by the time he was twenty-five years old he found himself able to gratify his desire for a home of his own. On the 3d of July, 1848, he was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth Pearson, a native of Albany, New York, born December Io, 1825, and this union resulted in the birth of the following children: Clarence H., a farmer, resides in Kent county, Michigan; Albert A., in the employ of the Voigt Milling Company, of Grand Rapids, as superintendent of transfer; Charles R., the immediate subject of this review; Wallace P. is in the grocery business at Rockford, Kent county; Bryant S. resides in West Prescott, Arizona, and is in 424 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. the employ of atransfer company. In 1899 Joseph Dockeray came to Traverse City, with the intention of making his future home with his son, the subject, but his death occurred in October of the following year. Mrs. Dockeray survived her husband a little more than a year, her death occurring in November, 1901. The first sixteen years of Charles R. Dockeray's life were spent upon the parental homestead, during which time he took advantage of the educational facilities afforded by the common schools of the neighborhood, making good progress in his studies. He was ambitious to complete a higher education than was obtainable in the public schools, and in order to obtain the necessary funds he went to work in a shingle-mill, being so employed for two years. At the age of seventeen he entered the high school at Rockford, Michigan, graduating therefrom before he attained his majority. For several years thereafter he was engaged in teaching in the country schools and later took a commercial course in the Grand Rapids Business University. The following two years found him engaged in various lines of office work, such as bookkeeping, etc., but owing to the depression existing in business at that time, he decided to re-enter the pedagogical profession, for which he was by nature peculiarly fitted. During the interim he had steadily pursued his studies along the line of his school work, having in view a course at some higher school of instruction. In accordance with this purpose, he entered the Northern Indiana Normal School and Business College at Valparaiso, Indiana, taking the literary and scientific course, but on account of illness he was obliged to leave school just before his graduation. He spent the following few years in different parts of the country, being engaged the greater part of the time in teaching. In 1883 he returned to Rockford, Michigan, and accepted the position of principal of the high school, the duties of which he efficiently discharged for six years, and during the most' of this time he was also a member of the county board of school examiners. At the end of this time, feeling the necessity of an out-door life, he resigned his position and engaged in the life insurance business, being appointed district manager for the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company of Philadelphia. On the Ioth of June, 1876, at Rockford, Michigan, Mr. Dockeray was united in marriage with Miss Ella E. Chapel, a native of Kent county, born May 9, 1855. She was reared and educated in her native county, being a graduate from the high school at Rockford. This union was a most happy and congenial one and was blessed by the birth of three children, as follows: Mildreth M., Howard C. and Fay. The first named was the stenographer and bookkeeper for the Citizens' Telephone Company, of Traverse City, for about fifteen months, when she resigned to accept the position of teacher of stenography and typewriting in the Traverse City Business College. Howard is still attending school, but is devoting his leisure hours to farming and poultry raising. Fay is attending the city schools, being now in the sixth grade. On the 21st of June, 1890, at Saginaw, Michigan, Mrs. Ella Dockeray departed this life, after which event Mr. Dockeray moved with his family to Grand Rapids, where he remained engaged in the insurance business for about two years. On the I5th of September, 1891, GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELAAAW COUNTIES. 425 at Grand Rapids, Mr. Dockeray was united in marriage with Miss% Frances A. Shafer, a native of Kent county, born May 28, 1854. She is the daughter of Benjamin Franklin and Frances (Lawrence) Shafer, the former a native of New York and the latter of Michigan. The Shafers were people of much physical and mental power, being of Pennsylvania Dutch stock, and at the time of his death, which occurred a few years ago, Grandfather Shafer was the oldest resident of Kent county, his age at that time being one hundred and three years. Benjamin F. Shafer, Mrs. Dockeray's father, died of typhoid fever at the age of fifty years, while her mother passed away in 1896. In 1894 Mr. Dockeray, with his family, moved to Traverse City, and in the same year he founded the splendid educational institution of which he is now the head. At the outstart there was but one pupil, but Mr. Dockeray was not discouraged and time proved his faith. The attendance steadily increased until in a few weeks after its inception the school was favored with a gratifying attendance. Each year has seen an increase in attendance, and during the winter of 1901 the aggregate number of pupils in attendance was one hundred and twenty-five, the number being still further increased the following year. The school first occupied rooms in the old Munson block, additional space being required the second year. This additional space also proved inadequate, and when Dr. Munson proposed erecting a new and substantial brick block Mr. Dockeray readily consented to lease the entire second story of the building for the use of his school. The school is thus nowr located in comfortable, con venient and commodious quarters, which is without question an additional inducement for prospective students. In its appointments the building is well adapted to the purposes mentioned, while thoroughness is made the imperative demand in all departments, the best of instructors being retained, and the satisfactory progress of the student being thus insured, while the college derives its support from all sections of the state and from many outside localities. Students from this school are today holding good positions in Chicago and other large cities, their satisfactory advancement being largely attributable to the thoroughness of the discipline and instruction received in the Traverse City school. In politics Mr. Dockeray is a Republican, in religious belief a Universalist, while in his fraternal relations he is affiliated with two societies, the Free and Accepted Masons and the Knights of Pythias. He is a thoroughly practical business man, which fact, coupled with his undoubted ability as an educator, contains the secret of the success of the institution of which he is the head. Because of his courteous manners, genial disposition and genuine worth he has won and retains a host of warm personal friends. FRANCIS J. FRALICK, M. D. During the years which marked the period of Dr. Francis J. Fralick's professional career he has met with gratifying success and though his residence in Northport dates back scarcely a decade he has won the good will and patronage of many of the leading citizens and families of this place. He is a great student and endeavors 426 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. to keep abreast with the times on everything relating to discoveries in medical science, being a patroll of the leading journals devoted to the discussion of the "ills to which flesh is heir" and the treatment thereof. Progressive in his ideas and believing in modern methods as a whole, he does not, however, dispense with the.true and tried systems which have stood the test of years. Dr. Fralick was born in Plattsville, Oxford county, Canada, on the 25th of November, 1867. His father was George S. Fralick, also a native of Canada and a manufacturer of woolen goods. He lived to the advanced age of seventy-four years, spending his last days in Plattsville. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Rebecca Bray, was a native of Leeds, England, and died at the home of her son, Dr. Fralick, in Northport, where she spent the last six years of her life, passing away when about seveiityfour years of age. This worthy couple were the parents of two children, of whom the Doctor is the youngest. In the place of his nativity Dr. Fralick was reared and after attending the common schools he continued his education in St. Catherine's Collegiate Institute. He then engaged in teaching school for four years near Woodstock, Ontario, and proved a capable educator, imparting readily and clearly to others the knowledge which he had obtained. While engaged in teaching he also took up the study of medicine preparatory to making its practice his life work and he further continued his preparation by becoming a student in the Kentucky School of Medicine at Louisville, Kentucky, where he completed the prescribed course and was graduated in the class of 1894. Immediately afterward Dr. Fralick re turned to Michigan and took up his abode in Northport. After a short time, however, he removed to Sutton's Bay, where he spent two years, but on the expiration of that period he returned to Northport,.where he has since been located, engaged in a practice that has grown to extensive and important proportions. In March, 1902, he established a drug store in this place in partnership with C. E. Harvey and they are now conducting the enterprise under the firm style of C. E. Harvey & Company. The Doctor was married in Canada, near Woodstock, on the 15th of May, 1895, the lady of his choice being Miss Bessie Bruce, a native of Ontario. They had three children: Margaret, who died when but three and a half years of age; and Irving and Francis Bruce, at home. The Doctor and his wife have a wide acquaintance in Northport and occupy an enviable position in social circles. He has held the office of county coroner and is also health officer of Leelanaw township. In no profession to which man gives his attention does success depend more largely upon individual effort than the one which now claims Dr. Fralick as a follower and he has achieved distinction and success in his chosen calling which attests his superior ability and close application. Fairness characterizes all his efforts and he conducts all his business with the strictest regard to a high standard of professional ethics. ROBERT E. WALTER. Robert E. Walter, present county clerk of Grand Traverse county, was born in Litchfield, Hillsdale county, Michigan, Sep ROBERT E. WALTER. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 427 ---- tember 16, 1877. His father is Lewis S. Walter, a native of Michigan, a practicing physician and now a resident of Fife Lake, where he has resided for the past seventeen years. His mother is Jennie L. (Hubbard) Walter, who was born in Pulaski township, Jackson county, Michigan. They were married in Litchfield, Michigan, in December, 1876, and are the parents of six children, viz: Robert E., the subject of this sketch; Cora I., wife of J. Harry Cook, of Traverse City; Roy L., now of Battle Creek, Michigan, was in the United States service as a soldier and served about a year in the Philippines; R. Guy, attending school at Fife Lake; Lloyd R. and Frank Arthur. When only five years old Robert E. Walter began attending school, he at that time living with his grandparents in Jackson county. After the family moved to Fife Lake he took the regular course in the common schools there, and later attended the Traverse City high school. The breaking out of the Spanish-American war in April, 1898, quenched, for the time being, his thirst for learning, and his books were laid aside and in their place were taken up the implements of war. In May, 1898, only a few days after the declaration of war, he enlisted in Company M, Thirty-fourth Regiment Michigan; Volunteers, and within a few weeks he was with his regiment in Cuba. They landed at Siboney July I, marched all night and reached the scene of hostilities early on the morning of the 2d, the day of the battle of San Juan hill. The duty assigned to the Michigan regiment was on the line, supporting the batteries and doing outpost duty. Though footsore and weary after their journey of the night, they acquitted themselves creditably in the duty 26 assigned them, but most of them regretted that they were not permitted to be in the thick of the fight. They were discharged December 9, 1898, and Company M was given a most royal reception on its return to Traverse City. Anxious as he was to resume his studies on his return home, Robert E. Walter was obliged to curb his desire for a time, on account of his physical condition. His summer's sojourn in Cuba taxed his constitution severely, and it was many weeks before he could again resume his studies. When he had sufficiently recovered he again entered the Traverse City high school, and graduated in the class of 1900oo, he being the class president. The young lady, Miss Edna Holdsworth, whom he later married, was a member of the same class, and its secretary. In the spring of 1899, while still in school, Robert E. Walter was nominated for clerk of his township, and was elected without opposition. The people valued his services as a soldier, and gave this testimonial of their appreciation of the sacrifice he made on the altar of patriotism, to be followed later by a larger and more lucrative one. In 1900oo he was renominated. This time there was an opposing condidate, but the opposition never developed sufficient strength at any time to endanger his election. Three days before the convening of the Republican county convention in 1900oo he was solicited to become a candidate for county clerk, but he did not decide to enter the race until the d:ay before the convention met. There were four other candidates for the place, but so popular was the youthful student-soldier that he had little difficulty in securing the nomination. He made a most spirited can 428 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. vass, and at the ensuing election received the largest majority of any candidate on the county ticket, with one exception. In 1902 he was renominated, there being no opposition to his candidacy, and this time his vote led the entire ticket. Whatever may be said about the ingratitude of republics, there can be no doubt that the hearts of the American people are all right. It is sometimes asked what nationality Robert E. Walters springs from, that has enabled him to develop such strong qualities. His ancestry on his father's side came from England only three generations ago. The ancestry of his mother cannot be traced beyond the United States. They were here when the Declaration of Independence was drafted, and one *or more of her ancestors have participated in every war with which the country has been visited since. July 30, 1902, Robert E. Walter was united in marriage to Miss Edna Holdsworth, a native of Traverse City, born April 7, 1879. She is the daughter of Edwin H. and Eliza (Gorball) Holdsworth, both natives of Michigan. Her father died when she was six months old, and her mother in 1887, when the daughter was but seven years of age. They were the parents of' three children, viz: Percy, who is a graduate of the University of Michigan, engineering department, is now in business in Bay City as a consulting mechanical engineer and solicitor of patents, and was formerly with the Atlantic Coast Line at. Wilmington, North Carolina; Byron, who will graduate next spring as a mechanical engineer from the Michigan Agricultural College, is an athlete of much prominence and has won a number of first and second medals in several inter-collegiate meets; Edna, wife of the subject hereof, taught a number of terms of school while pursuing her own studies, as also did her husband, and was for a time a student in the woman's department of the Michigan Agricultural College. When not occupied with his studies, Robert E. Walter devoted himself to farming from the time he was ten years of age. Success in politics and the occupancy of a county office has not abated his thirst for learning in the least. He expresses his purpose and determination to yet secure a college training, and will enter one of the learned professions, but is not yet decided as to whether it will be the pulpit or the bar. He was barely twenty-one years old when nominated for township clerk, and only twenty-two when he received the nomination for clerk of the circuit court. At the time he qualified he is believed to have been the youngest county official in the state, and was certainly the youngest clerk of the circuit court. From his early childhood Mr. Walter has been moral and devout. At the age of sixteen he became a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and has never wavered in the faith. Previous to her marriage Mrs. Walter was a Baptist, but has since transferred her membership to the church of her husband's choice. He is a member of the Maccabees, Independent Order of Foresters and Knights of Pythias, and is deeply interested in the work and the welfare of each of those orders. As yet but little more than twenty-five years of age, he has accomplished more during the brief span of his existence that many have been able to accomplish in twice his years. His courteous manners, genial disposition and genuine worth are the qualities to which are attributable his remarkable success. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 429 WILLIAM SULLIVAN. William Sullivan makes his home in the village of Empire, Leelanaw county, and devotes his energies to agricultural pursuits. Hie was born in the city of Sandusky, Ohio, February 21, 1854. His father was the late Bishop Sullivan, a native of Waterford, Ireland, and his mother bore the maiden name of Annastasia Dunphy. She, too, was born in Waterford, on the Emerald isle, and after living in Sandusky for a number of years they removed to St. Mary's, Perth county, Canada, which continued to be their place of residence from 1856 until the fall of 1865. At that time they took up their abode in Detroit, Michigan, where they spent a few months, and in the spring of 1866 they came to Leelanaw county, Michigan, taking up their abode in Empire township, where the fathdr lived up to the time of his death with the exception of one year spent in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He devoted his energies to agricultural pursuits, and prospered in his undertakings. He passed away December 14, 1892, when about seventy years of age. His widow is now living in Empire. They were the parents of ten children, of whom William Sullivan is the eldest. Mr. Sullivan, of this review, accompanied his parents on their various removals, and with them came to Leelanaw county in the spring of 1866. He has lived here throughout the intervening period, with the exception of three years, which he spent in Wisconsin, and his home has always been in Empire township, where he has chiefly followed farming. Hle now owns fifty-five acres, located in the village of Empire, and upon his place he has good buildings, which were erected by his father. His life is one of industry and earnest toil, and through the careful conduct of his agricultural interests he is meeting with a fair degree of success. For five terms he has served as supervisor of Empire township, and has served as township clerk for two years. He takes a very active interest in the welfare and progress of the community as promoted through political or material affairs, but in politics he is independent, supporting the men and measures rather than party. He is a man of scrupulous honor. There has never been a questionable method charged to him in his business career, and he has the confidence and trust of his fellow-men. GEORGE W. RAFF. A bluff, candid man is rarely popular. His very honesty of thought and expression stirs the resentment of people, to many of whom honesty is a stranger and dissimulation a born companion. The man who takes neither the time nor trouble to formulate his expression of truth so as to make it palatable may be ever so good a man, but his is a species of honesty that is never appleciated. The subject of this review, George W. Raff, postmaster of Traverse City, is a man of the utmost candor and sincerest frankness. He believes in expressing his own thoughts in his own way, and if at times people get offended and show resentment, when they think calmly over the matter they admire the man for his honesty of thought and expression, a quality that is so refreshingly rare that it may be classified as admirable. If his peculiarity in this particular has made Mr. Raff unpopular the condition is not ap 480 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. parent in Traverse City, where he is known and where he has lived for nearly a quarter of a century. George W. Raff was born in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, December 27, 1833. His parents were Peter and Catherine (Snyder) Raff, both natives of Pennsylvania. The father died wheri the subject of this review was but three years old, he being killed in an accident. The mother expired at the home of one of her children in Ohio, a few years ago, at the age of ninety-three years. They were the parents of nine children, of whom George W. was the youngest. All have passed to their eternal rest except the latter and two of his brothers-Peter, who is a farmer and resides in Ames, Iowa, and John, a resident of Canton, Ohio. The early life of George W. Raff was spent in Pennsylvania, where he resided until he was fourteen years old. With his mother he then moved to Ohio and located at Wilmot, Stark county, and resided there about nine years, when he went to Iowa, where he resided five years and then enlisted in the United States service during the war of the Rebellion. He attended school in Pennsylvania a number of terms during his residence there, and, while learning his trade, that of a tailor, went to school one winter in Ohio. These were the meager opportunities he had for receiving an education. He was only fourteen years of age when he began work in a tailor shop, but he devoted himself earnestly to the calling and had mastered the art long before he had attained his majority. Tailoring has since been his life work, but about five years ago he retired from the business. On the 13th day of April, 1853, George W. Raft was united in marriage to Miss Sa rah Agler, in Stark county, Ohio. She is a native of Ohi'o, born in Wilmot in 1834. Her parents were George and Eva (Wyandot) Agler, natives of Pennsylvania. After their marriage the subject and his wife established a home in Stark county and went to housekeeping. There they resided until I.857, when they moved to Marshalltown, Marshall county, Iowa, where they lived until after the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion, when the subject entered the United States service as a soldier, enlisting in Company K, Twenty-third Iowa Volunteer Infantry. Before going to the front Mr. Raff was elected by the company and was afterward commissioned by the government second lieutenant. While he was in the service his wife and two children returned to Ohio, where they awaited his return from the war. For about a year after its enlistment the field of operations of the Twentythird Iowa Regiment was Missouri, where they were engaged in skirmishing and doing garrison duty. After being in the service about a year Lieutenant Raff received an injury which disqualified him from active duty, and he resigned on account of disability. He immediately returned to his family in Stark county, Ohio, and the next seventeen years was spent by the family at Napoleon. Soon after President Grant entered upon his first term as President of the United States George W. Raff was appointed postmaster at Napoleon and served in that capacity for eight years. In 188o the family moved from Ohio to Michigan, located in Traverse City, and there they have since resided. Most of the time since he has been here the father of the family has conducted a tailoring establishment. When Benjamin Harrison became President, in 1889, the subject was by him GRAND TRA VERSE AND LEEL AlNA W COOUN TIES. 431 appointed postmaster at Traverse City, and discharged the duties of the office most satisfactorily to all concerned, but was superseded by a Democrat soon after the beginning of the second Cleveland administration. Upon the return of the Republican party to power under William McKinley Mr. Raff was restored to the position, which he has continued to hold from that time to the present, having been again commissioned postmaster by President Roosevelt. To Mr. and Mrs. George W. Raff four children have been born, one of whom died in infancy. The others are, Laura R., who is her father's principal assistant in the postoffice, is the wife of Charles Beers, city clerk of Traverse City; Elsie, wife of Julius T. Hannah, cashier of the Traverse City State Bank; George AW., Jr., a member of the firm of Raff & Morgan, electricians of Traverse City. Each have been afforded a good education, and all reside upon the same street of the city upon which their parents reside. After what has been said above it seems superfluous to add that George W. Raff is a very pronounced Republican, one whose political faith is best disclosed by his works. His first vote was cast for Salmon P. Chase for governor of Ohio, and his first presidential vote was cast for John C. Fremont in 1856. In religion, while nearly all of his people were Lutherans, nejther he nor any of the members of his immediate family are members of any religious denomination. They, however, attend divine services, but (1do not confine their worship to any one particular church. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, of the Masonic body and of the Grand Army post, his membership in each being in Traverse City. He is the owner of a handsome residence and possesses considerable city property. He is a man of strong personality, and for a man of his years possesses much physical and mental vigor. HERBERT MONTAGUE. When the mercantile and commercial interests of a town or city are in the hands of rworthy, capable and enterprising men an important step has been taken toward the growth, development and prosperity of the place. Had her merchants and men of business been less worthy, capable and enterprising than they were Chicago would lack much of being the city that it is today. Cities, like persons, have a distinct individuality. One may be sluggish, plodding, shiftless, while its neighbor, only a few miles distant, may be alert, energetic and progressive. It is the inhabitants who give character to a town or city. The character of the inhabitants collectively is the character of the place. If they are drones, the place cannot disclose much of either development or progress. There are very few cities in the state of Michigan that have made more or even equal progress with Traverse City in the past few years. Its increase in material wealth and population has been simply phenomenal. To the merchants, manufacturers and.business men generally most of the credit is due for this desirable condition of affairs. Among the merchants none holds a higher or morb responsible, position than does Herbert Montague, the subject of this review. He is the secretary, treasurer and general manager of the entire mercantile establishment of the corporation known as the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company. He has been connectj 482 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ed with the business of this mammoth concern for thirty-one years, and has risen from the position of an ordinary salesman to his present responsible post. Herbert Montague was born in Henderson, Jefferson county, New York, August 29, 1849. His father was Benjamin Montague, a native of the same place, born in 1821, and who all his life was engaged in agricultural pursuits. About 1855 he and his family moved to Wisconsin, where they resided until 1867, when they came to Michigan, locating in Grand Traverse county, at Old Mission. There he resided until 1885, when he came to Traverse City and made his home with the subject of this review until his death, which occurred September 5, 1890. The mother of Herbert Montague was Cascendana (Bates) Montague, born in 1827, at Sacket's Harbor, Jefferson county, New York, where she was reared and educated. She was a woman of splendid intellect and had the advantages of a finished education and to her all of her children are indebted for much of the learning they possess. At her home in Sacket's Harbor she first met and later married Benjamin Montague. She died December I I, 1885, and her death was the first real sorrow that her husband and children had ever known. Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Montague were the parents of four children, viz: Herbert, the subject of this review: J. Aikin is a hardware merchant of Traverse City; Victor E. is a boat builder of Traverse City; Cascandana is the wife of George Ray, who is now in the Philippines engaged in teaching. His wife is also an educator and employed in the city schools. The early life of Herbert Montague was spent upon the farm, where, when not en gaged with his books, he was busy with the usual labors of the farm. He attended the public schools until he was fourteen, but the greater part of his instruction, as stated above, was received from his mother. Later he attended two terms of school at the German Lutheran College of Watertown, Wisconsin. His first employment after leaving school and away from home was teaching, being employed three terms in the district schools of the county and then, in the spring of 1872, he entered the employment of what is now the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company. It was then a copartnership known as Hannah, Lay & Company, but has since become a corporation. He first occupied an humble place, at a modest salary, as a salesman in the grocery department, but, by tact, courtesy to patrons and strict adherence to business he secured the favor of his employers and was advanced steadily in position and salary until 1892, when, after twenty years of service, by a vote of the directors he was elected secretary, treasurer and general manager of the entire mercantile establishment, which covers an entire block and embraces nearly every species of mercantile business. This position he yet occupies with credit to himself and profit to the corporation. December 25, 1870, at Watertown, Wisconsin, Herbert Montague was united in marriage to Miss Ida Smith, a native of Watertown, born September 19, 1853. She was educated in her native town, graduating from the high school. She was the daughter of Whitman and Lucinda Smith, natives of Jefferson county, New York. Her father was drowned October 14, 1872, he and six others going down with the ill fated steamboat "Lac La Belle." The family, con GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 488 sisting of the father, mother and two brothers of Mrs. Montague, were coming to make a visit to the daughter and sister in Traverse City. They embarked at Milwaukee and had made about half the distance in safety, when, through the drunkenness of the officers and crew, the boat became disabled and began to sink. All of the passengers, including Mrs. Smith and her two sons, were rescued, except Mr. Smith and six other men who were so intent on rescuing their fellow passengers that they did not appreciate their danger and they went down with the ill-fated craft. Had he been more selfish and not so kindly alive to the danger of others he would not have perished. Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Montague are the parents of two children, viz: Gertrude E., born January 7, 1877, is the wife of Fred R. Hoover, a bridge builder, and they are residents of Kansas City, Missouri; Benjamin S., born August i i, 1884, is a student in the city high school. When he graduates from the high school he expects to attend the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor. His father designs him for a mercantile career, in which design the lad heartily acquiesces. He is a good student, possessed of a retentive memory and lessons once learned are not forgotten. While too deeply absorbed in business affairs to pay very much attention to politics, Herbert Montague is, nevertheless, a very ardent Republican, as was also his father and his grandfather. The only public office he ever held was that of alderman from the first ward of the city and he occupied that place four years. Even that he could not have been induced to accept only he felt that as a citizen it was a duty he owed to the public. He is interested in religious matters to the extent of contributing to its support and to the support of every worthy cause brought to his attention. Mrs. Montague is a member of the Congregational church, but their son and daughter are Episcopalians. He belongs to only two fraternal societies, the Masons, in which he has advanced to the commandery, and the Knights of Pythias. He has been chairman of the finance committee of the Masonic grand lodge of the state of Michigan for the past seventeen years. A thorough man of business, prudent, courteous, yet enterprising, Traverse City has for a long time known and appreciated the value of his services. BENAJHAR PUTNAM. Benajhar Putnam has been a resident of Leelanaw county from the age of seventeen years and thus the entire period of his manhood has been here passed. He owns and occupies a farm of one hundred and ninety acres on section 23, Leelanaw township, and is classed among the self-made men there. An analyzation of his life work shows that he has been dependent upon no inheritance or influential friends for what he has acquired, but has through his continued effort and capable management gained a desirable property, whereby he is classed among the substantial citizens of his community. Mr. Putnam was born in Leeds county, Ontario, on the ioth of December, 1853, his parents being Rinaldo B. and Mary Ann (Donovan) Putnam, the former a native of New York and the latter of Canada. In the family of this worthy couple were born five children, of whom Benajhar Putnam is the 434 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. third in order of birth. He spent the first seventeen years of his life in Leeds county and during that time mastered the branches of learning taught in the public schools so that he was well qualified to transact business after starting out in life on his own account. With his parents he came to Leelanaw county, where he has resided continuously since the fall of 1871. He made his home with his parents until the time of his marriage and then settled upon the farm where he now lives. His place is a tract of one hundred and ninety acres, of which he has more than one hundred acres improved. Upon this farm he has erected good buildings and has made excellent improvements in keeping with the progressive spirit of the times. In Leelanaw township, on the i8th of December, 1884, Mr. Putnam was united in marriage to Miss Cora H. White, who was born in this township on the 20th of March, 1861, a daughter of Newcomb L. and Lydia (Jarvis) White, both of whom were natives of the Empire state. About I86o her parents came to Leelanaw county, settling in Leelanaw township, and the father devoted his energies to agricultural pursuits until his life's labors were ended in death, on the 24th of April, 1887. His widow still survives him. Mrs. Putnam is their only child and by her marriage she has become the mother of five children, namely: Warren S., Howard N., Lottie I., M. Helen and Otis D. Both Mr. and Mrs. Putnam are earnest, consistent Christian people, holding membership in the First Methodist Episcopal church at Northport. Their interest in its welfare is deep and sincere and has been manifested by the active co-operation which they have given to church work and to the extension of Christian influence. In matters pertaining to the genefal welfare Mr. Putnam is found reliable and helpful. In business affairs he is energetic, prompt and trustworthy. He has a good fund of that quality which is too often lacking in the business world-common sense. Since starting out in life for himself he has been self-reliant and energetic and is today the possessor of a good capital gained through this means. FRANK W. WILSON. Holding worthy prestige among the public men of Grand Traverse county, enjoying wide popularity and maintaining a representative position as an official, it is fitting in this connection to give a brief resume of the life story of the well-known gentleman whose name introduces this article, a young man of decided ability and marked influence. Frank W. Wilson, register of deeds, Traverse City, is a native of Grand Traverse county, born on a farm in Paradise township, July 26, 1873, being the son of William L. and Orrilla Wilson. William L. Wilson is one of the leading agriculturists of the above township, and as proprietor of Maple Hill farm has achieved more than local repute as a stock raiser, making a specialty of fine Durham cattle, which have become widely and favorably known in this section of the state. Frank W. first saw the light of day in his father's original log dwelling, and he spent his childhood and early youth after the manner of the majority of lads raised in close touch with nature amid rural scenes. When old enough he became a student in the little school two and a half MRS. F. W. WILSON. F. W. WILSON. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANA W COUNTIES. 485 miles distant from his home, but he never attended a session in summer after he was sufficiently strong to be of service on the farm, all of his time being required in clearing the land and fitting the soil for culture. While thus engaged he devoted the winter seasons to the most unremitting study, and, inheriting a studious nature, he made substantial progress in his school work, standing first in all of his classes and taking a leading part in the debating societies which the young men of the neighborhood for a number of years maintained. He early manifested decided forensic abilities, and, taking advantage of every means to improve this talent, he soon won such a reputation as a clear, logical and eloquent speaker that he attracted the attention of his political party, who in due time persuaded him to exercise his natural powers on the hustings. Young Wilson began making political speeches when scarcely eighteen years of age, and from that time to the present he has taken active part in every political campaign of any mnoment, not only stumping his own county, but his services have been in great demand in other parts of the state whither his reputation had preceded him. Mr. Wilson, after receiving a diploma fromn district school No. 3, Paradise township, attended for one year the Traverse City high school, and later entered the highl school in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, where he took special courses on civil government and bookkeeping, thus fitting himself for the active business career which he has subsequently led. Until attaining his majority he remained on the family homestead, where he worked early and late clearing the land, blasting out stumps and cultivating the crops, and in the winter of 1894-5 he taught a term of school in his native township and made a creditable record as an instructor. Meantime, in the summer of the former year, he took a job ot blasting and grubbing stumps, and in the spring of the year following accepted a clerkship in the hardware store of D. E. Wynkoop, one of the leading business establishments in the village of Kingsley, Grand Traverse county. After continuing a few months in that capacity Mr. Wilson, the following August, in company with two friends, George and Daniel Becker, went to North Dakota, where they worked as harvest hands until the month of November, when they made an extensive tour through the two Dakotas, Minnesota and Manitoba, returning as far south as Sheboygan, Wisconsin, where the subject secured employment in a furniture factory. Working there until June, 1896, failing health induced him to return home, and when sufficiently recovered he began buying live stock and produce, which lines of business he followed with fair success until January of the following year. On the 12th day of January, 1897, Mr. WVilson contracted a matrimonial alliance with Miss Mattie Nickerson, daughter of G. G. and Julia Nickerson, of Monroe Center, Michigan, and shortly after this event hle took charge of a general store at Kingsley, owned by A. B. Stinson. After managing this establishment until May, 1898, he severed his connection with his employer and engaged in the produce business at the same place, in connection with which he also dealt in agricultural implements and all kinds of farm machinery. These lines of trade occupied his attention until the fall of 1899, when he disposed of his store and accepted a position as traveling salesman with 486 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. the Empire Drill Company, of Shortsville, New York, which he represented on the road during the two years following, his territory being confined to the state of Michigan. Retiring from the road, Mr. Wilson engaged with the Cassopolis Manufacturing Company as block man, in which capacity he took charge of the firm's business in the northern half of Michigan, where he continued to discharge his duties until November, 1902, when he was elected register of deeds for Grand Traverse county. The month following his election Mr. Wilson removed from'Kingsley to Traverse City, where he is now living and devoting his attention exclusively to the duties of his office, his administration thus far fully demonstrating his eminent fitness for the position and meeting the high expectations of his friends and the people generally, and justifying their confidence in his integrity and ability. Although a young man, Mr. Wilson has led a very active and in the main successful life, and the prominent part he has taken in the political and public affairs of his country shows him the possessor of those powers of mind essential to success in important undertakings. In his business and official relations he has been true to his convictions of right, discharging his duties in an honorable manner, and under all circtunstances proving himself a man of intelligence and sagacity, discreetness of judgment, of strict integrity and gentlemanly demeanor. Prior to his election to the office he now so ably fills he served his township as inspector of schools, being elected to the position in 1895, and in 1899 he was made justice of the peace, in addition to which he was elected in the spring of 190o2 trustee of the vil lage of Kingsley. In 1890o he was appointed vice-president of the Michigan Comhmercial Travelers Republican League, which office he still holds, and through the medium he has become widely known to the leaders of the party throughout the state, by all of whom he is held in high esteem. It is not too much to claim for Mr. Wilson pre-eminence as a leader among the young Republicans of Grand Traverse county, his ability as an organizer and campaigner giving him a prestige which to a large degree has made him a molder of opinion in the local councils of his party, besides, as already stated, earning him a reputation in other sections of the state. As. a politician he is aggressive and uncompromising, but honorable, never resorting to the wiles and artifices of the professional partisan nor compromising his reputation by anything savoring in the least of disreputable practice. He is a reader and thinker, a close ob-- server, with quick perceptions, and his clear intellect and accurate judgment give him the power to analyze the character and motives of mankind with a high degree of accuracy. Eminently social and a most genial companion, he has a large number of friends and admirers, and in the atmosphere of his pleasant home circle he exercises a wholesome and elevating influence not only among the different members thereof, but upon the guests who partake of his generous hospitalitv. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson are the proud parents of three bright children, in whom are centered many fond hopes for the future. They are Russel H., born November 12, 1897; Beatrice 0., born August 22, 1899, and Wilma B., whose birth occurred November 1i2, 190I. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 487 GEORGE W. STEWARD. Self assertion is believed by many people to be absolutely necessary to success in life, and there are good reasons for the entertainment of such a belief. The modest man very rarely gets what is due him. The selfish, aggressive man elbows his way to the front, takes all that is in sight, reaches for more and howls if he doesn't get it. Indeed it sometimes looks as if modesty was a sin, with self-denial the penalty. There are, however, exceptions to all rules and it is a matter greatly to be regretted that the exceptions to the condition of affairs referred to are not more numerous. One notable exception is the case of George W. Steward, county treasurer of Grand Traverse county. He is a modest man, imbued with little if any self assertion, and yet he has been twice nominated and elected to the office of county treasurer. His success is chiefly attributable to his native merit and to the intelligence of the people of Grand Traverse county in perceiving and appreciating it. George W. Steward was born October 7, 1859, on his father's farm in Delaware county, Ohio. He is the son of Henry E. and Caroline A. (Thompson) Steward, who were among the early settlers of Benzonia, Benzie county, Michigan, where they took up their residence in 1861. He was a native of Delaware county, Ohio, while she was born in New Jersey, but came to Ohio with her parents when quite young. Both were reared in Delaware county, Ohio, where they were married January I, 1851. There they reesided until ten years later, in 186T, when they moved to Michigan and settled in Benzonia. With the exception of the first two years of existence, the entire life of George W. Steward has been spent in Michigan. He attended the common schools and was studious and attentive to his books, with the result that while yet a mere boy he had acquired a very thorough knowledge of all the branches taught. As soon as he was old enough to govern a school he began teaching in the country and continued as an educator until he attained his majority. At the age of twenty-one he began farming on his own behalf and continued at that vocation until he assumed the duties of county treasurer. September 18, 1890, George W. Steward was united in marriage to Miss Laura J. Griffith, at Sandusky, New York, of which place she is a native. She is a lady of many accomplishments and has done much to advance the interests of her husband. They are the parents of two children, Anna C., born November 12, 1891, and Bertha M., born December 27, 1893. Both are attending school in Traverse City, are studious and are making rapid progress in securing an education. All his life George W. Steward has been a very pronounced and zealous Republican. His labors for the success of his party early won him a high place among the leaders and the gratitude of his party had much to do with his nomination and election to the office of county treasurer. In the convention of 1901 he received the nomination and was elected to the position the following November. In 1902 he received the nomination without opposition and so satisfactory had he discharged the duties of the office the preceding two years, that the people testified their approval by giving him a relatively increased majority. The only other office he had held was that of clerk of Garfield township, which he held for about 4388 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. seven years. Despite his modest mien, he is an excellent politician and the cause or the candidate that receives special interest from him is sure to be rewarded by a greatly increased vote. Mr. Steward and his family are members of the Congregational church of Traverse City, are regular attendants upon its service and are deeply interested in all matters relating to religion and works of charity. To all such he has contributed liberally not only since he became a county official, but long before. He is a member of the Maccabees, the Fraternal Mystic Circle and the Knights of Pythias. In his quiet, unostentatious way he has accomplished more good for the community than many whose praises are loudly sung and whose works are receiving continuous commendation. GEORGE W. FRALICK, M. D. Concentration of purpose and persistently applied energy rarely fail of success in the accomplishment of any task however great, and in tracing the career of Dr. George W. Fralick, a well-known physician of Maple City, Leelanaw county, it is plainly seen that these things have been the secrets of his rise to a position of prominence and respectability. Moreover, he possesses genuine love for his work, and esteems it a privilege to carry comfort and aid to the sick and suffering. His knowledge of the science of medicine is broad and comprehensive, and in his professional labors he has shown that he is well qualified to cope with the intricate problems which continually confront the physician in his efforts to prolong life and restore health. The Doctor is numbered among Michigan's native sons, his birth having occurred in St. Clair county on the I7th of June, 1866. He is a son of Thomas T. Fralick, a native of Canada, who, after arriving at years of maturity, wedded Elizabeth R. Lord. The mother was born in Pennsylvania, and died at Copemish, Michigan, on the 20th of March, 1901, at the age of fiftyfour years. The father, however, is still living. The Doctor is their only child. He was reared in Port Hope, Huron county, Michigan, and after acquiring his preliminary education he completed his literary studies in the high school at that place. With a good general knowledge to serve as the foundation upon which to rear the superstructure of his professional learning, he took up the study of medicine in 1889. Prior to that date, however, he had engaged in teaching school for six years, and in this way he gained the money necessary to defray the expenses of his collegiate course. He is a graduate of the Michigan College of Medicine and Surgery of Detroit, having completed the course in that institution in March, 1893. He then began the practice of his profession at Maple City, where he has since been located, and he now enjoys a large and lucrative patronage. From the beginning his success was sure, because of his thorough preparation and his deep interest in the profession-two qualities which are absolutely essential to advancement in his chosen calling. In March, 1897, the Doctor established a drug store in Maple City, which he has since conducted, and is thus able to compound his own medicines. On the 15th of December, 1892, in Port Huron, Michigan, Dr. Fralick was united G. W. FRALICK, M. D. GRAND TRAVERSE A,4ND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 489 in marriage to Miss Minerva E. Ennest, a daughter of Elias and Margaret Ennest. The lady was born in Bridgehampton, Sanilac county, Michigan, on the 22d of November, 1868, and her culture and refinement, combined with her cordial manner, make her a valued acquisition to the social circles of Maple City. Unto the Doctor and his wife has been born one daughter, Orpha E. Fraternally, Dr. Fralick is prominent, having attained the Knight Templar degree in the Masonic order, while in the Odd Fellows society he is a member of the lodge and is also connected with the Patriarchs Militant. He belongs to the Improved Order of Foresters and the Modern Woodmen camp, and he is surgeon general with the rank of major in the Patriarchs Militant of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows of the department of Michigan. In the line of his profession he is connected with the State Medical Society and with the Grand Traverse Medical Society. For ten years he has been coroner at Maple City, and since 1897 he has been postmaster here. He is widely and favorably known both professionally and socially. Everything which tends to bring to man the key to that complex mystery which we call life is of interest to him, and his reading and research have been broad and long continued, bringing to him accurate and comprehensive knowledge of the best methods of eradicating disease and restoring to man his most priceless possession. JULIUS T. HANNAH. The life of many a promising young man has been blighted either by much wealth or the hope of a rich inheritance. Were they left dependent upon their own resources, they might not only have become worthy and influential citizens but might have made names to which their posterity could have pointed with pride. Instead, they simply became genteel loafers, a disgrace to themselves and a constant source of sorrow and shame to their relations. In most instances the parents of such sons are as much to blame for their bad habits and dissipation as are the sons themselves. In youth they were petted and pampered, and as they grew older were indulged beyond all reason, lavishly supplied with money, and when they incurred indebtedness it was paid with possibly a mild reprimand. The subject of this review, Julius T. Hannah, cashier of the Traverse City State Bank, one of the largest, most prosperous and substantial financial institutions in northern Michigan, is a son whose career has been the very opposite to that described. Born of wealthy and influential parents, his life has been one of as much industry and exertion as if he had been the son of one of the most humble of his father's employes. In his youth, possibly, he -may have thought his parents unnecessarily severe in requiring of him as much as they did, but now in his mature years he sees the wisdim of their course. It qualified him for the onerous duties that are now and will be for many years required of him. Naturally of a kind, generous disposition, possessed of an unlimited amount of self respect and family pride, no amount of indulgence could have detracted from the worthy character that is his, but he would have lacked the qualifications which make him a most efficient successor to his worthy father. Julius Trueman Hannah was born March 29, 1858, in what is now Traverse 440 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. City, Michigan. His father is Perry Hannah, a native of Erie county, Pennsylvania, born September 24, 1824, and who for upwards of fifty years has been a lumberman. He came to Traverse City in 1851, invested in large tracts of timber land in what is now the city and in the vicinity and has resided here ever since. An interesting review of the successful career of Perry Hannah will be found in another part of this volume. The mother of Julius T. Hannah was Anna A. (Flynn) Hannah, a native of the state of New York, born December 25, 1832. While she was yet quite young her parents died and in her girlhood she moved to Chicago, where she met and married Perry Hannah. T'hey were the parents of three children, viz: Hattie, wife of J. F. Keeney, resides in Chicago; Julius T., the subject of this review; and Clara Belle, wife of George W. Gardner, of St. Paul, Minnesota. The early life of Julius T. Hannah was passed in his native city where the foundation for his education was laid in the public schools. In 1871 he went to Racine, Wisconsin, and there entered college, took the regular course and graduated in 1876. Being the only male member of the family, his father designed him as his successor in business, and desired him to be thoroughly familiar with every detail of the varied, immense and growing business which he has for years been so successfully conducting. Accordingly he entered one of the departments of the mercantile establishment, worked as an employe for a year, then devoted a year to another department and so passed from one to another until the education was complete in each and every department. The habits of industry, zeal and earnestness thus acquired were most valuable to the young man. When his education in this line was finished, not even the most trusted employe of his father could grasp the details of each and every branch of the mercantile business as he could. Indeed, it was remarked, so well had he improved his time and his talents in each department that he was capable of enlightening his father on many important features of the business. He was next given a position in the office, where he remained another year, and later was assigned to the duties of outside foreman, continuing in that place for a period of three years. He was in the saw-mills and other manufacturing plants in the yards, where millions of feet of lumber were piled up in the woods, where the trees were cut down and the logs prepared for the mill, and kept in mind every detail relating to the line of steamboats owned and operated by the company. He was next transferred to the banking department, beginning, as he had in all of the others, at the foot of the ladder and steadily advanced until he reached his present responsible position of cashier of the Traverse City State Bank. The writer was assured by people familiar with the facts that very little if any of his advancement was due to his relationship to the head of the house of Hannah, Lay & Company. It was chiefly due to the zeal, energy and business tact displayed by him, the knowledge of the departments he acquired and the good use he made of it. The Traverse City State Bank, of which he is cashier, is an institution that was incorporated in 1892 with a paid-up capital stock of $Ioo,ooo, with a surplus fund of $25,ooo and undivided net profits of $56,520.77. Its resources are $1,491,983.74, and its deposits are $1,310,462.97. The officers of the bank I GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 441 are Perry Hannah, president; A. Tracy Lay, vice-president; J. T. Hannah, cashier; Samuel S. Garland, assistant cashier. The board of directors are Perry Hannah, A. Tracy Lay, J. T. Hannah, Samuel S. Garland and Harry C. Davis. The figures given above are taken from the last sworn statement of the cashier to the state bank commissioner. June 30, 1896, Julius T. Hannah was united in marriage to Miss Elsie K. Raff, daughter of George W. Raff, present postmaster of Traverse City, a review of whose career will be found in another part of this volume. She was born in Napoleon, Ohio, and was educated there. She is a lady of talent and refinement, possessed of many accomplishments, and presides with grace and dignity over the beautiful home occupied by herself and husband. The life of the subject of this review has been too busy to give him an opportunity to take much part in politics, and he has never sought or held office of any kind. He is a Republican, generally votes the ticket and while he displays no partisan zeal during campaigns, he is always a liberal contributor to the sinews of war. While he and Mrs. Hannah frequently attend divine services at one or the other of the churches of the city, neither belongs to any religious denomination. The cause of religion, charity and other worthy movements, however, have been greatly benefited by their bounty. He is a Mason of the thirty-second degree, a Knight of Pythias, both subordinate and uniform rank, and an Elk and a Knight of the Maccabees. To the father of the subject it must be very gratifying to be able to relieve himself from business cares and feel that every detail will be as well and carefully attended to by his son as if he were himself in charge of it. Though still directing the entire business of the corporation of Hannah, Lay & Company in Grand Traverse county, and exercising direct supervision over all its affairs, the details of all of the various branches are attended to by Julius T. Hannah. His father is now in the seventy-ninth year of his age and, while strong and vigorous for a man of his years, his son considers it only proper to relieve him of every business anxiety possible. Hence of late years the care of most of the business affairs of the corporation have devolved upon the subject. Under this order of affairs not only has the business of the corporation greatly increased, but that of the entire city shows a marked improvement. Alive to all modern business methods, Julius T. Hannah in the past few years has aided and encouraged the location of more business enterprises of various kinds than the city has ever known before. The result is that at this time Traverse City is enjoying an era of prosperity far beyond any other town or city in northern Michigan. There are few places which possess the glorious possibilities of this city. About one hundred homes of the better order are in course of construction, and contracts have been let for many more. That Traverse City will be the metropolis of the northern lakes no resident of the city doubts. With Julius T. HI-annah actively interested in its welfare and with his efforts ably seconded by the enterprising business men of the place, even the outside world must admit that there is a great future in store for the county seat of Grand Traverse county. 442 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. WALTER N. KELLEY. To present in brief outline the leading facts in the life of one of Grand Traverse's busy men of affairs and throw light upon some of his more pronounced characteristics is the task in hand in placing before the reader the following biographical review of Walter N. Kelley. Though still young and in the prime of vigorous manhood, he has already won a conspicuous place in the business circles of Michigan, besides impressing his strong personality upon the community in which he now lives, and where for some years he has been a forceful factor in directing and controlling important industrial and commercial enterprises. Mr. Kelley was born in the town of Maybee, Monroe county, Michigan, May 4, 1866, the son of William and Julia (Farmer) Kelley. Like the majority of boys in a country town, his early years were comparatively uneventful, and at intervals until a youth in his teens he attended the public schools of his native place, where were laid the foundations of the thorough practical training which subsequently characterized his career. His scholastic experience terminated with his fifteenth year, at which early age he entered the employ of the Wabash Railroad as agent, and after spending five years in that capac-- ity he resigned his position to become bookkeeper for J. A. Doty & Company, a large lumber firm at Slights, Grand Traverse county. Four months after engaging with this company he purchased an interest in the concern, and one year later bought the other interests in the business, and, as sole proprietor, carried on the manufacture of lumber, shingles and charcoal until 1892, when Charles T. Coveil became his associate, thus forming the firm of Kelley & Covell. Under the latter style the business was conducted until the spring of 1898, when, by reason of financial depressions, the firm suspended operations and dissolved. Following this Mr. Kelley started the Kelley Shingle Company at Traverse City, which, under his management, was continued until January 15, 1903, when it was reorganized as the Kelley Lumber and Shingle Company, with a capital of $1oo,ooo, the subject being elected president, which responsible position he still holds. The enterprise has been succesful from the beginning, and its steady and substantial growth from the beginning indicates a high order of tact and business abbity on the part of the proprietors, especially of the efficient executive, to whose wise forethought, able management and correct methods generally the company is largely indebted for the remarkable success it now enjoys. Additional to the specific industry to which he has chiefly devoted his time and attention, Mr. Kelley is identified with other enterprises of like character in his own city and elsewhere, being connected with the Parr Lumber Company, of St. Johns, Michigan; the Campbell Company, of Hillsdale, this state; and the South Side Lumber Comp;ny, of Traverse City, to all of which he sustains the relationof president. As an all-around business man Mr. Kelley has few equals and no superiors in northwestern Michigan, and his success as a manufacturer and dealer in lumber has won him a commanding position among the leading lumber men of the state. It is not too extravagant to say that much of the prestige of Traverse City as an important industrial and commercial center may be attributed to him, his ef WALTER N. KELLEY. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 448 -- forts in advancing the material interests of the place being so widely recognized as to constitute no secondary part in his career of signal usefulness. He belongs to that representative class of Americans who, while gaining individual success, also promote public prosperity, and today he stands among those who have conferred honor and advancement upon the community, not only'by well-connected business interests, but by an upright life and commendable course of conduct as well. Mr. Kelley is a man of broad and liberal views, there being nothing narrow or intolerant in his nature. He is enterprising and progressive in all the terms imply, lives in the present, and, taking a pardonable pride in his community and state, has faith in their future and uses his power and influence to make this faith realize the largest possibilities. Socially, he is an affable gentleman, genial in manner, agreeable in conversation, courteous to all with whom he mingles, and he impresses those with whom he has business or other relations as possessing a power of mind and force of peronality indicative of the natural leader in large and impartant undertakings. Fraternally, Mr. Kelley is a Mason of high standing, having taken all the degrees in the order up to and including the Mystic Shrine, and he is also a leading member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of Traverse City. In politics he is decidedly Republican, but, like the majority of active business men, he has little time to devote to political affairs, the claims of his private interests demanding by far the greater share of his attention. The domestic life of Mr. Kelley dates from 1884, on November 27th of which 27 year he was happily married at Whittaker, Washtenaw county, this state, to Miss Nellie Van Lieu, a union blessed with five children, whose names, and dates of; birth are as follows: Eunice, September 7, 1886; Frank, January I I, 1888; Julia, September 7, 1891; Lucy, November 24, 1894, and Helen, whose natal day is November 9, 1899. CHARLES M. BEERS. Charles M. Beers was born in La Grange county, Indiana, November 14, 1858, moving to Michigan in the fall of 1861, so that his entire life since he was three years old has been spent in Grand Traverse county. At Old Mission, sixteen miles up the bay, he attended school until he was nineteen years old. He then became an employe of the Hannah, Lay Mercantile Company, continuing with them one year. Not content with what education he already possessed, he took a complete commercial course at Swensburg's Business College of Grand Rapids. For three years thereafter he was employed as a clerk on a line of steamships plying between Traverse City and Mackinaw. The next four years of his life were occupied clerking in a hotel at Big Rapids. In each and every one of the different positions he was called upon to occupy he gave the utmost satisfaction, never leaving a place otherwise than voluntarily. On August 31, 1887, in Traverse City, Charles M. Beers was united in marriage to Miss Laura Raff, a native of Stark county, Ohio, and the daughter of G. W. Raff, present postmaster of Traverse City, a sketch of whose interesting career will be found in an 444 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. other part of this volume. To Mr. and Mrs. Beers one child has been born, Julius L., the date of whose birth is July 26, 1888. He is now attending school in Traverse City and is an industrious, intelligent, studious boy. In 1887, soon after his marriage, Charles M.. Beers became bookkeeper and general foreman for William Beitner, in his manufacturing establishment. The plant is devoted to the manufacture of lumber, chair stock, curtain poles, etc. This position he held for ten years and relinquished it only to assume the duties of city clerk, to which position he was elected in the spring of 1891. In 1895, in connection with S. E. Pond, Mr. Beers prepared and issued an atlas of Grand Traverse county. It is a work that has received much commendation from the press and public and an edition of about one thousand copies was issued. It is still used as the standard reference in all matters relating to localities in this city and county. An atlas of Antrim county was also published in 1897 and on it Mr. Beers was the draughtsman. An edition of one thousand copies of it was also issued and it is a publication that is very highly prized by the citizens of Antrim county. In politics Charles M. Beers is a Republican. There is no discordant strain in his political make-up, as all of his ancestry, clear back to the Whig party, were Republicans. However, the only office he ever held is his present position as city clerk and that of township clerk, which he held for four years before the city was incorporated. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, of the Elks, of the Forresters and of the, Knights of Pythias. His membership in the latter includes both the subordinate and Uni form rank. He holds the rank of colonel in the Uniform rank, being on the staff of the brigadier-general of the Michigan brigade. JOSEPH J. THOMAS. Joseph J. Thomas has spent his entire life in Leelanaw county, being numbered among its native sons, and he now lives on section 22, Leelanaw township, where he is carrying on general farming. His birth occurred in this township, September 28, 1862, and he is of Welch and English lineage. His father, the late William Thomas, was born in the little rockribbed country of Wales in 1818 and when a young man crossed the Atlantic to the new world. Here he was united in marriage to Miss Jane Elizabeth Davis, whose birth occurred near London, England, in 1819. They came from Schuylkill county to Michigan, spending their remaining days in this state. They established their home in Leelanaw county in 1856. Securing a tract of land in the township of the same name, Mr. Thomas there carried on agricultural pursuits until his demise. Both he and his wife have passed away, the former having died in 1897, and the latter in 1895. They were the parents of eight children, of whom Joseph J. is the youngest. On the old family homestead Joseph J. * Thomas was married and this place has always been his home, while throughout his entire life he has carried on agricultural pursuits. At the usual age he entered the public schools and therein pursued his studies until he had largely mastered the branches of learning taught in such institutions. On putting aside his text books he GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 445 devoted his entire attention to farm work and the practical knowledge which he gained of the best methods of cultivating the fields,. harvesting crops and caring for stock has proven of much value to him since he began farm operations on his own account. He today owns two hundred and eight acres of valuable land, of which he has about one hundred and thirty acres improved. In Leelanaw county, in June, 1900oo, Mr. Thomas was united in marriage to Miss Alice Parcher, who was born in this township. They have become the parents of three children, but the first born died in infancy, the others being Martha L. and Olive I. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas are devoted members of the First Congregational church at Northport, and he has held the office of overseer of highways, but he has never been a politician in the sense of office seeking, preferring that his undivided attention shall be given to his business affairs, whereby he hopes to gain a, very comfortable competence for himself and his family. He has already attained a creditable degree of success and is one of the prosperous and well-known agriculturists of his community. His life history is as an open book which all may read, for he has always lived in Leelanaw county and the work which he has performed has been of a nature that has never sought nor required disguise. DAVID H. SCOTT. David H. Scott, who is filling the position of supervisor of Leelanaw township, Leelanaw county, and resides on section 2, where he is successfully carrying on general farming, is a native of Hastings county, On tario. IHe was born July 26, 1851, and is a son of John and Jane (Hamilton) Scott. They were both natives of the Emerald Isle, but were of Scotch-Irish parentage and their last days were spent in Hastings county, Ontario, where they were well known and highly respected. people, their lives exemplifying many admirable traits of character that won for them the regard and confidence of those with whom they were associated. David H. Scott was the youngest of their thirteen children and upon his father's farm he was reared. The picture of his boyhood days would present him there as an assistant in the fields or as a student in the common schools of the neighborhood. He continued upon the old home place until he came to Michigan. He had engaged, however, in teaching school for three years in Lenox county, Ontario, and proved a capable educator, having the ability to impart clearly and concisely to others the knowledge that he had acquired. On leaving Canada he removed to Michigan and for about six months he was employed on the railroad between Walton Junction and Traverse City. Subsequently he worked in the woods for several years and he is therefore familiar with the experiences of the life of the lumberman. While thus engaged he saved his money and as the result of his economy and industry he was enabled to purchase a home, becomiing the owner of one hundred and sixty acres of land on section 22, Leelanaw township, and settling upon that tract he made it his home for a year, after which he was employed by the firm of John & Hitchcock, of Northport. There he remained for three years and during that period he became familiar with the methods of conducting a general mercantile 446 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAVW COUNTIES. establishment. The firm also dealt in wood and bark and Mr. Scott had charge of their dock and other shipping interests, controlling the exportation of their wood and bark. On leaving their employ he returned to his farm and it has been his home continuously since, covering a number of years. Of his quarter section of land he now has one hundred acres under the plow and this cultivated tract returns to him golden harvests in reward for the care and labor he bestows upon the fields. Buildings, such as are seen upon a model farm, also stand as monuments to his enterprise and thrift and his work has ever been of a nature that has produced good results. True his business career has not been one of continuous prosperity, unmarked by difficulties or obstacles, but when such have arisen he has put forth his strongest effort to overcome them and in the end has come off conqueror in the strife. Mr. Scott was married in Leland, Michigan, on the i8th of May, 188o, the lady of his choice being Miss Agnes Bryant, a native of this state and a daughter of John A. Bryant, who was one of the honored pioneer settlers of Leelanaw county. During an early epoch in the history of this portion of the state her father made his way into the timber regions and aided in reclaiming the district for the use of the white man. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Scott have been born three children who are yet living, Hugh, Ida M. and Hazel. They also lost two children who died in infancy. In 19igoo Mr. Scott was called upon to mourn the loss of his wife, who died on the I Ith of May, of that year, at their home in Leelanaw township. On the 14th of April, 1902, he was again married, his second union being with Miss Jennie Gill, a daughter of the late William Gill, of N orthport. Mr. Scott exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Republican party at the present time, but in former years was a Democrat. Believing, however, that the first named organization is now advocating measures for the best development of the country, he changed his political allegiance. He has served as supervisor of the township for several years and keeps well informed on the questions of the day, political and otherwise. Matters pertaining to general progress and improvement receive his earnest attention and along many lines he has co-operated in a way that has led to the substantial advancement of the community. He is popular in the Masonic fraternity, belonging to Northport Lodge No. 265, Free and Accepted Masons, in which he is now serving as master. He is also a charter member of Northport Lodge No. 16. Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Mr. Scott is widely and favorably kWlown throughout the state, his abilities well fitting him for leadership in political and social life. The terms progress and patriotism might be considered the keynote of his character, for throughout his career he has labored for the improvement of every line of business or public interest with which he has been associated, and at all times has been actuated by a fidelity to his country and her welfare. ALBERT H. HOLL1DAY, M. D. Any one who has given the subject serious consideration must question the justice of the treatment of Canada by the ALBERT H. HOLLIDAY. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 447 --- United States. If there is a latent suspicion that it has not been all that it should be, a visit to the region along the border will not only confirm the suspicion, but establish the fact that the people of Canada have treated the people of the United States far better than have the people of the United States treated the Canadians. Take Traverse City as a sample. There some of the brightest lawyers, most successful business men, educated physicians and skilled surgeons were born, reared and educated in Canada. Canada has given those worthy and accomplished persons to us. They are our citizens now, they are helping to build up the community, and swell the population, for here their children are born and here will be their home. What have the people of the United States given Canada in return? Defaulting bank cashiers, boodle aldermen and crooks of various other descriptions. Among Traverse City's most worthy professional men who are natives of Canada may be mentioned Dr. Albert H. Holliday, a practicing physician and surgeon and the subject of this review. Dr. Albert H. Holliday was born in Brooklyn, Ontario, June 30, 1859. His father was Jackson Holliday, a native of Cumberlandshire, England, born in 1818, who, at the age of fourteen, immigrated to Canada, where he grew to manhood and devoted his life to agricultural pursuits. In 1845 he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Jane Hall, a native of Canada, born in 1830. Both are now dead, he departing this life in May, 1874, while she survived him only two years, passing to her eternal rest in 1876. They were the parents of twelve children, seven of whom are still living, viz: Nancy A., wife of G. W. Still, a merchant in Toronto, Canada; Marcus J., a farmer, married and the father of a family, lives in Brooklyn, Canada; Jesse G., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church, resides at Bear Lake, Michigan; Albert H., the subject of this review; Joseph W., farmner, married and has a family, resides at Manchester, Canada; Edward D., merchant, married and has a family and resides in Toronto, Canada; George A. has been engaged in the practice of dentistry in Traverse City for ten years, is married and has a family; he is now taking a course in medicine at a Detroit medical college, with the view of becoming a physician and surgeon. The early life of Dr. Albert H. Holliday was spent in Canada. He attended the public schools and graduated from the high school of Port Perry. After leaving the high school he took the course and graduated from the Ontario Business College at Belleville, Canada. For the next five years he devoted himself to teaching, then took up the study of medicine, and after taking the full course at Toronto University graduated in 1889. The Doctor is also a graduate of the Victoria Medical College of Coburg, Ontario, where he attained the degree of M. D., C. M. He began the practice of his profession in 1889 at Belwood, Ontario. At Port Perry, June 25, 1890, Albert H. Holliday was united in marriage to Miss Charlotte Shaw, a native of Port Perry, born October 9, 1867, and in that place she was reared, educated and grew to womanhood. Her father was Joseph Shaw, also a native of Canada, born in 1830, and who died at his home in Port Perry in 1870. The mother was Jane (McWaters) Shaw, a native of Ireland, born in 1842, and she is still living at her home in Port Perry and enjoy 448 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ing good health. They were the parents of four children, viz: Thomas T., a literary man, the editor' of a newspaper at Chesterville, Canada; Albert, a dry goods salesmnan, is employed at Portage La Prairie, Canada; Charlotte, wife of the subject of this review; William A., painter, resides in Brooklyn, New York, is now a traveling salesman for a dry goods company. To Dr. and Mrs. Albert H. Holliday three children have been born, viz: Lewis A., born June 30, 1892; Marion Lucille, born June 22, 1894; Thomas Jackson, born June 25, 1896. All are attending school in Traverse City and making very satisfactory progress in their studies. January i, 1893, Dr. Albert H. Holliday came with his family from Canada to Michigan, and, finding Traverse City a suitable location, "established himself there in the practice of his profession. The result thus far shows clearly the wisdom of his choice. However, a medical man possessed of the abilities and learning of the Doctor could not fail to succeed in any locality where accidents occur or illness and suffering prevails. His large and lucrative practice here in Traverse City and vicinity, built up in less than ten years, is a splendid proof of his worth as a man and his skill and abilities in his profession. He is the owner of a beautiful home, one of the finest in the city, splendidly furnished and located on Washington street, the oldest and most desirable residence street of the city. In politics Dr. Holliday, despite his Canadian birth and education, is as intensely American as the most patriotic son or daughter of the Revolution. On becoming a citizen of the United States and after careful and impartial study of the political situation, he allied himself with the Republican party and voted its ticket at each recurring election since. He b)elieves that its success subserves the best interests of the country, and, as a citizen interested in the welfare of the nation, he acts accordingly. In religion he and his family are members of the Presbyterian church and regular attendants upon the services of that denomination in Traverse City. His is a devout, Christian family. and every member of it is deeply interested in church and religious work. The Doctor is at home in nearly all of the fraternal societies. He is a Mason, a Knight of Pythias, an Elk, a Forester, a Woodman, a Maccabee, a member of the Mystic Circle and of the Royal Arcanum. He is also a director in the Traverse City Driving Park Association and a member of the board of trustees of the Traverse City library. In all matters involving the interests of the city or county he is enterprising and vigilant. He and Mrs. Hoiliday are both accomplished musicians, vocal and instrumental, and their talent is often called into requisition at social gatherings and occasionally to add to the interest of local public entertainments. JAMES W. MILLIKEN. It often transpires that the material necessary for making a good professional man, mechanic, or merchant is spoiled by being used in the' construction of a poor politician. It is very rare that the requisite talents for a good politician are diverted into other channels and are made fully, if not more effective, there than they would have been in the political arena. The subject of 7:0 GRAND 'TRA VERSE AND LEELAWATV COUNTIES. 449 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEE LANA W Co UNTIES. 44~ this sketch, James W. Milliken, splendidly illustrates the possibilities of a man equipped. by nature for a political career devoting his time, talents and labors to another and wholly different calling. Hon. James W. Milliken has every element necessary for a successful politician, but he preferred to be a merchant. Ordinarily a choice of this kind is neither satisfactory nor successful. In the case of Mr. Milliken the reverse is true. It is a fine attestation of his versatility and the success he has achieved in the mercantile line more than compensates for all that he might have won or lost had he devoted himself to politics. James W. Milliken was born in Denmark, Maine, May 20, 1848. His father was Joseph Milliken, also a native of Maine, who during the greater part of his life engaged in the manufacture of lumber. His death occurred October 27, 1885. The mother of James W. Milliken was Mary Ann (Buck) Milliken, who was also a native of Maine, born near the New Hampshire line. She died in August, 1893. They were the parents of four children, viz: Sam K., who is engaged in the carriage business and now resides at Worcester, Massachusetts; Charles O. was engaged in the express business at Bidiford, Maine, but died in the autumn of 1896; James W., the subject of this sketch, and Henrietta, wife of Homer B. Jennison, a resident of Worcester, Massachusetts. The early life of James W. Milliken was pased at Saco, Maine. Little oportunity was given him for procuring an education, but that little was well improved. At the age of fifteen he left school to take a position as clerk in a dry goods store in Saco, where he remained three years. Those years supplied him with a fund of valuable information regarding the mercantile business, gave him a love for the vocation, and not only influenced, but determined, his course in life. When eighteen years old, like most ambitious youths of that age, he was influenced with a desire to see more of the outside world. He directed his steps toward the setting sun and eventually arrived in Traverse City, where, in June, 1868, he entered the employ of Hannah, Lay & Company, in the mercantile department of their business. With them he remained nearly six years, his services being efficient and well appreciated by his employers. After an experience of nearly ten years in the mercantile business, Mr. Milliken, in 1874,; when twenty-six years of age, determined to embark in the business for himself. He had been provident and thrifty during all these years and, although not possessed with a superabundance of capital, he felt that he had sufficient upon which to make the venture. Communicating his purpose to another employe of the same firm, Frank Hamilton, they were not long in coming to an understanding, the result of which was the firm of Hamilton, Milliken & Company, dealers in dry goods and clothing. They opened their store in Traverse City and were soon in possession of an enviable patronage. The dry goods department was under the direct charge of Mr. Milliken and Mr. Hamilton devoted himself exclusively to the clothing department. The partnership continued until February, 1892, when a disolution was decided upon. At that time one large store building was devoted to each branch of the business. By the arrangements agreed upon each member of the late 450 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. firm took the stock in the department over which he had presided. No changes or alterations whatever were made in either store. The internal communication between the stores is just the same as during the continuance of the partnership, and there are many people of Grand Traverse county, patrons of the late firm, who are under the impression that the partnership still continues. June 8, 1881, James W. Milliken was united in marriage to Miss Callie Thacker, a native of Ohio, born January 20, 1858. When a child of seven years she came with her parents to Traverse City, was educated in the city schools and is a graduate of the Traverse City high school. She is a lady of many acocmplishments, but is especially gifted as an artist. To this union one child was born, James Thacker, the date of his birth being August 20, 1882. He was educated in the schools of Traverse City, graduated from the high school and is now attending school at Olivet, Michigan. It is his purpose to enter the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in the near future. He will take a literary-scientific course, but has not yet definitely decided what profession or calling he will follow. He is a young man of marked ability and gives every promise of a bright future. Politically Hon. James W. Milliken is an uncompromising Republican. During the exciting campaign of 1888 he was chairman of the Republican county central committee and so successfully directed the affairs of his party that the Republican majority in the county was considerably increased. He served a number of years both before and after that campaign in that capacity. He was elected in 1897 to fill the vacancy and in 1898 received the nomination of his party for state senator in the twenty-seventh district, composed of the counties of Antrim, Charlevoix, Grand Traverse, Kalkaska, Benzie, Leelenaw and Wexford. His opponent was Heman B. Sturtevant, who was suported by the Democratic, Populist and Free Silver parties. Prentice W. Whittran, a Prohibitionist, was also a candidate. The official count disclosed the vote to be, Whitman, 316; Sturtevant, 3,256, and Milliken 7,906. He completed a very successful term as state senator, and although amply qualified and splendidly equipped for a political career nothing could induce him to accept another political office. He is thoroughly wedded to the calling of his choice, and the halls of legislation will never again inveigle him away from his business. Both Mr. and Mrs. Milliken are regular attendants of the Congregational church and members of that denomination. He belongs to no fraternal societies. At one time he joined two of them but dropped both for the reason that he felt that his time was too precious to be expended in that way. He is secretary and treasurer of the Implement Company of Traverse City. It is a manufacturing concern, engaged in the construction of all kinds of small farming implements, more particularly those used in the planting, cultivation and digging of potatoes, planters, sprayers, etc. But outside of his home, Mr. Milliken's chief joy and pride is his mercantile establishment. It is one of the finest, best stocked and most extensive dry goods stores in the lake regions and enjoys a most gratifying patronage. Were he less attached to it there is no doubt that he would he heard from to some purpose in politics. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 451 HENRY J. SCOTT. Many of the active and enterprising business men of Leelanaw county have come from the dominion of Canada and of this class Henry J. Scott is a representative. He is living on section 21, Leelanaw township, where he carries on general farming. He was born in Lenox county, Ontario, on the 3d of November, 1846, and is a son of John and Jane (Hamilton) Scott, who were natives of Ireland and were of Scotch-Irish parentage. For long years they resided in Canada and both died in Hastings county, Ontario, the wife and mother passing away when about seventy-five years of age, while the husband and father, surviving her for a few years, died at the venerable age of eighty-four years. They were the parents of thirteen children, of whom Henry J. Scott is the eleventh. Henry J. Scott was only two years old when his parents went to Hastings county, Ontario, and there he was reared to manhood, making that place his home until he came to Michigan. He always resided on his father's farm up to that time and in his early youth he spent the winter months in school. After putting aside his text books he then devoted the winter seasons to working in the lumber woods, while in the summer months he assisted in the cultivation and improvement of the home farm. In June, 1872, Mr. Scott arrived in Leelanaw county, Michigan, and again he was employed in the lumber woods until April, 1877. With the capital he had thus acquired through his own energy and economy he purchased a tract of land, becoming the owner of one hundred and twenty acres. Upon this place he took up his abode and it has since been his home. He has erected good buildings upon the farm and is the owner of more than three hundred acres of land, of which about one hundred and seventy acres have been placed under the plow and are now highly cultivated. The rich fields are well tilled and he annually gathers good harvests as the result of the care and labor bestowed upon his land. Everything about his place is in keeping with the progressive spirit of the times. On the 24th of March, 1877, in Hastings county, Canada, Mr. Scott was united in marriage to Miss Mary E. Bruin, who was born in Lenox county, Ontario, on the Ist of March, 1857, and was therefore a young lady of twenty years at the time of her marriage. Her parents are John and Catherine (Hamilton) Bruin. the former a native of the Emerald Isle and the latter of Canada. Of a family of eight children Mrs. Scott was the eldest and by her marriage she has become the mother of four children: Clarence E., Archie and Edith, who are still living, and a son that died in infancy. For several years Mr. Scott held the office of highway commissioner in Leelanaw township and has taken a deep interest in having good roads. He has, however, never sought political preferment, as he devotes his time and attention to his business cares. His business career has in many respects been well worthy of emulation. Brooking no obstacles that can be overcome by undaunted perseverance and strong purpose, he has steadily worked his way upward and now occupies a creditable place in the plane of affluence. His life has been a busy and useful one and without turning aside into the fields of speculation he has achieved success and won an untarnished reputation. 462 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. HERBERT O. JOYNT. Ten years is not a very long time, but many people have accomplished much in that period. A little more than ten years ago the subject of this review, Herbert O. Joynt, was engaged in what is termed lumbering, and had been so laboring for many years. It is an honored vocation, but one that is laden with abundance of hard work and is by no means as remunerative as it should be for the amount of toil required. In less than eight years the subject has risen from the position of an ordinary lumberman, through the various positions of fireman, assistant engineer and chief engineer, until he is now and has been for two years past general superintendent of the water works of Traverse City. Without the possession of the requisite talents and abilities, this never could have been accomplished. Herbert O. Joynt was born in Portland, Ontario, Canada, February Io, 1870. His father is Charles L. Joynt, a. native of Canada, born in 1843. He was a farmer, was reared and educated in Canada and there he was married, in 1866, at New Boyne, to Sarah Donovan' also a native of Canada, born in 1841. She also was reared and educated in Canada. They moved to Leelanaw county, Michigan, in 1880, and she died in 1897, at the age of fifty-six years, while her husband is still living, at his home in Omena, being in good health and giving fair promise of many years of usefulness. They were the parents of seven children, viz: Adelbert, a farmer, resides in Omena, Leelanaw county; Herbert 0., the subject of this review; Mary E., wife of Alexander Galletch, stationary engineer, is employed and resides in Chicago; Ada, wife of Wilder H. Graves, resides at Silver City, New Mexico, where he went in 1900, on account of ill-health, was instructor in a gymnasium at Fargo, North Dakota, and since his removal to New Mexico his health has been almost completely restored; Charles, Jr., a machinist at Beloit, Wisconsin, is married and the father of an interesting family; Hattie resides at home with her father in Omena; Cowles is at home with his father, assisting in the farm work. Up to the time he was ten years of age the life of Herbert O. Joynt was spent on the farm in Canada where he was born. When his parents moved to Leelanaw county he, with the other members of the family, accompanied them. There he attended school and assisted in the farm work. At the age of sixteen he left school to engage in lumbering and followed that vocation until about eleven years ago. In March, 1892, he secured a position as fireman in the water works at Traverse City. After about eight months he became assistant engineer and held that position for two years. He was then made chief engineer and held that position until 1900, when the city purchased the plant and he was tendered the general superintendency of the works. He accepted the sitiuation and has been most efficiently discharging the duties of the position since. In company with Frank Lahym, he organized what is known as the Columbia Transfer Company, with offices on Front street near the Columbia Hotel, and from the very first the enterprise has been most successful. The duties of Mr. Joynt as city official precludes the possibility of his giving the transfer business much attention, so that it is almost entirely controlled and directed by his partner, who is a very thorough and capable man. November 9, 1893, at Traverse City, GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAWV COUNTIES. 458 Herbert O. Joynt was united in marriage to Miss Anna Zimmerman, a native of Traverse City, born July 9, 1870. Her parents are John and Johannah (Myers) Zimmerman, old residents of this portion of Michigan, having resided here since 1870, though both are natives of Germany. Their home is on a well-tilled, productive farm, which they own, about one and one-half miles from Traverse City. He is now seventy-seven years old and she numbers the years of her life at seventy. The game of politics has no charms whatever for Herbert O. Joynt. He is a consistent Republican and generally votes the ticket, but never sought or held any political office. He belongs to no religious denomination, but he and his wife usually, attend divine service at the Congregational church. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and has advanced to and taken the degrees of the commandery. At the present time he is the worshipful master of the blue lodge, captain of the host in the chapter and sword bearer in the commandery. He is also a member of the Elks. Though still young in years, he has had much experience in life and has shown a physical and mental strength which has enabled him to cope well with the difficulties to be encountered in the battle of life. What he has accomplished in the ten or twelve years since he attained his majority bespeaks for him a brilliant future. JACOB WVAAGBOE. "Through struggles to triumph" seems to be the maxim which holds sway for the majority of our citizens and, though it is undeniably true that many a one falls exhausted in the conflict, a few by their inherent force of character and strong mentality. rise above their environments and all which seems to hinder them until they reach the plane of affluence. Such has been the history of Jacob Waagboe and in his life record many useful lessons may be gleaned. He now resides on section 32, Leelanaw township, and is accounted one of the representative farmers of Leelanaw county, Michigan. Mr. Waagboe was born in the kingdom of Norway on the 21st of August, 1846, and is the fourth in a family of nine children whose parents were Jacob and Mary (O1 -sen) Waagboe, also natives of Norway. The father has now passed away, having died in his native land when eighty-four years of age. In the land of the midnight sun Jacob Waagboe of this review was reared and educated and there resided until 1873, when, at the age of twenty-seven years, he determined to come to America. He was employed as a clerk in a store in Norway for ten years and thus gained practical experience concerning mercantile methods practiced there. Bidding adieu to friends and native land, he sailed for the United States, hoping that in its broader business opportunities he could more readily win advancement and secure a competence. He landed in New York and thence made his way across' the country t6 Michigan, since which time he has been a resident in Leelanaw county. He had no capital to aid him in gaining a start here, but he possessed a resolute will and was not afraid to work. He was employed at different occupations until 1875, when having acquired some money through his industry 454 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. and economy he purchased forty acres of land on section 32, Leelanaw township. He then took up his abode upon the farm which has been his home through all the intervening years, covering a period of more than a quarter of a century. As his financial resources increased he extended the boundaries of his place until it now comprises ninety-seven acres, of which he has about eightyfive acres improved. The good buildings upon the farm have been erected by Mr. Waagboe and he has made other improvements, adding good machinery, building fences and cultivating the fields until the farm is equal in its equipments and accessories to any of the fine farms of this portion of the state. In Leelanaw township, on the 26th of October, 1875, Mr. Waagboe was united in marriage to Miss Mary Garthe, a daughter of Christen and Gertrude Garthe, who are mentioned on another page of this work in connection with the sketch of Mrs. Waagboe's brother, S. C. Garthe. Mrs. Waagboe was born in Norway.on the I7th of August, 1853, and by her marriage she has become the mother of nine children, of whom eight are yet living, as follows: John, Mary, Gertrude, Carl, Caroline, Harmon, Annetta and William. One son died in infancy. Mr. Waagboe has been a member of the school board for many years and is deeply interested in the cause of education, putting forth every effort in his power to advance the standard of the schools and thus more ably prepare the children to meet with the responsible duties which come in later life. He has also served as highway commissioner and both he and his wife are members of the Second Evangelical Lutheran church at Northport, of which he is now the secretary. Mr. Waagboe has led an upright life, guided by honorable principles, and his fidelity to duty is unquestioned. He is a progressive farmer, a genial and. considerate friend and an honorable Christian gentleman, who in the community where he makes his home commands the unqualified confidence and good will of those with whom he has come in contact. HON. JAMES E. CAMPBELL. The specific and distinctive office of biography is not to give voice to a man's modest estimate of himself and his accomplishments, but rather to leave the perpetual record establishing his character by the consensus of opinion on the part of his fellow-men. That Mr. Campbell occupies a notable position among the leading and influential citizens of Leelanaw county is evidenced by his long continuance in the office of probate judge, to which he was first elected in the fall of 1888, and in which he has now served for fourteen consecutive years. No higher testimonial of his trustworthiness and capability could be given than the fact of his reelection by popular suffrage. He is, moreover, a representative of agricultural interests in the county, and while he has to some degree retired from the more arduous cares of farm life, he nevertheless owns, occupies and still cultivates a farm of forty acres in Elmwood township. Judge Campbell was born on a farm in Franklin county, New York, on the 3oth of June, 1841. His father was John Campbell, a farmer by occupation, following that pursuit throughout his entire business career. He married Miss Nancy McEdward, r ~. JAMES E. CAMPBELL GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 455 and both were natives of Scotland, but, leaving the land of hills and heather in their youth, they came to the new world and were married in Franklin county, New York. The mother died in Canada and the father afterward came to Leelanaw county, spending his last days in Elmwood township, where he passed away in his eighty-first year. They wvere the parents of twelve chil(Iren, of whom the subject of this review was the fifth in order of birth. In the county of his nativity the Judge remained during a portion of his youth, and then accompanied his parents to Canada, where he lived until he was eighteen years of age. He then crossed the border into the "states" and took up his abode in St. Clair county, Michigan. When two years had passed he removed to Port Austin, in Huron coun'ty, this state, where he remained until I87o, and during that time was engaged in the lumber business. In the fall of I870, with his wife and two children, he came to Leelanaw county and purchased a farm in Elmwood township, and upon it he has since lived, devoting his attention to agricultural pursuits. He was at one time extensively engaged in the cultivation of cereals best adapted to the soil and climate, and through the careful, energetic conduct of his business affairs he won very desirable prosperity, that now enables him to take life easier. He has sold off some of his land, retaining possession of forty acres, most of which is improved. The Judge was married at Port Austin, Michigan, on the 23d of September, 1865, to Miss Maggie Hillis, a native of Canada, but after almost thirty years of happy married life she was called from this life, dying in Elmwood township on the 5th of Febru ary, 1895. They were the parents of five children, of whom Anna M. died on her eighteenth birthday, her loss being deeply deplored by many friends as well as her immediate family. The other members of the Judge's family are: John E., who is a resident of Traverse City; Nettie, who died in infancy; Maggie L., the wife of. Julius L. Kelly, and Bertha B., who superintends the home for her father. Because of his patriotic spirit, his devotion to the best interests of the community and his business ability and intellectual worth, Judge Campbell is well fitted for leadership in public affairs, and has been one of the molders of public opinion in this section of the state. In several different offices he has served, called to these by the vote of his fellow-townsmen. For two years he was highway commissioner, and for fourteen years was supervisor of Elmwood township. In the fall of 1888 he was elected probate judge of the county,nd entered upon the duties of the office in January, 1889. Re-election has continued him in the position, for which he is ably qualified by reason of his sound business judgment, his unswerving integrity and the fairness and impartiality of his rulings. He has voted the Republican ticket, and he regards it the duty as well as the privilege of every American citizen to keep well informed on the questions of the day and give an- intelligent support to whatever he believes to be for the welfare of the county, state or nation. Prominent in Masonic circles, he belongs to the lodge, to Traverse City Chapter and to the commandery, Knights Templar, and is in full sympathy with the teachings and tenets of the order, which is based upon mutual helpfulness and brotherly kindness. .456 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Faultless in honor, fearless in conduct and stainless in reputation, his reputation as a man and citizen is such as any man might well envy. WILLIAM McMACHEN. William McMachen, to whom has' been vouchsafed an honorable retirement from labor, was for a long period connected with agricultural pursuits and is now enjoying a well-earned rest, making his home in Northport. He was born in the town of Granville, in the county of Leeds, Canada, December 4, 1840, and was the fourth in order of birth in a family of eight children whose parents were Hugh and Elizabeth (Toppins) McMachen, both of whom were of Irish parentage and the latter was born on the ocean while her parents were coming from the Emerald Isle to the new world. They located in Canada and after reaching years of womanhood Elizabeth Toppins gave her hand in marriage to Hugh McMachen. They lived upon a farm and through many years the father of the subjiect carried on agricultural pursuits with good results. He reached a very advanced age and died in South Crosby, Leeds county,, Ontario, when in his eighty-seventh year. it was upon the old home farm in Leeds county that William McMachen spent his youth, remaining with his parents until he was twenty-two years of age. He then started out to earn his own living and did so by working as a farm hand, in which capacity he was employed in Canada until he came to Michigan. Ere his removal, however, while, still living in Leeds county, Mr. McMachen was united in marriage to Miss Jane Donovan, the wedding being celebrated on the 19th of April, 1865. She was a native of Canada and they began their domestic life in that country, but after about a year they removed to Michigan, settling in East Superior. They also remained there for a year and in the fall of 1869 they came to Leelanaw county, settling in Leelanaw township, where Mr. McMachen carried on general farming until the fall of 1901. He was successful in his farm work and by reason of his industrious efforts, economy and perseverance he acquired a good capital which now enables him to live retired. Removing to Northport, he established his home in the village and he is now enjoying a well-earned rest. He has disposed of some of his land, having been at one time the possessor of extensive real estate interests here. He still, however, owns three hundred and twenty acres, of which about one hundred acres are improved, and the income which he derives from his farm provides him with the necessities and some of the luxuries of life. Unto Mr. and Mrs. McMachen have been born six children, but the eldest died in infancy and Seward died in childhood; Effie is the wife of George Steel; and Adelbert is still at home. There was also a pair of twins in the family who died in infancy. The mother was called to her final rest in the latter part of December, 1896, and her loss was deeply deplored by those who knew her, for she was a woman of kindly nature, large heart, generous and hospitable. These qualities had gained for her many friends by whom her memory is still cherished. Mr. McMachen was again married, in Erie, Pennsylvania, on the 28th of April, 1897, his second union being with Miss Prudence GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 457 - -- Drown, and they are now living in Northport, where they have a pleasant home. Mr. McMachen is one of the active and influential members of the Methodist Episcopal church and does everything in his power to promote its growth and extend its influence. He believes that the development of an upright character should be man's first object in life and in his relations with his fellow men he has followed the teachings of the lowly Nazarene, whose words revolutionized history, bringing peace and forbearance where before was warfare and oppression. Mr. McMachen has made good use of his opportunities and while in business he prospered from year to year and conducted all business matters carefully and successfully, displaying in all his actions an aptitude for careful and correct management. He has not permitted the accumulation of wealth to affect in any way his actions toward those less fortunate and he always has a cheerful word and pleasant smile for all with whom he comes in contact. ERNEST W. HASTINGS. There is little doubt that a life of activity is productive of longevity. In his own person the subject of this sketch, Ernest W. Hastings, exemplifies it. From youth his life has been one of industry and activity and yet, in his forty-seventh year, he is now as vigorously active, agile and alert as a youth of eighteen. There can be little doubt that it is the shiggard, not the toiler, who dies young. Ernest W. Hastings was born in Lansing, Michigan, April 16, I855, and is the son of Silas Hastings, a native of Ohio and a car penter by occupation. The latter located in Lansing in 1853, and there followed his calling until the breaking out of the Rebellion, when he enlisted in the First Regiment of Michigan Engineers and Mechanics and served until his death, which was occasioned by sunstroke in the trenches in front of Vicksburg, in July, 1863. The mother of Ernest W. Hastings was Elizabeth Woodhans, who was a native of England. She accompanied her parents to America in early girlhood, in 1848, and located in Cleveland, Ohio. Here she met and married Silas Hastings and soon afterward they moved to Michigan and located in Lansing. After the death of her husband, Mrs. Hastings, with her only son, Ernest W., moved to Traverse City and in 1867 was united in marriage to William Holdsworth, one of the first settlers of Grand Traverse county. She is dead, but he is still living and an interesting sketch of his long and active career will be found in another part of this volume. Until the age of sixteen, Ernest W. Hastings attended the public schools of Lansing and Traverse City. In 1871 he left school, went to Cleveland, Ohio, and became an expert patternmaker, which business he followed for a length of time. Realizing that his education was not what he desired, he returned to Traverse City and took a complete commercial course in the business college of that city. On November 9, 1875, in Traverse City, Mr. Hastings was united in marriage to Miss Sarah E. Chantler, a native of the state of New York, but who had lived in Traverse City from early childhood. She was the daughter of Charles and Catherine (McDougal) Chantler, who were aimong the early settlers of Grand Traverse county. To Mr. and Mrs. Hastings five children have 458 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. been born, all of whom are living. Ralph S. is the junior member of the firm of Hastings & Son, dealers in real estate and fire insurance agents, and is an expert bookkeeper and accountant, all of the affairs of the office being under his direct supervision. At the opening of the Spanish-American war he enlisted in Company M, Thirty-fourth Regiment Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and served all through the brief period of hostilities. He was in Cuba with his regiment and saw all the service there was to see, being present at the taking of San Juan hill. The other children are Edith E., Grace C., Walter E. and Ruth. Edith and Grace are both graduates of the Traverse City high school. Walter is still in school and Ruth, who is only five years old, anxiously awaits the time when she too may become a student. The home of the family is know by the name "Brookside." It is one of the finest homes in a city noted far and wide for its fine homes. At the time of his marriage Enest W. Hastings was in the employ of J. Greilick & Company, in their factory, having charge of the sash and door department. There he continued until I880, when, through an accident whereby one of his hands was injured, he was obliged to relinquish his position. Too nervously active to remain idle, even before the injured member was healed he engaged in the musical and sewing machine business. This he followed for ten years, when he took up his present vocation. He has followed this for the past twelve years, doing a most prosperous business, and by fair and honorable dealings winning an enviable patronage. One would think that the life of activity led by Mr. Hastings would preclude the possibility of leisure for anything else. His active temperament, however, has found time to play much at the game of politics, and most successfully. He is a Republican of the most pronounced type,-not rabid, bitter nor foolishly aggressive, but a sensible, consistent member of the party, who can always win votes where the loud and blatant disgust and drive them away. He served on the village board, before the incorporation of the city, for a number of years, and when the village became a city he served as alderman two terms, four years, as the member from the second ward. For four years he was treasurer of the city, and in 1900oo he was nominated and elected mlember of the state legislature from Grand Traverse county. He served most efficiently 'for the session of 1901, and was solicited to stand for re-election, but declined because the duties required him to remain away too long from his business. He has held various offices in the different fraternal societies to which he belongs and has been for a number of years one-of the deacons of the Baptist church of Traverse City. In religion both he and his wife are members of the Baptist church, being active workers in the cause and deeply solicitous for the welfare of the denomination. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, having advanced to the degree of Knight Templar and Shriner. He is also a Knight of Pythias. Few men stand better in their community than does Ernest W. Hastings. WILLIAM MITCHELL. For a number of years actively identified with the lumber interests.of northwestern Michigan, the subject of this review occupies a conspicuous place in the recent history of WILLIAM H. C. MITCHELL. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 469 Grand Traverse county. Energetic, enterprising and successful in a material way, he is also honored and respected as a citizen, and has so indelibly stamped his individuality upon the community as to become a potential factor in its civic and public affairs. William Mitchell was born September 7, 1863, in Lima, Ohio, from which his parents brogght him when he was one and one-half years old, and later literally grew up in a lumber mill, engaging while still a mere lad with the Mitchell & Mahan Lumber Company. This enterprise was established in 1867 at East Bay, Grand Traverse county, and he continued with the original organizetion in various capacities until 1893,when the company was reorganized as the East Bay View Lumber Company. since which time he has held different positions, beginning as stickholder and rising to vicepresident. Previous to the date mentioned he was for ten years head sawyer in the company's large mill at East Bay, and he also spent considerable time scaling logs, besides being intrusted with other important,lines of work, in all of which he demonstrated fine business ability and proved himself faithful to every duty, making under all circumstances the interests of his associates his own. Mr. Mitchell stands distinctly forward as one of the representative business men of Traverse City and as one of its progressive and valued citizens, and he owes his success in life almost wholly to his own efforts, consequently is entitled to the proud appellation of "self-made man." His life story contains little outside of the ordinary, but it is replete with duty faithfully done, and his every action has been open to the scrutiny and criticism of his fellow-men, 28 few, if any, of whom have found therein anything to censure or condemn. By no means eventful, his career has been true to its possibilities, and there has not been denied him a liberal reward in due season, his success in business resulting in the accumulation of a comfortable competence in addition to the conspicuous place he occupies in industrial circles and in the estimation of his fellow citiz7ens. On the 5th day of September, 1900, Mr. Mitchell was united in marriage with Miss Ada Blouch, of Rose City, Michigan, the union being blessed with two children, a daughter, who bears the name of Isabelle, and an infant son. In politics Mr. Mitchell is a pronounced Republican, but he is not a partisan in the sense the term is usually undclerstood, nor has he ever withdrawn his attention from his business interests for the purpose of aspiring to official position or public distinction. He is essentially a business man, and, having always made other considerations subordinate to his material interests, it is not at all surprising that his career has been successful and that his future holds out still greater promises of continued prosperity. Personally Mr. Mitchell is one of the most sociable and companionable of men, and, being optimistic in all the term implies, he is popular with his friends and associates, and believes in getting out of life all the pleasure and profit there is in it. He is an ardent sportsman and makes it a point to spend a month or two of each,year in the wilds of the northern peninsula, where, with rod and gun, he finds a pleasant and profitable recreation in the pursuit of his favorite means of pastime. In these outings he is usually accompanied by a few congenial spirits, whose agreeable social intercourse in 460 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. the absence of business and artificial restraints tends to smooth the brow of care and give renewed strength and animation for life's duties when they are again resumed. Mr. Mitchell is deeply interested in all that is calculated to benefit his fellow-men, his influence has always been exerted in the right direction, and, from what he has thus far accomplished, it is easy to see that the community has been made better by his presence. Discharging the duties of citizenship as becomes a true American and in the prosecution of his own affairs not being un-- mindful of his obligations to the public, he lias shown himself eminently worthy of the high esteem in which he is held, and the reputation he sustains of being one of the representative young business men of Traverse City is cheerfully conceded by all who know him. Mr. Mitchell and his brother Thornton have recently purchased a tract of timber land in Iron county, Michigan. He has also become a one-half owner in the patent right and manufacture of a speculum, in which business he is actively engaged. JOHN FOOTE & SON. One of the prominent and pioneer business industries of Traverse City is that conducted under the firm name of John Foote & Son, and though the senior member of the original firm has recently passed away the original title is retained, while the enterprise is carried forward by the junior member, John N. Foote. It is but in justice due that a tribute of respect and honor he here paid to John Foote, the sterling pioneer who established his home here so many years ago, and also to his son who was so intimately associated with him and who is his successor. The Traverse City Tannery was established by Norris Brothers, at Norrisville, located on the shore about two miles north of Traverse City, in the year I86o, and the inception of the industry was most modest, since the two brothers personally attended to all the details of manufacture, the products being harness leather and rough leather. John Foote was born in Clinton, Oneida county, New York, on the 9th of January, 1825, and was there reared and educated. He served a full apprenticeship at the tanner's trade, working two years for his board and clothing and becoming an expert in the business. At the age of seventeen years he started out as a journeyman and continued to be thus employed at his trade for a period of ten years,-principally in the south. At the expiration of this time he became associated with his father, John Foote, and his brother Charles in establishing a tannery at Johnsonburg, Wyoming county, New York, where he continued to be engaged in business until about 1862, after which he was again employed as a journeyman until 1869, when he came to Wexford county, Michigan, and took up a homestead, the same being a tract of wild timber land. In the meanwhile he was employed at intervals in the tannery of the Norris Brothers, near Traverse City, thus continuing from I871 until about 1880, having in the meanwhile developed his farm of eighty acres. In 1880 he rented the tannery at Norrisville for four years, at the expiration of which he erected a building at the present location, on the bay shore, and purchased the stock and machinery of the Norrisville plant, forthwith GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 461 installing the same in his new building. He had purchased a tract of eighteen acres, while his original investment in establishing the new enterprise aggregated about one thousand dollars. Success attended the venture from the start, since he brought to bear marked energy and discrimination, while he permitted none but the best productions to go forth from his tannery, which has been from the start devoted to the manufacturing of rough and harness leather. The plant has been enlarged from time to time and is thoroughly well equipped, and the output has ranged from fifteen hundred to two thousand sides of leather annually. No especial attention is now given to the handling of hides, pelts, etc., which are tanned or sold directly, as the case demands. John Foote continued in personal charge of the business until his death, which occurred on the 22d of January, 1902, after an illness of but one week's duration. He was a man of high principle and exalted integrity, and in all the relations of life he commanded uniform confidence and esteem, his death constituting a distinctive loss in the business community. He had reclaimed a good tract of land and erected an attractive residence, while through his earnest and well directed efforts his business enterprise had been made one of the leading ones of the sort in this section of the state. In politics Mr. Foote gave his allegiance to the Democratic party, and took an active and public-spirited interest in local affairs, having served as treasurer of Elmwood township and also been incumbent of other offices of trust. At Johnsonburg, New York, in the year 1856, Mr. Foote was united in marriage to Miss Virginia Jenison, who was born in Warsaw, 'Wyoming county, that state, and she survives her husband and retains her residence in the home so endeared to her by the memories and asociations of the past. Of this union were born two sons and three daughters, concerning whom we offer brief record, as follows: Rose died at the age-of six years; William, who was born in 1861, is a contractor in Traverse City; John N., who was born on the I6th of May, 1863, at Johnsonburg, "Wyoming county, New York, learned the tanning trade under the direction of his father, and was associated with him as an employe until he had attained his legal majority, when he was admitted to partnership, under the firm name of John Foote & Son, which has ever since been retained, the entire management of the enterprise devolving upon him since-the death of his honored father. He is a stanch Democrat in his political proclivities, and is at the present time serving as treasurer of Elmwood township, being known as a progressive and reliable business man and publicspirited citizen; Cora, who was born April I I, 1865, is the wife of Willet M. Coddington, who is associated with John N. Foote in business, as will be noted in appending paragraphs; and Clara, who was born August 9, 1874, is the wife of Frederick Driscoll, of Grand Rapids, Michigan. FOOTE & CODDINGTON.-As virtually an adjunct to the tanning business the firm of Foote & Coddington established, in 1896, the enterprise of manufacturing robes and coats, the headquarters being at the tannery. The interested principals are John N. Foote and his brother-in-law, Willet M. Coddington. During nine months of each year the 462 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. firm give employment to a corps of three,skilled workmen, tanning all kinds of fur and skins, especially the skins of Galloway cattle and horse-hides, which are then manufactured into fine robes and storm coats. The firm makes exhibits at various state and county fairs and control a large jobbing trade throughout Michigan and neighboring states, while they also do a large custom business, having an average stock of manufactured goods to a valuation of about twenty-five hundred dollars. Mr. Coddington, like his partner, is a thoroughly practical man in the business, being familiar with all details and having been employed for several years in the Foote tannery prior to becoming a member of the present firm, while in order to learn the art of tanning hides without the removing of the hair he secured employment in a tannery at Reading, Michigan, where he remained until he had fully mastered the business, after which he became associated with Mr. Foote, as has been already noted. The business has been managed most effectively, the correct methods brought to bear and the superiority of the products having conserved the consecutive expansion of the enterprise until it figures as one of the important industries of this section, the trade practically doubling in vo'lume each successive year. Onthe 16th of May, 1888, Mr. Coddington was united in marriage to Miss Cora Foote, and they are the parents of four children, namely: Gertrude, Clara, Hoyt and Homer. Mr. Coddington was born in Sullivan county, New York, on the 2d of December, 1859, being a son of 'Squire Hoyt Coddington. He is a stanch advocate of the principles of the Prohibition party, but has never aspired to political office. JAMES W. MARKHAM. The dominating spirit of self-help is what has conserved the distinctive business success and prestige of Mr. Markham, who stands at the head of one of the leading industrial enterprises of Grand Traverse county, where, from modest inception, he has built up the most extensive brick manufacturing business in this section of the state, controlling a trade which ramifies throughout a wide area of country and having the. high reputation which is ever significant of personal integrity and honorable methods. Three miles north of Traverse City is located the finely equipped plant of Mr. Markham, the site of the same being on the west side of the west arm of Grand Traverse bay. Here, on a quarter of an acre of ground, Albert Norris had established a brick factory a number of years ago, conducting operations on a small scale, and in 1875 Mr. Markham succeeded him in the ownership of the business, and each year since that time he has burned an increasing amount of brick, having greatly increased the kiln capacity and provided the most modern and approved facilities. At the time when he assumed control of the enterprise the capacity of the plant was for the outputting of about two hundred thousand brick annually, while the. average annual output at the present time reaches the notable aggregate of nearly four million brick. Within the season a corps of from twenty-six to forty men is employed in connection with the work of manufacturing, and in the connection about two thousand cords of wood are consumed each season, thus rendering it necessary to employ men and teams throughout the entire year, while another incidental value to be placed JAMES W. MARKHAM. MRS. J. W. MARKHAM. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 468 upon the industry is that implied in the fact that it affords a market for wood which is not available for manufacturing into lumber for use as ordinary fuel for domestic purposes. The products of the plant find an ever increasing demand in Traverse City and extensive shipments are made each year into other cities and towns in this section, the last year having witnessed a shipment of seven hundred thousand brick to the city of Manistee alone, so that more than half the entire output finds sale outside of Traverse City, this fact indicating beyond peradventure the superiority of the products, the various contractors and builders placing a corect estimate on the value of the material thus furnished. The plant now utilizes about five acres of ground, while in the entire tract owned by Mr. Markham are comprised forty acres. Of this five acres are devoted to the propagation of cherries and an equal amount to plums, and the orchards are among the best in this section, the owner taking much pride in his pomological enterprise. When Mr. Markham here began the manufacture of brick he utilized a small, two-horse power brick machine, and secured a daily output of from seven to ten thousand, while the retail sales for the first few years did not reach an aggregate of more than thirty thousand brick on the average, while today the sales in this line reach an annual average of about four hundred thousand. This is the only brick plant within a radius of many miles, Manistee being seventy-five miles distant to the southeast, while to the north there is no manufactory nearer than Northport, which is forty-five miles distant. The products of the concern thus find a demand throughout the whole Traverse region. The plant is now equipped with the latest improved Brewer machine, No. o1, with a maximum capacity of seventy-five thousand a day, while all other accessories and facilities are of the best order. When Mr. Markham took up his residence here the land was nearly all covered with the native forest trees, and for eight years he resided in a primitive log house, after which he erected his present attractive and commodious residence. James W. Markham is a native of the province of Ontario, Canada, where he was born on the 29th of April, 1847, and where he was reared and educated. He served a thorough apprenticeship at the trade of brickmaking, and he was employed as a journeyman until he had attained the age of twenty-one years, when he engaged in business on his own responsibility by opening a brick yard in Sanilac county, Michigan, on Lake Huron, while later he manufactured one year at Benzonia, Benzie county, from which place he came to Traverse City in the autumn of 1874, and in the spring of the following year established himself in business, as has already been noted. In politics he is a stanch Republican, but has never aspired to official position of any sort, though he is known as a progressive and public-spirited citizen. He was reared in the faith of the Church of England, but is not a communicant, and fraternally is identified with the Masonic order and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks in Traverse City. He is a man of excellent business ability, energetic and far-sighted, and has achieved prosperity through welldirected effort, while he has ever command 464 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ed the unqualified confidence and esteem of those with whom he has come in contact in either a business or social way. On the I2th of May, 1875, in the city of Port Huron, Michigan, Mr. Markham was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Anne S. Murthwaite, who was born in the city of Toronto, Canada, in 1852. They have no children, but the family home is a center of hospitality, and there are few hours when entertainment is not being there extended to one or more of.their many friends. KEHL BROTHERS. Since I885 the firm of Kehl Brothers has figured conspicuously in mercantile circles in Northport, Leelanaw county, and the house sustains an enviable reputation. The members of the firm are James L., Edward G. and Chris B. Kehl, sons of John Kehl, who is represented elsewhere in this volume. The father was born in Alsace, France, June 8, 1835, and is still living in Leelanaw county at the advanced age of seventy-eight years. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Elizabeth Bosche, died in Northport on the 22d of December, 1894, when in the seventy-first year of her age. John Kehl was brought to America by his parents when a little lad of only three summers and was reared and married in Buffalo, New York. He came to Leelanaw county with his wife and three children, locating in Northport in I857, and since that time he has made this county his home. In early life he learned the ship carpenter's trade, but his chief occupation since coming to the west has been farming. His life history, however, has been varied and eventful, for in early manhood he went on several whaling voyages and also made a trip to the West Indies. In this way experiences came to him very different from those that fall to the lot of the landsman and he can yet relate many interesting incidents concerning his life on the ocean wave. Unto John and Elizabeth Kehl were born the following children: William, who died in Buffalo, New York, when only a few months old; Louisa, who became the wife of William, J. Thomas, and died in Northport when about forty-two years of age; James L. and Edward G., who are members of the mercantile firm at Northport; Anna E., who is the wife of Nathan E. DeGollier; Chris, who is also associated with his brothers in business; Charles C., who lost his life in Lake Michigan when employed on the schooner "N. C. Kimball," which sank on the 8th of May, 1891, with all on board; and Howard A., who died in Sutton's Bay, Leelanaw county, in January, 1898. James L. Kehl, the eldest member of the firm of Kehl Brothers, was born in Buffalo, New York, on the 25th of August, 1854, and Edward G. was born in the same city on the i8th of November, 1856, while the youngest member of the firm, Chris B. Kehl, is a native son of Northport, his birth having here occurred on the 2d of September, 1861. The two eldest came with their parents to Leelanaw county and were here reared, as was Chris B. Kehl. Their boyhood days were passed in a similar manner, largely devoted to farm work upon the old homestead and to attendance at the district schools of the neighborhood. When but sixteen years of age James L. Kehl left home, starting out to make his own v JOHN KEHL GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 465, way in the world. He was employed at different occupations, spending five winter seasons in the lumber woods. Edward G. remained upon his father's farm until he had attained his majority, when, in company with his brother James, he purchased a tract of land in Leelanaw township, pleasantly located about two miles west of the town of Northport. They then began farming and followed that pursuit for about seven years. Chris B. Kehl also remained on his father's farm until he was about twenty years of age, when he accepted a position as errand boy in the store of Johnson, Goodenow & Company of Northport. Soon, however, he was made a clerk and later he accepted a position with the firm of Johnson & Hitchcock. Subsequently he was in the employ of N. C. Morgan, a well-known merchant, for a period of four years, and at the end of that time the firm of Kehl Brothers was organized, establishing their business in N'orthport in August, I885. The partnership has since continued with mutual pleasure and profit, his firm succeeding Mr. Morgan by the purchase of the store which he had previously conducted. They have prospered in their undertakings and their trade has constantly grown both in volume and importance. In 1902 they erected a fine cement building, it being the first store of the kind in Leelanaw county. They carry a large stock of general merchandise and their store is a well appointed establishment, neat and attractive in appearance. The business methods which they have inaugurated are such as to commend them to all with whom they have dealings. James L. Kehl was married in Northport on the I7th of December, 1879, the lady of his choice being Miss Rebecca How ell, a native of this city and a daughter of John and Elizabeth Howell. They now have one son, Isa E. James L. Kehl has taken an active part in public affairs and his loyalty to the best interests of his community is manifested in his co-operation in meas.. ures for the general good. He is an active and influential member of the Congregational church of Northport, of which he is now serving as one of the trustees, and he is likewise a charter member and valued representative of Northport Lodge No. 16, Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Edward G. Kehl was married in Northport, October 18, 1888, to Miss Eva Bates, who was born in Leelanaw county and is a daughter of Erastus and Abigail Bates. They also have one son, Rufus B. Matters pertaining to the general welfare and to the substantial advancement of the county receive the earnest consideration and oftentimes the active co-operation of Edward Kehl and he has been called to public office by his fellow townsmen, who recognize his worth and ability. He is the present treasurer of Leelanaw township and is also a supporter of the First Congregational church. Chris B. Kehl was married in Northport October 29, 1885, to Miss Emma Beers, who was born in this place and was a daughter of Henry and Julia Beers. She died, however, on the 29th of September, 1887, and on the Ist of October, 189o, Mr. Kehl was again married, his union being with Miss Edith M. Beers, a native of Charlevoix county, Michigan, and a daughter of Ammon and Julia Beers. This marriage has been blessed with four children, but Clyde, the second, died when three and a half years of age. Trhe others are Grace L., Dorothy E. and jeanette. Chris B. Kehl has been 466 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. township clerk and also treasurer of Leelanaw township and is a member, of the Northport school board. The cause of education finds in him a warm friend who does all in his power for the promotion of the schools and the raising of the standard of instruction. He is a member of the Republican county committee and is a leading representative of the party, doing everything in his power to promote its growth and insure its success. He, too, is a charter member of Northport Lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is an active member of the first Congregational church of Northport. In addition to their mercantile interests in Northport, the Kehl brothers have a fine summer resort near here and are interested to quite an extent in farm lands in Leelanaw county. They are men of marked business enterprise and capability and carry forward to successful completion whatever they undertake. Few men are more prominent or more widely known in the enterprising town in which they live than the Kehl brothers. They have been important factors in business circles and their popularity is well deserved as in the firm are embraced the characteristics of an unabating energy, unbending integrity and industry that never flags. They are public spirited and thoroughly interested in whatever tends to promote the moral, intellectual and material welfare of this section of the state. PETER STORMER. Among the earnest men whose depth of character and strict adherence to principles excite the admiration of his contemporaries, Peter Stormer is prominent. For a quarter of a century he has been one of the active business men of Empire township, Leelanaw county, and his interests, extensive and varied, have ever been of such a nature that, while p-omoting his individual success, they have also advanced the general prosperity by increasing industrial and commercial activity. Since 1888 he has been connected with the Empire Lumber Company, one of the most important concerns of this portion of the state, and since 1891 he has been a partner in the enterprise. Mr. Stormer makes his home in section 32, Empire township, and has always lived in this portion of Michigan, his birth having occurred on North Manitou island on the 24th of January, 186o. His father, Henry Stormer, was a native of Germany, and after arriving at the years of maturity wedded Anna Lewis, who was one of his countrywomen. In 1857 they left the fatherland and crossed the Atlantic to the United States, taking up their abode in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where they resided until the fall of 1859, at which time they settled on North MIanitou island. There the father carried on agricultural pursuits for several years, and in 1864 went with his family to the old home farm in Empire township. He is well known as a leading agriculturist of his community and a man of honorable purpose and unquestioned integrity of character. His wife died December I14, 1898, in her seventieth year. They were the parents of nine children, of whom the subject of this review is the fourth. Peter Stormer made his home with his parents up to the time of his marriage, and in the public schools he obtained his education. When married he settled in the vil MR. AND MRS. PETER STORMER. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 467 lage of Empire, and since 1888 he has been connected with the lumber business as a representative of the Empire Lumber Company. For three years he was employed by that company, and then became a contractor. This company does an extensive business in the manufacture of lumber, his trade having reached large proportions, while its annual sales return very gratifying income to the stockholders. In Northport, Leelanaw county, on the 26th of November, 1891, Mr. Stormer was united in marriage to Miss Helen Voice, a daughter of the late Joseph Voice, who was one of the early settlers and pioneer residents of Leelanaw county. Her mother bore the maiden name of Arvilla A. Smith. On locating in this section of the state Mr. Voice became an active factor in the substantial improvement and development of Leelanaw county, and continued one of its prominent residents until he was called to his final rest, passing away in Northport on the Ioth of May, 1892. Mrs. Stormer was born in Sutton's Bay, and by her marriage has become the mother of five children-Peter, Lulu A., Joseph, Henry and Luis. Mr. Stormer continued to make his home in the village of Empire until the spring of 1894, when he took up his abode upon his farm on section 32, Empire township, and here he has since lived. He owns nearly five hundred acres and has about one hundred acres improved. This constitutes a valuable and productive tract, and the farming interests of Mr. Stormer are likewise profitable. Fraternally he is connected with the Knights of the Maccabees. Our country has made wonderful advancement along all lines of activity throughout the nineteenth century and in the beginning of the twentieth century, and Mr. Stormer belongs to that class of enterprising, public-spirited citizens whose efforts have kept Leelanaw county apace with the universal development and upbuilding. SAMUEL S. GARLAND. Samuel Shields Garland waS born June 5, I853, in what is now Traverse City, though it was then a diminutive settlement of but a few houses. His father was John Garland, a native of Canada who came to Michigan in 1852, bringing with him his family, and who located at what is now Traverse City. He was a lumberman and followed that business many years. The last years of his life were spent upon a farm in this county, to which he moved, his death occurring in I860. The mother of Mr. Garland was Mary (Shields) Garland, also a native of Canada, where she was reared and educated. There she met and married John Garland and there they lived until 1852 when they moved to Traverse City. She died in 1888. They were the parents of nine sons, five of whom are living, viz: William J., a lumberman, resides in Wisconsin; Richard, a farmer, whose home is in the state of Washington; Charles and Robert are both farmers and reside in Grand Traverse county; and the subject. As indicated above, the entire life of Samuel S. Garland has been spent in this county. He was educated in the public schools and later took a course at Benzonia College. At the age of twenty-one he left school and soon thereafter was employed by the firm of Hannah, Lay & Company as salesman in 468 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. their general store. By good conduct, steady habits and vigilance in guarding the interests of his employers, he soon won their favor and was promoted from one responsible position to another until twenty-one years ago, when he was given a position in the bank. The same good qualities that won him advancement in the mercantile department were exercised here, with the result that he is now assistant cashier of the Traverse City State Bank, one of the most substantial financial concerns in northern Michigan. June 4, 1889, Samuel S. Garland was united in marriage to Miss Isabelle E..Germaine, also a native of Traverse City, born February Io, 1862. She was educated in the public schools of Traverse City, and later in one of the Catholic colleges of Chicago. She is accomplished in music and proficient in art. Her father was Cuyler Germaine, a native of Pennsylvania, who was general outside superintendent for Hannah, Lay & Company for many years and up to the time of his death, which occurred in 1886. Her mother is Anne (Kratochvil) Germaine, a native of Austria, who emigrated to America with her parents in early life and located in Traverse City. Here she met and, in 186o, married Cuyler Germaine. She is still living in a beautiful home, at No. 333 Sixth street, Traverse City. They were the parents of seven children, viz: Isabelle E., William D. C., Lola, Posie, Frank, Charles and Kittie. Fuller details of the family of Mrs. Garland will be found in another part of this volume, in the sketch of William and Charles Germaine. In politics Samuel S. Garland is a Republican. While interested in his party's welfare, he is not a politician, political life never having any charms for him. He never aspired to office and never held a public position, the practical affairs of business being much more to his taste. Religiously, his leaning is toward the Episcopal church, of which Mrs. Garland is a member and which both attend. He is a member of three fraternal societies, the Masons, in which he has advanced to the degree of Knight Templar, the Maccabees and the Elks. He is a stockholder and director in the Traverse City State Bank; is a stockholder and director in the Hannah & Lay Company, which is a corporation, and he is treasurer and a director in the Boardman River Electric Light and Power Company, another corporation. He possesses a good deal of valuable city property, and is financially interested in many other substantial institutions of the city. His is a handsome home, beautifully located and richly furnished. The splendid success he has won in life is due to his own exertions. There. are few men who began in an humble way, as he did twenty-nine years ago, who can show as much for their time and talents as he can. It is all attributable to the splen - did qualities of head and heart of which he is possessed and which he has most judiciously exercised. CHARLES W. WHEELOCK. Charles W. Wheelock was born near Lanark, Carroll county, Illinois, March 13, 1865. His father was William W. Wheelock, a native of Avon Springs, New York, born May 14, 1835. He was a merchant miller the greater part of his life, but owned large tracts of land and superintended and directed the cultivation of the land that he owned. He also did considerable business GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 469 - ----- in real estate, buying and selling, and generally made such dealings profitable. He is still living, residing in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The mother of Charles W. Wheelock was Elsie (Ransom) Wheelock, a native of Pennsylvania, born in the Susquehanna valley in 1838. She was reared, educated and grew to womanhood in her native place, and along in the 'fifties the family moved to Carroll county, Illinois, and in S864 William W. Wheelock and Elsie Ransom were united in marriage. They continued to reside in that county about three years, when they moved to Missouri and later to Michigan. They are the parents of six children, viz: Charles W., Hattie E., Elias M., William W., George M. and F. G. The early life of Charles W. Wheelock was spent in Carroll county, Illinois, and in Vernon county, Misouri. He attended school in De Soto, Jefferson county, Missouri, until he arrived at the age of thirteen years, when he abandoned his studies for the purpose of becoming a messenger boy in a telegraph office in De Soto. When he arrived at more mature years he engaged in the construction of telegraph lines for the Western Union Telegraph Company, and after pursuing that vocation for some time went to St. Louis and secfred a position with an electric light company, as foreman and superintendent. For the next six or more years he discharged the duties of that position most efficiently, but gave it up that he might come to Battle Creek, Michigan, to engage in the milling business with his father. Meanwhile he and his father had invested considerable money in the stock of the Northern Telephone Company whose headquarters was in Traverse City, to care for their financial interests. Soon after* his arrival here, the Northern Telephone Company sold out to the Citizens' Telephone Company of Grand Rapids and in 1900 Mr. Wheelock was tendered the position of local manager, which he accepted and he is now discharging the duties of the place to the satisfaction of all concerned. April 26, 1893, in St. Louis, Misouri, Charles W. Wheelock was united in marriage with Miss Minnie M. Creech, a native of Missouri, born near St. Louis, December 6, 1874. There she was reared and secured her education in the public schools of the city of St. Louis. Her father was George Creech, a native of Missouri, while her mother was Mary J. (Menifee) Creech, also a native of Missouri, born in 186o. Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Wheelock are the parents of three children, viz: Alma Lorene, born August 4, 1894, died six weeks later; Halcyon Ruth, born July 29, 1895; Chester Leroy, born October 25, 1900. Among the possessions of Charles W. Vheelock is a nice little manufacturing plant which he operates very successfully. It is the Traverse City Cigar Box Factory. He owns the entire concern and it has a capacity of one thousand boxes daily. The lumber is prepared specially for the plant and the boxes are taken from it and turned out complete. It is the only concern of its kind north of Grand Rapids, and its product is disposed of as fast as it can be turned out, the books of the concern showing a very satisfactory profit to the credit of the enterprising proprietor. In politics Mr. Wheelock is a Republican, takes an interest in political campaigns and is always gratified over the success of his party, but he is too busy a man to take an active part in political work, never hav 470 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ing aspired to or held a political position. In religious affairs he is not committed to any denomination, though he frequently attends divine services at the Congregational church with Mrs. Wheelock, of which denomination she is a member. He is a man of good busines qualifications, active and energetic, deliberate and prudent and under his direction the business of the telephone system which he directs gives to its patrons satisfaction. CHARLES L. JOYNT. Into Michigan the dominion of Canada has sent many of her sons who have crossed the border and have found in the United States, because of its livelier competition and greater business activity, the advantages they have sought. Among this number is Charles L. Joynt, who today is classed among the representative and successful farmers of Leelanaw township, Leelanaw county. His home is on section 27 and here he has lived through almost a quarter of a century. Mr. Joynt was born in Leeds county, Ontario, on the 2ISt of March, 1842. His father, John Joynt, was a native of Ireland and on leaving the Emerald isle he crossed the Atlantic to the new world. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Mary Layng, was a native of Scotland and both died in Leeds county, Ontario. Their marriage was blessed with a family of twelve children, six sons and six daughters. Charles L. Joynt, the fifth in order of birth, was reared upon his father's farm in the place of his nativity, remaining at home until seventeen years of age. He then started out in life on his own account and learned the shoemaker's trade, serving a three years' apprenticeship. After mastering the business, he followed that pursuit as a,journeyman in Ontario until January, I880, when he severed the business relations which bound him to the Dominion and came to Leelanaw county, Michigan. At that time he took up his abode in Leelanaw township and has since been one of the prominent and influential citizens. Here he put aside his shoemaker tools and turned his attention to agricultural work. He today owns two hundred and fifty-five acres of land, which is still increasing in value because of the natural rise in the price of land and because of the improvements which he has placed upon it. He now has one, hundred and twenty acres under cultivation and upon his farm he has erected good buildings. In Leeds county, Ontario, on the 12th of September, 1866, Mr. Joynt was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Donovan, who was also a native of Leeds county and a daughter of Dennis and Elizabeth (Moris) Donovan. To this union were born seven children: Adelbert; Herbert 0.; Mary E., who is now the wife of Alexander Galletch; Charles S.; Sarah A., who is the wife of W. S. Graves; H'arriet A.; and Henry C. Mrs. Joynt passed into the silent land on the 6th of December, 1898, at the age of fifty-eight years. Mr. Joynt is a member of the Congregational church of Qmena and he votes with the Republican party, having given it a stalwart support since he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. His study into the questions which divide the two political parties led him to the belief that the Republican party contains the best elements of good government. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 471 When Mr. Joynt came to Leelanaw county'he drove across the country with a team from Port Huron, Michigan, thus covering a distance of three hundred and seventy-five miles. Many have been the changes which have occurred during the years of his residence lhere and whatever has tended to promote public progress, improvement and advancement has received his earnest endorsement and in many cases his co-operation. EDWARD E. MILLER. Cities of ten thousand or twelve thousand inhabitants usually have a very full complement of drug stores. Drugs and medicines are as much of a necessity as food and clothing. Although the general health of the people of Traverse City is far better than that of many other cities of its size, it has, nevertheless, many large, well-stocked drug stores, among them that of the subject of this review, Edward E. Miller, who, in addition to his stock of drugs, medicines and toilet articles, carries a large supply of Indian work, which he buys dlirect from the makers, also many Indian curios of various kinds. He is the pioneer druggist of the locality, having entered the business nearly forty years ago and has been engaged continuously in it ever since. Among the Indias he was born, reared and educated. The tribes were the Ottowas and Chippewas and he speaks their language as fluently as he does English. His older brother, Henry L. Miller, was the first white child born in Grand Traverse county and his mother was the first white woman to come as a bride to this region. An interesting article taken from a history of the Grand Traverse region, by Dr. M. L. Leach, regarding the coming of the bride, will be found in another part of this volume in the review of the career of Archibald A. Miller, brother of the subject. Edward E. Miller was born at Old Mission, on the peninsula in Grand Traverse county, November 27, 1847. His father was Lewis Miller, who was born at Kingston, Canada, in 1824. Early in life he was bereft of both his parents by death, the demise of both occurring the same month. When seventeen years of age he visited the Grand Traverse region and sojourned for a length of time among the Ottowa and Chippewa Indians, with whom he became a great favorite and acquired a very complete knowledge of their language. He then became an Indian trader, which business he followed with much profit until as time passed the advance of civilization in the locality made the business unnecessary and unprofitable. The mother of Edward E. Miller was Catharine (Kiley) 'Miller, a native of London, England, who, like her husband, had been rendered an orphan by the death of her parents, while she was still quite young. When a young woman she came to America and by some means found her way to Mackinac, at that time one of the outposts of civilization. There, on one of his numerous visits, she became acquainted with Lewis Miller. An attachment sprang up between them, which culminated in their marriage in September, 1845. To this union five.children were born, viz: Henry L., now engaged in mining near Butte City, Montana, a widower, without famnily; Edward E., the subject of this review; Archibald A. and George, clothing 472 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. merchants, of Traverse City, under the name of Miller Brothers; George W. is the father of two children and a widower; William died in 1885, at the age of twenty-five years. Both parents have been dead a number of years. At Old Mission, the place of his birth, the early life of Edward E. Miller was spent. He is possessed of a fair education, secured at the Indian mission school, where he and his brothers were the only white pupils. Rev. Peter Dougherty and his two daughters, Nettie and Susie, were the teachers. Along in the 'fifties the school was moved to New Mission, now Omena, the Indians having moved to that locality, and their pale-faced brethren, the Millers, accompanied them. At Omena is now located what is known as the "Cincinnati Resort." It is one of the most famous and popular summer resorts on the northern lakes, and here many hundred people, residents of Cincinnati and vicinity, spend the sultry summer months each year. When Edward E. Miller was fifteen years old, he secured a position, as clerk, in a general merchandise store in Northport, holding this position two years, or until his removal to Traverse City in 1864. That year he entered, as clerk, the first drug store opened in Grand Traverse county, and has been engaged constantly in the drug business since. He is the pioneer druggist of the Grand Traverse region. In 1875 he purchased a new stock of drugs, medicines, toilet articles and other wares kept in a well regulated and well equipped drug store and opened up in business for himself in Traverse City and for the next twelve years he devoted himself to the calling, had a flourishing trade and did a prosperous busi ness. Having an opportunity to dispose of his business at a fair profit, he did-so and accepted the position of manager of the drug department of the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company's general store, in which capacity he served for ten years and up to 1897, when he again resumed business on his own behalf. Time haS not in the least abated the friendly relations between the Millers and their Indian friends. The members of the two tribes, Ottowas and Chippewas, among whom the Miller boys were reared and educated, look upon them as a part of their own people. Born and brought up among them, the Indians insisted on giving each of the boys an Indian name, its bestowal being accompanied by all of the Indian ceremonies, including feasting and dancing. The Indian name of the subject of this review is "Sha-win-e-ge-siek," which signifies Southern Day. The drug store of Mr. Miller is headquarters for hundreds of Indian curios and Indian work of various kinds, such as baskets and hundreds of artistic articles made out of birch bark. He exhibits an Indian cradle, a most ingeniously constructed affair, that upon unquestionable authority is shown to be over one hundred years old. The Democratic party early won the good opinion of Edward E. Miller and he has never transferred his political allegiance since. His time, however, is more profitably occupied than it could possibly be in the political arena. However, he manages to vote his sentiments at each recurring election, and the overwhelming Republican majority of his native county does not deter him in the least from casting an opposition ballot. The only fraternal society to which GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 478 he belongs is the Knights of Pythias, Uniform Rank, his membership being in Traverse City. Two children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Miller, viz: Herbert E. and Florence C. Herbert, born March 20, 1877, was educated in the city schools and in the ligh school and has been in the store, assisting his father, about four years. He is a good, moral young man, but not a church member. Miss Florence is now in her eighteenth year, having been born April 12, 1885. She was educated in the city schools and is now attending the high school, from which she will soon graduate. She is a devout member of the Episcopal church, passionately fond of music and having both taste and talent in that line, it is her purpose to make it her life study. The comfortable, commodious and richly furnished home of the family is located at. No. 529 State street, and the family circle is indeed a happy one. The father is kind and indulgent, the mother considerate and amiable and the children dutiful and obedient. While Mr. Miller's life in pioneer days among the Indians may have been anything but an ideal one, certainly the present has furnished him ample compensation and the future seems to promise even more than the present bestows. In the summer time, each year, when thousands of summer tourists swell the population of Traverse City, the knowledge of the Indian tongue possessed by Mr. Miller is frequently brought into requisition in giving Indian names to yachts, cottages and resorts. At this season his store, too, is generally crowded during business hours, and there are very few who return ta their homes farther south without taking one or more souvenirs of their hot weather stay in Traverse City. These are always purchased at the Miller store. ANDREW F. ANDERSON. Andrew F. Anderson is now capably filling the position of postmaster at Omena, and he is also engaged in -merchandising in this place. He was born in Sweden on the 3d of October, 1857, and was but twelve years of age when he arrived in the United States. Landing in New York, he made his way into the interior of the country and lived in Chicago and Galesburg, Illinois, until 1i 88o. At that date he entered upon his business career as a clerk in his father's store in Omena, occupying the position for about a year. When that period had elapsed he returned to Chicago, but after a short time he again came to Leelanaw county and accepted a clerkship in the employ of W. S. Johnson, with whom he remained for about ten years. In the summer of 1883 he embarked in merchandising on his own account in Omena and has thus been connected with the commercial interests of the city for twenty years. There is perhaps no resident of this section of the state more widely known, and because of his honorable business methods, his fair treatment of his patrons and his earnest desire to please those who accord him their business support, he has received a very liberal patronage. In connection with the supervision which he gives his mercantile interests he is also serving as postmaster, having occupied the position during the greater part of his residence in Omena. Mr. Anderson is also interested. 474 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. in real estate, having made judicious investments of his capital in property until he is the owner of three hundred and fifty acres of valuable farming land in Leelanaw county. Mr. Anderson was married in Northport, Michigan, on the i8th of June, 1883, to Miss Marit Bahle, a native of Norway, and they are now the parents of five sons: Louis E., George C., Frank J., Oscar M. and Carl F. Mr. Anderson is very prominent in public affairs, and is an acknowledged leader of the Republican party in this section of the state. He fills the office of notary public and is also school director. No trust reposed in him has ever been betrayed in the slightest degree and his cooperation in public measures has been of marked benefit to the community. Fraternally he is a prominent Mason, belonging to the lodge at Northport, and he has also taken the Royal Arch degrees. He likewise holds membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and of both of these fraternities he is a valued representative because his life is in consistent harmony with their teachings. His career demonstrates in the highest and broadest sense that nationality or birth do not determine, in this country, either in spirit or degree, the future standing of anyone, either in business, patriotism or society, and is also illustrative of the American idea of the common brotherhood of man. JOHN R. SANTO. The business of an underwriter is seldom looked upon as anything approaching a protession. In most other callings some special training is required, but people get into the life insurance business because they imagine no special knowledge of it is necessary other than what they may require after having embarked in the calling. Hundreds of persons have tumbled into the fire insurance business in just that way who have found, to their sorrow and financial loss, that outside of special natural adaptation to the vocation, they should have had a good deal of training and some experience. John R. Santo, the subject of this sketch, is not one of these. Before embarking in the business of an underwriter for himself he spent eleven years actively engaged in the business, four of them in Detroit and seven in Grand Rapids. He qualified himself in every detail relating to the business, and it was only then that he ventured to secure an agency and branch out in business on his own account. He may not have thought of it at the time, but he certainly acted upon that wise admonition of Davy Crocket, "Be sure you are right, then go ahead." The result is that he has conducted a most successful business as a fire insurance agent for nearly ten years. John R. Santo was born in London, Canada, June 29, 1865. His father was John Santo, a native of England, born in 1830, who, when fifteen years of age, emigrated to America and located in London, Canada, where he met and married Miss Mary Rendle. He followed farming and stock raising, was prosperous and possessed of considerable means. They were the parents of eight children, all of whom are living, comfortably situated in life. The early life of John R. Santo was spent at his native place in Canada. When not occupied with his studies he aided his father on the farm, cultivating the soil and HON. JOHN R. SANTO. \'' GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 47.5 acquiring habits of industry, which he has found exceedingly valuable during his business career. His education was secured in the common schools and in the high school of his native city, but he failed to complete the course in the latter institution, greatly to his regret, on account of sickness. When seventeen years of age the condition of his health made it necessary for him to leave school, and the next year he devoted himself to the improvement of his health. In 1883 he came to Michigan and located in Detroit, securing a position with the Detroit Board of Fire Underwriters, which position he held for four years, improving every opportunity to familiarize himself with the details of the business. The Michigan inspection bureau in 1887 tendered him a lucrative position and one in which he could further advance his knowledge of the business. He accepted the place and was for the next seven years connected with the bureau at Grand Rapids, Michigan. In 1894 he purchased the H. F. Harsha Fire Insurance Agency of Traverse City, immediately moved here and has here resided ever since. lie has conducted his business in a manner that has won him a greatly increased patronage, and today the agency is worth many times what it cost him. May 12, 1892, at Grand Rapids, Michigan, John R. Santo was united in marriage to Frances C. Thompson, a lady of many accomplishments, amiable disposition and the possessor of numerous noble qualities. They have one child, Gwendolyn, now three years old. In politics Mr. Santo affiliates with the Democratic party. While rather passive in his political tendencies, he is frequently called upon to help out during heated political campaigns, and the Macedonian 29 cry seldom goes forth without a hearty response on his part. However, he indignantly disclaims the imputation of being a politician, though in April, 1903, he was elected mayor of the city. His own private business concerns have occupied all of his time he cared to spend away from his family, which has heretofore prevented him from seeking or accepting any office of trust or profit had he had the inclination to do so. He is a Mason, Knight of Pythias, an Elk and a Maccabee, and in the work of each of those orders he is deeply interested. He is a thorough business man, careful, systematic and methodical. The care he exercised in well equipping himself for his calling is indicative of the trend of his mind. He possesses every element necessary for a successful business career, and the past nine years of his life in Traverse City is a sure indication that he is amply capable of applying well the talents with which he has been richly endowed by nature. GCEORGE E. AMIOTTE. The gentleman to a brief review of whose life and characteristics the reader's attention is herewith respectfully invited is among the most progresive young business men of Traverse City, who by energy and correct methods have not only achieved success for themselves but have also contributed in a very material way to the commercial and industrial advancement of their place of residence. In the course of an honorable career, he has established himself in a liberally remunerative enterprise, won the confidence and esteem of his fellow townsmen and the worthy prestige which he today enjoys in 476 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. business and social circles shows him the possessor of those sterling qualities of head and heart essential to the largest measure of success in laudable undertakings. In the language of another, "The life of George E. Amiotte goes to show that it is possible to gain a firm foothold in the fihancial world and that before old age lays a chilling hand upon the worker, robbing him of the power of enjoying the fruits of his labor and taking from life so much of its charm." A young man into whose history nothing of the eventful or tragic has entered, but whose advancement has been along well-chosen ways, where Dame Fortune has thrown her favors, he has by the master strokes of his own genius risen from an obscure position and won success and reputation such as many,older in years and riper in experience have not attained. George E. Amiotte, son of Joseph and Olive Amiotte, was born in Muskegon, Michigan, on the 3d day o0 September, 1866. His father, a farmer and stock raiser, is still living, his mother having departed this life in the year 1894. Reared in close touch with nature and spending his early years under the rugged but wholesome discipline of the farm, young Amiotte grew up with a proper appreciation of the dignity of honorable endeavor and, being one of nine children, it fell to him while still a lad of tender years to take his place in the fields and assume his share of the responsibility of the family's support. In the country schools he obtained a knowledge of the elementary branches of learning, but by reason of his services being required at home his educational experience as far as books were concerned terminated with his twelfth year; meanwhile, however, he learned in the school of experience what is of quite as great practical value as a collegiate course-the valuable lesson of self-reliance and how to order one's way so as to make the most of opportunities. Mr. Amiotte's first money as a wage earner was received for work in and around the saw and shingle-mills of his native city and he devoted himself to this kind of labor for about seven years, not only paying his own expenses in the meantime, but like a dutiful son contributing a goodly share to the support of the brothers and sisters younger than himself. At the age of nineteen he entered the employ of his cousin, J. J. Amiotte, who conducted a livery stable in Muskegon, and while thus engaged his work took in everything that had to be done in and about such an establishment, including in addition to his regular duties the transportation at frequent intervals of traveling men from store to store around the city and often trips to more distant points. This experience was a valuable education in many respects, as it made him acquainted with business men and their methods, brought him in contact with the world, awakened his perceptive faculties and taught him how to discern the qualities and characteristics of different individuals, to compare their relative merits and deduce therefrom lessons to his own benefit. By courteous treatment of commercial agents he won their confidence and good will and by trying at all times to make himself useful, received from his employers and others many marks of encouragement which had not a little to do in fostering a spirit of manliness and leading him early to decide as to what his future course of action should be. By, frequent contact with business men and the traveling public generally he finally made GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 477 up his mind to become a commercial tourist and after five years of faithful service in the livery stable he resigned his position and, entering the West Michigan University, took a business course, the better to fit himself for his chosen calling. Receiving a diploma at the end of six months' faithful and painstaking study, he returned to Muskegon, poor in purse but with a laudable ambition to succeed and a sufficiency of will power to enable him to create opportunities providing none presented themselves. Two days after his return he was engaged by the Muskegon Cracker Company, which had been but recently organized, as city salesman, on a very meager salary, but he soon demonstrated his ability by making up a large and lucrative practice for the firm, the best part of the experience, however, being the establishing of his own reputation as a successful solicitor. After eight months with this company he resigned and a few weeks later engaged as traveling salesman with Snyder & Straub, manufacturers of candies and confectionery, at Muskegon, which position he held for a period of eight years with credit to himself and to the entire satisfaction of the firm and patrons. At the expiration of that time the well-known firm of Straub Brothers & Amiotte was formed, consisting of John G. and Anton F. Straub and George E. Amiotte, the object of which was to engage in the manufacture of confectionery and candies at Taverse City, the subject to represent the company on the road. Since becoming identified with the enterprise Mr. Amiotte has traveled over a large area of territory in Michigan and elsewhere, building up an extensive business and adding not only to his already well established reputation as'one of the ablest and most suc cessful commercial tourists in the state, but continually advertising his house and giving it much of the high prestige it now enjoys among the manufacturing and wholesale enterprises of Michigan. From a biographical sketch of Mr. Amiotte which recently appeared in the Michigan Tradesman, we quote the following reference: "Mr. Amiotte is associated in business with two of the best candy-makers that can be found. He keeps in touch with what the trade likes in all the best sellers and then orders the goods made, the quality of his confectionery being always of the very best. His last year's sales (1902) were the largest in quantity in the history of the house. Mr. Amiotte has been a traveling salesman for fourteen years; he always accepts things as they are, not as they should be, and secures and retains trade by honest methods, preferring to lose a sale rather than make one in such a manner that he could not see a second order." Mr. Amiotte is one of the popular men of his city, manifests an abiding interest in its affairs, assists to the extent of his ability and resources in its material development and is an influential force in the social and benevolent agencies of the community. When a young man of twenty he joined the Muskegon Rifles, a military organization, with which he was identified for three years, and in 1892 he became a member of the Michigan Knights of the Grip, a society composed of the traveling men of the state, to which he still belongs. Later, 1894, he joined the Modern Woodmen of America, with which he has since held membership, and in 1897 he was initiated into the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, which completes the list of his fraternal relations. While in politics and appreciating the value of good 478 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. government and favoring the enforcement of law and order, he is by no means a politician; he usually votes the Republican ticket, but in matters local frequently loses sight of party and supports the best qualified candidates. One of the most pleasing chapters in Mr. Amiotte's life story is that relating to his marriage, which happy event was solemnized in the year 1892 with Miss Hattie Flaggert, of Muskegon; the home circle at the present time, in addition to the father and mother, contains the third link in the person of an interesting daughter by the name of Zenedia Marie, a bright young lady who carries her weight of eight years with becoming dignity and grace. This review of Mr. Amniotte is necessarily general in its character. To enter fully into the interesting details of his career, touching his early boyhood experiences, the struggle of his young manhood and the success of later days, would require a much larger space than the limits attached to biographical sketches in this volume. Sufficient, however, has been submitted to prove that he is entitled to a place in the front ranks of successful self-made men of Traverse City, who by pluck, energy and enterprise, directed and controlled by correct principles, and founded upon strict integrity and unswerving honor, have wrought wisely and well to make Grand Traverse one of the brightest stars in the state's constellation of counties. WILLIAM O. HOLDEN. The state of Michigan is celebrated for the superior excellence of its hotels, and Traverse City's prestige in this line is well upheld by the attractive Park Place Hotel, of which Mr. Holden is the proprietor, while he is known as one of the thoroughly capable bonifaces of the city, enjoying marked popularity and successfully catering to a large and representative patronage. The old Buckeye state has contributed in no small measure to the personnel of the population of northern Michigan, and of this number is the subject of this sketch. Mr. Holden was born in the town of Kent, Portage county, Ohio, on the ioth of January, 1857, being a son of James A. and Mary (Bradley) Holden. James A. Holden was born in the state of New York in the year 1813, and as a young man he removed to Portage county, Ohio, being for many years a prominent merchant and influential citizen of Kent, retiring from active business a number of years previously to his death, which there occurred in August, 19o00, at which time he had attained to the venerable age of eighty-seven years. He was a man of the highest integrity of character, and commanded the unequivocal confidence and esteem of the community in which he so long made his home. He was a Republican in his political proclivities, having identified himself with the "grand old party" shortly after its organization and ever afterward remaining a stanch advocate of its principles. His religious faith was what is known as the orthodox church, while his widow was reared a Methodist. She was born in Portage county in 1825, being a representative of one of the honored pioneer families of that county, where she was reared and educated and where she has passed her entire life, being still a resident of the village of Kent, where she is held in affectionate regard by all who know her. Of the eleven WILLIAM 0. HOLDEN. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 479 children,born of this union seven are living at the present time, namely: Byron L., who is general agent for the New York Life Insurance Company at San Diego, California, is married and has three children; Alice is the wife of Ezra S. Bullis, a prominent book publisher in the city of Cleveland; Myra E. is the wife of S. J. Evarts, a traveling salesman, and they reside in the city of Chicago; William 0. is the immediate subject of this review; James A., Jr., who is a widower with three children, is associated with his brother Byron in the insurance business in San Diego; and Belle M. and Bertie remain at the old home with their mother, in Kent, Ohio. William O. I-olden was reared to the age of nineteen years in his native town, where he secured his educational discipline in the public schools. In 1881 lie came to Traverse City and assumed the position of clerk in the Park Place Hotel, retaining this incumbency for a period of seven years, at the expiration of which he became manager of the hotel. For an interval of three years, however, he was absent from Traverse City, having passed the winter of 1884 in California, while for the succeeding two years he was identified with the hotel business in different towns in Michigan. He returned to the Park Place Hotel in 1897 and became proprietor of the same in the same year, since which time he has ably managed the same and gained to it a high reputation with the traveling public. The hotel is modern in its appointments, every detail of service receives careful attention and the place is a favorite resort of commercial travelers in this section of the state. Mr. Holden accords a stanch alleglance to the Republican party, but has never held nor desired political office. He and his wife attend the Protestant Episcopal church, though neither are communicants, and fraternally he is identified with the Knights of Pythias, holding membership in Lodge No. 373. On the 22d of April, 1889, Mr. Holden was united in marriage to Miss Sophia Morrison, who was born in New York city, on the 3d of September, 1869. Her parents died when she was a child, and she was reared in the home of George H. Lathrop, of Jackson, Michigan. Mr. and Mrs. Holden have one child, Margaret, who was born on the 29th of April, 1890, and who is now attending the public schools. GEORGE A. CRAKER. Not all wh, oecome contestants in the business arena come off victorious in the strife. It is said that ninety-five per cent. of the men who establish business enterprises of their own meet with failure. This is largely due to the fact that they do not enter the field of activity for which nature intended them. Some fail because of lack of close application and others because indolence finds a part in their makeup. Mr. Craker, however, is one who has met with success along the line of his chosen calling and he is today one of the prosperous and respected farmers of Leelanaw township, Leelanaw county, his home being on section 23, where he owns a valuable tract of land of two hundred and sixty-eight acres, of which one hundred and sixty acres are improved. Mr. Craker was born in Erie county, New York, on the I8th of Septem 480 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ber, 1839. His father, Zachariah Craker, was a native of England and the mother of the subject, who bore the maiden name of Rhoda Barrett, was also a native of the merrie isle. For some years following their marriage they resided in the Empire state, but during the early boyhood of the subject they emigrated westward, establishing their home in Walworth county, Wisconsin, and in that state they continued to reside until called to their final rest. They had seven children, of whom George A. is the second in order of birth. I When a small lad George A. Craker accompanied his parents on their removal to Walworth county, Wisconsin, and was reared upon the home farm. No event of special importance occurred to vary the routine of farm life for him in his youth. The family lived in a pioneer settlement. The Indians were far more numerous than the white settlers in the locality at the time of their arrival and the work of improvement and progress 'remained to the future, nor was there any promise of the rapid development of the locality. Many hardships and trials incident to frontier life fell to the lot of the settlers and with the others of the family Mr. Craker shared in these. He became familiar with the arduous task of developing a new farm and gave his father the benefit of his assistance until 1855, when, at the age of fourteen years, he came to what is now Leelanaw county, Michigan, although there was no county organization at the time. Here he was engaged by the board of foreign missions under the supervision of the Presbyterian church to do missionary work among the Indians at what is now the town of Ome na. He continued in that service for fourteen years, being imbued with a most earnest desire to bring the light of the gospel to the red race and to aid them in the adoption of civilization. He always had their entire confidence and his efforts were not without good results. At the same time he carried on farming and while thus engaged he was married. It was on the 17th of May, 186o, that Mr. Craker was joined in wedlock to Mrs. Mary McConnell, who was an assistant missionary of Omena and a native of Pennsylvania. They traveled life's journey together for almost twenty-one years and then Mrs. Craker was called to the home prepared for the righteous, passing away in Leelanaw township on the 8th of January, 1881. She left two children, William A. and Frank. One son, Alonzo C., had died in 1871, when ten years of age. Mr. Craker was again married on the 23d of September, 1891, his second union being with Miss Harriet A. Middleton, who was born in Gustavus, Trumbull county, Ohio, on the 25th of July, 1852. They now occupy their pleasant home on section 23, Leelanaw township. Mrs. Craker is a daughter of Joshua S. and Harriet A. (Beman) Middleton, the former a native of Pennsylvania, while the latter was born in Ohio. They are early and prominent settlers of Leelanaw county, having taken up their abode here in the latter part of the 'fifties and at that time pioneer conditions existed on all sides. They had eight children, of whom Mrs. Craker is the third. Whenl Mr. Craker entered upon his missionary work he purchased the farm where he now lives and took up his abode GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 481 thereon in the fall of I866. It has since been his home, although the finely developed tract of land which he now has bears little resemblance to that which came into his possession more than a third of a century ago. Not an improvement had been made nor a furrow turned, the forest trees were still standing as planted by nature and these had to be cut down and the land cleared before crops could be cultivated. Mr. Craker ias erected good buildings and today has a very pleasant and substantial home and his farm is one of the best in Leelanaw township. Within its borders are comprised two hundred and sixty-eight acres and owing to his unfaltering industry he now has one hundred and sixty acres under cultivation. His fields are rich and productive and the place is divided by well-kept fences. Annually he harvests his grain crops from which he derives a desirable income when his grain is sent to the markets. In all of his work he is practical and enterprising and his labors have been crowned with a richly merited success. Mr. Craker has filled the position of highway commissioner and for many years was one of the superintendents of the poor for Leelanaw county. He and his wife are devoted and faithful members of the Omena Presbyterian church and through a long period he has served as superintendent of the Sunday school. When the missionaries who had been appointed to labor among the Indians at Omena left this portion of the state the red people were then without a preacher and in order that religious instruction might be continued Mr. Craker and h~s wife organized an Indian Sunday school. When a white population came into the country they also organized a Sunday school for the white children,-in fact, Mr. Craker has been untiring in his efforts to promote Christianity among the people of all races. He recognized the truth of the brotherhood of mankind and his efforts have been a great benefit to his fellow men. He is a gentleman of marked sympathy, kindly spirit and of unfaltering devotion to the good and his influence has ever been exerted in behalf of the church and the people. His word has ever been a synonym for integrity and he enjoys the unqualified confidence of all with whom he has come in contact. He is today one of the oldest settlers living in this part of Michigan and is the honored president of the Old Settlers' Association of the Grand Traverse region, comprising the counties of Grand Traverse, Leelanaw, Benzie and Antrim. Faultless in honor, fearless in conduct, stainless in reputation, -such is his life record. Honored and respected in every class of society, he has through a long period been a leader in thought and action in the public life of Leelanaw county and his name is inscribed high on the roll of its leading citizens. Volumes have been, written concerning pioneer life, yet the story of the frontiersman has never been adequately told. Mr. Craker never belonged to that class of people who believe in encroaching on the rights of the red men and driving them from their homes, but he believed in bringing to them the benefits and comforts of civilization and of religion. Such a man deserves all praise and honor and the great states of the west, with their splendid improvements, enterprises and advantages of civilization, are monuments to the memory of such worthy pioneers. 482 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. FRANK AMTSBUECHLER. There are probably in Michigan representatives of every civilized country on the face of the globe. Among those who have come from Austria is Frank Amtsbuechler, who, however, has spent the greater part of his life in "the land of the free," enjoying its privileges and taking advantage of its opportunities, until he is now numbered among the intelligent and prosperous residents of the community in which he makes his home. HIe lives in Elmwood township, Leelanaw county, and is following the occupation of farming. Mr. Amtsbuechler was born in Austria on the 13th of February, 1861, and is the eldest in a family of five children. When he was a little lad of four and a half years he was brought to the United States by his parents, Franz and Caroline Amtsbuechler, who, severing the ties which bound them to their native land, started with their little family for the United States. Boarding a west-bound vessel they landed at New York, but did not tarry long in the east, coming almost immediately thereafter to Michigan. They settled in Solon township, Leelanaw county, where the father secured a tract of land which he at once began to cultivate and improve. His labors resulted in the development of an excellent and productive farm, and thereon he made his home until his death, which occurred in 1892, when he was in his fifty-fifth year. No event of special importance occurred to vary the routine of farm life for Frank Amtsbuechler in his youth. He was reared upon his father's farm, and when not engaged with the duties of the schoolroom his time was largely devoted to assisting his father in the cultivation of the soil. He plowed, planted and harvested the crops, and thus when he entered upon an independent business career he was well equipped for the work by practical experience. On the 7th of December, 1886, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Amtsbuechler and Miss Mary Lautner, who was a native of Germany, born on the i8th of October, 1863. Her parents, Wenzel and Helena Lautner, were also natives of the same country, and the mother bore the maiden name of Helena Queisner. On coming to America they also established their home in Solon township, Leelanaw county, and the father carried on farming until his death. His widow is still living. Mrs. Amtsbuechler is a sister of Stephen and Edward Lautner, both of whom are well-known farmers of this county and are represented elsewhere in this volume. Unto our subject and his wife have been born two children, Oscar and William. At the time of his marriage Frank Amtsbuechler located in Elmwood township upon the farm which has since been his home, and to its further development and improvement he has since given his attention. In the operation of his land he also displays excellent business ability and executive force, and he now owns two hundred acres, of which about ninety acres are devoted to the purposes of general farming. There are good and substantial buildings upon the place, erected by the owner, and his ambition to secure a comfortable home and competence has been laudable and has been crowned with success. There is nothing in his life record which requires or seeks disguise. His history is as an open book, which all may read, and the tribute of respect and confidence Ici trj w cii Lii GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 488 which is ever accorded an upright character is given him. His name, too, is enrolled among the early settlers, and he has not only witnessed the development of the county, but has contributed to its progress through the faithful performance of his duties of citizenship. JAMES H. MONROE. The early pioneers of Grand Traverse county are fast passing away. Year by year their numbers continue to diminish, until of the hundreds who located here in the 'fifties only a very few of them remain. They withstood the trials, privations and hardships of life on the frontier, cleared the land and made productive farms and comfortable homes, the result of their arduous labors being now enjoyed by their children and grandchildren. There are, however, many men and women now living in the,county who, though coming here in early life, bore well their part in winning the land from the wilderness and making it a productive, prosperous region. They are no less worthy of praise for the part they bore in the labors and privations of pioneer life than are their parents. The cares and concerns of life weighed less heavily, doubtless upon their minds, for adversity has far less influence on youth than on age, but they are none the less entitled to the gratitude of their fellow citizens of today for what they have accomplished. Among these is Hon. James H. Monroe, the subject of this sketch. Coming to Grand Traverse county in 1859, when a boy of twelve years, locating with his father and the other members of the family in the midst of the wilderness, the early years of his life were chiefly devoted to toil. James H. Monroe was born in Steuben county, New York, August 5, 1847. His parents were William and Nellie (LaRue) Monroe, both natives of the state of New York, in which commonwealth they were married and some years afterward moved to Michigan. They located in Kent county, where they resided three years, and in 1859 established themselves on a homestead in Grand Traverse county. All the region round about was at that time a dense wilderness. They came by boat and to reach the land on which they located had to make a journey of twelve miles through the woods, the country at that time being entirely innocent of anything in the nature of a road. Six miles of the distance had been partially "cut," which made their progress comparatively easy, but the remainder of the journey was only accomplished after they had carved their way through with axes. They built a primitive home upon their place and occupied it for many years, until a better one was substituted. They were the parents of three children, viz: Mark L. grew to manhood, married and was the father of an interesting family of three children, but met with an accident with a runaway team in 1899, whereby he lost his life; Theodore A. resides in Traverse City, is married, is the father of one son, and is employed in the starch factory; James H. is the subject of this sketch. The early education of James H. Monroe was confined to the common schools of Iis neighborhood. He was a good student and improved well his time so that long before he had attained his majority he was 484 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. well versed in all of the common school branches. This education has been supplemented since by extensive reading, which has included history, biography, science and works of the higher order of literature, but law has been his special study. The other reading has been more for pleasure than profit, but one position that has been occupied by Judge Monroe made the study of the law imperative. There are few men in northern Michigan better informed on almost any subject that might be introduced than he. On leaving school and going out into the world to provide for himself, his father presented him with a tract of land in Blair township, two hundred acres in extent. It was what is termed wild land, wholly unimproved and in the woods. The next few years of his life he devoted to the clearing, improving and cultivation of the land. It is now cleared, improved and in a fine state of cultivation, with good buildings of all kinds and possessing every requisite for a comfortable home. Since he has taken up his residence in Traverse City the farm has been rented, but the work thereon is conducted under his immediate supervision. In October, 1875, James H. Monroe was united in marriage to Miss De Etta Monroe, in Blair township, in which township the bride resided. The family name of each is the same, but, so far as they are able 'to ascertain, they are related in no other manner than as husband and wife. Soon after marriage they took up their abode upon the farm, where they continued to reside until 1888, when the official duties of Judge Monroe necessitated a removal to Traverse City. They are the parents of two children, Gracie and Nellie. The latter died at the age of five years. Gracie is now in her sixteenth year, a most amiable, studious girl. She is attending school and is making fine progress in her studies. Politically Hon. James H. Monroe is a Republican. He is ardent and zealous in the interest of his party and one of its most prudent leaders in northern Michigan. The first political speech he ever listened to was delivered in Battle Creek, Michigan, by that most accomplished politician and statesman, Zachariah Chandler, of. Michigan. Like all the utterances of that most remarkable man, it was a remarkable speech, and made a lasting impression on the mind of the youth. In the Republican county convention of 1888 James H. Monroe was accorded the nomination for county treasurer, was elected, and two years later was re-elected to succeed himself. In 1892 he was elected probate judge, and for eight years occupied the bench, discharging the duties of the office most efficiently. In 1900, upon relinquishing his place upon the bench, he engaged in the fire insurance business, with offices in the Wilhelm building, in which vocation he is still engaged. At the late election, in 1902, he was elected to represent Grand Traverse county in the lower house of. the state legislature, and no one doubts that he will make a most worthy and capable representative. Mr. Monroe is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and he and Mrs. Monroe are both members of the Rebekahs. Years ago, when he was an agriculturist, he was a member and earnest worker in the Grange. Besides.his fine farm in Blair township he is the owner of a large amount of Traverse county property. To him it must be a real pleasure to realize how well he stands with his fellow-citizens throughout the county. The public is seldom mistaken in its estimation of a man. If Judge Monroe GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 485 was not most worthy he could not have remained in the public eye for the past fifteen years without any abatement, of his popularity. Today his standing in the community is far above what it ever has been. He has won for himself a name whose luster even time itself must fail to dim. 'ORLANDO C. MOFFATT. It is frequently asserted that distinguished fathers rarely if ever beget sons who possess the qualities necessary to win distinction. There is just enough truth in the assertion to beguile into this belief people who lack the energy and intelligence to investigate. Thousands of instances might be given on both sides of the proposition. A good deal of the distinction of this worfd is due to mere accident which tosses a father into the public eye, but is not always sufficiently generous to perform a like service for the son. There are, however, thousands of instances where men, through force of character, intelligence and native wobrth have won their way to the front and acquired distinction. In such cases the chances are largely in favor of the sons of such men inheriting those desirable qualities and if they do there is reasonable probability that the son may not only equal the sire, but far outstrip him in the achievements of his life. One such son is Orlando C. Moffatt, the subject of this sketch, whose father sat in the halls of legislation of the national capitol at Washington as the representative from the eleventh congressional district of Michigan. Orlando C. Moffatt was born in Lyons, Michigan, August 6, 1865. His father was Hon. S. C. Moffatt, a native of Battle Creek, Michigan, by profession a lawyer. His mother was Emma R. (Linnell) Moffatt. Hon. S. C. Moffatt died in the city of Washington, while a member of congress, in 1887, while Mrs. Moffatt is still living, a resident of Traverse City. The family consisted of three sons and one daughter, two of the former being now dead, the daughter, Edna, and Orlando C. being the survivors. Hon. S. C. Moffatt was a man of pronounced ability and unbounded popularity throughout the state. His political career began as early as 1868, when he was elected to the state senate. In i87,I he was appointed by the governor a member of the committee on the revision of the constitution. He was appointed, in 1874, register of the land office at Traverse City, which necessitated the removal of the family to this place. In 1881 he was elected a member of the lower house of the state legislature and upon the convening of that body was made speaker. The congressional nomination for the eleventh district was tendered him in 1884 and he was triumphantly elected. The eleventh district at that time comprised the entire upper peninsula and three of the northern counties of the lower peninsula. So faithfully did he discharge the duties of the position that in 1886 he was renominated and elected by an increased majority. His untimely death, the following year, cut short a most promising career. The early life of Orlando C. Moffatt, up to the time he was nine years old, was passed at Lyons and Northport, the family having moved to the latter place in 1868. In 1874 they moved to Traverse City, where they have since resided. Here Orlando re 486 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ceived the greater part of his education in the city schools, which he attended until he was eighteen years of age. On leaving school he accepted a position in the banking house of Hannah, Lay & Company, which he held for five years. Being tendered a position in the Old National Bank of Grand Rapids, he accepted, but held it only a few months, when the death of his father made it imperative that he should remain in Traverse City. Soon afterward he purchased the abstract books of Grand Traverse county and has ever since been engaged in that business. On August 6, 1888, Orlando C. Moffatt was united, in marriage to Miss Mary Cameron, a native of Utica, New York. Her parents are Archibald and Mary (Fulton) Cameron, the father born in Scotland, while the mother is a native of Ireland. They came to Traverse City many years ago and previous to her marriage Mrs. Moffatt was engaged in teaching. She is a lady of much ability and excellent judgment, a worthy partner for a young man just entering upon a most promising political career. They are the parents of six children, viz: Seth, their first born, died in 1897, at the age of six years; Margaret, Dorothy, Mary, Cameron and Catharine. The three older children are attending school and making good progress in their studies. Orlando C. Moffatt is as pronounced a Republican in politics as was his father. Being engaged in the abstract business, the office of register of deeds is for him a very desirable position. In 1898 he became a candidate for the office, was nominated and elected by a majority considerably larger than that which the general ticket received. He was re-elected. in 1900 and in 1902 he received the nomination for state senator, the official count disclosing his majority to be about four thousand. Of the total vote cast he received about seventy-five'per cent. Before the completion of his senatorial termit is confidently expected that he will disclose such qualities of statesmanship as will win him a still higher place, not only in the affairs of the state and nation, but, what he values more highly, in public regard and esteem. Neither Mr. nor Mrs. Moffatt belongs to any church or religious denomination. They, however, usually attend the services at the Congregational church. He is a Mason, it being the only fraternal order to which he belongs, and he has taken all of the degrees up to the consistory. In the work of this order he is deeply interested and is rarely absent from regular or stated meetings of the lodge. He is noted for his prudence and caution, and is proud of his family and of the accomplishments of his distinguished father. He possesses every requisite, if life is spared to him, to win for himself fame and a name that will be known and respected throughout the land. JOHN SCOTT. Forty-six years have elapsed since John Scott came to Leelanaw county. This district was then wild, its land unclaimed, its resources undeveloped. A few courageous frontiersmen had dared to locate within its borders, but the work of progress and improvement remained to the future and there was little promise of early development. The Indians still roamed through the forests and traded with the white settlers, but were GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 487 peaceable in their relations with the "pale faces." Streams were unbridged, forests uncut and the land uncultivated. In the years which have passed since the arrival of Mr. Scott in this locality a great transformation has been wrought and in this he has largely aided, bearing his. full share in the work of developing the county until it now ranks with the foremost in this commonwealth. He is now a prosperous farmer, enjoying the merited reward of a long and honorable business career. Mr. Scott resides on section 18, Leelanaw township, and his birth occurred in Lenox county, Ontario, January 20, 1838, his parents being John and Jane (Hamilton) Scott, both of whom were natives of Ireland and were of Scotch-Irish descent. In early life they became residents of the new world and both died in Hastings county, Ontario, the mother passing away when about seventy-five years of age, while the father, surviving her for a considerable period, died at the very venerable age of eighty-four years. They were the parents of thirteen children, of whom John Scott is the fourth. In the county of his nativity the subject of. this review grew to manhood and when but twenty years of age he left the parental roof and started out in life on his own account. He had no capital, but he possessed a resolute spirit and unfaltering courage, and these have been the salient features in his life work. Going to New York, he was there employed for a few years, after which he made his way westward and remained a resident of Walworth county, Wisconsin, until the fall of 1857, when, in company with his brother Andrew, he came to Leelanaw county, Michigan. The fol lowing year he became actively identified_ wtih farming interests here, and for fortyfive years he has lived upon the farm which is still his home. There are few residents here who can boast so long connection with one farm. Mr. Scott owns two hundred and thirty acres of land and in the midst of well tilled fields stand substantial buildings which are commodious, furnishing ample shelter for grain and stock, and he provided his family with a good home. The cultivated portion of his farm- covers one hundred and forty acres. In Northport, Michigan, on the I6th of May, 1864, Mr. Scott was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Budd, who was born in Woodstock, Ontario, on the 14th of July, 1844. She is a most estimable lady and to her husband has been a faithful companion and helpmate on the journey of life. Her parents were Henry and Martha (Voice) Budd, both of whom are natives of England, and prior to the Civil war they became residents of the United States, having lived for a time in Canada. When the South made an attempt to overthrow the Union Mr. Budd became a loyal advocate of the governmental policy at Washington and joined the Union army. He served for three years and then died of smallpox while with the Union troops. About 1855 he had come with his family to Leelanaw county, Michigan, and settled in Northport, where he was living at the time of his enlistment with the boys in blue. Mrs. Budd survived her husband for a number of years and died in Northport when about ninety-two years of age. This worthy couple were the parents of nine children, of whom.Mrs. Scott was the second. Unto the subject and his wife have been born three children, who yet 488 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. survive, namely: John E., Albert H. and Birney. They also lost one daughter, who died when four years of age. John Scott also became a defender of the Union cause at the time of the Civil war, enlisting in May, 1864, with Company F, Fifteenth Michigan Infantry, with which he served for a year. He has taken an active part in township and county affairs and has been honored with positions of public preferment. He served as sheriff of Leelanaw county for one term, has been highway commissioner and justice of the peace. Both he and his wife hold membership in the Congregational church of Northport, of which he is one of the stewards, and his social relations connect him with Northport Lodge No. 265, Free and Accepted Masons, of which he has been master. His entire freedom from ostentation or self laudation has made him one of the most popular citizens of Leelanaw county, with whose history he has been long and prominently identified. No resident of this community is more deserving of honorable mention in this volume and it is, indeed, with pleasure that we present to our readers the record of his life. BENJAMIN D. ASHTON, M. D. The life of a practicing physician in the woods of Ohio fifty years ago was necessarily an active one. He did not have the fine roads of the present day to travel on and the comfortable, easy conveniences of modern times were not known then. The physicians of those days, visiting their patients, traveled on horseback and the road in most instances was a mere bridlepath. Conditions eight or ten years later in Grand Traverse county were not greatly improved over those in Ohio. The subject of this review, Dr. Benjamin D. Ashton, a retired physician of Traverse City, is very familiar with the conditions which existed both in Ohio and Michigan in the early days and could give many an interesting reminiscence of pioneer life in both states. Dr. Benjamin D. Ashton was born in Clermont county, Ohio, September 15, 1828. His father was Thomas H. Ashton, a farmer, who was a native of Pennsylvania, born in Bucks county in 1797. The family moved to Ohio in 1808 and settled in Clermont county, where Thomas H. Ashton grew to manhood. The mother of the subject was Elizabeth (Cramer) Ashton, who was born in Trenton, New Jersey, in i8oo. While she was yet in her childhood the family moved to Clermont county, Ohio, and there she was reared and grew to womanhood. In 1819 Thomas H. Ashton and Elizabeth Cramer became husband and wife and to this union a number of children were born, only four of whom, however, grew to maturity. Rachael, the oldest child of the family, lived to be seventy-six years; Benjamin D., the subject, is now in his seventy-fifth year; William was in the army during the war of the Rebellion, became afflicted with rheumatism, but never fully recovered from *it, though he lived some twenty years after the close of the war; Elizabeth F., widow of George Brechbill, is a resident of Nebraska, where her husband died, and she is now sixty-four years of age. The father of this family died in the year 1888, at the age of ninety-one years. The mother had gone to her eternal rest some GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 489 nine years previously, having expired in the year 1879, at the age of seventy-nine years. The early life of Benjamin D. Ashton was spent in Brown county, Ohio, to which place the family moved while he was yet a child. He was educated in the common schools, and after completing the course there entered the Franklin Institute, at Felicity, Ohio, where he took the regular course, graduating with honors. After leaving school he taught for a number of terms, meanwhile pursuing his studies in medicine when not employed in the school room. Later he entered the office 6f Dr. Edenfield, of Fayetteville, Ohio, and there continued his studies under the direction and instruction of that doctor. He next entered the Ohio Medical College, at Cleveland, from which institution he graduated after taking the regular course. Returning to Fayetteville, he entered into partnership with his old preceptor, Dr. Edenfield, but it continued only about six months, being ternminated by the death of the senior member of the firm. After the death of his partner Dr. Ashton went to Defiance, Ohio, and, opening up in the practice of his profession, remained there seven years. In 1862 he came to northern Michigan, locating in Traverse City, where he has remained up to the present time. He has enjoyed an extensive practice here during all the years of his residence, but about three years ago, feeling the weight of advancing years, he determined to retire from active practice, and so has done little in his profession since. On May 7, 1856, at Defiance, Ohio, Benjamin D. Ashton was united in marriage to Miss Margaret P. Lackey, a native of Ohio, born at Lebanon, Clermont county, January 19, 1839. Her parents were John and Mary (Stites) Lackey, natives of Ohio. When their daughter Margaret was five years old the family moved to Defiance, and there Margaret was reared and grew to womanhood. John and Mary Lackey were the parents of two children, Charles P., who was born in 1837, was a clerk in a general store in Defiance at the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion, entered the United States service as a soldier, served during the war and until its close, and died some fifteen years ago; Margaret P., who became the wife of the subject of this review. To Dr. Ashton and wife three children were born, viz: Benjamin F., born April 27, 1857, was married, but no children were born to the union; he died in 1887, and his widow now resides in Florida; Charles W., born December 14, 1857, who is an attache of the fire department of Traverse City, married Mary A. Haviland, and they are the parents of four children, Laura E., Charles J., John D. and Herbert; Edwin L., born April i I, I1861, who is a dentist and engaged in active practice in Traverse City, married Eva Hobbs, and they are the parents of four children, Benjamin R., Frank E., Seth H. and Clarence. Mrs. Ashton died September 3, 1892. In politics Dr. Ashton was an old-line Whig, Free-soiler, and a Republican from the first organization of that party. He is still deeply interested in the success of Republican principles. He held the office of pension examiner nearly all of the time since the close of the war. In 1887-8 he represented Grand Traverse county in the lower house of the state legislature, having been elected at the presidential election of 1886, In religion he is a sincere Christian, but belongs to no religious denomination, al 490 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. though nearly all his life he has affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal church. He belongs to but one fraternal order, that of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of which he has been an active member since 1850. His life has been an active and a useful one, whose good works will live long after he has passed away. He is living a quiet retired life in the family of his son, Dr. Edwin L. Ashton, in his pleasant home on Cass street. DAVID E. WYNKOOP. He of whom this brief sketch is written is a representative of one of the honored pioneer families of Grand Traverse county, where he has passed practically his entire life, and he is one of the successful and prominent citizens of Traverse City, having attained prosperity through his own welldirected efforts. He has done much to further the upbuilding and material prosperity of the city, is alert and progressive and public-spirited, and is in every sense eligible for specific recognition in a publication of the province assigned to the one at hand. Mr. Wynkoop is a native of the state of Illinois, having been born in Sycamore, DeKalb county, on the 8th of August, 1860. His father, Thomas M. Wynkoop, was born in Dallas, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, on the 22d of April, 1820, and when he was about nine years of age his parents removed to Lockport, Niagara county, New York, where he was reared to maturity, his educational privileges being such as were afforded by the common schools of the locality and period. In that city, in May, 1848, was sol emnized his marriage to Miss Betsey R. Kingsley, who was born May 31, 1832, near Rochester, New York, where she was reared and educated. In 1854 Mr. and Mrs. Wynkoop removed to Sycamore, Illinois, where he was identified with agricultural pursuits until 1864, when he came to Grand Traverse county, becoming one of its earliest pioneers. He made the first homestead entry of land in Paradise township, in whose organization he took a prominent part, having personally given the township its name. He was supervisor of the township for a number of years and became one of the most honored and influential citizens of this section. He continued to reside in Kingsley until his death, which occurred on the Ioth of September, 1901. His wife passed away on the 3oth of May, 1879. They became the parents of three children, of whom the subject of this sketch was the first born, the other two being Adonis, who married Miss Mary Stevenson, who has borne him three children, and he is now engaged in the general merchandise business at Cedar Run, this county; and Verna, who became 'the wife of William Schwander, a farmer of Allegan county, this state, died. there, in March, 1886, leaving one child, Maud, who is now sixteen years of age. Thomas M. Wynkoop cleared and improved a farm in this county and was a man of fine ability and impregnable integrity, being a type of that sturdy element of citizenship which brought about the magnificent development of this favored section of the Peninsular state. David E. Wynkoop was but four years of age at the time of his parents' removal to Grand Traverse county, and his boyhood days were passed on the pioneer farm near WYNKOOP FLATS. MR. AND MRS. D. E. WYNKOOP. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 491 Kingsley, while his preliminary educational discipline was received in the district schools, after which he completed the full course of three years in the Traverse City high school, this being before the days of formal graduation honors in the public' schools, so that he was denied the dignity of receiving the ribbon-bedecked diploma of the latter days. After leaving the high school Mr. Wynkoop put his scholastic acquirements to practical test by becoming a teacher in the district schools of the county, devoting his attention to pedagogic work for three years and proving a successful and popular teacher. On the 28th of December, 1881, at Monroe Center, this county, Mr. Wynkoop was united in marriage to Miss Carrie Jennee, who was born near the city of Detroit, Michigan, on the 31st of July, 1859, being a daughter of Isaac and Lucia (Weightman) Jennee, the former of whom was born and reared in Scotland, whence he came to the United States in his youth. He was a valiant soldier in the Union army during the war of the Rebellion, in which he received a severe wound in the right hand, the result being that he was thereafter incapacitated for active manual labor. He engaged in farming and lumbering in Michigan and is now a resident of Virginia. His wife was a native of the dominion of Canada, and her death occurred when her daughter Carrie, wife of the subject, was but seven years of age, and Mrs. Wynkoop then came to Monroe Center, this county, where she was reared in the home of her aunt, Mrs. Delilah Brownson, with whom she remained until the time of her marriage. She taught school for three years, from her eighteenth year until her marriage. She was located, during 30 these years here and in the southern part of this state. Mr. and Mrs. Wynkoop are the parents of four children, namely: Roy A., who was born October 14, 1882, and who is now taking a post-graduate course in the Traverse City high school, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1901; Ralph W., who was born September 13, 1884, and who is a member of the high school class of 1901; Dollie, who was born August J2, 1886, and who likewise is a student in the high school in the same grade with Ralph; and Vera, who was born July 29, 1888, and who is attending the city schools. All of the children are diligent and appreciative students and are making the most of the opportunities afforded them, being well advanced in their studies. After his marriage Mr. Wynkoop continued to teach in the district school for one term, at the expiration of which he built a residence on a piece of new land which he had purchased, in Paradise township, and there he and his wife took up their abode. On this place he continued to reside for four years, cutting the timber and selling the same and also placing the land under cultivation as rapidly as possible. He had cleared about twenty-five acres of the tract within the interval noted, and he then removed to the village of Kingsley, though he still retains possession of his farm, which is being further improved under his direction and which is now one of the valuable places of the county, the same comprising one hundred and eighty acres. He operated a planing-mill in Kingsley for one year and then established himself in the hardware business in that village, continuing to be successfully engaged in this line of enterprise for twelve years, at the expiration of 492 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. which, on the Ist of January, 1900oo, he disposed of the stock and business. He then passed a year in the state of Oregon and upon his return to Grand Traverse county he took up his residence in Traverse City. Here he purchased vacant lots on the corner of Park and Washington streets, and there erected a substantial and commodious threestory brick building, of modern architectural design and equipment, the same being divided into flats and single roms and being known as Park Terrace. Aside from the ground the cost of the building aggregated eight thousand dollars, and it is one of the attractive structures of the city. Immediately adjoining this building Mr. Wynkoop owns five large and attractive residence p)roperties, which he rents at a good figure, while he also owns four other houses in the city, while in Kingsley he erected, in 1901, a two-story brick business block, which he still owns, together with two good dwelling houses in the village, so that he derives a good income from his rentals, his real-estate interests and capitalistic investments in other lines placing demands upon the greater portion of his time and attention. In his political allegiance Mr. Wynkoop gives his support to the Republican party, of which his father was an ardent advocate, and he identified himself with the "silver" wing of the party at the time of the late agitation of the monetary issue, thus showing the courage of his convictions, for he is distinctly individual and self-reliant, endowed with a high order of intellectuality, a student of the questions and issues of the hour, and is thus able to form his own opinions and to fortify them effectually. He is liberal in his religious views, having a deep respect for the spiritual truths and considering the Gold en Rule a safe and worthy code and creed. Fraternally he is identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of which he has been a member for twenty-one years and in which he has passed the various official chairs, while he also holds membership in the Knights of Pythias and the Knights of the Maccabees. He is a member of the directorate of the Farmers' Mutual Insurance Company of Grand Traverse County. - THOMAS T. BATES. The two most strongly marked characteristics of both the east and the west are combined in the residents of the section of country of which this volume treats. The enthusiastic enterprise which overleaps all obstacles and makes possible almost any undertaking in the comparatively new and vigorous western states is here tempered by the stable and more careful policy that we have borrowed from our eastern neighbors, and the combination is one of peculiar force and power. It has been the means of placing this section of the country on a par with the older east, at the same time producing a reliability and certainty in business affairs which is frequently lacking in the west. This happy combination of characteristics is possessed by the subject of this brief sketch, Thomas Tomlinson Bates, of Traverse City, Michigan, who was born December 13, 1841, at Keeseville, Essex county, New York. His father was Rev. Merritt Bates and his mother Eliza A. Tomlinson, both being of English ancestry. The father was a Methodist Episcopal clergyman, and an active and uncompromising anti ~I2 m & 0 H ) GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 498, slavery man through all the thirty-five years preceding the Civil war. A man of strong conviction and great ability, he occupied a prominent place in his church, and lived to see the triumph of the cause to which he had given the best years of his life. His mother was of the old New York family of Tomlinsons, prominent in New York city in Revolutionary times and the years immediately following. Thomas T. Bates was educated in the public schools. At sixteen he began life for himself, clerking at one dollar a week and boarding himself. A year later he was general helper in a bank at Glens Falls, New York. At eighteen he occupied an important position in a banking house in Memphis, Tennessee, but came north at the outbreak of the war. He removed to Traverse City in 1863, was cashier for Hannah, Lay & Company two years, and resigned to open a real estate office with Hon. D. C. Leach, whose interest in the business he bought in 1871. In 1858 his uncle, Hon. Morgan Bates, established the Grand Traverse Herald, and sold the paper in 1867 to Hon. D. C. Leach. Thomas T. Bates, who had had the management since 1865, bought the Herald of Mr. Leach in 1876, and has since that time been its editor and proprietor. His wife, Mrs. M. E. C. Bates, is associate editor, and his daughter, Miss Mabel, local and society editor and associate manager. Mr. Bates. has always been active in politics. He was prominent in eastern New York in 1856, when only fifteen years old, in the youth's organization of "The Rocky Mountain Boys" in the Fremont campaign. His first presidential vote was for Lincoln in 1864, andl he has never missed voting a straight Republican ticket since. He has never been a political office-holder, with the exception of that of postmaster at Traverse City, 1881-3, resigning the position on account of the increasing business of the Herald, which demanded his time. He was for several years chairman of the township and county committees. In 188o he was chosen a member of the state central committee of his party, and served ten consecutive years, the longest consecutive service ever given by any member of the party. He represented his district as delegate in the Republican national convention in 1892, and was made secretary of the delegation. In 1885 Mr. Bates was appointed a member of the board of trustees of the Northern Michigan Asylum, located at Traverse City, and which was opened to patients that year. He was re-appointed in 1889, again in 1895, and again in 1901, and is still acting on the board. In the fall of 1885 he was also appointed a member of the board of building commissioners for the same institution, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Hon. Perry Hannah, and was at once chosen chairman of the board, serving in this capacity until the completion of the work of the commission in the fall of 1886. He was elected secretary of the Traverse City Railroad Company upon its organization in 1871, and served in that capacity until the road was leased to the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad Company; was then placed upon the board of directors of the Traverse City Railroad Company, and for several years was president of the company. For a number of years he was a member of and president of the board of library trustees of Traverse City. He is a member of the Free and Accepted Masons, and Royal Arch Masons, the Knights 494 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. of Pythias and Knights of the Maccabees organizations, and was for a number of years president of the Traverse City Business Men's Association, which has been instrumental in locating at that point nearly all the important manufacturing establishments of Traverse City. In 1897 he established, with J. W. Hannen, the Evening Record, and the enterprise has been very successful. Both that and the Herald are aggressively Republican in politics. The subject was married, in 1867, to Miss Martha E. Cram, daughter of Jesse Cram, who for many years was identified with the early history of Wayne and Genesee counties, and who was also one of the pioneers of Grand Traverse county. The family consists of two daughters, Miss Mabel and Miss Clara, and a son, George S., who is in the publishing business in Chicago. was married in his native state and has always followed the occupation of a farmer. After marriage he located in Monroe county, New York, and from there moved to DeKalb county, Illinois, remaining there and carrying on his farming operations until June, 1866, when he came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and took up one hundred and sixty acres of land for a home in Paradise township. Later he disposed of forty acres, the remaining tract having been improved and cultivated by him and transformed into a cheerful, pleasant home. Mr. Kingsley was married in August, 1848, to Miss Elizabeth A. Demorest, a native of New York, and a lady of rare and striking personality whose influence on those about her has resulted in untold good. Six children added to the happiness of this already happy married life, all of whom are living. They are Chloe J., who is the wife of William Rose; David A.; Delos C.; Cora, wife of David Crawford; Sardine M.; and Effie M., wife of A. M. Jeffrie. These children were all at different times teachers in the schools of Grand Traverse county. Fifty-two years from the time of her marriage, and in the same month of the year, August 24, 1900, Mrs. Kingsley was at the home of her daughter in Big Rapids, when her gentle spirit took its flight to join the choir invisible, leaving a wide circle of friends to mourn her. Mr. Kingsley is now in the evening of life but has retained a wonderful vitality and takes deep interest in the current events of the day. He is a Democrat. It is related of Rev. A. C. Kingsley that in 1865 he paid a visit to Grand Traverse county and upon his return he took passage upon the little steamer "Sunnyside," intending to connect at Northport with the main ELON G. KINGSLEY. I Elon G. Kingsley, a pioneer of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and a man who is held in the highest respect by everybody, was born in Chenango county, New York, September io, 1826, and is the son of a Baptist clergyman, Rev. A. C. Kingsley and his wife, Chloe B. (Leonard) Kingsley, being of English extraction. They moved to the western part of New York at an early day and from there to Walworth county, Wisconsin. Later they settled in DeKalb county, Illinois, where they died. They had a large family of twelve children and did more than their share towards developing the county and elevating the masses. Elon G. Kingsley grew to manhood and L MRS. E. G. KINGSLEY E.G. KINGSLEY GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 495 line of steamers for Chicago. While waiting at Northport Rev. Kingsley formed the acquaintance of another Baptist clergyman and they there and then organized the first Baptist church in Northport, which still exists. One of Rev. Kingsley's characteristics was punctuality, as is evidenced by the remarkable fact that during a ministry of forty-nine years he never disappointed a congregation. Of the Kingsley family whose ancestry traces to the Old Bay state there are now three living: Amanda C., wife of M. A. Miller, of Spencer, Iowa; the subject of this sketch, and Mary J., widow of Asel Ladd, who resides with the subject. EDWIN S. PRATT. It was that redoubtable Kentuckian, H-enry Clay, who said, "I would rather be right than be President." The sentiment has been quoted many times since in reference to lesser political positions than that of President, and often by people who knew that they did not speak the whole truth when they uttered it. Actions, however, speak loudler than words, so when the words of a man are not only sustained but emphasized by his acts, full and complete credence must be given to his utterances. These observations apply with special force to Edwin S. Pratt, the subject of this sketch. Reared a Republican of the most pronounced type, in complete concord with that party during his early manhood. he, like Whitelaw Reid, Chauncey Depew and other distinguished gentlemen of national reputation, espoused the cause of the Liberal Republicans during the campaign of 1872 and voted for Horace Greeley for President. Unlike the gentlemen named, Mr. Pratt has never since seen a time when he felt that he could consistently return to the Republican fold. He has been continuously a resident of Grand Traverse county and his old party associates would gladly welcome his return, but, true to principles as he sees them, he prefers other political associates. The customary Republican majority of Grand Traverse county is eighteen hundred. Had Mr. Pratt chosen to affiliate with that party there is little doubt that.he might have had ample access to the political flesh-pots, but by word and deed he has clearly proven that he "would rather be right than be President." Edwin S. Pratt is a native of Michigan, born in Deerfield, Livingston county, April 23, 1844. His father was James Pratt, a farmer, who died in I1881. His mother, who is still living, was ninety-three years old the ioth of January, 1903. The boyhood of Edwin S. Pratt was spent on a farm in his native county, engaged in the usual work of a boy on a farm. He was educated in the common schools and the Fenton high school at Fentonville, Genesee county, Michigan, and there laid the foundation for a most successful professional career. By nature he is a student, and when confronted with the necessity of choosing a calling in life he pronounced in favor of the law. In 1864 he entered the law department of the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, from which he graduated in 1866, receiving his diploma as attorney at law. May 22, 1866, he opened an office and began the practice of his profession in Traverse City. There he has remained ever since, having made no change during all those thirtyseven years, either in locality or calling. The 496 GRAND TRAVERSE AND.LEELANAW COUNTIES. law is said to be a very exacting mistress, but to Mr. Pratt her very exactions are his most supreme pleasure. Few men are more devoted to their profession than is he, a devotion which seldom goes unrewarded. His practice has steadily grown from the beginning, until at this time it extends into most of the counties in northern Michigan, and he is engaged in all of the courts, including the United States courts and the supreme court of the state. He served as prosecuting attorney of Grand Traverse county a number of years, and during his early practice was circuit court commissioner. August 13, 1869, the subject was united in marriage to Ada K. Sprague, who is a sister of Mrs. Reuben Hatch, of Grand Rapids, and of Elvin L. Sprague, of Traverse City. They are the parents of three children, viz: Lewis A., born January 6, 1872, Winifred E., born January 9, 1874, and E. Sprague, born July 16, 1878. Each has received a good education and is well fitted for the labors of life. Mr. Pratt occupies his hours of recreation in superintending the management of his farm, which is adjacent to the city. The duties of his profession are so exacting that little time is left him even for this, but by systematic labor and the judicious selection of employes, he has been far more successful in his agricultural pursuits than was his worthy political leader in 1872-Horace Greeley. His is a splendid fruit farm, excellently cultivated and finely improved. He is greatly interested in the breeding, raising and feeding of stock of all kinds, but takes special interest in horses and cattle, and has many head of each, among them some valuable animals. Politically Edwin S. Pratt is classed as a Democrat, although it is very doubtful if he could conscientiously subscribe to all or even nearly all of the doctrines of Democracy. As before stated, he was born and reared a Republican, and it is well known that very few are able to wholly divest themselves of their early teachings. Still, he has affiliated with the Democratic party so long and so zealously advocated its policies, in a region that is hopelessly Republican, that, although politics is said to make strange bed fellows, Mr. Pratt is not likely to change his political couch. In the campaign of I88o he was the Democratic candidate for congress in the ninth congressional district. His Republican opponent was Hon. Jay Hubble, a man of much popularity and considerable ability, and there was a Republican majority of ten thousand in the district. It takes no small amount of physical fortitude to face a phalanx of that magnitude. but no one ever yet questioned the courage of Mr. Pratt. He fought through the campaign with all the zeal and earnestness of a man who had hope of election, and was gratified at the close of the campaign to see the majority of his opponent greatly reduced. He had accomplished even more than he had reason to expect. The counties composing the judicial circuit of which Grand Traverse county is a part usually gives a Republican majority of six thousand. Twice Edwin S. Pratt has been a candidate for circuit court judge in this district. Each time he carried his home county, despite the fact that its normal Republican majority is eighteen hundred, and the last time he ran the six thousand majority in the district shrank to six hundred. Such achievements are a much better attestation of Mr. Pratt's ability as a campaigner than GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 497 anything that could be said here. They also indicate in some small degree what he might accomplish were his efforts put forth on behalf of a majority confident of success, instead of a minority, the enthusiasm of which has been crushed out of it by repeated and continuous defeats. Mr. Pratt is not a church member, but he has much regard and respect for all religious organizations and for the opinions and beliefs of those who chose to become members of such organizations. He has been a member of the Masonic fraternity since 1870. It is the only lodge to which he belongs and he is deeply interested in the work of the order and in all matters relating to its welfare. He is a man of integrity and ability and of great firmness, being rarely diverted from any course he once determines upon. PARMIUS C. GILBERT. Traverse City, the county seat of Grand Traverse county, is a place of some twelve thousand inhabitants, having grown marvelously during the interim since its incorporation, ten years ago, and the next ten years will probably see a much greater growth in its population than the last decade has witnessed. The incorporation of a city is not the easy, formal proceeding that some people might suspect. Very often the best legal talent is required to see that all of the various forms of law required by the statutes are strictly complied with and that all of the proceedings in the transition from a village to a city are regular. There must be strict compliance with the statutes in each step taken, for the incorporation is liable to be attacked at any time by parties whose interests would be subserved by showing that the proceedings were illegal. The first city attorney of the city of Traverse was Parmius C. Gilbert, the subject of this sketch. He was the counsellor and advisor of the authorities in each step taken looking to incorporation. He was a young man, a graduate of the Traverse City high school and of the law department of the University of Mi'chigan, with very little practical experience in the law at that time, but he was a thorough student, familiar with all the requisite forms in such cases, and so well did he perform his duties that the incorporation of the city has stood the test of time and no one, even the most technically critical of the legal profession, has ventured to question a single step taken in the proceeding. Parmius C. Gilbert was born May 24, 1864, in Vandalia, Cass county, Michigan. His father is Jeremiah B. Gilbert, a contractor and builder and later a farmer. He is still living, at the age of sixty years, upon a farm in Manistee county, lichigan. His wife is Harriet A. (Rudd) Gilbert, a native of Michigan, now fifty-nine years of age. They are the parents of twelve children, nine of whom are still living. One son, Sumner, is a clerk in the law office of his brother, Parmius, the subject of this review. The early life of Parmius C. Gilbert was spent upon his father's farm in Manistee county, his parents having moved to that locality when he was two years old. His early education was received in the public schools in the neighborhood in which he lived. He later took the regular course in the Traverse City high school and gradu 498 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ated in the class of 1889. At the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, he immediately entered the law department, took the regular course and graduated in 1891. During the time of attending school at Traverse City, and also at Ann Arbor he defrayed the expense incidental to his schooling by his personal earnings from day to day and during vacation. During the second year he was the assistant librarian of the law department of the university. The same year he opened an office for the practice of his profession in Traverse City, and has been actively engaged therein ever since. During the twelve years of his practice he has been retained in many important and hotly contested pieces of litigation and has achieved much more success than many of his older and more experienced brethren in the profession. While yet what might be termed a novice in the profession he became city attorney, being the first to occupy that position in Traverse City, and so well did he discharge the duties of the office that he held the place for five years and under three different administrations of the city government. At the present time he is engaged in important litigation. Among the cases in which he is interested may be mentioned the election contest over the office of probate judge of Leelanaw county and the McKnight murder trial in Kalkaska county. November 30, 1892, Parmius C. Gilbert was united in marriage, in Traverse City, to Miss R. Emma Thomas, who is a native of Henry county, Indiana, born January 19, 1869. She is the daughter of Jeremiah and Luzena S. (Johnson) Thomias, who are both natives of Indiana. The family moved to Traverse City in 1880, in which place Mr. Thomas is now engaged in the real estate business. Mrs. Gilbert is well educated and accomplished, the foundation for her education being laid in the city schools of Traverse City. Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert are the parents of four children, viz: Harold, born January 16, 1894; Ester, born January 19, 1896; Grace, born December 5, 1898; Miriam, born March I, 1900. The two older children have been attending school, are bright and intelligent and take very kindly to their studies. In politics Mr. Gilbert is a very pronounced and prominent Republican, and, especially during political campaigns, is alive to the interests of his party. In 1898 he was solicited to become a candidate for circuit judge in the Grand Traverse circuit, which comprises four counties. He received the hearty endorsement of the delegates from Grand Traverse county and was only defeated for the nomination by a combination of the other three counties against him. Defeat sours and embitters some persons in politics. It is not so with Parmius C. Gilbert. His failure to receive the nomination has not in the least abated his ardor oit behalf of his party. Previous to his marriage Mr. Gilbert was a Baptist in religion. His wife, however, is a member of the Friends church, and he, soon after their union, for the sake of religious harmony in the family, very complaisantly transferred his membership from the Baptist church to that of his wife. They now worship at the same altar, which, considering the little difference in teaching and form of worship between the two denominations, is a much more sensible way of doing than each attending service in a different house of worship. He is a Mason, a Knight of Pythias and a member of the Independent Order of GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 499 a f Foresters, and is much interested in the work of those lodges. There are few young men who have entered any of the learned professions and have won so high a place in the same length of time as has Parmius C. Gilbert. With youth, ambition and almost an unlimited supply of vital force, there is no reason why, in the next twentyfive years, he may not reach the most exalted position in his chosen profession. SIDNEY A. KEYES. Michigan is especially famous for three things, its great lumber forests, its horticultural interests and its summer resorts. Nature has certainly been bountiful in her gifts to the state. Along the two first mentioned lines many of her citizens have won success and fortune, and in more recent years the entertainment of summer guests has become a leading industry and one of profit to those who engage therein. There is no more attractive resort to those who wish to enjoy the beauties of nature and at the same time have a quiet retiring life than "The Clovers," which is the property of Sidney A. Keyes. It is beautifully situated about a mile south of Omena, on an eminence overlooking Grand Traverse bay. The broad expanse of water stretches out before it and every enjoyment in which the tourist takes delight is here afforded. Mr. Keyes was born in Coldwater, Branch county, Michigan, on the 13th of November, 1839, and is a son of William and Samantha (Hutchinson) Keyes, the father a native of Winsted, Connecticut, and the mother a native of New York. They came to Leelanaw county in 1868, in the year in which their son Sidney A. also cast his lot with the settlers of this portion of the state. Establishing their home in Leelanaw township, they there spent their remaining dlays, both reaching an advanced age, the father passing away when in his eightythird year, while the mother was in her eighty-seventh year at the time she was called to her final rest. Of their family of nine children the subject of this review is the youngest. During the winter of 1847-8 Sidney A. Keyes accompanied his parents on their removal from Michigan to Iowa, the family settling upon a farm in Muscatine county, where he was reared to manhood and when not engaged with the duties of the schoolroom in an attempt to master the branches therein taught, his time was largely occupied with the work of the farm. He continued to live in Muscatine county until 1868 and then returned to the state of his nativity. It was in the month of April that he and his father came on a tour of inspection to Leelanaw county. Being pleased with the district the other members of the family joined them and they settled in Leelanaw township at the Omena Mission. In the fall of 1870 Mr. Keyes of this review purchased the farm whereon he now lives, comprising a tract of eighty acres, and here he has resided continuously since with the exception of a period of five years, during which time he was engaged in merchandising in Ringgold county, Iowa. About ten years of the time, from 1876 until 1886, he was also engaged in general merchandising and in dealing in lumber and wood in connection with the operation of his farm. His business interests have been carefully con 500 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ducted. He is a man of resourceful business ability, of marked energy and keen discrimination, and he never fails to carry forward to the goal of success whatever he undertakes, for he brooks no obstacles that can be overcome by persistent and honorable effort. He is today devoting his attention to the cultivation of his farm and in the conduct of his beautiful summer resort. "The Clovers" has become far famed and he now has four elegant residences, built in modern style of architecture, in which entertainment is given to about seventy-five summer guests. This is one of the best resorts on Traverse bay. The rooms are large, airy and well equipped and the appointments of the houses in every particular are of the best. Beautiful is the surrounding scenery. "The Clovers'. stands on an eminence commanding a splendid view of the bay and from it one can look to New Mission Point, a half mile away. The place seems to have been especially designed by nature as a place of rest, comfort and healthy recreation. It is only a mile from the village of Omena, which is on the peninsula separating Grand Traverse bay from Lake Michigan, so that the air is tempered by contact with these bodies of water and is pure and bracing. It is far enough north to insure comfortable days and cool restful nights in the summer and yet escapes the sudden and disagreeable cold waves of the extreme northern resorts. A variety of pleasures is afforded. Grand Traverse bay furnishes excellent deep water fishing and in the many small streams speckled trout are found. There are also fine roads for wheeling and an excellent beach for bathing. The steamers of the North American Transportation Company stop here and the boats of the Traverse bay line call every morning, noon and evening on their way to and from Traverse City, where close connections are made with incoming and outgoing trains. Upon the water row-boats, sailing-boats, and steam launches all add to the beautiful picture, which can hardly be surpassed in any portion of the globe. The subject's farm is devoted to the raising of fruit and vegetables and upon it are also produced the milk, butter, poultry and eggs which are supplied in abundance to the guests. It was on Christmas day of 1889, in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, that Mr. Keyes was united in marriage to Mrs. Jeanette S. Ballard, a native of Elyria, Ohio, and a daughter of Anson and Emeline Braman, the former a native of Batavia, New York, and the latter of Berkshire county, Massachusetts. In the year 1872 the parents of Mrs. Keyes located in Northport, where they lived for several years, and then returned to the east. Mr. Braman died in North Carolina and his widow passed away in Elyria, New York. Both Mr. and Mrs. Keyes are active supporters of the Presbyterian church at Omena, and he is a member of the Knights of Pythias fraternity. They are people of genuine worth, highly respected by all with whom they have come in contact. Cordial and genial in manner and putting forth every effort for the entertainment of their guests, they have become popular with a large number of. tourists who annually seek rest and quiet in this portion of Michigan. It is a well authenticated fact that success comes as the legitimate result of well applied energy,. unflagging determination and perseverance in a course of action when once decided upon. She smiles Snot upon the idler or dreamer and only the GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 601 men who have persistently sought her favor are crowned with her blessings. In tracing the history of Mr. Keyes it is plainly seen that the prosperity which he enjoys has been won by commendable qualities and it is also his personal worth which has gained for him the high esteem of those who know him. SAMUEL M. BROWN. The position of magistrate or justice of the peace is not looked upon in this country with the same amount of reverence and respect as it is in other lands, the reason for this being difficult to determine. It is very certain, however, that many very able men have occupied the office of justice of the peace in various parts of this country, that they discharged the duties of the position most worthily and that through their services they merited and received the respect and confidence of their fellow citizens. One such is Samuel M. Brown, the subject of this sketch. He has held the position for twenty years, and if in that time he has erred at all it has been on the side of mercy. One difference between Justice Brown and many other ordinary justices of the peace is that he is a man of good judgment, cool, deliberate and impassive, to which is supplemented a very thorough knowledge of the law. He is a member of the bar and has been for many years. Samuel M. Brown was born in Iowa county, Wisconsin, December 18, 1850. His father is Henry Brown, a farmer, who was born in the county of Antrim, Ireland, of Scotch-Irish parents, October I, 1820. Only two years of his life were spent in his native land, as his parents emigrated to America in 1822, settling in New York, and there the boyhood of Henry Brown was passed. He received a fair common school education and when he arrived at man's estate moved west, locating in northern Illinois. There he met and, on the 25th day of December, 1849, married Miss Julia Partlow, who was a native of New York. Henry Brown is still a hearty, vigorous man, in his eighty-third year, and mentally and physically he gives every evidence of being able to easily pass the century mark. Mrs. Brown died in July, 1893. They were the parents of nine children, two of whom died in infancy. The others, of whom Samuel M. is the oldest, all grew to maturity and are living useful and prosperous lives. They are Albert H., a resident of Traverse City, present grand master of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows of the state of Michigan. He is stockholder, president and manager of the Eureka Brick Company, of Grand Rapids, Michigan; Ida M., wife of W. J. Kent, of Everett, Washington; Clara E., wife of Seth Osborne, a resident of Wexford, Michigan; Martha J., wife of U. S. Ottinger, 'of Monroe Center, Michigan; William L. Brown, secretary and treasurer of the Traverse City Manufacturing Company; Ray E., a clerk in a mercantile establishment in Everett, Washing-ton. The early days of Samuel M. Brown were spent in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois on a farm. He attended the public schools, and, realizing that little if any further chance of acquiring an education would be afforded him, he made the most of his opportunities given him. In 1866 the family moved to Michigan, locating in Grand Traverse county. Here the subject labored 1502 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. for eleven years, assisting his father in clearing and cultivating a farm, besides doing much work in the woods and in the lumber camps. In the spring of 1877 he went west and spent a year looking over Kansas, Nebraska and Missouri. In 1878, in Vernon county, Missouri, Mr. Brown was united in marriage to Miss Alice M. Partlow, a native of Wisconsin, and a lady of much talent and refinement. They immediately took up their abode in Humboldt, Kansas, where they continued to reside until 1881, when they moved to Michigan, and located in Traverse City, where they have since resi(led. They are the parents of one son, Elmer E., born August 9, 1879, who was educated in the city schools of Traverse City and is at present city circulator of the Daily Eagle, Traverse City. In politics Samuel M. Brown is a Republican and has alwavs interested himself in the success of his party. Twenty years ago he was elected justice of the peace and has very efficiently discharged the duties of the position ever since. Soon after entering upon the duties of his office, to qualify himself for their discharge, he began the study of law. The more he pursued it the more interested he became. Volume after volume was studied by him, until lie felt himself fully qualified to pass the necessary examination for admission to the bar. He was admitted in 1895, and has been a practicing attorney of Grand Traverse county since. He is now serving his third term as supervisor from the first ward of the city. He is a stock holder and vice-president of the Traverse City Manufacturing Company. Mrs. Brown is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church and most of her relatives are members of the same religious fold. Mr. Brown, however, belongs to no religious denomination, but naturally leans to that in which most of his relatives and friends are. The Modern Woodmen of America and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows are the only fraternal societies to which he belongs. He is a mian of ability and integrity, whose services are well appreciated by the people of Traverse City and whose place upon the bench of the lower court it would be difficult to fill. MARVIN LACORE. An honorable retirement from labor in which to enjoy the fruits of former toil and the enjoyment which life can offer is the fitting reward of a useful and active business career, in which one, through keen discernment, indefatigable labor and honorable methods, advanced steadily toward the goal of prosperity. Such is the record made by Marvin LaCore. He is now practically living retired in the village of Empire, Leelanaw county, and through his long connection with agricultural interests he not only carefully conducted his farm, but so managed its affairs that he acquired thereby a position among the substantial residents of the community. Moreover, he is entitled to representation in this volume because he is one of the native sons of Michigan and his mind bears the impress of its early historical annals. He was born here ere the state was admitted to the union and since territorial days down to the present he has been an interested witness of its development, taking a just pride in what has been accomplished by this growing commonwealth. Mr. LaCore was born on a farm in Hills MR. AND MRS. M. LA CORE 4 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 509 dale county, on the 18th of May, 1836. His father, Addison LaCore, was a native of Batavia, New York, while the mother bore the maiden name of Sarah Marvin and was born in Onondaga county, New York. Her death occurred in Bronson, Michigan, in 1840, when she was but a young woman, it being occasioned by being thrown from a horse she was riding. She had become the mother of three children, of whom Marvin LaCore of this review is the second in order of birth. The father long survived his wife and reached the advanced age of eightyseven years, passing away in Hillsdale county, Michigan, one of the honored and respected pioneers of the state. At the time of the mother's death the family was broken up, the children going to live with different people. Marvin LaCore found a home for a time with a man by the name of WVaterman, with whom he lived for a few months. He then took up his abode with a gentleman named O. Clark, of St. Joseph county, Michigan, where he remained until 1847. He was then nine years of age and at that time he went to Illinois to live with his father, who had married again and was then residing in Stephenson county of the Prairie state. For about a year Marvin LaCore remained in that county, at the end of which time his father went to California and sent his son to Niagara county, New York, where he lived with an aunt until about 1851. In that year he went to live with an uncle at Jamestown, New York, where he remained for a year and there he left without much ceremony, running away in order that he might go to sea. Proceeding to New Bedford, Massachusetts, he there embarked on a whaling vessel. The succeeding eight years of his life were thus occupied. He made many whaling voyages and went through the exciting and often arduous experiences incident to the capture of the great monarchs of the deep. At length leaving that life, he returned to Hillsdale county, Michigan, and with the money he had earned he purchased forty acres of land and engaged in farming. To the development and improvement of his land he devoted his energies until after the outbreak of the Civil war. When the southern states attempted to overthrow the Union, men from all walks of life flocked to the standard of the nation. They came from the work shops, from the counting-rooms, from the offices and from the farms, all anxious to serve their country and to maintain the Union unbroken. A few months passed and it was seen that the war was to be no mere holiday affair, that the South was as resolute as the North in its efforts to win victory. Prompted by a spirit of patriotism, Mr. LaCore then offered his services to the Union, enlisting in August, 1861, as a member of Company C, Seventh Michigan Infantry. He was made orderly sergeant of his company and with his command went to the front. The regimnent at once entered active service and Mr. LaCore's valor was tested on a number of important battle fields. During the engagement of Fair Oaks he was slightly wounded in the right hand, but blood poisoning set in and occasioned the loss of one of his fingers. He afterward took part in the battle of Fredericksburg and acted as second lieutenant of his company on that occasion. There he was wounded in the left arm and was sent to Washington, where he was granted a furlough of thirty days. During that time he paid a visit to his friends in New York. 504 - GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Before he left the capital city, however, he was commissioned second lieutenant of his company, but while in the Empire state he resigned. Soon afterward he returned to Michigan, where he remained for four months. He then again became a seaman, shipping on the lakes, but when a few months had been passed in that way he returned to the land and in June, 1863, he came to Leelanaw county. This district of Michigan was but sparsely settled comparatively and much of the land was yet unimproved. Mr. LaCore took up a homestead claim in Empire township, which was then a part of Glenn Arbor township. Settling upon a tract of land, he has since made it his home. At one time he was the owner of one hundred and forty-seven acres of land, but most of this has now been disposed of. Since coming to Leelanaw county farming has been his chief occupation, but ere the war was ended he again entered his country's service, spending a year in the navy. He re-enlisted in 1864 and continued with the naval troops until the close of hostilities. He served in the Mississippi and West Gulf squadrons and was discharged from the United States ship of war "Portsmouth" on the 9th of September, 1865. Returning to his home, he resumed farm work and has made excellent improvements upon his property, transforming what was once a wild tract of land into rich fields which return to him golden harvests during the time of his active connection with the farm work. Mr. LaCore was married in Wilson township, Niagara county, New York, on the 13th of January, 1863, to Miss Mary Hill, a native of Lewiston, New York. They now have three living children: Lillian, who is the wife of Professor Charles E. Ferris, a member of the faculty of the University of Tennessee at Knoxville; John O., who is living in Elk Rapids, Michigan, and Otto M., a resident of Cross Village. They also lost one child, Margaret, who died in infancy. From an early period in the development of Leelanaw county Mr. LaCore has been prominent in its public affairs. He served as the first clerk of Empire township, has also been one of its supervisors and for more than thirty years he has been justice of the peace. No higher testimonial of his capability in office could be given than the fact that he has so long been continued as the incumbent in that position. His decisions are strictly fair and impartial and he has won "golden opinions from all sorts of people." Mr. LaCore has also been active in behalf of the educational interests of the community and has served as school inspector and school director for nearly forty years. His political support has long been given to the Democracy and he is recognized as one of its leading representatives in this part of the state. In the years I88o and 1881 Mr. LaCore served as a member of Point Betsey life-saving station. Fraternally he is connected with the Masonic lodge, with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and with the Knights of the Maccabees and both he and his wife are devoted members of the Methodist Episcopal church. He has witnessed much ofthe growth and progress made in northwestern Michigan and as a public spirited and enterprising man has taken an active interest in public affairs. His career has been varied and there have entered into his life history many incidents unusual in the history of most men. His experiences on whaling vessels, if written in detail, would furnish a thrilling story. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 505 He also knows what war means and upon the battlefields of the South he proved himself a loyal soldier. In the more quiet pursuits of life he has showed himself to be honorable and straightforward in all his relations with his fellow men and because of his upright life and because he is one of the pioneer settlers of Michigan he deserves prominent mention in this volume. LUDWIG STRACK. No European nation has contributed to the complex fabric of our American social make-up a more valuable element than has the great empire of Germany, and in the varied fields of useful endeavor we find the German-American playing his part effectually and honorably. The subject of this review was reared to the vocation of gardener in the fatherland and gained that valuable experience and practical facility which has led to his being called to the responsible position which he now holds, as chief gardener for the Northern Michigan Asylum for the Insane, at Traverse City. He has risen to this position through his fidelity and able service, and he has been employed by the authorities of the institution for the past sixteen years, within which he has done much to promote the interests of this noble and well conducted establishment, with its fine buildings, grounds and farm. Mr. Strack has a pleasant home at 309 Spruce street, and he retains the confidence and respect of all who know him. Since he assumed charge of the gardening of the asylum farm he has harvested fully fifty thousand head of cabbage, fifteen thousand bunches of celery and one thousand bushels of onions, and from this statement an idea may be gained of the extent of the operations under his supervision. In the year 1901 he secured from his gardens fifty-five thousand bushels of edible tubers, including potatoes, carrots, turnips, beets, etc., while other products during the year included about five hundred bushels of peaches, about forty bushels of grapes, twelve tons of pumpkins, fourteen tons of squash, five hundred bushels of green corn, four hundred bushels of cucumbers, one thousand bushels of strawberries, four hundred bushels of raspberries, one hundred and fifty of currants, five hundred of apples and one hundred of plums. Such of the products as were not used directly in the institution as matured have been placed in the root cellars and cold-storage houses until sold or utilized on the tables of the asylum. When Mr. Strack first assumed his present position he had personal charge of practically all details of the work, but under his direction the increase and expansion of the horticultural and pomological industry of the institution has been so great that he now has a large corps of assistants constantly working under his direction. He also has control of supplying the table requisitions for both vegetables and fruit, and keeps a record of such supplies. Mr. Strack came to America in the year 1884, and his brother-in-law, Albert Bork, had at that time secured employment at his trade of mason in connection with the erection of the asylum lbuildings, and our subject came to Traverse City, and for the first three years was employed as a helper about the building, after which he was given charge of laying out and caring for the lawns about the buildings, setting out shrubbery, etc., and the beautiful 506 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. -i and effective scheme of landscape gardening now in evidence is largely due to his discriminating efforts and supervision. He continued to attend to the grounds until the demands placed upon his attention and time in connection with the fine gardens and orchards became so insistent as to compel him to resign the lawns to the care of others. Mr. Strack was born in Pomerania, Germany, on the 3d of December, 1848, and was there reared to maturity, while he became associated with the gardening business when a mere boy and. continued to devote his attention to the same until his emigration to America, his experience being wide and varied and his knowledge of the most practical order. He came to the United States in 1884, and forthwith took up his residence in Traverse City, where he has since made his home. He is indefatigable in his industry, and his interest in his work is unflagging, so that his services are fully appreciated. In politics he gives his support to the Republican party and he is true to the duties of citizenship. In Germany he was united in marriage to Miss Amelia Bork, who accompanied him on his removal to America. They have two children, namely: Matilda, who is the widow of Joseph Thompson, of Grand Rapids, and who now resides in Traverse City; and Louis, 'who is employed in the furniture department of the mercantile establishment of the Hannah & Lay Company, of this city. JOSEPH JEOR. Joseph Jeor is one of the enterprising, energetic farmers who have contributed so materially to the present flourishing condi 6 tion of Grand Traverse county, Michigan. He was born July 3, 1857, in Detroit, Michigan, where the mother died, leaving three little children, of whom Joseph was the second. His father moved to Traverse county and took up a homestead upon which he resided for several years and partially improved. He afterward moved to Traverse City and finally to North Dakota. The subject of this sketch came to this county when little more than an infant and has grown to manhood and received his education in the midst of lifelong friends. He is industrious and economical and has managed to accumulate eighty acres of land which he has placed in a high state of cultivation, while his buildings are plain and substantial-built for convenience and service. December 23, 1882, he was married to Miss Nettie Davidson, a native of Crawford county, Pennsylvania, born June 30, i1866, and the mother of his two children, William E. and Florence Pearl. They are quiet, unassuming people whose sterling qualities are appreciated by a host of friends. In politics. Mr. Jeon supports the Republican party on national issues, though in local matters he votes for the man he considers best fitted for the office. JOSEPH M. ALLGAIER. The farming interests of Leelanaw county are well represented by Joseph M. Allgaier, wNhose home is on section 35, Solon township. He has there a fine country residence, and is a progressive agriculturist, his property being valuable and indicating his careful supervision. His father, Frank Allgaier, was a native of Prussia, and after I i JOSEPH JEOR RESIDENCE GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 507 - - arriving at an adult age he was united in marriage to Miss Wilhelmina Sours, who was also a native of Prussia. Their marriage occurred in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and they took up their abode in Peninsula township. They resided there and in Long Lake township, Grand Traverse county, for a number of years, the father being actively connected with farming. He continued to engage in agricultural pursuits until his death, which occurred when he was seventy-three years of age. Of a family of five children Joseph M. Allgaier was the third in order of birth. He is a native of Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county, his natal day being June 2, 1863. He lived at home until the time of his marriage, and assisted his father in the cultivation of the farm, early becoming familiar with agricultural work in its various departnients. The public schools of the neighborhood afforded him his educational privileges, and the lessons of industry, perseverance and integrity which he learned in his youth have been important factors in shaping his career in later life, and have formed the foundation of his very creditable and desirable success. Mr. Allgaier was married in Traverse City, Grand Traverse county, on the 13th of August, 1885, at which time he led to the marriage altar Miss Mary Murphy, who was born in Canada and is a daughter of Alexander and Sarah Murphy. This marriage has been blessed with four children, who are yet living-Francis, Wilhelmina, Alvina and Estella. They also lost three children, who passed away in early youth. The family home is upon a fine farm of about four hundred acres. This property is an indication of the life of industry and enterprise which 81 Mr. Allgaier has led. He owes his property to his own sound business judgment, his diligence and his perseverance, and he is today one of the large landowners of the community. He has kept fully abreast with the progressive spirit of the times, which is manifest in agricultural life as well as in other lines of business activity. Upon his farm he has erected a commodious and beautiful residence; in fact, it is one of the best country homfes in this portion of the state, and is tastefully furnished and is pervaded by an air of hospitality and good cheer which makes it a favorite resort with the many friends of the family. Both Mr. and Mrs. Allgaier are held in the highest regard. They are people of sterling worth and occupy an enviable position in social circles, where intelligence and true worth are received as the passports into good society. Mr. Allgaier has held the office of school treasurer, but the greater part of his time and attention has been given to his business affairs, and he stands today among the self-made men of the country, whose life histories awaken for them the admiration and respect of all who know them. HARVEY J. CURTIS. The Buckeye state has furnished to Michigan many of its best citizens, and it appears that that commonwealth has not greatly impoverished itself by doing so. Among those who left Ohio thirty-five or forty years ago and settled in northern Michigan, the subject of this review, Harvey J. Curtis, janitor of the Central school building, Traverse City, is by no means the least. He was born in the town of. Grafton, Lo 508 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. rain county, Ohio, October 25, 1843. His father was Harvey A. Curtis, a native of Great Barrington, Massachusetts, born in 180o. In 1817 the family moved to Ohio and located at G(rafton, where the subject's father engaged in agricultural pursuits until his death, in February, 1863. The mother of the subject was Eliza (Turner) Curtis, also a native of Massachusetts, born in 1805. Her parents moved to Grafton in 1816, and there she was reared and educated. In 1824 she was united in marriage to Harvey A. Curtis, and they established themselves on a farm near Grafton. She died in May, 1901. They were the parents of eight children, six of whom are still living, viz: William, a farmer, who resided in Sandusky, Ohio, but who is now in the Soldiers' Home at Dayton; Mary, wife of Robert Newton, resides at Grafton; Milo, a farmer, lives at Mason City, Iowa; Enos, a carpenter and joiner, is a resident of Findlay, Ohio; Harvey J., the subject of this review; Amanda, wife of Albert Barnes, a resident of Northport, Michigan. The early years of Harvey J. Curtis were spent on his father's farm near Grafton. He attended school during the winter months and assisted his father with the customary farm work during the other seasons of the year. When the war of the Rebellion had been in progress a little more than a year he enlisted, September io, 1862, in Company D, One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He served until the close of the war, the regiment being engaged doing garrison duty most of the time on Johnson's island. He was discharged June 4, 1865, and, returning to his home in Ohio, he worked by the month for farmers in the vicinity of Grafton until May 13, 1867, when he came to northern Michigan and located in Traverse City. Here he engaged in teaming, following that vocation for nine years. The next five years of his life were spent in the employ of the proprietor of Morgan's livery stable, after which he worked for the Hannah & Lay Mercantile company for ten years, driving their delivery wagon. Later he was given the position of janitor of the Central building, and has been discharging the duties of that place for eleven years. May 23, 1868, at Traverse City, he was united in marriage to Miss Martha Cook, a native of New York, born in 1847. She was the daughter of John A. and Matilda (Bancroft) Cook, natives of New York state. They were the parents of a number of children, seven of whom are still living. Mrs. Cook departed this life in 1886, while her husband is still living and resides in Traverse City. To Mr. and Mrs. Curtis four children have been born, viz: Henry, now in his thirty-third year, has been afflicted from birth with spinal disease, never having walked a step in his life; he is intelligent and well educated, spends much of his time reading, and has a horse, buggy and cutter, and drives out at his pleasure; Jennie is a teacher in the public schools and has followed the calling for a number of years, having been for the past two years employed at Holland, Michigan, and is now employed for another year; Winifred M. is the wife of Edward Courthead, a machinist, and they are the parents of three children, Edith, Irene and Helen, all residing in Traverse City; Charles C., a teamster, married Lizzie Huffman, and they are residents of Traverse City. In politics the subject of this review is an active Republican. He was deputy sheriff of Grand Traverse county for two years, but never aspired to or held any political office. Mr. Curtis, wife GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 509 and two daughters are members of the Congregational church. He belongs to no fraternal society except the Grand Army post at Traverse City. He is a kind, industrious, thrifty man, who by hard work and close application to his business has established for himself a character in the community of which he may well be proud. FRED E. MOORE. One of the first requisites of a town or city that would take pride in the beauty and sylnmetry of its structures is a competent architect, possessed of both taste and talent. In this particular Traverse City is well supplied in the person of the subject of this review, Fred E. Moore, whose knowledge and experience in architectural work is the best guarantee of his qualifications. Fred E. Moore is a native of Michigan, born in Saginaw, October 31, 1864. His father was Edwin A. Moore, born in Keysville, New York, November 20, 1828. He was reared in the place of his nativity, and grew to manhood there. At the age of twenty-two he left home and spent about three years traveling, visiting most of the principal cities of the east. In 1853 he visited Saginaw, Michigan, was favorably impressed with the place, located there,. and since then has been one of its most respected residents. Early in 1854, at Saginaw, Edwin A. Moore was united in marriage to Ellen A. Fox, a native of New York, born at Jamestown, June 10o 1833. She was but three years old when brought by her parents to Milford, Michigan, where she was reared, educated and grew to womanhood. Her father was,one of the early physicans of Jamestown, New York. He died in 1838, when his daughter was but three years old, while her mother died at the home of her daughter in Holly, Michigan, in 1887. From Milford the family moved to Saginaw in 1851, and a year later Ellen A. Fox was united in marriage to Edwin A. Moore. They became the parents of ten children, viz: Edwin D., advertising circulator, resides at Saginaw; Albert D, died at the age of one year; Hattie O.. wife of J. L. Baldwin, engaged in dairy business at Elbert, Colorado; F. Charles, assistant foreman in the Denver & Rio Grande car shops at Denver, Colorado; Willard H., station agent for the Wabash Railway at Sidney. Illinois; Fred E., the subject of this review; Harry P. is an iron worker and resides in eastern Ohio; Orin C., a painter at Saginaw; Minnie C., wife of E. G. Hohisel, a carriagemaker of Flint, Michigan; Lucy M., wife of Charles Adams, a teacher in the public schools at Sidney, Illinois. The early life of Fred E. Moore was spent in East Saginaw, and he was educated there. At the age of seventeen he left school and spent two years at Ivesdale, Illinois, where he was engaged in farming. Returning to Saginaw he entered the office of E. R. Prall, architect, and studied under his direction for two years. A position in the office of D. K. Allington, architect and mechanical engineer, being offered him, he readily accepted it and remained there seven years, pursuing his studies all the time. By this time he felt that he was sufficiently skillful in his chosen calling to open up in the business for himself. According he associated himself with E. Keith, an experienced architect, and they jointly opened an architectural office in Saginaw under the firm name GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 510 of Keith & Moore. This partnership continued for two years, being terminated November IO, 1892, by the removal of the junior member of the firm to Traverse City. Here Mr. Moore opened an office, and his services have been in much demand from that time to the present. Since coming here the cost of the various buildings upon which he has done the architectural work would amount each year to not less than one hundred thousand dollars. January 20, 1892, in Traverse City, Fred E. Moore was united in marriage to Miss Ada F. Howard, a native of Michigan, born in Detroit, June iO, 1871. Her parents were Daniel F. and Anna E. Howard, both natives of Maine. He was born at Brewer, May 22, 1829, and died in Traverse City in March, 1892. A mechanical genius, skillful at almost any calling to which he turned his hand, his services were much in demand in the minills and factories of Traverse City. He was a carpenter, a machinist, a mill foreman and a sailor, besides being quite handy at a half a dozen other callings. He had been a resident of Traverse City since 188o. His wife was born in Elsworth, Maine, August 6, 1833, and there she was reared, educated and married. She died at Traverse City January 31, 1902. They were the parents of two sons, both of whom are now deceased. Edward died at the age of seventeen years and John W. lived to be forty years old, and died in 1893 at Colorado Springs, Colorado. Mrs. Fred E. Moore was their only daughter. In state and national affairs the subject of this review is a consistent Republican, though in local affairs he chooses to be independent. However, aside from casting his ballot, he devotes very little time to politics, having no time to spare from his business for extraneous affairs of that nature. In religion neither he nor Mrs. Moore are members of any denomination, although they disclose a preference for the Congregational church by occasionally attending its services. The only fraternal order to which he belongs is the Knights of Pythias, having been a member of that lodge for eleven years. Mr. Moore is the owner of forty acres of productive, well improved land adjoining the city. It is well set in fruit, and most of the trees are bearing, there being an excellent variety of fruit of all kinds. His comfortable, well furnished home is nicely located upon this place and there its occupants enjoy the delights of rural life, though they are within sight and hearing of the busy city. DAVID H. DAY. Honored and respected by all, there is no man in Leelanaw county who occupies a more enviable position in commercial, industrial and financial circles than David H. Day, not alone on account of the brilliant success he has achieved, but also on account of the honorable, straightforward business policy he has ever followed. He possesses untiring energy, is quick of perception, forms his. plans readily and is determined in their execution, and his close application to business and his excellent management have brought to him the high degree of prosperity which is today his. He stands as one of the foremost representatives of the lumber industry in this part of the state, and in other lines his business has assumed large proportions, but" while laboring for his own success he 4b GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 51-1 has also promoted the general prosperity by pushing forward the wheels of progress and advancing commercial prosperity in Glen Haven and the portion of the county in which he makes his home. Mr. Day is a native of the Empire state, his birth having occurred in Ogdensburg, New York, on the ioth of July, 1854. His parents were David and Jean (Houston) Day, the former a native of New York and the latter of Ireland. In the public schools of his native city the subject of this review was educated and there he remained until twenty-one years of age, when, attracted by the possibilities of the rapidly growing and developing west, he came to the Mississippi valley, first settling at Milton Junction, Wisconsin. There he was employed in the office of the American and United States Express Companies, where he remained for three years, after which he went to Milwaukee, where he was employed as cashier by the American Express Company. He occupied that position, however, for only a short time, leaving Milwaukee to enter a more advantageous business position at Detroit, becoming passenger agent for the Northern Transportation Company. He acted in that capacity for three or four years and came from Detroit to Glen Haven, Michigan, in 1878. Mr. Day has since been a most important factor in the substantial development of this portion of the country. When he had acted for four years as agent of the steamers of the Northern Transportation Company, owning a line of vessels plying on the lake between Chicago and Ogdensburg, he joined others in the purchase of the business of the company at Glen Haven and the firm of D. H. Day & Company was then organized. This company was engaged in lumbering and in general merchandising and also in the transportation business, operating the Northern Michigan line, with vessels running between Chicago and Mackinack. They owned the steamers "Lawrence" and "Champlain," and controlled an extensive business in the various departments. Afterward the "Champlain" was sold to the Seymour Brothers, of Manistee, Michigan, and P. J. Klein, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The boats continued to run together, however, during the first season and the "Lawrence" was afterward disposed of to S. S. Burke. After the Northern Transportation Company disposed of its steamers, Mr. Day went to Traverse City, in the emplay of Hannah, Lay & Company, as a representative of their lumber department, having charge of that branch of their business. When the firm closed out their lumber business he returned to Glen Haven and purchlased the Glen Haven plant, which he still operates. There are several divisions to his business, but he successfully controls all of them, and in their management shows marked enterprise and executive force. He has extensive lumber and mercantile interests. His saw-mill, which is on Glen Lake, is a model plant, well appointed and is equal to any in this region in point of manufacture and excellence of work. Its capacity is twenty thousand feet of hardwood lumber and from thirty to thirty-five thousand feet of hemlock daily. A tramway connects the mill with the pier on Lake Michigan and from there the lumber is shipped to the city markets. The road is two and a fourth miles long. The mill is supplied with logs from his own lands and purchased from farmers in the vicinity of Glen Lake and for the purpose of transporting the logs to the 512 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. mill Mr. Day has a tug, called "Alice J. Day." Mr. Day owns about five thousand acres of land in this vicinity, most of which is timber land, and his forest tracts are sufficiently extensive to keep his mill in operation for twelve years. As before stated, however, Mr. Day does not confine his attention alone to one line. He is the owner of a good general store in Glen Haven, where he carries a large and well selected line of goods, and he has a large patronage, coming from the town and the outlying districts. He also owns a nicely improved farm of four hundred acres -in fact it is one of the best appointed in the county. It is free from stumps and the latest farm machinery is utilized in the cultivation of the land. On this he is extensively engaged in the production of fruit and has set out an ample orchard of over three thousand trees, which are now in excellent bearing condition, and his sales from the orchard amount to a gratifying figure annually. Mr. Day is also the postmaster of Glen Haven, and there is no man who has done as much for the development and improvement of this section of the county as lie. He was one of the promoters of the Northern Michigan Hardwood Lumber Manufacturers' Association and has been its president from its organization to the present time. When he came to Glen Haven he took an active part in building the telegraph line from this place to Leland. He also secured the establishment of the life saving station, which is located on Sleeping Bear point. He was likewise instrumental in securing the laying of the cable from Glen Haven to South Manitou island, by way of Sleeping Bear life saving station, connecting with the life saving station on South Manitou island, at which point the display of signals is made by the United States government. In Empire township, Leelanaw county, on the 20oth of December, 1889, Mr. Day was united in marriage to Miss Eva E. Farrant, a native of Kasson township, this county, born May 3, 1870, and a daughter of William and Ezilda Farrant. They now have five children, Alice Jean, Eva Houston, Margaret Thompson, David Henry, Jr., and Henry Houston. Mr. Day has held the office of overseer of highways during the greater part of his residence in Glen Haven. He is a very prominent Mason, having attained the thirty-second degree of the Scottish rite, and he is also a member of the Mystic shrine. Hie is also one of the oldest members of the Detroit Light Infantry, and is popular and honored in the social circles to which he belongs. His life has been a very busy and useful one. He has been a most important factor in developing the resources of the state and carrying on the work of progress along lines leading to the permanent improvement of the locality. Through his business interests he has brought this section into active and close connection with outlying districts and with the great cities which are the centers of American commerce, thus affording a market for the products of the locality. His efforts, therefore, have proven of the greatest value to his:fellow citizens of Leelanaw county, as well as to himself. His efforts have been so discerningly directed along well defined lines of labor that he seems to have realized at any one point of progress the full measure of his possibilities for accomplishment at GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 518 this point. He is a man of distinct and forceful individuality, of marked sagacity, of undaunted enterprise, and in manner he is genial, courteous and easily approachable. His career has ever been such as to warrant the trust and confidence of the business world and his activity in industrial, commercial and financial circles forms no unimportant chapter in the history of Leelanaw county. BYRON WOOLSEY. Plowing, planting and harvesting seem to the superficial observer to constitute the life of the farmer, but to the initiated agricultured pursuits mean much more than thig. Today the farmer who succeeds possesses much scientific knowledge concerning the best methods of producing crops, the needs of different cereals and of the elements which should be found in the soil. Rotation of crops is practiced, and in carrying on the work today improved farm machinery is utilized, which several decades ago was totally unknown. Such machinery so facilitates the labor that the individual is capable of doing much more work in a given time than formerly. Mr. Woolsey is a representative of the agricultural class of Leelanaw county, and in all that he does indicates his enterprising and practical spirit. He resides on section 24, Leelanaw township, where he has a comfortable home, built in modern style of architecture. Chauncey Woolsey, the father of the subject, was a native of New York, his birth having there occurred in 1813. He wedded Caroline Johnson, likewise a native of the Empire state, and in 1858 they sought a home in the west, coming to Leelanaw county. He secured a tract of land in Leelanaw township and there engaged in general farming until aroused by a spirit of patriotism, when he offered his services to the government, enlisting in defense of the Union in January, 1864, as a member of the Twentysixth Michigan Volunteer Infantry. He had been at the front for but a brief period when he was killed in the engagement near Cold Harbor, Virginia, on the 3oth of May, being at that time forty-eight years of age. Thus he laid down his life on the altar of his country, his being one of the many sacrifices required to preserve intact the nation. The Grand Army post at Northport has been named in his honor, and his memory is yet cherished by his old army comrades. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Woolsey were born six children, of whom the subject of this review was the third. Mrs. Woolsey long survived her husband, and died at her home in Leelanaw township on the 6th of February, 1890. Byron Woolsey, whose name forms the caption of this review, was born at Hamburg, Erie county, New York, on the 21st of May, 1850, and was, therefore, but eight years of age when he accompanied his parents to Michigan and took up his abode in Leelanaw county. He has always been a resident of Leelanaw township, and farming has been his chief occupation in life. He today owns two hundred acres of land, and of his farm one hundred and fifty acres has been cultivated and improved. There is no equipment of the model farming of the twentieth century that is here lacking. He has erected a good and attractive home, which stands in the midst of a well-kept lawn, adorned by flowering shrubs and shade trees. 514 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. In Leelanaw township, on the 27th of November, 1879, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Woolsey and Miss Sarah L. Hall, who was born in St. Lawrence county, New York, on the 2oth of May, i86o, and is a daughter of Anson,. and Amorette E. (Fisk) Hall, who were likewise natives of St. Lawrence county. With the tide of emigration which was steadily flowing westward they came to Michigan in the year 1866, arriving in Leelanaw county in the month of November. Making a choice of a tract of land which he wished to farm and develop into a home, Mr. Hall took up his abode on section 25, Leelanaw township, and there he resided throughout his remaining days. He reached the psalmist's span of three score years and ten, but his wife departed this life when fifty-two years of age. Mrs. Woolsey is the elder of their two children, and by her marriage she has become the mother of eight children-Amorette, Frances E., Hattie L., Kathrina B., Lois A., Edith M., Mary H. and Clinton F. Both Mr. and Mrs. Woolsey are devoted and consistent members of the Northport Methodist Episcopal church; in fact, Mr. Woolsey is its eldest living member, and is honored by his brethren of the church because of his unfaltering fidelity to its teachings. In his life he has exemplified his Christian faith, and his example is indeed worthy of emulation. ALMON E. PULVER. Alvon E. Pulver, the genial and accommodating postmaster of Summit City, Michigan, is a native of Lenawee county, this state, and was born August 27, 1850. His father, Benjamin Pulver, was a man of industrious habits and a mechanic of no mean ability. He was one of the pioneer saw-mill operators of Lenawee county and was widely known. He went to California during the gold excitement and died there in April, 1853, aged thirty-five years. He married Miss Sarah Peck, by whom he had four children, the youngest being the subject. Almon E. Pulver remained in Lenawee county until his fifteenth year, when his mother moved to Grand Traverse county, which has since been his home. He spent six years at a later period in Allegan county, where he engaged in farming, but returned to Grand Traverse county, as this locality suited him better. Mr. Pulver purchased a tract of one hundred acres of wild land, which he has placed in cultivation during his residence in Summit City, and has shown himself to be a shrewd and thrifty farmer, but agriculture does not appeal to him strongly. He has been engaged in Summit City in the mercantile life since 1885. He has been eminently successful in business, almost eighteen years as manager, eleven years for A. Hyde, of Grand Rapids, and some two years ago opened a store of his own and has conducted it in such a way as to win a wide patronage and gain the respect and esteem of all who have had dealings with him. Mr. Pulver has affiliated with the Republican party and takes an active interest in politics, working earnestly in the best interests of good government and the public weal. For many years he has been one of the county superintendents of the poor and his wisdom and prudence while in this position saved to the county many dollars. In b k\ MR. AND MRS. A. E. PULVER. PULVER CHILDREN GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 515 October, 1897, he was appointed postmaster of Summit City and the efficiency and cheerfulness with which he has discharged the duties encumbent upon him have. won for him the unqualified approval of all the patrons. Mr. Pulver stands high among his acquaintances and is deservedly popular. He is a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity, Lodge No. 222, of Traverse City; and also of the Knights of Pythias, Castle No. 73, at Traverse City, of the Uniformed Rank No. 56, of the last named order. On the 2d of January, 1872, Mr. Pulver wedded Miss Kate Rickard, a native of Hillsdale county, but reared and educated in Grand Traverse county. To this union have been born four children, viz: Benjamin, J., a sailor on the lakes, wedded Miss Ida Woodward; Maude L. lives at Traverse City; Claude, of Traverse City, is a clerk in the postoffice; Ed is in the business college at Traverse City, and Mary married John \Wyckoff, a farmer of Summit City. CALVIN S. VADER, SR. This gentleman, who holds the responsible position of cashier with the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company, of Traverse City, is well entitled to distinction as one of the accomplished and enterprising men of Grand Traverse county, and his brief life story herewith presented may be read with profit by the young man whose career and destiny are yet to be achieved. From the most reliable information obtainable, the paternal ancestors of Calvin S. Vader came either from Germany or Holland, presumably from the latter country, as the name is evidently indica tive of Dutch origin. Just when the American branch of the family came to the United States is a matter of doubt, although it must have been in quite an early day, as the grandfather settled in New York many years ago. David Vader, the subject's father, was born in York state and followed agriculture and lumbering as his life work, meeting with fair success in both lines of endeavor.. He spent the greater part of his life in his native state, subsequently moving to Canada, and still later to Wisconsin, where he lived to a good old age, being in his seventy-eighth year at the time of his death. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Samantha Amey, was a native of Canada, departing this life in the province of Ontario at the age of forty-five. Calvin S. Vader, child of the above parents, was born in Ontario July 18, 1842. He spent his early years in his native country, attended at intervals the public schools and at the age of sixteen went to Manitowoc, Wisconsin, where he finished his educational training, supplementing the regular literary branches with a business course in a commercial college. On November 17, 1863, Mr. Vader enlisted in Company G, Thirty-second Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, and served with the same until the close of the great Rebellion, receiving an honorable discharge May 15, 1865. THe shared with his command all the fortunes and vicissitudes of war, and under all circumstances was a brave and gallant soldier, and retired from the service, having faithfully performed his duty in the defense of the national Union. Returning to Wisconsin at the close of the war, Mr. Vader remained in that state until 1881, at which time he came to Michigan, locating at Muskegon, where the year following he became bookkeeper for the J. J. 516 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Fay, Jr., Lumber Company, which he held for a period of nine years, resigning in 1891. In the latter year he engaged with the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company, Traverse City, and has been with his firm ever since, his period of service covering nearly thirteen years, during which he has risen by successive promotions to the responsible position of general cashier, and become one of the most useful and influential factors in the management of the business. Mr. Vader is an accomplished bookkeeper and accountant, and enjoys to an unlimited degree the trust and confidence of the large firm with which he is identified. Possessing a thorough and accurate knowledge of every detail of the business, his manifold duties are so systematized as to cause him no inconvenience, while as manager of the company's finances his record has been honorable and upright, never having swerved from the strict path of rectitude, but always proving able to discharge worthily the responsibilities resting upon him in a station requiring the highest order of business talent. Mr. Vader has been twice married, the first time to Nancy J. Flanagan, who bore him five children, of whom one son and three daughters are living. Mrs. Vader dying in November, 1886, the subject later contracted a matrimonial alliance with Mrs. Sarah (Prouty) Holdsmith, who has been living in Traverse City since 1861, and who by her former husband had two sons, both married and residing in the same place. Mr. Vader cast his first presidential vote at Nashville, Tennessee, in 1865, for Abraham Lincoln, and he has been an earnest supporter of the Republican party from that time to the present day. While deeply interested in politics, as every good citizen should be, and using his influence to promote the success of his party, he cannot be termed a politician in the ordinary acceptance of the term, nor has he ever stepped aside from his business to engage in the distracting and uncertain struggle for office or leadership. His fraternal relations are represented by the Grand Army of the Republic, the Knights of the Maccabees and the F. M. C organizations, holding the title of past commander in the two first and at the present time filling the position of worthy ruler in the last. Mr. Vader is a believer in revealed religion, and as a faithful and consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal church of Traverse City his life exemplifies the beauty and value of Christianity practically applied. He is one of the active workers in his congregation, and manifests a lively interest in charitable and benevolent enterprises, whether under religious or secular auspices. Mrs. Vader is also a Methodist, and, like her husband, takes a prominent part in the good work of her church, in which body she is popular and highly esteemed. Aside from his connections with the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company, Mr. Vader has been an influential factor in the general business and industrial interests of Traverse City since becoming a resident of the same, everything calculated to advance the community, materially or otherwise, receiving his support and hearty co-operation. He is unwavering in his allegiance to what he believes to be right, and upholds his honest convictions at the sacrifice, if need be, of every other interest. Conscientious in the discharge of the duties of citizenship, he is a valued member of the body politic, and his aim has ever been to shape his life according to the highest standard of excellence. He do GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 517 entertains noble aims and high ideals, and the consensus of opinion in the city of his residence is that he stands before the world a model business man and a true type of the intelligence, courteous, Christian gentleman. JOHN G. STRAUB. An enumeration of the enterprising men of Traverse City who have won recognition and success for themselves and at the same time have conferred honor upon the comnmunity would be decidedly incomplete were there failure to make mention of the popular gentleman whose name initiates this review. HIe holds worthy prestige in business circles, and has been and is distinctively a man of affairs and wields a wide influence among those with whom his lot has been cast. In a biographical sketch of the subject, published in a recent issue of the Michigan Tradesman, is found the following introduction, which we take the liberty of quoting, as it appears peculiarly appropriate in this connection: "It is safe to venture the assertion that no one attains eminence in any business or profession without passing through a more or less period of unremitting toil, of disappointments and struggles. He who has brought his business to a successful issue throulgh years of work and has established it upon a substantial basis, and yet retains the appearance of youth, who has an unwrinkled brow, who has in his step the elasticity of younger days and shows no trace of worry and care that too often lag the footsteps of the direction of large affairs, must be a man possessed of enviable characteristics." Such is a brief description of John G, Straub, as he now appears, after a long, active and prosperous business career, the peer of any of his contemporaries in all that enter into the make-up of the successful man of affairs or that constitutes a leader in important business enterprises. John G. Straub, who is the head and general manager of the Straub Brothers & Amiotte candy factory at Traverse City, is a native of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and the third in a family of seven children, four sons and three daughters, whose parents were Joseph and Madaline Straub. The father, who was a native of Germany and a marble cutter by occupation, died in 1869 at the age of forty-five, leaving a widow and seven children. the subject of this review being nine years old at the time. The mother, whose maiden name was Madaline Miller, was born on the island Lindau, between Bavaria and Switzerland, )but belonging to the latter country, and she is still living in the city of Milwaukee. John G. Straub was born December 14, i86o, spent his childhood and youth in his native city, and after attending the public schools until fourteen years of age, was apprenticed to the Fernekes Brothers, in Milwaukee, to learn the candy business. He first received instructions in the manufacture of stick candy, but so rapid was his advancement that within a few months after entering the establishment he was working beside many of long experience in the cream and chocolate departments, branches of the business requiring a high degree of efficiency. After finishing his apprenticeship he remained three years with the Fernekes Brothers, and at the end of that time accepted a position with E. F. Berrisford, of St. Paul, Minnesota, taking charge of the stick candy department in the latter establishment and discharging the duties of 518 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. the same until engaging with the Bunte Brothers & Spohr, of Chicago, one year later. Mr. Straub entered the employ of the latter firm in the gum and cream candy department, but within threq months he was given charge of a special branch of the business with sixteen men under him, although at the time the youngest man in the factory, but in point of efficiency the superior of any, with the possible exception of the general manager and one or two others. After holding this responsible position two years he resigned to take charge of the candy factory of Charles Jex at Port Huron. Michigan, and he had sole control of the establishment until its destruction by fire, after which the business was discontinued. From Port Huron Mr. Straub removed to Muskegon, where he effected a partnership in the manufacture and wholesale of candies, with John A. Snyder, the firm, under the name of Snyder & Straub, lasting until January I, 1899, when it was dissolved, its career extending over a period of ten years. Two months later he formed a partnership with his brother, Anton F. Straub, and George E. Amiotte in the manufacture of candies and confectionery at Traverse City, under the style of Straub Brothers & Amiotte, the firm soon taking high rank and building Lip a large local and an extensive wholesale trade which has continually grown in magnitude and importance to the present time. So rapidly did the business increase that it was found necessary to provide a building of sufficient capacity to meet the growing demands of the trade, and accordingly the present structure, a handsome and imposing brick edifice, fifty by eighty-five feet, two stories high and basement, was erected and supplied with the latest and most approved machinery devices for the manu fact ire of all kinds of candies, and that, too, on a scale which compares favorably with the largest and most successful establishments of the kind in the state. In this complete and fully equipped factory a large force of experienced workmen are employed, who turn out immense quantities of confectionery of all kinds and of the highest grade of excellence. The superior quality of the goods from this establishment has gained it a reputation second to that of no other candy factory in the entire country, and its rapid and substantial growth is one of the firm's best recommendations to the trade. In addition to supplying the bulk of the local demand and supplying the leading commercial centers of northwestern Michigan, it has extensive business throughout the state generally, to say nothing of large and frequent consignments to many other parts of the Union. All the men connected with the business are of ripe experience, energetic, progressive, financially reliable, and the success of the enterprise, which has fully met their high expectations, is prophetic of still larger growth and further reaching prosperity in years to come. It is not too much to claim for Mr. Straub leadership in the business, for to his experience and skill in every department of candy making and to his sagacity, sound judgment and wise forethought, as a keen, resourceful business man, is the firm largely dependent for the series of continued successes which have marked its history from its organization to the present day. The authority from which we have already quoted liberally in speaking of Mr. Straub's personal success, does so in the following complimentary terms: "Mr. Straub attributes his success to the fact that he understands his business thoroughly, having worked in GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. every branch of the trade before he finally engaged in the business for himself, and since then he has been a constant student of the business, reading all the literature on the subject he can possibly obtain and keeping abreast of the improvements which are constantly made in his line." "Like most men of German antecedents, he is a type of industry and faithfulness, being seldom absent from his desk during business hours, and subordinating every other consideration to the duties in hand. He has but one hobby, baseball, but his loyalty to business precludes his giving to the national game very much attention, except on holidays." On the Ioth of April, 1890, in the city of Muskegon, Mr. Straub was happily married to Miss Mary Alice Irwin, a native of that place, and his pleasant home in Traverse City, corner of Eighth and Maple streets, is gladdened by the presence of four bright and interesting children, namely: Roy A., born May 21, 1891; William J., October 21, 1892; Viola Laverne, September 27, 1895, and Irene Mary, whose'natal day was March 21, I9OO. Mr. Straub belongs to Lodge No. 323, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Modern Woodmen of America and the Masonic brotherhood, holding membership in the last named organization with Lodge No. 222, Traverse City. In the Woodmen he has been three times elected to the office of venerable consul, being one of the leading spirits in Duchess Camp No. 2345. ASHER M. ATKINSON. Asher M. Atkinson is connected with industrial and agricultural interests in Leelanaw county, and makes his home on section 19, Kasson township. There he follows farming, and in addition to his work in that direction he has been identified with building interests, having learned the carpenter's trade, at which he has done considerable work. He was born upon a farm in St. Joseph county, Michigan, on the 14th of May, 1854. His father was Ephraim K. Atkinson, a native of Pennsylvania. After arriving at years of manhood he wedded Sarah Ann Van Buren, whose birth occurred in New York. They lived for some time in St. Joseph county, Michigan, and in 1866 removed thence to Leelanaw.county, taking up their abode upon section 19, Kasson township, where the father with characteristic energy began the development of a farm. From 1866 up to the time of his death he resided continuously in this county, with the.exception of a period of three years spent in Pennsylvania. On the expiration of that time, however, they returned to the farm in Kasson township, and Mr. Atkinson continued to engage in the cultivation of the fields and the raising of stock until his life's labors were ended in death, when he was seventy-one years of age. His wife has also passed away, her death occurring May 27,' 1897, when sixty-eight years old. Their marriage was blessed with a family of ten children, of whom Asher M. was the third in order of birth. Mr. Atkinson of this review spent the first twelve years of his life in the county of his nativity, and then came with his parents to Leelanaw county, where he has since lived, with the exception of the family's brief residence of three years in Pennsylvania. In early life he learned the carpenter's trade, becoming an expert workman, and his capability in this direction has made his services in great demand. In connection with the 520 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. building interests, however, he has followed farming, and is today one of the enterprising and progressive agriculturists of Kasson township. Within the borders of his place is a tract of rich and arable land, comprising one hundred and twenty-seven acres, and of this one hundred and five acres have been placed under the plow and prepared for cultivation. He now raises good crops upon rich fields, and he has the latest improved machinery to aid him in the work of plowing, planting and harvesting. His home is a substantial and attractive residence, and h;is farm is in keeping with the progressive spirit of the times. On March 16, 1876, in Wayne county, Pennsylvania, was celebrated the marriage of Asher M. Atkinson and Miss Marilla Rosencrace, who was born in the Keystone state, being a native of Pike county. Their marriage has been blessed with seven children-Blanche L., who is now the wife of Charles Riggs; Ralph E.; Ephraim K.; Fannie, who is the wife of Charles Denny; Edith M., Lucy W. and Elmer E., who are still under the parental roof. The Atkinson household is celebrated for its cordial and generous hospitality, which is extended freely to their large circle of friends. They have won the favor and regard of the great majority of those with whom they have come in contact, and both Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson are widely known. He has been and is at the present time a member of the board of review, but has never been an active politician in the sense of office seeking. His is the record of a conscientious man, who by his upright life has won the confidence of all with whom he has been associated, and he is regarded as one of the representative citizens of Leelanaw county. OSCAR SIMPSON. The gentleman whose name furnishes the caption of this review is an active business and public-spirited man, who, in addition to honorable career in the various vocations to which he has devoted his attention, has a creditable record as one of Grand Traverse county's popular and efficient officials. Oscar Simpson, a leading horse dealer, was born December 17, 1847, in Hawksburg, Ontario, and is the son of Samuel and Samantha Simpson, the father for many years a successful farmer and lumber man of that province. The subject was reared in his native town, received his educational training in the public schools of the same and in 1861 took charge of his father's farm near Hawksburg, which he managed with encouraging success for a period of several years. Leaving the farm, Mr. Simpson, in 1867, came to Michigan and for several years was engaged in lumbering for different parties, finally rising to the responsible position of foreman with the Hannah & Lay Lumber Company, in which capacity he continued until 1889. In addition to his experience in lumbering he was for some time engaged in the grocery trade, but, not taking kindly to that business, disposed of his stock, and subsequently, with a partner, engaged in the boot and shoe business. The latter venture not proving very successful, he discontinued it at the end of two years and turned his attention to other pursuits, his principal business since 1891 being dealing in horses at Traverse City, buying and shipping upon quite an extensive scale, and in connection therewith loaning money. Mr. Simpson has long been actively interested in the public affairs of Grand Traverse county, and in 1886 was elected on GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 521 the Republican ticket to the office of sheriff, which position he filled with credit to himself and to the satisfaction of the people for a period of four years, having been chosen his own successor in 1888. When Traverse City adopted city government Mr. Simpson was made a member of the first board of public works, which office he resigned to accept the office of sheriff. His official experience, both as sheriff and member of the board of public works, fully met the expectations of the people and justified the wisdom of his election to those responsible positions. His record while in office was without a stain, his course having justified public confidence and his ability to discharge worthily important trusts has never been questioned by his friends or political adversaries. Mr. Simpson's present business interests are large and far-reaching, and have been crowned with a measure of success commensurate with the ability and energy which he displays in all of his undertakings. He has' always had the welfare of the community at heart, and as a public-spirited man of affairs lends his active support and hearty co-operation for the general good. Of scrupulous integrity and correct habits, strictly temperate in all things and a total abstainer as to tobacco and all kinds of intoxicants, his life has been singularly free from fault, and wherever known his name is synonymous with all that is honorable in manhood and upright in citizenship. For a number of years he has been a faithful member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and, appreciating the dignity of his religious profession, he exemplifies the same in his daily walk and conversation. About lhe year 1870 he united with the Masonic order, and from that time to the present day has been an active and consistent member of the same. Mr. Simpson, on the 29th of Api-il, i88o, was united in marriage with Miss Martha Johnson in the city of Grand" Rapids, who departed this life January 14, 1883, after a brief but happy wedded life of less than three years, leaving a daughter by the name of Nellie, whose birth occurred seven days prior to the mother's death. Subsequently Mr. Simpson contracted a matrimonial alliance with his present companion, Katherine Fowe, a union blessed with one child, Arthur Lester, who was born February 23, 1889. HENDERSON SMITH. Henderson Smith, a veteran of the Civil war, and for many years a highly respected citizen of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born September 22, 1842, in Trumbull county, Ohio, in which state his parents, Gordon and Mary (Henderson) Smith, spent their last days. They were originally from New York, and had a family of eight children. Mr. Smith, of this immediate biography, was reared on his father's farm and educated in Trumbull county, where he remained until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted, in April, 1861, for three months' service in Company F, Twentyfourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry,and went to the front. At the expiration of that term he re-enlisted for three years in the same company, and again re-enlisted in 'Company E, One Hundred and Seventy-seventh Regiment, for the remainder of the war, which was about nine months. He took part in a 522 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. I number of thrilling engagements and hairbreadth adventures, and he has a fund of anecdote and history relating to those days which he relates in a very graphic manner. Returning to Ohio, he remained there until 1866, when he came to Grand Traverse county.and entered one hundred and sixty acres of government land in Mayfield township, and has since made it his home. He is conceded to be one of the most thorough, practical farmers in the county, and a glance at his premises certainly bears out the truth of the statement. He was married in Crawford county, Pennsylvania, August 17, 1863, to Miss Julia Gill, a native of Cuyahoga county, Ohio, and one child, Jennie May (Mrs. Albert Cornell), was born to them. Mr. Smith has been affiliated with the Republican party and has held a number of offices, among them being that of school officer and justice of the peace. He is a member of Earl Post, Grand Army of the Republic, of Wexford, and is a man generally respected and honored. CHARLES A. HANNAFORD. Through thirty-seven years Charles A. Hannaford has been classed with the citizens of worth in Leelanaw county, who have fostered those movements upholding the intellectual and moral stability of the community, who have promoted its substantial development and have brought about its present prosperity and advancement. That he is numbered among the early settlers is indicated by the fact that at the time of his arrival here he entered land from the government, becoming owner of a tract which was still in its primitive condition, awaiting the awakening hand of the agriculturist to become productive and fertile. Charles A. Hannaford was born in Solon, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, on the 26th of February, 1836. His father was Reuben M. Hannaford and his mother, in her maidenhood, was Susan Foster. Both were natives of New Hampshire and they were married in 1828. Unto them were born eight children, of whom the subject of this review is the fifth. Both the father and mother died in Cuyahoga county. Upon the old family homestead at Solon, Ohio, Charles A. Hannaford was reared, and in 1855, when nineteen years of age, he left home and went to Winnebago county, Illinois, where he was employed at farm labor for about a year and a half. During that time he was married, on the 17th of November, 1857, to Miss Helen Sill, a native of Ohio, born in Avon, Lorain county, on the 25th of July, 1840. Her parents were Albert and Mercy (Daily) Sill, both natives of New York, and the former died in Clinton, Iowa, and the latter in Boone county, Illinois. They became the parents of nine children, Mrs. Hannaford being the fourth in order of birth. After their marriage the subject and his wife began their domestic life in Adams county, Illinois, where he made his home for about four years. During that time the Civil war was inaugurated, and, prompted by a spirit of patriotism, he offered his services to the government, enlisting on the 12th of August, 1862, as a member of Company I, One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Infantry, with which he served continuously for three years and three days. He was in a number of important engagements and was in the siege of Vicksburg, MR. AND MIRS. C. A. HANNAFORD GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 528 being under fire there for eighty Tlays. His military record is most commendable, for he was ever loyal and unfaltering in the performance of duty and never wavered in his allegiance to the stars and stripes, even when called into the thickest of the fight. Soon after the close of his military life Mr. Hannaford took up his residence in Boone county, Illinois, where he remained for a year, and in September, 1866, he came to Leelanaw county, Michigan, where he secured a claim of one hundred and sixty acres of government land, lying in Solon township, although the township organization was not then effected. In fact it was Mr. Hannaford who gave to the township his name, calling it Solon in memory of the place of his birth. With characteristic energy he began the development of his land and has since carried on general farming, meeting with very gratifying success in his work. He now owns one hundred and twenty acres, of which sixty-five acres have been improved, and the farm is now in keeping with the advancement of the times in agricultural lines. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Hannaford has been blessed with nine children, of whom four are living: Ida, who is the wife of Joseph Hewitt; Minnie, the wife of Albert Smith; Roy and Albert. These are the ones now living, and those who have passed away are Charles, Lyman, Edna, Franklin and Charles. That Mr. Hannaford is widely and favorably known in his adopted county is shown by the many times he has been called to public office and the length of time he has been retained as the incumbent of public positions. He has held the office of justice of the peace for twenty-five years, has been 32 township treasurer and has filled other positions of public trust, including that of county clerk. He has always been a stanch advocate of the Republican party, has done everything in his power to promote the growth and insure the success of the party, and has frequently served as a delegate to county and state conventions. He belongs to Murray Post No. 168, Grand Army of the Republic, of which he has served as commander, and he and his wife are active and consistent members of the First Methodist Episcopal church of Traverse City. For four years Mr. Hannaford rented his farm and resided in Traverse City, but is again living upon the old homestead, where he took up his abode thirty-seven years ago. Leelanaw county has found him a valued citizen who co-operates in many measures for the general good. He has been honorable and active in his business career and in citizenship has been found trustworthy, placing the general welfare before personal aggrandizement. His Christian faith has permeated his entire life and has made his record worthy of the highest emulation and respect. WILLIAM 0. GILBERT. William O. Gilbert is a representative of one of the honored pioneer families of Leelanaw county. From pioneer times down to the present the name of Gilbert has been inscribed in the annals of the county in connection with its interests which advance public prosperity and the social and moral stability of the community. His father, George W. Gilbert, was a most highly respected and honored man. He was born in New York, and 524 4GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. his wife, Mrs. Ellen Gilbert, was a native of Massachusetts. They came to Leelanaw county about 1861 and settled in Kasson township, where for many years the father carried on farming. He was a man of strong will, of earnest convictions and always true to his ideas of right and justice. He enjoyed in a high degree the confidence and good will of his fellow-men, and when he was called to the home beyond one more name was added to the list of honored dead, whose earthly records closed with the words, "Well done, thou good and faithful servant." He was (levoted to his family and friends, and his loss was deeply felt by all who knew him as well as in the immediate home circle. He died June 14, 1899, when more than seventy years of age, and his widow still survives him and is now living in Kasson township. They were the parents of three children, of whom Wiilliam O. Gilbert is the youngest. Upon the home farm in Kasson township the subject of this review was reared, and here he has resided most of the time. lie attended the public schools during his youth and has since made farming his chief occupation. He now owns one hundred and twenty acres of land, and has about one hundred acres of this improved. Upon his farm are good buildings and all modern equipments calculated to facilitate the farm work and to make it of value in the acquirement of a competence. As a companion and helpmate for the journey of life Mr. Gilbert chose "Miss Ida Bow, their wedding being celebrated in Leland, Michigan, on the ioth of January, 1891. The lady was born in Empire township, Leelanaw county, and is a daughter of Julius and Mercy Bow, of that township. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert has been blessed with four children-Warren W., Glenn R., Harold R. and Erwin. Mr. Gilbert belongs to the Republican party, believing firmly in its principles and putting forth every effort in his power to promote its growth and insure its success. He has, however, never been an aspirant for office, preferring to devote his energies to his business affairs. His manner is genial and entirely free from ostentation. Without pretense or display he commands the respect of his fellow-men, because hlie has been true and faithful to every relation in which hlie has been placed. GEORGE S. GODARD. The tide of emigration has steadily drifted westward, until the work of settlement has been carried on throughout the great stretch of country which lies between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. At a comparatively early epoch in the development and improvement of Michigan the Godard family was established within its borders, the subject of this review being a little lad of only six years when he came to the Wolverine state. He now lives on section 32, Grant township, his attention and energies being devoted to agricultural pursuits. He is a native of Onond(laga county, New York, born on the 17th of August, 1848. His father was Philo Godard, of an old New England family, and a native of Massachusetts. Having arrived at years of maturity he wedded Harriet Henderson, who was born in the Empire state. When their son, George S., was a lad of six summers--he being the eldest of their three children-they came to Michigan and established a home in Kalamazoo county, locat GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 525 ing in Oshtemo township, where the son was reared to manhood. He lived upon the home farm and entered the public schools, where he pursued his studies during the winter months. In the summer he was trained to habits of industry on the old homestead, and the work of the fields and meadows became very familiar to him during his practical experience. It was in Kalamazoo county, on the 28th of March, 1882, that Mr. Godard was united in marriage to Miss Mary A. Day, who was born in that county, December 2, 1861, her parents being W. U. and Margaret E. (Green) Day. Her father was also a native of Kalamazoo county, Michigan, and her mother's birth occurred in New York. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Godard was blessed with a family of eight children, six of whom are yet living, namely: Philo L., Harriet M., May C., Eiva B., Ward W. and Hugh K. The two children who have passed away died in early youth. It was in the fall of 1877 that Mr. Godard came to Grand Traverse county, and here he remained for a little more than two years. He then returned to Kalamazoo county, where he again resided for two years, and then once more he came to Grand Traverse county, which has now been his home for more than two decades. Since 1881 he has resided in Grant township, and his home is now on section 32, where he has one hundred and sixty acres of land, of which about forty-five acres cleared and improved. Farm work has claimed his attention throughout his entire life, and he is a well-known agriculturist, carrying on his work in a manner that enables him to gain a good financial return for his labor. He is public-spirited and his interest in the welfare of the community is deep and abiding. His fellow-townsmen recognize his worth and have several times called him to office. For three years he has been supervisor of Grant township, and he has also been school treasurer. His wife is an active member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and both are widely and favorably known. For about half a century Mr. Godard has been a resident of Michigan, and early in life he became imbued with the spirit of enterprise which has ever dominated this section of the country. In all his work he has been practical, accurate and honorable, and his business reputation is unassailable. His geniality and deference for the opinion of others have served to gain him an enviable position in the regard of his fellow-men, and such qualities make him well worthy of mention among the representative citizens of.Grand Traverse county. EDWARD H. BURROWS. Edward H. Burrows, who follows farming on section 22, Grant township, Grand Traverse county, was born on the old family homestead in this township, May 29, 1868, and spent his entire life in Grand Traverse and Calhoun counties. He came of English lineage. His father, the late John Burrows, was born in Cambridgeshire. England, on the Ioth of April, 1842, and was a boy of about ten or twelve years when he accompanied his parents'on their emigration to the new world. The family home was first established in Vermont, but subsequently the grandparents of the subject left the Green Mountain state and came to Michigan. John Burrows attained his ma 526 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. jority in Grand Traverse county and then, desiring a companion and helpmate for the journey of life, he wedded Mrs. Hannah (Allen) Babcock, the marriage being celebrated in Traverse City. The lady was a native of Sanilac county, Michigan. Mr. Burrows took his bride to the home which he prepared on section 22, Grant township, and there they lived happily for a short time, when death separated them, Mrs. Burrows being called to the home beyond in 1869. Edward H. Burrows was the only child born of this marriage. The father was afterward again married, his second union being with Emma Fancher, by whom he had one daughter, Flora E. For his third wife he chose Viola Soper, and unto this marriage four children were born, Hiram L., Rosa, Callie and Hazel, all still living. The father met his death by being kicked by a horse. and died instantly. He was for many years an active, energetic farmer of Grant township and a man of considerable influence, and his loss to the community is widely felt. Edward H. Burrows was only about a year old at the time of his mother's death, at which time he was taken to the home of his paternal grandmother in Penfield townshipp, Calhoun county, where he spent about seven years. He then returned to his father's home, where he remained throughout the remainder of his minority. He was educated in the common schools and has always followed farming, early gaining thorough and practical knowledge of the best methods of improving the fields, so as to make his labors profitable. He owns a tract of land of eighty acres, of which forty-seven acres is cultivated, and he gives his attention in undivided manner to his farming interests, always making his work his first consideration. Mr. Burrows was maried in Inland,. Benzie county, Michigan, October 26, 1895, to Miss Eva Schell, who was born in Traverse City, June I 1, 1877, a daughter of Joram and Abbie (Spafford) Schell, the former a native of New York, while the latter was born in Ohio. Their marriage was blessed with five children, of whom their daughter Eva is the eldest. Mr. and Mrs.. Burrows have one living child, Glen L., and they buried a son who died in infancy. Of the Methodist Episcopal church they are members and in its work they take an active and helpful interest, believing firmly in its teachings and having strong desire to see the church grow in influence and power as a saving force in the world. Mr. Burrows has held the position of school inspector and director for seven years, but the honors and emoluments of public office have had no attraction for him, as he has desired rather to devote his time and energies to his busines affairs, whereby he is now gaining a good living. GEORGE C. McMANUS. George C. McManus, a prosperous and highly respected farmer of Paradise township, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Leeds county, Canada, February 17, 1840. His parents were William B. and Mary (Myers) McManus, the former of Irish nativity and the latter from Canada. Early in the 'seventies they came to Grand Traverse county and continued to make this their home through life. George McManus was one of a family of thirteen GEORGE C. McMANUS. 4 MRS. GEORGE C. MoMANUS. I GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 527,children and, with the pluck that has characterized his entire life, he left home at the age of thirteen years to do for himself in the great battlefield of life. He followed different occupations, accepting whatever honest work was offered. IHe enlisted on Lake Erie as a marine, and was assigned to the "Harrison," on which he served three years. When seventeen years old he shipped. on the "North Star," a whaling vessel from Portland, Maine, and sailed to the Sandwich islands, going from there to San Francisco, and thence making one trip to the Isthmus of Panama on the "Golden Age." Returning to California, Mr. McManus went into the Sierra mountains as a miner and was later in the Rocky mountains, spending seven years there as a miner and passing through many exciting and interesting experiences. He crossed the plains six times and was fairly succesful in the mines. In the summer of 1865 he longed for a more quiet and less hazardous life and returned to Grand Traverse county. He accepted a position with the firm of Hannah, Lay & Company, remaining in their employ for ten years, after which he went to Duluth, Minnesota, where he spent two and one-half years estimatfng and locating pine lands. At the request of his brother, William L., he went to Petoskey and took charge (of his large lumber business at that point, remaining there seven years. Mr. McManus had previously purchased land in this county and when he left Petoskey he returned here and took up his residence on his farm in 1893. He owns two hundred acres and has been devoting the past ten years to its development and improvement. The name of his place is "Sunny Side Farm." H-e has been twice mar ried, first to Miss Matilda Reynolds, to whom he was joined December 31, 1868, and who died September I, 1877, leaving two children, George E. and William A., who died in the twenty-fourth year of his age. Mr. McManus was married February 28, 1879, to Miss Mattie A. Everling, who was born in Tipton county, Indiana, August 13, 1855, and is a daughter of Edward and Rebecca (Hutto) Everling. Edward" Everling was a native of Jennings county, Indiana, born in,1826, and his death occurred September 17, 1889. In connection with coopering and blacksmithing, he also farmed to some extent. In politics he was a Democrat. Rebecca Everling was born in Tipton county, Indiana, May 4, 1836, and died September I, 1896. They were the parents of eight children, of whom the following are living: Mattie, Mrs. McManus; Mary, wife of Arthur W. Kimball, a lumberman in Wisconsin; Edward, who is city marshal of Onaway, Michigan, married Miss Mary Hobner; Otto, a lumberman at Fife Lake, Michigan, married Miss Carrie Ones; John resides in Grand Traverse county. The subject's present union has resulted in four offspring, viz: Georgia A., who died at the tender age of three years; Charles A.; George C., Jr.; and one son who died in infancy. Charles and George are both attending the public schools, and are gifted with much musical ability, both playing the violin and the former being quite proficient as a guitarist. Mr. McManus is a gentleman of sound business principles, strict integrity and upright character who enjoys the respect and esteem of all who know him. Mr. McManus is independent in his politics and supports the man best fitted for the office, regardless 528 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. of political sentiment. He is a member of Petoskey Tent No 223, Knights of the Modern Maccabees, and Mrs. McManus is a member of Petoskey Hive No. 61, Ladies of the Modern Maccabees, of which she was prelate. SAMUEL L. BRAZEBRIDGE. Examine into the life records of the selfmade men and it will always be found that indefatigable industry forms the basis of their success. True, there are other elements that enter in-perseverance of purpose and keen discrimination, which enables one to recognize business opportunities-but ahe foundation of all achievement is earnest, persistent labor. At the outset of his career Samuel L. Brazebridge recognized this fact and did not seek to gain any short or wondrous method to the goal of prosperity. He began, however, to work earnestly and diligently in order to advance himself in the business world and although he started out as a farm hand he is now the possessor of a good farming property of his own situated on section 22, Grant township, Grand Traverse county. Robert Brazebridge, his father, was a native of Camblridgeshire, England, born on the 22d of October, 1826. Coming to this country he took up his abode in Sanilac county, Michigan, and was there united in marriage, in the village of Peck, in the spring of 1859, to Miss Mary Ann Allen, whose birth occurred in St. Clair county, this state, November 10, 1842. They were residents of Sanilac county until September, 1865, when they moved to Grand Traverse county, settling in Grant township, where their re maining days were passed, the mother of our subject departing this life on the 29th day of May, 1882, while the father, long surviving her, died August 8, 1901, at the age of about seventy-five years. Unto them were born five children, Samuel L.; William E.; Alice and Allen, who are now deceased; and Walter E. Samuel L. Brazebridge, whose name forms the caption of this review, was born in Sanilac county, Michigan, on the 3d of December, 1860, and was about five years of age at the time of his parents' removal to Grand Traverse county, where he has since lived with the exception of a brief period spent elsewhere as a farm hand. On the homestead farm in Grant township he was reared and in the public schools he mastered the branches of learning usually taught in such institutions. Early in his business career he worked as a farm hand and when he had managed to save from his earnings a sum sufficient to purchase land on his own account, he invested in eighty acres on sections 22 and 27, Grant township,-forty acres in each section. To its further development and improvement he has since devoted his energies, and the fields are now well tilled and bring forth good harvests. Forty-five acres of the land is improved and the further work of development is being carried on in an energetic manner which produces good results. In Traverse City, July 5, 1894, occurred the marriage of Mr. Brazebridge and Miss Minnie Bigger, a native of Grant township and a daughter of Smith and Abigail Bigger, well-known farming people of the same township. Three children have been born to them, Clarence E., Cecil L. and Allen. The eldest and youngest are at home, but the GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 529 ------- second son died in his fourth year. The parents hold membership in the Seventh Day Adventist church, and their religious faith is manifest in their daily lives and in their straightforward treatment of their fellow men. Mr. Brazebridge takes a deep interest in all township and county affairs and has given effective aid to measures for the general goo4. Moreover he is practical in all that he does, and his labors therefore both for the public good and for his individual success have the desired effect. He is a man of strong purpose and of firm convictions and never falters in his allegiance to what he believes to be right. During the long years of his residence in Grand Traverse county he has become widely known and the fact that many of his stanchest friends are numbered among those who have known him from boyhood is an indication that his career has been an honorable one. GEORGE W. GILBERT. George W. Gilbert is residing upon the old Gilbert homestead on section 30, Kasson township, Leelanaw county. He has lived here for many years, an active representative of agricultural interests, and his farm methods are of such a practical and progressive type that he has become one of the substantial citizens of the community. His father was the late George W. Gilbert, who was born at Washington Mills, Onondaga county, New York, in the year 1829. The mother bore the maiden name of Ellen George and her birth occurred in New Bedford, Massachusetts, on' the 17th of April, 1843. In early life they came to the west and were married in Chicago, Illinois, February 19, 1859. In that city they began their domestic life, living there until the fall of 1861, when they came to Michigan. Leelanaw county was then largely unimproved, but it afforded good opportunities to the ambitious and energetic business man because of its splendid natural resources. For a year and a half Mr. Gilbert resided in Glen Arbor township and at the end of that time removed to Kasson township, establishing what is now known as the old family homestead. His attention was chiefly devoted to farm life and his indefatigable efforts and unabating energy resulted in bringing about a great transformation) in the tract of land which came into his possession at an early day. The farm, once wild and unimproved, became rich and productive and the fields returned to him good harvests. After long years of residence here Mr. Gilbert passed away on the 12th of June, 1899, and thus the county lost one of its honored pioneer settlers. He had aided in laying broad and deep the foundation for the present prosperity of the county aid he took a justifiable interest and pride in everything that pertained to the advancement of Leelanaw county, which compares favorably with the foremost counties of this great commonwealth. Unto him and his wife were born three children: Emma, who is now the wife of N. Chapman; George W., of this review; and William 0., who is represented on another page of this work. George W. Gilbert was born in Glen Arbor township, September 17, 1862, but during his early infancy his parents removed to Kasson township and he was reared upon his father's farm there. It has since been his home with the exception of a period of 530 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. six years that he lived with his parents in Chicago. In early life he became familiar with the duties and labors that fall to the lot of the agriculturist. The sun shone down upon many a field which he plowed and planted in his youth and in later years he has continued his labors upon the old homestead, where he now owns one hundred, and sixty-seven acres of land. Of this about ninety acres are improved and on the farm are commodious and substantial buildings which add to the attractive appearance of the place, indicating the careful supervision of the owner. In Kasson township, on the 19th of July, 1883, Mr. Gilbert was united in mariage to Miss Kate Krubner, who was born in Cleveland township, Leelanaw county, on the 26th of November, 1868. She is a daughter of Joseph Krubner, of that township. Her mother, who bore the maiden name of Catherine Stiger, died at the birth of her daughter,Mrs. Gilbert. Unto the subject and his wife have been born three children, Gladys M., Rosa E. and Bessie E. Their presence adds to the light 'nd life of the household and the members of the family occupy an enviable position in social circles. Mr. Gilbert votes with the Republican party and has held the office of highway commissioner and overseer of the highways. At all times he has kept in touch with the progress of the country, being a man of broad general information. While his efforts have been largely concentrated in farm work in his native county, he is full of sympathy with the spirit of national advancement and has put forth his efforts to keep this locality apace with general improvement. Mr. Gilbert's many excellent traits of character command uniform respect and he is held in the highest regard. JOSEPH AMTSBUCHLER. The farm which is owned and occupied by Joseph Amtsbuchler lies partly in Solon and partly in Elmwood township, Leelanaw county. His home, however, is situated on section 27, Solon township, and stands in the midst of fields that are well tilled and return to the owner golden harvests for the care and cultivation he bestows upon them. He is of Austrian lineage and birth, having first opened his eyes to the light of day in.Austria, on the 12th of July, 1863. His parents were Franz and Caroline (Hertzig) Amtsbuchler, both of whom were natives of the same land, and there they grew to adult age and were married. Several children were added to their household ere they sought a home in the new world. They became parents of six children, five of whom reached years of maturity and are still living, and of these Joseph is the second. It was in 1865 that the father made his arrangements to come to the United States. Bidding adieu to home and friends he sailed with his wife and children and eventually reached the American harbor in safety. He then continued his journey acress the country until he had arrived at Leelanaw county, Michigan, when he secured a tract of land in Solon township and began the development of a farm. He succeeded in reclaiming the wild land for purposes of civilization and with the aid of his sons transformed his place into an excellent farm which he continued to cultivate throughout his remaining days. He died in his fiftyfifth year, but his widow is still living. Joseph Amtsbuchler was only two years old when brought by his parents to the United States, and upon his father's farm MR. AND MRS. JOSEPH AMTSBUCHLER GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 581 in Solon township he grew to manhood. He acquired a common school education and from the time of early spring planting until harvests were garnered in the autumn he largely spent his time in the fields, assisting his father in the development of the home place. When he started out upon an independent business career he resolved to follow the pursuit to which he had been reared and he has been connected with no other work than that of farming, and has found this a good source of income, when the work is conducted along progressive lines and when unabating industry characterizes the work. He is now the owner of one hundred and sixty acres of land in Solon township and he also has seventyeight acres in Elmwood township, and he has placed good improvements upon the property. He uses the best farm machinery to facilitate his work and he has substantial and modern farm buildings and excellent equipments which makes the property attractive in appearance and of considerable value. In Solon, on the i5th of May, 1889, Mr. Amtsbuchler was joined in wedlock to Miss Anna Strohm, a daughter of Erhard and Katherina (Kirner) Strohm, who are mentioned on another page of this volume, being well known farming people and representative citizens of Leelanaw county. Mrs. Amtsbuchler was born in Elmwood township, on the 5th of September, 1869, and by her marriage she has become the mother of five children, four sons and one daughter, as follows: Julius E., Edwin J., Tony E., Walter F. and Clara. Mr. and Mrs. Amtsbuchler are members of the Congregational church of Solon and in his political views he is an earnest Re publican. He has held the office of township treasurer for three years, was justice of the peace for several years, and has also been highway commissioner. The confidence of the public was well placed when it was given to Mr. Amtsbuchler, for he is deeply interested in the public welfare and has conserved the general good by his prompt and faithful performance of his official duties. He has known no other home than Leelanaw county, for he was too young when brought to America to retain any recollection of his native land. The fact that many with whom he has been acquainted from boyhood are numbered among his stanchest friends is an indication that his entire life has been honorable and worthy of the regard of those with whom he has been associated for a long period. S,, HECTOR J. ROBERTSON. Hector J. Robertson, now deceased, was for many years a prominent citizen of Grand Traverse county. He came to this section of the state in pioneer times and he assisted in bringing about the transformation of the county from the wild condition in which it was found at the time of his arrival to its later-day progress and improvement. While he carried on agricultural pursuits in a manner as to gain a comfortable competence for himself, he also belonged to that class of representative citizens who promote the public welfare while advancing individual success. There were in him sterling traits which commanded uniforrmconfidence and regard and his memory is today honored by all who knew him and is enshrined in the hearts of his many friends. 532 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. -- Mr. Robertson was a native of England, but almost his entire life was passed in this country. He was born in London on the 6th of June, 1834, and was only two and a half years old when brought by his parents to America. He was then a resident of New York city until eighteen years of age and in its public schools he acquired his education. About 1852 he enlisted in the United States navy and served three years and three months. After leaving the service he returned to New York and after another year spent in the eastern metropolis he made his way westward to Chicago, Illinois, where he also spent a year. On the expiration of that period he arrived in Grand Traverse county, Michigan. The district as it then appeared bore little resemblance to the thickly populated section of today. Great forest trees stood in their primeval strength and in the midst of the green woods were a few settlements to show that courageous pioneers had begun the task of reclaiming the region for the uses of the white man. A few lumber industries had been established in this section of the state and Mr. Robertson became connected with one of these, entering the employ of Hannah, Lay & Company. He was at work in the East Bay mills from I855 until after the inauguration of the Civil war, and was found as a faithful employee, enjoying the unqualified confidence of those whom he represented. In the first year of the Civil war, however, Mr. Robertson returned to the Empire state and there offered his services to the government, enlisting in Battery G, First New York Light Artillery, serving in the army for three years. He took part in a number of the most hotly contested engagements which had direct and important bear ing upon the final outcome of the war and with a most creditable military record he returned to his home after three years of active and valiant service. Making his way again to Grand Traverse county Mr. Robertson here purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land on section 15, Grant township. It remained his home continuously from that time until his demise and he was widely recognized as one of the leading, practical and enterprising farmers of this part of the state. With characteristic energy he gave his attention to the development of his land and the cultivation of the fields, and his work was attended with good results, good crops rewarding ihis labors. In all his business transactions he was honorable and straightforward, never taking advantage of the necessities of his fellow men in any deal, but gaining a fair profit by honorable methods, and thus providing his family with a comfortable living. It was in Grant township, Grand Traverse county, on the 28th of March, 1867, that Hector J. Robertson was married to Miss Mary Jane Wilson, who was born in Gray county, Ontario, in the township of Collinwood, May 6, 1849. Her parents, Harvey and Maria Wilson, were also natives of the Dominion and on coming to the United States they settled in Grant township, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, where they lived for six years. They afterward returned to Canada and then again came to Michigan, settling the second time in Elk Rapids, where their remaining (lays were passed, and when they were called to their final rest, their deaths occasioning deepest regret among their many friends. Of their family of twelve children, Mrs. Robertson is.the eldest. She became the mother of nine GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 588 children, as follows: Mary A., who is now the wife of Lao Russell; Isabella J., the wife of James Gibbs; Thomas H.; William A.; Emma M., the wife of Charles Drake; Celia E., who married Henry Hulett; Anna A.; Eva L., who wedded Edwin N. Broadway, who is represented elsewhere in this volume; and Martha E., who died in infancy. To his family Mr. Robertson was a devoted husband and father and counted no personal sacrifice on his part too great if it would promote the welfare and happiness of his wife and children. In matters of citizenship he was always as true and loyal as he was when he wore the blue uniform of the nation and fought for the Union upon southern battlefields. Men who had business dealings with trusted him because he bore an unassailable reputation for integrity and fairness. He passed away February 23, 1891, when fifty-seven years of age, leaving to his family the priceless heritage of an untarnished name, to the county the value of good citizenship, and to the young an example well worthy of emulation. Public opinion in passing judgment upon his life work, classed him with the men of honor and worth, and with the pioneer citizens of Grand Traverse county his name is also inscribed. 41 0 WLLIAM COATES. The student interested in the history of Grand Traverse county does not have to carry his investigation far into its annals before learning that William Coates had long been an active and leading representative of its agricultural interests, and that his labors have proven a potent force in making this a rich agricultural region. Thirty-eight years have passed since he came to the county, for the year 1865 witnessed his arrival. There was much difficult work before the early settlers in the task of clearing the land for improvement, for it was originally covered with a dense growth of forest trees and even when these had been cut away the stumps still remained to be dragged from the ground in order to leave the field free for plowing. Through almost four decades Mr. Coates carried on farm work and while he prospered in this he has also found ample opportunity to assist in the material development of the county, and his co-operation has been of value in movements for the general good. Mr. Coates resides on section 35, Grant township-far removed from the place of his birth, which occurred in Yorkshire, England, on the 3d of January, 1834. His parents were George and Isabella (Litt) Coates, who were also native of the "merrie isle," but their births occurred in the county of Cumberland. They were the parents of four children, three sons and a daughter, and William Coates, their second child, was reared in the county of Westmoreland where he remained until a few months past his twentieth birthday. He had been educated in the public schools and had been instructed concerning the value of earnest labor and unfaltering honesty in the active affairs of the business world. When in his twenty-first year he formed the desire to seek his fortune beyond the Atlantic and crossing the briny deep he made his home for some years with an uncle in Lewiston, Niagara county, New York, but while that remained his home he spent a part of the time employed at farm labor in Canada. It was in the latter country that Mr. 584 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Coates was married to Miss Isabella Menzies, the wedding taking place on the 3oth of January, 1862. Mrs. Coates was born in Halton county, Canada, on the 7th of December, 1842, and was the fifth of the eight children of Robert and Catherine (Redpath) Menzies, both of whom were natives of Scotland, and on leaving the purple hills of that country they located in Canada, where their daughter was born and reared. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Coates continued to make their home in Canada until their removal to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, in May, 1865. They settled in Grant township and Mr. Coates took up a claim of one hundred and sixty acres, the original deed for which, dated February Io, 1874, and signed by President Grant, is still in the possession of the family. The land was at that time in the possession of the government and was therefore entirely unimproved, but the energetic efforts of the owner and his enthusiastic interest in his work have wrought a great change here and the Coates farm is today a valuable property, rich in its modern equipments and accessories, its fields of grain, its verdant meadows and its good stock. The farm buildings have been erected by Mr. Coates and are modern structures, well adapted to the uses to which they are put. The farm comprises one hundred and eighty acres, of which one hundred and twenty acres are improved. Mr. and Mrs. Coates are the parents of five children: Robert, in Aberdeen, Washington; George, of the Northern Peninsula; Kate E., who is the wife of G. A. Brigham; Esther, in Munising, Michigan; and Clark, who completes the family, and lives in Wexford county. Mr. and Mrs. Coates are substantial supporters of the gospel and are in terested in whatever tends to promote the moral welfare of the community. In township and county affairs'Mr. Coates takes an active interest and when his judgment approves of any measure that is advanced he is not hesitant in giving his approval and active aid. He has not only been a witness of the development of the county, the cultivation of its farms, the building of its railroads, the establishment of its towns, the introduction of its business enterprises, but in many ways has given his timie and services -for the general good. He has a wide acquaintance and the favorable judgment which the public passed upon him in the early days of his residence here has been in no degree set aside or modified as the years have gone by. 4 -' PHILIP HEIMFORTH. Thirty-nine years compass the life record of Philip Heimforth and the entire period has been passed in Leelanaw county, His birth occurred on the old family homestead on North Manitou island on the 15th of February, 1864, and he has never left the county of his nativity, content to enjoy the advantages here afforded and the business opportunities which its citizens may enjoy. He is the fifth of a family of ten children, born unto Frederick and Elizabeth (Zimmerman) Heimforth. From the fatherland the parents came to the new world, the father having been born in Prussia, while the mother's birth occurred in Bavaria. He crossed the Atlantic in 1850, and she made the voyage in 1851. He had settled in Leelanaw county, casting in his lot with the early settlers who were laying broad and GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 585 I deep the foundation for the present development and progress of the county. After about two years he returned to New Jersey, where he made Miss Zimmerman his wife, and with his bride he returned to Michigan, where he has since lived, devoting his energies to farming. His home is now on section I, Elmwood township, where he and his wife wife have a good residence. They are now widely and favorably known in the county and their worth has won for them the good will and confidence of those with whom they have been associated. In the usual manner of farmer lads of the period Philip Heimforth has spent the days of his youth and at the usual age he entered the public schools, mastering with facility certain studies and earnestly striving to learn others. The pleasures of the playground also interested him when he was not engaged with the duties of the school room or with the work of the fields, and thus he lived as other farm boys of the period, and when he grew to manhood he determined to follow as a life work the pursuits to which he had been reared. He was only eight months old when his parents removed to Elmwood township, and here remained with them until nineteen years of age. He then entered upon an independent business career, working as a farm hand in the neighborhood until he was twenty-one years of age. About that time he was married and settled upon the farm in Elmwood township upon which he now makes his home. He owns one hundred and eighty acres of land, of which one hundred and thirteen acres are improved. A careful survey of his farm in all its departments will indicate to the observer that his farm methods are progressive and his enterprise has been so carefully directed by sound judgment that he has gained prosperity. On the 31st of August, 1885, Mr, Heimforth was joined in wedlock to Miss Lillian Cooper, the marriage being solemnized in Elmwood township, Leelanaw county. The lady was born in Shelby, Ohio, in April, 1869, a daughter of Joseph and Abby Cooper. Her father is now deceased, but her mother is still living. Unto our subject and his wife have been born seven children: Edna M., Henry, Sadie, William, Warren, Mary and Gertrqde. Mr. Heimforth exercises his right of franchise in suport of the men and measures of the Republican party and his influence has even been given for its advancement. He has never sought or desired office, but is a public-spirited citizen and withholds his co-operation from no movement which is tended to promote public improvement. What he has achieved in life proves the force of his character and illustrates his steadfastness of purpose. He is now one of the men of affluence living in Elmwood township and his advancement to a position creditable in business circles is the direct outcome of his own labors. GEORGE SELKIRK. George Selkirk, a wealthy and influential citizen of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Montreal, Canada, November 3, 1832. His parents, John and Agnes (Service) Selkirk, were natives of Scotland who came to America during the first part of the nineteenth century and settled in Canada, where they reared a family of ten chil GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. c~---- dren and spent the remainder of their lives. Young Selkirk remained in Canada, obtaining a meager education and putting in his time in farm work. He has always enjoyed agricultural pursuits and has made it his business and a very successful one. It was not until in i869, when in the very prime of young. manhood, that he' finally resolved to break loose from old associations and plant his family in the heart of the thriving and prosperous community in Michigan. He came to Grand Traverse county and secured one hundred and twenty acres of land in Whitewater township and the following year was joined by his family. The change of residence proved to be a wise one and he has thrived above his expectations, ranking among the best farmers in the county. Mr. Selkirk was married April I, 1856, to Miss Jeanette Robertson, who was born in Dundee, Scotland, on Christmas day, 1829, and was the eldest of a family of nine children born to William and Ann (Gow) Robertson. The fruits of this union are eight children, James; William; Margaret, widow of Philo Scofield, a prominent citizen of this locality who departed this life April 14, 1894, at the age of forty-one years; George, Jr.; Robert J.; Belle, who died at the age of thirty-four; and Charles L. Mr. and Mrs. Selkirk are members of the Presbyterian church and in that faith have reared a family who are an ornament to society and a comfort to the parents. ALEXANDER INNIS. Alexander Innis is one of the energetic, persevering men whose industry and thrift have not only placed him among the substantial and well-to-do agriculturists who represent the backbone of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, but have placed the county among the miost productive and wealthy of the state. Born August 22, 1830, among the hills of Perthshire, Scotland, he inherited the hardy, indomitable spirit of that sturdy race who thrived and grew under all the oppression and hardships heaped upon them, whose character and principles were not less strongly founded than their own rugged hills whose forests and crags furnished them shelter and protection as they fought and won the battles of independence long ago. His parents were Robert and Margaret (Isdale) Innis, who' reared a family of eight children. Like many of his countrymen, young Innis left the fatherland to do for himself in the land of freedom and equality. He landed in New York when about eighteen years of age and from there went to Hamilton, Ontario, where he engaged in lumbering for a number of years, going thence to Chatham, Ontario, where he followed the same business. In 1869 he moved to Antrim, Michigan, where he remained but a short time before he established his familyi in Otsego county, this state, and for ten years was in the lumber business. At the expiration of that time he moved to Grand Traverse county and purchased forty acres of land, upon which he has since lived. This tract was timber land and has been cleared and placed in its present improved condition entirely by Mr. Innis and his family. Underbrush and timber has given place to cultivated fields and fruit-bearing trees, while durable and commodious houses and outbuildings bespeak the wise outlay of his means for the comfort and convenience of his family. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 1587 --- Mr. Innis was married in Canada, in 1858, to Miss Phoebe Jane Hanley, a sister of Mrs. John Cams, of this township, and a daughter of Truman and Mary (Gill) Hanley. She was born in Harnich, Canada, January 19, 1840, and it was in the first month of the year that she became a bride, eighteen years later. Of the eight children who blessed the union of this worthy couple, four did not survive infancy or early childhood. Those living are William E., Lewis A., Charlotte E., who is the wife of William Bloodgood, and Lester G. Mr. and Mrs. Innis are active members and liberal contributors of the Methodist Episcopal church at Elk Lake and are upright, conscientious Christian people. WILLIAM HEIMFORTH. One of the owners of extensive landed and farming interests is William Heimforth, who resides on section 8, Elmwood township. Leelanaw county. His valuable property has been acquired through his own efforts-his persistency of purpose, his laudable ambition.and his determination, and the prosperity which is the legitimate reward of all earnest labor is today his. Mr. Heimforth is one of the native sons of Leelanaw county, but is of Germian descent and he possesses many of the strong and commencdable traits of character of the Teutonic race. His father, Frederick Heimforth, was bern in Prussia, in September, 1824, and when he had reached adult age he wedded Elizabeth Zimmerman, who was horn in Bavaria, Germany, in June, 1835. In the year 185o the father of the subject crossed the Atlantic to the new world and the mother came about a year later. They were married in New Jersey and almost immediately afterward they came to Michigan, settling on North Manitou island, where they remained for several years, covering a decade or more. They took up their abode there in 1855 and Mr. Heimforth devoted his energies to farming. A previous visit to this section of the state, made Mr. Heimforth in 1850, had led him to become imbued with a desire to establish his home in this section of the country, for he had faith in its development and future growth. On his first arrival here he located on North Manitou island, where he spent two years, and then returned to New Jersey, where he was married. He then brought his wife to the west and several years were happily passed at their home on the island, during which time children came to bless their home. In the latter part of the 'fifties Mr. Heimforth bade adieu to his family and went to Colorado, owning a claim on the site of the present city of Denver. He spent several months in the west and then returned to his family, again taking up his abode on the island, where he remained until September, 1864. At that date he removed with his family to Elmwood township, and has since resided upon his farm on section I. He has a good property here, well improved, and provided with all modern equipments and accessories for facilitiating farm work. He is one of the energetic and progressive agriculturists of the community and is also one of the honored pioneer settlers. Years have passed since he first came to this part of Michigan, finding the conditions of pioneer life-the uncut forest, uncultivated fields, the streamns unbridged and the roads uncut. He has watched with interest the transformation 538 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. which time and man have wrought and has taken a helpful part in reclaiming the wild district for purposes of civilization. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Heimforth have been born ten children: William; Elizabeth, who was the wife of William Berringer and died in Ohio; Fred, who died in Elmwood township, Leelanaw county; Catherine, the wife of H. B. Conine; Philip, who is a resident farmer of this county; Peter, who resides in Rosdale, California; Sophia, the wife of Fred Weigand; George H., who is a farmer of Elmwood township; Minnie, at home; and Lena, the wife of Emory Weigand. Mr. Heimforth was born on North Manitou island, Leelanaw county, April 20, 1856, and remained at home with his father until eighteen years of age, during which timn he mastered the branches of English learning taught in the public school near his home. On leaving the parental roof he made his way to Ohio, where he spent about two years, after which he removed westward to Kansas, where he also lived for two years. For about three years he was in Colorado, Wyoming and Montana, engaged in prospecting and lumbering, and on the expiration of that period he returned to Leelanaw county. For two years h; was upon the home farm, assisting his father in its cultivation, and then settled upon the farm which is now his home, on section 8, Elmwood township. He owns two hundred and seventy acres of land, of which two hundred acres is improved. This is the old Dunlap farm and is a valuable property, splendidly equipped with modern accessories, with the latest improved farm machinery and with good buildings. His methods of farming are in keeping with the advanced ideas of the twentieth century and in his work he is systematic, energetic and diligent. Mr. Heimforth was married in Elmwood township, Leelanaw county, on the Ist of January, 1889, to Miss Rhoda E. Hatch, who was a native of New York, her birth having occurred in Oswego county, October 3, 1855. Her parents were Smith and Cornelia A. (Lince) Hatch, who came to Leelanaw county about 1867 and settled in Elmwood township, where the father died on the I8th of August, 1887, but the mother still survives. They were the parents of five children, of whom Mrs. Heimforth is the second in order of birth. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Heimforth three children have been born, Fred, Elizabeth and Mary. In township and county affairs Mr. Heimforth takes an active and abiding interest and views all such' matters from a practical and progressive standpoint. He votes with the Republican party and is one of its stanch advocates. He has never been active as an office seeker, however, preferring to give his time and attention to his business affairs, in which he has met with signal success. He is a man of varied experiences, gained during his sojourn in different parts of the county. There is nothing narrow in his nature, he looks at the world from a broad standpoint and stands as a high type of American manhood, reliable, enterprising and with due regard for the rights of others. - I HENRY HOEFLIN. Among the men who have been largely instrumental in developing and bringing out the best resources of Grand Traverse coun HENRY HOEFLIN RESIDENCE. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 539 ty, Michigan, perhaps none occupy a more prominent place than Henry Hoeflin, whose fine farm property is noticeable among the well-cared-for homes of this section. Mr. Hoeflin was one of eight children born to Jacob and Elizabeth (Westmiller) Hoeflin, both of whom were natives of Germany. He was born May I, I852, in Waterloo county, Ontario, and grew to sturdy manhood there. Early in February, 1887, he left his native land and sought a new home in the States, locating in Paradise township, Grand Traverse county, Michigan. Here he entered one hundred and sixty acres of land which has since been his home and which he converted from its original wilderness into a profitable and pleasant farm. Mr. Hoeflin was married June 21, 1875, to Miss Magdalena Bauman, a native of the same county. She was born April 21, 1850, and is a daughter of John K. and Catherine (Schlink) Bauman. Mr. and Mrs. Bauman were born in Germany, whence they came to Canada, the husband and father passing away in Waterloo county when in his sixtyseventh year. The mother came to Michigan, where she lived to the advanced age of ninety-one years. They were the parents of two children, of whom Mrs. Hoeflin was the elder. Eight children have blessed the home of Mr. and Mrs. Hoeflin, namely: John D., Charles, Isadore, Mary M., Arthur, Henry, who died in his second year, Venia and Lilly. St. John's Lutheran church of Kingsley numbers this worthy couple among its most zealous and honored members. Mr. Hoeflin is an ardent Republican and for the past two years has held the office of highway commissioner, giving to the work an intelligent and discriminating direction that has been of invaluable service to the general public and a lasting credit to himself. ARCHIBALD M. CAMPBELL. Archibald M. Campbell, a well-to-do and reputable farmer of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Elgin county, Canada, July 23, 1845. He is a son of Alexander and Grace (Morrison) Campbell, both of whom came to Canada from Scotland, their native land. In the spring of 1868 Mr. Campbell came to Grand Traverse county and remained until the following October, but old associations were too much for him 'and he returned to the friends of his youth, remaining there for six years. In 1874 he took the California fever and spent two years in that state, engaged principally in lumbering. He once more returned to Canada and soon after located in Shiawassee county, Michigan, where he was employed in agricultural pursuits for two years. Coming again to Grand Traverse county, he purchased eighty acres of land in Whitewater township and has lived there continuously since. The farms of this section are noted for their good buildings and neat, thrifty appearance and his is no exception to the rule. Having designed it for his homestead, he gave careful attention to its clearing and improvements and the result is all that could be wished for. That he has prospered to such an extent is due to his industry and good management. Mr. Campbell was joined in marriage July 19, 1877, in Corunna, Shiawassee county, Michigan, to Miss Matilda M. Bo 33 to GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. man. Mrs. Campbell was born in that county October 2, 1858, and is a daughter of John and Jane (Judd) Boman, the father a native of Germany and the mother of Connecticut. She was the eldest of a family of six children and is the mother of three, viz: Alexander, who is a student in the University of Michigan; John A. and Alice L. Mr. and Mrs. Campbell fully realize the advantages of a good education and are endeavoring to equip their children with such moral and intellectual training that they will be fitted for any position in life to which they may be called. They take an active part in church work and hold a membership in the Elk Lake Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Campbell has served on a number of school offices and has acted as highway commissioner. JAMES O. BLOODGOOD. James O. Bloodgood, a leading citizen of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and a practical farmer of Whitewater township, first opened his'eyes to the light of day on a farm in Schoharie county, New York, March 14, 1833, in the home of Joseph and Nancy (Hill) Bloodgood. When the subject was abo,ut two years of age his parents moved to Wayne county, Michigan, and six years later to Hillsdale county, that state, where for a period of twenty-three years they made their home. They then followed their son to this county and remained here until their deaths, the mother at the age of seventy-four years and the father at the more advanced age of eighty-three. They were the parents of nine children. James Bloodgood made his home with his parents until he had almost reached his thirtieth year and it was not until September, 1862, that he came to this locality and invested in land in Whitewater township. He has bought and sold land many times, buying up a tract of uncleared land which he would put in tillable condition and sell for an advance on the cost price, when he would at once invest in another place. He was married in Corry, Erie county, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1866, to Miss Emily B. Griffis, a native of Cattaraugus county, New York, and a daughter of Orlin and Susan (Stilwell) Griffis. Their marriage resulted in the birth of one child, Ernest L., who died in infancy. Essie A., wife of Ray E. Shug, and William R. were adopted children. Mrs. Bloodgood was a woman of many admirable qualities, an active member of the Methodist Episcopal church and an excellent homemaker. Her death, which occurred August 22, 1899, in the fifty-seventh year of her age, was a great loss, not only to her immediate family, but to the entire community in which she lived and labored. Mr. Bloodgood is also a member of the Methodist church at Williamsburg and is a strong advocate of the principles of temperance. His influence has been potent for good throughout this entire section and he is fearless in his denunciation of wrong. He is a Republican and has been honored by a number of offices, his services giving such eminent satisfaction that he has been retained for year after year in the same capacity. He has been justice of the peace for about eight years, township treasurer for several years, and supervisor for over twelve, a record for probity and deserved confidence that can not be beaten. These facts, alone, are eloquent of the worth and integrity of the man, GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 54t but they can give but a small idea of the good he has been to the public. We will note one instance of his enterprise in behalf of the community. He built the first school house erected in Williamsburg and installed therein Miss Sarah Spencer, now Mrs. Elvin L. Sprague, as the first teacher, and it is safe to say that the educational interests have been steadily growing since. ELMER E. DURYEA. Elmer E. Duryea is the owner of a valuable farm in Long Lake township, having there a tract of one hundred and sixty acres of land, over half of which is under cultivation.. There are also good buildings upon the place and none of the equipments of a model farm are lacking. With agricultural life Mr. Duryea has been identified from his earliest infancy. He was born upon a farm in Chautauqua county, New York, on the 7th day of April, 1864, his parents being Peter A. and Eliza M. Duryea. When their son was a youth of nine years they bade adieu to their old home in the Emnpire state and started westward, arriving in Grand Traverse c6unty, Michigan, in the fall of 1873. They settled in Long Lake township upon a tract of land to the development and cultivation of which the father devoted his energies until called to his final rest. He passed away at the age of seventy-five years and his wife d(lied at the age of sixty-seven years. Of their seven children Elmer E. Duryea is the youngest. From the age of nine years Mr. Duryea of this review has been a resident of Grand Traverse county. Many pioneer conditions still existed at the time of the arrival of the family here and with the others he shared in the hardships and also in the arduous work of developing a new farm. He was reared to manhood in Long Lake township and through the winter months attended the public schools, acquiring a good practical education. The occupation to which he was reared he has made his life work. He owns the old homestead of eighty acres and in addition has another tract of eighty acres and his cultivated fields comprise eighty acres of land whereon are annually harvested, splendid crops of the cereals best adapted to soil and climate. Industry is the key note of his character and forms the basis of an honorable business career. On the 14th of February, 1888, occurred the marriage of Mr. Duryea and Miss Mattie E. Hill, a daughter of the late Charles Hill, of Peninsula township. Mr. and Mrs. Duryea lost one child in infancy and they have now a daughter, Vera P., who is at home. For six years Mr. Duryea has held the office of supervisor of Long Lake township and his long continuance in office is certainly incontrovertible proof of his fidelity to duty. He has also filled the position of township clerk, of school inspector and of school director and the cause of education has found in him a warm friend, for he believes in employing competent teachers and in advancing the cause of education. Both he and his wife hold membership in the Friends church of Long Lake and are deeply interested in its growth and in the extension of its influence. Mr. Duryea is a representative of our best type of American manhood and chivalry. By perserevance, determination and honor 542 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. able effort he has overthrown the obstacles which barred his path to.success and reached the goal of prosperity, while his genuine worth, broad mind and public spirit have made him a director of public thought and action. GEORGE A. ROBERTSON. George A. Robertson is an enterprising farmer, living in section 17, Garfield township, Grand Traverse county. His father was the late James W. Robertson, who was born in Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, in the year 1824. Coming to the West, he resided for a long period in Michigan, and died in Traverse City on the 2d of September, 1902. The mother of,the subject bore the maiden name of Rebecca R. Hooker, and was a native of Maryland. She, too, passed away in Traverse City, her death here occurring on the 25th of May, 1895, when she was about sixty-one years of age. Mr. Robertson was seventy-nine years old at the time of his demise. The eldest of their four children is George A. Robertson, whose birth occurred in Baltimore, Maryland, on the 3d of August, 1855. He spent the first ten years of his life there, and then accompanied his parents on their removal to Traverse City, Michigan. Here he was reared, remaining here chiefly up to the time of his marriage, when he settled upon the farm on which he now lives. He had also learned the carpenter's trade in Traverse City, and followed that pursuit for twelve or fourteen years prior to the time when he decided to give lis undivided attention to his agricultural interests. He purchased eighty acres of timber land on section 17, and, with characteristic energy, began the clearing of this land and placing it under the plow. The trees were cleared away, the stumps taken up and the land made cultivable, and now he has about sixty acres improved and yielding to him good harvests annually. Mr. Robertson was married in Traverse City on the 23d of November, 1881, the lady of his choice being Miss Emma J. Roberts, whose birth occurred in Detroit, Michigan, on the 28th of December, 1857. She is a daughter of Stephen and Elizabeth (Ellis) Roberts, and by her marriage she has become the mother of ten children-Maud E., Alfred H., Mabel D., Alice E., William H., Rose E., Jessie B., Carl A., Lulu N. and James W. Both the subject and his wife have many warm friends in this locality, and the circle is continually being increased as the circle of their acquaintance is extended. Mr. Robertson has served as school directer since 1885, and the cause of education finds in him a warm friend, who believes in marked advancement along intellectual lines. He has likewise been township treasurer for two years, and whatever pertains to public progress and improvement receives his endorsement and co-operation. He is indeed a public-spirited man, and one to whom the welfare of his community is dear. While his life has been quietly passed, he has so lived as to win uniform regard from his fellowmen, who appreciate his cordial manner, his genial disposition, his reliability in business transactions and his trustworthiness in public offices. Mr. Robertson is a member of Traverse City Tent No. 871, Knights of the Maccabees, and Mrs. Robertson is a member of the Traverse Bay Hive No. 71, Ladies of the Maccabees. They are also members of Grand Traverse Grange No. 379, of which G. A. ROBERTSON. MRS. G. A. ROBERTSON. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 543 Mr. Robertson has been master for three years, and Mrs. Robertson is lady assistant steward. Their daughter Maud is a gradtiate of the Traverse City high school of the class of 1900, and she has been a successful teacher in the public schools of Grand Trayerse county for two years. She has taken some musical instruction, and is also a graduate in the Mt. Pleasant Normal College of the class of 1903, and will be one of the teachers of the Empire public schools. Mabel and Alice are both students in the Traverse City high school. ALBERT W. MEBERT. Albert W. Mebert, who is engaged in general farming in Leelanaw county, his home being on section 17, Bingham township, is a representative of one of the pioneer families of this locality. His father, William Mebert, took up his abode in Bingham township when its settlers were very few and when the greater part of the land was still in the condition in which it came from the hand of nature. He was a native of Saxony, Germany, and after coming to the United States he was united in marriage to Miss Lavinia Lindley, whose birth occurred in Indiana. For sone years they were representatives of agricultural interests in Leelanaw county and both died in Bingham township, Mrs. Mebert passing away when sixty years of age, while Mr. Mebert reached the psalmist's span of three score years and ten. They were the parents of three children: Henry E., who is living in Ontario; Emma, who died in childhood, and Albert WV. The last named was born upon his father's farm in Bingham township, August 21, 1872, and was there reared. His education was begun in the district schools near his home, and when he had mastered the branches therein taught he entered the high school of Traverse City, where he completed his course. He has always resided in Bingham township and has always followed agriculural pursuits. He was trained to the work of the farm in his youth, early becoming familiar with the duties and labors that fall to the lot of the agriculturist. He is today the owner of eighty acres of land, most of which is improved, and the farm is a well cultivated one, indicating in its neat appearance the careful supervision of an owner who is at once progressive and practical. In Bingham township, on the 9th of November, 1896, Mr. Mebert was united in marriage to Miss Kate Hacker, who after less than three years of happy married life was called from this life, passing away on the 18th of October, 1899. They were the parents of three children: Etelka H., Joyce, a daughter who died in infancy, and Roscoe M. On the 31st of March, 1900, Mr. Mebert was again married, his second union being with Miss Martha Revold, a daughter of Charles Revold and a native of Bingham township. They are well known young people of the county and have many friends who hold them in high regard. In his political views Mr. Mebert is a Republican. He has held the office of clerk in Bingham township and has been assistant postmaster at Keswick. He also assisted in taking the census in 1900 and he is the secretary of the Leelanaw County Farmers' Institute. Everything pertaining to the welfare of the agricultural class and to the advancement of methods of farming is of in 544 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. terest to Mr. Mebert, who is a most enterprising and wide-awake young farmer of his native county. MORGAN L. LEACH, M. D. Morgan Lewis Leach was born in Erie county, New York, April i, 1821, being the oldest of a large family of children. His father was Jeshurun Leach, and his mother was Theoda, daughter of Theophilus Huntington. Both father and mother were natives of Vermont. During his early years the family made several removals, going first to Oakland county, Michigan, back to Erie county, New York; then to Strongsville, Cuyahoga county, Ohio; from there to Mundy, Genesee county, Michigan, and then to Margaretta, Erie county, Ohio. In consequence of the death of the father, which occurred in Margaretta, the care of the family devolved in a great measure upon the subject. Retirning with them, at the age of twenty-one, to Mundy, he becarre a resident of the neighborhood where, several years before, they had passed through the somewhat romantic and not unpleasant experience of pioneer settlers in an almost unbroken wilderness. In his childhood days, the helps for obtaining an education were confessedly inferior to those available at the present time. He was sent to the district school at an early age, and continued to attend irregularly, with many interuptions, till he was twelve years old. After that time his school privileges were very limited, the time of his attendance amounting in the aggregate to only a few months. That from the start he made good progress in his studies and maintained a good reputation for behavior is evidenced by the fact that in his twelfth year he was selected by the teacher to assist him in his work, the duty assigned him being the instruction of a reading class, several members of which were older than himself. There were not as many branches of learning taught in the common schools of those days as have since been crowded into them. Reading, spelling, writing, arithmetic, geography and grammar filled the curriculum of study, and not all of these were mastered or even attempted by all the pupils. Nevertheless Dr. Leach stoutly maintained in his old age that those old-fashioned schools turned out young men and women as well qualified to make their way to positions of honor and usefulness in life as are the graduates of our city high schools of these late times. The deficiency of his school education was in a great degree made up by a habit of general reading. At an early age books had a great attraction for him. His father once took him to see the neighborhood library, in which he was a shareholder. It was a great treat. The display of books, wonderful to his young comprehension, was never surpassed in interest by any of the "shows" the sight of which, in more mature childhood, he was permitted to enjoy. He was an inveterate borrower of books. He read on all subjects, history, biography, travels, fiction, religion, science. The reading was without plan or order, and doubtless would have been more profitable had a well-arranged system been followed. Though he read mainly for the love of it, the great fund of information thus acquired became practically a part of himself, and, crude though it was, o-f inestimable value in.the conditions and relations of life which at later periods he found himself placed. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 546 1 At the age of nineteen, while the family were residing in Margaretta, Dr. Leach taught his first school. To an earnest young person, who realizes the grave responsibilities of life, teaching for a time is often the best school for the training of his faculties and the disciplining of the character. That he profited by the experience thus gained cannot be doubted. After the return to Mundy, he engaged in various pursuits, with varrying degrees of success, but without accumulating any property. Finally he turned his attention to the study of medicine, which had long possessed for him a growing attraction. His studies were conducted nominally under the directioin of a friend, D. H. C. Fairbanks, but in reality were pursued independently at home, in the irregular intervals between periods of necessary manual labor. In the fall of 1851, thinking himself sufficiently advanced in his studies to be profited by a course of lectures, he went to Ann Arbor, to enter the medical department of the university. It was Saturday night when he arrived. After paying his hotel bill on Monday morning and his matriculation fee at the college, he had just sixty-two and a half cents remaining to carry him through a six-months course. He went through, however, successfully, receiving a little help from friends at home during the winter, and coming out a few dollars in debt in the spring. After the close of the term, a friend came to him with the offer of pecuniary assistance. He accepted the loan of a hundred dollars; which enabled him to spend the summer in study at Ann Arbor, in a class under Dr. E. Andrews, who was at that time demonstrator of anatomy in the college. In the fall, confronted with the necessity of turning his medical skill to pecuniary account and feeling confident of his qualifications, he removed with his mother and younger brother to Duplain, Clinton county, and engaged in practice. Here he became acquainted with Mrs. Lemira M. Coy, widow of Chandler W. Coy, one of the pioneer settlers of Duplain. The acquaintance ripened into a mutual attachment, and they were married on the 27th day of October, 1856. In the autumn of 1857, after several years of successful practice, he returned to Ann Arbor, attended a second course of lectures, and graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine, on the 25th day of March, 1858, a few days before he was thirty-seven years old. The winter of I86o-6i Dr. Leach spent in Traverse City. It was at that time a little hamlet in the woods, with no roads leading to it from the outside world. He came on foot from Grand Haven, up the lake shore and over the trail from Portage via Bear Lake and Benzonia. In the spring, it seeming advisable to return to Duplain, he went back, again on foot, over the route by which he had come. The war of the Rebellion had just broken out, and on the organization of the First Michigan Calvary, in the following August, he, with many of his neighbors and friends, enlisted as a private in that regiment. He was soon afterward made a hospital steward. In this capacity he had the immediate care of the sick and wounded of the regiment, and often performed the duties properly belonging to a surgeon. The regiment spent the fall in Washington and the winter in Frederick, Maryland, crossing with General Banks' forces into the Shenandoah valley late in the following February. General Banks, after the battle of Kernstown, having pursued the enemy up the valley to Harrisonburg and afterward 546 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAWr COUNTIES. fallen back to Strasburg, was finally compelled to fly before the overwhelming force of Stonewall Jackson. On the retreat Dr. Leach was moving with the wagon train, with several wagons containing the hospital stores, nurses and sick men of his regiment, when a short distance north of Middletown the train was suddenly charged by the Confederate cavalry. Though a hospital steward was not required to carry arms, he had always carried a sabre and a revolver, and now, perhaps not wisely, he commenced using his revolver, attempting almost single handed to repel the attack and save his men. In less time than it takes to tell it he was unhorsed and lay on theground, bruised and bleeding, with a severe sabre cut on the right cheek, a slight cut on each hand and another on the shoulder, and a bad bullet wound in the lower part of his thigh. He was made prisoner and carried back to Middletown, where, a few days later, when Jackson, in his turn, had to retreat, he was placed on parole and left in the hospital. As soon as he was able to travel, he returned home, spent some time in Camp Chase, Ohio, whither he was ordered with other paroled prisoners, was discharged from the service on account of disability from wounds, and again returned home. In the fall of 1862, having nearly recovered from his wounds, he received a commission as assistant surgeon in the Ninth Regiment of Michigan Calvary, then organizing at Coldwater. He left with the regiment for Kentucky in May, 1863, and, after participating in the stirring events occurring in that state during the summer, passed over the Cumberland mountains in the fall, and joined General Burnside's command in Tennessee. He remained with the regiment till the spring of 1864, when he was detailed for service in one of the general hospitals of Knoxville. In the course of the summer, finding his health seriously affected by climatic conditions and the influences of the environment incident to the performance of his duties as a medical officer, he resigned his commission and retired from the service. After the war he was engaged for some time in the construction of state swamp land roads, at first in connection with his brother, Hon. D. C. Leach, between Traverse City and Charlevoix, and later, by himself, between Charlevoix and Harbor Springs. Afterward he engaged for a short time in the mercantile business, losing in it all the profits previously made in road-building. During a considerable part of his life Dr. Leach was a frequent contributor to the newspaper literature of the country. As in his younger days he read for the love of reading, so now he wrote mainly for the love of writing. True he sometimes got pay for his articles, but, with a few exceptions, the remuneration was so small as to be scarcely worthy of consideration. His literary productions are scattered through the papers of the period, probably very few copies of any of them being in existence at the present time. Among the most elaborate of his works may be mentioned, "Tom Rinkle and His Friends" and "Letters from Pickle Corners," printed in the Household, a monthly, at that time published in Brattleboro, Vermont. The former is a story of backwoods life, the latter a series of articles loosely connected by narrative and spiced with philosophical observations on men and things. Several short stories, that created considerable interest, were written for the papers of David C. Cook, the Chicago publisher' of Sunday-school literature. Doubtless Mr. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 547 Leach's most important work is his "History of the Grand Traverse Region," published in the Grand Traverse Herald, in 1883. It was prepared with painstaking care. On this point we quote the author's own statement: "A few simple principles have guided the author in the execution of the work. It has not been written in the interest of any person, party or clique. To tell the truth, and to make of the truth an interesting narrative, has been his constant aim. In case of conflicting testimony, of which there have been but a remarkably small number of instances, he has carefully and impartially weighed the evidence, and has given the statement of what to him appeared to be the truth without fear or favor." This history has never been put into book form. It has come to be recognized standard authority on the matters of which it treats. Besides contributing to various publications, he was for short periods, at different times, engaged in editorial work. During the latter half of 1872 and the former half of 1873, he worked as assistant editor on the Grand Traverse Herald, at that time published by his brother. The deatl of Mrs. Leach, in 1878, was the occasion of the breaking up of his home in D)uplain. Renaining in that vicinity till the spring of I88o, he then removed to Charlevoix. where he remained two years, engaged in the practice of his profession. In the meantime his brother had conceived the project of publishing a monthly agricultural paper at Traverse City, and offered him an opportuniity to take part in the work. The offer was readily accepted. The first number of the Northwest Farmer appeared in April, 1882. At the end of three years, not having proved a financial success, the publi cation was discontinued. During that period Dr. Leach, besides doing a fair share of the editorial work, traveled three times on foot over nine or ten counties of the Grand Traverse region, visiting repeatedly almost every neighborhood in the interest of the paper. From the time of his removal to Charlevoix in 1880, Dr. Leach's residence has been continuously in the Grand Traverse region, but not all the time at Traverse City. On the 4th of May, 1890, he was united in marriage to Mrs. Emily Caroline Wisner, widow of Merritt G. Wisner, one of the pioneers of the settlement at Wexford. Mrs. Leach was the owner of a farm in that neighborhood, on which she had lived for many years, and after the marriage they continued to occupy the farm. Dr. Leach was a Methodist. He had been converted when about eight years of age, and at twelve was baptized and received into the church. At Wexford he, with his wife, became a member of the church at that place. Mrs. Leach was a believer in the Seventh-Day Adventists. Some years after their marriage, finding that she felt a strong conviction that she ought to keep the seventh (lay as the Sabbath, he proposed to keep it with her, and for some time kept both the first day and the seventh. The Methodist pastor, fearing, doubtless, the spread of the Adventist influence, as there was a small but wide-awake church of that faith within the bounds of his circuit, engaged a noted lecturer to come and deliver a course of lectures against the doctrine of the seventh-day sabbath. Before he got through with his first lecture, Dr. Leach, who was an attentive and interested listener, lbecame satisfied that he was not entirely candid in all his statements and arguments. The incident led him to give 548 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. more careful attention to the scriptural teaching of the doctrine of the Sabbath, with the result that he was convinced that it is a duty of Christians to keep the seventh day. He was at that time class leader and superinten(lent of the Sunday school at Wexford. He resigned the offices, and he and his wife withdrew from 'the church and united with the Adventists. Any biography of Dr. Leach would be incomplete which should make no mention of his interest in the study of nature. His general reading early took a trend in that direction. In middle life, and later, he gave much time to the study of geography, botany, zoology, and especially conchology, and to the remains of the prehistoric races of the United States. An account of the ancient mounds, the work of the Moundbuilders, in Clinton county, and of the two old forts, supposed to be the work of some race, in Ogemaw county, Michigan, written for the Smithsonian Institute, form interesting articles in its report for 1884. In the fall of 1897 Dr. Leach and Mrs. Leach disposed of their farm at Wexford, and removed to Traverse City, where, at the present writing, 1903, they still reside. JOHN AMTSBUCHLER. On the old family homestead on section 28, Solon township, Leelanaw county, where he is still living, John Amtsbuchler was born, his natal day being March 2, 1866. He has always lived here, and, while his life has been quietly passed in some respects, he has shown himself worthy of the confidence and friendship of those who have known him from youth. He is a son of Franz Amtsbuchler, who was a native of Austria, and brought his family to the Ujnited States when this country was still surrounded by the environments of pioneer life. His wife, Mrs. Caroline Amtsbuchler, was also born in Austria, and several children had come to bless their union before they sailed for the United States in the fall of 1865. The journey across the briny deep being completed in safety, they landed at New York, but their destination was Michigan, and the father spent his remaining days in Solon township, Leelanaw county, where he died in his fifty-fifth year. He had always followed the occupation of farming, and continued in active connection with that work until his life's labors were ended in death. Unto him and his wife were born five children. John being the third of the family. Upon his father's farm John Amtsbuchler was reared. A description of the every-day experiences of most farmer boys of the period would tally with the account of his youth. Hie perhaps had more advantages than some and less than others, but school life and farm work alternated to occupy his time, and while receiving his mental training in the public schools, he was also being prepared for agricultural pursuits by the practical training which he received utinder the direction of his father upon the old home place. He has always lived upon the old homestead, and he now owns the place, comprising two hundred acres of the rich land of Solon township. The buildings here are substantial and the farm is valuable, the work of cultivation transforming it into a tract which would command a high price on the market, did he desire to sell, JOHN AMTSBUCHLER GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 549 but he prefers to make his home here at the place where he was reared, and which is, therefore, endeared to him through the associations of his youth. He has worked so persistently that he is now accounted one of the men of affluence in the community, and in the control of his agricultural interests he manifests excellent business, keen discrimination and sound judgment. FRED RICHTER. Forty years ago Fred Richter came to Leelanaw county and during almost the entire intervening period he has here resided. His home is now on section 4, Bingham township, and, as the place of his residence indicates, he is a farmer. That he has led a busy and useful life is indicated by a glance at his well-tilled fields, with their good crops, his substantial buildings, modern farm machinery and fences always kept in good repair. Many evidences of thrift go to indicate the character of life he has led, a life worthy of respect andthonor, and also meriting the prosperity with which it is crowned, for Mr. Richter is now classed with the men of affluence in his community. A son of the fatherland, Fred Richter first opened his eyes to the light of day in Germany on the Ioth of November, 1844. He lived there until about fourteen years of age, when he crossed the briny deep to the new world, becoming a resident of Canada, in company with his father, Fred Richter, Sr. About 1863 they came to Leelanaw county, and the following year the father died, passing away at his home in Bingham township. The subject of this review was then about twenty years of age. He has since been dependent upon his resources, and has since lived in Leelanaw county with the exception of two years spent in Traverse City, Gra;d Traverse county, in the employ of the well-known lumber manufacturers, Hannah, Lay & Company. Purchasing one hundred and sixty-two acres of land in Bingham township, he began its further development, and he now has eighty acres under cultivation, while from the well tilled fields he annually gathers rich harvests. Farming has usually claimed his entire attention since he started out in life for himself, and he has made a close study of everything appertaining thereto, and is quick to adopt new methods and improvements which he believes will prove of practical utility and benefit in his work. In Bingham township was celebrated the marriage of Fred Richter and Miss Hannah Bormaster, who was also born in Germany. Four children have been born unto them, but John died in Bingham township when twenty-five years of age, and William died in the same township when twenty-three years of age. The eldest child of the family is Sarah, who is now the wife of Walter Traverse. Edward completes the family, and is still at home with his parents, assisting his father in the improvement and cultivation of the home farm. Mr. Richter votes with the Republican party, keeps thoroughly posted on political questions and is deeply interested in the success of his party, but has never been an aspirant for the honors and emoluments of public office, preferring to devote his time and energies to the conduct of his business affairs, in which he has been meeting with signal success. His property is now val 550 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. uable, and year by year its worth increases as the county becomes more thickly populated, making land in greater demand, and as he carried on the work of improvement, adding new buildings, modern machinery and up-to-date equipments. He has worked earnestly to gain his present creditable financial standing, and his efforts have been in strict conformity with business ethics. He has never been known to take advantage of the necessities of his fellow-men in a business transaction, and his name is therefore honored in trade circles. EVAN J. EAST. Evan J. East, who is living on section 3o, Long Lake township, is one of Michigan's native sons, his birth having occurred upon a farm in Calvin township, Cass county, on the 20th of September, 1846. He is the youngest of the three children born unto William H. and Mary (Lundy) East. Both of his parents are now deceased. Many years have passed since the mother was called to her final rest, her death having occurred in December, 1846, when the subject of this review was only two months old. The father, however, long survived her, and died in 1888, when seventy-two years of age. In Cass county, Michigan, Mr. East was reared and educated in the public schools, while his business training was received upon the farm and he has followed agricultural pursuits during the greater part of his life. After arriving at years of maturity he was married, in Cass county, Michigan, on the 19th of September, 1869, to Miss Lucy Wright, a native of Grant county, Indiana, born on the i6th of June, 1848. She is a daughter of William R. and Hannah (Gauntt) Wright, and was the second of their three children. Her mother died in Cass county, Michigan, when about fiftythree years of age. For three years after his marriage Mr. East was employed in a woolen-mill, and on the expiration of that period went to Kansas, but remained in the Sunflower state for only one summer. He then returned to his native county, and soon afterward removed to Grant county, Indiana, where he carried on agricultural pursuits for two years. Again he took up his abode in his native county, where he lived from the fall of 1876 until the autumn of 1889, at which time he arrived in Grand Traverse county. He settled near Grawn, in Blair township, where he carried on agricultural pursuits for four years, and then once more he went to Cass county, which continued to be his place of residence for two years. He then came to Grand Traverse county for the second time and settled upon the farm which has since been his home. It is situated on section Io, Long Lake township, and comprised a tract of eighty-five acres, the greater part of which is under cultivation. In the place are seventy acres, and the improvements which he has placed upon his property have made it valuable and productive. Mr. and Mrs. East have two sons, Lloyd G. and Elroy W., who assist in the operation of the home farm. Public duties have been intrusted to the subject, and he has served as township treasurer of Long Lake township for two years, while for one year he was township clerk. He has also been school inspector, and his active co-operation is given to many measures and improvements for the general good. He endorsed the Republican GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 551 party by his ballot until 1900, when he became identified with the Prohibition party, to which he now gives his earnest support. Both he and his wife hold membership in the Friends church, and he has taken an active part in church work. JOSEPH SOURS. The history of Grand Traverse county would be far from complete did it not mention those grand men who came to the new country when it was an unbroken wilderness and paved the way to its present prosperity. Amid hardships and suffering such as the present generation cannot realize those sturdy men and women braved sickness and peril to establish homes on the frontiers, transforming the broad expense of wild, unsettled country into flourishing fields of grain, dotted here and there by the small cabin of the settler and the struggling hamlet. These in turn gave way to the neat frame and brick houses of more recent times, while the hamlet grew into the thriving village or city; the oxen gave way to the horse, which in turn was succeeded by the steam and electric car; telegraph and telephone convey instant news where once the stage took days in its transit, and the frontier is in the midst of a bustling, active civilization. It is a pleasure to do honor to the memory of such men, and none are held in more sacred regard than he whose name heads this sketch and whose life has been so closely interwoven with the early history of Whitewater township. Joseph Sours was born on a farm near Rochester, New York, July 4, I820, and it was there he grew to adult years. He learned the trade of a cooper and followed the busi ness in New York until his twenty-first ye-r. He then decided to try hi-s fortune in the west and came to this state, locating in Battle Creek, where he followed his trade for many years, and was fairly successful. In August, 1855, with his wife and two children, he came to Grand Traverse county and settled on a farm in the north part of Whitewater township. This land he made his home until his death, setting out a fine orchard, erecting good buildings and making such improvements as he saw were needed from time to time. He was industrious and hard-working, and at the time of his death owned and operated a farm of one hundred and twenty acres. Mr. Sours was married October 22, 1848, to Miss Mary V. Lowell, a daughter of Asa and Eliza (Smith) Lowell. She was born in Livingston county, New York, June Io, 1828, and was a woman whose sympathetic nature made her the friend of every one. They were excellent neighbors, and thought nothing of traveling several miles to do a neighborly act. Five children blessed their union: D. Lowell, who is a leading citizen of Whitewater township; Ella M., the wife of Thomas B. Pettitt; John Joseph, who died at the age of thirty-three years; Frances, wife of August DeCrausaz; and Frank E., who resides on the old'homestead; the latter was married December 23, 1891, to Miss Matilda J., daughter of Neil Munro, a prominent resident of Elk Rapids, Michigan. PROF. JOHN 0. DUNCAN. Since the autumn of i896 John O. Duncan has been actively and prominently connected with the educational interests of Lee 5652 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. lanaw county, and his deep interest in the schools and their advancement has been manifest in the earnest, practical and zealous efforts which he has put forth to raise the standard of education here and promote the intellectual activity of the young. Education is the basis of all progress, of business prosperity and moral worth, and the man best fitted to cope with the world and its complex problems is the man whose mind is well trained, alert and receptive. Mr. Duncan is now serving for the third term in the office of county commissioner of schools in Leelanaw county, having once been appointed and twice elected to the office. A native of Michigan, Mr. Duncan was born on the I5th of March, 1868, in Marion township, Sanilac county, his parents being John and Fanny (Garrow) Duncan, the former a native of Scotland and the latter of Canada. Coming to America, Mr. Duncan was for many years identified with the agricultural interests of Sanilac county, Michigan, and in his farm work he prospered, winning for himself a comfortable competence. In 1868 he was called upon to mourn the loss of his wife, who died in the month of March of that year, at their home in Marion township, Sanilac county, leaving two children, of whom John O. is the younger. The husband and father long survived and continued his farming operations until he, too, was called to his final rest, in September, 1896. Upon the old homestead farm in the county of his natiyity John O. Duncan spent the days of his boyhood and youth, and in the public schools near by he was educated. After studying for some time in Downington, Sanilac county, he entered the Ferris Institute, at Big Rapids, Michigan, and there, on the completion of the regular course, he was graduated in 1896. Well qualified for the profession of teaching, he then came to Leelanaw county in the fall of 1896, locating at Sutton's Bay, where he took charge of the public schools, acting as superintendent for four years, during which time he instituted a number of needed refoms and inaugurated improvements that greatly benefited the school system of that place. On the expiration of that period he was appointed to fill a vacancy in the office of school commissioner of the county, and at the ensuing election, in 1891, he was chosen by popular ballot for the office. In the spring of 1903 he was reelected- to the position, and the county has profited by his efforts in behalf of her system of public education. He has made a close study of the work, its needs and the previling condition of the schools in this county, and has put forth every effort in his power to promote the efficiency of the schools and make both of them of benefit as a preparation of the young for life's work. Mr. Duncan was married in Argyle, Sanilac county, Michigan, to Miss Maggie Herdell, a native of that county and an estimable lady of culture and refinement. She proved to her husband most companionable and helpful, but was not long spared to him, her death occurring in Argyle on the 28th of February, 1893. He was again married on the 23d of December, 1896, at Clarkston, Oakland county, Michigan, the lady of his choice being Miss Estella Seeley, a native of California, who, however, was reared in this state. They have one child, J. Alden. Fraternally Mr. Duncan is quite prominent and popular. He is a member of Sutton's Bay Lodge No. 463, Independent Order of Odd Fellows; Northport Lodge No. 265, Free and Accepted Masons; Traverse City GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 558 --- Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, and Northport Tent, Knights of the Maccabees. Both he and his wife have a wide acquaintance in the county, and they occupy an enviable position in the social circles, where true worth and intelligence are received as the passports into good society. HENRY COURTADE. One of the attractive farm residences of Grand Traverse county is the property of Henry Courtade, of East Bay township. Built in a modern and pleasing style of achitecture, it forms one of the features of the landscape, which presents a fair picture of well-cultivated farms lying adjacent to the waterways for which Michigan is famous. That Mr. Courtade is thoroughly familiar with agriculture is shown in the neat and thrifty appearance of his place, and the comfortable competence which he has acquired is an indication of his life of thrift and industry. A native of Ohio, he was born in Seneca county, March 15, 1841, the second of a family of five children. His father was Lorenz Courtade, who was born in Alsace, Germany. After arriving at years of maturity he wedded one of his countrywomen, Miss Barbara Host, whose birth occurred in Bavaria. After some years' residence in Ohio the parents came with their family to Michigan, settling in Ottawa county, whence they afterward removed to Detroit, living there for a few years. Subsequently they came to Grand Traverse, making their home in East Bay township, where both the father and mother (lied. Henry Courtade was but a small boy at the time of the family's removal to this state, and was a youth of thirteeen when he became a resident of Detroit, there remaining until he was about twenty years of age. Entering upon an independent business career at that time, he made his way to the upper peninsula of Michigan and was employed at intervals in the copper mines for several years. In the summer of 1865 he came to East Bay township, Grand Traverse county. About that time he was married in Ottawa county, Michigan, to Miss Regina Knauf. She was born in Washtenaw county, this state, and the marriage occurred on the ioth of July, 1865. They began their domestic life in East Bay township upon the farm which Mr. Courtade has since made his home, with the exception of a brief period of two years, when he returned to Ottawa county. For thirty-five years he and his wife traveled life's journey happily together, and were then separated by the hand of death, Mrs. Courtade being called to the home beyond on the 5th of April, 19oo. Twelve children had been born unto them, namely: Charles R., George E., Ida, Albert, Rose G., Leo H., and Josephine E., who are yet living; and Frank L., Louis, Mary, Oscar J. and Elizabeth C., who are deceased. Mr. Courtade still resides upon his farm in East Bay township, where he is the owner of a tract of land comprising one hundred and twenty acres. Of this he has improved one hundred acres, and the farm is productive, the arable soil yielding quick return for the care and cultivation of the owner. He is intensely practical in all his work, is seldom at fault in matters of judgment, and through the capable conduct of his business affairs he has won a competence, which classes him among the men of affluence of his commun 554 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ity. He has taken great delight in providing a comfortable home for his family, and his chief interest has ever centered in his own household. He and his family are communicants of the Catholic church, to which his wife also belonged, a":,in his political views he is a Republican, believing in the principles of the party,. 'it never seeking office. He has never desired to figure prominently in public affairs, his attention being fully occupied in his efforts to gain a living for himself and family, and his persistency of purpose in this direction has been rewarded. There have been no exciting or startling chapters in his life history, but it is that of a man who has been found true to duty in every relation and now richly merits the esteem which is uniformly given him. ISAAC J. NEWMARCH. Isaac J. Newmarch, commissioner of highways for Paradise township, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born about twenty miles from Ottawa, Ontario, on April 10, 1854. His parents, Jame's and Melissa (Milks) Newmarch, located in Fife Lake township in 1873, and a few years later moved to Paradise township, which is still their home. They are the parents of ten children. Mr. Newmarch grew to manhood in Canada and became a farmer of ability and resource. In 1881 he came to the United States and settled on his present homestead in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, where he owns two hundred and eighty acres of as fine land as can be found in the county. A commodious brick residence has added greatly to the appearance and attractiveness of the property, and proclaims Mr. Newmarch one of the up-to-date agriculturists of present times. The subject was married in Montreal, Canada, April 22, 1873, to Miss Ellen Monteith. Mrs. Newmarch was born in Montreal February 3, 1848, and is a daughter of John and Mary Ann (Devine) Monteith, who were born in Ireland, whence they moved to Montreal. Here they reared a family of eight children, and were regarded as honorable, upright people. They continued to make Montreal their home until they were called to the home above, and died as they had lived, honored and respected. To Mr. and Mrs. Newmarch five children have been born, namely: Mary E., the wife of Adam Seegmiller, was a-teacher in her home county prior to her marriage; Sarah E., wife of William S. Saxton; James J.; William H., and Andrew J., who died in infancy. Mr. N ewmarch has served as commissioner oi highways for the past six years, a fact significant of his efficiency. He is one of the men who improves on acquaintance and whose friends include the many who have had dealings with him. PETER COURTADE. From the age of thirteen years, when he began working in the copper regions of northern Michigan, Peter Courtade has been dependant entirely upon his own efforts and well may he claim the proud American title, "a self-made man." In youth many a man, now successful and prominent in the business world, has been buffeted by fortune, and has encountered innumerable obstacles, but ISAAC J. NEWMARCH. MRS. ISAAC NEWMARCH GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 555 such difficulties always disappear before persistent, determined effort and success does not forever withhold her rewards from him who labors diligently and perseveringly. The life record of Mr. Courtade stands in exemplification of the fact that merit will eventually win. Born on a farm in Seneca county, Ohio, on the Ist of April, 1837, Peter Courtade is of German lineage, his parents, Lorenz and Barbara (Host) Courtade, being natives of the fatherland. The former was born in Alsace and the latter in Bavaria, and after residing for some years in Ohio they brought their family to Michigan, settling in Kent county on a farm. Peter Courtade, the eldest of their five children, was a lad of seven years when he accompanied his parents to this state and upon the home farm in Kent county he remained until thirteen years of age, but his father was in limited circumstances and desiring to provide for his own support he went to the Upper Peninsula, where he entered the employ of a copper mining company. There he remained until the summer of 1865, when he came to Grand Traverse county, being then a young man of twenty-eight years. Mr. Courtade had been married in Keweenaw county, this state, on the 25th of June, 1858, to Miss Magdalena Jordi, who was born in Berne, Switzerland, November 16, 1841, a daughter of Kasper and Elizabeth (Hannie) Jordi, both of whom were native of the land of the Alps. They had two children, Mrs. Courtade being the elder. She was brought to America by her parents when about twelve years of age, the family residing for a time in Cleveland, Ohio, whence they removed to the copper-mining region in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, where 35 Mrs. Courtade grew to womanhood and where she was married, there living until the removal to Grand Traverse county in 1866. At that date the subject and his wife located in East Bay township upon the farm which is now their home. He has here about one hundred and sixty acres of land, of which about ninety-five acres are improved. It has been his labor that has wrought a transformation in the wild tract which came into his possession. From early morning until dewy eve he has labored in the fields, plowing and planting in early spring time, and gathering his crops in summer and autumn, his diligence being rewarded by a competence which now classes him with the men of affluence in his community. He has erected good buildings upon his place and has an attractive residence. His present enviable financial position is in marked contrast to that in which he started out in life when but a mere boy, and such an example of thrift and industry should serve as a source of encouragement and inspiration to others. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Courtade has been blessed with nine children: William H., who resides in Traverse City; John N., a resident farmer of East Bay township; Louisa, the wife of Russel L. Vanderlit; Frederick L.; Edward P.; Joseph R.; Frank D.; Minnie M.: Elizabeth S., who is the wife of Perry H. Boynton. The family is one of prominence in the community, the members of the household occupying an enviable position in social circles. The sons have become good business men and Mr. and Mrs. Courtade and their children are all held in high esteem by a large circle of friends, whose number is continually in 656 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. creasing as the circle of their acquaintance widens. In his political views Mr. Courtade is a Republican, having acted with the party since its organization, it being formed about the time he attained his majority. During his residence in East Bay township he has been elected to a number of local offices. He has served as justice of the peace, has been a member of the board of review, also school assessor and school moderator, and the cause of education receives his earnest endorsement, for he realizes its importance as a preparation for life's responsible duties. He and his family are communicants of the Catholic church. More than a third of a century has passed since Mr. Courtade came to Grand Traverse county to ally his interests with hers and throughout the entire period he has lived a life of unfaltering industry, guided by sound judgment and directed by honorable principles. JOHN LITNEY. John Litney occupies today a prominent position in the commercial circles of Sutton's Bay and Leelanaw county, and he deserves all the more credit for this from the fact that hlie started out in life empty-handed, depending entirely upon his own resources for the start which he had and for the success that he has achieved. In an analyzation of his character we find many elements worthy of commendation and of emulation. He did not ask for fortune's favors, but set out to win them by honest work, and the success which ever crowns earnest, honest toil is today his. He is now the senior mem ber of the firm of Litney & Wolter, dealers in agricultural implements and farm machinery in Sutton's Bay, where a liberal patronage has been accorded them. Mr. Litney was born in Troy, New York, June 20, 1845, a son of Joseph and Sarah (Moston) Litney, the former a native of Paris, France, while the latter was born in Limerick, Ireland. They were married in this country and after some years' residence in the Empire state they made their way westward, locating in Rock county, Wisconsin, where they spent their remaining days. The father's death occurred in 1865, when more than fifty years of age, and the mother, long surviving him, passed away in 1900, at the advanced age of seventy-three years. Unto this worthy couple were born nine children, five sons and four daughters, of whom John Litney is the second. During his early youth John Litney was brought by his parents to the west and was reared in Rock county, Wisconsin. He was still but a youth when he offered his services to the government, his patriotic spirit having been aroused by the continued attempt of the south to overthrow the Union. In October, 1863, at the age of eighteen years, hlie donned the blue uniform of the nation, becoming a member of Company C, Third Wisconsin Cavalry, with which he served for two years. His loyalty to the old flag and the cause it represented was manifest by his valorous service on the field of battle and by his faithfulness to every duty assigned him. He went to the war a boy; he came home a man. The experiences of army life, its hardships, its trials, the patriotic devotion which it inculcates, the friendships formed thereby, do more to de GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 557 I velop manhood than a decade of ordinary experiences in times of peace could have done. When the country no longer needed his services Mr. Litney returned to his home in Rock county, Wisconsin, where he remaified for about two years, and then after spending a few months in the west, he came to Michigan, settling at Northport. There he entered the employ of Campbell & Goodrich, being engaged to drive a team. Later he was with H. N. Ballard for three years, as his foreman, and later he spent a year in the employ of Johnson, Hones & Company. He next entered the service of the firm of Johnson, Hitchcock & Company, whom he represented as foreman for several years, having charge of their wood and brick busiiness. He lived in Northport altogether for twelve years and then came to Sutton's Bay, where he has been engaged in mercantile business for seventeen years, first in the employ of others and later on his own account. For a part of the time he was with W.S. Johnson & Company as an employee and then purchased a third interest in the business. Subsequently a change in the firm occurred and the business style of John Litney & Company was assumed, the partners being John Litney, Theodore Platner and E. R. Dailey. For three years they continued in business together and then sold out, at which time Mr. Litney entered into partnership with Edward Buffey, in the implement business. This relationship was maintained for two years when Mr. Buffey sold out to John Wolter, since which time the business has been carried under the present style of Litney & Wolter. They carry a large line of farm machinery and agricultural implements, realizing a fair, honorable profit on their sales, and by reason of their straightforward business methods and their courteous attention to the wishes of their customers, they have secured a large patronage. Mr. Litney was married in Northport, Michigan, in 1873, to Miss Augusta Keys, a native of Northport, and they now occupy. a pleasant home in Sutton's Bay, where they have a wide acquaintance, while the hospitality of the best homes of the locality is freely and graciously accorded them. Mr. Litney takes an active interest in political questions and is an active worker in the ranks of his party in Leelanaw county. He has held the office of township treasurer of Sutton's Bay township.for twelve years, has been president of the village and for twelve years was school director, taking a deep and abiding interest in the progress and improvement of the schools and in all matters pertaining to the welfare and advancement of the village. He belongs to the class of substantial citizens whose lives do not show any meteoric effects, but who by their support of the moral, political and social status for the general good, promote the real welfare of their respective communities and are therefore deserving of honorable mention on the pages of history. ERNEST J. TAYLOR. The goddess of success never smiles upon the idler or dreamer. Her favor is hard to win and she does not deign to crown the great majority with her blessings. In tracing the history of Ernest J. Taylor it is plainly seen that the prosperity which" he enjoys has been won by commendable qualities, 558 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. those of well applied energy, unflagging determination and perseverance in the active affairs of life. Shaping his life along such lines, he has won the high esteem of his fellow men and become one of the well-to-do agriculturists of East Bay township, Grand Traverse county. Ernest J. Taylor was born upon a farm in Ashtabula county, Ohio, October 11, 1856, and is a son of Allison and Adaline (Parshall) Taylor, who are mlentioned on another page of this work. In their family of three children the subject of this review is the eldest. He spent the first fourteen years of his life in the place of his nativity and then came with his parents to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, where he has since made his home. He remained under the parental roof up to the time of his marriage and then settled upon the farm where he now lives. Throughout his business career he has carried on the work of the agriculturist and he today owns two valuable tracts of land, one of forty acres lying in Garfield township and the other of ninety-two acres situated in East Bay township. The labor necessary to the development and improvement of this property is performed by Mr. Taylor, whose marked energy has been one of the salient features in his career. It was in Garfield township, on the I6th of September, 1885, that Mr. Taylor was united in marriage to Miss Minnie B. Peart, a native of Pennsylvania, born in Allegheny county on the Ist of October, 1865. Her parents were James and Agnes (Charles) Peart, in whose family were three children, Mrs. Taylor being the second in order of birth. Her father died in East Bay township, February 16, 1897, when in the ninetyfirst year of his age. Unito Mr. and Mrs. Taylor have been born two daughters and a son, namely: Agnes B., Alice and Edgar B. Both the subject and his wife have the warm regard of many friends and are held in high esteem in this community. Mr. Taylor has been supervisor of East Bay township for five years, for four years was township treasurer and has been township clerk since thespring of 1902. He has taken an active part in all measures pertaining to public improvement and he co-operates in many movements which are designed for the general good. He is a Republican in his political views and fraternally he is connected with Traverse Bay Tent No. 136, Knights of the Maccabees. His wife is an estimable lady of refined nature and culture and her genuine worth has won for her the high esteem of many with whom she has come in contact. ADAM TAGER. Adam Tager is a representative of one of the pioneer families of Leelanaw county, and from his early boyhood days has lived in Solon township. HIe is now identified with two of the leading business interests of this portion of the state-agriculture and the manufacture of lumber. The name of Tager has figured in connection with farming in this county since 1866, in which year the subject's father came to Michigan. Adam Tager is a native of Canada, his birth having occurred in Waterloo county on the I5th of September, 1862, his parents being Fred and Susanna (Lite) Tager. The father was a native of Germany and in early life made the voyage across the Atlantic to the new world, settling in Canada, where he ADAM TAGER. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 659 - - - ~ met and married Miss Lite, a native of the dominion. They became the parents of ten children, and with their family they removed from Canada to Michigan, establishing their home in Solon township, Leelanaw county, where the father secured a tract of land and began farming. He has since carried on agricultural pursuits and is yet an honored and respected resident of this locality, but in 19oo he was called upon to mourn the loss of his wife, who died on the old homestead farm, when fifty-nine years of age, her death being deeply regretted by her many friends, as well as her immediate family. She had so lived as to win the high regard of those who knew her, for she possessed many excellent traits of character, and in her home she was -ever cordial and hospitable. Adam Tager, the fourth member of the household, was a little lad of only four summers when brought by his parents to this county, and he has resided in Solon township continuously since 1866. When six years of age he entered the public schools and mastered the branches of learning therein taught. After putting aside his text books he determined to make his life work the occupation to which he had been reared, and he is now the owner of a quarter section of land, a part of which is improved. In addition to general farming he is also engaged in the manufacture of lumber, owning and operating a saw mill. In his business affairs he is industrious and energetic, and his close application and careful control of his interests are bringing to him a good income annually. He is a citizen of worth and a man whose personal traits of character are commendable. Among the people who have known him from his early boyhood he has many friends, who will be glad to see this mention of him in the history of his adopted county. He deserves to be classed among the pioneer settlers, for he has seen much of the growth and upbuilding of this region, and has given hearty endorsement to many measures for the general good. JOHN NERLINGER. John Nerlinger was born in Bavaria, Germany, on the 21st of August, 1848, and thus is far separated from the land of his nativity, for he is now living in East Bay township, Grand Traverse county. Both of his parents, Jacob and Gertrude Nerlinger, were likewise natives of Bavaria and there spent their entire lives. Of a family of six children the subject of this review is the fifth. He pursued his education in the public schools in accordance with the laws of his native land and afterward learned the cooper's trade in Bavaria, following that occupation there until he came to the United States. He resolved to test the truth of the favorable reports which he had heard concerning the opportunities for the young men in America and in the spring of 1868 he bade adieu to friends and native land and sailed for the new world. Landing in New York city, he there remained three months, working at the cooper's trade, and.at the end of that time he went to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, where he also resided for but a brief period. He afterward followed various occupations in different places near Pittsburg and his efforts to gain a living were crowned with success and his economy in due course of time enabled him to win some capital. Mr. Nerlinger was married in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, on the 24th of July, 1874, to Miss Fredericka Jacob, also a native of the >60 GRiAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. fatherland, her birth having occurred in Alsace on the 2d of August, 1849. She crossed the Atlantic to the United States in 1872 and lived in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, up to the time of her marriage, when she went to her husband's home in Butler county, that state. There they lived for two years and then came to Grand, Traverse county, Michigan, arriving in March, 1878. They settled upon the farm which is now their home and it has been their place of residence throughout the intervening years. Mr. Nerlinger first purchased forty acres of woodland of the railroad company. This he has cleared and has erected thereon, good buildings. As his financial resources have increased he has also extended the boundaries of his property by an additional purchase of forty acres and now his entire farm of eighty acres is improved and under cultivation. The land has been carefully lotted for different departments of farm work according to its adaptability and in the control of his property Mr. Nerlinger shows thorough understanding of farming methods as well as practical judgment in all of his affairs. He has good buildings upon his place and his property is the visible evidence of his life of untiring thrift and earnest toil. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Nerlinger has been blessed with four children, but Carrie Ei., the second child, died when sixteen months old. The others are Emil F., Charles and.John. In his political views Mr. Nerlinger is a Democrat, interested in the success of the party, yet he is not a politician in the sense of office seeking. He has never been an aspirant for official honors, preferring to give his time and energies to the control of his business affairs, in which he is meeting with creditable success. FREDERICK R. WALKER. Frederick R. Walker, chairman of the board of supervisors of Grant township, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, is a man whose untiring and unusual executive ability has placed him conspicuously to the front in the affairs of his township, where he has been an important factor for many years. He was born April 4, 1859, on a farm in Indiana county, Pennsylvania, and inherited a taste for agricultural pursuits that has followed him all his life and made him one of the most successful and prosperous farmers in this locality. He was of German parentage and one of nine children born to John C. and Catherine (Snyder) Walker, who moved to this county in 1883 and were among its most highly respected residents. The father died February 2, 1898, while on a visit to his son, David W., of Putnam county, Kansas. From his ninth year until his nineteenth Frederick Walker lived in the state of Tennessee, where his parents had moved. He then went to Kansas and spent four years in the counties of Reno and Osage, his next and last move being to Grand Rapids county, Michigan, in the spring of 1884. He purchased one hundred and eighty acres of choice land, one hundred and ten acres in Mayfield and seventy acres in Grant township, and has carried on farming operations for the past twenty years and has become closely associated and identified with the leading men of the county. Mr. Walker was married in Mayfield, April 26, 1898, to Miss Myrtle Dixon, who was born February I I, 1874, and is a helpmate to her husband in the truest sense of the word. They have two children, Russel GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 561 R. and Frederick R. Mr. Walker is a stanch Republican, but has warm friends in both parties. He has been township supervisor for many years and also has acted as justice of the peace and notary public for a long time. He enjoys the highest respect and esteem of all and is a man who is a credit to any community. FRED REVOLD, JR. Fred Revold, Jr., is one of the enterprising young farmers of Leelanaw county and has spent almost his entire life here, being reared chiefly in Bingham township, where he vet makes his home. He is a son of Charles and Mary (Ulrich) Revold, prominent and well-known people of this county. Both were born in Mechlenberg, Germany, and in childhood they crossed the Atlantic, becoming residents of Canada. It was in that country, on Christmas day of 1868, that they were married, making their home in that locality for four years, or until 1872, when they came to Michigan, settling in Bingham township, Leelanaw county, where they have since resided. The father secured a tract of land and has since engaged in farming. He owns a quarter section, of which eighty acres has been placed under cultivation, and the farm is now very productive and returns a good profit for the care and labor bestowed upon it. Modern equipments and accessories are desirable features of the place and in its neat and thrifty appearance it tells of the enterprise and careful supervision of the owner. Unto Charles and Mary Revold have been born three children: Fred; Emma, who is now the wife of Charles King; and Martha, who is the wife of A. W. Mebert. Fred Revold was born July 18, 1871, in Hamilton, Ontario, and the following year he came with his parents to Leelanaw county, being reared in Bingham township on the family homestead, where he has since lived. At the usual age he began his education in the district schools near by, and after mastering the rudimentary branches of learning he continued his studies in the Traverse City high school. On putting aside his text books he took up farm work as a life occupation and he is today the owner of forty acres of land, of which thirty acres are cultivated. He has practical knowledge concerning farm work in all its departments and is carrying on his task in a manner that shows good business ability, sound judgment and marked enterprise. He lives with his parents, and when not engaged with business cares finds many interests to claim his time and attention. In matters of citizenship Mr. Revold is public spirited and he has held the office of township clerk of Bingham township for three years. He has also served as justice of the peace for several years and his official record is a blameless one, his fidelity to duty winning him the commendation and endorsement of the public. He votes with the Republican party and is thoroughly informed concerning its platform and its principles, which he believes contain the best elements of good government. Everything concerning the moral welfare of the people is of interest to Mr. Revold and the active assistance which he has given to church work has been of benefit thereto. He is superintendent of the Sunday school of the Evangelical Association, in which he has his church membership, and has marked influence with the young. He is also secretary 562 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. and treasurer of the Leelanaw County Sunday School Association and he regards as of the utmost importance the early religious 'training. He has been a member of the church since the age of fifteen years and his life has been in consistent harmony with its teachings and principles. He is a young man of strong mentality, of marked individuality and of great strength of character, loyal to what he believes to be right, and a co-operant factor along lines of business, social, intellectual and moral progress. CHARLES M. HAGER. Charles M. Hager, supervisor of Union township. but a resident of Traverse City, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, is a native of Oswego county, New York, having been born there November 19, 1853. His parents, John and Phoebe (Calkins) Hager, were both natives of New York, and it was from that state that the father enlisted as a soldier in the Civil war, serving a little more than three years. In 1863, while he was thus engaged, his wife with their two children moved to Lapeer county, Michigan, and it was there he joined them two years later when the rebellion had been subdued. In October, 1871, the family moved to Grand Traverse county, locating in what is now Union towniship, and this was their home during the remainder of their lives. The father, who was born March 9, 1829, died February 28, 1897, aged sixty-eight years, and the mother, born September 2, 1831, died December 12, 1898. Mr. Hager was reared as a farmer boy, and is one of the thrifty, prosperous agricul turists of Union township. He owns a fine farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Fife Lake township. However, he is a man of resources, and has not devoted his entire time to agricultural pursuits, having at one time taken the road as a traveling salesman for a line of agricultural implements. Later he handled considerable stock and, as he is a good judge of this class of goods, he added largely to his income by this means. He also engaged in the grain business, buying and selling hay, grain and potatoes. He has fiade a specialty of the latter business for several years, and few men are better posted on the potato trade than he. Mr. Hager was married in Fife Lake township October 6, 1879, to Miss Rosa B. Thompson, daughter of John and Phoebe J. Thompson. They were natives of the Dominion of Canada, where Mrs. Hager was born. To Mr. and Mrs. Hager five children have been born-Jessie M., Jennie L., Raymond R., Max M. and A. J. Mr. Hager has been township clerk two years and supervisor for five years, and has shown that the township interests have been placed in good hands. He is a prominent member of Fife Lake Tent No. 749, Knights of the Maccabees, and in politics he is a stanch Republican. WILLIAM F. GRANT. William F. Grant, who is serving as clerk of Garfield township and lives on section 8, is a well-known and popular resident of Grand Traverse county. His father was the late John F. Grant and his mother bore the maiden name of Maria Woodhams. The former was born in Scotland, but was L MRS. AND MRS. C. M. HAGER GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 568. reared in England and it was in the latter country that Mrs. Grant was born. Conming to this country, Mr. Grant took up his abode in Traverse City in March, 1857, and spent his remaining days there, his death occurring when he had reached the psalmist's span of three score years and ten. In the family were six children, of whom William F. Grant was the third. The subject of this review is a native son of Traverse City, for it was there, on the 28th of August, 1857, that he first opened his eyes to the light of day. He was reared and educated there, and after acquiring a good literary education in the public schools he attended a business college in Grand Rapids, where he was well fitted for the practical and responsible duties that come witf the transaction of business in any department of life. He has always followed farm-' ing and today is the owner of a valuable property comprising eighty-two acres of land. His tilled fields cover fifty-five acres of this farm and the products annually return to him a good income. Mr. Grant has made excellent improvements upon his place and uses the best agricultural implements in carrying on his work. He has also erected good buildings and has a nice home, attractive in appearance and tastefully furnished. Moreover, an air of comfort pervades the place and hospitality reigns supreme. Mr. Grant has been twice married. In Garfield township. Grand Traverse county, on the 12th of September, 1879, he was joined in wedlock to Miss Priscilla Chantler, a daughter of Charles Chantler, one of the prominent pioneer settlers of Grand Traverse county. Two children graced this marriage: Nellie W., who is now the wife of W. H. Hubbell; and John Francis. The wife and mother was called to her final rest on the 27th of March, 1884, passing away at her home in Garfield township. On the 5th of June, 1894, Mr. Grant was again married, in Roscommon, Michigan, the lady of his choice being Miss Eliza Murner, who was born in Ontario, Canada, the daughter of Christian and Hannah (Kleinknecht) Murner. Her father was a soldier of the Civil war, going in the Union army in defense of the policy of the government in retaining possession of all of the territory comprised within the United States. In battle he was captured by the Confederate forces and taken to Andersonville prison. There the hardships of prison life proved too much for him and he died, giving his life as a sacrifice for his country. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Grant have been born three children: Harold M., Dolly and Miriam. Mrs. Grant was educated in the common schools in Canada and taught for nine years. Then she entered the Tri-State Normal, at Angola, Indiana, in 1889, and graduated in the business department the same year. She then entered the normal college at Ypsilanti, Michigan, and graduated in the class of 1892. In the fall of the same year she entered the city schools in Traverse City and taught one year, and then entered Wilhelm Brothers' department store, being in their employ one year, as bookkeeper and accountant. In public affairs Mr.. Grant has demonstrated his loyalty to the government and especially to the best interests of the community in which he lives. He has served as justice of the peace for four years and for two years occupied the position of township treasurer. He is the present township clerk, and in all of the various offices he has dis .564 - GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. charged his duties in a manner that has won him the highest commendation. Public affairs in Garfield township have awakened his deep interest and when his approval has been given to any measure it has also been accompanied by his earnest efforts in its behalf. In the fall of 1902 he was a delegate to the state convention at Grand Rapids. He has always acted with the Republican party and his opinions carry weight in its local councils. Both he and his wife are devoted and consistent members of the First Baptist church of Traverse City, of which he is a deacon and also one of the trustees of the church. His labor in its interest has been effective and far-reaching. He is a popular member of the Modern Woodmen of America and is a man whom to know is to respect and honor. Over the record of his public career and his private life there falls no shadow of wrong or suspicion of evil. His fellow townsmen know him as one in whom they have every reason to place confidence and in his business affairs he has been equally honorable and straightforward. LOUIS R. SOGGE. It requires considerable personal courage and a strong resolution to sever the ties which bind one to home, friends, kindred and native land and seek a home in a foreign country, where the language is unknown, where manner and customs are strange and where the future is uncertain, but Louis R. Sogge took the risk incident to such a course, nor has he been disappointed in the hope which led him to leave Norway and come to the United States. A young man of twenty-two years at the time of his arrival, possessing no capital save a willingness to work and strong determination to succeed, he is today one of the prosperous merchants and extensive landowners of Leelanaw, and his advancement to this position is the history of his life. Mr. Sogge was born in Norway October 17, 1862, a son of Robert and Bertha (Anderson) Sogge, who spent their entire lives in "the land of the midnight sun," the father's death there occurring when he was eighty-six years of age, while the mother departed this life at the age of seventy-four years. They were the parents of eight children, of whom Louis R. was the seventh. He spent the period of his boyhood and youth in his native country, remaining there until May, 1884, when, attracted by the stories he had heard concerning the business opportunities of the new world, he sailed for the United States. Making his way direct to Leelanaw county, he has since lived within its borders. For two years he was employed on a farm in Leelanaw township and then removed to Sutton's Bay township, where he occupied similar positions for a time. As the years passed he managed to save more and more from his earnings, and when he felt his capital was sufficient he went to Leland, where he purchased an interest in the.Leland Lumber Company. He lived in that city for six years and continued in the lumber trade, but at the expiration of that period he came to Sutton's Bay, believing there was a favorable opening for a mercantile enterprise. Accordingly, he opened a general store here in the summer of 1899 and has since conducted it with increasing success. It is well appointed in all particulars and is stocked with a large and GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 565 carefully selected line of general merchandise such as is in demand by varied tastes. He has tact in meeting his customers, is ever courteous in his attention to their wants and his business methods too are so honorable as to commend him to the public patronage. As his financial resources have increased he has made judicious investments in real estate and is today the owner of several hundred acres of valuable land in Leelanaw county. Mr. Sogge was married in Sutton's Bay, on the 6th of April, 1889, to Miss Bertha Johnson, a daughter of Christopher Johnson, and they now have an interesting family of two daughters and two sons-Lena, Rosa, Robert and Henry. The attention which Mr. Sogge has given to political questions and his deep interest in the political welfare of the country have led him to give a stanch support to the principles of the Republican party, and at the polls he casts his ballot in favor of its men and measures. He has been called to several local offices, having served as supervisor for several years while for two terms he was county treasurer of Leelanaw county and was a most careful guardian of the public exchequer. He was also treasurer of Leland township for two years, and the moneyed interests of the public could not be entrusted to more reliable hands. His fidelity to the public good is above question and over the record of his public career there falls no shadow of wrong or suspicion of evil. His name is synonymous with honorable dealing in business affairs, and his life history stands in exemplification of the fact that success is ambition's answer. He found in this country wider fields in which to give full scope to his industry and enter prise-his dominant qualities-with the result that he is now a prosperous citizen here. Though born across the water, he is thoroughly American in thought and feeling, and is patriotic and sincere in his love for the stars and stripes. GEORGE L. ROBERTS. The subject of this sketch was born in Kalkaskia, Illinois, March 16, I821, to which place his father, Edmund Roberts, removed from New Hampshire about the year i8io. The latter was a merchant, having first embarked in the business in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, residing in that town when Daniel Webster commenced there the practice of law. They were there acquainted and again met when Mr. Webster visited Springfield, Illinois, in the summer of 1837, on an electioneering tour seeking a nomination to the Presidency of the United States. He was tendered a great ovation and a. western barbecue, and made a speech to a very large concourse of people. Mr. Roberts walked with him to the grounds, at the western end of the town. He went thence to Chicago, returning east, but General William H. Harrison received the nomination and was elected. Edmund Roberts, though not in public life, was one of the three canal commissioners who laid out Chicago and other canal towns, so-called, in 1827. The other two were Dr. Gresham Jaynes, of Springfield, father-in-law of the late Judge Lyman Trumbull, and Charles Dunn, who afterwards became United States judge of the district of Wisconsin. It was not thought 566 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. i by many persons that Chicago would become a place of importance, as the climate was regarded as too rigorous for any but Indians and trappers. In fact, the attorney general of the state,. who had previously visited the region, pronounced it unfit for the habitation of a Siberian dog. Kalkaskia, as is well known, was settled about the same time as Philadelphia, the latter part of the seventeenth century, by the French. When the territory of Illinois was organized, in 1808, Kalkaskia became the seat of government, and was also the first capital of the state. In those early years it was a more important place than St. Louis. It is now, by the inroads of the Mississippi river, erased from the map, but few houses remaining. Lafayette visited it in 1824 and some of the prominent men of the West once had their homes there, Col. Thomas H. Benton and Hon. John J. Crittenden among them. Of the early pioneers, Rev. Hubbell Loomis was prominent. He was the father of Professor Loomis, of Yale College, whose works on mathematics were long used as text books in that and the leading colleges of the country. Mr. Loomis opened a school in Kalkaskia, and the subject of this sketch was a pupil under him, and later when Mr. Loomis became president of the Shurtleff College in Upper Alton, Illinois, he was sent there to school, together with Pope, afterwards major-general in the Civil war, and the nephews of Governor Edwards. Mr. Roberts afterward became professor of languages and acting president of McKendree College, of which Rev. Peter Akers was president, and Hon. John L. Scripps, late of the Chicago Tribune, a professor of mathematics. He came to Old Mission about the year 1868 and engaged in fruit culture. He was for many years secretary of the Farmers Club of the Peninsula, and his reports of the debates of the club published in the Traverse City newspapers, did much towards the development of the Grand Traverse region as a fruit-growing county. Increasing years compelled him to resign the office and he spends the evening of his life in literary pursuits, to which he has ever been inclined and which are the solace of his declining years. NATHANIEL W. HARRINGTON. Among the honored veterans of the Civil war and the leading agriculturists of Leelanaw county, Nathaniel W. Harrington is numbered. There is much that is commendable in his life record, for he has been found true to duty in every relation, whether of a public or private character, and while energy and unabating industry have been salient features of his business career, he is equally well known for the honorable methods which he has always followed, and for his loyalty to any public trust reposed in him. Mr. Harrington resides in section 13, Kasson township, where he has a good farm. He was born in the county of Russell, Canada, on the 22d of April, 1842, and is a son of William and Mary (Wood) Harrington, who were also natives of that country. The parents, removed from Canada to St. Lawrence county, New York, about 1858, and after a decade spent in that locality they came to Michigan, settling in Leelanaw county in 1868. It was spring time, and they took up their abode in Solon township. Their remaining days were passed in this N' MR. AND MRS. N. W. HARRINGTON GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 567 county, and they died in Kasson township at the home of their son Nathaniel, who was the fourth in order of birth of their ten children. IHe repaid their care and devotion to him in his childhood by the filial love and consideration which he gave them in the evening of their lives, striving earnestly to make their last days happy and comfortable. Nathaniel W. Harrington spent the first sixteen years of his life in the land of his birth, and then accompanied his parents on their removal to St. lawrence county, New York. He was still at home when the Civil \var broke out. His sympathies being enlisted by the Union cause, on the.I3th day of July, 1861, he offered his services to the government, joining the boys in blue of Company B, Twelfth United States Infantry, with which he served for three years, his military record being a most honorable one. He never faltered in the performance of any duty, but with valor and loyalty performed the tasks assigned him, and was in many of the most hotly contested engagements of the war. He took part in ten heavy battles, among them being the hard-fought battle of Gettysburg, the only one which occurred on northern soil. There, in the midst of the mountains, for three days the contending armies contested every inch of the ground, one side advancing to be again repulsed, but later rallying for another attack. On the third day the Union troops, however, managed to retain their position, until at length the victory was theirs, and upon the pages was recorded one of the most hotly-contested engagements known to modern warfare. Many were the dead who lay upon the battlefield at the close of the contest, and Mr. Harrington was among the wounded, being shot through the left leg by a minie ball. He re joined his regiment, however, as soon as he had sufficiently recovered from his injury and took part in other important battles, including those of Chancellorsville and the Wilderness. He was a non-commissioned officer, being promoted from the rank of corporal to sergeant. Continually facing death through three years of service, Mr. Harrington was nevertheless always found loyal to his duty, and faithfully followed the stars and stripes wherever they led. On the expiration of his term of service Mr. H-iarrington returned to St. Lawrence county, New York, and began farming, wlhich occupation he has made his life work. He went to the war a boy; he returned a man. There is nothing that so quickly develops manhood and brings out the latent powers and character of the individual as war, and the subject returned with a correct view of life and broader experience. He continued farming in St. Lawrence county, New York, until the fall of 1867, when he came to Leelanaw county with his wife. Here he took up a claim of one hundred and sixty acres in section 13, Kasson township, and has since resided upon his farm, giving his undivided attention to its improvement. Success has attended his efforts, and as his labors have brought to him increased capital he has invested in real estate until he now owns two hundred and thirty-three acres, of which he has about one hundred and forty-five acres improved. He has erected a nice house on 'his farm and has made many modern and desirable improvements, which add to the value and attractive appearance of the place. Soon after his return from the war Mr. Harrington was married in St. Lawrence county, New York, to Miss Eunice Rickett, I Sthe wedding being celebrated on the 4th of 668 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ----L July, 1866. The lady was a native of St. Lawrence county and a daughter of Alexander and Jane (Day) Rickett. Mr. and Mrs. Harrington became the parents of four children-Royal G.; William A.; Esther M., who Js the wife of Fred Freeman; and Rachel, at home. The wife and mother died upon the home farm in Kasson township, Leelanaw county, August 2, 1889, and Mr. Harrington was again married in the same township, in 1891, his second union being with Mrs. Mary Cuthbert Smith, who was born in Tonawanda, New York, and was the widow of Lucius Smith, who died in Kasson township. By her first marriage she had two children-Clarissa A., who is the wife of Frank'Bright, and Alvin L. In public affairs Mr. Harrington is active and prominent, and his fellow citizens have given proof of their confidence and trust in him by electing him to a number of official positions. He filled the position of sheriff of Leelanaw county for four years, and for a similar period was under-sheriff. He was a janitor in the state legislature in the session of 1895, and he has been county agent for the state board of charities and corrections. As justice of the peace his decisions were so fair and unbiased by personal prejudice that he won the commendation of all concerned, and he has been highway commissioner and has filled a number of school offices, the cause of education profiting by his labors in its behalf. He has taken an active and helpful interest in township and county affairs, and is recognized as one of the leading workers in the ranks of the Republican party in the community. He has also served as a delegate to the county and state conventions of his party, and his opinions carry weight in its councils. Fraternally he is connected with the Inde pendent Order of Odd Fellows at Maple City, and he belongs to Murray Post No. 168, Grand Army of the Republic, in which he has been officer of the day and commander. He has also taken an active part in church work, belonging to the First Congregational church of Solon, in which he has held a number of official positions. His fidelity to duty and capability are such strong traits in his character that he is never allied with any organization that does not seek his aid in an official capacity, and thus he has been active as an officer of the church, of the Grand Army post and in political positions. Fearless in defense of his honest convictions, yet never bitterly aggressive, he gives an unfaltering support to what he believes to be right, and yet retains the friendship and confidence of those who do not hold the same opinions. BIRNEY J. MORGAN. Birney J. Morgan was born in Camden, Lorain county, Ohio, in 1846. He was one of eight children, only four of whom are living, one brother and two sisters. His mother died when he was quite young. He received his education in the common schools of Ohio. He came to Traverse City with his father in the spring of 1862, and soon after began work for the late James K. Gunton, proprietor of the Gunton House, and stayed with him for two years. He then went to the oil region of Pennsylvania and stayed there one year, returning at that time to Traverse City, where he has remained ever since, resuming work for Mr. Gunton. In company with Henry Clark, he opened a livery in Traverse City GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 669 in the fall of 1869. After six months he bought out his partner and has continued in the business alone ever since, and is now the owner of the most extensive liveries in Traverse City. His establishment may be truly called the pioneer livery of the northern part of the lower peninsula. Besides doing an extensive livery business, he has for many years been engaged in the buying and selling of horses. During that time he has shipped hundreds, if not thousands, of horses to this region from Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and southern Michigan, to Traverse City, which he has sold to the farmers and lumbermen of the Grand Traverse region. He has also been engaged to quite an extent in farming and fruit growing, and now owns several fine farms in different localities about the region, among the best of which is a fine farm and fruit orchard just out of the city in Elmwood township. In late years he has been engaged quite extensively in lumbering, and now owns and operates a saw and shingle-mill at Cobb's Junction, and a saw-mill on the South Manitou island. He has for several years been a stockholder and one of the directors of the First National Bank of Traverse City: He is also one-third owner of the Traverse City Canning Factory, a large and new establishment, having a capacity of handling one thousand cases per day, and at the present time giving employment to sixty hands. Mr. Morgan enlisted in the war of the Rebellion in the winter of 1864-5. At that time the only means of travel was by water or overland by trail a distance of one hundred and fifty miles, and he and others who enlisted at that time waited for navigation to open to join the army, but by the time navigation did open the war was finished, and Mr. Morgan did not have a chance to do any fighting. In politics Mr. Morgan is a Republican and has held the office of sheriff of the county for two terms, besides several minor offices. He belongs to only one secret society, the Masons, of which he has long been a prominent member. He has for many years attended the Congregational church and contributes freely to its support and calls that his church home, although he also contributes liberally to the support of other churches. He is a public-spirited citizen and takes an interest in every public enterprise, contributing liberally to the support of any undertaking that promises to. be of benefit to the city or country. / Mr. Morgan was married in April, 1874, to Miss Carrie M. Gunton, a native of Traverse City, and a daughter of the late James K. Gunton and wife, who were both early pioneers and among the first people to be married in Grand Traverse. They have a family of three children, Evelyn R., born January 21, 1876; Grace C., born January 18, I88o, and Theron B., born April 21, 1883. All are living at home in a large and beautiful residence on the corner of State and Wellington streets, Traverse City. Mr. Morgan can be truly numbered among, not only the pioneers, but also among the most successful self-made men of Grand Traverse. GEORGE JACKSON. George Jackson is a farmer by inheritance and occupation, having been born December 18, 1853, on his father's farm in Steuben county, Indiana, where he was 570 5 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. reared to early manhood. His parents are Theophilus and Mary Ann (Carter) Jackson. At the age of seventeen young Jackson left home to do for himself, traveling from place to place until 1877, when he came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, where he has been a fixture since. He purchased from the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad Company land and became identified with the agricultural interests of the county, enlarging his farm until he is today one of the most prosperous and successful farmers in this section. He owns two hundred and forty acres of land, which has been secured entirely through his own efforts and industry. Mr. Jackson was married, August 13, 1882, to Miss Lizzie E. Jeffrey, a native of Ohio, who has borne him three children, Erma I., Ruth Darling and Theophilus Paul. Mr. Jackson votes for the man best fitted for local positions, regardless of political sentiment, and on the national ticket he supports the Democratic party. Mrs. Jackson was born April 3, i860, and is a daughter of Jacob H. and Emily A. (Helm) Jeffrey, who were the parents of six children, all of whom are living. Jacob Jeffrey, who was born in Maryland in 1821, and died in 1879, was a college graduate and a man of more than ordinary intelligence, being the inventor of several useful devices. In his later years he was a merchant, conducting business until the failure of his health. In bo.yhood he accompanied his father to New York, but the major portion of. his life was spent in Ohio and Indiana. Politically he was a Democrat and religiously a Presbyterian. The Jeffrey lineage is traced back to Lord Jeffrey, of Scottish renown, and the family name has figured conspicuously in American history. Emily A. Jeffrey is a native of New York, though of English descent, and one of her ancestors was a colonial governor of Massachusetts. She is a Methodist in religious faith and is now a resident of Orlando, Indiana. She possesses considerable skill as an artist in oils and many specimens of her work now adorn the homes of her children. Mrs. Jackson received a good public school education and for seven years was employed as a teacher in the schools of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and Steuben county, Indiana. ROBERT BARTZ. Robert Bartz, a son of John and Josephine (Rudolph) Bartz, resides on section 31, Blair township, Grand Traverse county. The family is of German lineage. Both of the parents were natives of the fatherland, and after coming to America they took up their ahc.de in Michigan, living for some time in Allegan county. The month of April, 1883, witnessed their arrival in Grand Traverse county, and they settled in Green Lake townshlip, where they are now living. Their fanmily numbers ten children, of whom Robert is the fourth in order of birth. It was in Allegan county, on the 27th of April, 1862, that Robert Bartz was born. He was there reared, spending his youth in the usual manner of farming lads of the period. lie worked in the fields during the summer months and in the winter seasons attended school, thus acquiring a good education in order to assist him in his farm work. In the spring of 1883 he accompanied his parents on their removal to Grand Traverse county, ROBERT BARTZ GROUP. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 571 - ~ -- --~ and made his home chiefly with them up to the time of his marriage, which important event in his life was celebrated on the 3d of June, 1895, the lady of his choice being Miss Susie Miller, who was born in Crawford county, Ohio, on the I9th of January, 1874. She is a daughter of Jacob and Helena (Bendle) Miller, both of whom were natives of Germany. Her father died in Crawford county, Ohio, October 20, 1901, but her mother is still living in Mayfield township. Mrs. Bartz is the fifth of their family of eight children, and by her marriage she has become the mother of three interesting little daughters-Josephine, Marguerite and Clara. At the time of his marriage Mr. Bartz took his bride to a farm in section 31, Blair township, and here they began their domestic life. The place has since been their home, and they are well-known representatives of the farming interests of this locality. Mr. Barcz owns one hundred and twenty acres of land, of which one hundred acres is cultivated, and the excellent improvements he has placed upon the property make his farm a valuable one, forming an attractive feature of the landscape. The traveler who rides by can see at a glance that the owner is progressive, practical and industrious. The buildings are substantial, commodious and kept in good repair. Fences divide the place into fields of convenient size, and everything is indicative of the careful supervision of a painstaking and progressive farmer. In his business affairs Mr. Bartz is energetic, prompt and notably reliable, and possesses a good fund of common sense, a quality which is too often lacking in the business world, and its absence is the cause of many failures in business life. 36 ERHARD STROHM. The sons of Germany have carried the civilization of the fatherland into all parts of the world, and in removing into localities far distant from the place of their birth they have shown a ready adaptability in adopting new customs, in adjusting themselves to new and in utilizing unfamiliar conditions in a manner to serve their personal ends in the honorable struggle to win prosperity. Edhard Strohm is a worthy representative of the German-American citizenship in LeelaSnaw county and his life work has been a credit alike to the land of his birth and the land of his adoption. Born in the city of Wurtemberg, Germany, on the 6th of November, 1841, Mr. Strohm spent the first nineteen years of his life there and in accordance with the laws of the country he acquired his education. He calmly surveyed the future which his own country offered and contrasted it with the advantages of the new world, to the credit of the latter. Deciding therefore that he would have superior opportunities in the United, States, he severed the ties which bound him. to home and friends, but carried with him into the new world many pleasant recollections of those with whom he had been surrounded in his youth. He landed in NewYork-a stranger in a strange country;. whose language was unfamiliar to him and whose customs were dissimilar to those he. followed in the fatherland. He possessed a stout heart, however, and a pair of willing hands and with these as capital he began life amid new surroundings. Going to Bucks county, Pennsylvania, he lived there for about a year and a half, after which he took up his abode in the city of Philadelphia, where he 572 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. was engaged in driving a team for about three and a half years. At the end of that time he came to the west, locating in Traverse City, Michigan, in the fall of 1865. He there entered the employ of the well-known pioneer lumber firm of Hannah, Lay & Company, with whom he remained for about twelve years, although this was not a consecutive service. At the end of that time Mr. Strohm settled on the farm which is still his place of abode, it being located on section 25, Elmwood township. Here he has resided continuously since and he is today the owner of one hundred and sixty acres of land, of which one hundred acres is included within his rich fields or is utilized for meadow and pasture lands. He has made a study of the soil and of the cereals best adapted to it and he raises good crops and also good grades of fruit. He has fine appearing farm animals upon his place and his buildings are commodious and substantial, affording ample shelter to grain and stock. The features which constitute a model farm of the twentieth century are seen upon his place and the owner is a man of unflagging industry, whose work receives his consideration, for therein lies the possibility of providing for his family. Mr. Strohm was married in Traverse City, Michigan, to Miss Katherina Kirner, a native of Baden, Germany, but she died in Elmwood township, when fifty-five years of age. Unto this marriage was born a family of five children, two daughters and three sons: Anna, Christian, Erhard, Julius and Christiana. The elder daughter is now the wife of Joseph Amtsbuchler, and the younger is the wife of Alexander Brown. SMr. Strohm has served as a school treas urer, but otherwise has never held public office nor been an aspirant for the honors and emoluments of political service. He has been content to give his undivided attention to his agricultural pursuits and because of his close application and executive ability in business matters he has achieved a gratifying degree of prosperity. Coming to America a young man, he was not doomed to disappointment in the hope that caused his emigration. On the contrary, his dreams have been more than realized. He found that all avenues of business were opened to the ambitious, determined laborer and that capacity and fidelity were the only requisites for advancement. The years have witnessed his struggle to achieve prosperity, and in the struggle he has come off victorious. JOHN DEUSTER. In the field of political life and commercial activity in Leelanaw county, John Deuster has won distinction, and today is numbered among the leading, influential and honored citizens of Sutton's Bay. He has been closely associated with mercantile interests and agricultural pursuits here and has also figured prominently in public affairs, being an advocate of progressive measures, his interest in the welfare of the county being manifest by practical co-operation for the general good. Called to public office by his fellow townsmen, he is now filling the position of county sheriff and the promptness and fidelity with which he discharges his duties have won for him the favorable criticism of leading representatives of both political parties. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 678 I Mr. Deuster was born on a farm in Milwaukee county, Wisconsin, October 7, 1851. His father, John H. Deuster, Sr., was born in Germany, and after crossing the Atlantic to the new world continued his journey into the interior of the country, accompanied by his wife and four children. They settled in Milwaukee county and there the father engaged in farming for some time. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Anna Barbara Eppnech, was also a native of Germany. About 1867 the husband and father removed from the Badger state to Leelanaw, taking up his abode in Sutton's Bay township, and when he had made preparations for receiving his family he was joined by his wife and John, in 1868. The parents spent their remaining days in that township, the mother passing away about 1877, while the father, surviving her for about six years, departed this life in 1883. They were communicants of the Catholic church and in that faith they reared their family, numbering ten children, of whom John Deuster, whose name forms the caption of this article, is the ninth in order of birth. About a year after his mother's arrival in this county John Deuster came and took up a homestead claim in Sutton's Bay township in 1875, previous to which time he had assisted his father in the cultivation of his place. Beginning the development of his own farm, he soon transformed the place into productive fields and thereon he erected suitable buildings. He was energetic and industrious-characteristics which have been manifest throughout his life-and his labors were attended with good results. For five years he remained upon the homestead and during that time he was also engaged in merchandising in partnership with his father and his brother Hubert. They conducted a store in Sutton's Bay, carrying a full line of general merchandise, and the business association between them was maintained for a number of years. Eventually, however, the firr dissolved partnership and Mr. Deuster of this review turned his attention to the saloon business. He also built the Park Hotel and conducted both enterprises for about twelve years, meeting with a creditable degree of success. He continued to occupy his time and attention in that manner until the fall of 1902, when he was elected sheriff of Leelanaw county, and to the duties of the office he is now giving his undivided attention, with the result that he is proving a most capable and efficient officer. This is not the first office tlhat Mr. Deuster has held, for he has long been prominent in local political circles and his fitness for leaderhip and his fidelity to duty have been the cause of his selection for several positions of political preferment. He has held the office of highway commissioner of Sutton's Bay township for six terms, has been township treasurer, and when the town of Sutton's Bay was incorporated he was the first village treasurer. He has also been a member of the village council and in these various offices he has proved most faithful to his duty. He has always acted with the Democratic party and his firm faith in its principles is evidenced by the stalwart support which he gives it. It was upon its ticket that he was elected county sheriff, in which office he is the incumbent at this writing. Discharging his duties without fear or favor, his course is marked by unfaltering fidelity and resolute purpose, which has won for him the trust and regard of all. 574 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Mr. Deuster was married in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on the 23d of July, 1874, to Miss Lena Klein, who was born in Milwaukee county, on the 8th of January, 1853,a daughter of John and Katherina (Bauer) Klein, both of whom were natives of the fatherland. Coming from Germany to. America, they settled in Milwaukee county, Wisconsin, where Mrs. Klein died. In their family were thirteen children, of whom Mrs. Deuster is the third. She was reared and educated in Milwaukee county, is a lady of culture and has many warm friends in Leelanaw county, as well as in the community where her girlhood days were passed. She possesses many sterling traits of character, ably cares for her household affairs and presides with gracious hospitality over her pleasant home. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Deuster have been born seven children: Ella B., who became the wife of John Ott and died in Sutton's Bay township, February 25, 1898, in the twenty-second year of her age; Isabella, who died in her fourth year; Lee J. H.: Isabella, the wife of William Schatman; Rosabelle K., the wife of Albion Reunauver; John M. and Clarabelle C. The family home is in Sutton's Bay and in addition to this Mr. Deuster owns a valuable farm of two hundred and thirty-five acres of rich and productive land in Sutton's Bay township. He is a member of the Catholic church, while his wife belongs to the Lutheran church. Both have the favorable regard and friendship of many with whom they have come in contact. Mr. Deuster has led a busy and useful life and his public and private career are alike honorable. He has won high encomiums as an office -holder, and as a representative of offi cial life in Leelanaw county, as well as a pioneer settler and leading business man, he deserves representation in this volume. JOHN CARNS. John Carns, for many years a well-known and prosperous citizen of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Leeds county, Canada, January 20, 1830, his parents being Jacob and Catherine (Hagerbone) Carns. His parents were natives of Canada,. but of German origin. Mr. Cams remained with his parents until he reached his nineteenth year, and moved with them about that time to Harnich, Kent county, that province, where they continued to live until their death. Mr. Carns began working for himself when nineteen, and for twenty years carried on farming in Harwich. He has an adaptability and liking for his work that gives him a great advantage over the hundreds who plow and sow simply because it is the season given to that work, not because they have given thought to the subject. Mr. Carns may be called a scientific, as well as practical, farmer, and the results he obtains would seem to justify any one in giving the business intelligent forethought. In the spring of 1869 he moved with his family to Michigan, locating in Antrim county, where he remained for ten years, when he came to Grand Traverse county, which has since been his home. His farm contains two hundred and twenty-nine acres of land, with modern improvements in the way of buildings, etc., that make it one of the most charming spots in Whitewater township. MR. AND MRS. JOHN CARNS. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 575 John Carns was married to Miss Lucinda Hawley on December 26, 1853, while yet a resident of Kent county, Canada. She was born in that place on August 14, 1837, and is a daughter of Truman and Mary (Gill) Hawley, who afterward moved to Antrim county, Michigan, where the mother was laid to rest. The father survived her and made his home with his daughter, Mrs. Carns, until he, too, answered the final summnions. To Mr. and Mrs. Carns have been born a family of eight children, all of whom grew to years of maturity, when death claimed three of the daughters. They are as follows: Mary C., wife of William Curry; Truman J.; Jacob; George; Roxanna, who became the wife of Thomas Wood, and died in her thirtieth year; Rilla, who died at the age of twenty; Phoebe J., who married Charles Eaton, and was twenty-five years old at the time of her death; and Lois. Mr. Carns and his estimable wife are devout members of the Methodist Episcopal church at Elk Lake, and have done their full share in keeping up the work of that organization. They are people of refinement, and occupy a prominent place in the social life of their locality, where they are held in the highest respect and esteem. Mr. Carns is an ardent Republican, and feels deeply interested in the political issues of the day, but is not offensively partisan, according to others the same right he claims for himself-that of thinking for himself and forming his own opionions. He has been justice of the peace for Whitewater township for twelve years, and highway commissigner for two years, and in all that time has conducted the business pertaining to those offices in a manner that has been above reproach. WASHINGTON COX. Within the boundaries of the farm of Washington Cox on section 6, Mayfield township, Grand Traverse county, lies a quarter section of land and almost the entire amount is under cultivation, only thirty-five acres being still unimproved. This represents much hard labor, and Mr. Cox is a man of well-known energy and determination in business affairs. Indolence and idleness are utterly foreign to his nature, and his continued activity in the management and development of this property has made his one of the valuable farms of Mayfield township. Agricultural life has been familiar to Mr. Cox from his earliest infancy, for he was born upon a farm in Columbia county, Pennsylvania, on the 15th of January, 1833, his parents being William and Diantha (Taylor) Cox, both of whom died in Columbia county. It was in the place of his nativity that the subject was reared and he did not lack for company on the old homestead for he was the sixth in a family of seven children, and many a merry hour was spent by the sons and daughters of that household. Each one also had his share in the work to be done upon a farm and through nineteen years Washington Cox remained at home, spending his youth in the usual manner of farmer lads of that period. He then started westward and for about five years he lived at various places in Indiana and was variously employed, accepting such work as would yield him an honest living and enable him to save something from his earnings. It was during his sojourn in the Hoosier GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. state that Mr. Cox was married, the wedding taking place in Noble county, in 1856, the lady of his choice being Miss Mary Hilliard, a native of Indiana. About a year after their marriage they removed to Allegan county, Michigan, where Mr. Cox purchased a farm, and they continued to reside thereon until the fall of 1888, when they came to Grand Traverse county. At that time they settled on the farm which has now been their home for fifteen consecutive years. Many of the modern features of the place are the work of Mr. Cox, who has labored energetically to develop the property into a valuable farm. He has one hundred and sixty acres, of which one hundred and twenty-five acres have already been placed under the plow or otherwise utilized in the farm work with good results. The buildings are substantial and commodious and fences and buildings are kept in good repair, while everything about the place is orderly, indicating that the owner is systematic in his work and practical in all that he does. In the year 1889 Mr. Cox was called upon to mourn the loss of his wife, who died after a happy married life of about a third of a century. She was a devoted and loving wife and mother, a helpful neighbor, a faithful friend and her many virtues made her death deeply deplored by those who knew her. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Cox had been born six children: Milton; Emma, the wife of Joseph Kain; Hattie, the wife of Charles D. Copeland, a resident farmer of Grant township; Nettie, who married John Pollock and is living in northern Michigan; 'W"illiam; and Lillie, the wife of Warren Horton. There are no exciting chapters in the life history of Washington Cox, his record be ing that of a man who at a comparatively early age started out to make his own way in the world, who has- taken advantage of the opportunities that have come to him, who has, labored earnestly through many years. and is now the possessor of a substantial competence as the direct result of his labors. His prosperity is certainly well deserved and there is perhaps no history in this volume which illustrates more clearly the force of honesty and diligence in the affairs of life. JOHN BISARD. For sixteen years John Bisard has been a resident of Grand Traverse county and is living on section 12, Grant township, where he owns a farm of eighty acres. He is a native of the Buckeye state, his birth having occurred in Medina county, Ohio,, on the 30th of May, 1834, his parents being Philip and Betsey (Rush) Bisard. The father reached an advanced age, passing away in Allegan county, Michigan, at the age of eighty-nine years-a venerable and highly respected man. His wife had passed away in Kent county, this state, when seventy-two years of age, and, like her husband, she had many good traits of character, which won the friendship and good will of those with whom she came in contact. John Bisard is the youngest of the family of five children born unto this worthy couple and under the parental roof he was reared to manhood. He attended the public schools near his home, and his training at *farm labor was not meager. Almost as soon as old enough to handle the plow he beganr work in the fields and thus early became fa GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 577 miliar with all the duties and labors that fall to the lot of the agriculturist. He lived in Medina county, Ohio, until thirty-one years of age and in the meantime he was married. It was on the 23d of December, 1856, that Mr. Bisard was joined in wedlock to Miss Candace A. Aldrich, who was born in Brunswick, Medina county, Ohio, August 18, 1838, a daughter of George and Mary (Wyman) Aldrich, both of whom were natives of New York. They have now passed away. The mother died in Lorain county, Ohio, when seventy-two years of age, and Mr. Aldrich spent his last days in Ottawa county, Ohio, and was also seventy-two years of age at the time of his demise. Their family numbered seven children, of whom Mr. Bisard was the third. Her girlhood days were spent in Medina county and after the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Bisard they continued to reside in Medina county until the spring of 1864, when they removed to Kent county. Michigan, settling in Byron township. They have since remained in this sftate. After about four years spent in Kent county, they went to Allegan county in 1868 and there lived until 1887, when they came to Grand Traverse county. In the spring of that year Mr. and Mrs. Bisard located in Grant township and through sixteen years have made their home upon the farm which is still their place of residence. The place comprises eighty acres of land, most of which is cultivated by Mr. Bisard, and his possessions have all been acquired through his own efforts. Unto the subject and his wife have been born five children, of whom two are still living, George P. and Homer O., who are yet under the parental roof. Three of the chil dren died in early childhood. The parents are active and consistent members of the Methodist Episcopal church and for many years Mr. Bisard has served as one of the class leaders in the church. ' He takes an active interest in its work and does all he can for the extension of its influence and his life is in harmony with its teachings. In politics he is a Democrat and he has been a school officer and also treasurer of Grant township. EARL J. CASE. Earl J. Case, a rising young business man of Kingsley, Michigan, is the present clerk of Paradise township and also clerk of the village. He was born March 15, 188o, in Kalamazoo county, this state, but has been a resident of the village of Kingsley since his second year. His parents, Ralph and Emma (Snyder) Case, are among the most respected and honored residents here, where the father stands high in business circles. Earl Case was educated in the schools of Kingsley and later in the Ferris Institute of Big Rapids, Mecosta county, this state, from which institution lie graduated. He is an energetic, persevering and capable young man and upon leaving college decided to at once embark in business. In January, T902, a partnership was formed with A. W. Overholt and the hardware firm of Case & Overholt opened their stock to the public with an evident determination to gain patronage and also to please it. Although they have been conducting this stand but little over eighteen months, the volume of business done by them is large and profitable, the many friends of the young men each 578 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. throwing their influence that way. The firm has prospered beyond their fondest hopes and their commendable wish to give satisfaction to their customers has caused them to put in a line of goods far more extensive than is ordinarily found in village stores, so their patrons are reasonably sure of finding what they want and also of being waited upon with courtesy, promptness and dispatch. Mr. Case was married in Kingsley, September 15, 1900, to Miss Maud McDonald, a native of Canada and a daughter of George and Hattie (Irwin) McDonald, who are well and favorably known in this county. One child, Donald Ralph, has blessed this union. Mr. Case is at present acting as village clerk and was elected to the office of township clerk of Paradise township in the spring of 19ioo, an office he is filling with eminent satisfaction to all concerned. He is a popular and enterprising young man, whose affable and engaging manners have won him a host of friends, while his business record has been such as to stamp him as a man of honesty and integrity. He is a member of Traverse City Lodge No. 222, Free and Accepted Masons. GEORGE G. NICKERSON. George G. Nickerson, a successful and highly esteemed agriculturist residing in Mayfield township, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, is a native of York state, having been born in Cayuga county, New York, March 16, 1833. William A. Nickerson, the father of the subject, located in this township about the year I865, took a prominent part in the upbuilding of the county, and now, at the age of ninety-one, is one of the most venerated and loved residents of Traverse City. He has made his home with the subject since the, decrepitude of years has come upon him, and it was there that the loving companion passed to her reward in May, 1901, at the advanced age of eightyseven years. George G. Nickerson is the eldest of four brothers who grew to man's estate. He was joined in marriage in De Kalb county, Illinois, October 12, 1856, to Miss Julia Ann Ault, and for six years resided in that locality. In 1862 he removed to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, where he entered one hundred and sixty acres of land in Mayfield township. Mr. Nickerson is one of the progressive farmers who has not been backward in living up to his convictions, and his home, one of the best improved and most desirable in the county, speaks well for his methods. One huhdred and twenty acres are under cultivation, and all his improvements have been of the most substantial kind'-a handsome, commodious residence and neat outbuildings. Nine children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Nickerson, two of whom passed away in the very morning of their lives. A third child, Georgia, died in her twenty-seventh year while a resident of Wisconsin. Those surviving are William; Samuel; Emery; Amos T.; Eunice, the wife of A. B. Stinson, whose sketch appears elsewhere; and Mattie, the wife of Frank Wilson. Mr. and Mrs. Nickerson are active members of the Methodist Episcopal church. As treasurer of Mayfield township he has had no superior.' Politically he is independent, casting his vote for the best qualified candidate, regardless of GEORGE NICKERSON. MRS. GEORGE NICKERSON. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. party lines. He takes advanced ground on the temperance question, believing the abolition of the liquor traffic to be the greatest question now before the American people. Mrs. Nickerson is a native of Pennsylvania, born February 4, 1837, and is the eleventh in order of birth of the fourteen children born to her parents, of whom five are yet living. Her parents, who were of German descent, are both dead. IMtrs. Nickerson received a good common school education, and takes a deep interest in literature. She is a member of the Ladies' Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal church at Monroe Center. Mr. and Mrs. Nickerson were among the earliest settlers in Wexford township, their first home being a log cabin, which, however, has been replaced by a modern and handsome residence. Mr. Nickerson was the guide of the Kingsleys when they located the land upon which now stands the prosperous little village of Kingsley, and the subject has also assisted in locating many families upon good home sites in this section of the country. He was mainly instrumental in affecting the organization of Mayfield township, the first election of which was held at the Wynkoop log school house. JOHN WHITE. John White has a very wide acquaintance in Leelanaw county, where he has made his home for thirty-five consecutive years, dating his residence from 1868, and no man in the county is held in higher regard. He has long been continued in public office by the vote of his fellow citizens, who recognize his ability and faithfulness and thus give evi dence of their appreciation of his capable service. He is now serving as supervisor of Solon township and makes his home in the village of Solon. His business interests are those of agriculture and he owns and operates a good tract of land here. Mr. White is a native son of the land of the hills and heather. He was born in Ayrshire, Scotland, on the I6th of September, 1842, and his parents, Thomas and Jane (Kirkwood) White, were also natives of the same locality. The father died in Scotland, after which the mother crossed the Atlantic to the United States, settling in Cuyahoga county, Ohio. She died in Strongville, that county, when sixty-six years of age. Of her family of seven children John White is the youngest. He was reared in Scotland and attended the common schools, and while under the guidance of his mother he learned lessons of industry, economy and integrity, which left a deep impress upon his mind and have aided in shaping his character. On attaining his majority he resolved to carry out his wish of coming to America, believing that in "the land of the free" he would enjoy better business opportunities. He was energetic and willing to work, merely wishing to have the opportunity of putting forth his efforts where they would produce the best results, and in this land he knew that he would have that opportunity. He had just attained his majority when he crossed the Atlantic and making his way to Ohio, he located in Cuyahoga county, where he engaged in farming from 1863 until 1868. The latter year witnessed the arrival of Mr. White in Leelanaw county, Michigan. He took up his abode in what is now Solon township and it has since been his home, while farming has been his chief occupation 580 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. throughout the long years of his residence here. His work has been productive of good results. He has not only developed a good property, but has earned a comfortable living for his family and has gained some capital for the evening of life, when labor is somewhat abated. Mr. White was first married in Scotland before he sailed for America. He wedded Miss Elizabeth Wilson, who died in Solon township, Leelanaw county, in January, 1882, when thirty-nine years of age. They were the parents of eight children, of whom Maggie is now deceased. The others are: Thomas R.; Andrew J.; Jane, who is the wife of S. B. Cate; Elizabeth, the wife of William Morse; John D.; George W.; and Adam M., who completes the family. After the death of his first wife Mr. White was again married in Solon township, the wedding being celebrated in 1884, Mrs. Adelia Ferris becoming his wife. She was the widow of Dr. George W. Ferris, and she died in Solon, Michigan, November 22, 1898. She had endeared herself to many friends in Leelanaw county and therefore her death was the occasion of wide-spread regret among those who knew her. Mr. White's fellow townsmen, recognizing his worth and ability, have frequently called him to public office. He has held the office of supervisor of Solon township and as justice of the peace has settled many litigated interests, his decisions being strictly fair and impartial, unbiased by fear or favor. He acted in that capacity for several years and for more than twenty years he has been highway commissioner. He has also served as school assessor, and in all matters pertaining to the public good and substantial improvement of the community he is a co-operant factor. His political support has always been given to the Republican party and he is also a strong advocate of the cause of temperance, doing everything in his power to secure the adoption of temperance principles. In manner he is cordial, in disposition genial, in temperament kindly, and his many sterling traits have won for him the warm friendship and regard of those with whom he has been brought in contact. His many friends will gladly receive this record of his career. HARRISON SPEER. Harrison Speer, for several years a leading agriculturist of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Whitley county, Indiana, March 9, 1846, to Jesse and Hannah (Jenkins) Speer. Both parents were natives of Miami county, Ohio, but in later life removed to Indiana and died there, the father on his eighty-second birthday and the mother at the age of thirty-two years, when the subject was a babe of six months. Harrison Speer grew to manhood and engaged in farming in his native county, but afterwards engaged in lumbering in the same locality. In 1885 the family came to Allegan county, Michigan, and for two years was engaged in fruit farming. From there they moved to Grand Traverse county in 1887 and settled on the farm of one hundred and twenty acres which they still own. Mr. Speer was married in Indiana, to Miss Mary I. Hughes, the ceremony being performed May 26, 1872. She was born in Noble county, Indiana, October 28, 1853, and is a daughter of William G. and Margery (Gregory) Hughes. Her father died GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 591 in Marion, Grant county, Indiana, leaving twelve children, of whom Mrs. Speer was the oldest. Four children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Speer, Bertha V., Arlington H., who wedded Miss Zema Dean, Jesse W., and Margery A. Arlington and Margery have both followed the profession of teaching, the former having completed his educational training at the Northern Indiana Normal School and Business College, at Valparaiso, Indiana, after which he was for one year principal of the schools at Kingsley, Michigan. They are zealous members of the Metho(list Episcopal church at Summit City and Mr. Speer has been the efficient superinten(lent of the Sunday school for many years and has placed the school in its present flourishing condition. He has taken a lively interest in school matters and has served on the board, also has held the office of supervisor of the township. He is an ardent Republican. He has recently erected a new residence where the latchstring is always out to his numerous friends. CHARLIES W. LOEFFLER. Michigan is one of the best fruit-producing states in the Union and horticulture has b)een one of its best sources of wealth. Soil and climate are particularly adapted to this and throughout the Union Michigan fruits are noted for size, excellence and flavor. For about a year Mr. Loeffler has been a representative of this great division of agricultural labor and has already won notable and enviable success. He has made a close study. of the subject, with the result that his judgment is practical, his methods progressive and his labors crowned with gratifying results. He makes his home in Solon township and as he resided in the town of Solon for a number of years he is well known in this portion of the state. A native son of Michigan, Mr. Loeffler was born in Oakland county, on the 6th of MAvy, 1869, and is therefore yet a young man. His father, Godfrey Loeffler, was born in Germany and the mother, who bore the maiden name of Henrietta Hartwig, was also a native of the same country. Through a long period they were residents of Michigan, the father spending his last days in Chase, Lake county, where his death occurred in January, 1889. His widow still survives him. Children to the number of eight came to bless their marriage and to the fourth child was given the name of Charles W. Loeffler. His early boyhood days were passed in the county of his nativity, but when he was ten years of age he accompanied his parents to Lake county, Michigan, the family settling in Chase, where he lived until twenty-three years of age. He then started out upon his business career and as a preparation for further labor he began learning telegraphy. Going to Copemish, Michigan, he was there employed as an operator on the Manistee & Northeastern Railroad for six months, after which he came to Solon and here acted as agent for the railroad company for a half year. At the end of that time, however, he was requested to return to Copemish and was in the employ of the railroad company as agent at the place for six years, his efficiency - giving general satisfaction to the corporation that he served, while his obliging, courteous manner made him popular with the 6582 GRAND TRA VERSE AND LEELANA W COUNTIES. -- patrons of the office. On again leaving Copemish Mr. Loeffler once more came to Solon, where he occupied the position of station agent and telegraph operator until April, 1902. He then resigned, wishing to devote his attention to another calling, and since that time he has carried on farming and horticultural pursuits, making a specialty of the cultivation of fruits. He now owns two hundred acres of land, and he has it largely planted to fruit, raising some fine varieties of peaches, etc. Mr. Loeffler was married in Solon, Michigan, September 17, 1893, to Miss Amelia Amtsbuchler, a daughter of Frank and Caroline Amtsbuchler, who were natives of Austria. Mrs. Loeffler was born in Solon township, Leelanaw county, in May, 1872, and unto the subject and his wife has been born an interesting little daughter, Esther A. The parents are widely known in Leelanaw county and the circle of their friends is almost co-extensive with the circle of their acquaintance. They are of social nature, and their cordiality and sincerity have won them the regard and pleasant companionship of many people whom it is desirable to know. Voting with the Republican party, Mr. Loeffler thus endorses the political principles in which he believes. He has held the office of township treasurer of Leelanaw township, but has never been an aspirant for public office, his business cares leaving him little time for such work, even had he desired to enter the political arena. He is, however, a citizen of worth, and national progress and local advancement are causes dear to his heart. Although he has recently undertaken a new field of labor his friends do not hesitate to predict that he will be successful, for he possesses the 'determination and laudable ambition which are the basis of all prosperity and advancement in business life. JERRY SULLIVAN. To say of him whose name heads this sketch that he has risen* unaided from comparative obscurity to rank among the wealthy and prominent representatives of the lumber interests of Michigan is a statement that seems trite to those familiar with his life, yet it is but just to say in a history that will descend to future generations that his business record has been one that any man might be proud to possess. Beginning at the very bottom round of the ladder, he has advanced steadily, step by step, until he is now occupying a position of prominence and trust in this portion of Michigan reached by few. Through his entire business career he has been looked upon as a model of integrity and honor, never making an engagement that he has not fulfilled, and standing today as an example of what determination and force, combined with the highest degree of business integrity, can accomplish for a man of natural ability and force of character. He is respected by the community at large and honored by his business associates. As proprietor of the shingle mill and saw mill at Cedar, Leelanaw county, he materially promotes the prosperity of the community, by furnishing employment to many scores of workmen and thereby putting a large amount of money in circulation. Mr. Sullivan is a native of Palos, Cook county, Illinois, born on the 28th of July, 1862. His parents, Daniel and Catherine J. SULLIVAN GROUP GRAND TRAVERSE AND- LEELANAW COUNTIES. 588 (Gleason) Sullivan, were both natives of Ireland, and, having crossed the Atlantic to America, they became residents of Illinois. The father died in Cook county, that state, and, the mother spent her last days in Whitehall, Muskegon county, Michigan. Thei: only child is the subject of this review, who was but seven years of age when taken by his mother from Illinois to Whitehall, Michigan, where he was reared to manhood and educated, attending the public schools and later pursuing a course in a business college at Valparaiso, Indiana. He is indeed a selfmade man, for at the early age of eleven y-ears he began earning his own living, and has since been dependent upon his own efforts. He commenced work in a shingle mill in Whitehall, and, though but a boy, proved himself faithful and competent, and as his age and efficiency increased he was promoted from time to time, and more important work was entrusted to him, until he had gained a good knowledge of the business in principle and detail. He remained in Whitehall until thirty years of age, and then came to Cedar, where he has since resided. Two years previously, however, he had built a shingle mill here and placed it in operation. In this enterprise he was connected with W. A. Whitman, under the firm name of Whitman & Sullivan, a relation that was maintained with mutual pleasure and profit for five years, or until November, 1896, when Mlr. Sullivan purchased his partner's interest, and has since been alone in business. The enterprise has now assumed extensive proportions, the business constantly growing in volume and importance. While living in Whitehall Mr. Sullivan ha(l also engaged in the manufacture of shingles on his own account, being one of the members of the Nufer Cedar C9mpany, an enterprise with which he was associated for about five years. He has always followed the calling to which he gave his attention in his early boyhood, and this persistency of purpose has undoubtedly been one of the strongest features in his career. His work has been remarkable chiefly by reason of his natural ability and his thorough insight into. the business in which as a young artisan he embarked. His enterprise has now become extensive, and in the operation of the saw mill and of the'shingle mill he employs on an average of one hundred and fifty men throughout the year. He sends his products into many portions of the Union, and his trade is constantly increasing. He has made extensive purchases of timber lands, and is. now the owner of over two thousand acres. Mr. Sullivan was married at Whitehall, Michigan, on the 3d of March, 1886, to Miss Mary E. Tuttle, a native of Kalamazoo county, Michigan, and they are now the parents of four children-Jerry, Jr., Herbert L., Mary E. and Catherine E. In his political affiliations Mr. Sullivan is a stalwart Republican, and has always taken a deep interest in political questions, as every true American should do. He has, however, never been a politician in the sense of office seeking, although for several terms he was a member of the board of review. There is much in the fife record of Mr. Sullivan worthy of commendation and admiration, and his business career is especially notable. When he entered upon his business career the salary he received was small and the position he occupied was insignificant,. but, like many other brainy, energetic young men who have left their impress, upon the magnificent development of this part of the 584 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. country, he did not wait for a specially brilliant opening. Indeed, he could not wait, and his natural industry would not have permitted him to do so, even had his financial circumstances been such as to make it possible. His mental and physical activity-the only capital he brought with him into this region-combined with his poverty to make immediate employment a necessity. At that time he showed conspicuously the traits of character which have made his life exceptionally successful. He performed all thn duties that devolved upon him, however humble and however small the recompense might be, conscientiously and industriously, but he gradually advanced, and since beginning business on his own account prosperity has steadily been his. It is true that, like other business men, he may not have found all the days equally bright. Indeed, in his industrial experience he has seen the gathering clouds that threatened disaster, but his rich inheritance of energy and pluck has enabled him to turn defeats into victory and promised failures into success. He enjoys in the fullest measure the public confidence, because of the honorable business methods he has ever followed, and one of the most successful, prominent and honored men of this portion of Michigan is Jerry Sullivan. DANIEL C. HUTCHINS. Daniel C. Hutchins, of Fife Lake township, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, is not only a self-made man in the truest sense of the word, but his life has been so closely identified with the growth and development of the community that a history of its past progress would be incomplete did it not contain some mention of the active part he took in its advancement. Mr. Hutchins was born in Noble county, Ohio, on October 8, 1859, and is a son of Daniel and Emeline (Clark) Hutchins. Both parents were natives of Maine, but migrated to Ohio where they lived until about 1869, when they moved to this county and located in Traverse City. After a residence there of two years they moved to Fife Lake township, where they lived up to the time of their deaths. Mr. Hutchins was the youngest of a family of nine children and was ten years of age when his parents moved to this county. He was educated in the common schools and the fund of knowledge there acquired has been used as the foundation upon which to build a storehouse of varied and useful information. Reading and observation were the source from which he drew largely for information and a retentive memory has placed him among the brightest men of his age. He was reared to habits of industry and his life has been one of activity and usefulness. For many years he was employed in working about the saw-mills and in lumbering, but this work was uncongenial in that it did not afford him the proper outlet for his energy and ability, and he decided to try some other line of enterprise. Two years were spent in Colorado and two more in Kalkaska, Michigan, after which he returned to this locality, and in 1893, in the month of July, he embarked in his present mercantile career in Fife Lake. His success was assured from the first, his close application to business and his fair dealing and untiring efforts to please bringing him a constantly increasing patronage which soon placed him among the leading business houses of Fife Lake. Honesty of purpose and integrity of character GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 585: 1 9 have gained him the confidence and esteem of all who have had dealings with him and few men stand higher among their associates. It would be difficult to place too high an estimate upon his efforts to promote the welfare of this community. Few public enterprises have been carried to completion that were not helped by his influence and material aid. Time and personal discomforts were as nothing to him if good were thereby gained to the commonwealth. Public spirited to a degree, he has been the life and center of the force which has set the seal of prosperity upon Fife Lake and surrounding country. Mr. Hutchins has served three terms as supervisor of the township and as its treasurer three terms. He was a most acceptable village clerk for a term of years and is now president of the village board. As a member of the school board he has done much to advance the cause of education, an effort which is appreciated by the public. He is a Democrat, but not an offensive partisan. He is also prominent among the fraternal orders, being a member of Lodge No. 359, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, at Fife Lake, and Tent No. 749, Knights of the Maccabees. January II, j888, Daniel Hutchins was joined in marriage to Miss Anna, daughter of John and Bridget (Cronin) Shutler. They have two children, Beatrice C. and Daniel Joseph. Mrs. Hutchins is a member of St. Aloysius' Catholic church at Fife Lake, and belongs also to the sodality. FRANK DEAN. Frank Dean, favorably known as a prosperous farmer of Grand Traverse county, NMichigan, and a man of sterling worth and unblemished reputation, was born on a farm in Huron county, Ohio, September 7, 1848. His father, John Dean, was a native of the state of New York, while his mother, Dolly (Hoyt) Dean, traced her origin to New England. From Ohio they moved to Branch county, Michigan, then to Steuben county, Indiana, then back to Michigan, in Muskegon county, where the father passed to his reward. A widow and three children were left to mourn his death. The widow was afterward married to Joshua M. Leonard and became a resident of Paradise township; Grand Traverse county, where she died in 1900 at the age of eighty years. Frank Dean came to this county in 1867 and entered a homestead of eighty acres in section 22, Paradise township, the nucleus about which he has collected his present comfortable competency. He cleared and improved this tract of land, adding to it as circumstances permitted until he now owns one hundred and fifteen acres of plow land and one hundred more of timber land and pasture. Good buildings and substantial improvements have added largely to the value of his possessions, making his farm one of the most desirable in the county and a monument to his industry and thrift. Mr. Dean was married, June 4, 1875, to Miss Allie Taylor, who was born in De Kalb county, Illinois, July 31, 1856, and is a daughter of Franklin and Polly (Bonny) Taylor, both of New York.. They came to this county in 1866 and remained there during the rest of their natural lives, the father reaching the age of sixty years and the mother the more advanced age of seventytwo. Five children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Dean, namely, Fred, who died in his seventeenth year; Zema, the wife of Ar 586 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. lington Speers, Clarence, Daisy and Don. Mr. Dean has always been a Republican and has been active in the affairs of the township, serving as supervisor and treasurer for several terms. MRS. RUTH L. DAVIS. Mrs. Ruth Langworthy Davis well deserves prominent mention in this volume, for she was one of the first school teachers of the county, and for twelve years was actively connected with the educational development of this part of the state, leaving the impress of her character upon the intellectual advancement in a marked way. Her labor was of such a practical and beneficial nature that her services were eagerly sought, and she became widely known to the citizens of Grand Traverse county through her efforts in the schoolroom. Mrs. Davis now resides upon her good farm on section 26, Green Lake township. Her parents, William and Martha (Welton) Langworthy, were both natives of the Empire state, and became pioneer settlers of this portion of Michigan, establishing their home in Grand Traverse county in October, 1855, when the work of improvement had scarcely been inaugurated. They settled in what is now Williamsburg,. Whitewater township, and Mr. Langworthy began farming, which occupation he followed continuously until his life's labors were ended in death. He was a potent factor in developing this portion of the state, and is numbered among the honored pioneer settlers, who bravely faced the hardships and trials incident to pioneer life in order to make a home for his family. He aided in laying broad and deep the foundation for the present progress and advanced condition of the county, and no history of this portion of Michigan would be complete without mention of his career. His wife died in 1892, when seventy-six years of age, and he departed this life in 1898, at the age of eighty-six years. They were the parents of seven children, of whom Mrs. Davis was the second. In Chautauqua county, New York, on the 3d of December, 1842, Mrs. Davis was born, and was a maiden of nearly thirteen years when she came with her parents to Grand Traverse county. Here she grew to womanhood amid the wild scenes of a pioneer region, and her mind bears the impress of the early annals of this district. She acquired her education in the public schools and manifested special aptitude in her studies, so that at the age of eighteen years she was competent to teach, and entered upon the important work of training young minds in a manner that shall fit them for the arduous duties of life that come when school books are laid aside and the lessons of experience are to be learned. She was the teacher of the first school that convened in the Williamsburg district, and also taught the first school in Monroe Center. For six years prior to her first marriage she followed her chosen profession, and six years afterward, so that her entire connection with the work covers twelve years. She had the ability to impart clearly, concisely and readily to others the knowledge that she had acquired, and was also a good disciplinarian. Ruth Langworthy was first married in Williamsburg in March 1867, becoming the wife of William Dunn, who was a native of Ireland and died in Green Lake township, Grand Traverse county, on the 22d of December, 1894, when about sixty-five years of MRS. RUTH L. DAVIS. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANA W COUNTIES. 581r -------- age. She was againi married in September, 1897, her second husband being Henry E. Davis, a native of Grand Traverse county, and a son of William Davis. When Mr. Dunn died he left his widow one hundred and twenty acres of land, which she still owns, this being. the farm upon Which she now resides. He had erected a good residence and had placed sixty acres of the land under cultivation. Mrs. Davis displays excellent business ability in the management of her property, and has made it a paying investment. From the age of twentythree years she has been a devoted member of the Methodist Episcopal church, has taken an active and helpful part in its work, and many lines of church activity have profited by her labors. She is a lady of broad education, of superior culture and of natural refinement, and is a valued addition to social circles. She has a very wide acquaintance in Grand Traverse county, and the highest esteem is entertainedl for her by all with whom she has been brought in contact. Mrs. Davis has borne no children of her own, but in the kindness of her heart she has taken and reared seven children, givingto Ihem the same care and attention that she would have paid children of her own flesh and blood. She is a Rebekah, being a memher of Monroe.Center Lodge No. 290o. She has at three different times served her lodge as noble grand, and in 1899 was honored by selection as delegate to the state lodge, which convened at Bay City. WILLIAM L. WILSON. William L. Wilson, a retired farmer of Kingsley, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, is one of the pioneers of this state who has 37 seen the hand of progress convert the wilder. ness into a thriving community. Mr. Wilson was born September 12, I846, in Jefferson county, New York, and was one of eight children born to Benjamin and Mahala (Wadsworth) Wilson, both of whom, were natives of York state. They were farmers by occupation and it was about the middle of the past century that they moved west and took up their residence in Sheboygan county, WVisconsin, and it was in the village of. Sheboygan that they passed their last days.. The father lived to the age of sixty-twvo years and the mother to the ripe age of eighty-five. Mr. Wilson was but a lad when his parents moved to Wisconsin and settled on a farm in that state, but at an early age he began doing for himself, working for.neighboring farmers and laying the foundation fora life of usefulness and honor. He was yet in his teens when he enlisted in Company H, Fourteenth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry,. and served until peace was declared. Returning to Wisconsin, he remained there until June, 1867, when he went to Michigan, where he entered eighty acres for a homestead in section 12, Paradise township, Grand Traverse county. That fall he brought his family to their new home and from this modest beginning his present corrpetence has accrued. Industry and perseverance were the keynotes of- his success. He has added to his holdings until he acquired two hundred and eighty acres of fertile land, most of which is in a fine state of cultivation. His improvements have been in keeping with his means and few farmers. have more attractive or comfortable homes than the farm residence of the subject. Mr. Wilson has been twice married, his -88 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. first wife being Miss Clarissa Chapel, of near Gibbsville, Wisconsin, to whom he was married January 27, 1866. She died July 9, 1871, leaving three children, Albertis A., Benjamin E., and Ella M., who is the wife of David Johnson. On September 16, 1872, Mr. Wilson was united in marriage with his present wife, who was formerly Miss Orilla H. Taylor, of Mayfield township, this county. She was born in De Kalb county, Illinois, June 15, 1851, and is the daughter of Franklin and Polly (Bonney) Taylor, both of whom were natives of New York. They settled in Mayfield township in 1866 and made their home there until their death, the father at the age of sixtyfive and the mother at the age of seventytwo years. The union of Mr. and Mrs. Wilson has resulted in the birth of five children, as follows: Frank W., William L., Jr., Reuben A., Jesse.L., who died at the age of fifteen years, and Addie O. Frank, who resides in Paradise township, wedded Miss Mattie Nickerson and they have three children, Russell, Beatrice and Willma. He is now register of deeds of Grand Traverse county, having been elected on the Republican ticket. William L., of Paradise town-,ship, wedded Miss Olive Bancroft and they.have two children, Harold and Bullock. -Reuben A., who finished his education at the agricultural college at Lansing, has charge of his father's farm. Addie O. is at home. The following obituary notice of the subject's deceased son is here appended and will prove of interest to the reader: Lee Wilson, son of William L. Wilson, of Paradise, was born the 27th day of March, 1883, and.died at his father's home on the 9th day of February, 1899, at the age of fifteen years, ten months and twelve days. He was always a kind, energetic and 'most loving child. Always loving his school and always very forward in his classes, he graduated from his school, the eighth grade, at the age of fourteen years. His teacher and schoolmates miss him as few pupils could be missed, as he was one who was always trying to make others happy. He was a most loving and lovable boy. He dispised what was low and ungentlemanly. Words cannot express the vacancy he has left in the home circle, but there is the most comforting thought, "He is now one in the home circle in the better home above." For about two years he had been a professor of Christianity, looking every evening for guidance from his Heavenly Father while kneeling at his bedside, and ever ready to acknowledge his Master in public. The family are among the most prominent and respected in the county and are active workers of the Baptist church in Kingsley, of which they are members. Mr. Wilson has always been a leading spirit in all public enterprises looking to the advancement of the community and has held a number of offices of trust, serving as highway commissioner and treasurer of Paradise township, as justice of the peace and as school trustee. He has always been a man of unflinching integrity and has held the confidence and esteem of the public to an enviable degree. Early in the winter of 1902 Mr. Wilson removed to the village of Kingsley, where he is now residing in retirement from the actual labors of life, the miany years spent in toil enabling him to take a well earned rest during the evening of an honored and useful life. CHARLES L. BILLMAN. Among the busiest, most energetic and progressive business men of Leelanaw county is Charles L. Billman, of Cedar, and the town in which he resides is a monument to GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW - COUNTIES. 589 --- his labors and activity. He was its founder and has been so closely connected with its upbuilding that no mention of the place would be complete without reference to Mr. Billman. His efforts have been so discerningly directed along well defined lines of labor that they have not only promoted his individual success but have conserved the public prosperity and advanced the general progress. For some years he was actively connected with mercantile interests and now he is the owner and proprietor of the grain and potato warehouse at Cedar. Mr. Billman is a native of Berrien county, Michigan, his birth having there occurred on the 14th of June, 1854. His parents were Conrad and Margaret Ann (Wiseman) Billman, who were married in Fostoria, Ohio, whence they came to Michigan, settling at Hickory Corners, in Berrien county. Their happy married life, however, was of short duration, for when only twenty-two years of age Mr. Billman died, leaving two children, Charles and Irene. With her little ones the mother afterward returned to her old home in Fostoria, Ohio, and there she gave her hand in marriage to David Egbert, who became a soldier of the Civil war. He responded to the call of the President for aid to preserve the Union, and donning the blue went to the front. He died while in the service, thus laying down his life on the altar of his country. After the death of Mr. Egbert the mother of the subject removed to Kendallville, Indiana, and there was married again, becoming the wife of Andrew Zebill, with whom she afterward went to Wisner, Nebraska. In that place she spent her reinaining days, her death occurring there in September, 1900, when she was seventythree years of age. Charles Billman was only about a year and a half old when his father died and his mother returned to Fostoria, Ohio, where he was reared until he was fourteen years of age, when he accompanied his mother to Kendallville, Indiana. He continued a resident of that city until his return to his native state, in November, 1885, at which time he located in Leelanaw county. He had engaged in various occupations in Indiana, and after coming to this locality he settled in Solon township upon the present site of the city of Cedar. Here he has since lived and his connection with its business interests has been continuous and important. He first engaged in merchandising and followed that pursuit until 1901, when he sold out and became fhe proprietor of the warehouse which he now owns and conducts. About nine years after his arrival here he went into partnership with M-. A. Culver, under the firm style of Billman & Culver, and the firm enjoyed a good patronage, building up a business which proved profitable and which grew to considerable proportions. Mr. Billman is a man of keen discrimination and marked enterprise and whatever he undertakes he carries forward to successful completion. In his warehouse business he is now meeting with prosperity. He has a very commodious building for the storage of potatoes and grain awaiting shipment, and his enterprise is of marked convenience to the producers of this section of the state as well as a source of profit to himself. At Brimfield, Noble.county, Indiana, in August, 1878, Mr. Billman was united in marriage to Miss Mary E. Owen, who was born in August, 1862, and is a daughter of Owen and Angeline (Isenberg) Owen. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Billman have been born 590 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. -- two children, Walter Ellsworth and Wallace Elmer. The subject and his wife are widely known in Leelanaw county and enjoy the friendship of the great majority with whom they have come in contact. Mr. Billman is a member of Cedar Lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is a popular and valued representative of the fraternity. In addition to his home and business.property in Cedar he has other realty here and he also owns one hundred and forty acres of valuable land near the village. Realizing the opportunity for the establishment of a good town here, he platted the village of Cedar and not only through his business interests but in many other ways he has also labored for its advancement and general improvement along substantial lines. In laboring for its welfare he looks beyond the exigencies of the moment to the possibilities of the future and works not alone for what will benefit the town today, but also for what will be of advantage at a later time. He is a man of distinct and forceful individuality, as is evidenced by the fact that he started out in life on his own account, without money or influential friends to aid him. He looked at life, however, from a practical standpoint and placed his dependence upon elements that are sure winners in the race of life--persistent purpose, indefatigable industry and unabating energy. ADAM E. BELLINGER. Starting out upon his business career when only thirteen years of age, with limited advantages, educational or otherwise, Adam E. Bellinger has steadily advanced until he now occupies a creditable and honorable position in connection with the lumber industry of Michigan, which is perhaps the chief source of wealth of the state. Faithfulness to duty and a strict adherence to a fixed purpose in life will do more to advance a man's interests than wealth or advantageous circumstances. The successful men of the day are they who have planned their own advancement and have accomplished it in spite of many obstacles and with a certainty that could only have been attained through their own efforts. This class of men has a worthy representative in Mr. Bellinger, who is today proprietor of a saw mill in Maple City, Leelanaw county, where he is carrying on an extensive and profitable business as a lumber manufacturer. Mr. Bellinger was born on a farm in St. Lawrence county, New York, September 29, 186o, and on the maternal side is of Irish lineage. His father, Alonzo Bellinger, was also a native of St. Lawrence county, and he wedded Isabella Hughes, who was born in county Tyrone, Ireland, but in her girlhood (lays she was brought from the Emerald isle to America and took up her abode in the Empire state. For several years after their marriage they resided in St. Lawrence county, and then came to Leelanaw county, Michigan, the year 1867 witnessing their arrival. They took up their abode in Kasson township, where for more than a quarter of a century the father followed farming, thus providing for the wants of his family. He died November 9, 1894, at the age of fifty-six years, and the mother is now living in Maple City. Adam E. Bellinger is the eldest of their three children, and was a little lad of seven summers when he came with his parents to 0 z m r4 -Ole, M4RS. A. E. BELLINGER GRAND TRAVERSE "AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 591 Leelanaw county, being reared to manhood upon the home farm in Kasson township. When he was but thirteen years of age he was apprenticed to an engineer, and learned the mill business in its various departments. He became familiar with the working of both a saw-mill and planing-mill, thus gaining broad, practical experience, which has been the foundation of his success in later life. For twelve years he was employed as a stationary engineer, and afterward purchased the saw and planing mill at Maple City, which he has since operated. He has a good plant, well equipped with modern machinery of excellent make and he is, therefore, prepared to turn out high-grade work. He has become well known as a manufacturer of lumber, and his annual shipments reach a large figure. His thorough and practical knowledge of the business enables him to capably direct the labors of the men whom he employs, so that the best results are secured on terms satisfactory to employer and workmen. Mr. Bellinger was married in Kasson township, Leelanaw county, on the 21st of April, 1883, to Miss Alfarata Amidon, who was born in Shiawassee county, Michigan, on the 5th of November, 1863, a daughter of William H. and Mary J. (Whitney) Amidon, the former a native of New York and the latter of Ohio. In their family were six children, of whom Mrs. Bellinger was the second, and by her marriage she has become the mother of a daughter and a son, Flora S. and Orville H. The family home is a pleasant and hospitable one, and in addition to his mill property Mr. Bellinger owns two hundred acres of valuable land, of which one hundred acres has been improved and now returns to the owner a good annual income. It is the capable and successful business men who make the best officers, bringing to the public business the same aptitude, energy and determination which they show in the control of their private interests. Mr. Bellinger has frequently been solicited to serve in positions of public trust and responsibility. He was elected sheriff of Leelanaw county and served so capably that he was then reelected and continued in the office for. a second term. He has held the office of township treasurer for one term and has been school treasurer for many years. Matters pertaining to public progress and improvement receive his earnest endorsement and public measures have benefited by his active and practical assistance. He manifests his political belief by casting his ballot each election for the men and measures of the Republican party. In his social relations he is a Mason and an Odd Fellow, and in his life he exemplifies the beneficent spirit of these fraternities, which are based upon the brotherhood of mankind and embody in their teachings mutual helpfulness and a spirit of charity. WILLIAM ILES. William Iles is well known in Cedar, in Leelanaw county and in northwestern Michigan, where he has controlled extensive and important business interests. In his undertakings he has prospered and he has ever been fair and straightforward in his dealings with his fellow men. He is now the owner of extensive property interests in Traverse City and in Cedar and in the latter place he is now engaged in dealing in liquors, conducting a retail trade. 692 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. John Iles, the father of the subject, was one of the pioneer settlers of Leelanaw county. A native of Ireland, he wedded Miss Eliza Menire, who was born in Canada, but was of Irish parentage. John Iles had settled in Canada on crossing the Atlantic and from the Dominion they crossed the border into the United States and became residents of Leelanawv county in 1866. For some years they lived in Elmwood township, M.r. Iles carrying on agricultural pursuits there, and later they secured a homestead claim in Solon township, at what is now Cedar. Upon that farm they located and it remained their place of residence throughout their remaining days. The father made farming his life work and was an industrious, energetic man, and both he and his wife won many friends in this county. The mother died when sixty-three years of age, and the father passed away at the advanced age of seventy-eight years. They were the parents of twelve children, of whom William is the second in order of birth. There was no lack of companionship for William Iles in his youth and many merry hours were passed by the brothers and sisters of the household. They were also trained to habits of industry and the subject,performed his full share of the work on the home farm. He was born in London, Ontario, January 26, 1855, and was therefore about eleven years of age when he came with his parents to Michigan. He remained under the parental roof until twenty-two years of age, when he started out upon an independent business career, and the success that he has since achieved has resulted entirely from his own efforts. He first engaged as foreman with the Grand Haven Boom Company, and acted in that capacity for four years. On the expiration of that period he returned to Leelanaw county, and for four years occupied the position of walking boss for the Frankfort Lumber Company. At the end of that time he was chosen chief of police of Traverse City, on the organization of the police force there, and for fourteen years he was the head of the force to maintain law and order there and protect the rights of the law-abiding citizens. He proved a most capable official, ever loyal to his duty, and the public reposed the utmost confidence in him. At length, however, he resigned, and went to Alaska, spending two years in that country, where he worked in the mines, but not realizing a fortune there in the time he had anticipated and feeling that Michigan was a more congenial place of residence, he returned to Leelanaw county, opening a saloon in Cedar. This he has since conducted and to some extent he has engaged in the lumber business, but devotes his energies chiefly to the saloon business. On the 3d of February, 1883, in Trayerse City, Michigan, Mr. Iles was united in marriage to Miss Julia Secore, a native of Canada, born in the city of Montreal. She is a'daughter of Philip and Celia Secore, of Traverse City, who were numbered among the pioneer settlers of this section of the state, having located here when the work of improvement and progress had scarcely begun. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Iles has been blessed with three children, two sons and a daughter, William, Jr., Eva and Frank N., all of whom are still with their parents. In his political views Mr. Iles is a stalwart Republican, having always given his support to the principles of the party. He GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. \ 5989 has labored for its success, being regarded as one of the leading party workers of this locality. He has filled a number of public offices. For six or seven years he was under-sheriff of Grand Traverse county and was also deputy United States marshal for four years under James Clark. As the custodian of the public right he has ever been found as a most faithful officer, discharging his duties with promptness and fidelity. His father was an ardent Democrat and when he came to Leelanaw county he was one of but two adherents of the Democracy in Solon township. He however did all he could for the principles in which he believed, but his son, after mature consideration of the questions and issues of the (lay, decided not to follow in the political footsteps of the father and has ever given his allegiance to the "Grand Old Party." Fraternally Mr. Iles is connected with Traverse City Lodge No. 222, Free and Accepted Masons; Traverse City Chapter, Royal Arch Masons; Traverse City Council, Royal and Select Masters, and is familiar with the teachings and tenets of the craft of which he is a worthy follower. He owns valuable property interests in Traverse City and in Cedar, having made judicious investments in real estate, and today he is classed among the prosperous men of Leelanaw county. HENRY SEEGMILLER. Henry Seegmiller, a prominent and influential business man of Kingsley, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born August 19, 1845, in Goderich, Ontario. His parents, Jacob and lWilhelmina (Click) Seegmiller, were natives of Germany. They were married and resided for a number of years in Canada. They were the parents of ten children and he was a tanner by occupation, residing in Goderich, where they both died, the mother at the age of fifty-nine and the father at the age of seventy-two years. Henry Seegmiller was a farmer, but also conducted a foundry in his native country until 1878, when he came to Michigan with his wife and four children, moving on a farm in Garfield township about two and. one-half miles from Traverse City. He conducted this farm three years, when he became dissatisfied and returned to Canada and for two years was engaged in the real-estate and commission business at Walkerton. He then went to Goderich and conducted a foundry in partnership with his brother and returned to Grand Traverse county, where he turned his entire time and attention to agriculture in Paradise township. Three or four years later he moved to Kingsley and embarked in the mercantile business, building a store for that purpose. The first building he built he sold, then he erected a second store building, in which he now carries on his business. He has met with flattering success and keeps one of the nicest and most complete line of goods to be found in any small town in this state. He was postmaster four years under Cleveland's administration and has made many friends and built up a large patronage by his courteous and upright dealings. His residence is one of the finest and handsomest in the village. Mr. Seegmiller was married in Goderich, Ontario, 'to Miss Mary Ann Seegmiller, a native of Petersburg, Ontario, born April 26, 1851, and the fruits of this union are eleven children, namely: Charles H.; 594 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Carrie, who is the wife of Demont Ellison; Wilhelmina, wife of Rev. Albert Balgooyen; Lucy A., the wife of Rev. W. T. Hill; Abbie; John A.; Oscar; and Walter. Three children were transplanted to the garden of the Lord, one at the age of four years, one at the age of eight months and one in infancy. Charles H., who is a graduate of the Traverse City Business College and of the normal school at Valparaiso, Indiana, is now a bookkeeper for a Chicago house. He married Miss Ida Stanton. Wilhelmina, who attended Ferris Institute and Albion College, was a successful teacher and was principal of the schools at Ford River, Michigan. Lucy has taught in the schools of Grand Traverse county. Mr. and Mrs. Seegmiller are members of the German Lutheran church and contribute in no uncertain way to its advancement in Kingsley. In addition to their mercantile business they own a farm of four hundred acres and have three hundred of it under cultivation, a source of considerable profit. Mr. Seegmiller is an enterprising, public-spirited citizen and has been a member of the village board for several years, looking closely after the best interests of the public and giving it the same shrewd and careful attention that he bestows upon his private business. He is a Democrat in politics, a member of Strict Account Lodge No. 662, Knights of the Maccabees, and of Maple Leaf Lodge No. 27, Ancient Order of United Workmen, of Goderich.,. WILLIAM F. EIEEY. To his own efforts is the success of William F. Eikey attributable, for he started out upon his business career without capital or the aid of influential friends, and is today the owner of a good farm in Grand Traverse county. This, too, is the visible evidence of his life of industry, for when it came into his possession it was entirely unimproved. A native of Pennsylvania, Mr. Eikey was born in or near McKeesport, April 22, 1854, and was one of the younger members of a family of seven children, born of the marriage of Louis Eikey and Christina Keitel, both of whom were natives of Germany. They removed from the Keystone state to Monroe county, Ohio, when the subject of this review was only about six years of age, and there he lived upon the home farm until he was seventeen years of age. He then entered upon an independent business career. Leaving Ohio he made his way to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, where he secured a position as a puddler in a rolling mill, being thus employed for about seven years. While living there Mr. Eikey was united in marriage on the 22d of March, T878, to Miss Minnie Kramer, who was born in Germany, October Io, 1857. He then came with his bride to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and settled upon the farm which he had purchased in the fall of 1877, andwhich has since been his home. He first bought one hundred and sixty acres in section 5, East Bay township, all of which was wild and unimproved. With characteristic energy he began its development, and acre after acre was cleared and placed under the plow, until he now has about half of it under cultivation. He has also erected good buildings, and he has one of the best barns in the entire county. He keeps on hand a good grade of farm animals, and he raised the cereals and fruits best adapted to the soil and climate, his crops commanding a good price on the market WILLIAM F. EIKEY. MRS. WILLIAM EIKEY. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 595 when they are placed on sale. He has extended the boundary of his farm until it now comprises two hundred and more acres, and is rapidly developing a valuable property. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Eikey have been born ten children-Mamie, Charles, Arthur, Ida, Eda, Willie, Lewis, Bert, George and Tony. Of this number all are yet living with the exception of Willie, who died at the age of twelve years. Mr. Eikey has been highway commissioner and has served in several school offices. He is a thrifty and industrious farmer, and while he has profited by his residence in Michigan the state has found him a good citizen, progressive, wideawake, alert and enterprising, promoting the public welfare while advancing his individual interests. MYRON S. BROWNSON, M. D. Myron S. Brownson, M. D., the first physician to locate in Kingsley, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, has (lone more towards the present prosperity of the village than any other man. He may truly be said to be the father of Kingsley. It would be impossible to give anything like a detailed account of the many enterprises originated and carried on by him or in which he was interested, but we will endeavor to give a brief, authentic account of some of the more important undertakings which have placed him among the first men of the county. He is a son of Henry and Mary (Stafford) Brownson and a grandson of the Rev. Elisha Brownson, a pioneer preacher of renown. Dr. Brownson was born in South Dansville, Steuben county, New York, February O, 1844, and spent his youth on his father's farm in that county. Ambitious and energetic, he early conceived a desire to make the study of medicine his life work, but it was not until about his twentieth year that he entered upon those studies. An interruption was occasioned when he enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Eightyeighth New York Volunteer Regiment, in which he served one year. This year was of practical value to him as he was placed in the medical department as cadet and the experience there gained was of more service to him than many months of study would have been. Leaving the army, he returned to Steuben county and resumed his studies for a short time, when failing health compelled him to seek a change and he came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, remaining about a year. Once more he returned to Steuben county and completed his studies, graduating from the University of Pennsylvania in 1868. Dr. Brownson opened an office and began the practice of his profession in Loon Lake, Steuben county, New York, but later located in Valparaiso, Indiana. While there he attended lectures and took the course in Bennett Medical College of Chicago, graduating from that institution in 1871. In 1872 he returned to New York and practiced in Dansville, Livingstone county, for about two years and in 1874 settled in Kingsley. He was not long in establishing a practice which was at once lucrative and extended. His quick and willing response to the call of distress and his prompt and skillful treatment of disease touched the hearts of the people and opened for him the way to their confidence and esteem. This resulted in making him at once popular and necessary and he soon found himself possessed of little 596 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ---e leisure. He has traveled the county from one end to the other, in all seasons and at all hours, for he has made it a point of honor never to let his services be asked in vain. His popularity has only been exceeded by his success and he can point with pride to thirty years of profitable practice in Grand Traverse county. A man of mammoth business ability, he foresaw the possibilities of the new and then thinly inhabited district in which he chose to cast his fortunes, and purchased a tract of one thousand acres of woodland. This timber was mostly of hard wood and was situated where the village of Kingsley now stands, he having platted and laid out the village in the very center of his purchase in 1882. Few men would have the temerity or ability to institute and carry on so many enterprises, which, in his case, have proved to be successful and money-making. He built and operated the first saw and gristmill, the first blacksmith shop, general store and livery stable in Kingsley, erected fiftythree residence and business blocks, built three lumber mills and carried on a large lumber business for about twenty years, and also built the Brownson sanitarium early in the 'eighties. In 1900 he built the flour-mill, known as the Toner Roller Mills, and was instrumental in having erected the Methodist Episcopal church, while he has contributed most liberally to the building of the other churches as well. He still owns about eleven hundred acres of land in this county and has four hundred under cultivation. Dr. Brownson has shown himself an editor of no small ability and has successfully conducted a number of journals and newspapers, his first venture being in Dan'sville, New York, where he published the Home Medical Advisor and Health Journal, which had a circulation of five thousand copies. In 1888 he established the Paradise Enterprise, of Kingsley, which was merged into the Traverse City Transcript three years later and five years after that was sold to the Traverse City Herald. In 1899 he established the Kingsley Hustler, a wideawake, newsy sheet that furnishes the local neighboring news in a spicy, able manner that makes it a welcome visitor in the majority of homes in this vicinity. Dr. Brownson was married in Springwater, Livingstone county, New York, May 22, 1872, to Miss Sarah A. Rowe. She was born in that county and was a daughter of Joseph and Christine Rowe, who were from Pennsylvania. Of the four children born to this union but one, J. Joseph Henry, survives. Like his father, he is a physician practicing in Kingsley and bids fair to outdo the older doctor in popularity and skill. Dr. Brownson, the subject, is prominent in fraternal circles and takes a leading part in the workings of a number of local lodges, being a member of the Masons, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Sons of Bethlehem, James Wadsworth Post, Grand Army of the Republic, and the Modern Woodmen of America. LOUIS E. AINSLIE. The student of history cannot carry his investigations far without learning that the name of Ainslie has long figured in connection with the development and agricultural interests of Grand Traverse county, for hardly had the white race begun to dispute the dominion of this section of the state with GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 697. - ~-` ~ ---' the red men when Gilbert Ainslie, the father of the subject, established his home in the midst of the green woods. He was a helpful factor in the early progress and aided in laying broad and deep the foundation for thepresent prosperity and advanced condition of the county and the work which he begun lias been carried forward by his son, Louis E. Ainslie, who is today a prominent and progressive citizen, as well as a practical and enterprising agriculturist. Gilbert Ainslie was born in the state of New York, June 14, 1827, and he wedded Mary E. Baughn, who was a native of Ohio, born September 9, 1832. Their marriage was celebrated on the 25th of September, 1854, and soon afterward they came to Michigan, settling at Elk Rapids, in Antrim county. After a short period, however, they came to Grand Traverse county, taking up their abode upon a farm in Acme township, north of Yuba. There they lived for several years and then became residents of Garfield township, where Mr. Ainslie carried on general farming for some time. When he put aside agricultural pursuits he removed to Traverse City and secured the position of mail carrier between Traverse City and Duncan, Michigan. To that work he devoted his energies throughout the remainder of his (lays, his death occurring in the former place on the 14th of October, 1869. His wife, surviving him for about five years, died in Traverse City, March Io, 1874. In their family were five children, as follows: Douglass, who was drowned while bathing in the mouth of the Boardman river, when thirteen years of age: Louis E., who is the second in order of birth; Mary M.; Maria B., the wife of Alfred W. Black; and Gilbert H., who died in infancy. Louis E. Ainslie was born December 3, 1859, upon the farm in Acme township which his father had entered from the government upon his arrival in Grand Traverse county, and amid the wild scenes of frontier life he was reared, sharing with the family in the hardships which fall to the lot of the pioneers and assisting in the arduous duties of developing a new farm. There were also many pleasures to be enjoyed, some of which were known only in pioneer times and are not now enjoyed by people of the present generation. He lived with his parents until they were called from this life and after his mother's death he sought and obtained employment in the store of Hannah, Lay & Company, for whom he acted as cash boy for two and a half years. After that time he attended school in Traverse City, Michigan, and in Salem, Ohio, spending two years in the latter place, after which he returned to the former place. For a year he continued his studies in the schools of Traverse City and thus well equipped with a fair knowledge of the English branches of learning which are continually brought into requisition in business life, he began farming, which has been his life occupation. He purchased a tract of land in Acme township and lived thereon for several years, when he traded that property for the farm which is now his home. The real-estate transfer was effected in 1890, and this has since been his home. It comprises one hundred and sixty acres on section 32, East Bay township, and the modern farm buildings there seen have been largely erected by the present owner, who keeps everything about his place in excellent repair, giving to the farm his personal supervision in every department, considering no detail too unimportant to claim his atter 598 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. tion. To this may largely be attributed his success, for it is a most valuable element in business life. The greater part of his land is under cultivation and in return for his care and labor the fields yield golden harvests. In Acme township, on the 12th of March, i89o, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Ainslie and Miss Mary E. Baynton, who was born in Canada, April 22, 1868, a daughter of Thomas and Lucy (Patching) Baynton, both of whom were natives of the same country. They came to Grand Traverse county in 1870 and settled in Acme township, where both died. They had a family of twelve children, Mrs. Ainslie being the seventh in order of birth. By the marriage of the subject and his wife there are now two daughters, Hattie Belle and Lucile. Mr. Ainslie is a public-spirited citizen. He feels a just pride in what has been accomplished in his native county and has watched with interest the rapid strides which Grand Traverse has made toward advanced civilization. Whenever possible he has labored for the general good along lines promoting the social, material, intellectual and moral welfare of the community, and he is justly accounted one of the honored pioneer residents. Indians still traded in the neighborhood at the time of his birth and much of the land was still in the condition in which it came from the hand of nature and in which it had remained for centuries, awaiting the awakening touch of the white race to make it productive. Today it blooms and blossoms as the rose, 'and Mr. Ainslie is a worthy representative of. this great department of labor which George Washington said was the most useful and the most honorable pursuit of man. AMBROSE B. STINSON. Ambrose B. Stinson, the genial and accommodating postmaster and live business man of Kingsley, was born on a farm in Williams county, Ohio, June 17, 1866. His parents were Albert and Mary (Ultz) Stinson, who came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, in 1881, and remained here through the remainder of their lives. Mr. Stinson received a good education in the common schools and began life on his own account in Grand Rapids, where he was employed as clerk in a dry goods store for three or four years. He was courteous and obliging, and soon made many friends, who were pleased to have him wait upon them. Returning to Grand Traverse county, he soon embarked in the mercantile business in 1890 in Kingsley, in partnership with Ira D. Linten. This relation was sustained for about seven years, and in 1897 was terminated in Mr. Stinson buying out the business and conducting it alone. He has built up a large and constantly increasing trade, with added work since his appointment as postmaster in 1897. He is a man of fine attainments, and his popularity is second to none in the village. Besides his mercantile business he is largely interested in farming and owns four hundren and forty acres of land, the cultivation of which he oversees. April 2, 1890, Mr. Stinson was married to Miss Eunice Nickerson, whose father, George G. Nickerson (elsewhere represented in this work), is one of the most widely known and popular men of the county. Three children have blessed this marriageBernice E., Harold C. and Rhea Joy. Few men take a more lively interest in the affairs of the community than Mr. Stinson or are AMBROSE B STINSON MRS. A. B. STINSON. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 599 more energetic in carrying out plans for public improvement. He has been clerk of the village since its organization up to 19ioo, and was also village president in 1902. He has been the efficient clerk of the township for a number of years. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and of the encampment of Traverse City, as well as a member of the Knights of the Maccabees. MYRON A. CULVER. Myron A. Culver is a member of the firm of Ward & Culver, merchants, and is foreman of the Dewey Stone Company, at Cedar, Leelanaw county. His connection with this company dates from 1871 and no higher testimonial of his business ability and fidelity to the interests of those whom he represents could be given than the fact that he has so long been connected with the company. He was born on a farm in Hillsdale county, Michigan, on the 2oth day of July, 1844. His father, Walter Culver, was born in New York and after arriving at years of maturity he sought as a companion and helpmate for life's journey Miss Caroline Loomis, who was also born in the Empire state. They were married and for many years traveled life's journey happily together, but in Kent county, Michigan, when sixty-five years of age, the wife was called to the home beyond. Mr. Culver still survives her and is living in Cedar, at the very.advanced age of ninety-three years. Myron A. Culver is the only son and eldest child in a family of four children born unto Walter and Caroline (Loomis) Culver, and he was reared chiefly in Leela naw county, working upon the home farm in his youth and afterward giving his attention chiefly to agricultural pursuits until 1871, when he entered into business relations with the Dewey Stone Company. In the month of December of that year he entered that employ and has since been a representative of the firm. He was first sent to Blissfield, Michigan, in the capacity of engineer and so acted for about seven years. At the end of that time he went to,Bairdstown, Wood county, Ohio, where he acted as foreman for the company for seventeen years, and in 1894 he came to Cedar, Michigan, where he is now associated with Mr. Ward, and is acting in the capacity of foreman for the Dewey Stone Company. He is a man of broad experience in business lines, of enterprise and sound judgment, and he capably controls the company's business at this place. He has the unqualified confidence of those wvhom he represents, and his control of the business has been mutually profitable to himself and the company. In Adrian, Michigan, in September, 1867, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Culver and Miss Mary Ensign, a native of this state, and they now have two child(Iren, Charles E. and William J. Both Mr. and Mrs. Culver have made many friends in Cedar and in Leelanaw county during the nine years of their residence here, and the hospitality of the best homes of the community in which they reside is extended to them. Good cheer and cordiality also pervade their own home, and their personal characteristics have made them popular with those with whom they have come in contact. Mr. Culver is a stanch Republican, giving an unfaltering support to the principles of the party since he attained his majority, 600 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. `'e and while he labors for the growth and success of the party he also gives his time to the advancement of measures for the general welfare. JOHN N. COURTADE. John N. Courtade is now serving as treasurer of East Bay township, Grand Traverse county, and has been called upon to fill several other local offices of trust and responsibility. He is a worthy incumbent and over the record of his official career there falls no shadow of wrong or suspicion of evil. He has lived in this county from the age of five years and the fact that many of stanchest friends have known him from his boyhood days is an indication that his career has ever been honorable Vnd upright. His parents were Peter and Magdalena (Jordi) Courtade, the former a native of Seneca county, Ohio, and the latter of Bavaria, Germany, when she came to the United States in her girlhood days. They became the parents of nine children, of whom Mr. Courtade of this review is the second in order of birth. He was born near Eagle Harbor, Michigan, on the Upper Peninsula, March 31, 1863, and when a little lad of about five summers was brought by his parents to Grand Traverse county, the family home being established in East Bay township, where he grew to manhood upon his father's farm, his youth being passed in a manner similar to that of other boys of the period. Work and play alternated to fill his days and the duties of the school-room were mastered by him as he gained a knowledge of those branches of learning which fit one for transaction of business in later life. Since conming to Grand Traverse county he has resided continuously in East Bay township, and since putting aside his text books he has followed farming and lumbering, giving his attention to the latter pursuit during the winter months. He owns one hundred and sixty acres of land in the home farm, of which one hundred and twenty acres have been improved, and in addition he has timber land in the county. On his farm he has erected nice buildings, a comfortable home, commodious and convenient, standing as a monument to his enterprise, while barns and sheds furnish shelter for the stock and protect his crops from the inclement weather. Mr. Courtade was married in Traverse City, Michigan, on the I6th of June, 1890, to Miss Luella A. Schlosser, who was born in Edgerton, Williams county, Ohio, on the 20th of May, 1874, a daughter of John and Miary E. (Gillett) Schlosser, residents of East Bay township. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Courtade have been born eight children: Florence E., Peter L., Oscar J., Mamie M., Nellie E., Alice A., Bertha M. and Laura A., all of whom are still under the parental roof, the family circle being still unbroken. An advocate of Republican principles, Mr. Courtade has always supported that party and keeping informed on the issues of the day is able to defend his position by intelligent argument. He has held the office of school inspector and has also been elected overseer of highways and justice of the peace. For several terms he has been elected treasurer of East Bay township and is the present incumbent in that position. His is a well-rounded character, in which the different interests of life are given their due GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 601 proportion of attention. One line of thought or work to the exclusion of all others produces an abnormal development and makes tlhe individual narrow in his views of life. Mr. Courtade has never followed such a course, for while giving his chief attention to his business, as do the majority of men, he finds time and opportunity to take an interest in matters pertaining to the'progress and growth of his county, state and nation, and to mingle with his friends, enlarging the circle of his acquaintance and broadening his mind through the interchange of thought with others. HIRAM A. HALL. Hiram A. Hall, who lives on section 24, Long Lake township, Grand Traverse county, was born in America's metropolis, the city of New York, on the 19th of March, 1839, being the fourth of the six children whose parents were Samuel and Betsey (Gay) Hall. Both the father and mother died in St. Joseph county, Michigan. Mr. Hall of this review spent the greater part of his life in Ontario county, New York, where he remained until nineteen years of age. Attracted by the business opportunities of the growing west, he then made his way to the Mississippi valley, taking up his abode in Illinois, where he remained for six months. He then removed to St. Joseph county, Indiana, where he was engaged in farming, and he also followed that pursuit in LaPorte county, Indiana, twelve years being thus passed. In the spring of 1867 he came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and his choice of a location fell upon section 2, Blair township, on a part of the Green Lake township. There he resided for five years, having secured a tract, of land as a homestead claim. He was afterward in the employ of the firm of Hannah, Lay & Company in Long Lake township, for three years, and subsequently he located on what is now Garfield township, where he was engaged in farming for six years. At the end of that time he purchased the farm which is now his home and upon which he has resided continuously since it came into his possession. He has eighty acres of land, of which sixty-five acres has been cleared, plowed and transformed into productive fields. In the midst of his farm he has ercted good buildings, which are kept in excellent repair, and neatness and thrift characterize every department of his place and indicate the supervision of a careful and painstaking owner. An important event in the life of Mr. Hall occurred in Stark county, Indiana, in October, 1860,-his marriage to Miss Alvira Monroe, who was born in Oakland county, Michigan. They have become the parents of six children: Emma, who is now the wife of Alonzo Howard; Hattie, the wife of George Tuttle; Lottie, who married William Newstead; Edna, the wife of William Correy; and Amos H. and Rayon E. The parents are active workers in the church, holding membership with the Methodist Episcopal denomination, and everything pertaining to the uplifting of their fellow men and the advancement of moral development elicits their interest and aid. In his political views Mr. Hall is an earnest Republican and he has held the office of township treasurer of Long Lake towrtship' for two years. At the time of the Civil 602 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. war he manifested his loyalty to the government by entering the Union army in September, 1861, as a member of Company C, Twenty-ninth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. With the boys in blue he then went to the front and served for eighteen months, after which he was honorably discharged, but in January, i865, he again entered the army and served for three months. Mr. Hall has always been loyal in citizenship and in times of peace is as true to the old flag as he was when he followed the starry banner upon southern battle-fields. During his residence in Michigan the sterling traits of his character have gained him recognition as a man of strong purpose and upright principles and his personal characteristics and his public life are such as to entitle him to representation in this volume. JOHN R. FOUCH. The horologue of time has marked off thirty-seven years since John R. Fouch first came to Leelanaw county, and he is, therefore, numbered among the early settlers. The traveler of today who visited the region that long ago, had'he not seen it in the interim, would not recognize this highly improved district as the one into which Mr. Fouch came. Long since have pioneer conditions given way before the advance of civilization, and the forests have fallen before the sturdy strokes of the woodmen, who have converted the great trees into lumber that has been exported to various markets of this and other countries. Where once stood the tall trees are now seen waving fields of grain and the rich farms tell of active and continued work on the part of the agriculturist. Towns and villages have also sprung up, with their varied industrial and commercial interests, and Leelanaw county vies with other portions of the state in the excellent educational and moral advantages which it affords to its settlers. Mr. Fouch now follows farming on section 13, Elmwood township, and throughout the greater part of his life he has engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was born on a farm in Warren county, Ohio, his natal day being November 17, 1845. He is a son of William and Catherine Fouch. The former died in Warren county and the latter in Defiance county, Ohio. They were the parents of eleven children, of whom the subject of this review is the youngest. When a lad of ten years John R. Fouch accompanied his parents to Indiana, and after a year spent there became a resident of Defiance county, Ohio, where he lived until he came to Leelanaw county, Michigan, in the fall of 1866. He took up a homestead in Elmwood township, entering the land from.the government, and the farm which he developed is the same upon which he now resides. It is situated in section 13, and he has made his home here continuously with the exception of a year and a half spent in Arkansas and a similar period in Missouri. He built the resort at Fouch's station, which he afterward sold, when he had conducted it for two years. Iarming has been his chief occupation, and he is today the owner of two hundred and sixty-seven acres of land, of which he has about one hundred and seventyfive acres utilized for the production of grain or for meadow or pasture lands. The farm in its various appointments is modern, and in appearance it is attractive and pleasing. MR. AND MRS. JOHN R. FOUCH. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 00& The buildings upon the place are modern and commodious, and stand as monuments to the enterprise of the owner by whom they were erected. Mr. Fouch has been twice married. In Defiance, Ohio, he was joined in wedlock to Miss Hannah Berringer, a native of the Buckeye state, who came with him to Michigan and here died upon the home farm in Elmwood township in the fall of 1875. She left three children-Temple, Perry and Jesse. After the death of his first wife Mr. Fouch was again married, his second union being celebrated in Elmwood township. Miss Clara Beitner, a native of Michigan, became his wife, and they have since lived happily together upon the farm, rearing their family of three children, namely: George W., Ada and Harry. The daughter is now the wife of Arthur Killmer. Voting with the Republican party since attaining his majority, Mr. Fouch has never faltered in his allegiance to its principles. He is interested in its success, and he has held the office of highway commissioner and of overseer of highways, and in these capacities he has labored earnestly and effectively to secure and maintain good roads, knowing how important are improved public highways to the farmer. At the time of the Civil war he gave proof of his loyalty to the Union cause by enlisting, in 1865, as a member of the One Hundred and Sixty-ninth Regime:nt of Ohio Guards, and he was in the active Oervice for one hundred days. He was but nineteen years of age at the time of his enlistment. All the years of his manhood have been characterized by an unfaltering devotion to his country's good and his interest in the improvement of his adopted county has been shown by the aid hlie has given to 388 plans for the general improvement and advancement. His name is a synonym for inproves conclusively that success may be won tegrity in business affairs, and his life history through perseverance, strong determination and diligence. One may profit by inheritance or the aid of influential friends, but many an inheritance has been squandered and outside aid never serves to strengthen character or to develop sturdy manhood. The honored man of America is he who wins his own advancement unaided, and this Mr. Fouch has done. MOSES C. CATE. Moses C. Cate, who for many years has followed farming in Leelanaw county, his home being now on section 18, Solon township, is an honored veteran of the Civil war and a citizen whose worth has been demonstrated in times of peace as well as in times of strife. In public office he has been found most loyal to the general good, and in his business affairs he is ever straight-forward and trustworthy, enjoying the public confidence to a marked degree. Mr. Cate is one of New England's native sons, his birth having occurred in London, Merrimack county, New Hampshire, on the 23d of August, 1828. His parents, Shadrack and Rebecca (Chamberlain) Cate, were also born in the old Granite state and for many years resided in Loudon, where the father's death occurred, while the mother died in Loudon in 1868. They were the parents of eleven children, of whom Mr. Cate of this review is the youngest. He was reared upon his father's farm in Loudon, New Hampshire, and he has witnessed many changes *604 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. in connection with the methods of agricultural work. The crude farming machinery of a number of decades ago has long since given way before the improved agricultural implements of the present, rendering the work of the farmer less ardous and difficult. When a young man, however, Mr. Cate decided to follow some other pursuit than that to which he had been reared, and learned the painter's trade, but he found that he was unable to stand this work and therefore learned * the shoemaker's trade. This he followed for fourteen years before leaving his native state. In 1852 Mr. Cate removed to Cuyahoga county, Ohio, where he engaged in shoemaking until March, 1856, and during that Stime he was married to Miss Mary Louisa Barnard, the wedding being celebrated on the 2d of December, 1855. The lady was born in Jefferson county, New York. The young couple began their domestic life in Cuyahoga county, but in March, 1856, returned to his old home in New Hampshire, Swhere they remained until May, 186o. At that date they again became residents of Cuyahoga county, Ohio, where Mr. Cate continued business until August 7, 1862. At Sthat date he put aside all personal considerations in order to aid his country in the supvpression of the rebellion in the south. Prompted by a spirit of patriotism, he enlisted in the Union army and was assigned to Company D, One Hundred and Third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, with which he served for almost three years, lacking two months. The war having closed he was then mustered out of the service and with a most creditable military record he returned to his home. He had ever been valorous and -loyal and never faltered in the performance of any duty, whether it called him into the thickest of the fight or stationed him on the lonely picket line. Mr. Cate continued to make his home in Cuyahoga county until September, 1866, when he removed with his family to Leelanaw county, Michigan, and took up a homestead of one hundred and sixty acres in Solon township. Here he has since lived and he now owns one hundred and twenty acres of good land, of which eighty acres is improved. Indolence and idleness have ever been utterly foreign to his nature and by his earnest work and close application he has won the property which he now owns. He has passed the psalmist's span of three score years and ten, and yet he gives his personal supervision to the management of his farm and its culltivation. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Cate were born three children: Shadrach B., who is living at home; Eliza, who is the wife of Orlando J. T. Singrey; Rebecca, who is the wife of Ward J. Miller. The wife and mother died in Traverse City, March 24, 1897. In public affairs Mr. Cate has been prominent and influential. He has held the office of sheriff of Leelanaw county for one term and he was supervisor of Solon township for about four years. He has held all of the township offices save that of treasurer and he is now township clerk. Public spirited and active in behalf of the general good, progress and patriotism might well be termed the keynote of his character, for at all times he has been actuated by fidelity to his country and her welfare. Church work also receives his earnest support and he belongs to the Congregational denomination and was for many years superintendent of its Sunday school in Solon. He is likewise GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 605 a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and was the second agent appointed, in Leelanaw county for the state board of charities. A man of broad sympathy and of marked humanitarian principles, whatever tends to benefit his fellow men and advance the standard of upright living is of interest to him and his efforts along such lines have been effective and beneficial. The poor and needy have ever found in him a friend and in earlier years he rendered much assistance to those who were in need of aid. Now in the evening of life, having to some degree put aside the activities which claimed his attention in earlier years, he is living quietly at his home in Solon township, respected alike by young and old, rich and poor. ADDISON M. GRAY. Addison M. Gray is a member of the firm of Gray Brothers, of Long Lake township. Grand Traverse county. They are engaged in agricultural pursuits, in stockraising and in dealing in lumber and are conducting a business which in its varied departments is meeting with success. Both are men of sterling worth, of upright principles and of excellent executive force. In the control of their business interests they mnanifest keen discrimination, combined with perseverance and energy, and upon this sure foundation they have builded their prosperitv. Their father, Joseph H. Gray, was a native of St. Lawrence county, New. York, l)orn about 1830.. At the time of the Civil war, prompted by patriotic spirit, he entered the Union army in 1862 and became a member of Company F, One Hundred and Sixth New York Volunteer Infantry. He had been with the army for six weeks when he was taken sick and died at New Creek Station in Hampshire county, West Virginia, passing away on the 12th of October. Thus he laid down his life as. a sacrifice upon the altar of his country. He was a man of upright principles, honored and respected by all with whom he came in contact, and to his family he was a devoted husband and father. In St, Lawrence county, New York, he was married, on Christmas day of 1852, to Miss Mary E. Mensfield, who was born in that county on the I Ith of July, 1835. Their union was blessed with three children, Addison M., Alandon W. and Wilbur D., but the last named died when only nine months old. Addison M. Gray was born in St. Lawrence county.on the.i3th of May, 1854, and was a youth of fourteen years when he left his native state, his mother coming with her two sons to Michigan. For eleven years they resided in Almira township, Benzie county, and on the expiration of that period came to Grand Traverse county, settling in Long Lake township on the farm where the brothers and their mother are now living. They have always been associated in business, the relation being mutually pleasant and profitable, and today they are the owners of one of the best farms in this section of the state. They have one hundred and ninety-three acres of land and in its care and conduct they manifest their knowledge of practical and progressive business methods. They have erected good buildings upon their place and made many fine improvements and in the cultivation of the soil and. the harvesting of the crops, they use the best machinery. They also devote considerable time to stockraising, having only high grade cattle and 606 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. horses upon their place. Another branch of their business is lumbering and this is also conducted with excellent success. Alandon W. Gray was born in St. Lawrence county, on the 8th of September, 1856, and the history of one brother is practically the history of the other. When their school books were put aside they took up farm work and the association between them has been maintained in the existence of a firm that for business strength and enterprise is unsurpassed in this portion of the state. Their energies have been concentrated along business lines and, while the brothers are progressive citizens and have aided in measures for the general good, they have never sought or desired office, preferring to give their attention to their private interests. They and their mother are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, in which they take a deep interest and not only do they contribute liberally to the support of the church, but also labor in other ways for its advancement. The brothers are very favorably known through Traverse county and this section of Michigan. As business men they have been conspicuous among their associates, not only for their success, but for their probity, fairness and honorable methods. In everything they have been eminently practical and this has been manifested not only in their business undertakings, but also in social and private life. CYRENUS M. POTTER. On the roll of early settlers of Grand Traverse county appears the name of Cyrenus M. Potter, who, through more than four decades, has lived in this section of the state. Discharged from the army on account of physical disability, he soon afterward came to Michigan, and as the years have come and gone he has thrown the weight of his influence on the side of improvement, progress and upbuilding, with the result that he has been an active factor in promoting the public welfare. At the same time he has so conducted his private interests that he has prospered in his undertakings and is now one of the substantial farmers of East Bay township. A native of New York, Mr. Potter was born in Madison county, December 31, 1832, and when a little lad of six years was taken by his parents to Erie county, Pennsylvania, where he was reared to manhood and made his home until 1858. While living in that state he followed the painter's trade for several years, but, hoping to improve his financial condition, he left the Keystone state and crossed the border into northeastern Ohio, settling at Andover, Ashtabula county, where he was living at the time of the inauguration of the Civil war. Soon after the Southern states declared secession and the President issued his call for troops to preserve the Union, Mr. Potter donned the blue uniform, joining Company B, Twenty-third Ohio Infantry, in May, 1861. This was one of the most noted regiments that went to the front from the Buckeye state, doing valiant service in the South. It was commanded by by Colonel R. B. Hayes, and Major McKinley was also one of its members. Perhaps no other regiment of the country can claim the distinction of furnishing two Presidents to the United States. Mr. Potter was at the front for nearly two years, and was then honorably discharged on account of physical disability. He re CYRENUS M. POTTER AND FAMILY GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 607 --- - turned to Ashtabula county, Ohio, where he remained for about four months, or until the fall of 1862, when he came to Grand Traverse county, arriving in the month of October, accompanied by his wife and child. While living in Ashtabula county Mr. Potter had been married, on the 24th of February, 1859, to Miss Elizabeth Fisher, who was born in Clinton county, New York, August 9, 1842, and ere their removal to Michigan a daughter had been born to them. For forty-one years they have resided upon their farm in section 6, East Bay township, having taken up their abode here at the time of their arrival in the county. To the work of development and improvement Mr. Potter has given his attention, and that his life has been one of industry and earnest toil is shown by the fine appearance of the property, its well-tilled fields and modern equipments. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Potter has been blessed with six'children-Estella A., who is now the wife of A. H. Jackson; Ernest, who died at the age of six years; Irene, who died at the age of three years; Edith, who is the wife of C. Milbert; James, who died at the age of seventeen years; and Emma, the wife of Fred Milbert. The family home stands in the midst of the farm of sixty-two acres, of which fifty-two acres has been improved. Here all of the children were reared, and, with the exception of the eldest, all were born here. They are a credit and honor to their parents, and Mr. Potter has found in his wife a most faithful companion and helpmate for life's journey. Her careful management of the household affairs has been of marked assistance to him, and her genial, social nature has made the household an attractive one to husband, children and friends. For twelve years, in East Bay township, Mr. Potter has filled the office of justice of the peace and has discharged his duties with marked fairness, neither fear nor favor causing him to render any but a just and impartial decision. He became one of the charter members of McPherson Post No. 18, Grand Army of the Republic, of Traverse City, and like the other veterans of the Civil war he deserves the gratitude of the country for what he did in her behalf. HERMON POPST. Forty-one years have passed since Hermon Popst came to Michigan. This section of the state was then a wild district, its lands unclaimed, its resources undeveloped; a very courageous band of frontiersmen had dared to locate without its borders, but the \ ork of the progress and improvement remained in the future and there was little promise of the early development. In the years which have since passed Mr. Popst has not only witnessed a most wonderful transformation, but has largely aided in the labors which have wrought the change, making the wild tract a splendid commonwealth. He is now engaged in farming and a comfortable competence and good property are the merited reward of his honorable and useful business career. His home. is on section 12, Long Lake township. Mr. Popst was born in Caledonia, in the province of Ontario and near the city of Toronto, January io, 1853, and is the only child of Daniel and Eliza (Settell) Popst. His parents arrived in Grand Traverse county in 1862, at which time there were only thirteen houses in Traverse City. Front 4d 608 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. --- street was then covered with pine logs and stumps, among which grew huckleberries in abundance. The family resided in the embryo city for thirteen months, at the end of which time the father secured a farm in what is now Long Lake township and at once began the cultivation of the soil, performing the arduous task of developing a new place until his farm became rich and productive. He there continued to make his home until his death, which occurred in March, 1883, when he was seventy-two years of age. His wife passed away the following year, dying in the month of October, when sixty-eight years of age.,Hermon Popst was only nine years of age when he accompanied his parents on their removal to Michigan and since that time lie has resided in Grand Traverse county, covering a period of forty-one consecutive years. He attended the public schools and when not engaged with his text books he worked in the fields or enjoyed the pleasures common to the youth of that period. He still resides upon the old family homestead which his father located and has here a tract of land of eighty acres, of which forty acres are now comprised within welltilled fields. Seeking a companion and helpmate for life's journey, he married Miss Mary Rokos, the wedding being celebrated in Long Lake township on the 6th of September, 1892. The lady was born in Bohemia, July 3, 1872, and is a daughter of Joseph and Lucy Rokos, residents of Long Lake township. Mr. and Mrs. Popst are the parents of five children, Lucy, Lynn, Alice, George and Clarence. Mr. Popst also had one son by a former marriage, Arthur. The family have always occupied the home farm in Long Lake township and the mem bers of the household are well known in the community, where they have gained the high regard of those with whom they have come in contact. Mr. Popst exercises his right of franchise in the support of the men and measures of the Republican party and he keeps well informed on the questions and issues of the day. For five years he held the office of justice of the peace and for one term he was township superintendent of schools. He is a public-spirited man and his co-operation is never sought in vain in behalf of any measures for the general good. While not a church member, he believes in supporting the churches and does what he can in this direction. His record as an official and as a business man has been so honorable that he has gained the confidence and good will of all with whom he has been associated. He is justly accorded a place among the prominent and representative citizens of Long Lake township, for he belongs to that class of men whose enterprising spirit is used not alone for their own benefit; he also advances the general good and promotes public prosperity by his ably managed individual interests, thus placing this section of the country on a par with the older east. He has excellent ability as an organizer, forms his plans readily and is determined in their execution. This enables him to conquer obstacles which deter many a man, and it has been one of the salient features in his success. JOSEPH W. DICKERMAN. In studying the life records of the majority of successful men in this country we learn that the majority of them belong to GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 600 i the class known as "self-made." This term implies but common advantages in youth and an entrance into the business world without inheritance or influential friends to assist one in gaining a start. It also implies persistent labor, honorable business methods and energy which ultimately wins position in trade circles. To this class of men belongs Joseph W. Dickerman, now a representative and highly respected citizen of Leelanaw county, where for thirty-seven years he has followed the occupation; of farming. In the old Granite state Joseph W. Dickerman was born, the place of his nativity being Loudon, Merrimack county, New H-amnpshire, while his natal day is February 12, 1837. His father, Moses Dickerman, was a native of Massachusetts and after arriving at years of maturity he wedded Miss Lydia T. Wales, who was born in Loudon, New Hampshire, where they lived throughout the period of their married lives, and there at length passed away. They were the parents of ten children, of whom the subiect of this review is the ninth in order of birth. Eight of the number reached years of maturity. Under the parental roof in the place of his nativity Joseph W. Dickerman was reared and there attended the common schools. His initiation into the business world was as an apprentice to the shoemaker's trade, which he learned; and followed during the greater part of the time for ten years. He lived in Loudon until twenty-five years of age and then went south. The country became involved in civil war and believing in the righteousness of the Union cause he offered his services to the government and became one of the boys in blue of Company C, Thirteenth Regiment of New Hampshire Volunteers. The command went to the front soon afterward and he' served for nearly three years, or until the war closed. On many a southern battlefield he showed himself a brave soldier, following the starry banner of the nation into the thickest of the fight. When h1ostilities had ceased and the country no longer needed his military aid he returned to his old home in New Hampshire and after spending a few months in Concord, he moved to Cuyahoga county, Ohio, where he remained for four months. In June, 1866, he arrived in Leelanaw county, Michigan, and has since been identified with its interests. He took up a homestead claim of one hundred and twenty acres on section 18, Solon township, and forty acres in Kasson township and with characteristic energy began the development of his property which in course of time he transferred into a very productive tract, the well-tilled fields yielding golden harvests in return for the care and labor he bestowed upon them. That he' has prospered in his work is shown by the fact that he is today the owner of three hundred and forty-four acres of land. He has erected good buildings upon his farm and his home is one of the most modern and attractive residences in this locality. It is' built in pleasing style of architecture, is heated by furnace and has a gas plant. Other modern accessories render it a most, desirable residence and all the conveniences and comforts of a modern home are there found. Mr. Dickerman was happily married on the 27th of July, 1873, in Solon township, the lady of his choice being Mrs. Euphemia" Jaye Quincy, who was born in Canada. Her ' 6O10 GRAND TRAVERSE -AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. father was Isaac B. Winegarden and her mother bore the maiden name of Elizabeth Richmond. She died at Old Mission, Grand Traverse county, and he subsequently also passed away. Mr. and Mrs. Dickerman are the parents of one son, Warren O. In a number of local offices Mr. Dickerman has rendered capable service to his fellow townsmen. He has served as township clerk and treasurer and has given practical and helpful support to many measures for the general good. He maintains pleasant relations with his old army comrades through his membership in Murray Post No. 168, Grand Army of the Republic, and he has served as its adjutant and commander. Many pleasant hours have been passed by him in recalling incidents which occurred around the campfires or on the battlefield of the south, and this interchange of war recollections has been the means of fostering a most fraternal spirit among those who wore the blue in defense of the Union. There is much that is commendable in the life record of Mr. Dickerman and naught that is dishonorable. He has been true to manly prin'ciples and both he and his estimable wife are held in the highest esteem by the many people with whom they have been brought in contact during their long residence in Leelanaw county. IRA D. LINTEN. Ira D. Linten, supervisor of Paradise township and a prominent citizen of Kingsley, has been a resident of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, since his boyhood, having j been born in DeKalb county, Illinois, October 19, 1858, and brought to this county in 1866. His parents were William and Maria (Ellsworth) Linten, highly respected residents of Paradise township, where the mother died April 6, 1897, in her sixty-seventh year, and the father July 18, 1903, at the age of seventy-two years. The latter was a native of Canada, a farmer, and in politics a Republican. Young Linten attended the district schools of Mayfield and Paradise townships, receiving the rudiments of a good, practical education, which has been supplemented by a systematic course of reading and the habit of close observation, and he has become one of the brightest and most capable business men of the county. He followed the occupation of a farmer for many years, and then embarked in the mercantile business in Kingsley. In this venture he was reasonably successful and continued it for six years. He was also in the livery business for four years, and was regarded as one of the most energetic and successful of Kingsley's merchants. He is extensively engaged in farming, owning two hundred and forty acres, which yield him a neat income. He has recently entered into the furniture and undertaking business, in partnership with J. S. Brown, at Kingsley, and they are carrying a splendid line of goods. Mr. Linten was married', October 3,1893, to Miss Mattie Hamilton, who was born in Canada. They have three bright children, Inez, Wilma and Glen. Mr. Linten takes an intelligent interest in politics and is an adherent of the Republican policy. He has been township treasurer for two years and supervisor since 1900, his record being such as to elicit the highest expressions of commendation. 1, IRA D. LINTEN. MRS. IRA D. LINTEN. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAWV COUNTIES. 611 FRANK B. CHATSEY. The subject of this review is one whose history touches the pioneer epoch in the annals of the state of Michigan and whose clays have been an integral part of that indissoluble age which links the early formative period with that of the latter-day progress and prosperity. Not alone is there particular interest attached to his career as one of the early settlers of Michigan, but in reviewing his genealogical record we find his lineage traces back to the colonial epoch in our nation's history. He was born in Detroit, Michigan, on the 13th of December, 1837. His father was Benjamin Chatsey, his mother Mrs. Clarissa (Coats) Chatsey and both were natives of New England. They were residents of Michigan for a time, but during the early boyhood of the subject they returned to the Empire state and spent their last days in Westfield, Chautauqua county, New York. They became the parents of nine children, of whom Frank B. Chatsey is the eighth in order of birth. When only four months old the subject of this review was taken by his parents to Chautauqua county and was there reared to manhood, attending the public schools during the period of his youth and thus acquired a fair English education as a preparation for life's practical and responsible duties. He continued to make his home in the Empire state until the spring of 1861, when he removed to Sandusky, Ohio, and there he engaged in fishing until August, 1862. At that d(late he offered his services to the governmlent, enlisting as a member of Company K, Sixty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Believig in the righteousness of the Union cause, he resolved to aid in the preservation of the country as established by our forefathers and, donning the blue uniform, became a member of Company K, Sixty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, with which he served for nearly three years or until the close of the war. At Corinth, Mississippi, on the 4th of October, 1862, he was severely wounded in the right foot, but as soon as possible he rejoined his regiment for active service. On the 22d of July, 1864, in front of Atlanta, Georgia, he was again wounded in the side by a piece of shell. Often in the thickest of the fight he was ever valorous and loyal in defense of the old flag and the cause it represented and during the most of the time of his connection with the army he held the rank of second sergeant of his company, to which position he was promoted after his enlistment, for he joined the army as a private. The hardships and rigors of war became familiar to him and he was often in the thickest of the fight, but he never wavered in his allegiance to duty. After the cessation of hostilities Mr. Chatsey returned to Ohio, this time locating at New London, where he remained for one year and was engaged in farming during that period, but at the end of about twelve months he sold out and removed to Leelanaw county, Michigan, arriving in the month of March, 1867. At that date he settled upon the farm where he now lives and he is the owner of one hundred and sixty acres of land, of which about thirty acres are improved. Mr. Chatsey was married in Westfield, New York, in January, 1864, while home on a furlough, the lady of his choice being Miss Amelia Townsend, who was born in Ogdensburg, New York, and her father was Baxter Townsend, who spent his last days in Ogdensburg. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Chatsey have been born four children: William A.; Clara, 612 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. who is the wife of Joseph Secor; Estella, who is the wife of William Bickle; and Nellie, who completes the family. Mr. Chatsey has served as highway commissioner and has been school director for a number of years, the-cause of education finding in him a warm friend. He exercises his official prerogatives in support of the schools and in the advancement of the standard of education. Deeds of valor have been the theme of song and story throughout the' ages. The story of the sufferings and privations of those who wore the blue and fought nobly for the preservation of the Union, now so great and prosperous as a direct result of their heroism and devotion to the country, cannot be told too often. It is especially well that those of the younger generations should have impressed upon their minds that the liberty and happiness which they enjoy freely was purchased for them at an awful price. Mr. Chatsey well deserves the gratitude which the country owes to the preservers of the Union and this alone would entitle him to representation among the respected residents of Leelanaw county, but he is also deserving of mention because of his loyalty to the best interests of the community in times of peace and therefore we are pleased to present his record to our readers. JOHN MORRISON. John Morrison, a practical and highly influential farmer residing in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Elgin county, Ontario, September 13, 1852, and is a son of Duncan and Margaret (Leitch) Morrison. Both parents were natives of Scotland, the father of Argyllshire. They were married in that country and a few years later set sail for America, landing in Canada in 1843 and locating in Elgin county where they lived many years and where the mother died in September, 1862, aged about forty-five years. The father survived her thirty-eight years and was in his ninetieth year when he passed away, in September, 39oo, while visiting his son, William Morrison, of Elk Rapids toxnship. When John Morrison was seventeen years old he came with his father to Antrim county, Michigan, and worked at different employments, but principally as a farm hand, until his marriage, when he settled in Whitewater township, purchased forty acres of land and gave his entire attention to its cultivation and improvement. He spent seven years in Elk Rapids township, where he embarked in the grocery business, but at the expiration of that time he returned to his farm and has since been engaged in agriculture, alone. He was married in Elk Rapids, Michigan, to Miss Mary E. Gay, the ceremony being solemnized February 21, 1877. The parents of Mrs. Morrison were of Canadian birth, but came to this state at an early day and settled in Grand Traverse county where Mrs. Morrison was born November 18, 1859. Her parents were Michael and Elizabeth (Shane) Gay. Mr. Morrison is the father of five children, viz: Margaret E., who is the wife of Frank Beer; Sinclair; M. Gay, who died at the age of eleven years; Harry A. and Donald L. Mr. and Mrs. Morrison are devout members of the Presbyterian church and take a prominent part in the workings of that organization. He has been elected to a number of local offices, school director, justice of GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 618 the peace, etc., and giving his best efforts to the enactment of the duties imposed upon him. He is conscientious and honest, an upright citizen and a model man. JAMES M. ELLIOTT. James M. Elliott is the owner of a farm of seventy acres on section 15, Long Lake township, and of this fifty acres has been placed under the plow. The farm work has claimed the attention of Mr. Elliott throughout his entire business career and his labors have been so directed and his work so capably managed that he has gained creditable prosperity. He is one of the citizens of Grand Traverse county that Ohio has furnished to Michigan, his birth having occurred upon a farm in Columbiana county of the Buckeye state, on the 19th of September, 1835. His parents were John and Mary (Stanley) Elliott, both of whom died in Logan county, Ohio. They had three children, of whom Mr. Elliott of this review was the second born. The first seven years of his life were spent in the county of his nativity and he then accompanied his parents on their removal to Logan county, where he was reared to manhood. When he had attained his majority, however, he determined to seek his home beyond the borders of his native state, believing that in the growing west he would find better opportunities. It was in the month of October, 1854, that he arrived in Cass county, Michigan, there living most of the time until 1888, when he came to Grand Traverse county, settling in Long Lake township, where he has since resided. He has followed agricultural pur suits throughout his entire life and his farm of seventy acres constitutes one of the good properties in this locality. His broad fields cover fifty acres of his place and in early spring may be seen the growing cereals which promise good harvests for the autumn. In Cass county, Michigan, Mr. Elliott was married in September, 1857, to Miss Caroline East, who was born in that county on the 29th of August, 1841, a daughter of Joel and Sarah (Bulla) East. Her parents both died in Cass county and they had ten children, of whom Mrs. Elliott was the eighth, and upon the home farm in her native county she was reared, spending her girlhood days under the parental roof and acquiring her education in the public schools. She is an estimable lady, possessed of many excellent traits of heart and mind, and her kindly spirit and consideration for others have won her the love of all with whom she has come in contact. Unto the subject and his wife have been born three children, of whom two are now living, one having died in infancy. The daughter, Sarah M., is now the widow of Kossuth Richardson. The son, Chester J., is still at home. Mr. Elliott has served as justice of the peace in Long Lake township, his incumbency covering six years. His fidelity in office and his capability are manifested by his continued service. He bases his decisions upon the law and the equity of the case and his official service has won him "golden opinions" from his constituents. Both he and his wife belong to the Friends church and Mrs. Elliott has been one of its elders for thirty-six years, while he has filled a similar position for thirty-five years. They are ear 614 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. nest Christian people, true to the teachings of the church and exemplifying in their lives the spirit of Christianity. In his business dealings Mr. Elliott is straightforward and honorable and in all life's relations he is found true and loyal. JOSIAH W. LANE. The agricultural interests of Grand Traverse county are well represented by Josiah \. Lane, who resides on section II, Long Lake township, where he has a valuable farm. He is a young man of excellent business ability and the success which he has achieved is an indication of a life of industry and enterprise, for all that he has is the result of his earnest efforts. Mr. Lane is a native son of Michigan, his birth having occurred in Breedsville, Van Buren county, on the Ioth of April, 1867. His parents were Gilman and Lunice (Abrams) Lane, in whose family were four children, Josiah W. being the second in order of birth. The father is now deceased, having passed away at PawPaw, Michigan, when thirty-six years of age. Upon the home farm near PawPaw Josiah W. Lane was reared and in the public schools he was educated. He also spent some time as a student in Spring Arbor Seminary in Jackson county, Michigan, and in the PawPaw high school, and was thus well equipped by intellectual training to meet the practical and responsible duties of life. Since entering upon his business career he has devoted his time and attention to agricultural pursuits. He came from Van Buren county to Grand Traverse county in the fall of 1890 and rented a farm in Blaine township, where he lived for three years. On the expiration of that period he purchased the farm on which he now lives on section I I, Long Lake township. It comprises eighty acres of land, of which sixty-five acres is improved, and the owner is accounted one of the progressive agriculturists of his community, keeping in touch with the improvements which are made along agricultural lines. His business ability is manifested in the capable control of his affairs and in all of his dealings he is found trustworthy and straightforward. Mr. Lane was married in Hartford. Van Buren county, Michigan, on the I Ith of October, 1887, to Miss Clara Brown, a daughter of Alfred H. and Mary Brown, the former a farmer by occupation. The marriage of the subject and his wife has been blessed with five children, Lois J., Irma L., Rex and Reta, twins, and Viora. Mr. and Mrs. Lane are held in high esteem by many friends and the hospitality of the best homes of this section of the county is extended to them. Since the spring of 1896 Mr. Lane has served as clerk of Long Lake township, at which time he was elected on the Union ticket. He has also been school inspector and constable and is found most faithful to his duties. In township affairs he takes an active interest and local progress and national advancement are causes dear to his heart. Both he and his wife are deeply interested in the moral advancement of the community and are active church workers. In political thought and action he has always been, independent, carrying out his honest views without fear or favor. In business he has achieved success through honorable effort, untiring industry and capable management, GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 615 and in private life he has gained that warm personal regard which arises from true nobility of character, deference for the opinion of others, kindliness and geniality. HORACE K. BEECHAM. Horace K. Beecham has been supervisor of Whitewater township, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, for a period of two years and for many more has been well and favorably known to its citizens as a man of integrity on whom they could at all times rely. He was born in Dover, county of Kent, England, May 14, 1839, and was the eldest of four children born to John and Louisa (Harvey) Beecham. He came to America in 1850 and for three years was a resident of Canada, going thence to Chicago, where he remained for about twenty years. While in that metropolis he was variously employed, but never at a loss for work. For several years he was mailing clerk on the Chicago Tribune, then he accepted the position as storekeeper in the machinery department of 1Illinois Central Railroad and was with that corporation five years. In 1873 he came to Grand Traverse county and for nine years was engaged in the mercantile business in Acme, the greater part of which time hc was also postmaster of the village. Removing to Traverse City, he resided there two years, while at the same time he conducted an apiary in Garfield township and the farm in Whitewater township, upon which he moved and has since made his home. Mr. Beecham was married in Chicago, October 6, 1870, to Miss Lucy Gurnee, a native of Adrain, Lenawee county, Michigan, and a daughter of John R. Gurnee, who died at the age of ninety-three years and is well remembered by the older residents of this township. Mr. Beecham's family consists of four children, Frances G., Kathleen A., wife of Daniel M. Blodgett, Gurnee and Horace K., Jr. Mr. Beecham has affiliated with the Republican party since he cast his first vote for Abraham Lincoln. He has been more or less prominent in public life for a number of years and served as clerk of East Bay township before the township was divided. He was also elected treasurer of Whitewater township and has been retained in the capacity of supervisor of the township since 1892. He is prominent in Masonic circles and has been raised to the rank of Knight Templar. ALONZO NORCONK. Well may America boast of her citizenship, for great have been the accomplishments of her sons in all lines of endeavor which contribute to the sum of the world's progress in this land where every man is born equal before the law, where the public, the public usefulness and public thought is open to all. It is worthy of note that an individual by his merit and ability is capable to pass others on the highway of life and reach the goal of prosperity perhaps before those who start out ahead of him. Standing in an eminent position among the representatives of industrial interests in Leelanaw county is Alonzo Norconk, who now occupies the important and responsible position of foreman of the mill of the Empire Lumber Company, In this regard he is controlling an extensive and important industry, for the product of * 616 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. the saw-mill is large and annually the shipments of lumber made to the the city markets bring in return a very desirable income to the stockholders of the company. Mr. Norconk was born in Bedford county, Pennsylvania, on the I3th of March, 1857, his parents being Samuel and Christine (Neuber) Norconk, of whose family of twelve children the subject of this review was the third in order of birth. The father was a native of Danville, Pennsylvania, and after reaching years of maturity he wedded Miss Christine Neuber, whose birth had occurred in Germany and who was brought to the United States in early life. Their son Alonzo was reared in the county of his nativity until nineteen years of age, when, in 1876, he arrived in Michigan, making his way to Bear Lake, Manistee county. After a year Mr. Norconk returned to Bedford county, Pennsylvania, where he continued to reside for four years and then again made his way to Bear lake, where he remained until March, 1887. At that date he arrived in Empire, Michigan, and since the fall of that year he has been in the employ of the Empire Lumber Company as foreman of their extensive mill. He has practical knowledge of machinery and thoroughly understands the best methods of operating the mill so as to produce desired results. A large amount of lumber is annually manufactured in the saw-mill of the Empire Lumber Company and the plant is equipped with the latest improved machinery for turning out high grade work. On the 26th of November, 1890, in Empire, Mr. Norconk was united in marriage to Miss Georgia E. Aylesworth, who was born in Chicago, Illinois, December 19, 1869, and is a daughter of the late George Aylesworth, who died in Empire, February 26, 1888, when sixty-nine years of age. His widow, Mrs. Margaret Aylesworth, nee Hutzler, still survives him and is yet living in Empire. Mr. and Mrs. Norconk are the parents of six children as follows: Lillian M., Tillisa M., George F., Blanche J., Alonzo A. and Gladys M. Mr. Norconk has made judicious investments of his capital in real estate and is now the owner of two hundred and sixty-two acres of land, of which one hundred and twelve acres arq improved. Fraternally he is a representative of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and of the Knights of the Maccabees. His success has been won entirely along lines of old and time-tried maxims, such as "honesty is the best policy" and "there is no excellence without labor." Strong mentality and determination have formed the basis of his prosperity. He has the ability and executive power to carry forward his plans to successful completion and he stands today as one of the strong and representative business men of Empire. JOHN G. WEISS. John G, Weiss is known as a leading and influential resident of Leelanaw county, where he has made his home since 1884. In matters pertaining to the general progress and upbuilding of the county his judgment is practical, his views progressive, and his efforts for the general welfare have been farreaching and beneficial. He has become so well known that he needs no special introduction to the readers of this volume, and in his farm work he has been successful, be GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 617 coming the owner of a farm which is two hundred acres in extent.. Much of this property has been cleared and improved and his home is pleasantly situated on section 18, Bingham township. Mr. Weiss was born in Freedom township, Washtenaw county, Michigan, December 9, 1863. His father, the Rev. Edward Weiss, was born in Hesse-Cassel, Germany, and became a minister of the German Evangelical church. In the course of his connection with the ministry he filled a number of pastorates and did excellent work for the uplifting of his fellow men, his influence being far-reaching and helpful. As a companion and helpmate for the journey of life he chose Miss Adelaide Bertke, who was a native of Washtenaw county, Michigan, and their marriage was blessed with twelve children, of whom the subject of this review is the third. As his father was a minister, removing from place to place, John G. Weiss spent his boyhood and youth in various towns and thus became quite familiar with Michigan, its possibilities, natural resources and its opportunities. In 1884, when he was twentyone years of age, he started out in life on his own account and came to Leelanaw county, Michigan, where he purchased eighty acres of land lying in Bingham township. He has since made his home here and his attention has been given in an undivided manner to agricultural pursuits. As his financial resources have increased he has extended the boundaries of his property until the farm now comprises two hundred acres, of which he has about one hundred and thirty acres improved. Before coming to this county, and after leaving the common schools, he had spent three years as a student in the North western College, at Naperville, Illinois, and also took a six-months course in. bookkeeping at the same college, so that his mental training well qualified him to cope with the problems of a business career. Farming has been his chief occupation through life, and his success has been won along this line. He has always made a thorough mastery of whatever he has undertaken and in controlling his agricultural pursuits he has shown excellent business capacity as well as system and method in managing his work, in planting his crops and in gathering his harvests. On the 20th of October, 1886, in Hersey, Osceola county, Michigan, Mr. Weiss was united in marriage to Miss Mary Ann Ruppert, who was born in that place December 2, 1866, a daughter of Adam and Catherine (Thiel) Ruppert. Their family numbered seven children, of whom Mrs. Weiss was the fourth. Five children have been born unto the subject and his wife, three sons and two daughters, Samuel R., Roy J., Viola L., Mabel F. and Dewey N., and the family circle remains unbroken by the hand of death. When the County Farmers Institute of Leelanaw county was organized, in December, 1902, Mr. Weiss was chosen its.president, and he is putting forth every effort in his power in this connection to promote the welfare and best interests of the agricultural class. For many years he filled the position of justice of the peace and his decisions were strictly fair and impartial, winning him the commendation of the public and securing his re-election to office. In county and township affairs he has taken an active and helpful part and has co-operated in many measures for the general good. He votes with the Republican party and along that line his labors have been directed, for he believes it the duty 618 GRAND TRA VERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. as well as the privilege of every man to stand by the principles which he thinks will best conserve the welfare of the county, state and nation. Both he and his wife are active in church work and hold membership with the German Evangelical denomination. His life is upright and honorable, his actions manly and sincere, his manner unaffected, and his prominence in public regard is well merited. PERRY A. CORE. In this enlightened age, when men of industry, energy and merit are rapidly pushing their way to the front, those who, by their individual efforts, have won favor and success may properly claim recognition. This Mr. Core has done and today he is classed among the men of affluence in Bingham township, Leelanaw county. lie is there following farming, his home being on section 30, where he owns one hundred and fortyfive acres of land. Of this, one hundred acres are under cultivation and the excellent improvements which Mr. Core has made constitute this one of the best farms of the locality. Perry A. Core is the eldest in a family of eight children, five sons and three daughters, born unto William and Maggie (McFarland), and he first opened his eyes to the light of day on his father's farm in Bingham township, on the I5th of July, 1868. The old homestead was his play-ground in youth, his training ground for the work which he has followed in manhood and it is yet his place of residence. He was educated in the common schools, and since putting aside his text books he has followed farming and lumbering, meeting with success in both branches of his business. He is today the owner of one hundred and forty-five acres of I land, of which one hundred acres has been improved. He has erected good buildings upon his place, and its modern equipments are proof of his progressive spirit and enterprise. He raises good crops and keeps on hand good grades of domestic animals to assist in the farm work. He thoroughly understands the best methods of caring for his property and of producing good crops, is systematic and energetic and exercises sound judgment in transacting his business affairs. On the 17th of November, 1889, in Bingham township, Leelanaw county, Mr. Core was united in marriage to Miss Emma Ann Woodrow, a daughter of the late James and Ellen (Towns) Woodrow. Her parents were natives of Canada and it was in that country that the father died. The mother is still living. Mrs. Core was the third in a family of six children, three sons and three daughters, and her birth occurred in Canada, on the 5th of March, I868. Unto the subject and his wife has been born one son, Ray, who is the light and joy of the household. Mr. Core votes with the Republican party and keeps well informed on the political questions and issues of the day so that he is able to defend his position by intelligent argument. He is a liberal supporter of the Evangelical church and is a public-spirited citizen, deeply interested in everything pertaining to the social, material and moral welfare of the community. He has always lived in Leelanaw county and upon the farm where he now resides, but he keeps in touch with the progress of the world through reading and observation. His life has been devoid of GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAWý COUNTIES. exciting episodes, but his history is that of one who is always trustworthy and true to duty, whether of a public or private nature. He needs no introduction to the readers of this volume because he is so widely and favorably known and he still numbers among his friends those who have known him from boyhood as well as many with whom he has become acquainted in more recent years. MORRIS B. JENNINGS. The pioneers of a country, the founders of a business, the originators of an undertaking that will promote the material welfare or advance the educational, social and moral standing of a community deserve the gratitutide of humanity. MNr. Jennings is numbered aimong the early settlers of Grand Traverse county and, moreover, throughout the long years of his residence here he has been an advocate of everything -pertaining to the public good and the substantial improvement of his county. He is deserving also of mention in this volume because of the valiant 'service which he rendered to his country in the dark (lays of the Civil war. For three years he followed the old flag and was often upon the battlefield risking his life in defense of the cause which he had espoused. By reason of these various elements in his life record which render him an honored citizen of his community we present with pleasure to our readers this account of his career. Mr. Jennings was born in the township of Franklin, in Lenawee county, Michigan, July J7, 1838, and is the eldest of the six children of Franklin and Elizabeth B. (Earl) Jennings, the former a native of Vermont and 89 the latter of New Jersey. Coming to the west, they took up their abode in Michigan and Mr. Jennings died in Montague, Muskegon county, at the age of seventy-eight years, while his wife passed away in 1882 when seventylive years of age. She was then residing in Grant township and at two o'clock in the afternoon of September I, 1882, her house took fire. She was so severely burned that she died from the effects after eight hours of intense suffering. She was carried to the residence of Alonzo VanTassel, in Mayfield township, and there departed this life in the seventy-sixth year of her age. Both were people of sterling worth, possessing many excellent traits of heart and mind which had endeared them to their many friends, and their loss to the community in which they lived was widely felt. Morris B. Jennings was a resident of Lenawee county, Michigan, until ten years of age, when he accompanied his parents on their removal to Ypsilanti, this state. There he resided until the fall of 1861I, when, feeling that his first duty was to his country, he offered his services to the government as a defender of the Union. The tocsin of war had sounded and men from all stations in life flocked to the standard of their country. They came from the workshops, from the offices, from the counting rooms and from the fields, the homes of the rich and poor alike sent their sons to battle for the Union and Mr. Jennings was among the number who, believing in the righteousness of the governmental policy, offered to stand as a defender of the starry banner of the nation. He joined the First Michigan Regiment. of Engineers and Mechanics and was assigned to Company I, with which he served for three years or until the fall of 1864. He was al 620 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ways true to his duty, no matter where it called him nor how arduous was the work he was called upon to perform. In the meantime his parents had removed to Colon, Michigan, and at the close of his military service Mr. Jennings joined them at that place. He continued to live there for about two years, during which time he was engaged at farming and at carpentering. It was also during his residence there that he returned to Ypsilanti, Michigan, and was married on the 3d of January, 1866, to Miss Eliza Mallion, who was born in Millford, Oakland county, Michigan, on the I3th of July, 1844, and was a daughter of William and Jane (McCulloch) Mallion. Her father was'a native of Kent, England, and after arriving at years of maturity he wedded Miss McCulloch, whose birth occurred in Belfast, Ireland. For many years they resided in Michigan and she died in Ypsilanti, when about fifty-five years of age, while Mr. Mallion passed away in Blair township, Grand Traverse county, at the age of sixty-eight years. They were the parents of six children of whom Mrs. Jennings was the youngest. The home of the subject and his wife has Sbeen blessed with six children, but Marian J. died in her eighteenth year. The daughter, Rosina J., is now the wife of William -B. Pierce, the wedding being celebrated at the home of the bride by the Rev. Hugh Kennedy in the presence of about thirty relatives and intimate friends. The local papers speak of this as a very pretty home wedding. Mrs. Pierce was one of the successful and popular teachers of the county prior to her marriage and Mr. Pierce is a business man of Traverse City, where he has resided for several years. He is especially well known 'and highly esteemed among the members of the Indepen dent Order of Odd Fellows and is a valued representative of the fraternity. Frank-M. Jennings, the next member of the family, died when twenty-nine years of age. Oren B. is still at home. Grace G. died in her fourteenth year. Willie M. completes the family. In 1866 Mr. Jennings removed from Colon to Grand Traverse county, arriving in the month of March. Here pioneer conditions existed and much of the land was still unclaimed. He now has one hundred and sixty acres which he entered from the government on section 28, Blair township, took up his abode thereon and with characteristic energy began its cultivation. Since that time he has devoted his attention to its improvement with the exception of a brief period of two years during which time he was engaged in conducting a hotel and carpentering. Farming, however, has been his chief occupation in life and he is now the owner of eighty-five acres, of which sixty-five acres has been improved. Upon his farm he has erected a comfortable residence, substantial and commodious barns and other outbuildings for the shelter of grain and stock. He uses the latest improved farm machinery in carrying on the work of the fields and everything about his farm is neat and thrifty in appearance. In all of his work he has been ably seconded by his wife through her capable management of the household affairs. She is a most intelligent and estimable lady, an entertaining companion and she has won a host of warm friends in Grand Traverse county. Mr. Jennings has been honored with several local offices. He acted as township clerk for several years, was also township treasurer and has been officially connected with the schools of this community, doing much to advance the educational interests of GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 621 this part of the state. Fraternally he is connected with McPherson Post, Grand. Army of the Republic, of Traverse City. In business he has been watchful of all the details of his work and of all indications pointing toward prosperity. He has gained success, yet it has not been alone the goal for which he is striving, for he belongs to that class of representative American citizens who promote the general prosperity while advancing individual interests. Self-reliance and honorable business methods have been salient features in his career and his life record is well worthy of emulation because it contains many standard elements. DAVID A. SWAINSTON. David A. Swainston, whose farm is on section 33, Blair township, Grand Traverse county, was born in Waterford, Norfolk county, Ontario, September 17, 1854, a son of Joseph and Jane (Irons) Swainston. In the year 1866 his parents came to Grand Traverse county and settled in Mayfield township, where the mother died in the fortyfifth year of her age. The father, surviving her for some time, passed away in Blair township in the seventy-seventh year of his age. They were the parents of eleven children, of whom David A. Swainston is the sixth in order of birth. For about twelve years the subject of this review remained in his native country and then accompanied his parents on their removal to Grand Traverse county. He lived in Mayfield township for about four or five years, but since 1866 has resided in Blair township, where he has been engaged in mill ing and farming. lHe has witnessed many changes here as the county has emerged from its pioneer conditions to take its place among the leading counties of the state. He today owns eighty acres of land, of which about forty-two acres are improved, and his farm work is well conducted, returning to him a fair degree of success. On the 15th of September, 1883, in Mayfield township, Mr. Swainston was united in marriage to Miss Mary Saunders, who was born in Allegany county, New York, March 16, 1864, a daughter of Joseph and Henrietta (Gardner) Saunders. Three children have graced the marriage of the subject and his wife: Owen C., Orten T. and David. They also lost one son, Arthur L., who was their first born and died at the early age of eleven months. Mr. Swainston has held the office of highway commissioner and has also been a member of the board of review of Blair township. In politics he is an earnest Republican, unfaltering in his allegiance to the party and he takes an active interest in political affairs and in all measures which he believes have a bearing upon the welfare and progress of the community. Socially he is connected with Lodge No. 324, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, at Kingsley, and with Grawn Tent No. 809, Knights of the Maccabees. DEE C. KING. Dee C. King is a representative of educational and agricultural interests in Leelanaw county, being thus connected with two interests which have important bearing upon the welfare and stable development of any 622 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. section or locality. His work in the schoolroom has been of value to those who have enjoyed the benefit of his services and he is justly regarded as a most intelligent man and representative citizen. He views life from a broad and humanitarian standpoint and the salient characteristics of his career have been such as have awakened the admiration, respect and confidence of all with whom business or social relations have brought them in contact. Mr. King resides on section 16, Empire township, and is a western man by birth, training and preference. He was born in Iond du Lac county, Wisconsin, January 15, 1856, his parents being Nathaniel C. and Sarah Ann (McCartey) King. The father was a native of Ohio and the mother's birth occurred in New York. For sometime they resided in Fond du Lac county among its early settlers and amid pioneer environments, but in 1865 they removed to Leelanaw county, Michigan, settling at Glen Arbor. In 1871 they took up their abode in what is now Empire township, living upon the farm which is the home of their son, Dee C. King, at the present time. The father was a farmer by occupation and throughout his business career carried on agricultural pursuits, thus providing for the necessities and wants of his family. He died on the Ist of October, 1890, after having passed the psalmist's span of three score years and ten, and his wife died on the 23d of March, 1889, at the age of seventy-eight years. In their family were nine children, of whom Dee C. King is the sixth. Mr. King of this review spent the first nine years of his life in the county of his nativity and then accompanied his parents on their removal to Leelanaw county, being reared at Glen Arbor and in Empire township. His residence in the county now covers a period of thirty-eight years. He has followed farming the greater part of the time and through twelve winter seasons he has engaged in teaching. His work in the schoolroom has been most satisfactory to the district in which he has been employed. He is a man of strong mentality, of keen discrimination and of marked capability in imparting clearly and concisely to others the knowledge that he has acquired. He is also an excellent disciplinarian and his educational work has been of value to all the communities who have secured his services. Mr. King now owns one hundred and twenty acres of land and has improved sixty acres of his farm, which is equipped with modern accessories and is a fine property. Mr. King has been twice married. In Empire township, on the Ist of October, 1892, he wedded Miss Sarah Patterson, a native of Point Colbourn, Canada, but she died in Empire township, Leelanaw county, June 23, 1901. She was an active member of the Methodist Episcopal church and died in the faith of that denomination. Her womanly qualities, her charitable and kindly spirif and her ready sympathy had gained for her many friends who deeply regretted her loss. On the 15th of April, 1903, in Savannah, Ohio, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. King and Miss Eva Martin. Mr. King votes with the Republican party and is an unfaltering supporter of its principles, but has never cared for political honors, preferring to give his time to his business affairs, in which he has been uniformly successful. However, he has always taken a great interest in the advancement and prosperity of his adopted county and endorses every improvement which he believes will GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 628 prove a benefit to humanity. He is especially active as an advocate of the temperance cause and of intellectual development and his influence has ever been cast on the side of the right, the true and the beautiful. FRANK M. HAMLIN. Prominent among the energetic, farsighted and successful business men of northwestern Michigan is the subject of this sketch. His life history most happily illustrates what may be attained by faithful and continued effort in carrying out an honest purpose. Integrity, activity and energy have been the crowning points in his career and have led to desirable and creditable success. His connection with agricultural, political and fraternal interests has been of decided advantage to Grand Traverse county, promoting its welfare along these various lines in no uncertain manner. Mr. Hamlin resides on section 31, Blair township. His parents, Timothy C. and Sarah (Miner) Hamlin, were natives of New York and in the fall of 1866 they came to Grand Traverse county, settling in Mayfield township, where they resided until September, 1900,when they removed to Eugene, Oregon, where they now reside. They were the parents of nine children, of whom Frank M. is the fourth in order of birth. He was born in Steuben county, New York, April I, 1863, and when only three years old was brought by his parents to Grand Traverse county. He then went to live with his uncle, Charles Miner, by whom he was reared, spending the days of his early boyhood and youth upon the farm which is yet his home. It was then the property of his uncle, and is now in possession of Mr. Hamlin. The latter acquired his preliminary education in the public schools of Traverse City, and afterward matriculated in the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, where he spent a yearn For four years he engaged in teaching in Grand Traverse county, but with the exception of this period he has always followed farming, and his energetic efforts and capable management have resulted in the development of an excellent property which yields good financial returns. He now owns two hundred acres of land, of which one hundred and forty acres is under cultivation, and the farm is so well equipped that it equals any farm property in the community. On the 3d of April, 1889, in Traverse City, Mr. Hamlin was united in marriage to a most estimable lady, Miss Rettie Wightman, a daughter of the late George H. Wightman. Her mother, who bore the maiden name of Marietta Norton, is still living. The father was a prominent and influential citizen of his community and served as supervisor of Green Lake township from the time of its organization until the time of his death, which occurred in June, 1892. He located in that 'part of the county at an early epoch in its development and it was in Green Lake township that his daughter, Mrs. Hamlin, was born and reared. She is now the mother of three living children, Joshua Dorr, Leah and Retta. Mr. and Mrs. Hamlin also lost a son, who died in infancy. As every true American citizen should do, Mr. Hamlin keeps well informed on the questions which affect the welfare of the country and votes in support of measures which he believes will prove of general good. He is a stanch advocate of Republican prin 624 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ciples and has been a close adherent of lie party since attaining his majority, while in both township and county conventions of the party he is an active worker, his opinions carrying weight in local political circles. For several years he has been treasurer of Blair township and since 1889 he has served continuously as justice of the peace, covering a period of fourteen years, during which his opinions, exemplifying "even-handed justice," have gained him the trust and support of all law-abiding citizens. Mr. Hamlin is also active in fraternal circles and is a valued representative of Center Lodge No. 311, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, in which he has held office, being the present incumbent in the position of vice grand. He is also a member of Fortney Tent No. 565, Knights of the Maccabees. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Hamlin is a hospitable one and the subject and his wife have found friendship and favor in the social circles in which they move. Mr. Hamlin is numbered among the representative citizens of Grand Traverse county. He has made an untarnished record and unspotted reputation as a business man. In all places and under all circumstances he is loyal to truth, honor and right, justly valuing his own self-respect as infinitely more preferable than wealth, fame or position. In those finer traits of character which combine to term what we call friendship he is also royally endowed. WILLIS WIGHTMAN. Willis Wightman, who is serving as supervisor in Green Lake township and resides on section 25, of that township, represents one of the old pioneer families of Grand Traverse county. His parents, Horace E. and Nancy Ann (Quick) \ightman, came to this section of the state May 25, 1864,'settling in what is now Green Lake township, but at that time the township organization had not been effected. The father was a native of the Empire state. Casting in his lot with the early settlers of Michigan, he took an active and helpful part in reclaiming the wild land for the uses of the white race and in making improvements along lines of substantial progress and material development. He lived to a ripe old age, passing away on the eighty-fifth anniversary of his birth, while his wife died when seventy-seven years of age. They were people of sterling worth, whose lives were upright, and they reared a family of seven children, three sons and four daughters, who became'a credit to their name. Willis Wightman, the youngest of their' family, was born in Dearborn, Wayne county, Michigan, January 14, 18o5, and there lived until 1864, when he accompanied his parents on their removal to Grand Traverse county. The common schools afforded him his educational privileges and during a period of his youth he worked in the fields when not engaged with the duties of the schoolroom. He acquired a good practical education and after putting aside his text books he turned his attention to merchandising. For five or six years he was engaged in mercantile pursuits in Monroe Center, capably conducting a store which brought to him a creditable degree of success. He also served as postmaster of that place. Farming has likewise been one of the callings to which he has devoted his energies and he is today the owner of a tract of eighty acres on GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 625 section 25, Green Lake township, of which fifty-five acres is improved. This is the old family homestead, formerly having belonged to his father. Mr. Wightman was married in Green Lake township on the 17th of November, 1872, to Miss Libbie Schell, who was born in New York, May 12, 1850, a daughter of Simeon and Elizabeth (Dygert) Schell. Her father is now deceased, having died in Grant township, while the mother, who survived him for a time, passed away in Green Lake township. They became early residents of Grand Traverse county, locating upon a farm here in 1870. Mr. and Mrs. Wightman are the parents of five children, the eldest of whom is Edith L., the wife of Lincoln Jewell. The younger members of the household are Fred W., Frank E., Allan M. and Bertha D. K. Fred W., who lives in Olympia, Washington, wedded Miss Lena Cook and they have a daughter. Frank C. lives in Ballard, Washington. In matters pertaining to the welfare and upbuilding of the county Mr. Wightman has been active and influential. He has served as supervisor of Green Lake township since 1891, covering a period of twelve consecutive years. He was also township clerk of Green Lake township for twenty years. No higher testimonial of his capability and loyalty could be given than the fact that by reelections he has been so long continued in public office. Over the record of his official career and his private life there falls no shadow of wrong or suspicion of evil. Fraternally he is connected with Center Lodge No. 311, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, while Mrs. Wightman is a member of Rebekah Lodge No. 290, of which she was first noble grand and also first delegate to the grand lodge at Lansing in 1897. Mr. Wightman is justly accorded a place among the prominent and representative citizens of Grand Traverse county and his course in public and private life has been above suspicion. In whatever relation of life we find him, in the public service, in political circles, in business or iri social relations, he is always the same honorable and honored gentleman, whose worth well merits the high regard which is uniformly given him. JOSEPH KRUBNER. One of the intelligent and highly respected farmers of Leelanaw county is Joseph Krubner, who resides on section 28, Cleveland township, and who is now serving as supervisor of the township. The elements which insure success have been fostered by him with the result that his energy and strong purpose have enabled him to become the possessor of an excellent farming property. He was born in Bohemia, February 3, 1846, and when a little lad of seven years he came with his parents to America. He is a son of John and Anna (Figer) Krubner, who were also natives of Bohemia. Crossing the Atlantic to the United States in 1853, they settled in New York, where they remained for a year, and on the expiration of that period they removed to Chicago, where they lived until the fall of 1855. In November of that year they arrived in Leelanaw, county, Michigan, settling in Cleveland township. They cast in their lot with the early settlers and amid pioneer surroundings and environments they lived, sharing 626 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. in the hardships incident to life on the frontier and also bearing a helpful part in the work of improvement and development which has wrought such a wonderful transformation here. The parents spent their remaining days in Cleveland township. Of the four children of the family Joseph Krubner of this review is the eldest. He accompanied his parents on their various resnovals and with them came to Leelanaw county when a youth of nine years. Here he was reared amid the wild scenes of pioneer life. Most of the land was still unclaimed and Indians still lived in this locality. A few courageous and venturesome spirits had made way into the forests to claim its riches of lumber and some had begun the work of cultivating the lands, but the work of improvement largely lay in the future. The farming was done with implements which were very crude in comparison with the modern farm machinery of today and the work which devolved upon the agriculturist was of much more arduous nature than that which he does now with the aid of his harvesters, binders, reapers and threshers. Mr. Krubner bore his full share in the work of developing his father's farm and through the winter months he attended the common school of the neighborhood. Throughout the greater part of his life he has been connected with farming interests and he now owns two hundred and fiftyseven acres of land, of which about seventy acres is improved, being placed under a high state of cultivation. In his farm methods he keeps thoroughly in touch with the progress which characterizes the age and upon his farm are good improvements, making the property valuable and attractive in appearance. Mr. Krubner has been twice married. In Cleveland township, on the 7th of January, 1868, he was joined in wedlock to Miss Katherine Stiger, a native of Bohemia, but she died the following year, leaving an infant daughter, Kate, who is now the wife of George W. Gilbert, a resident farmer of Kasson township who is represented on another page of this work. After the loss of his first wife Mr. Krubner was again married, his second union being with Miss Mary Stanke, also a native of Bohemia. The wedding was celebrated in October, 1870, and has been blessed with three children, Frank A., John and Pauline. The daughter is now the wife of John Kolar. In his political views Mr. Krubner is an earnest Republican and, as every true American citizen should do, he keeps well informed on the issues of the (lay and is therefore able to support his political position by intelligent argument. His fellow townsmen have given evidence of their appreciation of his loyal citizenship by electing him to office and for nineteen years he has held the office of supervisor and is the present incumbent. This long service is certainly an indication of his fidelity to duty, for though unworthy men may sometimes obtain office, the public is a discriminating factor and is not long in recognizing incompetency or infidelity, and the man who is not trustworthy is never retained in such positions. Mr. Krubner has also been township clerk, was justice of the peace for six years and has done effective service for the cause of education as school inspector. Mr. Krubner is a communicant of the Roman Catholic church and is deeply interested in everything pertaining to the moral, intellectual and material development of the community in GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 627 which he has lived for nearly half a century. He has been an interested witness of its growth. He has seen the introduction of the railroads, the building of the telegraph and telephone lines, the establishment of commercial and industrial interests and the transformation of the wild lands into rich farms, which are the homes of a contented and prosperous people. As an honored pioneer settler he certainly deserves representation in this volume. GEORGE H. HEIMFORTH. I The name of Heimforth has figured conspicuously in connection with the agricultural interests of Leelanaw county from an early epoch in the development of this part of the state and he whose name introduces this review fully sustains the family reputation for progressive farming. He is the owner of three hundred acres of land, of which two hundred acres is under cultivation, and to this he gives his personal supervision, with the result that his farm is one of the most productive and profitable of Leelanaw county. Mr. Heimforth is yet a young man and undoubtedly will win greater success in the future. He was born June 25, 1871, on his father's farm in Elmwood township, Leelanaw county, and is the eighth in a family of ten children born unto Frederick and Elizabeth (Zimmerman) Heimforth, both of whom were natives of Gemany, the former born in Prussia and the latter in Bavaria. They were not married, however, until after their emigration to the new world. Frederick Heimforth, thinking to have better business opportunities in the United States, sailed for America in 1850. He made his way to Michigan in the same year and spent two years on North Manitou island. He then returned to the Atlantic coast and in New Jersey he wedded Miss Zimmerman. With his bride he returned to the west and has since lived in Leelanaw county. They began their domestic life on North Manitou island and while the husband cultivated his fields and improved his farm, she gave careful attention to the duties of the household. In the latter part of the 'fifties he made his way to Colorado, which was then an unimproved region, and for several months he lived upon his claim, which forms the site for a part of the present city of Denver. Upon returning to Leelanaw county he again cultivated his farm on North Manitou island until September, 1864, when he removed with his family to section I, Elmwood township, where he has since made his home. Belonging to a numerous family, Mr. Heimforth, whose name introduces this record, found that there was no lack of life, fun and frolic upon the old homestead where he was born and reared. He attended the common schools and his parents instilled into his mind lessons concerning the value of industry and persistency of purpose in connection with a business career. He has always followed farming and lumbering, and his possessions are now extensive, his farm comprising three hundred acres of land in Elmwood township. Of this two hundred acres have been placed under the plow and are now cultivated with the result that golden harvests now reward his labors and the crops, finding a ready sale on the market, bring to him a good financial return. On the 5th of April, 1893, at Sutton's 628 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Bay, Michigan, Mr. Heimforth was united in marriage to Miss Laverna S. Peck, who was then a young lady of twenty years, her birth having occurred on the I6th of February, 1873, in Orwell, Ashtabula county, Ohio. She is a daughter of Edwin A. and Eurania (Palmer) Peck, who resided in Leelanaw county for many years. Her father died in Sutton's Bay, May 25, 1901, and thus passed away a pioneer settler, who dated his residence here from an early epoch in the development of the county and bore his full share in the work of improvement. Of a family of seven children Mrs. Heimforth is the fifth in order of birth. She has resided in Leelanaw county from the age of ten years and is well known here, her sociality and genial manner winning her many friends. By her marriage she has become the mother of four interesting little daughters, Alice B., Lola B., Laverna M. and M. Maude. In his political views Mr. Heimforth is a Republican, giving evidence of his interest in the party and its success by always voting for its men and measures. He holds membership with Tent No. 871, Knights of the Maccabees, and his wife is a member of Traverse Bay Hive No. 71, Ladies of the Maccabees. While giving due attention to political and social interests, he yet gives his attention chiefly to agricultural pursuits, and he has informed himself thoroughly concerning the best methods of producing crops, of preparing the soil and of handling the harvests. His work is characterized by system and his progressive ideas are practical as well. The name of Heimforth has long been regarded as an honorable one in Leelanaw county and the life record of George Heimforth fully sustains the family reputation. JOHN S. HORTON. One of the most straightforward, energetic and successful business men who have ever lived in Grand Traverse county is John S. Horton and his residence here dates from the early pioneer epoch in the county's history, the year of his arrival being 1864. In the years which have since come and gone he has exerted a quiet but strong influence in behalf of substantial development and healthful growth and his efforts have always been exerted for the good of the majority. Mr. Horton now follows farming on section I, Grant township, where his landed possessions aggregate two hundred and eighty-six acres. He was born in Raison township, Lenawee county, Michigan, October 5, 1837, and is the youngest in a family of five sons and four daughters born of the marriage of Richard S. and Keziah (Valentine) Horton. The parents spent many years in Lenawee county and died at their home in Raison township, where the father had long followed farming. That was his chosen occupation throughout life and by that means he provided his family with the necessities and some of the comforts of life. Upon the old homestead farm John S. Horton was reared. The labors of field and meadow claimed his attention to a considerable extent during his youth, and he also gave his time to the mastery of the branches of English learning usually taught in the public schools. He remained under the parental roof until the spring of 1864, although in the meantime he was married, but he took his bride to the old home and operated his father's farm until his removal to Grand Traverse county. For a year after his ar GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 629 rival here he lived about a mile. north of Acme and then, selling his first farm in 1865, he purchased two hundred and eightysix acres on section I, Grant township, and also lying partly across the border line in Green Lake township. His home, however, stands in the former township. Of his land one hundred and eighteen acres' are now cleared and he has erected good buildings upon his farm and has kept fully abreast with the progress of the times as shown in the improved farm machinery and the laterclay methods of carrying on agricultural work. While in Lenawee county, Michigan, Mr. Horton married Miss Caroline E. Estes, the wedding taking place on the 7th of November, 186o, and through more than four decades they have now traveled life's journey together, sharing with each other its joys and sorrows, adversity and prosperity. Mrs. Horton was born in Tecumseh, Lenawee county, October 21, 1841, and by their marriage they have become the parents of seven children: Cora E., the wife of \V. P. Kenney; Lillian M.; Herbert; Warren: Nellie B., the wife of Edward Dye; Leona C., the wife of Bert L. Kelley; and Lynn M., who completes the family. Lillian was a successful teacher for twenty years in lenzie, Grand Traverse and Manistee counties. Nellie also taught in Grand Traverse county and she is the mother of three children, Erna A., Ronald and Edmond J. Leona is a graduate with the class of 1899 in the Traverse City high school; Cora is the mother of two living children, Mervyn B. and Ina M. Nellie and hu'sband are residents of Spokane, Washington; Herbert of Prescott, Arizona, wedded Miss Dell Crane and they have two children. Warren E. wedded Miss Lillie Cox and they have three children. Lillian is at home. For several years Mr. Horton held the office of supervisor of Grant township and was school director for many years, exercising his official prerogative in behalf of the best interests of education. He believes in employing competent teachers and in continually advancing the standard of education. In politics he is independent, casting his ballot without regard to party ties, but always considering the capability of the candidates and the value of the measures for which they stand. His wife is a faithful and consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal church at Monroe Center. Courteous, genial, well informed, alert and enterprising, he stands today one of the leading representative men of Grand Traverse county-a man who is a power in his community. Almost forty years have passed since he came to the county and his name is inscribed high on the roll of honored pioneers. CHARLES B. DYE. Charles B. Dye, who is engaged in general merchandising and is also holding the position of postmaster in Monroe Center, is one of the worthy citizens that the Empire state has furnished to Michigan. He was born in Cattaraugus county, New York, November 18, 1862, a son of Cyrus B. and Sara~h (Kellogg) Dye. The father was killed by lightning in 1865, but the mother is still living and since 1882 has been a resident of Grand Traverse county. In the state of his nativity Mr. Dye of this review spent the days of his boyhood and youth and obtained a common school 630 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. education. He was a young man of twenty years when he left the east and came to Michigan, taking up his abode in Grand Traverse county, where he has resided continually since with the exception of a brief period spent in Colorado. He first lived in Blair township, but after a year spent in farming there he resumed agricultural pursuits in Green Lake township, giving his time and energies to the further development and cultivation of his land until 1896, when he went to Colorado, spending nineteen months in that state. Not finding business conditions there all he had anticipated, he resolved to return to Grand Traverse county and this time locating in Monroe Center he has since engaged in general merchandising, having a well-equipped store, so tastefully arranged and so honorably conducted that it brings to him a good patronage. He has also served as postmaster since the spring of 1898 and his administration of the affairs of that office is satisfactory to the general public. Mr. Dye has likewise served as school inspector and school director, is now township treasurer and also a member of the board of review. On the 7th of June, 1899, in Norwood, Charlevoix county, Michigan, Mr. Dye was married to Miss Alida Richardson, who was born in Clinton county, New York, November 13, 1867. They now have an interesting little son, Paul B. JOSEPH O. CROTSER. Joseph O. Crotser, of the firm of Case & Crotser, leading lumber dealers of Kingsley, and a prominent business man of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Medina county, Ohio, November 13, 1857. The family progenitors were German and the original spelling of the name was "Kratzer." The subject's parents were Reuben B. and Mary (Naragang) Crotser, the former from the state of Pennsylvania and the latter from Ohio. They continued to make their home in Ohio until 1865, when they removed with their family to Kalamazoo county, Michigan, where they resided many years. When in her sixty-second year the mother came to Kingsley to visit her son, Joseph, and while there was taken sick and died. The father later moved to Kingsley, where he died December 9, 1902. Mr. Crotser was a lad of seven years when his parents located in Kalamazoo county and it was there he grew to manhood, receiving his education in the district schools of that county. He continued to make that his home and engage in farm work until his twenty-fourth year, when he formed a partnership with Ralph Case, his brother-in-law, and moved to Kingsley, where they embarked in the lumber business in 1881 and have since been so engaged. Mr. Crotser is a man of unusual business ability and the firm have built utip a large patronage throughout the surrounding territory, doing an extensive business which. under their judicious management, has reached to flattering proportions. He is also largely interested in real estate, owning large tracts of land in Grand Traverse county. On September 12, 1878, Mr. Crotser was joined in marriage, at Sturgis, Michigan, to Miss Ella Snyder. This day was of more than ordinary interest to those present, in that it was the occasion of an unusual JOSEPH 0. CROTSER. MRS. J. 0. CROTSER. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 681 event, a double wedding, the sister of the bride, Miss Emma Snyder, becoming the wife of Ralph Case. The brides were daughters of George and Elizabeth (Hoover) Snyder, of Sturgis. Mr. and Mrs. Crotser are the parents of three children, namely: Lena, who is the wife of A. W. Overholt, Merl and Florence. Lena was a student in the Traverse City high school and finished the tenth grade; Merl graduated from the Kingsley public school in 1903, and Florence, who is finishing her seventh grade of school work, received a per centage of ninety-three. Mr. Crotser is one of the most public spirited of men and has taken an active and leading part in all enterprises of a public nature since coming to Kingsley. He has been chosen to fill a number of public offices and has justified the confidence and trust reposed in him in every particular. As president of the village of Kingsley and as a member of the council he has been untiring in his efforts to promote the common weal and has won unqualified praise for his efforts. He proved to be one of the most efficient clerks the township has ever had and such is his wisdom and forethought that the cause he espouses is sure to come off victorious. Mr. Crotser is a prominent Odd Fellow, belonging to Otto Lodge No. 324, of Kingsley, and is a member of the grand encampment. He is also a member of Lodge No. 222, Free and Accepted Masons, the council, Chapter No. 102, Commandery No. 41, Knights Templar, at Traverse City, the Mystic Shrine at Grand Rapids and the De Witt Clinton Consistory at Grand Rapids, being thus a thirty-seconddegree Mason. He is a stockholder and director of the People's Savings Bank of Grand Traverse and commands the respect and esteem of all who have had dealings with him. The following obituary notice will undoubtedly prove of interest to the reader: R. 1. Crotser was born in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, July I, 1827. In early boyhood he removed with his parents to Ohio and settled in Brimlield township, Portage county. February 5, 1852, he 'was united in marriage with Miss Mary Naragang, of West Unity. He made a public profession of religion in his boyhood and ever adorned his profession by a well ordered life and a pure conversation. He was united with the Reform church, of which he remained a worthy member until December 9, 1902, when he passed from the church militant to the church triumphant. In March, 1865, he removed with his young family to Fulton, Kalamazoo county, Michigan, where he made his home until the death of his wife, September II, 1894, since which time he spent most of his days with his son, Joseph Croster, of Kingsley. During his stay among us there was no benevolent enterprise that did not receive his sympathy and support. His hand was ever open to the cry of the needy and his heart was touched with the tenderest sympathy. His presence was a very benediction to the afflicted and words of sympathy and chee; brought consolation to many a stricken heart. There were born to them J. F., deceased; S. I. and J. O., of Kingsley; W. P., of Traverse City; N. L., of Grand Rapids, and a grand-daughter, Mary Burns, of Fulton. Since the death of his wife, eight years ago, although a pleasant home was furnished him by his children, his life has been a lonely one; nothing that could contribute to his comfort was neglected, but nothing could supply the place of her who had been a contpanion of his early manhood and mature years. He lived in the constant expectation of meeting her hereafter and enjoying her society forever. Never for a moment was this hope dimmed by any cloud of doubt or feeling of uncertainty. He was an honored member of the Odd Fellows and of the Rebekah degree of that order and evidenced his appreciation cf their excellence by his,regular attendance when circumstances would allow. 632 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. When attacked by his last illness, he felt that his work was done, and he as a faithful steward of the manifold mercies of God was ready to give an account of stewardship. Although his sufferings were intense, that did not dim the hope of his immortality or becloud his vision of celestial glory. Prayer was held at the residence Wednesday forenoon after which the remains were taken to Fulton, Michigan. George Snyder was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, June 30, 1823, and died at the home of his daughter, Mrs. O. C. Lyon, July 31, aged eighty years, one month and one day. He was married to Elizabeth Hoover at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, August 15, 1843; to this union thirteen children were born, eleven of whom are still living He removed with his family to Erie township, Monroe county, in the spring of 1854 and in the spring of I863 he, with his wife and oldest daughter, became members of the Neriah Reformed church there. In the early spring of 1866 he came here with his family, where he has since resided. May 5, I866, he, his wife and eleven others were organized into the First Reformed church of Wakeshma, under the ministry of Rev. S. Z. Beam. Of this congregation, now grown to over a membership of two hundred, he continued an active, prayerful and consistent member till the day of his death. At its organization ihe was elected an elder, which office he has held ever since, with credit to himself and with satisfaction and profit to the congregation. 'He was beloved by every one who knew him, because of his sweet, peaceful and help-giving Christian life. His posterity numbers as follows: Thirteen children, eleven living; fifty grandchildren, forty-two living; thirty-seven great-grandchildren, thirty-three living. The tollowing children were present at his burial: Mrs. Rebecca Krefer, Mordocco; George W.. Mt. Pleasant; Abram and Mrs. Ada A. Lyon, Fulton; Isaac, Athens; Mrs. Elizabeth Case, Mt. Pleasant; Mesdames Emma Case and Ella Crotser, Kingsley; David H., Union City; J. A., Traverse City, and S. B., of Kalamazoo, who was then in the west, was not present. The funeral was held from his church of which he was an elder, Tuesday, conducted by his pastor, Rev. J. W. Barber. who preached to a very large and attentive audience from 2nd Timothy 4:7-8; interment, North cemetery. ROSWELL W. BURKE, M. D. Dr. Roswell W. Burke is now residing in Empire, Leelanaw county, Michigan, where at the present time he is engaged in merchandising. As his title indicates, he at one time devoted his attention to the practice of medlcine and on account of failing health had to abandon this and is now a well known and active representative of commercial interests in the town in which he makes his home. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio, March 14, 1844, a son of Robert \V. Burke, who was a native of Schenectady, New York. The father was a carpenter by occupation an'd followed that pursuit throughout his entire life in order to provide for the wants of his family. In early manhood he wedded Miss Charity Long, who was born in Sunbury, Pennsylvania. and about 1855 they removed to Waterloo, Jndiana, where they remained for some time. Subsequently they became residents of Bedford, Calhoun county, Michigan, where their last days were passed and death came after they had both reached advanced ages. The father died at the age of eighty-two years and the mother departed this life when seventy-five years of age. They were the parents of four children, two sons and two daughters, of whom the Doctor is the third child. Dr. Burke was surrounded by the refining influences of a good home in his early youth and acquired a fair English education in the public schools of his native state and of Indiana. WVhen a young man he began learning the blacksmith's trade and followed that business for fifteen years, but. desiring to enter upon a professional career, he took GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 688 up the study of medicine while still working at the forge. He followed blacksmithing at different places in Ohio, Indiana and Michigan, but when he had largely mastered the profession of medicine he began the practice of his profession in Hastings, Michigan, where he resided for four years. On the expiration of that period he removed to Onekama, Manistee county, Michigan, where he followed his profession for two years and then came to Maple City, Leelanaw county, arriving in October, 1881. Opening an office at that place, he entered upon his professional duties and in course of time received a large patronage accorded him in recognition of his skill and ability. When he first established his home there the town consisted of but three houses and Dr. Burke was very active and influential in the upbuilding of the town and the promotion of its progress. \Vhen fourteen years had been passed there he went to Wexford, Michigan, where he lived for a year and a half and on the expiration of that period he came to Empire. Here he purchased a drug store, which he still owns. He practiced medicine for about a year, but on account of ill health relinquished his professional duties and has since devoted his attention chiefly to the drug business. He also owns a fine summer resort at Glen Lake and at one time he was the owner of a farm near Maple City, which he sold to the county to be used as a county poor farm. He was also engaged in merchandising in Maple City, carrying a general line of goQds, including groceries, dry goods and drugs, He conducted thatistore for four years and at the same time he was postmaster at Maple City. Dr. Burke was married in Niles, Michigan, January 28, 1867, to Miss Mary F. Kiser, a native of Germany. She came to America with her parents when only two years old and was reared in Williams county, Michigan. The home of Dr. and Mrs. Burke has been blessed with four children, two sons and two daughters: Stephen P., Stanley D., Cora F., who is the wife of Trufley Herbert; and Minnie M., the wife of William Blackhurst. Dr. Burke has been health officer for many years in Leelanaw county and fraternally he is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and with Traverse City Lodge No. 323, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. He is a social and affable gentleman and is held in the highest regard by all who know him. His achievements represent the result of honest endeavor along lines where mature judgment has opened the way. He possesses a weight of charac-.ter, a native sagacity, a discriminating judgment and a fidelity of purpose that command the respect, if not the approval, of all with whom he has been associated. JOHN N. KENNEDY. Almost all parts of the globe have sent citizens to Michigan and John N. Kennedy is one who came from the northern part of the western hemisphere. His birth occurred in Nova Scotia, on the 12th of October, 1841, and he is now living on section 24, Grant township, Grand Traverse county, where he has a good farm. His father, Lauchlin Kennedy, was a native of Scotland and was there married to Christy Campbell, who was likewise born in the land of the hills and heather. Their marriage was 684 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. blessed with a family of nine children, of whom John N. Kennedy is the youngest. In taking up the personal history of the subject, we note that the first five years of his life were spent in his native land and he then accompanied his parents in their removal to Canada, living with them until 1865. He was then a young man of twentyfour years and, leaving home, he settled in Grand Rapids, Michigan, accompanied by his wife and one child. After a time they removed to Montcalm county and subsequently to Newaygo county, living for several years in these two districts of the state. Afterward they settled in Allegan county, Michigan, where they made their home until the spring of 1889, when they came to Grand Traverse county. This ended their removals, for they have since resided in Grant township upon the farm which has now been their home for fourteen years. Here Mr. Kennedy owns one hundred and twenty acres of land and he operates fifty acres of this. No other work than agricultural pursuits has ever claimed his attention. His affairs have always been directed along this line and that he has prospered in his undertakings is due to his hard work, his capable management and his unfaltering resolution. Mr. Kennedy was married July 3, 1865, in Canada, to Miss Sarah McEachran, who was born on Prince Edwards island on the 25th of August, 1837. They have six children, Neal, Hugh, Lauchlin, John A., Archie and Jeanette, and the daughter is now the wife of Richard Zue. The son Hugh is pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church at Traverse City and is doing good work as a minister of the gospel. He wedded Miss Isabel Harshbarger, of Allegan county, and they have one daughter; Carlo Lucile. John wedded Miss Myrta Van Tassel, of Grand Traverse county, and they have one son, Chester J., of Grant township. Archie wedded Miss Lena Priest, of Grand Traverse county, and they reside in Grant township. Both Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy worship in the Methodist Episcopal church and are active adherents of that denomination who exemplify in their lives its teachings and who put forth every effort in their power to extend the influence of their church and promote its substantial growth. Mr. Kennedy votes with the Republican party and upon that ticket he was elected to the office of commissioner of highways and also justice of the peace. No trust reposed in him has ever been betrayed in the slightest degree and he is ever loyal to his duties of citizenship and to his business obligations. Honorable principles have shaped his entire career and made him a man whom to know is to respect and esteem. Such men are always needed in every community and Grant township is fortunate in that he has allied his interests with hers. ERNEST A. VOICE. Ernest A. Voice belongs to that class of representative Americans who while laboring for their individual prosperity have added greatly to the material improvement, to the development and to the welfare of the communities with which they are connected. Public spirited in an eminent degree, the labors of Mr. Voice have been of the greatest benefit to Leelanaw county and his name figures conspicuously in connection with the political interests of Empire. At the same GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 685 time he has carried on his private business affairs with such energy that he has gained a place among the men of affluence here. He is now manager of the Empire Lumber Company's store and gives his personal supervision to the conduct of this extensive business enterprise. Mr. Voice is a native of Illinois, his birth having occurred at Lyden Center, Cook county, on the 28th of January, 1862. He represents one of the oldest and most honored pioneer families of Leelanaw county, Michigan, his father having settled here at a very early day. He came during the 'fifties and took up his abode in Northport. He was a sawyer and found ample opportunity to pursue his occupation in the lumber regions of Michigan. He was born in London, England, and had the business capability so characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race. In Leelanaw county he held the office of sheriff and his allegiance to the best interests of the community was most marked and beneficial. He married Arvilla A. Smith, a native of Michigan. Joseph Voice and his wife were recognized as people of the highest respectability and were honored for their sterling worth. He (lied in Northport, May 1o, 1892, and his widow is now living in Northport. They were the parents of ten children, of whom Ernest A. Voice is the second. When only three or four years of age Ernest A. Voice was brought by his parents to Leelanaw county and lived with them at Northport until a youth of seven years. The family then removed to Sutton's Bay, where the succeeding five years of his life were passed and then he went to Leland, where he made his home until he had attained his majority. In the meantime, however, he had begun 40 earning his own livelihood. When only fifteen years of age he commenced teaching and followed that profession with excellent success until he was twenty-two years of age. He proved a capable instructor and his services were in demand by those who wished to advance the educational interests of their localities. After attaining his majority, however, Mr. Voice directed his efforts into other channels. He became an employe of George Steimel & Company as manager of their store at Sutton's Bay and acted in that capacity from 1885 until 1888, when he came to Empire to accept a position as bookkeeper and manager of the store of the Empire Lumber Company. Under his direction the business increased and in 1893 he was given the entire management of the store and relinquished the care of the books, because the growing trade demanded all of his time and attention. Mr. Voice was married in Traverse City, Michigan, on Christmas day of 1884, at which time he wedded Miss Alice Barnhart, of that place, and a daughter of W. and Mary Barnhart. She was born in Canada, April 7, 186r, and died in Empire on the i9th of August, 1899. Mr. and Mrs. Voice were the parents of five children, Violet M., Merton A., Harold E., Alice M. and Clifford W. In public affairs Mr. Voice has been very prominent and has frequently been honored with positions of trust and responsibility. He has held the office of township treasurer of Empire township for two years, was village treasurer for two years, was president of the village for two years, has been a memher of the school board for eight years and was school inspector for six years. The cause of education has found in him a warmn frievd and he has been especially helpful 686 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. along lines tending to promote the material upbuilding and substantial, progress of his village and township. Fraternally he is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and with the Knights of the Maccabees. His social qualities render him popular with a large circle of friends and he is a genial gentleman, without ostentation or display, and holds friendship sacred and is as true to the duties and obligations of friendship and of private life as to those to which he is pledged through business connections. He is recognized as a gentleman of genuine worth, of unquestioned integrity and honor and as one whose devotion to the public good arises from a sincere interest in the welfare of his fellow men. WILLIAM A. DEAN. The visitor to Traverse City cannot fail to notice the many splendid business and office buildings which adorn the streets of the city. They are handsome, substantial and spacious, and the visitor may note all these things, but he very rarely stops to think what manner of man is he who designed, drew the plans for and superintended the construction of the structure which has taken his fancy and won his admiration. It is the purpose of this article to give some informnation regarding one of the geniuses who is responsible for some of the many fine buildings of Traverse City. The subject of this review, William A. Dean, architect and builder, has had much to do with the erection of buildings in Traverse City during the past nine years. William A. Dean was born March 25, 1857, in Ontario county, Canada. His father was Festus A. Dean, a native of Canada, born in 1812, and by trade a millwright. In 1873 he came to Michigan, locating in Sanilac county, where he continued to reside until the time of his death, which occurred in 1889. The mother of William A. Dean was Hannah (Price) Dean, also a native of Canada, born in 1816. In 1832 she was married to Festus A. Dean and they continued to reside in Canada up to the time of their removal to Michigan. She died in 1892. They were the parents of a family of twelve children, of which William A., the subject, was the youngest child. Only seven of the family are now living. They are Philander and Abraham, who are both farmers and reside in Sanilac county; Grace Ann, wife of Thomas Short, farmer of Ontario, Canada; George is farming near Grand Forks, North Dakota; Charles is a farmer in Waterloo, Iowa; Franklin is a merchant in Sanilac Center. Until he reached the age of sixteen years William A. Dean resided in Ontario county, where he attended the public schools and where the major portion of his education was secured. He attended the public schools of Sanilac county one term only after coming to the United States. Under the instruction of his father he worked for five years as a millwright. May 5, 1888, at Minden City, Sanilac comity, Michigan, William A. Dean was united in marriage to Miss Clara Gibbard, a native of Ontario county, Canada, who had come with her parents to Michigan when a girl of eight years. Her education was received in the public schools of Sanilac county. She was the daughter of Thomas Gibbard. Her mother died when Clara was a little girl. There were seven GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 687 other children in the family, two of whom have since died. Having qualified himself by securing a thorough knowledge of carpentering, William A. Dean, soon after his marriage, began taking contracts for the erection of buildings. His work was appreciated, his business increased and he prospered. He followed this line of business for seventeen years, at different places, and during all of this time he drew his own plans for the work in hand. The knowledge thus acquired imbued him with the desire to become a professional architect. He went to Detroit and secured a position in the office of an architect of recognized ability and remained for some time. His practical knowledge, acquired during an experience of seventeen years, coupled with the theoretical information secured in Detroit, has splendidly equipped him for the discharge of the duties of his chosen profession. In February, 1894, he opened an architectural office in Traverse City and since then has been actively engaged in the work. During the nine years of his residence here he has drawn the plans and superintended the construction of buildings, the cost of which will aggregate more than three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Among the buildings in Traverse City which disclose his skill and ability may be mentioned the hall of the Knights of Pythias, Odd Fellows, and the new Wilhelm block, a five-story business and office building of brick and stone, which cost forty-five thousand dollars, and is the finest structure of its kind in Michigan north of Grand Rapids. He also drew the plans for the building of the People's Savings Bank, a three-story brick structure which cost twenty thousand dollars. There are many other localities throughout the state, the plans of which he drew. Mr. and Mrs. William A. Dean are the parents of four children, three of whom are boys. Edna was born September 15, 1882, and died in her seventh year. Lee was born October I, 1884, and is employed in the heating and plumbing department of the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company; Ray, born April 5, 1887, is still in school, as is also Don E., who was born October 2, 1895. In politics Mr. Dean is a Republican, but is too busy to give that subject much attention. He never aspired to or held a political position of any kind. He espouses the cause of no religious denomination, but occasionally attends divine service at the Congregational church. He admires piety and religious fervor in others, especially if he has reason to believe that they are actuated by motives of sincerity. He belongs to three fraternal orders, has passed the chair of Odd Fellowship and is a Pythian and a Maccabee. Mrs. Dean is prominent in lodge work. She is now and has been since the, organization of the lodge of Rathbone Sisters here most excellent chief of the lodge. She has also passed the chair in the lodge of Rebekahs. The social standing of the family is all that could be desired and in business circles Mr. Dean is highly respected for his strict integrity and conscientious adherence to truth and justice. LUMEER VISKOCHIL. Lumeer Viskochil, who resides on a farm on section 13, Cleveland township, Leelanaw county, is one of the native sons of Michigan, in fact was born in the township 638 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. where he now resides, his natal day being October 22, 1855. His father was Charles Viskochil, who was born in Bohemia, Austria, and the mother, who bore the maiden name of Barbara Sklaba, was also a native of that country. They came to America early in the 'fifties and for a time lived in Massachusetts, but believing they might have still better opportunities in the rapidly growing west they made their way to Chicago, where they spent about a year. About 1854 they came to Michigan, settling in Leelanaw county, their home being in Cleveland township, where the father followed farming, devoting his entire life to that pursuit. He continued to engage in the tilling of the soil until March, 1887, when his life's labors were ended in death. Unto him and his wife were born five sons, of whom the subject of this review is the eldest. Upon the home farm in Cleveland township Lumeer Viskochil was reared. He was educated in the common schools and was early trained to the work of field and meadow, gaining broad and practical experience in the duties that fall to the lot of the agficulturist. Throughout his entire life he has followed farming and upon his place he has erected good buildings. He owns eighty acres of land, of which he has cultivated sixty acres, and his energy and enterprise are manifest in the excellent appearance of the place. Neatness is shown in every department and in all that he does the owner is progressive and energetic. As a companion and helpmate for life's journey Mr. Viskochil chose Miss Barbara Kucera, the marriage ceremony being performed in Cleveland township, on the 2d of September, 1882. The lady was born in1 this township and is a daughter of Anton and Barbara Kucera. Seven children have been born unto the subject and his wife: Ivan, Charles, Frank, Albin, George, Hattie and Victor, and the sons ably assist their father in the management of the farm and its cultivation. Mr. Viskochil keeps well informed on the questions and interests of the day, political and otherwise. He votes with the Republican party, but has never sought or desired office, preferring to give his undivided attention to his business affairs, in which he is meeting with signal success. Having always lived in Cleveland township, he is well known to its citizens and his upright life has won him favor and friendship among those with whom he has been brought in contact. His friends entertain for him good will and high regard, and he is worthy of mention in this volume because of this and because he is numbered among the pioneer settlers of the region here, his residence in the county covering forty-eight years. Thus he has been a witness of the advancement of the county as it has emerged from pioneer conditions and frontier environments to take its place among the leading counties of this great commonwealth. WILLIAM CORE. William Core is owner of one of the finest farms in Leelanaw county, situated on section 19, Bingham township, and his landed possessions comprise.four hundred acres, of which one half is under cultivation. His attractive home and good buildings stand as monuments to his enterprise and his farm is the visible evidence of his life of industry and thrift. Many years ago it was thought A'E^ML MR. AND MRS. WILLIAM CORE. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 639 that anyone could be a farmer, that all that was necessary was to plant crops and it required little else than physical labor for this; but that idea has long been a thing of the past and farming is now largely a science and the agriculturist of today understands the relation of cause and effect. He knows why certain crops should be planted in certain places, what they require from the soil and what they need in the way of nourishment. There have been no greater improvements made in mechanical devices than in farm machinery, and the progressive farmer of today has splendid harvesters, cultivators, plows and threshers, which greatly lessen and facilitate his labor, enabling him to do much more work in a given time. In all matters of progress concerning agricultural pursuits William Core has not merely been a follower, but a leader, and is today classed with the most prominent, active and prosperous agriculturists of this portion of M ichigan. A native of England, Mr. Core was born in Lincolnshire, on the I8th of November, 1841, a son of Thomas and Annie (Crooks) Core, who crossed the Atlantic to Canada about 1845, setling near Hamilton. Ten years later they removed to the county of Lambton, Ontario, where they spent their remaining days. Of a family of five children, four sons and a daughter, William Core was the third. He was only about four years of age at the time of the emigration of his parents to the new world and he lived under the parental roof until he was eighteen years of age, when' he started out on his own account. He has since been dependent upon his own exertions and whatever success he has achieved is the merited reward of his own labors. Leaving home, he came to Michigan and for about a year lived near Detroit, where he was engaged as a farm hand. In the fall of 1871 he came to Leelanaw county and for a few years he was again engaged at farm work in the service of others, spending his time in this way until 1865, with the exception of about a year and a half which he spent in the army. In April, 1863, putting aside all business and personal relations, he responded to the call for aid from his adopted county, and joined Company H, First Michigan Light Artillery, with which he remained for about eighteen months, doing active duty in the south on several important battlefields, where the engagements helped to bring about the splendid triumph which ultimately crowned the Union arms. After his return from the army in 1865, Mr. Core purchased one hundred and sixty acres of government land, hitherto unimproved. Not a furrow had been turned and to him remained the arduous task of developing the virgin soil into productive fields. His land was situated on section 19, Bin,ham township, and here he has since made his home. He has erected excellent buildings, and in the rear of the comfortable residence stand good barns, sheds and cribs. All are substantial and well adapted to the purpose for which they are used and in the granaries are seen good crops. As he has found opportunity, owing to the increased capital which has come to him through his own labor, Mr. Core has purchased nearly four hundred acres, and now he has two hundred acres of his farm improved. The soil is rich and when properly cared for becomes very productive, so that he annually 640 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. harvests good crops as a reward for his labor, unless the season is particularly inauspicious. To preside over his home and become his companion on the journey of life Mr. Core chose Miss Margaret McFarland, the wedding being celebrated in Bingham township, October 16, 1867. The lady is a daughter of Daniel and Elizabeth (Atwod) McFarland, the former a native of Scotland, and the latter of London, England. Coming to the United States they spent their last days in Macomb county, Michigan. Unto them were born seven children, three sons and four daughters, and Mrs. Core was the fourth in order of birth. She was born in Erin, Macomb county, on the 9th of November, 1848, and is an estimable lady, possessing many excellent traits of heart and mind. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Core have been born ten children, of whom eight are now living: Perry, who is represented elsewhere in this volume; Arzina, the wife of Harrison Johnson, a resident farmer of Bingham township, Leelanaw county; Annie, the wife of John Ferguson, who is living in Solon township, Leelanaw county; Lucy, the wife of Russell Hinshaw, of Bingham township; Julius, George, David and Oscar, who are still under the parental roof. They also lost two children in early life. On becoming an American citizen, Mr. Core gave his support to the Republican party and has never wavered in his allegiance thereto, but has given to it his stalwart support and has labored earnestly for its welfare. He has held the office of highway commissioner for several years and for some time has been school assessor. Fraternally he is connected with the Masonic fraternity and is a worthy representative of the craft, exemplifying in his life its beneficent principles. His business success should serve as a source of encouragement and inspiration to others and an analyzation of his life work shows that it has been won through capable management and untiring industry. In private life he has gained that warm personal regard which arises from kindness and geniality, from true nobility of character and from deference for the opinion of others. FRANK CLEVELAND. Grant township and Grand Traverse county are indebted to Mr. Cleveland for the effort he has put forth in its behalf. Realizing the possibilities of the county in the way of improvement and interested in the welfare of the community, he has directed his labors into channels through which flows the greatest good to the greatest number. Moreover, in his business career he has displayed elements worthy of highest commendation and of emulation. He stands today strong in his honor and his good name, a valued citizen of the county in which he has made his home for almost a quarter of a century. Mr. Cleveland is a native of Ohio, his birth having occurred in Norwalk, Huron county, on the 2Ist of August, 1849. His parents were Philander and Isabella (Sloan) Cleveland, both of whom were natives of New York. For some years they resided in Ohio, but the father spent his last days in Penfield, Calhoun county, Michigan, where he died in his eighty-fifth yeara venerable man whose upright life made him worthy of the highest regard of all GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 641 with whom he had been brought in contact. In his family were six children and with one exception, Frank Cleveland was the youngest. He was a little lad of only three summers when his parents removed from the Buckeye state to Michigan, takinig up their abode in Branch county. He continued in that county until he was twelve years of age and at that time he started out in life on his own account. He has since been dependent upon his own resources and as the architect of his fortunes he has builded wisely and well. He was employed at different occupations for several years, earning an honest livelihood through untiring industry and perseverance. He was always true to the interests of those whom hlie represented and his labors were attended with a fair degree of success. After working for several years in this way he took charge of his father's farm in Penfield township and remained there for seven or eight years, during which time he acquired and developed a tract of land of eighty acres. This necessitated much arduous labor, but the duties were well performed and in course of time where once stood the native forest trees were soon fields of waving grain, giving promise of abundant harvests. While residing in Penfield, Calhoun county, Michigan, Mr. Cleveland was united in marriage, the lady of his choice being Miss Mary E. Burrows. The wedding ceremony was performed on the 5th of November, 1876, and the young couple started out on life's journey very happily. The lady was born in Cambridgeshire, England, January 13, 1853, and was not yet two years of age Vwhen brought by her parents to- the United States in 1854. Her father was Shadrock Burrows, also a native of the merrie isle, and in that country he wedded Miss Elizabeth Brazebridge, who was likewise born in England. For a year after their arrival in the United States Mr. and Mrs. Burrows were residents of Vermont and then came westward to Michigan, settling in Kalamazoo county, where they lived for three years, their home being in Richland township. On the expiration of that period they took up their abode in Calhoun county, Michigan, upon a farm in Penfield township, where Mrs. Cleveland lived until the time of her marriage. Her father died there at the age of seventy-two years and the mother afterward departed this life in Grant township, Grand Traverse county, when seventy-seven years. Mrs. Cleveland was the fifth in their family of six children. At the time of their marriage the subject and his bride began their domestic life upon the farm in Penfield township, Calhoun county, and there lived until May, 188o, when they came to Grand Traverse county and took up their abode upon the place which has been their home continually since, covering a period of twentythree consecutive years. Mr. Cleveland here owns ninety acres of good land, of which seventy acres is improved. He is a progressive agriculturist, adopting all advanced ideas of farming that will prove of practical utility. She is an estimable lady, deserving the high regard of her many friends, and her excellent traits of heart and mind have nrade her popular with those with whom she has come in contact. She belongs to the Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Cleveland is a public spirited man, giving a loyal support to many measures for the general good. He has been found as a co-operant factor in movements which have for their object the substantial upbuilding of this section of the 642 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. state and Grand Traverse county acknowledges his worth and feels grateful for his aid. Mr. and Mrs. Cleveland are hospitable people and the good cheer of their home is much enjoyed by those whom they entertain. In business affairs he is ever found to be thoroughly reliable and his unfaltering energy combined with his integrity have made him a successful man who now possesses valuable property interests. WENZEL KRAITZ. Wenzel Kraitz, who resides on section 12, Cleveland township, where he is carrying on general farming, is numbered among the early settlers of Leelanaw county, his residence here covering nearly a half century, during which time many changes have occurred and in the work of improvement and progress Mr. Kraitz has manifested a deep and abiding interest. He was born in Bohemia, Austria, on the 24th of August, 1851, and is son of Francis Kraitz, also a native of that country. After arriving at years of maturity he wedded Antonia Hlavin, who was also born in Bohemia. They were married in their native country and some of their children were born there, but in the year 1855 they bade adieu to native land and sailed for the new world, the father hoping that he might provide a better living for his family in this country, where labor and opportunity are not hampered by caste or class. Accordingly they crossed the Atlantic, landing at New York, and thence they made their way westward to Michigan, arriving in Leelanaw county on the Ist of November, 1855. They settled in" Cleveland township and the father secured a tract of land on which he engaged in general farming. Throughout his life here he carried on agricultural pursuits and as the years passed his efforts were crowned with a fair degree of success. In 1894 he was called upon to mourn the loss of his wife, who died on the ioth of August, of that year, passing away when sixty-nine years of age. He is still living and makes his home with his son Wenzel. This worthy couple were the parents of twelve children, six of whom reached years of maturity, while six died in infancy. Wenzel Kraitz, whose name introduces this record, was the second child of the family and was a little lad of but four summers when he was brought to the United States by his parents. During the greater part of the time since his arrival in Leelanaw county he has lived within its borders. He was reared to manhood on the home place in Cleveland township and it has been his home continuously since with the exception of a brief period of three years which he spent in Chicago, Illinois. He had acquired a fair English education in the public schools and had been trained to habits of industry, economy and honesty upon the old home farm. On going to Chicago he secured employment in a planing-mill and followed that pursuit for three years. On the expiration of that period he returned to Leelanaw county and here he has always carried on farming. His life has been characterized by unremitting industry and unabating energy and owing to these salient features in his career he has won creditable success in his business undertakings. Mr. Kraitz was married in Traverse City, Michigan, on the Ist of March, 1878, at which time he led to the marriage altar GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 648 Miss Mary Kucera, who was born in Cleveland township, Leelanaw county, on the 12th of August, I860, and was therefore not yet eighteen years of age at the time of her marriage. She is a daughter of Anton and Barbara (Zeneck) Kucera, and to her husband she has been a faithful companion and helpmate on life's journey. As the years have passed their home has been blessed with the presence of twelve children, seven sons and five daughters, as follows: Frank J., John, Adolph A., Joseph, Elizabeth E., Charles H., Albin A., Mary J., Poulina A., Wenzel V., Florence R. and Barbara H. In his political views Mr. Kraitz is a Democrat and, as every true American citizen should do, he has kept well informed on the questions and issues of the day, which divide the country into political parties. He takes an active interest in township and county affairs, greatly desiring the success of principles in which he believes, and his fellow townsmen, recognizing his worth and ability in public office, have frequently called him to positions of trust and responsibility. He has served as highway commissioner, has also been constable and overseer of highways and in the position of school director he has rendered effective service to the cause of education, of which he is a warm and ardent friend. His religious faith is indicated by his membership in the Catholic church and he is a member of the church committee. Mr. Kraitz is widely recognized as a progressive farmer and is a well-known gentleman of Cleveland township, where he has a good home and excellent farm. His financial prosperity has come as the direct return of his earnest and indefatigable labor and in this respect his example should serve as a source of inspiration to those wlio have to begin life as he did-empty handed. Great changes have occurred in Leelanaw county during the years of his residence here. The traveler of today could not recognize in the improved district the same section of the country to which Mr. Kraitz came on landing in America. His boyhood days were spent amid pioneer surroundings and environments, much of the land was still unclaimed and uncultivated and the forests were uncut, the streams unbridged and the entire work of improvement lay yet in the future. In all that has led to the substantial development of this section of the state Mr. Kraitz has been interested and as far as possible he has aided in the improvement and general progress and today he well deserves honorable mention among the promient pioneers of his adopted country. WILLIAM S. ANDERSON. From the purview of the publication at hand the subject of this review has particular claims to such specific recognition as is here accorded, for he is not only one of the honored and influential business men of Traverse City, but is also a representative of one of its sterling pioneer families, so that the genealogical record also can not fail of interest as here perpetuated. He stands at the head of one of the oldest and most noteworthy enterprises of like character in the city, where he conducts an undertaking business which is pre-eminent in the honorable bearing and careful methods employed and in the discriminating delicacy of treatment which the nature of the work of a funeral director renders expedient, and he 644 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. has thus retained as his own the respect and confidence of the community, even as did his father before him, the latter having likewise early assumed a position of priority in the business and social life of Traverse City, where he maintained his home for the long period of thirty-two years. William S. Anderson is a native son of the old Buckeye state, having been born in the town of West Carlisle, Coshocton county, Ohio, on the 21st of May, 185o. His father, the late Samuel Anderson, was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, on the 4th of March, 1820, the family name having been identified with the annals of the Keystone state from an early epoch in its history. He was there reared and educated and there learned the trade of carriage making. As a young man he removed to Coshocton county, Ohio, and at West Carlisle became one of the pioneers at his trade in that section. There he continued to follow this vocation for a number of years, also being for some time there identified with the undertaking business. In 1866 he removed with his family to Traverse City, where he established himself in the carriage and wagon manufacturing business, having a well equipped shop and soon securing a profitable supporting patronage, as his integrity was beyond cavil and his skill as an artisan unexcelled. At the time of his coming here the place was scarcely more than a hamlet in the woods, and it was his privilege to witness its development into an attractive city of many metropolitan pretentions, while in the community, to whose material progress and prosperity he contributed in no small measure, he ever commanded the unequivocal confidence and high regard of all who knew him, and it may wvell be said that few indeed were the residents of the city to whom his face was not a familiar one. He here continued the carriage and wagon business until I875, when he sold the same to our subject and John Cadham, and then engaged in the undertaking business, with which he was thereafter identified until the close of his life's labors. This sterling pioneer citizen was summoned into eternal rest on the i ith of April, 1898, at the age of seventy-eight years, one month and ten days, while his death was felt as a personal bereavement by the people of the city with whose civic and industrial and social affairs he had been so closely identified for thirty-two years. In politics he gave his allegiance to the Prohibition party, and both he and his wife were devoted members of the Presbyterian church. On the 26th of June, 1845, was solemnized the marriage of Samuel Anderson to Miss Margaret Younker, who was born in West Carlisle, Coshocton county, Ohio, on the 6th of October, 1828, where she was reared to maturity, her parents having been numbered among the pioneers of that section of the Buckeye state. Samuel and Margaret Anderson became the parents of twelve children, of whom only five are living at the present time, namely: Henry H., who is a successful member of the bar of the city of Chicago; William S., who is the immediate subject of this review; Miss Jennie E., who is the capable lady assistant in the undertaking establishment of her brother William; and Angeline D. and Margaret E., who still reside in the old homestead in Traverse City. The devoted wife and mother passed away on the 6th of April, 1898. William S. Anderson was reared to the age of sixteen years in his native village of West Carlisle, Ohio, and there secured his GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 645 early educational discipline in the public schools, while he continued his studies for two years after the removal of the family to Traverse City. Then, at the age of eighteen years, he became identified with his father in the wagon and carriage business, learning the same in all its details and gaining valuable experience under the direction of his father. In 1875 he became associated with John Cadham in the purchase of this business, which was thereafter conducted under the firm name of Anderson & Cadham about three years, at the expiration of which our subject purchased his partner's interest in the enterprise, of which he remained in sole control until 1883, when he disposed of the same and associated himself with his father in the undertaking business, under the firm name of Samuel Anderson & Son, and this association continued until the death of the senior member of the firm, since which time the business has been conducted under the ownership and individual name of our subject. His establishment is one of the largest and best appointed of the sort in northern Michigan, and every portion of the business receives the most punctilious and careful attention, while the accessories include all the most modern appliances and provisions. The character of Mr. Anderson is so well known as being above the least iota of reproach that further comment in the conneclion would be superogatory. He holds the esteem of the entire community, in which he lias passed the greater portion of his life, and he is known as a liberal and publicspirited citizen and as one whose aid and influence can invariably be counted upon in the promotion of all worthy undertakings for the general good. In politics, while without corded a stanch allegiance to the Republican party, but has never permitted his name to be considered in connection with any public preferment. He and his wife and two of his sisters were members of the Congregational church, while the other sister is identified with the Presbyterian church. The family is one of prominence in the best social life of the community and none is better known or held in higher estimation. On the 15th of October, 1875, Mr. Anderson was united in marriage to Miss Dora Brockway, who was born in Oswego, New York, being a daughter of Thomas and Anna (Lesley) Brockway, who came to Traverse City about the same year as did the Anderson family, and these honored pioneers are still living here, Mr. Brockway being now in his eighty-first year, while his wife is seventy-nine years of age. To Mr. and Mrs. Anderson have been born six children, concerning whom we enter the following brief record: Lulu, who was born on the 12th of September, 1876, died at the age of eleven years; Samuel, who was born on the 4th of July, 1879, was drowned in the Boardman river at Traverse City when six years of age; Ralph was born on the i8th of May, 1881; Harvey H. was born May 28, 1883; William H. was born August 4, 1885; and Mabel A. was born November 6, 1887. Mrs. Anderson died at Traverse City November 19, 1899. Samuel Anderson enlisted in the Sixtyfirst Ohio Volunteer Infantry in 1861, and served to the end of his enlistment of three months. Being one of the first to enlist under the first call for volunteers, William S. went with his father, as drummer boy, as far as Camp Dennison, Ohio, where he remained for a short time, when, to his disap personal ambition for office, he has ever ac 646 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. pointment, he was forced to return home. Mr. Anderson at once re-enlisted for three years' service, in the Fifty-first Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Company I, in which he served for about two years, when he was honorably discharged, as the government required his services as a mechanic, in which position he served until the close of the war in 1865. He was.a pensioner up to the time of his death. EDWIN BLACK. Persistence and courage in the face of difficulties are necessary factors to success, and energy and determination must lend their aid if one would succeed in the face of competition and gain prosperity in this age of activity, when all are striving for the same goal. However, opportunity is limitless and if one is diligent and enterprising a competence if not wealth may always be gained. Edwin Black has become one of the prosperous citizens of Grand Traverse county and is a respected resident of East Bay township, where he owns and operates an excellent farm. He has one hundred and sixty acres of land of his own and altogether he operates two hundred and forty acres, being one of the extensive farmers of his community. At an early period in the development of Grand Traverse county the Black family was established here by the late John Black, father of the subject, who was born in Scotland on the 24th of January, 1827. He was only eight years of age when he left his native country and with his parents crossed the Atlantic to Canada, where he was reared to manhood. On leaving the Dominion, he spent some time in Wisconsin and afterward lived for a period in Illinois before coming to Michigan. On reaching this state he took up his abode in Manistee, where he was engaged in the lumbering business in the employ of others. The spring of 1851, however, witnessed his arrival in Traverse City and he entered the employ of the well known lumber firm of Hannah, Lay & Company, with which he was connected continuously until 1858. He then purchased a tract of land of one hundred and sixty acres in East Bay township, cleared a small portion of this and built a log house. Soon afterward he entered the employ of the firm of Green & Holden, well-known lumbermen of East Bay township, acting as foreman of their mill for several years. On severing that business relation he once more entered the employ of Hannah, Lay & Company, having charge of the operation of their saw-mill in Traverse City during the summer months. while in the winter seasons he operated one of their lumber camps in the midst of the forest. His time and attention was thus engaged until ihe fall of 1868, when he settled upon his farm in East Bay township, giving his undivided attention to agricultural pursuits. He erected good buildings upon his farm and made substantial and valuable improvements. To the further cultivation and development of his land he devoted his energies until his death, which occurred on the 3d of February, 1899. For many years he was a very active business man of Grand Traverse county, successfully accomplished whatever he undertook by reason of persistency of purpose that overcame all the difficulties and obstacles in his path. John Black was twice married. He MR. AND MRS. JOHN BLACK MR. AND MRS. EDWIN BLACK GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 647 first wedded Miss Harriet A. Scofield, a native of New York, to whom he was married on the ioth of July, 1853. She died at their residence in East Bay township on the 3d of September, 1862. Four children have been born of that marriage: Alfred WV.; George G., who is now deceased; a daughter who died in infancy; and Edwin, whose name introduces this record. Mr. Black was again married on the 21st of August, 1865, in East Bay township, Grand Traverse county, his second union being with Miss Helen McFarland, who was born in Dundas county, Canada, on the I st of October, 1844. In taking up the personal history of Edwin Black we present to our readers the fife record of one who has a wide acquaintance and is favorably known in Grand Traverse county. He was born upon his father's farm in East Bay township, on the 21 st of August, 1862, and was reared to manhood in that locality where he has always resided. The common schools afforded him his educational privileges and his business training was received upon his father's farm. The practical knowledge which he gained of farm life during his youth has been the means of shaping his entire career. His choice of a life work fell upon agriculture and he has since engaged in the tilling of the soil, having today two hundred and forty acres of land under cultivation, of which he owns one hundred and sixty. His farm interests are extensive and, being well conducted, bring to him a good financial return. At an early day he learned one of the great lessons of life, that there is no royal road to wealth, and as he has toiled industriously through the years of his manhood he is now in the possession of a good home and good farm. Mr. Black was married in East Bayv township, on the 21st of March, 1887, to Miss Alice A. Taylor, who was born in Ohio and is a daughter of Allison and Adaline Taylor, of East Bay township. Her parents are prominent early settlers of this locality and are mentioned on another page of this \vork. Mrs. Black died in East Bay township February 24, 1888, leaving one son, John T. Mr. Black was again married September 20, 1894. His present wife bore the maiden name of Miss Hattie M. Daynto and is a native of Michigan. The fruits of their union are two children, Alfred F. and Edna G. Mr. Black votes with the Republican party, to which he has always given earnest support. He has held the office of treasurer of East Bay township, has likewise been supervisor of the township and is the incumbent of the latter position at the present time. In the office of justice of the peace he won public commendation by reason of his fair and impartial decisions, based upon the evidence, the equity and the law involved in the case. In matters pertaining to the welfare of his township, county and state he is deeply interested and his effort in behalf of the general progress have been far-reaching and b-eneficial. His name is associated with progress in the county of his birth and among those in whose midst he has always lived he is held in the highest esteem by reason of an upright life and of fidelity to principles which in every land and clime command respect. CHARLES D. COPELAND. Charles D. Copeland is an enterprising, wide-awake young farmer of Grand Traverse county, possessing the spirit of progress and 648 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW CQUNTIES. advancement which has characterized this state from the period of its early development. Whatever Mr. Copeland undertakes he carries forward to successful completion and his excellent farm on section 14, Grant township, has been acquired through his own labors and is a monument to his life of industry and thrift. A native son of Michigan, Charles D. Copeland was born upon his father's farm in Lawrence township, Van Buren county, on the 20th of March, 1871, the parents being James and Amanda (Adams) Copeland, who were natives, the father of Scotland and the mother of New York. Unto them were born seven children, four sons and three daughters, the subject of this review being the eldest of the family. He was reared and educated in Van Buren county, living there until twenty-one years of age, when he came to Grand Traverse county, where he has since made his home. He was first employed at farm labor and at logging for a few years and then with his capital he had managed to save fromn his own earnings he purchased eighty acres of land in Grant township, but afterward disposed of forty acres of that tract. His landed possessions today, however, comprise eighty acres, of which forty-eight acres has been placed under cultivation and the modern farming methods which he employs have resulted in the production of good crops and fruit, so that he finds a ready sale on the market for all that he raises. On the 20th of August, 1896, in Traverse City, Michigan, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Copeland and Miss Hattie Cox, a native of Allegan county, this state, her birth having occurred in Dorr township, August 2, I871, a daughter of Washington and Mary (Hillard) Cox, of Mayfield township, Grand Traverse county. Three children have graced this marriage, namely: Guy M., Amanda M. and Lewis C. The family have a nice home, and upon the farm is a good barn and other modern equipments. The owner is a progressive agriculturist and is continually on the outlook for new methods which will promote the efficiency of his work, yet he does not adopt ideas unless he is convinced of their practical value and utility. He has an enthusiastic interest in his business and he does not scorn that close attention to detail without which the highest degree of success can never be obtained. Personally Mr. Copeland is popular, having many characteristics which have gained for him the warm regard and friendship of those with whom business and social relations have brought him in contact. He is a Republican in politics. WILLIAM LOUDON. The sturdy Scotsman has played a conspicuous part in forwarding the material prosperity of the American republic from an early epoch in its history, and the well balanced mentality and marked pragmatic ability so typical of the race are well exemplified in Mr. Loudon, who emigrated from the land of hills and heather to America more than a quarter of a century ago and who has maintained his home in Traverse City during practically the entire period of his residence in this country. He is one of the representative business men and honored citizens of the place, being a member of the firm of Caldwell & Loudon, manufacturers GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 649 of carriages, wagons, sleighs, etc., and through his own efforts he has achieved a success worthy the name, being clearly entitled to representation in this volume. William Loudon was born in the town of Kilmaurs, Ayrshire, Scotland, on the 12th of January, 1851. His father, John Loudon, was born in Scotland, of stanch old stock, in the year 1802, and there he passed his entire life, his death occurring in 1882. He was a man of inflexible integrity and lived a life of usefulness and honor, having been a blacksmith by trade and vocation. His wife, whose maiden name was Catharine Hutton, was born about 1809, and she passed her entire life in Scotland, where she died. They became the parents of seven children, concerning whom we enter the following brief record: Marion is the wife of Robert Bailey, mate on a steamer plying the river Clyde, and they reside at Ardrossan, Scotland; John, who is a blacksmith by vocation, is married and has children, making his home at Saltcoats, Scotland; Mary is the widow of a Mr. Blair, who was superintendent of mines and who died about sixteen years ago, and she still resides in Saltcoats, Scotland; William is the subject of this sketch; Daniel came to the United States in 1885 and is now employed in the crockery department of the general store conducted by Hannah, Lay & Company, of Traverse City, being married and having a family of children; Thomas (lied in Australia; and Robert died in Traverse City. William Loudon, to whom this sketch is dedicated, passed his early life in the town of Androssan, Scotland, where he secured his educational discipline and where he learned the trade of blacksmith, there continuing to make his home until he had attained to the age of twenty-two years. In July, 1872, at Saltcoats, Scotland, he was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth McMillen, who was born in that town on the Ist of February, 1853, being a daughter of James and Margaret (Fullerton) McMillen. Mr. McMillen was a captain on one of the steamships plying between Glasgow and Montreal, Canada, and in this capacity he crossed the Atlantic many times, and on his last voyage, about thrity years ago, he met his death by being washed overboard during a severe storm. His widow still resides in Saltcoats, where she was born, and is now seventyeight years of age. They became the parents of ten children, of whom seven survive, all maintaining their residence in Scotland except Mrs. Loudon. About three months after their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Loudon emigrated to America, landing in New York city and thence coming westward to Chicago, which still lay in ruins from the great fire of the previous year, and after remaining there for three weeks they came by boat to Traverse City, where they have ever since made their home, being well entitled to the honor of being designated as pioneer citizens of the place. Mr. Loudon secured employment at his trade in the blacksmith shops of Hannah, Lay & Company, and was thus engaged until 1881, when he engaged in business on his own responsibility, associating himself with Robert Caldwell, under the firm name of Caldwell & Loudon, and this business alliance has ever since continued. The firm has built up a large and profitable business in the manufacturing of carriages, buggies, wagons, sleighs, trucks, etc., the plant of the concern being well equipped, while the trade ramifies throughout a wide radius of country in this 6.50 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. section of the state. Superior workmanship and fair and honorable dealings have been the means through which the firm has attained so marked success and so high a reputation, and its members are known as progressive and public-spirited citizens. Aside from this enterprise Mr. Loudon is a member of the directorate of the People's Savings Bank, is president of the Boardman River Electric Light & Power Company, and is the owner of a number of tracts of timber land in the county and also of valuable realty in the city, including his beautiful residence, which is one of the most modern and attractive homes in the city. In politics Mr. Loudon gives his support to the Republican party in state and national affairs, but in local matters he maintains an independent attitude, lending his influence in favor of such men and measures as meet the approval of his judgment rather than being guided along strict partisan lines when no issue is involved. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, to whose specific work and collateral benevolences they give a consistent support. Fraternally Mr. Loudon is identified with the Masonic order, in which he has attained the Knights Templar degree, and also with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Knights of Pythias and the Knights of the Maccabees. Mr. and Mrs. Loudon have twice visited Scotland since coming to America, and in the summer of 1902 they there remained for a visit of three months, being accompanied by their youngest daughter. Of their children we offer the following record: Bessie is the wife of Dr. Oscar Chase, a successful physician of Traverse City, and they have one daughter, Elizabeth; Kate is the wife of Frank M. Gardiner, a traveling salesman, and they also reside in Traverse City, having one daughter, Margaret; James has charge of the office of the Boardman River Electric Light & Power Company, of which his father is president; and Jennie remains at the parental home. MEINROD OBERLIN. The life history of Meinrod Oberlin, now deceased, forms an important chapter in the annals of Leelanaw county, for lie was an enterprising merchant whose efforts were largely effectiye in promoting the commercial activity of this locality. He belonged to that class of representative American citizens who in promoting individual prosperity also advance the general welfare. His name was synonymous with integrity and his fair dealing was one of the conspicuous traits of his character. His life was an era of accomplishment and when death called him he left to his family a valuable estate and more than that-the priceless heritage of an untarnished name. Mr. Oberlin was born in Switzerland on the 13th of March, 1851, and spent the days of his youth in the land of the Alps, coming to the new world when eighteen years of age, imbued with the hoping of acquiring a fortune in this country, where opportunity is open to the ambitious and diligent. Making his way to Indiana, he was there employed as a laborer on the railroads until his removal to Leelanaw county. Here he worked at different occupations for a time and then accepted a clerkship in a store at I MR. AND MRS. MEINROD OBERLIN GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 651 Sutton's Bay. That he had the unqualified confidence of his employers, that he was capable and efficient and that he was popular with the purchasing public, are shown by the fact that for nine years he occupied that position. He afterward engaged in buying wood and brick on his own account and subsequently he again accepted a clerkship at Sutton's Bay, acting in that capacity until J887, when he came to Bingham. Here he began business on his own account as proprietor of a general store and in the enterprise met with gratifying success, securing a large and profitable patronage. He likewise continued to deal in wood and brick and in 1899 he embarked in the lumber business, these varied pursuits occupying his attention up to the time of his demise. He was a man of resourceful business ability, alert and enterprising, and into varied avenues of labor he directed his energies, each receiving his careful attention and oversight, and in all he met with success. He operated a mill at Bingham, a second at Sutton's Bay, a third at Provement and a fourth at Gem Arbor, and his business interests were always of a nature that proved of benefit to the community as well as a source of success to him, for they provided employment for many workmen and also promoted commercial activity, which is the source of all prosperity in town and cities. Mr. Oberlin was married at Sutton's Bay, Leelanaw county, Michigan, on the 2(1 of March, 1872, to Miss Caroline Ruff, who was born in Hamilton, Canada, April 4, 1858, a daughter of Martin and Mary Eva Ruff. Four children graced their union, but the first born, Minnie, died at the age of three years. The others are Emma, Joseph P. and Ida. Mr. Oberlin died on the I7th of September, 1902, and since that time Mrs. Oberlin and her son Joseph have conducted the store and managed the other property interests. While possessing maiy pleasing social traits, Mrs. Oberlin also has excellent business and executive ability and has shown marked enterprise and keen discernment in managing the store and landed interests. She has many friends and her good qualities of heart and mind are widely acknowledged. At the time of his death Mr. Oberlin left about twelve hundred acres of timber land and between three and four hundred acres of improved land; togethei with a nice home in Bingham, which is still occupied by his widow and children. Mr. Oberlin had judiciously invested his capital and realty, which is yearly increasing in value. He started out as many do in this land,--without money or influential friends to aid him,but "labor is king" in America, and he placed his dependence uot upon advantagecus circumstances but upon earnest, persistent effort. Indolence formed no part of his life,' and through energy and diligence he overcome all difficulties and advanced to the goal of his hopes-the acquirement of a competence. It was this which led him to leave his native land and sail for the new world, where he knew that business opportunity was not lacking and that success may be gained. All through his residence in Leelanaw county he so lived so to retain the confidence and high regard of his fellow men, who honored him for his devotion to principle. He was a devoted husband and father, a faithful friend and a loyal citizen, and his life record is creditable alike to the land'of his birth and the land of his adoption. 41 *^ 652 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. CARSON WARNER. For more than six years Carson Warner has filled the position of register of deeds of Leelanaw couhty, and his official service has been characterized by the utmost loyalty to-day as well as by capable service in the discharge of the work incident to the office. He regards public office as a public trust and that the public have confidence in him is indicated by the fact of his re-election. Mr. Warner makes his home in Leland and is one of the native sons of the city, his birth having here occurred on the 2d of October, I86o. His father, John Warner, was a carpenter by trade and for some years was associated with the building interests of this section of Michigan. In the year 1856 he took up his abode on North Manitou island and in 1860 he removed to Leland, the county seat of Leelanaw county, where he made his home for a period of twenty-six years. H-e was well known as a representative of industrial interests here and evidences of his handiwork are seen in many of the substantial buildings of the city. He married Miss Ann Springhorn, a native of Hanover, Germany, in which country his birth had also occurred, and in their lives they manifested many of the strong and admirable traits of character of the Teutonic race. By their marriage seven sons were born, of whom Carson Warner was the sixth. The father was called to his final rest in September, 1886, and his wife, surviving him for fifteen years, departed this life in December, 1901. During their residence in Leland they had gained a large circle of friends, by whom they have been greatly missed. Under the parental roof Carson Warner was reared and at the usual age he was sent to the public schools, where he conned his lessons, gaining the knowledge which prepared him for the transaction of business after he started out in life on his own account. He has always lived in his native cityo with the exception of a brief period of four years, which he spent in New York city. He then returned from the east to his boyhood's home, and has since lived in Leland, where he has followed various occupations, becoming well known in the business circles of the city. His capability and his patriotic spirit led to his nomination for the position of register of deeds. In 1896 he received the nomination of the Republican party for that office and at the ensuing election it was found that he was the people's choice. On the expiration of his first term of service he was re-elected and has since been continued in the office, where he has made for himself a creditable record, because of his system in handling the work, his practical methods, his regularity and his capability. Mr. Warner has also served as clerk of Leland township for several terms and his public service is not unknown to his fellow men, who ever find him prompt and faithful. His political support has always been given to measures which he believes will promote the welfare of county, state and nation, and he has done much effective work for his party in Leelanaw county. In Leland, on the 12th of December, 1899, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Wai-ner and Miss Vena Steffens, a daughter of Henry and Elizabeth Steffens, both of whom were natives of Germany and the father is now deceased. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Warner has been born one son, Leonard J., who is now the joy of the household. Both the subject and his wife have a GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 658 wide acquaintance here and the cordial friendship of many with whom they have come in contact is extended to them, while the hospitality of the best homes of Leland is freely accorded them. A native son of the county, Mr. Warner finds his staunchest friends among those who have known him from boyhood, an indication that his career has been honorable and straightforward. Genial, jovial and with deference for the opinion of others, while fearlessly defending his own views, his personal qualities are such as to render him popular among his fellow men. ELMER C. COMPTON. In no one particular is a city made more pertinently to receive judgment from the casual visitor or from that great class of commercial travelers who constitute so considerable a portion of American society today, than in the character of the leading hotels: indeed, city and hotel are so indissolublv linked together in the mind of the average representative of the traveling public that a prejudice against the latter implies almost invariably an equal distaste for the city itself. Traverse City is favored in having at the head of Hotel Whiting so able a proprietor and manager as Mr. Compton, who is a thorough hotel man and enjoys marked popularity with the traveling public, so that he caters to a large and discriminating patronage. His hotel is centrally located, and in its equipments, general appointments and accommodations is to be considered as a model place of entertainment. Mr. Compton is one of the progressive business men of the city and commands unqualified esteem in the community, so that it becomes particularly consistent that a review of his career be incorporated in this volume. Elmer C. Compton is a native of the old Keystone state, having been born in Bradford county, Pennsylvania, on the 5th of September, 1862, a son of Martin and Clara (Hickok) Compton, both of whom were born in that state, the father being of sterling German parentage, and having been engaged in agricultural pursuits in Bradford county until his death, which occurred when the subject of this review was about five years of age. The Hickok family was founded inr Pennsylvania in an early day and has been one of prominence in the various generations. The mother of the subject is still living, making her home in Manton, Michigan, and having celebraated her sixty-sixth birthday anniversary on the 2d of December, 1902. About five years after the death of her first husband she became the wife of Myron Ballard, who had been an extensive farmer in Pennsylvania, where he owned three hundred acres of land. He utilized the property which had been left to his step-children by purchasing a tract of pine land in northern Michigan, the same being two miles square, and in making this investment he was badly swindled, as the property proved of far less value than was represented in the purchase price, so that the patrimony of the children was practically sacrificed. Mr. Ballard died in 1884, having been a mental and physical wreck, and he is buried at Cedar Springs, Kent county, Michigan. The subject had one brother, Martin J., who was a resident of San Antonio, Texas. He was the founder of the Williams Mercantile Company at Manton, Wexford county, Michi GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. --- gan, disposing of his interests in the same in October, 1902, and died May 19, 1903. Robert Ballard, a step-brother, is engaged in business in that town, and Miss Hattie Ballard, half sister of the subject, remains with her mother. Mr. Compton received his early educational training in the public schols at Troy, Bradford county, Pennsylvania, and when he was ten years of age he removed with his mother and step-father to Cedar Springs, Kent county, Michigan, where he continued to attend school until he had attained the age of thirteen years, when he secured work in a sawmill at Greenville, Montcalm county, and was thereafter identified with this branch of the lumbering business about fifteen years, in various sections of the state. He was married in 1883, and thereafter continued to be identified with sawmilling about five years, at the expiration of which he purchased a farm, in Wexford county, where he followed agricultural pursuits and stockgrowing for two years. He then traded his farm for a hotel, the Commercial House. in Manton, and has ever since been successfully engaged in the hotel business-a period of twelve years. He remained at Manton until 1895, when he assumed control of the Hotel King, at Reed City, where he conducted business until 1896, when he became proprietor of his present hotel, in Traverse City, where hli has built up a flourishing and representative business. Mr. Compton is a staunch Republican in his political proclivities, but has never been an aspirant for public office. Fraternally he is identified with the Knights of Pythias and the Independent Order of Foresters, while Mrs. Compton is past chief of the lodge of Rathbone Sisters, an adjunct of the Knights of Pythias. In addition to his hotel enterprise Mr. Compton is extensively engaged in the raising of high-grade sheep, owning a flock of fully three thousand in Wexford county, and having more than all other sheep growers in that county combined. He has many important contracts in this line of enterprise and is known as one of the enthusiastic and most successful sheep growers of this section of the state. At Fife Lake, this county, on thle 3d of July, 1883, Mr. Compton was united in marriage to Miss Dell Phillips, who was born in Palo, Ionia county, Michigan, on the 7th of September, 1867, being a daughter of George and Margaret (Ferguson) Phillips. She was educated in the public schools of her native county and has passed her entire life in Michigan. Mrs. Compton is an able coadiutor to her husband in his hotel business and commands the high regard of all who know her. Mr. and Mrs. Colnpton have had three children, namely: Clara Belle, who was born February 28, 1884, and died at the age of seven months; Maude, who was born January 28, I886; and Reva Mabel, who was born August 30, 1894, and lied July 31, 1902. WILIUAM D. C. AND CHARLES B. GERMAINE. The settlement of Grand Traverse county by white people did not really begin until 1 850 and for many years thereafter the number of inhabitants of the county continued to be quite small. Traverse City was only a village until a little more than ten years ago, and yet many of the most thrifty and enterprising business men of the city are natives of the city or of the locality where the t GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 655 city now stands. Among these are the two enterprising individuals whose names appear at the head of this article. Both were born in what is now Traverse City and were reared and educated here. Here they have established themselves in business, have prospered and here they may yet end their days, as did their father some years ago, honored and respected by every individual in the entire community. The firm of Germaine Brothers, propri-- etors of one of the most extensive livery and feed stables in all of the Grand Traverse region, is composed of William D. C. and Charles B. Germaine. Their barn and stables are located on State street, opposite the Park Place Hotel. William, the senior member of the firm, was born October 17, 1867, in Traverse City, and his brother Charles, the other member of the firm, was born in the same city April 2, 1873. Their father was Cuyler Germaine, a native of New York, born in Dutchess county, December 22. 1833. He died at his home in Traverse City December 27, 1886. The first issue of the Traverse City Herald published after his death, in a long article reviewing his life work, had this to say of him: "Early in 1851 he came out to Chicago, and shortly afterward came to Traverse City, or the spot where Traverse City now stands, in the employ of Mr. Boardman. In the fall of 85 1, when Hannah, Lay & Company bought the Boardman interests here, Mr. Germaine entered the employ of the new firm and remained with them continuously until they sold their lumbering interests last year, 1885. M\Ir. Germaine was the oldest employe in their service, no other man having remained with them through their entire business career here. This fact in itself is sufficient proof of the high esteem in which he was held by Mr. Hannah and the other members of the firm. Mr. Germaine for much of this long period, held the very responsible position of general outside superintendent of the extensive business of this great' house. In the early days of Grand Traverse history no man in the entire region was more widely known than he was, and the name 'Cuy,' as he was familiarly called, was a household word throughout all northern Michigan. Early and late he was at his post in and around the mills, on the docks, among the lumber piles, in the shops, on the river, at the boarding house, about the gardens, at the stables, the hay sheds, everywhere where work was to be done, there he was and his gruff but kindly salute, and his quick, decided, energetic manner came to be a part and parcel of the great business which his watchful eye ever guarded zealously and faithfully." In July, 1860, Cuyler Germaine was united in marriage in Traverse City to Miss Anna M. Kratochvil, a native of St. Andrews, Austria, born January 25, 1843. Until she arrived at the age of thirteen years she was reared in her native land and there, in 1856, accompanied her parents to America. They remained in New York a few* weeks, went thence to Chicago, where they sojourned for about three months, and then took a boat for Traverse City, where they arrived in due time and where they established their permanent residence. Here the acquaintance was made which resulted in the marriage, less than four years later. Cuyler and Anna M. Germaine were the parents of seven children, all of whom grew to maturity and are now living useful and prosperous lives. They are, Belle, wife of Samuel Garland, who is assistant cashier of the 656 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Traverse City State Bank, and a review of whose career will be found in another part of this volume; Rosanna, wife of Leslie Hall, who is an expert accountant and was for a number of years railroad agent in Traverse City for the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad: Mary A., wife of Ellis Ramsdale, who is in the coal and wood business and resides at Manistee; Will D. C., one of the subjects of this review; Frank B., who assists in the management of the livery business of his brothers; Charles, junior member of the firm of Germaine Brothers; Katherine, wife of Ed Newton, who is in the employ of the Musselman Grocery Company and resides in Traverse City. The mother of this interesting family still lives, enjoying excellent health. She resides at 333 West Sixth street, in a superb home, richly furnished and surrounded by all that one could desire to contribute to her happiness. The entire life of William D. C. Germaine has been spent in Traverse City. He attended the public schools, finished the course in the high school and then took the regular course at Swensburg's Commercial College at Grand Rapids, Michigan. On his return from school he secured employment as bookkeeper in the lumber office of the HIannah & Lay Company. After the sale of that department he went into the bank as a clerk and remained there two years. This position he resigned to embark in the newspaper business. He purchased an interest in the Traverse City Transcript, a weekly newspaper, and was given editorial charge. He found the paper much of a weakling. It had been run in a manner to win neither the confidence nor respect of the public or its patrons. Its subscription list was small and its advertising patronage trivial. Its editor ial policy was shifty and swayed by every popular breeze. Matters of important local interest were so bunglingly prepared and presented in its columns as to incur the disgust rather than the satisfaction of its readers. In short, it was a discredit to the city of its publication and to its management. Financially it was hourly "going to the wall" when Mr. Germaine took it in hand. Very few issues, under his management, sufficed to convince the public that new and better blood had been transferred into its veins; that there was a firmer and abler hand at the helm to direct the course of the craft than had ever been there before. In three years he succeeded in building up a publication of which the city and county was justly proud and, without the expenditure of very much money on his part, had made it one of the most profitable publications the city had known up to that time. The splendid success he had made of the paper led some people to believe that the publication of a newspaper was only second to operating a rich gold mine. Purchasers were falling over each other in their endeavors to get it and he sold it at what is now looked upon as a fancy price, with the result within a few months it was in the condition of financial and literary stagnation it had been in when he took charge of it and a short time thereafter it ceased to be. After dismounting from the "tripod," which is antique English for the editorial chair, he embarked in his present vocation of liveryman, with his brother, and in this calling he has shown similar abilities as a business man and as a money maker. They have one of the finest and best livery stables in northern Michigan and in connection with it a railroad transfer line which handles the United States mails. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANA, V COUNTIES. 667;b At Lake Side, Ohio, July 27, 1895, William D. C. Germaine was united in marriage to Miss Ola Hull, a native of Ohio, born November 2, 1869. She was reared and eduticated at Wasseon, Ohio, and her musical education, which is most proficient, was receivedl at the Boston Conservatory of MIusic, Boston, Massachusetts. She has a few if any equals in this particular line in the state. Her parents were Henry S. and Katherine Hull. both natives of Ohio. They moved to Michigan in 1883 and after residing in other localities about ten years, in I893, located in Traverse City. Henry S. Hull, father of Mrs. Germaine, is president of the Traverse City Oval Wood Dish Company, and he is also lpresident of the People's Savings Bank, a very substantial financial concern recently organized from among the most enterprising capitalists of the city. The political views of Mr. Germaine favor the Republican party, but he is not a partisan and never suffers political bias to interfere in any particular with business affairs. Hence he never sought or held a political office and he probably never will, for he realizes that the possibilities of life in the business world for hinm are far better than anything he could secure in the way of political preferment. His religion is Catholic, having been born and reared in that faith, but Mrs. Germaine is a devout member of the Methodist Episcopal churTch. He is a stockholder in the new People's Savings Bank. The only fraternal societies to which he belongs are the Maccabees, Knights of Pythias and Eagles. Active and alert, shrewd and keen in every business transaction, he is yet withal honorable and truthful. Charles Germaine, the junior member of the firm of Germaine Brothers, also spent his entire life in Traverse City. He was educated in the city schools and attended the high school, but abandoned his books at the age of twenty to take a position in the boot and shoe department of the mercantile establishment of Fredrich Brothers: He remained with them two years, then entered into partnership with his brother in the livery business which they are now very successfully managing. THOMAS MATCHETT. Thomas Matchett, one of the substantial, progressive farmers of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and supervisor of Mayfield township, was born in the county of Down. Ireland, October 31, 1838. He was one of seven children born to David and Jane (Acheson) Matchett, who moved with their family to-Canada, where the mother died in Bruce county. The father afterwards came to Michigan, and died in Charlevoix county. The parents of Thomas Matchett came to America when he was a lad of twelve years, and, until he had attained adult years, he made his home in Canada, where he followed agricultural pursuits. In the fall of I865 he left that country and the following spring settled in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, where he entered a homestead in Mayfield township. He cleared off and improved his land, erecting good buildings and keeping every part of the place in tip top condition. He now has a farm of two hundred and forty acres and is one of the most prosperous men of the county. Thomas Matchett was married Decem 658 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ber I, 1874, to Miss Leanna McRill, who was born in Hancock county, Ohio, August 19, 1843, and is a daughter of Seely W. and Sarah (Barker) McRill. They were among the pioneers of Wexford county, this state, and their last days were spent there. To Mr. and Mrs. Matchett have been born four children, Margaret, who died in infancy, Frank D., May E. and Ira R. Both Mr. Matchett and his wife are members of the Grange at Summitt City, of which he has been master. He is a man whose public spirit and enterprise has been of undoubted benefit to this community, his indomitable energy and ardor in whatever he undertakes being a sure safeguard against failure. He has served as supervisor of Mayfield township for many years, and the interests of the people were never more carefully guarded or their rights more cheerfully granted than under his supervision. He has also acted as justice of the peace, township treasurer, township clerk, highway commissioner and school officer, and in each and every position his conduct has been such as to increase the respect and confidence already given him. In private life he is a most amiable and accomplished gentleman whose engaging manners and strong friendships make him a host at once entertaining and hospitable, while his upright conduct as a citizen and a man and the probity of his official acts command for him the full confidence, respect and esteem of the people. RALPH CASE. Ralph Case, senior member of the firm of Case & Crotser, well-known lumber dealers and leading business men of Kingsley, is especially worthy a place among the representative men of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, as he has climbed unaided to a conspicuous place among the successful and honored men of the county. He was ushered into existence April 15, 1856, in Calhoun county, Michigan, and the first years of his life found him playing around his father's forge. His parents were Nelson and Eveline (Gwinn) Case, the former a native of New York and the latter of Ohio. The father was a blacksmith by trade and carried on his shop in Ohio and later in Michigan, his last place of residence being Kalamazoo county, where he died at the age of seventy-eight years. The mother survived him, living to the advanced age of eighty-two before she laid down the burdens of life. Ralph Case was the youngest of four children and was but two years old when his parents moved to Kalamazoo county, where he was educated in the common schools and grew to be a sturdy, industrious youth. At the age of fifteen he began to do for himself, taking up whatever honorable employment that came to his hand. At the age of seventeen he began working in a saw and planing-mill and has been in the lumber business practically ever since. He has really grown up with the business and understands every detail of it, being one of the most thorough and practical business men of the county. In 1881 he went into partnership with Joseph O. Crotser, and the company has proved to be a strong one and one that has done much to bring outside trade to the village. Besides the Kingsley mills, the firm of Case & Crotser have a mill at Bingham, Leelanaw county, and one on Walloon Lake, Charlevoix county. He is a progressive man and uses progressive ideas in his business. RALPH CASE. MRS. RALPH CASE. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 659 Mr. Case was married, September 12, 1878, to Miss Emma Snyder, a native of Pennsylvania and a daughter of George and Elizabeth (Hoover) Snyder. Her sister Ella was married on the same day to Joseph 0. Crotser, the business partner of Mr. Case. Four children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Case, viz: Earl J., whose biography appears on another page of this work; Alta, who died at the age of eight months; Roy and Carl. Mr. Case is one of the most popular men in Kingsley and devotes a great deal of time to the various public interests. He has served as president of the village board, as a member of the council and as one of the school board and in each capacity has given entire satisfaction. His residence is a model of elegance and convenience and it is at his own fireside that the happiest side of his nature is seen. lie is a member of Traverse City Lodge No. 222, Free and Accepted Masons; Chapter No. 102, Commandery No. 41, and to Saladin Temple, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, at Grand Rapids. He also belongs to Otto Lodge No. 324, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is a member of the grand lodge and grand encampment. HON. CHARLES W. WILLIAMS. An enumeration of those men of the preseint generation who have won honor and public recognition for themselves and at the same time have honored the state to which they belong would be incomplete were there failure to make prominent reference to the one whose name initiates this review. He is a man of great breadth of wisdom, in domitable perseverance and strong individuality and yet in his entire life there has not been one esoteric phase, his history being as an open scroll inviting the closest scrutiny. There is, however, in him a weight of character, a native sagacity, farseeing judgment and -a fidelity of purpose which commands the respect of all and he has left his impress for good upon the political, business and moral development of the county in which he makes his home. Mr. Williams resides in section 20, Kasson township, where he has a farm, but to some extent he has retired from the more active duties of agricultural life. He was born in Mount Morris, Livingston county, New York, on the 21st of April, 1834. His father, Marvin Williams, also a pative of the Empire state, was a stone-mason and farmer, following the dual profession for many years. He wedded Miss Eliza Petit, who was also a native of the Empire state, and they removed from Mount Morris, New York, to Genesee county, Michigan, in 1836, when this state was still in the territorial period of its existence. There the parents of the subject lived until called to the home beyond, the father dying when he had reached the venerable age of eighty years. The mother, however, had passed away some years before, her death occurring when she was fifty-nine years of age. This worthy couple were the parents of six children, of whom Charles W. is the eldest and the only son. He was reared amid the refining influences of a good home and was only about two and a half years of age when his parents took up their abode in Genesee county, Michigan, amid pioneer environments. They had to endure many of the hardships and trials of pioneer life and in early life the sub 660 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ject became inured to the arduous task of developing a new farm. He acquired his education in the rural dittrict and Union school of the village of Flint and when not engaged with the duties of the schoolroom he assisted his father in the cultivation and improvement of the old home place. As he neared manhood, however, he devoted the winter months to teaching school, while in the summer seasons his attentions were given to agricultural pursuits. In 1857, when he was twenty-three years of age, he went to Minnesota, which was then a territory, spending a year and a half in that locality. his time and energies being devoted to educational work. On the expiration of that period he returned to Genesee county, Michigan, having decided that the opportunities of this state were as great as those afforded by districts farther west. Ile then followed farming in Genesee county and again devoted the winter months to the task of instructing the young in the public schools. He was thus engaged until the spring of 1864. In the fall of 1863 Charles W. W\Villiams made a visit to Leelanaw county and located a claim of one hundred and sixty acres on section 20, Kasson township. When spring again came he took up his abode upon this farm and it has been his home continuously since. He had been married in Genesee county, Michigan, on the 22d of February, 1859, to Miss Betsey E. Rice, who was born in St. Lawrence county, New York, on the 14th of December, 1834, and is a daughter of Leonard and Elsie (Barber) Rice, both of whom were natives of the Empire state. Her mother died in New York, after which her father came to Leelanaw county to spend his last days and died in Kasson township at the ripe old age of seventy-nine years. Mrs. Williams is the eldest of their four children and is a most estimable lady, her culture and refinement and her many excellent traits of character winning for her the esteem and warm friendship of all with whom she has been associated. Unto the Judge and his wife have been born two children, but Emma A. died in Kasson township when twentythree years of age. Their surviving daughter is Clara J. The family home is upon the farm where Mr. and Mrs. Williams have resided since coming to Leelanaw county. At one time the Judge owned four hundred acres of land, having added to his original tract as his financial resources increased. He has since disposed of much of this, however, not caring to be burdened with the responsibility of its supervision, and he now owns forty acres, upon which he has made excellent improvement and has a good home. Judge Williams has been elected to a number of positions of public trust, holding township, county and state offices, has served as township clerk, as township supervisor and as justice of the peace and also held a number of official positions in connection with the school. For five years he was county treasurer of Leelanaw county and was a most careful custodian of the public exchequer. He filled the office of probate judge in a most acceptable manner for twelve years, from 1876 until 1888, and in the fall of the latter year he was elected to represent his district in the state legislature, where he served for one term, leaving the impress of his individuality upon the legislation enacted during that period. To each question which came up for consideration he gave his careful thought and supported with utnfaltering purpose every measure in which .J RALPH CASE RESIDENCE. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 661 '--- he believed. Both the Judge and his wife are active Christian people, holding membership in the Methodist Episcopal church. They have been identified with this churih for more than a half century and in 1871 Judge Williams was ordained as a deacon of the denomination. Judge Williams is one of the oldest and best known citizens of Leelanaw county. He is a man of admirable characteristics and his political and business affairs have been conducted on a high mental and moral plane. His methods are keen and conservative and his purse is ever at the disposal of welldirected and feasible plans for general improvement. Honored and respected in every class of society, he has for some time been a leader in thought and action in the public life of the state and his name is inscribed high on the roll of fame, his honorable career adding lustre to the history of this portion of Michigan. DR. JOHN RUEGSEGGER. Dr. John Ruegsegger, who resides on section 27, Kasson township, where he is engaged in general farming, and who also engaged in the practice of medicine, according to the teachings of the homeopathic school, was born in Mount Eaton, Wayne county, Ohio, on the i8th of May, 1849, and is of Swiss lineage. His parents were Fredcrick and Elizabeth (Suter) Ruegsegger, both of whom were natives of Switzerland, but in childhood they left the land of the Alps and with their respective parents came to America. For many years they were residents of Ohio and their last days were spent in Dundee, Tuscarawas county. In their family were twelve children. Dr. Ruegsegger is the eldest and he was reared in Ohio, spending his youth chiefly in Tuscarawas county, to which place his parents removed during his early boyhood. He remained at home until he had attained his majority, when he married and soon afterward removed to Wyandot county, Ohio. There he secured a tract of land and engaged in farming for two and a half years. On the expiration of that period he decided to establish his home in Michigan and removed to Isabella county, where he resided for three years or until March, 1878, when he came to Leelanaw county and purchased eighty acres of land in Kasson township. It has since been his place of abode, although the tract which came into his possession bore little resemblance to his fine farm of today with its excellent improvements. He has about fifty acres under the plow and he has erected commodious and substantial buildings. He has made a close study of the needs of the different cereals, practices the rotation of crops and ttilizes many modern methods of farming, which have made his work of value, returning to him a good income. In connection with agricultural pursuits he also practices medicine, being a follower of the homeopathic school, and his services in this direction are practical and valuable. In Wyandot county, Ohio, Mr. Ruegsegger was united in marriage to Miss Henrietta Kuenzli, the wedding taking place on the 8th of January, 1873, so that they have now traveled life's journey together for thirty years. The lady was born in Wyandot county an d is a daughter of Samuel Kuerizli, a nat;ve of Switzerland. Unto Mr. and Mrs. 662 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. I Reugsegger have been born eight children: Celia, who is the wife of Frank Newman Ervin A.; Clara, who is the wife of Fred Lewis; Harvey, Wesley, Grover, Perley and Worthy, all of whom are still with their parents. For fourteen years Mr. Ruegsegger has held the office of justice of the peace and his decisions have ever been strictly fair and impartial, based upon the equity and the evidence of the case. He has also beenschool director and highway commissioner, and is interested in whatever tends to benefit the community along material, social, intellectual and moral lines. He is a member of the Friends church and the members of the household are widely and favorably known in this locality. Mr. Ruegsegger is a man of sterling wvorth, whose life history will not only bear the closest investigation and the keenest scrutiny but serves to bring to light characteristics which are worthy of the highest commendation. He is an intelligent, enterprising man, thoroughly reliable in business, and his name is a synonym for honor in all life's relations. EPHRAIM Y. LINDERMAN. Ambition is the keynote of success and when guided by practical judgment and honorable purpose it forms the basis of all advancement in business life. Possessed of a laudable ambition to make for his family a good home and to gain a fair measure of the prosperity of life, Mr. Linderman has so labored that.he is today the possessor of a good farm on section 13, Long Lake township, Grand Traverse county. Many miles lie between his present place of residence and his birthplace. He first opened his eyes to the light of day upon a farm in Steuben county, New York, his natal day being December 8, 1832. His father was James H. Linderman, also a native of the Empire state and a representative of a family of German lineage. After arriving at years of maturity he wedded Lucretia Young and when their son Ephraim Y. was but four years of age they left New York for Ohio, settling in Summit county, where the subject was reared to manhood. He then accompanied his parents to Macomb county, Michigan, where his mother died. After a few years spent in Macomb county, Ephraim Y. Linderman returned to Summit county, Ohio, where hie was married and took up his abode. His father also returned to that county and there spent his remaining days, passing away when about seventy-two years of age. His wife was about fifty-seven years of age when called to her final rest. Of their family of ten children Mr. Linderman of this review was the third. Farm work in its various departments early became familiar to the subject through practical experience and during the greater part of his life he has carried on farm work, save for a few years during which he has engaged in the lumber business in Grand Traverse county. Mr. Linderman was first married in Summit county, Ohio, in April, 186i, the lady of his choice being Miss Laura Sheldon, a native of Summit county, where her death occurred. On June 7, 1878, he was again married, his second union being with Mrs. Amelia Dobson Thorpe, the widow of Grenville Thorpe and a daughter of John and Ann Rose Dobson, both of whom were na E. Y. LINDERMAN. MRS. E. Y. LINDERMAN. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 6C8 tives of England. Mrs. Linderman was the second of the four children born unto her parents and her birth occurred in Jackson township, Stark county, Ohio, on the 14th of February, 1845. On leaving Summit county, Ohio, Mr. Linderman took up his abode in Kent county, Michigan, but after about a year spent in the state he returned to Summit county, there living until his removal to Grand Traverse county in January, 1880. He purchased eighty acres of land on section 13 and throughout the intervening years he has devoted his time and attention to the cultivation and improvement of his farm. As his financial resources have increased he has also added to his landed possessions, which inow aggregate three hundred and eighty acres, most of which lies in Long Lake township. Of this about two hundred acres are under cultivation and upon the home farm he has excellent buildings, his property being splendidly developed. His business methods are reliable and in all his work lie has ever been practical, his labors being directed by sound common sense-the lack of which quality is often the source of failure which falls to the lot of many business men. In public affairs Mr. Linderman is active and influential and has aided in no small degree in shaping the policy of his township. He las served as supervisor of Long Lake township and also as its treasurer. His identification with the Republican party dates from its organization and he has never wavered in his allegiance thereto. Mr. Linderman has now passed the psalmist's span of three score years and ten and yet he is still an atctive business man. Such a career should iput to shame many a man of less energy,8nd resolute spirit who, grown weary of the burdens and struggles which have to be borne in business life, would relegate to others the work which he should perform. In spirit and interests Mr. Linderman seems yet in his prime and, in fact, his interest in the public welfare is unabating. He commands uniform confidence and respect and Grand Traverse county numbers him among its valued and representative citizens. HENRY A. BRODHAGEN. The ease with which thrifty Germans, who come to America, achieve financial success here is a matter of astonishment to the average American. It need not, however, be wondered at. The German is more industrious and less extravagant than the average American. He realizes the value of money and hoards his earnings. He knows its power and its ability to earn other money for him in the way of interest. The average American is much more of a success at spending money than he is at getting or saving it. When a bargain is offered it is the man with money who is permitted to take advantage of the offer and the thrifty German is generally the man with the money. The subject of this sketch, Henry A. Brodhagen, proprietor of a well-equipped livery stable on State street, Traverse, City, is a German by birth. He came to America less than a generation ago with little capital except the brain and muscle with which nature had endowed him. and yet he is possessed of more property and is better situated financially than most men who received a far better start in the business world. Henry A.. Brodhagen was born in Germany, April 25, 1844. His father is Aug 664 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ust Brodhagen, a brick manufactcurer who has spent his entire life in his native land. The subject's mother was born and reared only a short distance fromi the city of Berlin. There she met August Broadhagen and there they were married. They were the parents of six sons and one daughter, but Henry A. was the only member of the family to come to America. All were living and in good health when the son and brother in Traverse City last heard from them. In his native land Henry A. Brodhagen was reared and educated. His early life was devoted to acquiring a knowledge of his father's business, that of brick making, and when possessed of sufficient knowledge and capital he entered into business for himself and was gratifyingly successful. At Pearz, Germany, Henry A. Brodhagen was united in marriage to Miss Bertha Blank, a native of Pearz, born April 15, 1841. Her parents were Frederick and Louise (Judske) Blank, both natives of Germany, where all of their lives were passed. Both are now dead. They were the parents of eight children, none of whom, except Mrs. Brodhagen, ever left their native land. In 1871 Henry A. Brodhagen determined to immigrate to America. Accordingly he disposed of his business, settled his affairs and within a few weeks he and his family, consisting of his wife and three children, were comfortably domiciled in the city of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. He secured employment at his old business, that of brick making. He is an expert moulder, steady and industrious, and commanded good wages during his stay in Pittsburg. In 1877 he decided to try his fortune in the upper lake region and accordingly took his family and located in Grand Traverse county, where from the savings of his six years' labor in Pittsburg he purchased a farm four miles from Traverse City. It was in the woods, but he applied himself assiduously to clearing and improving it, with the result that at the present time it is what might be considered a veritable garden. Mrs. Brodhagen, strong, industrious and helpful, proved herself a valuable assistant and did her full share toward improving the fortunes of the family. In 1879 the livery stable of B. J. Morgan, on the south side of State street, between Union and Cass streets, was purchased by Mr. Brodhagen, the family was moved to the city and he has conducted this business very successfully since. To Mr. and Mrs. Henry A. Brodhagen seven children have been born, viz: Amelia is the wife of Frank Norton, a farmer of Blair township, this county, and they are the parents of four children, Urina, Eva, Gilbert and Howard; Henry, a farmer of Garfield township, this county, is the owner of a wellstocked and well-improved farm adjacent to that of his father and in connection with his own he cultivates and manages the parental acres; Albert, who owned the granite works of Traverse City, but owing to ill health was obliged to dispose of it, married Emma Fowle, and they are the parents of one son four months old; Bertha is the wife of Finley Hammond, a farmer of Garfield township, and they are the parents of three children, Floyde, Mildred and Henry N.; Augusta is a skilled modiste and resides with her parents; Lucile, a milliner, is employed in the Bon Marche, G. E. & C. B. Moore, proprietors, Detroit; Julius was educated in the city schools, took a course in the Traverse City Business College and is now bookkeeper and assistant postmaster at Northport. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 665 In politics Henry A. Brodhagen is a Republican. While he has no aspirations or desire to become a politician, he is, nevertheless, active and zealous in the interest of his party. When he lived in the country he was, for fourteen years, school treasurer, served a number of terms as road supervisor and built more and better roads into Traverse City than had been built in years previous. The mercantile interests of the city owe him much gratitude for what he did in this line. In religion he and his family are members of the German Lutheran church of Traverse City. When the church was in course of construction he was one of the most liberal contributors toward the payment of the expense of its erection. He belongs to three fraternal societies, the Woodmen, the Maccabees and the Foresters. Besides his fine farm and his livery business in the city, he is the owner of a pleasant, comfortable residence and five other pieces of property which each month b~'ring in an interesting rental. His record in Grand Traverse county proves him to be a very thorough business man and capable financier. WILLIAM tOL-DSWORTH. Many believe that a protracted residence in the lake regions of northern Michigan is conducive of longevity. It is claimed that that region can show more really old people to the square mile than any other section of the country. Be that as it may, it is very certain that there are numerous people residing in that locality whose span of life has extended considerably past the four-score mark. The subject of this review, William HIoldsworth, is one of them. He was born in the city of London, England, June I5, 1816, and hence is now in the eighty-eighth year of his age. The parents of William Holdsworth were William and Susanna (Izzard) Holdsworth, both natives of England. He was by trade a carpenter, but spent the years of his early manhood upon the ocean a member of the British navy. One of the ships of the British admiral, Lord Nelson, at the battle of Copenhagen, in 18oi, was the "Russell," a powerful man-of-war of eighty-four guns, and William Holdsworth, father of the subject, served on that ship during that battle. That remarkable sea fight did more to establish the reputation of Lord Nelson as a naval commander than all of his other achievements. To William and Susanna Holdsworth three children were born, viz: Susan, born in 18o8, became the wife of W\Villiam Hopkins, emigrated to the United States in the early 'fifties, located near where Traverse City now stands, resided there until 1883, when she died and he returned to England, where he expired several years ago; John, was born in 1812, lived to attain the age of fifteen years and died in 1827. The father of the family died in January, 1847, the mother having died several years before. In the city of London the early years of the life of William Holdsworth were passed. He was educated at a private boarding school and the abilities which were his when he was in the prime of manhood indicate that his instruction was most complete. He later attended an academy, where he pursued the ordinary studies until the age of fourteen years, when he was obliged to abate his thirst for knowledge and go to work. At his pleasant home in Traverse City he has 666 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. samples of work done by him when he was a student that are simply wonderful. They disclose the fact that in the use of the pen he was especially gifted. His first employment was for the London Dock Company, as check clerk in the sugar departmient of the London dock. After pursuing this labor for some time, the better to fit himself for the battle of life, his relatives apprenticed him to a carpenter and builder. In those days cabinetmaking was recognized as a branch of carpentering and to be a skilled workman it was necessary that all of the branches of the business should be acquired by the apprentice. Workmen of the present, in that line, have neither the skill not the knowledge of the calling possessed by their predecessors of sixty or seventy years ago. Having completed his apprenticeship, he returned to a position on the London dock, this time in the engineering department. March 8, 1835, when not yet nineteen years of age, William Holdsworth was united in marriage to Miss Mary Sanders, at Holloway church, near London. He was still an apprentice and she little more than a school girl. It was a real love match, but whether the immediate relatives of the contracting parties were as much in love with the arrangement as the lovers, is not disclosed. Certain it is that none of them were present to witness the ceremony. The bride was a native of Cornwall, England, the daughter of Richard and Elizabeth Saunders. For several years after marriage the subject was employed as a bookkeeper and having accumulated some money engaged for himself in the business of contracting, continuing in that line until August 25, 1858, when he sold out his business and immigrated to America. The voyage was made in a sailing vessel, and they were seven weeks on the water, it being the 5th of October before they arrived in Quebec. They came direct to Traverse City, where the subject's sister Susan and her husband, William Hopkins, had preceded them some years. On the peninsula, a few miles north of the city, William Holdsworth purchased some land, prepared a home and after seeing his family comfortably domiciled therein came to Traverse City and secured employment with Hannah, Lay & Company, scaling logs and doing carpenter work in the lumber camp. In 1863 the family moved to town and here they have resided since, but the old farm, originally purchased in 1858, is still one of the family possessions. For twenty-five years immediately preceding his retirement from active labor William Holdsworth was employed in the store and in the bank as bookkeeper for the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company. At her home in Traverse City, in March, 1864, Mrs. Mary (Saunders) Holdsworth departed this life. To her and her husband ten children had been born, only three of whom are living at this time. Clementia resides at home, dutifully caring for her father now in his declining years; Fanny is the wife of J. J. Sherman and they reside in Traverse City; William is professor of art in the Michigani State Agricultural College at Lansing. He is a graduate of that institution and also a graduate from Cornell Uni-- versity, taking also the degree of Master of Arts from the Michigan Agricultural College. January 27, 1866, William Holdsworth was united in marriage to Mrs. Elizabeth Hastings, mother of Hon. E. W. Hastings, a sketch of whose career will be found in GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 6607 another part of this volume. The ceremony took place in Traverse City. For twentyfour years and up to the time of her death, which occurred in i89o, they lived most happily together. In politics William Holdsworth is usually classed with the Democratic party. He is not and never has been a bitter partisan. On becoming a citizen of the United States he first espoused the cause of the Republican party and voted with that political organization until 1872. He voted twice for Abraham Lincoln and once for Ulysses S. Grant, but when it came to the Greeley campaign he found it impossible to go back on that redoubtable citizen and ever since has been looked upon as a Democrat. He, however, has always acted in politics from a strictly independent standpoint. He served as highway commissioner on the Newago and Northport state road, was city marshal of Traverse City, served as school inspector -for years, and in 1862, when only four years in the country, was a delegate to the Republican state and congressional conventions. He was reared in the Protestant Episcopal church, but makes no professions of religion. In his younger days he was a Forester, it being the only fraternal society he ever joined. The intellectual strength displayed by him at his time of life is truly remarkable. He is at present engaged in writing an autobiography for the use and information of his descendants, and it displays much literary talent. JOHN PORTER. For many years John Porter has filled the position of county surveyor of Leelanaw county, being well qualified for the position, 42 and in the discharge of its duties he is found prompt and reliable. His continuation,in the position is an indication of the confidence reposed in him by the public and it is safe to say that no man in the community enjoys in higher degree the good will of those with whom he is associated or more justly merits this expression of regard. His home is in Leland township, where through a long period he has followed farming. Mr. Porter was born on a farm in Butler county, Pennsylvania, December 29, 1826, and is a son of William and Mary (Glenn) Porter, who are also natives of the Keystone state. In their family were seven children, of whom the subject of this review was the first born. He.was reared in Butler county and there lived until 1854, covering the entire period of his boyhood and youth. His education was obtained in the public s'chools and there was no remarkable incident to vary the routine of his life during his boyhood days. After reaching years of maturity he worked earnestly and persistently in order to gain a start in the business world. In October, 1854, he came to Leelanaw county, Michigan, accompanied by his wife and one child, and at that date he settled in Omena, and for some time was connected with the Presbyterian board of foreign missions.. He had been engaged to act as a teacher among the Indians and followed that pursuit for six and a half years, putting forth every effort in his power to bring to the red race the advantages and improvements of civilization. In i86i he settled in Leland township upon the farm where he now lives, and it has been his home for fortythree consecutive years. He has made good improvements upon the property and the farm shows all modern equipments, such as 668 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. the latest improved machinery, good fences, commnodious and substantial buildings and all the facilities for the care of the crops. He owns one hundred and ninety-one acres and of this he has improved one hundred and twenty acres, much of which is divided into fields of convenient size by well-kept fences. Mr. Porter was married first in Butler county, Pennsylvania, the lady of his choice being Miss Annie McElvain, a native of that county, who died in Leland township in 1889, when fifty years of age. Their marriage had been blessed with seven children, namely: William; Harriet, who is the wife of Frank Severance; Carrie; Agnes; Frank; and two who d(tied in youth. After the death of his first wife Mr. Porter was again married, in Oberlin, Ohio, his second union being with Miss Harriet McClellan, with whom he is now living upon his farm in Leland township. Mr. Porter votes with the Republican party and measures of deep interest in the political questions of the day receive his endorsement, realizing that upon their acceptance or rejection depends the welfare of the nation. He has been county surveyor of Leelanaw county for many years, and other official positions of honor and trust have been conferred upon him. For one term he served as county treasurer and he has acted in minor positions, including those of township supervisor and justice of the peace. Over the record of his public career and his private life there falls no shadow of wrong or suspicion of evil. He has through an extended period been an active member of the Methodist Episcopal church and his life has been in consistent harmony with his professions in this regard. In his private and public relations his influence is given for progress and for the elevation and welfare of mankind. His life has largely been actuated by unselfish motives, prompted by patriotism and guided by truth and justice. CHARLES H. MONROE. From an early epoch in the development and upbuilding of Grand Traverse county Charles H. Monroe has resided within its border and has taken an active and helpful part in advancing its interests along many lines. He was one of the organizers of Blair township and one of its first officers, and almost continuously he has been in one.or another position of public trust and responsibility. He has likewise contributed to the social, fraternal and material improvement of the community and his influence has been marked in molding public thought and opinion. A man of worth, Grand Traverse county willingly acknowledges her indebtedness to him for his efforts in her behalf and accords him a foremost position in the ranks of leading citizens here. Charles H. Monroe is a native of the Empire state, his birth having occurred in Steuben county April 5, 1844. In his father's family were many children-eleven in number-and he was the youngest. The parents were Henry and Mercy (Wilson) Monroe, the former a native of Massachusetts and the latter of New York. For many years the father resided in Steuben county, and there died when about forty-eight years of age, while the mother died at the home of her son Charles in Blair township, Grand Traverse county, at the age of seventy-five years. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 669 Having spent the first fourteen years of his life in the county of his nativity, Charles H. Monroe began his education there, and the knowledge which he gained in the schoolroom has been largely supplemented by reading, observation and experience since he put aside his text books. About 1859 he became a resident of Michigan, and for a time lived in Calhoun county. He also spent six months in Grand Rapids and then came to Grand Traverse county, in June, 1859. Almost forty-five years have since come and gone. He has lived continuously here and is today one of the honored pioneers, his residence antedated by few, while his knowledge of pioneer events shows an intimate acquaintance with all that goes to make up the pioneer history of the community. For nearly two years he was employed in the Herald office by the late Morgan Bates, and learned the printer's trade, after which he entered a claim from the government. The land was in the condition in which it came from the hand of nature-a tract of one hundred and sixty acres on section 30, Blair township. Mr. Monroe had to clear it for the plow, and in due course of time the work of cultivation resulted in the production of fine crops, which have annually added to the income of the owner. The boundaries of his farm have been extended until he has two hundred acres in Blair township, of which one hundred acres is improved. The increasing value of the property, owing to the rise in the price of land because of the increasing settlement and the cultivation which has been carried on in the fields, has made Mr. Monroe one of the substantial farmers of the county. While his agricultural interests have made heavy demands upon the energies and attention of Mr. Monroe, he has also found time to devote to measures for the general good, and from pioneer times he has been an active factor in shaping the public policy of his community. He assisted in the organization of Blair township, in 1868, and was chosen its first treasurer, occupying the position for three years. He was also one of the county superintendents of the poor for six years, and for fifteen years occupied the position of highway commissioner of the township. In 189o he was elected supervisor of the township and has held the office continuously since. No higher testimonial of faithful service could be given than the fact that he has so long been continued in public office by the vote of his fellow townsmen. His ability and fidelity are widely recognized. He is not the choice of any one party or faction, for since I88o he has been independent in politics, and his support comes from his fellowmen who recognize his worth and his loyalty to every trust reposed in him. Mr. Monroe has also been a liberal supporter of the Methodist Episcopal church and a co-operant factor in many other measures for the general good. In Blair township, on the IIth of February, 1867, was performed the marriage ceremony which united the destinies of Mr. Monroe and Miss Mary S. Wightman, who was born in Canada, of American parentage, a daughter of Horace E. and Nancy Ann (Quick) Wightman. Mr. and Mrs. Monroe now have three living children, Harvey S., Clara B. and Vida C. The elder daughter is the wife of Clint Copeland. There was also a daughter who died in infancy. Fraternally Mr. Monroe is connected with Center Lodge No. 311, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, with which he has been identi 670 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. -- fled since its organization, in 1878, and in his life he exemplifies the beneficent spirit of the order, which is based upon the brotherhood of man and has as its foundation principle, truth. During the long years of his residence in Grand Traverse county Mr. Monroe has not only acted for its welfare and promoted many of its valuable measures, but he has so lived as to command uniform regard. He aided in laying broad and deep the foundation for the present progress of the county, and as a representative of pioneer times he deserves mention in this volume. His memory forms a connecting link between the primitive past and the present, with its modern improvements, and in spirit and interest he has kept abreast with the times, rejoicing in what has been accomplished for the general good. ROBERT BARNEY. Robert Barney, who is serving as treasurer of Garfield township, Grand Traverse county,.and is living on section 6, is a western man by birth, training and preference, and the enterprise which is so characteristic of this section of the country has been manifested throughout his career. He was born in Dane county, Wisconsin, Mardh 29, 1867. His father, Joseph B. Barney, was a native of New England, his birth having occurred in Vermont in 1830. Having arrived at years of maturity, he. wedded Miss Sarah C. Perkins; who was also born in the Green Mountain state, her natal year being i829. On leaving New England they emigrated to Wisconsin, where they lived for a number of years, and in 1874 they came to Michigan, settling in what is now Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county. Five years were there passed, at the end of which time they took up their abode in Garfield township upon the farm where the subject is now living. This tract of land is on section 6 and to its development and improvement the father devoted his energies for some time. The mother passed away on the 20oth of February, 1893, and many friends mourned her loss, for she so lived as to endear herself to all with whom she came in contact. The four children of the family are Mary, now the wife of Lewis Hodgson, Martha, Emma and Robert. Robert Barney was only seven years of age when he came with his parents to Grand Traverse county and here he has since lived. He has, therefore, witnessed the many changes which time and man have wrought in this section of the state. It was largely an unimproved district at the time of his arrival and the work of development and cultivation fell to the lot of the Barney family and through enterprise and thought they performed this task and Garfield township today gives a splendid appearance. Mr. Barney of this review attended the common schools for a time and afterward continued his studies in the high school at Traverse City. In early youth he became familiar with the labors of field and meadow, assisting in the cultivation of the crops and in the care of the stock from the time when he was old enough to perform such tasks. He has always followed agricultural pursuits and he is today the owner of one hundred acres of arable land. As a companion and helpmate on life's journey Mr. Barney chose Miss Matilda E. Fuller, the wedding ceremony being per MRS. ROBERT BARNEY AND SON. ROBERT BARNEY. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 671 formed on the 22d of June, 1891, in the home of her father, Sanford Fuller, a well-known and representative farmer of Garfield township, who is represented elsewhere in this work. Mrs. Barney was born in Almira township, Benzie county, Michigan, on the 31st of December, 1869, and by her marriage she has become the mother of one son, Robert Joseph Sanford. His fellow townsmen, recognizing his worth and ability, have frequently called Mr. Barney to public office and at the present time he is serving as treasurer of Garfield township, having been elected to the position in the spring of 1962 on the Republican ticket. He is also a school inspector and justice of the peace and his decisions in the latter office have been characterized by strict fairness and impartiality. He takes considerable interest in public affairs and gives an unfaltering support to the principles of the Republican party, feeling that its platform contains the best elements of good government. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church at Traverse City and their labors in its behalf have been far-reaching and beneficial. Mr. Barney has held many of the offices in the church, including that of trustee and he is now secretary of the quarterly conference of the Second Methodist Episcopal church of Traverse City. He and his wife are also members of the Traverse City Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. A progressive farmer, leading business man and influential citizen, he certainly deserves mention in the history of his adopted county. Mr. Barney is widely and favorably known throughout the community, his abilities well fitting him for leadership in political, business and social life. The terms progress and patriotism might be con sidered the keynote of his character, for throughout his career he has labored for the improvement of every line of business or public interest with which he has been-associated, and at all times has been actuated by a fidelity to his country and her welfare. STEPHEN LAUTNER. The sons of Austria who have sought homes in America find a worthy representative in Stephen Lautner, who is now living in section 34, Solon township, Leelanaw county, where he follows the occupation of farming. He was born in Austria on the 27th of July, 1856, and is a son of the late Wenzel and Helena (Queiser) Lautner. It was in the fall of 1865 that the parents bade adieu to the place of their nativity and sailed for the new world. The opportunities offered in this country attracted the husband and father, who believed that he might secure a better home for his family in the United States. After landing on the American coast he made his way into the interior of the country and took up his abode in Solon township, Leelanaw county, where his remaining days were passed. He reached an advanced age and was a venerable man, respected by all who knew him. It was in February, 1895, when in his eightieth year, that he was called to his final rest, and his wife died in October, 1885, when about sixty-three years of age. Of their family of five children Stephen Lautner was the fourth in order of birth. Although only nine years of age at the time of the emigration of the family to the new world, Mr. Lautner yet retains, some 672 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. vivid recollections of the land of his birth and of the early environments of his early youth. He was reared upon the home farm where he now lives, and which has been his place of residence continuously since he arrived in America. He has always followed farming, and is now one of the most successful and prosperous agriculturists of Leelanaw county. He has never turned aside into other fields of labor nor engaged in speculation, but has placed his dependence upon the hard, persistent labor incident to the cultivation and improvement of the farm and he has kept in touch with the progressive spirit so characteristic of America, and which has been especially manifested in the departments of agricultural life. This progress is seen in the improved farm machinery, in the better grade of homes and in the advanced methods of tilling the soil which are today utilized. Mr. Lautner has erected an excellent set of farm buildings upon his land. His career, although it has been prosperous, has not been entirely free from obstacles and hardships. In 1891 he lost a large barn and other outbuildings which were destroyed by fire, entailing a loss of several thousands of dollars. Not discouraged, however, he set to work to retrieve his lost possessions, and he has regarded every difficulty that has arisen in his path merely as an impetus for renewed effort. He owns today five hundred acres of valuable land, of which about three hundred acres is improved and the fields annually return golden harvests for the care and cultivation he bestows upon the farm. He is also engaged in stock raising and makes a specialty of Holstein cattle. Mr. Lautner has been twice married. He first wedded Miss -Anna M. Ansorge, the wedding being solemnized in Solon township, Leelanaw county, in 1884, but their happy married life was of short duration, for in February, 1885, the young wife was called to her final rest. Mr. Lautner was again married, in Solon township, on the 3d of May, 1887, his second union being with Miss Anna Amtsbuchler, a daughter of the late Franz Amtsbuchler, who is mentioned in connection with the sketches of his sons, Frank, Joseph and John Amtsbuchler, on other pages of this volume. In a family of five children Mrs. Lautner is the fourth, and her birth occurred in Solon township, Leelanaw county, on the 27th of September, 1868. By her marriage she has become the mother of three interesting children, Ernest S., Robert W. and Elsie A. Well fitted for leadership in public affairs, Mr. Lautner has been called upon to serve in several official positions. He has held the office of township clerk for a number of years, has been supervisor of Solon township for some time and has also been school director. He votes independently, considering himself unbound by party ties. His support is given to the men and measures best qualified to promote the welfare of town, county, state and nation. He and his wife are active church workers and are interested in all that pertains to the moral development of the community. Fraternally Mr. Lautner is connected with Traverse City Tent, Knights of the Maccabees. He is widely recognized as an alert, enterprising and progressive business man and his career has ever been such as to warrant the trust and confidence of the business world, for he has ever conducted all transactions in accordance with the strictest principles of honor and integrity. His devotion to the GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 678 public good is unquestioned and arises from a sincere interest in his fellow men. In his character there is something he obtained in the primitive schools where he was educated, and in his early experiences, something that might be termed solidity of purpose, and which is a characteristic worthy of emulation. His school privileges were meager, yet in the school of experience he has learned lessons that have made him a well informed man, broad minded and liberal in his views and with a charity that reaches out to all humanity. GEORGE M. D. CLEMENT, SR. Since the fall of 1896 George M. D. Clemefnt has engaged in the hardware business in Maple City, Leelanaw county, and is a merchant prominent in commercial circles, his activity being a potent element in the improvement and upbuilding of the town in which he makes his home. This is a utilitarian age. Never in the world's history has there been such marked advance in business enterprises and in the extent and scope of business affairs. Mr. Clement is numbered among the typical American men, because of his untiring activity, his keen insight into business propositions and his sound judgment concerning business transactions. It is also a noticeable fact that the great majority of the most successful men in commercial and professional life have spent their boyhood days upon farms. They seem to have gained from the rural life the physical strength and stability of manhood which form an excellent foundation for prosperity in other lines of labor. Mr. Clement was born upon a farm in the township of Brady, Kalamazoo county, Michigan, on the 27th of September, 1844, and is a son of Harmon T. and Margaret (Adams) Clement. His father was a native of New York, while the mother's birth occurred in Pennsylvania. Coming to the west, Harmon Clement was identified with agricultural interests in Michigan for a number of years. Unto him and his wife was born but one child, the subject of this review, and under the parental roof George M. D. Clement spent his boyhood days, continuing to live with his parents until he was about twenty-nine years of age. When a youth of six summers he entered the public schools and therein continued his studies until he had largely mastered the branches of learning taught in such institutions and thereby prepared himself to cope with the problems which confront one in entering a business career. He gained practical knowledge of farming methods under the direction of his father. Almost as soon as he was old enough to handle the plow he began work in the fields and the sun shone down on many a harvest which ripened from grain that he had planted. When twentynine years of age he left the old homestead and went to Cass county, Michigan, where he embarked in mercantille life, establishing a store in Marcellus. There he remained for about four years, when, on account of the death of his father, he disposed of his business interests in Cass county and returned to the old home farm in Kalamazoo county, giving to its further development and operatiQn his time and energies until after the death of his mother. Both parents having passed away, he then removed to Vicksburg, Michigan, where he remained for about two years. Subsequently to that tim e 1674 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. he took up his abode in Wexford county, this state, settling in the town of Wexford, where he again engaged in merchandising until the fall of 1896. That season witnessed his arrival in Maple City, Leelanaw county, where he opened a hardware store, which he has since conducted with good success. He carries a well selected and large stock of shelf and heavy hardware and puts forth every effort to please his customers. His business methods are straightforward and he is very courteous in his treatment of his customers. His prices, too, are reasonable and while he realizes a fair profit on his sales yet he has never been known to take advantage of the necessities of his fellow men in any trade transaction. Mr. Clement was married in St. Joseph county, Michigan, on the 23d of March, 1869, the lady of his choice being Miss Rosa B. Slack, a native of Montour county, Pennsylvania, born on the 5th of June, 1852. This marriage has been blessed with five children, but only three are now living, the sons being Henry H. and George M. D., Jr. The daughter, Bertha L., is now the wife of E. Franklin Carr. One daughter died at the early age of four months, while Daisy L. became the wife of Elijah Q. Adams and died in Wexford, Michigan, on the 13th of January, 1895, when.in her twenty-fifth year, her death being greatly lamented by her many friends for she possessed excellent traits of character that had endeared her to those with whom she came in contact. Matters of general moment are of interest to Mr. Clement. He does not selfishly confine his attention to his business affairs, but gives proportionately of his time and energies to measures for the welfare of the community in which he resides. He looks at life from a broad standpoint and takes a practical view of the conditions with which he is surrounded. Progress and improvement are causes dear to him and he has cooperated in many measures for the upbuilding of his community and the advancement of its welfare. His political support is given to the Democracy and he is regarded as one of the leaders of the party in this locality, serving as chairman of the Dem'ocratic county committee. He has also been chairman of the committee of Kasson township and he does much to advance Democratic interests. He regards it not only as a privilege but a duty of every American citizen to keep himself well informed on the issues of the day and to give evidence of his preference or objections to political measures by his ballot. The personal characteristics of Mr. Clement are also such as make him worthy of attention and they have won him! favor and friendship wherever he has lived. He is never bitterly aggressive, but accords to all the right which he reserves for himself of framing his own opinions unbiased and of supporting them as he thinks best. He is genial and jovial and possesses a nature that sheds around him much of the sunshine of life. JOHN KEHL. Tales of heroism have been the theme of song and story throughout the ages. He who has gone forth to battle for his country, his home or his principles has figured in history in literature and in music and his bravery has stirred the souls of men through all times. All honor to such an one and yet his heroism is no greater or his daring more GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 675 pronounced than that of the honored pioneer of the west. Men reared in comfortable homes, accustomed to all the conveniences and privileges of life in the east have come into the wild western districts and braved dangers and hardships untold. Volumes have been written, yet the story of the pioneers has never been adequately related. They deserve all praise and honor and the mighty states of the west, with their splendid improvements, enterprises and tokens of civilization are monuments to their memory. Mr. Kehl is numbered among the early settlers of Leewanaw county and is today one of the revered patriarchs of the community, his mind bearing the impress of the early annals of this portion of Michigan and forming a connecting link between the primitive past and the progressive present. He has reached the age of seventy-eight years and now in the evening of life he receives the respect of young and old, rich and poor. Mr. Kehl was born in Alsace, France, now a province of Germany, on the 8th of June, 1825, and was only three years of age when brought to the United States by his parents, Andrew and Anna Mary (Ehold) Kehl, who were also natives of Alsace. They made the journey across the Atlantic in one of the old-time sailing vessels, which after several weeks spent upon the bosom of the deep dropped anchor in the harbor of New York. Mr. and Mrs. Kehl took up their abode in Buffalo, New York, where for many years he was employed as sexton of a cemetery and on putting aside the cares of that position he lived retired, enjoying a well-earned rest up to the time of his death. Both he and his wife died in Buffalo, his death occurring when he was in his seventysecond year. His wife, however, had passed away sometime previous, her death occurring when she was fifty-five years of age. John Kehl of this review was the.third of their family of five children and he was reared to manhood in Buffalo,.where in early life he followed different occupations. From his boyhood days he has depended upon his own exertions for a living and the success that he has achieved is the merited reward of his own labor. When eighteen years of age he was apprenticed to learn the ship carpenter's trade, serving for a term of three years, during which time he mastered the business, becoming an expert worknta. On the expiration of that period he went from Buffalo to New Bedford, Massachusetts, and shipped on a sailing vessel, which was gone upon a voyage for thirty-eight months. At the end of that time Mr. Kehl returned to New Bedford and thence went to Boston, where he shipped as a sailor before the mast on a vessel bound for the West Indies. That trip covered five months and when it was ended Mr. Kehl returned to Buffalo, where he again followed his trade of ship buildfor several years. In the spring of 1858, however, he discontinued work along that line and came to the west. This section of the country was growing rapidly and Mr. Kehl believed that he might have better business opportunities in the Mississippi valley and more readily secure a home and competence for his family. He was accompanied by his wife and three children, and they located upon a tract of wild land in Leelanaw township. All around them stood the green forests. The wigwams of the Indians were frequently pitched in this neighborhood, but the white man was claiming the land for purposes of civilization and the red race were leaving their old hunting 676 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. and fishing grounds for reservations nearer the setting sun. There had as yet been little done in the way of promoting agricultural interests in this portion of the country and it was an arduous task that devolved upon the pioneers who undertook the work of clearing away the forests and preparing the land for the plow. With characteristic energy, however, Mr. Kehl performed his part of this work and he certainly deserves the gratitude of present generations for what he did. He has made his home in Leelanaw county continuously since April, 1858, although he worked for several years at his trade in Green Bay and in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. On the 31st of December, 1863, Mr. Kehl put aside all business and personal considerations in order to respond to the President's call for further aid to assist in the suppression of the rebellion in the south. He joined Company A of the Twenty-sixth Michigan Infantry and with that regiment served until the close of the war. With this command he was in a number of important engagements, including the battles of Spottsylvania, the Wilderness, Cold Harbor and the operations against Petersburg in 1864-5. He followed wherever duty led and was a loyal defender of the nation's starry banner. When the country no longer needed his services he returned to his home, but he still maintains pleasant relations with his old army comrades for he holds membership in Woolsey Post No. 399, Grand Army of the Republic. Mr. Kehl was married in Buffalo, New York, on the 6th of November, 1849, to Miss Elizabeth Bosche, who was born inBavaria, on the i5th of November, 1824. She died in Northport, Michigan, on the 22d of December, 1894, when seventy years of age. For forty-five years they had traveled life's journey together, their mutual love and confidence increasing as time passed. They also reared a family of children who are a credit to the name. Louisa, who became the wife of William J. Thomas, died in Northport, Michigan, when about forty-two.years of age. James L. and Edward G. are well known and prominent merchants of Northport and are represented elsewhere in this work. Anne E. is now the wife of Nathan E. DeGollier. Chris B. is associated with his brothers in merchandising under the firm style of Kehl Brothers. Charles C. met his death on the 8th of May, 1891, when employed on the schooner "N. C. Kimball," which was lost in a voyage on Lake Michigan with all on board. Howard A. died in Sutton's Bay in January, 1898. The eldest member of the Kehl family was William A., who died in Buffalo, New York, when only fifteen months old. After the death of his first wife Mr. Kehl wedded Mrs. Anna Ripper, a native of Germany, who died four years after their marriage. On the 12th of November, 1900, he wedded Mrs. Frances Guitau, a native of New York and the widow of Orville Guitau, who died in Battle Creek, Michigan. Few men in Leelanaw, county have a wider acquaintance than John Kehl and none are more favorably known. He has held the office of township treasurer of Leelanaw township for three years and was justice of the peace for four years. Since about 1893 he has lived a retired life and he well merits the rest which has been vouchsafed him. His business career was one of untiring industry and one of these salient elements was his stalwart integrity and fair dealing. Hon GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. orable methods won for him a comfortable competence that now supplies him with all of the necessities and some of the luxuries of life. Certainly, as the architect of his own fortunes, he has builded wisely and well. Although now well advanced in years his interest in the town, county and nation are as deep and sincere as in his earlier years and he is as loyal to the country as he was when he followed the starry banner upon southern battlefields. In the evening of life he receives the veneration and respect which should ever be accorded those who have reached an advanced age and because of his prominence and worth we take great pleasure in presenting his record to our readers. EDWARD LAUTNER. The soil of Michigan is rich and well adapted for agricultural and horticultural pursuits, and these lines of business activity have been the source of much of the prosperity of the state. Mr. Lautner is now devoting his energies to general farming on section 34, Solon township, Leelanaw county. He is an adopted son of America, but none of her native-born citizens are more loyal to the interests and welfare of the land. Mr. Lautner was born in Austria on the 4th of November, 1848. His father was the late Wenzel Lautner and his mother bore the maiden name of Helena Queiser. In the fall of 1865 they crossed the Atlantic to the new world, and, coming at once into the interior of the country, they took up their abode in Solan township, Leelanaw county, where they spent their remaining days. For three years Mr. Lautner was a resident of this portion of the state and then was called to his final rest in February, 1895, when in his eightieth year. He had survived his wife for about ten years, her death having occurred in October, 1885, when she was sixty-three years of age. Unto this marriage had been born five children, of whom Edward is the second in order of birth. Edward Lautner spent the first seventeen years of his life in the land of his nativity. He was reared under the parental roof, pursued his education in the common schools and afterward devoted his time largely to farm work. With the family he came to the United States and has since resided continuously in Leelanaw county, covering a period of thirty-eight years. He has never turned aside into other fields of labor, but to the occupation to which he was reared he has always given his undivided attention. As the years have passed he has prospered in his undertakings and, making judicious investments of his capital in real estate, he now owns nearly five hundred acres of rich farming land, most of which is improved. He has erected a good set of farm buildings upon his place, his home being a fine country residence, commodious and palatial. It is also tastefully and' comfortably furnished and an air of refinement and culture pervades the place. Mr. Lautner was married in Allegan county, Michigan, on the 17th of April, 1877, to Miss Theressa Zye, who was born in Ohio September 27, 1853. The marriage of the subject and his wife has been blessed with thirteen children, of whom eleven are yet living, namely: Louisa, who is the wife of Nicholas Knieper, Helena, Alfred, Edmund, Adolph, Edward, Jr., Stephen, Anton, Joseph, William and Theodore. The 678, GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. children who have passed away all died in infancy. The family home is very attractive and stands in the midst of a farm, where the splendid improvements are an indication of the progressive spirit of the owner. A glance indicates to the passerby the care and supervision, which is given to the farm, which is neat and thrifty in appearance, the well-tilled fields giving promise of golden harvests. It has been along safe, conservative lines of business that Mr. Lautner has achieved his success. He has never engaged in speculation, but has regarded earnest labor and careful management as the basis of prosperity and to these salient elements in his life work he is indebted for the creditable financial position which he is now filling. EDWARD B. GIBBS. Edward B. Gibbs, ex-supervisor of Mayfield township and a genial, enterprising citizen of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Gibbsville, Sheboygan county, Wisconsin, December 8, 1853. His parents were Benjamin L. and Ardelia B. (Knight) Gibbs. The father was born near Albany, New York, but at an early day came west to Wisconsin and settled in Sheboygan county, where he took a prominent part in the development and building up of the country. It was in recognition and' honor of his services that the village of Gibbsville was named, and it was there he passed to his reward at the age of about sixty-one years. His wife was from Providence, Rhode Island, and is still living, a resident of Mayfield, aged eighty-two years. Young Gibbs attended the common schools and grew to sturdy manhood in his native village. In 1875 he came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and for three years resided in Paradise township, where he was employed in the lumber business. He then purchased eighty acres of land in Mayfield township and has since resided there, his farm being one of the best improved in the township. In addition to his farming he was at one time interested in a shingle mill which he operated for a short time. He was married in Fife Lake township, this county, May 23, 1878, to Miss Mary H. Hodges. She was born in Hingham, Sheboygan county, Wisconsin, September 21, 1857, and is a daughter of James and Honor (Best) Hodges. Mrs. Gibbs is the mother of three children, Lionel A., Ardelia A. and Jesse S. Mr. Gibbs is a member of Strict Account Tent No. 662, Knights of the Maccabees, at Kingsley, and is a gentleman who enjoys the good will and confidence of all who know him. SANFORD FULLER. Sanford Fuller is one of the prominent and progressive agriculturists of Grand Traverse county, his home being on section 6, Garfield township. To give his life history in detail would be to present a picture of pioneer times in Michigan, for he has not only been a witness of much of the growth and development of this State, but he has been an active participant in the work that has led to its improvement and substantial upbuilding. He was born upon a farm in Franklin county, New York, February 25, 1842, SANFORD FULLER. I. MRS. SANFORD FULLER. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. and when he was quite young his parents removed to St. Lawrence county, New York, where he was reared to manhood. He is a son of George Fuller, who is now a resident of Benzie county, Michigan, where he has made his home since the fall of 1863. The mother bore the maiden name of Charity Mansfield and her death occurred in Almira township, Benzie county, in October, 1897, when she was seventy-five years of age. This worthy couple were the parents of seven children, of whom the subject of this review is the eldest. Sanford Fuller resided in St. Lawrence county until the spring of 1863 and made his home upon his father's farm. He then started westward with the intention of establishing his home in Benzie county, Michigan. On the night of the I7th of September, 1863, in company with twenty-five or thirty men, women and children, who had left St. Lawrence county together and had reached a point in Lenawee county, Michigan, he was overtaken by a violent snow storm. The party had proceeded westward by water and had landed from the boat at Northport, whence they started across the country to their destination. During the night of the storm Mr. Fuller built a hut of elm bark, into which all of the party were able to crowd excepting himself. To keep from freezing, he took two large pieces of bark which he heated beside the fire and then lay between the two pieces, repeating the procedure many times during the long night. Mr. Fuller was guiding the party and upon him devolved the responsibility of seeing that the others reached their destination in safety. In the morning the snow filled the wagon boxes and the unseasonable weather continued for some days, but the party final ly reached their destination in safety. The following morning after the snow storm, however, the sun came out brightly about eleven o'clock and about three o'clock in the afternoon the snow was all melted, but this caused the surface of the ground to be covered with water and made travel difficult. During the cold winter of 1863-4 Mr. Fuller was hired to carry a man from Traverse City to Glen Harbor, a distance of thirty miles. He oftentimes made that trip in a single day, but on this occasion it took him one week to go and come on account of the deep snow. Such were some of the pioneer experiences which Mr. Fuller endured during the early years of his residence in Michigan, but with courageous spirit and strong determinationhe met all the difficulties and obstacles which impeded his progress toward success and in due course of tiine pioneer conditions gave way to those of a more advanced civilization. On reaching Benzie county Mr. Fuller located in what is now Almira township, where he took up a homestead, living thereon for six years. On the expiration of that period he sold his first property and purchased eighty acres of land in Garfield township, Grand Traverse county, where he has since made his home. Upon his property he has placed good improvements, including substantial buildings, and he has also extended the boundaries of his farm until it now comprises one hundred and sixty acres. In his farming operations he has been extremely progressive and has used the latest improved machinery in carrying on his work and in transforming the wild land into productive fields. Mr. Fuller was married in Almira township, Benzie county, on the 6th of M1arch, 680 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 1865, to Miss Elizabeth Hardman, who was born in England and died on the Ioth of January, 1884, when forty-two years of age. Their marriage was blessed with three children: Sarah A., Ada J. and Matilda E., the last named the wife of Robert Barney. Mr. Fuller has led a busy and useful life, industry being one of the salient features in his career. His arduous toil and continued efforts, however, he feels have justified him a period of rest each year and each season since 1877 he has taken a vacation, going to different parts of the country upon hunting trips. He is particularly fond of this sport and is a worthy follower of Nimrod. He particularly delights in hunting deer and many a fine animal has fallen before his sure aim. In matters of public moment Mr. Fuller takes a deep interest and is a co-operant factor in many measures for the general good. He is recognized as a leader in public thought and opinion and his efforts in behalf of the community have been far reaching and beneficial. His political support is-given to no particular party and he has been called upon to fill a number of local positions. For a quarter of a century he has been road overseer in Garfield township and has assisted in improving the roads from pioneer times. In early days he aided in cutting the trees down in order to make roads through the forests and in clearing away the stumps. At the present time the latest and most improved machinery is used in placing the roads in splendid condition and Garfield township has every reason to be proud of its excellent highways. Mr. Fuller assisted in building the road from Traverse,City to Northport in 1863. He was one of the first highway commissioners of Almira township, Benzie county, where he located at a period when that district was almost upon the borders of civilization, there being but two buildings in the township when he took up his abode there. Many log cabins furnished shelter for the pioneers and all of the hardships and trials incident to frontier life were experienced. However, as the years passed the settlers reclaimed the wild land for purpose of civilization and the forests fell before the stroke of the woodman and in due course of time the land was converted into rich fields. Mr. Fuller has borne an active and helpful part in all the work of progress and improvement and as one of the honored pioneers of the state he deserves mention in this volume. AARON BOX. Aaron Box, one of the largest farmers and most extensive land owners of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born April 22, 1840, in Ontario county, Canada, in which province he was reared to manhood. His parents were Aaron and Elizabeth (Wilkinson) Box, natives of England but later residents of Bruce county, Canada, where they died. They were the parents of twelve children. Aaron Box assisted with the work on his father's farm until he was a lad of twelve years, when he was apprenticed for four years to learn the trade of a blacksmith. He continued to follow this occupation for a time after serving his apprenticeship, but it was work that was not congenial and he soon turned his attention to other employment. For four or five years he was engaged in carpentering in Canada, and in I866 h.e came to Grand Traverse :B!1 C r+ 0 oII S 1. Cd GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 681 I county, Michigan, where he secured a tract of wild land which he cleared and improved, at the same time carrying on; his chosen work of carpentering in Traverse City and viciniity. He continued in this manner for about fourteen years, when he erected a sawmill in Charlevoix county, and operated it for a period of ten years. At the same time he kept up his interest in his farm and added to his acreage from time to time until he has accumulated four hundred and eighty acres in Mayfield township. We will say for Mr. Box that few men understand the agricultural business better than he, and his success has been due to his shrewdness and sound common sense as well as his energy. Mr. Box was united in marriage in Charlevoix county, Michigan, to Mrs. Louisa M entz, his present wife, by whom he has one child, George. His first marriage was in Canada to Miss Catherine Hannah, a native of Ireland, who became the mother of six children, viz: Lenzena, wife of Alfred Scovel: Geneva, wife of Walter Carmichael; Charles; Amos; Cassie, wife of L. G. Britt; and Frank. Mrs. Box died in Traverse City when about thirty-five years old. Mr. Box has been an excellent citizen and has takeu great pride in the progress of the county. He was at one time justice of the peace of Mayfield township and has been at all times a man of integrity and uprightness whose example has been worthy to be followed by the rising generation. OLE LARSON. From the "land of the midnight sun" have come many of the enterprising citizens of Michigan, and among this number is Ole Larson, of Sutton's Bay, Leelanaw county. There are many traits of character found in the sons of Norway that are worthy of emulation-their reliability, their unfaltering industry and their strong purpose. All these are manifest in the career of Ole Larson, who has wide acquaintance and many friends in the locality which he has chosen as his home. Born in Norway, he there spent the days of his boyhood and youth and was trained to habits of industry. Possessing a laudable ambition to achieve greater success than seemed possible in his own country, where opportunity is hampered by caste and class, he came to America, "the land of the free," crossing the Atlantic in June, 1884. Making his way to Sutton's Bay, for some time he followed various occupations which would yield him an honest living, and when his labor had brought to him some capital he engaged in the saloon business with his broter Andrew. They continued together until 1892, when the brother died, and Ole Larson then continued alone. In 1899 he purchased the Bay House, at Sutton's Bay, which he afterward traded for the hotel which he now owns, known as the Park Hotel. This he has rebuilt, and it is now a first class hotel, conducted along the most approved plans of hotellife. He has a good patronage from the traveling public and puts forth every effort in his power to promote the comfort and convenience of his guests, who enjoy the hospitality extended them by their popular host. That Mr. Larson has prospered in his business enterprise is indicated when we compare his present financial condition with that in which he arrived in this country. Today he is the owner of much valuable village property, then he was 682 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW. COUNTIES. empty-handed; today he is a successful business man; then he had an untried future before him, with nothing but hope to encourage him. Mr. Larson was married in Leland, Michigan, on the 26th of February, 19oo, the lady of his choice being Miss Anna Warner, a daughter of Claus Warner, of that city, and it was there that Mrs. Larson' was born. Mr. and Mrs. Larson are well known in, Sutton's Bay and he has gained the favorable opinion of those with whom he has come in contact, through straightforward business methods and by reason of his perseverance and energy. Indolence and idleness are utterly foreign to his nature and he owes his present prosperity to his own well-directed and capable efforts. AMOS LONGSHORE. Success is not a matter of genius, as held by many, but rather the outcome of clear judgment and experience. The successful man is he who plans his own advancement and accomplishes it in spite of opposition. Difficulties and obstacles will always disappear before determination and unfaltering energy, and, while the road to prosperity does always seem plain, there can ever be found a path that will lead to the goal of one's hopes. Mr. Longshore is among the farmers of Grand Traverse county who have prospered in their methods and, therefore, he is entitled to distinction as one of the representative titen of his community. He was born in Cambridge, Henry county, Illinois, on the Ist of April, 1865. His father was the late Samuel J. Long shore, a farmer by occupation and a man of the highest respectability. He was united in marriage to Miss Edith Taylor, and they became the parents of nine children, of whom Amos was the youngest. The mother died when only thirty-six years of age, passing away in Cambridge, Illinois. The father, however, long survived her and died in Cambridge at the venerable age of eightytwo years. Upon his father's farm near Cambridge, in the county of his nativity, Mr. Longshore spent the days of his boyhood and youth, his time being passed in a manner similar to that of most lads of the period. He acquired his education in the public schools of the town and remained at home until he had attained his majority. He then went to the far west, spending two years in California. On leaving the Pacific coast he returned to Henry county, where he also remained for two years, giving his time and energies to farm work during that period. In February, 1891, he came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and lived for two years in Traverse City, being engaged in the buying of produce. With the capital he had acquired through his industry and economy he then purchased the farm upon which he is now living. Within its borders are comprised one hundred and sixty acres and the work of improvement here has been carried on almost entirely by Mr. Longshore, who is an enterprising man, willing to work hard,for what he desires. He seldom fails to accomplish what he undertakes and he has today a valuable and well improved farm as the result of his earnest purpose. On the 8th of September, 1893, in Traverse City, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Longshore and Miss Delia, Creig, a na AMOS LONGSHORE RESIDENCE. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 689 tive of Ireland. He took his bride to his home in this county and both Mr. and Mrs. Longshore are now well known in Garfield township, where they have an extended circle of friends. Mr. Longshore has held the office of township treasurer and matters pertaining to the general good receive his consideration and many times are aided by his endorsement and co-operation. He votes with the Republican party, believing firmly in its principles, and he is a member of the Independent Order of Foresters. During the greater part of his life he has lived in the Mississippi valley, save for his brief sojourn in California. In this section of the country there has been a steady growth without the hindering conservatisms of the east or the rapid but unsubstantial growth of the far west. The happy medium seems to have been reached here and the citizens have labored along lines proving of permanent benefit. Mr. Longshore is a worthy representative of the citizenship which has led to the material improvement of his section of the state and is well entitled to honorable mention in the history of Grand Traverse county. CLINTON L. DAYTON. Clinton L. Dayton is actively connected with a profession which has important bearing upon the progress and stable prosperity of any section or community, and one which has long been considered as conserving the public welfare by furthering the ends of justice and maintaining individual rights. His reputation as a lawyer has been won through earnest, honest labor, and his standing at the bar is a merited tribute to his ability. He is now prosecuting attorney 48 of Leelanaw county, in which office he is now serving the third term, called to the office by popular ballot-an indication of the trust reposed in him by the public, who recognize his capability and his fidelity to duty. Mr. Dayton is numbered among the native sons of Michigan, his birth having occurred in Berlin, Ottawa county on the I3th of February, 1867. His father, Dr. John T. Dayton, engaged in the practice of medicine throughout his business career and, locating in Ottawa county at an early day, he long maintained a foremost position in the ranks of his profession, because of his comprehensive knowledge of the best methods of medical practice and the success which attended his efforts to alleviate human suffering. He married Martha Rolfe, and they are still honored and prominent residents of Ottawa county. The youngest in the family of four children born unto the Doctor and his wife, Clinton L. Dayton was reared in Berlin, and after acquiring his preliminary education in the public schools he matriculated in Hope College, of Holland, Michigan, where he was graduated on the completion of the regular course. He afterward engaged in teaching school for a year and then, with a good literary education to serve as the foundation upon which to rear the superstructure of professional knowledge, he took up the study of law and was graduated in the University of Michigan in the class of 1892. Since that time he has devoted his attention to his chosen profession and the years have witnessed his advance to a prominent position in the ranks of the legal fraternity of the section of the state in which his lot has been cast. 681 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. In August following his graduation Mr. Dayton came to Leland, opened an office and entered upon. practice, soon demonstrating his ability to successfully cope with the intricate problems of jurisprudence. His knowledge of the law is broad and comprehensive and continued reading and study have made him largely master of the science which is the basis of all our liberty. In 1894 he was chosen by popular suffrage to the position of prosecuting attorney, which position he acceptably filled until 1899, closing a four-years incumbency. In the fall of 1902 he was once more elected, on the Republican ticket, and is now filling the office to the satisfaction of the large majority of law-abiding citizens, while by those who do not hold themselves amenable to law he is feared because of his vigorous prosecution of crime. His preparation of cases is most thorough and exhaustive. Every detail of a cause is given its due prominence and the case is argued with such skill, ability and power that he rarely fails to gain the verdict desired. In Leland, on September 13, 1895, Mr. Dayton was married to Miss Ella Price, a daughter of Egbert and Anna Price, but in 1897 he was called upon to mourn the loss of his wife, who died on the 17th of March of that year. They had one child, Ella, who is still living. Socially Mr. Dayton is connected with the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of the Maccabees, and his genial, friendly spirit makes him in hearty sympathy with the humanitarian principles which form the basic elements of these organizations. He has always been a stalwart Republican and has taken a very active and helpful part in the work of the party in this locality, but he never allows political or personal views of any kind to influence him in the slightest degree in the performance of his duties. Nature bountifully endowed him with the peculiar qualifications that combine to make a successful lawyer. Patiently persevering, possessed of an analytical mind, and one that is readily receptive and retentive of the fundamental principles and intricacies of the law; gifted with a spirit of devotion to wearisome details; quick to comprehend subtle problems and logical in his conclusions; fearless in his advocacy of any cause he may espouse, and the soul of honor and integrity, he is richly gifted for the achievement of success in the arduous, difficult profession of the law. ARCHIBALD A. MILLER When it comes to enumerating the early pioneers of the Grand Traverse region it is simply an act of justice to head the list with the name of Lewis Miller, father of Archibald A. Miller, the subject of this review. He was an Indian trader, born in 1824, at Kingston, Canada. Bereft of his parents while yet a boy, both dying the same month, he was thrown upon his own resources and at the age of seventeen in 1841 he came to Michigan and sojourned for a time among the Indians, the Ottawas and Chippeways, Having acquired a knowledge of their language and being of a daring, venturesome disposition, he readily took up the business of an Indian trader and followed that vocation the greater part of his life. He was married, in 1845, to Catharine Kiley. His was the first xWhite bride that came to the Gratd Traverse county and his oldest son, GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 685 Henry L., was the first white child born in Grand Traverse county. All of the children were reared and educated among the In(dians, whose language all of them speak with as much fluency as they do English. Archibald A. Miller, the subject of this review, was born November 26, 1849, at Old Mission, on the peninsula which juts northward into Grand Traverse bay. His parents were the first newly married white couple that ever came to the locality. Some years ago,Dr. M. L. Leach, of Traverse City, wrote a history of the Grand Traverse region which was published in the Traverse City Herald and his description of the coming of the bride and groom is well worthy of a place here. He says: "The first bride who came to the Grand Traverse country on her wedding tour was Mrs. Lewis Miller, whose maiden name was Catharine Kiley. She was a native of London, England, and, like her husband, had been left an orphan. Somehow she found her way to America and then to the outpost of civilization at Mackinac. During Mr. Miller's frequent visits to that place an attachment had grown up between them, which finally resulted in marriage. The wedding took place in September, 1845. Immediately after the marriage they set sail in the little sloop 'Lady of the Lake,' for their home in the wilderness. Mr. Miller had chartered the vessel for the occasion and had loaded her with goods for the Indian trade, furniture and supplies for housekeeping. The 'Lady' was but a bit of a craft, but she was a perfect duck on the water, and fleet before anything like a favorable wind. The fates, however, if the fates have anything to do with regulating wedding trips, decreed a long and tempestuous voyage. It was the season when the god of the winds, on the northern lakes, desires to ornament their surface with foam-capped waves and tantalize the impatient mariner with variable breezes and the most disappointing weather. The first day they made the island of St. Helena, when they were /compelled to seek shelter in the harbor. There were a dozen sail or more there, waiting for a favorable change. Several times the 'Lady' ventured out, but was as often compelled to put back. Finally, seizing the most favorable opportunity, she was able to reach Little Traverse. Here she was compelled to remain four days. The newly married couple went on shore and found comfortable quarters in an Indian house. The woman of the house had been brought up in a white family at Mackinac, and being able to understand the wants of her guests, was in a degree successful in her kind endeavors to make their stay pleasant. "Leaving Little Traverse, the vessel reached the mouth of Grand Traverse bay, when she was again driven back. At the second attempt she was obliged to heave to in the mouth of the bay, the captain remaining all night at the helm. As Miller came on deck in the morning, dull leaden clouds obscured the sky and the air was filled with snow flakes. He proposed to take the captain's place at the helm, while the latter should turn in for a little rest. The captain gladly consented. Once installed in authority, Miller made sail and let the captain sleep until the 'Lady' was safely moored in the harbor of Old Mission. "A young bride, coming for the first time to the home of her husband, naturally looks with a great deal of interest at the surroundings. Sometimes there is disappointment. There was, probably, no serious disappoint 686 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAtV COUNTIES. -- ment in this case, but it is a part of the traditional family history, that as Mrs. Miller came on deck, that gloomy September morning, and looked anxiously out upon the scene, beautiful in its gloominess, and saw only the forest-skirted shore and the smoke curling upward from the log houses of the whites and a few Indian wigwams, the first question she asked her husband was "Where is the town?' " In another part of this volume will be found a review of the career of Edward E. Miller, brother of the subject of this article, in which an account is given of the other children of Lewis and Catharine Miller, Archibald A. Miller was the third child of the family. His early life was spent at Old Mission, the place of his birth. He attended the missionary school with the Indians, he and his brothers being the only white children in attendance. The school was under the auspices of the Presbyterian church, Rev. Peter Dougherty, a Presbyterian minister, and his two daughters, Nettie and Susie, being the teachers. So close were the relations of the Miller family to the Indians, Ottawas and Chippeways, that the latter insisted on giving each of the children, soon after their birth, Indian names in addition to their English cognomens, with all of the Indian formalities. The Indian name of Archibald A. Miller is "Ske-wah-bick," which signifies new iron. All of the Miller children acquired the Indian tongue and it is a question with them now which language they became versed in first. When the Indians moved from Old Mission to Omena, the Millers went with them -and the relations between the Indians and their pale-faced brethren were always of the most pleasant character. In 1869 the family moved to Traverse City and the subject of this review finished his education by attending the 'city schools two terms. In one of the city stores he secured a position and followed clerking until about two years ago, when he engaged in business on his own behalf, in partnership with his brother, George W. Miller, under the firm name of Miller Brothers. They have a large, well-stocked clothing store in Traverse City, near the corner of Cass and Front streets, and they are doing a very prosperous business. The subject of this review has been three times married. His first wife was Mary E. Dyer, to whom he was united in marriage in 1876. She was the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Dyer, natives of the province of Connacht, in the western portion of Ireland. The father died eight years ago, but the mother still survives and resides with her son, James, who was a lumberman. To this first marriage two children were born. One died in infancy and the other, Patrick, died at the age of nine years. Mrs. Miller died in 1882 and after being a widower for six years, Mr. Miller was again united in marriage in 1888, his bride on this occasion being Celia E. Bryant, daughter of George W. Bryant, a native of Canada, who was one of the early pioneers of what is now Traverse City, coming here when there were but two houses in the place. His wife's name was Mina E., also a native of Canada. He died in 1883, while she survived until 1901, when she too joined the silent majority. Two children were born to this, the second marriage of Mr. Miller. One child in infancy and the other is Edna V., born October 26, 1889. She is a student in the Traverse City high school and well advanced in her studies for one of her age. Mrs. Celia E. (Bryant) GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 687 Miller departed this life in 1894. Five years later, in 1899, in South Boardman, Kalkaska county, Archibald A. Miller was united in marriage to Miss Janet Robertson, born in TEssex county, Canada, September 26, 1878, the daughter of George and Elizabeth (Kinsman) Robertson, both natives of Canada. They moved to South Boardman in 1880, where they purchased the Leamington H-otel, which they have since continued to conduct very successfully. Mr. Robertson is in the woods much of the time getting out telegraph poles, ties, logs, etc. In politics Archibald A. Miller is a Democrat, firm in his convictions and consistent in his political views and conduct. The immense Republican majority of his native county has no tendency to shake him in his political faith. In religion he is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Miller belongs to no fraternal society, but is not opposed to such organizations. The family owns a comfortable, well furnished home at 508 Fifth street, and are very satisfactorily situated financially. Despite his sorrows. and bereavements. Mr. Miller is a man upon whom the hand of time has been laid very lightly. His appearance by no means indicates the years that he has seen. Supple and agile as a youth of twenty, he can accomplish more in a given time than many a man twenty years younger. GEORGE L. FENTON, M. D. George L. Fenton, leading physician of Kingsley and proprietor of the splendidly equipped drug store of that thriving little village, was ushered into existence June 8, 1857, on a farm in Noble county, Indiana. His parents, John and Eliza (John) Fenton, moved to Muskegon county, Michigan, when he was a little lad of six years, and five years later located in Wexford county on a farm about three and one-half miles west of Manton. Here the father died, at the age of seventy years, and the mother again married, her second husband being Elder A. L. Thurston, a Methodist clergyman. Young Fenton remained at home and assisted with the farm work, but he had a strong desire to enter the medical profession, and to this end he eagerly devoured any and all works bearing on the subject. At the age of twenty he took up the study in earnest and with such good success that in 1882 he opened an office at Walton. One year later, in 1883, he came to Kingsley, and has been in the practice of his profession ever since. He kept up his studies and was graduated from the Cincinnati Eclectic College in the class of 1893, but is even yet a close student and keeps closely in touch with all the latest discoveries and improved methods in the world of medicine. He has built up a large and extended practice and is alike kind and painstaking, whether his patient be from the higher or lower walk of life. Kind hearted and skillful in the treatment of disease, he has demonstrated his ability by his success, and few physicians enjoy a wider popularity or more deserved confidence. In 1884 he opened a drug store in Kingsley, which he has conducted in connection with his practice, later putting in a more extensive stock of goods, which gave him the finest and most complete pharmacy in this section. Dr. Fenton was married April 28, 1896, in Traverse City, Michigan, to Miss Anna Allen, a native of Wisconsin, and a lady of 688 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. rare charm. They have one child, Allen Lane, who is the pride of the family. The Doctor is a busy man, but finds time to take part in most of the enterprises of a public nature that are taken up in Kingsley. He is a member of the village council and village treasurer, and any movement to promote the good of the community is sure of his endorsement and support. He is a member of Strict Account Tent No. 662, Knights of the Maccabees. GERMAIN H. CORDES. The prosperity of any community, town or city depends upon its commercial activity, its industrial interests and its trade relations, and therefore the real upbuilders of a town are those who stand at the head of its leading enterprises. Mr. Cordes, whose niame introduces this record, is a member of the firm of Cordes Brothers, well-known merchants of Leland, Leelanaw county, and he bears a name that has long been prominently and honorably associated with commercial interests here. Today the firm is controlling one of the leading mercantile enterprises of the county, and Germain H. Cordes is widely known as a young man of excellent business ability, executive force and marked enterprise. Mr. Cordes has spent almost his entire life in Leland, which is his native city, for here it was that he first opened his eyes to the light of day on the i6th of April, 1866. He comes of German lineage, his father, Peter A. Cordes, having been a native of Germany, as was the mother of the subject, who bore the maiden name of Christina Dunkelau. For many years the father carried on merchandising here, taking up his residence in Leland in the early sixties. He was prominent in an early day and his energy and progressive spirit proved of value in the establishment of the business prosperity here. His death occurred in Leland, on the 20th of January, 1876, and he left to his family the priceless heritage of an untarnished name, for his reputation in business circles and in private life was unassailable. The hope that led him to America was more than realized, for in this land he found the opportunities he sought which, by the way, are always open to the ambitious young man, and by the exercise of unfaltering industry and sound judgment he gained a good patronage in his store that made him one of the substantial citizens of the community. Of a family of five children Germain H. Cordes is the eldest. He is indebted to the public school system of the state for the educational privileges he enjoyed in his youth. He was reared in Leland and has always resided here with the exception of a brief period of eleven years, which he spent in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, during which time he was employed as a clerk in a grocery store and thus he gained a good knowledge of business methods. When he began business on his own account he was fitted for his work by broad, practical experience and from the beginning he prospered in his undertakings. It was in 1898 when he joined his brother, Oswald J. Cordes, in a partnership for the conduct of a mercantile enter-, prise under the firm style of Cordes Brothers. For five years they have conducted the store and they carry a large and well-assorted stock of general merchandise in order to meet the varied tastes of the public. They GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 689 buy judiciously, sell advantageously and are now realizing a fair profit off their investment. They have secured a liberal share of the public patronage, and seldom fail to retain the trade of a customer once secured. Their business methods are strictly honorable and will bear the closest investigation, and they keep abreast with the enterprising spirit of the times, which is manifest as strongly in mercantile circles as in other walks of life. In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on the I6th of June, 1887, Mr. Cordes was united in marriage to Miss Catherine Klein, a native of that, city and a daughter of John and Margaret Klein. She was an estimable and cultured lady who won friends wherever she went. Her death occurred in Leland July 6, 1895, and many friends as well as her immediate family mourned her loss. She left two children, Bertha A. and Stella E. Mr. Cordes has already endorsed the measures of the Republican party, believing that its platform embodies the best and most practical ideas concerning good government that has for its object the welfare of the majority. He has held the office of township treasurer of Leland township for several years and he takes an active interest in the growth and success of his party. His religious faith is indicated by his membership in the Catholic church. His connection with any undertaking insures a prosperous outcome of the same, for it is in his nature to carry forward to a successful completion whatever he is associated with. He has earned for himself a reputation as a careful man of business, and in his dealings is known for his prompt methods, which have won for him the deserved and unbounded confidence of his fellow men. WILLIAM M. GREILICK. A history of Grand Traverse county could not possibly be complete without some account of the Greilick family. The progenitors of the family were among the earlist settlers of the county. The subject of this review, William M. Greilick, was the youngest child of Godfrey and Theresa Greilick, who located in Norrisville, in 1856, when William M. was only two years old. The parents were Austrians by birth, but were reared and educated in Germany where the father became an accomplished linguist. English, however, was beyond his capacity, for though he lived in America many years before the unfortunate accident in which he lost his life he never mastered the intricacies of the language. He met his death, in an accident, while working at a pile driver in Traverse City, when he was sixty-three years of age. William M. Greilick, the subject of this review, was born in the city of New York, April 28, 1854. His parents had lived in America only six years at the time of his birth. When an infant, only a few weeks old, the family moved to Chicago, where they lived two years, then moved to this part of Michigan, in 1856, where the family and their descendants have since 'resided. The family consisted of six children, viz: Joseph E., one of the most enterprising manufacturers of Traverse City, died in 1893; Anton was a skilled blacksmith, but turned his attention to the manufacture of lumber, in which he has been very successful, resides at Norrisville, Leelanaw county; John, who was associated with his brothers, Anton and Edward, in the manufacture of lumber, died in 1898; Mary, wife of Frank Brusch, resides in Traverse City where he conducts an ex 690 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. tensive meat market; Edward, the junior menber of the firm of Greilick Brothers, which has operated in the manufacture of lumber most successfully for many years past, died in 1899; William M. is the subject of this review. His early life up to the time that he was twenty-one years old was spent at Norrisville. He was required to go to work as soon as his strength permitted him to be of any use, and only the most meager privileges of securing an education were accorded him. At the time when he was twenty years old he had not attended school more than one year in his life. He bent every energy and practiced the most rigid economy that he might have the means to defray his expenses while attending school, and his worthy purpose was accomplished. For two years he attended school and, having a natural aptitude for learning, is now better informed than many whose education was more thorough and complete. After leaving school, he worked for his brother in the saw-mill the greater part of the time for eleven years. Part of the time, when the mill was not in operation, he busied himself with such work as he could find to do, spending a number of months working in Milwaukee. Meanwhile, having secured much knowledge of the business of the millwright, he was employed by his brothers at Sutton's Bay in that capacity and as general manager. He held this position for eleven years, then came to Traverse City and has resided here since. While naturally of a kind, generous disposition, William M. Greilick was never married. He is, therefore, innocent of any domestic ties or family relations and seems to enjoy his condition of single blessedness. In politics he is strictly independent, with a de cided leaning for the Republican party and candidates, but caucus nominations or the actions of a convention have no binding effects on his vote. In religion, although baptised and reared in the Catholic church, to which most of his relations belong, he is peculiarly independent, satisfying his conscience by a strict adherence to the Golden rule. He is a frank, candid man, intelligent beyond others whose life has been devoted to long hours and hard work, but the most refreshing feature of his disposition is a passion for minding his own own business and the granting to all people a similar privilege. ISAAC GARTHE. All credit is due to the man who wins success in spite of great obstacles and by persistency and industry gains a competence and a position where he is respected by his acquaintance. The history of Isaac Garthe is a record of such a man-one who has become strong and self-reliant through struggling with difficulties which would have overpowered many a man of less courage and resourceful ability. Coming to the United States in early manhood, he readily adapted himself to the changed conditions which he found here and has worked so continually and effectively that he is now numbered among the substantial agriculturists of Leelanaw county. Mr. Garthe was born in the kingdom of Norway on the 28th of August, 1842. His father, Christen I. Garthe, was a sailor in early manhood and afterward engaged in farming. He wedded Miss Gertrude Ansnas and both were native of Norway. The mother died in that country in t ~~1 ISAAC GARTHE RESIDENCE GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 691 the winter of 1856, when about thirty-six years of age, and the father continued to reside there until July, 1868, when he emigrated to America, hoping that he might improve his financial condition in the new world. Continuing his journey westward, he at length arrived in Leelanaw county and settled in Leelanaw township, where he lived until his death, which occurred in the spring of 1872, when he was in his sixty-sixth year. Of a family of six children Isaac Garthe is the eldest. He was reared in Norway and followed the occupation of farming in his native country until the spring of 1867, when he bade adieu to'home and friends and sailed for the new world. He was then a young man of twenty-four years, full of hope and determination. He had no capital, but his strong resolution and energy stood him in stead of money and have enabled him to advance continually on the road to prosperity. He became a resident of Leelanaw township and since that date he has continually followed farming here. He first worked as a farm hand until he had acquired capital sufficient to enable him to become owner of a tract of land. In the-spring of 1873 he made his first purchase, thereby becoming the possessor of fifty-five acres on section 33, Leelanaw township. He took up his abode here and has since lived upon the farm, which, owing to his capable management and untiring efforts, has been greatly transformed. He has erected a good set of farm buildings, has planted numerous shade and fruit trees, has placed his fields under a high state of cultivation and today has a farm which is rich in its equipments and accessories, being one of the model farm properties of this sec tion of the state. Mr. Garthe has also extended the boundaries of his land until the place now comprises one hundred and forty-seven acres, of which about one hundred and twenty acres are improved. On the 28th of September, 1872, in Leelanaw township, Mr. Garthe was united in marriage to Miss Synnor Oien, who was born in Norway October 21, 1846, and who came to America in 1872. Mr. and Mrs. Garthe became the parents of nine children, of whom six are now living: Gertrude, who is the wife of Ole Martinson; Stanley; Christine, who is the wife of Thomas G. Ray; John, Carl L. and Anna L., who are still at home. Those who have passed away are Randa, Carl L. and Arnt. Mr. and Mrs. Garthe are well known Christian people, holding membership in the Evangelical Lutheran church of Northport. Mr. Garthe was instrumental in establishing this church and has done everything in his power for its upbuilding and for the extension of its influence and his political support is given to the Republican party and he has filled the positions of justice of the peace and overseer of highways. His time and attention, however, have been mostly given to his business interests and he is now the owner of a fine farm. His success is creditable and indicates the force of his character and his life of energy and determination. Mr. Garthe has never had occasion to regret his determination to seek a home in America, for in this country, where opportunity is unhampered by caste or class, he has steadily worked his way upward, gaining not ohly a financial success, but also the respect and good will of the community in which he has cast his lot. 692 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. JOHN HOXSIE. John Hoxsie, supervisor of Acme township, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and proprietor of the East Bay Woolen Mills, was born on a farm in Palmyra township, Lenawee county, Michigan, July 13, 1851. He was one of nine children born to Leonard S. and Mary (Underwood) Hoxsie. Both parents were natives of New York. They settled in this county in 1864, the mother dying in Traverse City at the age of seventy-nine years. Mr. Hoxsie spent his boyhood on the farm and was educated in the common schools of Acme township, his practical nature absorbing a vast amount of knowledge, not only from his books but from his habit of close observation. He has been a resident of this county almost continuously since his thirteenth year and is one of the most successful and prosperous business men of the community, his early habits of thrift and energy causing him to begin his career at an early age and his shrewdness enabling him to take advantage of the best opportunity. His first venture was in the saw-mill and lumber business, in which he was engaged for about ten years. He then formed a partnership with John A. Scripture, under the firm name of Hoxsie & Scripture, erecting the East Bay woolen mills at Acme in 1884. This venture was something of an experiment on the part of these enterprising young men but it has proved to be a paying investment and they have since operated the mills with flattering success. Their goods are known far and wide for their superiority and those who have been patrons once are sure to remain patrons of the firm. Judicious advertising, good goods and fair and upright dealings have been the motto of the company which has enabled them to build up an immense business and keep the entire confidence of their customers. John Hoxsie was united in marriage to a most estimable lady, Miss Jennie Richmond, of this state, by whom he has one child, Bertha. He has always affiliated with the Republican party, taking an intelligent interest in politics as affecting the public and he was one of the most satisfactory supervisors that ever served on the board in Acme township. He also acted as township treasurer, being capable and efficient. Mr. Hoxsie is courteous and affable in his manner and few men can lay claim to as many warm friends among their wide circle of acquaintances. He is a member of East Bay Lodge No. 264, Free and Accepted Masons. JOSEPH TAYLOR. Joseph Taylor has been an honored member of Grand Traverse county for a period of almost forty years and during that time has -become closely identified with the history and development of this thriving locality. He was born in Portage county, Ohio, October 3, 1844, and is one of eleven children born to Mathias and Elizabeth (French) Taylor. During his early childhood his parents became residents of Lorain county, Ohio, where they engaged in farming for several years, and, later, they moved to Williams county, where they conducted the same business. In March, 1865, Mr. Taylor enlisted in Company D, One Hundred and Ninety-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and served until the following GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 698 Ii December, when he returned to Williams county. In October, 1867, he left his native state and located 'in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, purchasing a small tract of land, consisting of forty acres, and converting it into a model home which attracts the pleased attention of the most casual passerby. Mr. Taylor was joined in marriage April 20, 1867, at Ransom, Hillsdale county, this state, to Miss Mary A. Howe. She was born in Cambria, Hillsdale county, July 7, 1846, and is a daughter of Joseph G. and Lois (Osborne) Howe, who afterwards moved to Illinois. Joseph Howe was born in New York, August I, 1812, and died February 4, 1887. He was a carpenter by trade and in politics was a Democrat. Lois Howe was born January 20, 181o, and died November 23, 1853. They were the parents of five children, of whom four are living. The union of Mr. and Mrs. Taylor has resulted in the birth of one child, Bertram W., who wedded Miss Louise Paul, and they have one child, Ren. Mr. Taylor is a member of McPherson Post, Grand Army of the Republic, of Traverse City, and takes pleasure in the re-unions of the old veterans. He is a man of quiet and unassuming manners and has never taken any part in political or public life. JUDD H. BUELL. From the age of nine years Judd H. Buell has resided in Michigan and is now making his home on section 15, Grand Traverse county, where he carries on general agricultural pursuits. Being brought to the west at a comparatively early period in the development of this state, he became imbued with the spirit of progress and enterprise which is very dominant in Michigan and these elements have been manifested in his business career and also in his citizenship, for Mr. Buell is a man who while promoting individual interests has also aided in advancing the general prosperity and the welfare and upbuilding of his community are matters of deep interest to him. Mr. Buell claims Pennsylvania as the state of his nativity, his birth having occurred in Ridgebury, Bradford county, on the 16th of August, 1845. His parents, George and Harriet (Sturgis) Buell, resided for some years in Bradford county and on leaving Pennsylvania they made their way to Livingston county, Michigan, where Mrs. Buell died at the comparatively early age of thirty-two years. Her huband, surviving her, departed this life in Byron, Shiawassee county, Michigan, at the advanced age of seventy-five years. Judd H. Buell, the second of their three children, was a lad of nine summers when he came with his parents'to Michigan and upon the home farm in Livingston county he was reared. Surrounded by environments of frontier life he shared with the family in the hardships and trials which fall to the lot of the early pioneers and he also assisted in the task of developing a new farm. As time advanced and his strength increased he more and more assumed the labors of caring for the home property. In Livingston county he was also married, the wedding being celebrated on the 22d of March, 1871, at which time he led to the marriage altar Miss Mary Christie, who was born in Ray township, Macomb county, Michigan, on the 22d of March, 1851, her parents being Robert and 694 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Catherine (Ferguson) Christie, both of whom are natives of Scotland. Leaving the land of hills and heather, they came to the new world and are still residents of Livingston county. Of their five children Mrs. Buell was the second and she was reared in Macomb county. At the time of their marriage the young couple removed to Genesee county, Michigan, where they remained for six years and on the expiration of that period they went to Shiawassee county, this state, where Mr. Buell remained until the spring of I880. That year witnessed his arrival in Grand Traverse county and he settled upon the farm which has now been his home for twenty-three consecutive years. He owns eighty acres of land and modern improvements have been placed upon the farm through his labors. He has erected good buildings, neatness and thrift characterize the place, while in the management of his business affairs Mr. Buell displays marked energy, determination and sound judgment. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Buell have been born ten children, namely: Mary R., who is now the wife of Frank Harris; Hattie M., at home; Carrie M., who is the wife of Clinton McRae; Alice E., Robert J., Grace P., Mabel C., George C., Daisy M. and Pearl W., who are still under the parental roof. The parents attend the services of the First Methodist Episcopal church of Traverse City and hold membership with the denomination. Mr. Buell has been called upon to fill a number of positions of public trust and responsibility. He acted as township treasurer of Garfield township for several years and has also been township supervisor for a number of years and in public office is found very loyal and faithful. There are in every community men who without any particular effort on their part leave an impress upon the community which can never be effaced. Mr. Buell is one of this class. With his own hand he has shaped his destiny. He is a man careful, prudent and honest and, therefore not by genius, but by the due exercise of his good qualities and his business sagacity he has won for himself a creditable standing in financial circles. In all of his dealings he is strictly fair and just and his word is as good as any bond ever solemnized by signature or seal. Genial and courteous, he has won many friends and has the good will and esteem of the entire community. STEINER C. GARTHE. Steiner C. Garthe, who is a representative of horticultural and agricultural interests in Leelanaw county and an ex-probate judge, is classed among the representative citizens and leading men of this portion of Michigan. His home is on section 32, Leelanaw township, and there lie has a rich and arable tract of land, devoted largely to the cultivation of fruit and also to the production of cereals best adapted to soil and climate. From the land of the midnight sun Steiner C..Garthe came to the new world. He was born in the kingdom of Norway on the 7th of March, 1851, and is a son of Christen I. and Gertrude (Ansnas) Garthe, who were also natives of the same country. In early life the father followed the sea and when he ceased to be a sailor he turned his attention to agricultural pursuits, to which he continued to devote his energies until his life's labors were ended. In the winter of S. C. GARTHE GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 695 1856 he was called upon to mourn the loss of his wife, who died at that time in Norway when but thirty-six years of age. He continued to live in their native land until twelve more years had passed and then he came to America, taking up his abode in Leelanaw township, Leelanaw county. He was not permitted to enjoy his new home, however, for a very long period, for he died in the spring of 1872, when in the sixty-sixth year of his age. His family numbered six children, of whom Steiner C. is the fifth in order of birth. Mr. Garthe, whose name introduces this record, came to America with his father, being at that time a youth of seventeen years. He had obtained his education in the schools of Norway and after coming to the United States he turned his attention to farming and fruit raising. This has since been his business and he now owns about seventy acres of improved land. His orchards cover seventeen acres and include many fine fruit trees, so that he annually produces a great variety of fruits. The products of his place are celebrated for their size, quality and flavor and the shipments from the Garthe farm find a ready sale upon the market. Mr. Garthe has made a very close and systematic study of the best methods of producing fruit and grains and has a comprehensive knowledge of the needs of different kinds of fruits and cereals. In Leelanaw county on the 21st of March, 1878, was celebrated the marriage of Steiner C. Garthe and Miss Elizabeth Bahle, also a native of Norway, born on the I Ith of December, 1855. She was a young maiden of fifteen summers when she came to America with her parents, Esten and Mary Bahle. Mr. and Mrs. Garthe are now the parents of ten children: Christopher, Gertrude, Esten, Mary, Christine, Seth, Charles, Anna, Isaac L. and James H. Of these Christopher died in infancy, but the others are still living and are yet with their parents. In public affairs Mr. Garthe is prominent and influential and his opinions carry weight among his neighbors because he is known to be a man of patriotic spirit, of progressive views and of high ideals. He has held the office of probate juge of Leelanaw county and he served in the position of towiship supervisor of Leelanawv township from 1886 until 1900, with the exception of one year, so that his incumbency covered thirteen years. He votes with the Republican party and is unfaltering in his allegiance to its principles. In township and county affairs he has been quite active and he has served as a delegate to various county and state conventions of his party. Both he and his wife are devoted members of the English Lutheran church and in its work he takes a very active and helpful part. HENRY VOORHEES. All readers of good literature will recall how graphically, and with how great appreciation, Washington Irving writes concerning the old Holland settlements in the state of New York, noting the characteristic traits of the sturdy men and women who have played so important a part in our national history and have left a patrician line to honor their memories as representatives of the true Knickerbocker stock, and in the beautiful lake county of Seneca, in the old Empire state, were early found representatives 696 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. of this fine old Dutch ancestry, and the subject of this review rfay well look with pride upon his genealogy and hold in affection the county and state in which he was born and in which he was a representative of an old and honored family of Holland extraction. He is now an influential citizen and retired farmer of Traverse City, and is to be distinctively regarded as one of the pioneers of Grand Traverse county, which was a veritable wilderness at the time when he took up his abode in the midst of its sylvan grades, so that a review of his career is signally apropos in this publication. Henry Voorhees was born in the town of Lodi, Seneca county, New York. Mr. Voorhees was born on the 2d of April, 1833, being a son of Henry and Eliza Voorhees, who passed their entire lives in that county, where the paternal grandfather was numbered among the pioneer settlers. Our subject was reared to the sturdy discipline of the home farm and received a good commonschool education, and he there continued to reside until he had attained the age of about twenty-six years, when he joined a vegetarian and temperance colony which proceeded to the state of Kansas and located itself in the vicinity of Osawatomie, Miami county, and he was there living at the time when John Brown made his famous and historic raid. He remained a part of one year in Kansas and then returned to New York, where he continued to reside until 1869, when he came to Michigan and settled near the Grand fiver, at Nunica, Ottawa county, on a tract of new land. To its cultivation he devoted his attention until the spring of 1874, when he came to Grand Traverse county and purchased two hundred acres of land on the Houghton state road, seven miles distant from Traverse City. The tract was entirely covered with its native timber, and here he set himself to the task of reclaiming the same to cultivation, clearing two hundred acres. Eventually he sold this homestead to his son-in-law, Charles Pearce, but he is still owner of one hundred acres in the county, the same being as yet but partially cleared. He has attained success through his own efforts and is numbered among the substantial and honored citizens of the county. In politics Mr. Voorhees gives a stanch allegiance to the Republican party, and he served four years as justice of the peace in Garfield township. He has been for many years a prominent and valued member of the Patrons of Husbandry, both he and his wife having early identified themselves with the county grange. While en route to Kansas, in 1856, he was married, while in the state of Wisconsin, and on the 9th of April, to Miss Elmina Miltimore, who was born in North Troy, Vermont, on the 8th of November, 1835, of Scotch-Irish lineage, and she was his devoted and cherished companion during a happy married life of nearly half a century, her gracious womanhood and gentle character winning to her the love of all who came within the sphere of her influence. She passed forward to the land of the leal on the ist of April, 1900. When she was twenty years of age she accompanied her parents on their removal from the old Green Mountain state to Wisconsin. She was a woman of high intellectuality and marked literary appreciation, reading widely and with discrimination, while she became a. member of various literary societies, in connection with which she became acquainted, through correspondence, with many of the leading rep GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 697 resentatives in literary circles of the Union, including John Greenleaf Whittier. She was a teacher as a young woman and was very energetic and ambitious. In a reminiscent way it may be stated that the father of Mr. Voorhees was an uncompromising advocate of abolition during the crucial epoch leading up to and culminating in the war of the Rebellion, and he was a deacon in the Dutch Reformed church, its pastor, as were many other clergymen of the day, being proslavery, and Mr. Voorhees' publicly expressed sentiments in favor of abolition caused a dissension in the church, this leading to the withdrawal of a large number of its members. The subject and his wife both became early identified with the Spiritualistic movement, he having been reared in the locality where the celebrated Fox sisters made their astonishing revelations, and he was one of the first to become an exemplar of the cult, having a high reverence for the spiritual verities and making a careful study of the subject. Mrs. Voorhees was a strong medium and both she and her husband became leaders in the movement, though not formally identified with the organized society. Both made it their end to seek for the truth and held to liberal views. The subject is a man of distinctive individuality and original ideas, and he may well be classed as a reformer, though in no sense an iconoclast. He has been much interested in horticulture and his ideas in regard to methods qf developing new scions and securing the best results in propagation are radically different from those commonly accepted and followed, and his experiments have gone far to prove the value of his theories. In conclusion we enter a brief record concerning the seven children born to Mr. and Mrs. Voorhees: Lucy remains with her rather and presides over the domestic economies and social affairs of their pleasant home; Mary is the wife of Charles Pearce, who purchased and resides on the old homestead farm; Julia is the wife of Ellsworth Clark, of Ithaca, Gratiot county, this state; Alice is the wife of Charles Edmundson, of Los Angeles, California; Kate died at the age of twenty-nine years, of consumption; Catherine Jane is the wife of Lesca Crain, of Garfield; and Theodore is a successful farmer of this county. ALONZO C. HOXSIE. Alonzo C. Hoxsie, deceased, was born in Palmyra, Lenawee county, Michigan, May 7, 1842, and was one of nine children in the family of Leonard S. and Mary (Underwood) Hoxsie. His parents were natives of the state of New York, but made their home in Michigan at an early day and in 1864 came to Grand Traverse county, where the mother died at the age of seventy-nine years. Among the children who are honored and respected residents of the county at this time are Mrs. C. H. Estes and John Hoxsie. Alonzo C. Hoxsie was reared to manhood in his native county and has always been a farmer. At the age of twenty-two he located in Acme township, where he engaged in agricultural pursuits and acquired land, which at the time of his death amounted to one hundred and sixty acres. He was hardworking and honest, a shrewd business man and an excellent neighbor who had the good will and friendship of those 698 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. around him. He took an intelligent interest in the events of the day and was anxious to see good men in the local offices for the better government of the community. He was not a politician, although for many years he held the office of township clerk to the entire satisfaction of the general public and credit to himself. A man of integrity and right principles, he took an active part in church work and was untiring in his efforts to promote the cause of Christianity and raise the standard of morality, his example exerting an untold power and influence over those among whom he lived. Alonzo Hoxsie was married January I, 1868, after coming to Acme township, to Miss Harriett R. Taylor, and a family of three children was born to them. They are Dennis F., Myrtle M., wife of Frank Stafford, and Mina R., wife of Ralph White. Mrs. Hoxsie is a daughter of Daniel and Caroline (Jenne) Taylor, natives of New York. She is also a native of that state, having been born in Wayne county, on May II, I850. When she was a child of eleven years her parents moved to Michigan and carried on farming, first in Whitewater and later in Acme township. Her father reached his seventy-seventh year, dying March 13, 1900. Mrs. Hoxsie is a lady of intelligence and refinement, possessing more than the average business ability, and she was her husband's encouragement and help during all their married life. She was called to give up a beloved husband March 12, 19oo, and while her heart was yet stunned from this great misfortune, another like calamity befell her in the death of her father on the following day. Both had been men of prominence in the community, honored and beloved, and the entire people joined with her in mourning them and cherishing their memory. Mrs. Hoxsie continues to reside on the homestead and carries on the farm, showing an aptitude and ability seldom equalled. She is of genial and pleasant disposition that makes her a general favorite with those who are brought into the circle of her acquaintance and her friends are all who know her. EDWARD N. BROADWAY. Edward N. Broadway has extensive and valuable landed interests in Grand Traverse county, where, in partnership with his brother, he owns four hundred acres of land. His home is situated on section 14, Grant township, and there his work is so carefully directed that he has won a prominent position as a leading and prosperous agriculturist of his community. It is true that he inherited some of his property, but many a man of less business capacity and of less resolute spirit would have failed in caring for this in a manner that would prove profitable. His business methods are straightforward and will bear the closest investigation and the name of Broadway has ever been a synonym for business activity, energy and reliability in this part of Grand Traverse county. The father of the subject, Isaac Broadway, was a native of England, but in early life crossed the Atlantic to the new world and in Canada was married to Miss Amanda C. Campbell, who was a native of that country. Immediately after their marriage the young couple started for Michigan and took up their abode on section 14, Grant township, Grand Traverse county, being among MR. AND MRS. EDWARD N. BROADWAY GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 699 the earliest settlers. This was a frontier region and early pioneer conditions prevailed and Mr. Broadway at once became an active factor in the early development and improvement of his locality. He continued the work of the home farm until his death, which occurred in the forty-ninth year of his age. His wife passed away in the spring of 1898, when more than fifty years of age. Their three children were Edward N., whose name introduces this review; Oliver J., who is a resident of Grand Traverse county, and Jesse E., who died in his twenty-second year. At the time of his death the father, Isaac Broadway, left an estate of two hundred and forty acres. This had been accumulated as the result of keen discrimination in business, diligence and perseverance. IHe started out for himself without capital and his life record proves conclusively what can be accomplished througlh determined purpose. He was never known to take advantage of his fellow men in any trade transaction, and thus he left to his sons an example well worthy of emulation. That he had the confidence and regard of his fellow men is shown by the fact that he was at various times intrusted with public positions of importance and responsibility. He held the office of township clerk for seven years and was highway commissioner for one year. The names of both Mr. and Mrs. Broadway were enrolled in the membership records of the Methodist Episcopal church and they exemplified their faith in their daily lives, living at peace with their fellow men, treating all fairly and daily endeavoring to follow closely in the footsteps of the Master. Edward N. Broadway was born in Grant township, on the I5th of March, i868, first' opening his eyes to the light of day upon his i 44 father's farm, on which he was reared and which has always been his home. The place is therefore endeared to him through the associations of his early life as well as those, of later manhood. He played in the fields and meadows, where later he became an active assistant in the work. The public schools of the neighborhood afforded him his educational privileges and, mastering the branches of learning therein taught, he became well qualified to meet the important and arduous duties of a business career. He and his brother have always been associated in their business affairs and today they are the owners of four hundred acres of land in Grant township. The farm is one of the best in all this portion of the county and yields rich returns for the care and labor bestowed upon it by the owners. Edward N. Broadway was married, in, Traverse City, on the I6th of April, 1902, toMiss Eva L. Robertson, a daughter of Hector J. and Mary (Wilson) Robertson. Her father is now deceased and her mother is. yet living in this county. The former isrepresented on another page of this work,. for he was one of the leading and prominent: citizens of this locality.. Mr. Broadway has; served as school inspector for two years andi has also been a member of the board of review. GEORGE W. WHITSON.:.. ^.:4 George WV. Whitson, a leading resident of Bates, and treasurer of Acme township,..Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born, in Lawrence, Kansas, October 5, 1858. His: parents were Jesse J. and Eliza (Bondl) Whitson, the latter a native of Wayne coun 700 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ty, Indiana. They were among the earliest settlers of Kansas, going there when the state was a territory. The father was very outspoken, perfectly fearless in expressing his opinions, and, as he took an active part in the political affairs of that (lay, he made many enemies and it became necessary for him to leave the state and seek more peaceable quarters. He moved to Marion, Indiana, where he settled on a farm which was afterwards his home, but his death occurred in Harriman, Tennessee, when in his sixtyeighth year. George Whitson was one of eight children and, being the eldest of the family, it fell to his lot to put his shoulder to the wheel and help in supporting the family. He attended the district school during the winter months and his springs and summers were employed in tilling the soil and gathering in the harvests. In 1882 he located in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and four years later bought his farm of eighty acres, which is located in Acme township. Hie has engaged in various occupations, at one time be'ing employed for some eighteen months as telegraph operator in Chicago. He has kept up his farming operations and in 19igoo also engaged in the mercantile business at Bates: He has built up a good trade because he tries to give each customer just what they want, and his efforts are appreciated. He also has the postoffice, having been appointed postmaster in 19oo, and his affable and courteous treatment of the patrons have added many to his list of friends. Mr. Wilson was married, July 28, I888, to Miss Alta Dickerson, their union r~sulting in the birth of four children, name-,ly: Oliver D., Helen L., Harry and Mettie A. Mrs. Whitson was born March 4, 1859, in Manchester, Michigan, where she grew to womanhood and was married. She is a daughter of the late Charles Dickerson, of Manchester. Mr. Whitson, in addition to his other duties, has been treasurer of Acme township and the probity of his public acts have been above reproach. WILLAM A. RENNIE. The name of Rennie has appeared upon the records of Grand Traverse county for more than a half century. The first white settlers had hardly penetrated into the forests of this region and begunl the work of development when William Rennie, the father of the subject, sought a home within its borders. He assisted in the work of early improvement and upbuilding and when at death he ceased his labors in behalf. of the county the work was taken up by our subject, who is accounted a valued citizen as well as enterprising farmer of Garfield township. William Rennie, Sr., was born in Nova Scotia and there married Margaret Fenton, also a native of that country. Leaving his family in Nova Scotia he came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, in order to make a home for them, and after four years he was joined by his wife. They remained residents of Traverse City until I862, when they settled in Garfield township upon the farm now owned and occupied by the subject of this review. Here the parents lived until called to their final rest, the mother dying in April, 1864, aged thirty-nine years, while 1he father died March 26, i1886, at the age of sixty-five years. They had five children, two sons and three daughters. The last born of the children was Will GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 701 iam A. Rennie, who first opened his eyes to the light of day on the old family homestead, July 25, 1862. He has always lived here and the place is therefore endeared to him through the associations of youth as well as those of later manhood. His father, desirous that he should become a useful and honorable man, installed into his mind lessons of integrity and industry, and when not engaged with the duties of the schoolroom he assisted in the labors of the fields, often working therein from the time of early spring planting until crops were harvested in the late autumn. He owns two hundred and forty acres of land, and of this cultivates one hundred and forty-five acres. Upon his farm he has erected a fine home, of modern style of architecture, tasteful interior finishing and furnishing and with excellent conveniences. A well-kept lawn surrounds the place and over the grass the trees throw their grateful shade in summer. Mr. Rennie was married in Garfield township, September 27, 1888, the wedding ceremony being performed at the home of the bride, Miss Alice M. McRae, a daughter of Alexander and Patience (Foster) McRae, a sketch of whom is given elsewhere in this volume. Mrs. Rennie was born in Traverse City, Michigan, August 9, 1865, and was reared and educated in Grand Traverse county. Mr. and Mrs. Rennie have seven living children, and they lost one, Iola, who died at the age of eleven months. Those who are still with their parents are Lydia M., Susie M., John A., Alexander M., Abbie R., William McKinley and Milton E. The family occupy their beautiful home tpon the farm and delight to extend iit hospitality to their many guests--for their circle of friends is extensive. For many years Mr. Rennie has served as school treasurer and has also been overseer of highways, and in matters of citizenship he is very public spirited. The principles of honor and integrity instilled into his mind in his youth have borne good fruit in an upright character. His success may be justly attributed to his indomitable energy and the close and assiduous attention he has given to his business interests, even in the most minute details. WILLIAM A. LEE. Among the thrifty and energetic agriculturists of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, none are more deserving of mention than William A. Lee, of Acme township. He was born in Louisville, St. Lawrence county, New York, February 13, 186o, and is a son of Richard and Louisa (Wilson) Lee, both of whom were born in Louisville, the former February 25, 1818, and the latter in August, 1829. They were the parents of six children and it was to be near our subject that they moved to Grand Traverse county, some ten years ago. William Lee was brought up on a farm and has followed that occupation all his life. At the age of nineteen he came west, locating in Branch county, this state, and engaged in farming there for about five years, but thought to better his condition by changing his residence to Grand Traverse county. In September; 1884, he settled on the farm now owned and occupied by him near Bates in the township of Acme. Mr. Lee has inot so many acres as some of his neighbors,'but 'he understands getting the most results from I 702 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. a piece of land and the yield from his forty acres nets him a neat income. He is one of those thrifty farmers who has no waste land, every inch being under cultivation, with no unsightly weed patches in odd corners to contrast with growing crops. His house and barns have been built with an eye to beauty as well as usefulness and he has one of the coziest, most attractive homes in the vicinity. Mr. Lee was married at Union City, Branch county, Michigan, March 15, 1884, to Miss Anna B. Crandall. She is a daughter of Henry and Harriette (Harrington) Crandall and is a native of Lake county, Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Lee have but one child, a daughter, Miss Clara B. Lee, who graduated in the eighth grade in 1901 and has taken musical instruction. They are zealous workers in the United Brethren church, of which they are members, and stand high in the community in which they have lived so long. ANDREW SCOTT. Andrew Scott has passed the psalmist's span of three score years and ten and is one of the respected and venerable citizens of Leelanaw county. He resides on section 7, Leelanaw township, and belongs to that little group of distinctively representative business men who have been promoters of the early interests of this locality. Believing that the future must see a great change in this growing section of the United States, he acted in accordance with the dictates of his faith and judgment and cast in his lot with the pioneers. Now he has garnered in.the fullness of time the generous harvest which is the just recompense of indomitable industry, spotless integrity and unflagging energy. Mr. Scott is a native of county Tyrone, Ireland, his birth having occurred there on the 19th of November, 1828. He was but six years of age when he came to the new world with his parents and the family was established at that time in Lenox county, Ontario. He was the third in order of birth among thirteen children and he was reared in Lenox county, his advantages, however, being somewhat limited, because of the unimproved condition of the locality and because of the large number of children to be cared for in the household. He remained a resident of Ontario until twenty-two years of age, when he crossed the border into the United States, establishing his home in Jefferson county, New York. There he lived for four years, during which time he worked as a farm hand and when that period had elapsed he came to the Mississippi river, settling first in Walworth county, Wisconsin. It continued to be his place of residence until November, 1857, when he arrived in Leelanaw county, Michigan, and in the spring of 1859 he settled upon the farm which has been his home continuously since. Forty-five years have since come and gone and year after year he has labored untiringly and persistently, with the result that his efforts have been crowned with a fair degree of prosperity. His landed possessions now aggregate two hundred and thirty-eight acres and one hundred and forty acres of his farm are under cultivation, devoted to the productions of the cereals best adapted to soil and climate, or else utilized for pasture or meadow lands. Mr. Scott has also erected good buildings and the modern GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 708 equipments upon his place are indicative of the character of his life's work. The only time in which his farming operations have been neglected was during the progress of the Civil war, when in response to the need of his adopted country he offered his services to the government, enlisting in November, 1864, as a member of Company F, Fifteenth Michigan Infantry. He. served only one year and then returned to his home. Mr. Scott was married at Old Mission in Grand Traverse county, this state, on the 23d of November, 1858, the lady of his choice being Miss Amanda Avery, who was born near Servia, Ontario, on the 17th of September, 1841. Her parents, Charles and Mary (Patterson) Avery, were both natives of Vermont and on leaving the Green Mountain state they went to Canada, coming thence to Michigan about 1855. They settled at Old Mission, Grand Traverse county, but the mother was not long permitted to enjoy her new home, her death occurring about a year later. Mr. Avery afterward died in Blair township, Grand Traverse county. In his family were thirteen children, of whom Mrs. Scott was the seventh. By her marriage she has become the mother of five children: Helen, who is the wife of Joseph Johnson; Kate, the wife of John Kennedy; Jennie, who is now the wife of Peter Heimforth; Sanford and Ivan. Mr. Scott has held the office of highway commissioner, but has never been an aspirant for official honors. Ile is a member of Northport Lodge No. 265, Free and Accepted Masons, and in his career he has exemplified the beneficent spirit of the fraternity, which is based upon mutual helpfulness and brotherly kindness. In an analyzation of thie character and life work of Mr. Scott we notice many of the characteristics which have marked the Irish nation for many centuries, including the adaptability, ready resource, energy and the determination to pursue a course that has been marked out. It is these sterling qualities which have gained for Mr. Scott success in life and made him one of the substantial and valued citizens of Leelanaw county. GOTTFRIED FRANKE. Among those who have come from foreign lands to become prominent in agricultural circles in Grand Traverse county is Gottfried Franke, a farmer widely and favorably known in Garfield township. His success in all his undertakings has been so marked that his methods are of interest to those who know him. He has based his business principles and actions upon strict adherence to the rules which govern industry, economy and strlict, unswerving integrity, and in his career he has manifested the strong national traits of character which have ever marked German people. These include perseverance, fidelity to a purpose which has been marked out and the power of looking at business propositions from a practical standpoint. What Mr. Franke is today he has made himself, for he began in the world with nothing but his own energy and willing hands to aid him. By constant exertion associated with good judgment he has risen to an enviable position in the regard and respect of his fellow men. It was on the 4th of April, 1849, in Germany, when Gottfried Franke first opened his eyes to the light of day. He lived in the fatherland until he was thirteen years of age, 704 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. when he came to the new world with his uncle, Theodore Franke, who at that time located in Canada, but is now a resident of Reed City, Michigan. They spent a few months in the Dominion and then came to this state, locating first in Grand Rapids. The subject of this review learned the millwright's trade in that city, serving an apprenticeship covering a period of three years and six months. He afterward worked as a journeyman and continued to follow his trade in Grand Rapids until 1871, when he came to Traverse City. Here he followed the occupation of a carpenter and joiner and during the building seasons of 1872-3 he erected the Front street house of three stories, owned by Frank Frederick. Mr. Franke of this review worked at carpentering and also at the millwright's trade in both Traverse City and Mancelona, Michigan, and at the latter place he resided for about four years. He then returned to Traverse City in 1876 and continued in the same line of business. For nine and a half years he was in the employ of the well-known lumber firm of Hannah, Lay & Company, repairing their mills. He continued to follow his business exclusively until 1898 and since that time he has carried on agricultural pursuits in connection with other business affairs. He purchased his farm in 1878 and it has since been his home, although for a number of years he left its supervision to others, while he devoted his energies to industrial occupations. He now owns sixty acres of land, of which about forty-two acres is cleared and improved. He makes a specialty of the raising of onions of a high grade and also raises celery of a choice variety,-iu fact, he conducts a fine vegetable farm and the products of his gardens find a ready sale up on the market, owing to the excellence of the products which he sends to the cities. He has a fourteen-horse-power water-mill upon his farm and by that means he irrigates about eight acres of his land. He was the first man to put in a plant for irrigation purposes and this is indicative of the progressive methods which he has ever followed. He was also the first man to raise celery in Grand Traverse county and the first to make a specialty of the production of Burmuda onions. He also has a mill operated by the water power which saws all his fire wood and grinds all the feed which is used upon his place, in fact, it is patronized by many of his neighbors who thus have their feed ground. A cider-mill is now in process of construction upon his place and Mr. Franke has emery wheels of all descriptions and sizes, which he uses in the manufacture of butcher knives and cross-cut saws. He has made and sold several thousand knives. He possesses not only keen foresight, but excellent mechanical ability and industrial skill and this enables him to keep everything about his place in excellent condition. He can do his own repair work and there is no farm in all Grand Traverse county on which everything is kept in a better state of improvement and shows more careful supervision than the property which belongs to Gottfried Franke. Mr. Franke was first married in Grand Rapids, Michigan, to Miss Augusta Seten, who was born in Germany. She died in Garfielld township, June 21, 1897, and is survived by five of her six children, namely: Charles, Oscar, Julia, Louise and Alfred. Matilda, the second child, has passed away. After the death of his first wife Mr. Franke was again married, on the 22d of November, GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 705 1898, the lady of his choice being Miss Anna Brager, daughter of August and Wilhelmina (Kapka) Brager. Her father is now dead, but her mother is living, at* the age of sixty-eight years. Mrs. Franke was born in the fatherland and was educated in both English and German. She is the mother of one daughter, Maude. Mr. Franke holds membership with thQ Geri-man Benevolent Association,' which is located at Grand Rapids. In the county where he now makes his home he has a wide acquaintance and the many excellent traits of his character have gained him the good will, confidence and friendship of many with whom he has come in contact. His home is an attractive one, situated in the midst of an excellent farm and commands a fine view of the city and bay. His place is well supplied with all modern equipments and constitutes one of the model farms of the twentieth century. Mr. Franke has every reason to be proud of his achievements. He came to America a young man without capital and ihat he has prospered is due entirely to his own efforts. His business interests have been quite extensive and he has planned his own advancement and accomplished it in spite of many obstacles. A man of much natural ability, his success in business from the beginning of his residence in Grand Traverse county has been uniform and rapid. His close application to his work and his excellent management have won for him a high degree of the prosperity which many might envy. He possesses untiring energy, is quick of perception, forms his plans readily and is determined in their execution. Suscess with him is not the result of genius, but the outcome of clear judgment, experience and unfaltering industry. JAMES D. SHANE. Michigan has many citizens who have came across the border from Canada in order to take advantage of the greater opportunities in the United States, where is to be found livelier competition and more marked enterprise. Mr. Shane is a native of Canada, his birth having occurred in Huntington county on the 26th of August. 1866, his parents being John W. and Ellen (Smith) Shane, both of whom are natives of Canada. In the year 1868 they came from that country to Leelanaw county, Michigan, and settled upon a farm in Elmwood township, where they lived for many years, after which they took up their abode in Traverse City, where they are now residing, the father enjoying a well-earned rest from further business cares. They were the parents of four children, of whom our subject is the second. James D. Shane was only about two years of age when brought by his parents to Michigan, and upon his father's farm in Leelanaw county the days of his boyhood and youth were passed. In the winter months he attended the district schools, and in the summer seasons, as soon as old enough to follow the plow, he. bore his share in the work of the fields, this practical training well fitting him for the occupation which he has chosen as a life work. Mr. Shane was married in Traverse City, Michigan, April 25, I886, the lady of his choice being Miss Rose Oliver, a native of Ohio. They now have six children-Mary E., Johp W., Ellen G., Annie M., James H. and Ruth H. Mr. and Mrs. Shane began their domestic life in Leelanaw county, and there resided until 1894, when they came to Grand Traverse county, and now for nine 706 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. years they have lived upon the farm in Garfield township, which is yet his home. Mr. Shane has here a tract of one hundred and sixty acres, almost all of which is under cultivation. Within the place are comprised one hundred and forty acres of well-improved land, and he has an excellent farm, improved with modern equipments and supplied with the best farming machines in order to facilitate the work. There has been no exciting chapter in his life history, but his career is that of a man who in the quiet pursuits of life has been found true to duty, honorable in business transactions and faithful to his family and friends. LOUIS RUTHARDT. For forty years Louis Ruthardt has resided in Leelanaw county, upon the farm which is still his home, and is one of the extensive land-owners of this section of the state, his possessions aggregating six hundred and ten acres. That he engaged in agricultural pursuits on a large scale is shown by the fact that he has two hundred and ten acres under cultivation and is improving his property according to the most progressive ideas of the twentieth century. Farm work as.carried on today has little resemblance to the labor which was required in the cultivation of land forty years ago. The farm hand of today would hardly know how to use the cradle and scythe, the old-time plow and harrow. He rides today over the fields upon a plow which also drops the grain, and the binder and harvester and the thresher do the work which was once done by hand. With the improvement which has characterized agricultural work Mr. Ruthardt has kept fully abreast and he is today accounted one of the leading and representative agriculturists of the county which has been his home through four decades. Mr. Ruthardt is a native of the fatherland, his birth having occurred in Baden on the 3oth of June, 1842. His parents, George M. and Rosina (Tonheimer) Ruthardt, were also natives of the same country, and the mother died in Germany in 1846. Later in the same year the father crossed the briny deep to the United States and in 1848 he came to Michigan, establishing his home in Kent county, where he lived until his life's labors were ended in death, when he was sixty-seven years of age. Of a family of four children Louis Ruthardt is the third in order of birth. He remained in his native land during the period of his early youth and obtained his education in the public schools in accordance with the laws of the country. He was sixteen years of age when he bade adieu to home and friends in Germany and sailed for America to join his father, arriving in Kent county, Michigan, in the early fall of 1858. In the meantime his father had married again, having wedded Christina Nagel, a native of Germany. Louis Ruthardt remained in Kent county, Michigan, with his father until 1863, being absent therefrom for only a brief period of six months, which he spent in the army. He had closely studied the question which had involved the country in civil war and, believing in the justice of the Union cause, he offered his services to the government, joining the boys in blue of Company C, Third Michigan Infantry, on the Ist of March, 1862. With his command he went LOUIS RUTHARDT GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 707 to the front, but on the Ist of September of the same year he was honorably discharged on account of physical disability. HI-e then returned to Kent county, working with his father until 1863, when he arrived in Leelanaw county, settling in Solon township on the farm where he still lives. Much of the land was wild and still in possession of the government, and the district was largely covered with the native growth of forest trees. Mr. Ruthardt entered a claim of one hundred and sixty acres and upon the homestead farm he has since remained, developing the property until today it is one of the finest farms to be found in this portion of the state. As he cleared the land he also placed it under the plow and in due course of time gathered golden harvests as a reward for his labor. His financial resources increasing as the years went by, he also extended the boundaries of his place and made judicious investments in real estate until his property holdings now include six hundred and ten acres, of which he has placed two hundred and ten acres under cultivation. On his place he has first-class buildings. His home is commodious and of modern style of architecture. He has also built substantial barns and sheds for the shelter of grain and stock and for the protection of his improved farm machinery from the inclement weather. A glance at his place is sufficient to indicate to the passer-by his progressive spirit, which is indicated in every department of the farm, in the wellkept fences, the rich fields, substantial buildings and in the fine grades of stock raised there. Mr. Ruthardt was first married in Solon township, the wedding ceremony being performed on the 8th of December, 1867, when Miss Emilie Ansorge became his wife. She was born in Austria, but was reared in Michigan from the early age of six years. Her father, Edward Ansorge, brought his family to the United States and became one of the pioneer settlers of Leelanaw county, where he took an active and helpful part in laying broad and deep the foundation for the present progress and prosperity of the county, and to such men a debt of gratitude is due which can never be repaid. He lived to reach a ripe old age and died in Traverse City, Michigan, when more than eighty years of age. His last years were spent in that place and he was one of the most honored and venerated of its citizens. Unto the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Ruthardt were born eight children: Amelia, who is the wife of William Adams; Louis M., who died in Solon township, in September, I900, when twenty-eight years of age; George E., who died when only a year old; Edward George, who was drowned in Long Lake, July 7, 1895, when eighteen years of age; Frank P., who is living at home; George E., who was the second of that name and died at the age of three years; William H., at home; and Anna M., who completes the family. The wife and mother, Mrs. Emilie Ruthardt, died in Solon township Novemher 15, 1901. On the 25th of January, 1903, Mr. Ruthardt was again married, Miss Dorothea Eisenhardt becoming his wife and the wedding being celebrated in Solon township, Leelanaw county. The lady was born in Germany, February I, 188o. On many occasions Mr. Ruthardt has been called to public office by his fellow townsmen, who recognize his worth and his fidelity to the general welfare. He filled the 708 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. - -- -I i position of township treasurer for six years and was supervisor for fourteen years. He was also township clerk for four years, acted as justice of the peace for some time, and was highway commissioner. He votes with the Republican party and gives an unwavering allegiance to its principles. In office he has made the general welfare his first consideration, placing this before partisanship and the public good before personal aggrandizement. He is one of the most prominent and influential citizens of the county, where he came in the first year of his manhood and where he has since lived. He belongs to that class of representative, progressive and chivalrous Americans, who, while promoting individual success, also advance the general prosperity, and investigation into his life history shows that the salient features of his life are those which in every land and clime command respect and admiration. JAMES K. GUNTON. By the death of this honorable and upright citizen the community in which he lived sustained a great loss and was deprived of the presence of him whom it had come to look upon as a guardian of its best interests as well as an honored pioneer. Death often removes from our midst those whom we can ill afford to spare and whose lives have been all that is exemplary of the true citizen. Such a citizen was Mr. Gunton, whose career endeared him to those with whom he came in contact because of the sterling integrity of his character, his social nature and his cordial disposition. Through these qualities he created a memory whose perpetuation does not depend upon brick or stone, but upon the spontaneous and freewill offering of a people who entertain for him the warmest regard and had for him unfaltering friendship. Few, indeed, were the residents who located here before.his arrival. He took up his abode in the county in 1851 and throughout the remaining years of his life he was deeply interested in what was accomplished along lines of moral upbuilding and substantial progress. Mr. Gunton was born in the county of Norfolk, England, September 5, I83o, and was reared in his native land. When a young man he came to the United States, believing that he might have better business opportunities in the new world. He was a carpenter by trade and on arriving in the United States he resumed work at his chosen occupation, being engaged in superintending the construction of buildings for two or three years. On the expiration of that period he came to Traverse City, where he arrived in 1851. He then entered the employ of the well known pioneer firm of Hannah, Lay & Company, with whom he continued for several years. Being an excellent carpenter, his services were in continual demand and the work which he executed gave entire satisfaction to those who employed him. After a time he turned his attention to the hotel business and was a popular host in Traverse City for more than twenty years. He called his place the Gunton House and it was one of the first hostelries in this part of the state, being a landmark of Traverse City. Additions have since been made to it and it is still standing at the corner of Grant and Franklin streets, being today known as Cottage Home. For several years Mr. and Mrs. Gunton made this one of the scenes of hos GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 709 pitality of Traverse City and the old settlers can recall many happy hours spent under its roof. Mr. Gunton did everything in his power for the comfort and convenience of his guests and was a popular landlord, winning the good will and oftentimes the friendships of many who were entertained in the Gunton House. At length retiring from the hotel business he removed to his farm in Garfield township and there he engaged in agricultural and horticultural pursuits, also in the raising of vegetables for the market and in the conduct of a greenhouse. They found this a profitable source of income and he made his place very valuable by reason of the many improvements he put upon it. At Old Mission, in Grand Traverse county, on the 24th of June, 1852, Mr. Gunton was united in marriage to Miss Henrietta Baxter, who was born in the district of Johnstown, Canada West, August 27, 1834, a daughter of Hiram and Laney (Thomas) Baxter, both of whom were natives of Canada. Her father died in that country, after which the mother came to the United States, spending her last days in Alpena, Michigan. This worthy couple were the parents of five children, of whom Mrs. Gunton was the fourth. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Gunton were born ten children, as follows: Henrietta, who died in infancy; Caroline M., the wife of B. J. Morgan; William, a resident of Garrett, Indiana; Livetta, who is the wife of W. H. White, of Elgin, Illinois; Minerva, who was the wife of a Mr. Dill and died in California; Martha, who died when three years of age; Jessie, who was the widow of Allen McDonald and resides in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and is now the wife of Jay G. Phillips, a marine engineer; Thomas, also of Traverse City; James, who is living in the same place; Charles R., who is in the west; Isabella, now the wife of Frank Meads, of Traverse City; Jane, who died in infancy; and Walter, who completes the family and is living in Eugene, Oregon. Mr. Gunton erected good buildings upon his farm and made excellent improvements upon hisproperty. At the time of his death he was the owner of eighty acres of rich land, of which sixty acres was improved. Through an active business career he had acquired a comfortable competence so that his widow was left in very good financial circumstances. Mr. Gunton was a member of the Presbyterian church, to which his wife also belongs, and he belonged to the old settlers association, taking great delight in its annual meetings, where his hearty laugh always made him the center of a merry crowd of "old timers." He and his wife traveled life's journey together for a half century, their mutual love and confidence increasing as the years went by, and for fifty-five years he resided in Grand Traverse county, taking an active part in its pioneer development as well as its laterday improvement. He came here when this district was almost entirely covered with a native growth of forest trees, but lumber industries were established and soon the monarchs of the forest fell before the sturdy strokes of the woodsman and were converted into marketable products. Then came the farmer to plow and cultivate the land or to devote it to fruit-raising purposes and men whose talent lay along commercial lines established mercantile houses and built up good business industries in what are now thriving towns and cities. Mr. Gunton was always an advocate of progress and improvement and he co-operated in many movements for the general good. In his political affili 710 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ations he was a Democrat, having taken faith in the principles of the party resulting from his earnest study of the questions of the day, yet he was never an active politician in the sense of office-seeking, preferring to give his undivided attention to his business affairs. While he won a creditable degree of success in business, it was his genial, kindly nature that won him friends. In manner he was hearty, cordial and sincere, entirely free ffom ostentation and yet possessing many strong and admirable traits of character, which won him the high regard and warm friendship of those with whom he came in contact. He passed away on his farm on the 16th of July,.1902, after having passed the psalmist's span of three-score years and ten, and the county mourned the loss of one of its prominent and respected pioneer settlers. JAMES N. HOWARD. Whether in public office, in business life or in social circles, fames N. Howard is ever found as one whose integrity is above question and whose sterling worth stands as a strong element in his career. He resides on section 22, Grant township, where he is carrying on general farming with good success. A native of the Empire state, he was born on the 15th of June, 1845. His father, Nelson Howard, was a native of New York and after arriving at years of maturity he was there married to Miss Harriet Pratt, whose birth likewise occurred in New York and who was reared and educated there. Believing that he might have better business opportunities in a more western district, Mr. Howard left New York for Wisconsin, taking up his abode in Waukesha county, where he spent his remaining days. Unto him and his wife were born eight children, six sons and two daughters, and James N. of this review was the youngest of the family. James N. Howard was only two years old when his parents went to Wisconsin and upon the home farm in Waukesha county he was reared, the work of the farm becoming familiar to him in his early youth, for as soon as old enough he assisted in cultivating the fields and caring for the stock. His education was obtained in the public schools and he remained in Waukesha county until twenty years of age, when, in December, i865, he came to Michigan and settled in Grand Traverse county. Here he purchased a claim and he afterward secured a homestead of one hundred and sixty acres, lying in Grant township. Upon this he settled and it has since been his place of residence. He today owns one hundred and ten acres, of which fifty acres is improved. He has erected good buildings upon his farm and supplied it with modern equipments which facilitate farm work and make his labors of value in the acquirement of a comfortable competence. Mr. Howard was a young nman of only nineteen years when he offered his service to the government in defense of the Union, enlisting in March, 1865, as a member of Company I, Fifty-second Wisconsin Infantry. He was afterward transferred to the Fifty-first Wisconsin Regiment of Volunteers, with which he remained for about two months, but the command did not leave the state. Mr. Howard was married in Sherman, Wexford county, Michigan, on the 31st of January, 1878, the lady of his choice being JAMES N. HOWARD GROUP. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 711 Miss Emma Burrows, who was born in Cambridgeshire, on the 5th of July, 1850, her parents being Shadrock and Elizabeth (Brazebridge) Burrows. Coming to America during their early married life, they took up their abode in Calhoun county, Michigan, Mr. Burrows dying in Penfield when seventy-two years of age and his wife being called to her final rest while.living in Grant township, Grand Traverse county, at the a ge of seventy-seven years. Mrs. Howard was the fourth of their six children and by her marriage she has become the mother of two sons, Frederick G. and Horace F. Mr. Howard was elected and served as one of the first constables of Grant township. He was also overseer of highways and school moderator and in public office he was most loyal to his duties, but he has never been a politician in the sense of office seeking, preferring to devote his time and energies to his business affairs. He votes with the Republican party and, as every true American citizen should do, he keeps informed on the issues and questions of the day. His wife is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church and, like her husband, she shares in the high regard of many with whom she lias come in contact. Realizing that there is no excellence without labor, Mr. Howard has labored earnestly and energetically and with an enthusiastic interest in his work. He has never turned aside into speculation with the hope of rapidly acquiring a fortune, but has persevered in the pursuit of a given purpose. Agriculture has been his life work and it has been through his close attention to the details of his business and his unfaltering energy that he has won for himself a place amnong the substantial citizens of the community. J. WILBUR GREEN. J. Wilbur Green was born in Yates county, New York, December 13, 1846, his parents being Henry and Hannah (Hawley) Green, both of whom died when he was quite young. When about fourteen years old he went to Ontario county, New York, where he remained three years, and then returned to Yates county. He managed to obtain a good, practical education, and divided his time between school-teaching and farming, his winters being employed in the school room and the spring and summer in the field. In 1881 he came to Michigan, and for three years resided in Branch county. In December, 1884, he moved to Grand Traverse county and rented land in Whitewater township for the first year until he had time to look up a suitable tract of land that he could buy and make his home. He purchased eighty acres in Acme township, and this he has improved with good buildings and careful cultivation, until he has one of the most desirable homes in the section, with all the conveniences usually found on a first-class farm. Mr. Green was married December 20, 1877, to Miss Emma A. Rogers, of Yates county, New York. She was born March 13, i856, and is a daughter of William and Celeste (Loomis) Rogers. Mr. and Mrs. Green are the parents of five children, but four of whom survive. They are Lena M., C. Martin, F. Carlton and L. Eva. Hazel I. died in infancy. Mr. Green and his wife are earnest members of the United Brethren church at Bates, and take an active part in the work of the church. They are ardent Prohibitionists, although they are independent in politics, believing in putting the best man in office regardless of his party views. 712 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Mr. Green has held the office of justice of the peace for several years, and has done much toward enforcing law and good order. ARTHUR W. WAIT. As may well be supposed, the children born to the early pioneers of a new country are not reared in the lap of luxury. They have to bear their full share of trials and privations and have to forego many of the pleasures and enjoyments of children born and reared under less trying conditions. The subject of this review, Arthur Wait, very forcibly experienced this. He was born at Old Mission, Grand Traverse county, February I I, 1854. Not many white children had preceded him into the world in that region. The strenuous life that he led during the early years of his existence gave him confidence in himself and made him self-reliant. Even adversity has its uses, and although it is true that no good can come out of evil, adversity, while generally considered an evil, is not an.unmixed one. That the trials and privations of his early life have made him a far better man that he might otherwise have been, even Arthur Wait himself does not question. Martin S. Wait was the father of Arthur Wait. He was a native of Bennington, Vermont, and a wagon-maker by trade. After he grew to manhood he went to Rochester, New York, and there was married to Miss Mary Ann E. Fox. Some years later they moved to Etna, Ohio, making the journey by the Erie canal to Buffalo. The family moved to Waterville, Wisconsin, in I846, and remained there two years. They located on the island of Mackinac in 1848, and there engaged in the dairy business. In the autumn of I850 they moved to Old Mission, Grand Traverse county, where they remained a number of years. Here Arthur Wait was born. At that time the whole Grand Traverse region was an unbroken wilderness. The parents died many years ago, the mother August 29, 1879, while her husband survived her nearly three years, expiring May 14, 1882. Arthur Wait has been a resident of Grand Traverse county since his birth. His education was received in the public schools of this locality. He was a good student and made good progress in his studies, so that at the time of leaving school, at the age of eighteen years, he was possessed of a very fair common school education. For the next two years he engaged in teaching, and then applied himself to acquiring a knowledge of the carpenter's trade. In 1876 he entered into partnership with M. B. West, under the irm name of West & Wait, contractors and builders, and for six years the firm did a flourishing business. Many of the best buildings of that period in Traverse City were erected by this firm. After the dissolution of the partnership, in 1882, Mr. Wait continued in the business on his own account, with marked success. Four years ago he retired from the business of contracting, and has since devoted himself exclusively to superintending the construction of buildings. In this branch of the business his services are greatly in demand. His long experience as a contractor and builder makes him a very efficient superintendent of construction. In i891 he established at Traverse City a factory for the manufacture of store fixtures, window frames, door frames, etc., with a large planing-mill attached, and engaged GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES..718 in regular planing-mill work of all kinds. For about two years he did a thriving business, but, having put nearly all his means into the concern and having gone in debt in anticipation of the returns he felt certain could be realized from the manufactured product, his limited capital made it necessary for him to convert his wares into cash as speedily as possible. This was easily done, and his prosperity was equal to his brightest anticipations, until he found himself in the midst of the panic of 1893. Then business of all kinds, trade manufacture and commerce was paralyzed. More stores were being closed than opened, and factories were hourly shutting down. No buildings were in course of construction, and every individual who had a dollar was clinging to it with the tenacity of a drowning man to a straw. The most inconvenient things a man can have in such emergencies are creditors. Mr. Wait had them, and they were rapacious. In such cases there can be but one result. T"he factory and all of its manufactured product was taken to satisfy the greed of those to whom he was indebted. The savings of a life-time were swept away within a few weeks, but the owner, though then nearly forty years old, was neither disheartened nor discouraged. The rugged life that he led in his early years had inured him to disappointment and strengthened him to encounter misfortune. He again took up his work as a contractor and builder, and has in a great measutre retrieved his fortune from the losses of that disastrous year. December 24, 1879, in Leslie, Ingham county, Michigan, Arthur Wait was united in marriage to Mrs. Alice M. Hazelton. a native of New York, born near Auburn July 4, I85O. Her parents w0re John W. and Amanda (Simonds) Wilcox, both natives of New York. The parents moved to Ingham county, Michigan, when their daughter, Alice M., was a little girl. John W. Wilcox was a farmer, and followed that vocation all his life. He is still living, residing on the farm on which he originally located years ago. His wife died in 1859, when Mrs. Wait was a child of nine years. To Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wait four children have been born, viz: Mary, born August 5, 1881; Arthur E., born October 16, 1883; Harrison M., born November 6, 1888; and Roy W., born November 30, 1893. Mary was educated in the city schools and graduated from the same school. Harrison was born on the (lay of the presidential election of 1888, and wvas named in honor of the Republican candidates in that year-Harrison and Morton. Printed birth cards were sent to each of the candidates, and each responded in an autograph letter, expressing their appreciation of the compliment. Mr. Morton accompanied his with his photograph. Roy came to- bless the home of the family on Thanksgiving day, 1893, and has proved some compensation for the financial losses of that unfortunate year. In politics Arthur Wait is a Republican, and a very ardent one, but his has been entirely too busy a life to give him much leisure to play at politics. He never aspired to public office, and never filled but two-the important but by no means lucrative place of highway commissioner, and as a member of the board of public works, not, however, from his own seeking.. He is not a member of any religious denomination, but the family belongs to the Congregational church, and are regular attendant upon its services. He is a Mason, a Woodman and a Maccabee. 714 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. -- - A large, well-located, handsomely-furnished home is one of the possessions of the subject of this review. He has reared a family of which he may well be proud, and although the years of his life have been marked chiefly by industry often unrequited, he is far happier than many who have much less cause for repining. ALLISON TAYLOR. Among the wide-awake and progressive agriculturists of Grand Traverse county was Allison Taylor, who since the summer of 1870 up to his recent death resided in East Bay township. There he owned eighty acres of land, of which he had sixty acres improved, and in the development of his farm he showed thorough and comprehensive knowledge of agricultural work and manifested marked industry and diligence in carrying on the duties which devolve upon the agriculturist. Mr. Taylor was born in Fowler, Trumbull county, Ohio, on the 4th of February, 1833, his parents being Alanson and Angeline (Vietz) Taylor, both of whom were natives of New England. Removing westward, they established their home in the Buckeye state in the early part of its development. Their son Allison was the fourth in their family of eight children and he was reared in the county of his nativity, attending the public schools until he had mastered the branches of English learning usually taught in such institutions. In the months of summer he worked upon his father's farm, taking his place in the fields almost as soon as he was old enough to reach the plow handles. The experience which he gained in his youth molded his later life and farming was his life occupation. Before leaving Trumbull county, Ohio, Mr. Taylor was united in marriage to Miss Adaline Parshall, who was born in Milton, Ohio. The young couple began their domestic life in Ashtabula county, Ohio, and continued to live there until the summer of 1870, when they removed to Michigan, settling in Grand Traverse county. Mr. Taylor chose as a location a tract of land in East Bay township and it was afterward his place of residence. His work wrought considerable change here, transforming the land into rich fields which annually produce desirable harvests. Progress and improvement was characteristic in his work in its various lines and today the farm of eighty acres is a good property, sixty acres being in cultivation and thus rewarding the efforts of the owner in his labors to acquire a comfortable competence. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Taylor were born three children: Ernest J., who is a resident farmer of East Bay township; Forest D., who is living in East Bay township, and Alice, who became the wife of Edwin Black and died in East Bay township. Mr. Taylor exercised his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Republican party and held the office of highway commissioner, but was never a politician in the sense of office seeking, preferring to devote his time and energies to his business affairs. He was much esteemed as a citizen who never failed to manifest deep interest in all local affairs of moment, his aid being relied upon at all times and under all circumstances, by those arrayed under the banner of progress and patriotism. In all his relations with others he was sincere, just MR. AND MRS. ALLISON TAYLOR GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANA COUNTIES. 715 and upright, meriting their respect and honor. He was accidentally killed by a train on the Pere Marquette road November 26, 1902, while on his way home from Traverse City, and the event cast a gloom over the entire community, where he had been so long and favorably known. GEORGE E. ALDRICH. Success is ambition's answer. There is no prosperity won without ambition, for it is the spur to all endeavor, the moving spirit in all business activity. Where ambition is satisfied and every ultimate aim accomplished then effort ceases and supine inactivity follows, but where man has before him a goal which he is desirous of reaching, he so directs his labors that his progress toward that goal is continuous. In examining the life record of George E. Aldrich we learn that laudable ambition for a competence was the potent force in all his business life and that as a result of his strong purpose, determination and energy he has won a place among the substantial citizens of Grand Traverse county that enables him to live retired at the present time. Mr. Aldrich is a native of Ohio, his birth having occurred in Brunswick, Medina county, on the 26th of October, 1844. His father was George W. Aldrich, a native of New York, who after arriving at years of maturity wedded Miss Mary Wyman, a native of Vermont. Emigrating westward, they became residents of Ohio and the father died in Ottawa county, that state, while the mother's death occurred in Lorain county. Unto them were born eight children, of 45 whom Geoge E. is the fifth in order of birth. Farm life, with all the labors incident to the cultivation of the fields and the care of the stock, claimed the attention of the subject in his youth. He resided during the period of his minority in Medina and Lorain counties, and to the public school system of Ohio he is indebted for the education privileges he enjoyed. He was not yet twenty years of age when in view of his country's need he responded to her call for aid and enlisted in the fall of 1862 as a defender of the Union. He was assigned to duty with Company D, Sixth Ohio Cavalry, and was with the regiment for about ten months. He then returned to his home in Lorain county, Ohio, and again in the summer of 1864 he enlisted, this time joining the boys in blue of Company D, One Hundred and Seventyeighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He was transferred to the One Hundred and Eightyfirst Ohio Volunteer Infantry and thus served until mustered out in the early autumn of 1865. Mr. Aldrich participated in a number of important engagements, was in several skirmishes and was always found at his post of duty, whether it called him to the lonely picket line or into the thickest of the fight. With a creditable military record Mr. Aldrich returned to his home and for about a year remained in Lorain county, at the end of which time he came to Michigan, settling first in Kent county. There he was employed at farm labor and later, with the capital acquired through his own labors, he purchased a tract of land in Allegan county, making his home thereon until the spring of 1891, when he removed to Grand Traverse county. He lived in Grant township until 716 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. the spring of 1899, when he sold his farm and came to Grawn, where he is now living a retired life, enjoying a well-earned rest. For many years he was actively engaged in agricultural pursuits, and his persistency of purpose and unfaltering energy enabled him to overcome all obstacles and difficulties in his path and work his way steadily upward to success. On the 21st of February, 1867, in Kent county, Michigan, Mr. Aldrich was united in marriage to Miss Rebecca Bisard, who was born in Spencer township, Medina county, Ohio, on the I5th of March, 1847, her parents being David and Rebecca (Hughes) Bisard. both of whom were natives of Pennsylvania, but spent their last days in Kent county. Michigan. In their family were eleven children, Mrs. Aldrich being the seventh child. The home of the subject and his wife has been blessed with the presence of three children, but they had the misfortune to lose their first born, Jiley L., who died when only two and a half years old, and Mary F., who became the wife of S. B. Howard, died in Traverse City, Michigan, on the 22d of December, 1901, when twentyfour years of age. The living daughter is MNaud R., now the wife of William E. Batey. In the spring of 1900 Mr. Aldrich was elected to the office of justice of the peace and has since discharged the duties of the position in a manner creditable to himself and satisfactory to his constituents. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity and is true and loyal to the teaching of the craft, exemplifying in his life the beneficent spirit of the fraternity, with the tenets of which he is very familiar. His progressive spirit and devotion to the welfare of the community has made him a valued and representative citizen of Grawn and the same spirit of loyalty which he manifested when on the battlefields of the south as a defender of the Union is now shown in his co-operation in measures for the general good. His business record, too, is creditable, and through honorable methods and unfaltering diligence, he won the competence which now enables him to live retired. WILLIAM HEIM. As the name indicates, William Heim is of German lineage. His father, George Heim, was born in Germany on the 17th of April, 1823, and spent the days of his boyhood, youth and early manhood in the land of his nativity. In 1851 he crossed the briny deep to the new world and took up his abode in Pennsylvania, where lie was married. He afterward came to Grand Traverse county in 1863, settling in Blair township, where his wife died, when about fifty-four years of age. They were the parents of five children who reached years of maturity, namely: George, John, William, Mary and Christine. It was after the removal of his parents to Grand Traverse county that William Heim was born. He first opened his eyes to the light of day in Blair township, on the 9th of August, 1865, and he has since lived upon the farm which was his birthplace. He has always followed agricultural pursuits and is an enterprising agriculturist, whose close attention to his farming interests has resulted in the acquirement of a comfortable competence and a good home. In Grand Rapids, Michigan, Mr. Heim GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 717 was married on the 28th of April, 1898, to Miss Mary A. Lampert, who was born in Germany on the ioth of April, 1872. She was a little maiden of nine years-when she came to Arierica with her parents and in Grand Rapids she was reared, her education being obtained in the public schools of that city. Her father was August Lampert and her mother, in her maidenhood, was Mary Roth. Both were natives of Germany and in that country were married. Coming to the United States, they took up their abode in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where Mr. Lampert died when fifty years of age. Unto him and his wife were born four children, of whonm Mrs. Heim is the eldest. She is an estimable lady, possessed of many excellent traits of character and a genial manner and kindly disposition, and these qualities have gained her nvmany friends. Unto the subject and his wife have been born two children, Ernest W. and Marie C. The family home of William Heim is situated on section Io, Blair township, where his entire life has been passed and, in company with his brother John, he owns two hundred acres of land here, of which fifty acres has been placed under the plow and now yields good crops annually in return for the care and cultivation bestowed upon the fields. Mr. Heim is quick to adopt advanced methods of farming that will prove of practical utility and his sound judgment arrives at correct conclusions concerning the value of methods that are advanced. He re-. alizes, too, that industry is the foundation of all true success and it has been because of his earnest, persistent effort that he has won a place among the prosperous agriculturists of the community. JOHN ANDERSON. Far from the land of his birth has John Anderson taken up his residence, for he is now living on section 13, Green Lake township, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and he was born in the kingdom of Sweden. His natal day was February 12, 1848. A noted world-traveler has said: "Sweden is the home of the honest man." From ancestry who "have every right to be classed with the race that has won that splendid encomium John Anderson is descended. His life was passed amid humble surroundings: but he was trained to habits of industry and integrity, which have been potent factors in -shaping his entire life. He spent his youth upon a farm in his native country and there lived until 1876. When nineteen years of age he entered the Swedish army and served for about three years. When his military experience had ended he sought and obtained employmnent at various occupations until 1876, when he determined to try his fortune in America, attracted by the opportunities afforded in this country. In the spring of 1876 Mr. Anderson bade adieu to friends and native land and sailed for the United States, landing at Boston, Massachusetts, whence he made his way to Peshtigo, Wisconsin. There he lived for a few months, after which he came to Michigan and was employed for a brief period by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Company in the upper peninsula. He then returned to Wisconsin, but soon went to Minnesota, where he was employed at railroad work and also at farm labor. At a later date he became a resident of Chicago, where he remained until 1886, which year wit 718 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. nessed his arrival in Grand Traverse county. He settled upon the farm on section 13, Green Lake township, on which he is now living, having purchased it about two years previously. His landed possessions aggregate two hundred and thirty acres, of which ninety-six acres has been reclaimed from its virgin state for purposes of cultivation and now the rich fields return good harvests for the care and labor bestowed upon them. Mr. Anderson has been twice married. Ere he left his native land he wedded Miss Josephine Anderson, who died in Guttenberg, Sweden, leaving two children: Axel and Alida, the latter the wife of Robert Stadlebauer. Mr. Anderson of this review was again married in Chicago, the second union being with Christina Swanson, who was born in Sweden, September 22, 1852. They have a pleasant home upon their farm and Mr. Anderson has erected good buildings for the shelter of grain and stock. He keeps everything in repair and fences divide his property into fields, devoted to the raising of various cereals best adapted to the soil and climate. He has also set out an orchard of apple and plum trees, covering about six acres, and from these he annually gathers the fruits which stock his cellar and also add to his capital because of their ready sale on the market. During his residence in Green Lake township Mr. Anderson has held several school offices and has also been township treasurer. Matters of public improvement and reform and progress elicit his earnest attention and to any movement for the general good he renders beneficial assistance. He especially favors the construction of good roads and he has labored effectively for the material upbuilding of the county. He was a young man of twenty-eight years when he came to America. That his choice of a home was wisely made is indicated by his present enviable position in the regard of his fellow men and also when j.udged from a financial standpoint. There is no country in which it is more true that "labor is king," and yet there is no country in which due recognition of labor is more readily granted. No caste or class prevents the advancement of an individual who has enterprise and determination, and it is to those commendable qualities that Mr. Anderson owes his prosperity. GEORGE SMITH. George Smith was born in Middlesex county, Ontario, July 31, 1847, and is a son of John and Elizabeth (Suterington) Smith. Both parents were natives of Yorkshire, England, and moved to Canada, where they reared a family of eight children and spent there the last days of their lives. Mr. Smith was reared in Ontario and remained there, following the occupation of farming until 1872, when he came to the States and located in Michigan. He bought a tract of land containing eighty acres situated in Acme township and at once set about its improvement by building a modest home and clearing off the timber. He has been a resident here for thirty years and the improvements he has added to his premises have kept a steady pace with the general growth around him. Mr. Smith was married December 16, 1869, to Miss Sarah Jane Hanna, a lady of charming personality and great force of character who takes a leading part in the GEORGE SMITH. MRS. GEORGE SMITH. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 719 social life of the neighborhood. She was born in Middlesex county, Ontario, November i, i85o, and is a daughter of James and Mary (Pritchard) Hanna. Her father was a Canadian and her mother was from sunny Ireland. Their family was remarkable from its size, numbering fourteen children. To Mr. and Mrs. Smith have been born five children, two of whom, James W. and John W., did not outlive their infancy. Those living are Nina M., who married Erastus Krebs; Verne E., and Mary E., who is the wife of Melvin C. Miller. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are zealous members of the Methodist Episcopal church of Acme and *contribute liberally of both time and means for its support. He is a wide-awake, hustling (citizen, active in all good works and has held a number of offices in the township, although he is of quiet disposition and not an aspirant for political honors. JOHN W. WARREN. In the front ranks of the columns which have advanced the civilization of the northern Mississippi valley were sturdy pioneers who laid the foundation-and laid it broad -and deep-for the substantial development,and progress of a later day. When Grand Traverse county was a frontier district, when Indians still lived in this portion of the state and roamed at will through the forests, the Warren family was founded in Peninsula township and John W. Warren, then a lad of about nine years, was reared amid 1he wild scenes of pioneer life. He has since been particularly active in advancing the growth and improvement of this locality and his name is enrolled among those citizens whose work is widely recognized as being of particular value here. Mr. Warren was born in Orleans, Jefferson county, New York, on the I2th of September, 1841, his parents being Charles H. and Nancy (Visgar) Warren, who were likewise natives of the Empire state. They had four children, of whom their son John was the second. He was only six years old when his mother died and his father afterward removed to Michigan with the family, establishing his home in Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county, in the spring of 1851. Here John W. Warren was reared to manhood and has since resided in the same township, his attention being chiefly given to farm work. His farm of eighty acres is well improved, nearly the entire amount being under cultivation, and the property has become valuable through the labor he has expended upon it. In Traverse City on the Ist of July, I866, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Warren and Miss Rebecca Griffin, who was a native of Canada, born on the 4th of December, 1840. This marriage has been blessed with a family of nine children, as follows: Agnes, who died at the age of twenty years; James E.; Mary H., who is the wife of George Clapp; Dudley, who died in infancy; Elizabeth, who also died when an infant; Richard H.; William J.; Sarah A., who is the wife of Claude Finch; and Frank E. The years to the number of fifty-two have been added to the cycle of the centuries since John W. Warren was brought to Grand Traverse county and his interests have since centered here. Progress has been made, doing away with the old landmarks and substituting in their places all the evi 720 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. dences of an advanced civilization, and in all matters pertaining to the general good and improvement Mr. Warren has been deeply interested nor has he withheld his aid when it has been solicited for the advancement of any public measure of worth. He is a highly respected citizen, held in uniform regard by those who have known him through long years. WILLIAM M. HESS. Agriculture forms one of the principal sources of prosperity to the state of Michigan and this line of business activity has as its representatives men of marked force of character, of capability in the control of important interests and whose adaptability enable them to improve upon existing conditions and advance the general prosperity while promoting individual success. Of this class William M. Hess is a representative and as such he well deserves mention in the history of Grand Traverse county. He lives on section 13, Green Lake township, where he has a good and well improved farm. Mr. Hess was born on a farm in Lewis county, New York, July 21, 1838, a son of Jacob and Mary (McDonald) Hess. The mother died in Lewis county, New York, and the father afterward Came to Michigan, settling in Grand Traverse county in November, I865. He passed away in Traverse City in his sixty-third year, while the mother's death occurred when she was forty-two years of age. They had seven children and the fifth born was the subject of this review. The first twenty years of his life William M. Hess spent in Lewis county, New York, and during that period he attended the common schools, acquiring a fair English education, mastering the branches usually taught in such institutions of learning. When a young man he started out in life on his own account, and, leaving the Empire state, he made his way to Columbiana county, Ohio, where he was employed at different occupations unutil October, I861. That was a momentous year in the country's history. The slavery question, which had agitated the nation for many years, had now reached its climax in the attempt of the southern states to secede from the Union. Aroused by a spirit of patriotism, Mr. Hess offered his services to the government in October, 1861, and joined the boys in blue of Company C, Sixth Ohio Cavalry. He served with that command until April, 1863, when on account of disability he was honorably discharged. On leaving the army he took up his abode in Allen county, Indiana, where he was engaged in farming until February, 1865. The war was still in progress and he could not content himself to remain at home while the Union was still threatened. Once more he joined the boys in blue and donned the blue uniform of the nation and this time became a member of Company C, One Hundred and Fifty-third Ipdiana Infantry, with which he remained until September, 1865. in the meantime the flag had been victoriously planted in the capital of the southern confederacy and hostilities had ceased. He was then mustered out in the month of September and returned to his home with a creditable military record. In the fall of the same year Mr. Hess came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land in Blair township. Upon this farm r / GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 721 - - he took up his abode and made it his home for thirteen years. He arrived here in pioneer times, when the work of progress and improvement was scarcely begun, but with characteristic energy he undertook the task.of transforming his land into a productive tract and when more than a decade had passed he sold this at a good profit. Mr. Hess then removed to Arakansas, where he remained for five and a half years, and during his residence in that state he also carried on general farming and worked on the railroads as a bridge carpenter, being engaged in such labor on the line extending from Hot Springs to Melvern Junction. On leaving Arkansas he returned to Michigan and once more took up his abode in Grand Traverse county. He has since lived continuously in Green Lake township and is today one of its extensive land owners, his possessions aggregating three hundred and ten acres, of which one hundred and twenty acres is under the plow. Clearing the land, he made his fields very arable and annually harvested good crops. He is practical in all his methods and is also progressive. He uses the latest improved agricultural implements in his work, practices the rotation of crops and does everything that will make his farm of more value and render the fields more productive. He has a full set of farm buildings upon his place and in his work he is persevering, energetic and capable. In Enon Valley, Pennsylvania, on the 3d of June, 1859, occurred the marriage of Mr. Hess and Miss Hannah E. Kennett, who was born in Columbiana county, Ohio, December 7, 1839, a daughter of Kendall Kennett. Her mother bore the maiden name of Sarah Ann Stamp, and in June, 1866, Mr. and Mrs. Kennett arrived in what is now Green Lake township, Grand Traverse county, where they spent, their remaining days, his death occurring in his seventy-eighth year, while his wife reached her eighty-first year. Of their three children Mrs. Hess was the second. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Hess has been blessed with five children, but David O., the first born, died at the age of two years. The others are Charlie J., Grant D., Perry E. and Ida M., the last named being the wife of A. B. Calkins. Called to public office by his fellow townsmen who recognize his worth and ability, Mr. Hess has served as highway commissioner, as township treasurer and as justice of the peace. He voted with the Republican party and did everything in his power to promote its success and to aid in the development of all measures which will prove of general benefit to the community, but now he is a Prohibitionist. Fraternally he is connected with McPherson Post, Grand Army of the Republic, of Traverse City, and thus maintains pleasant relationship with his old army comrades. He is as true to his country and her welfare today as he was when he followed the starry banner upon the battlefields of the south. As a pioneer of Grand Traverse county he also deserves mention in this volume. The transformation that has been wrought since he first arrived here has been very great. He came into a district where over many acres grew the native forest trees with only here and there a clearing and when the work of settlement had just been begun. All this has been changed. The trees have been cut down and converted into lumber, finding a ready sale upon the market, the stumps have been cleared away and the land been placed under the plow and today the rich farms of 722 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Grand Traverse county are one of its chief sources of income. Towns and villages have also sprung up and grown into thriving commercial centers and marked progress has been made along educational, social and moral lines. What has been accomplished for the substantial benefit and material improvement of the county has been of much interest to Mr. Hess and the active co-operation which he has given to measures for the general good is worthy of notice in the reckoning of what has been accomplished here. PETER MORRISON. Peter Morrison, a wealthy and highly respected citizen of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, has one of the finest and best cared-for farm properties in the county, with the finest house in the county outside of Traverse City. His property represents the industry and integrity of a man whose indomitable will refused to be overcome by serious difficulty and whose perseverance and pluck brought him success where many other men have failed. Peter Morrison was born near Paisley, Scotland, January 21, 1848, and is a son of John and Flora (Grame) Morrison. He was one of nine children and as his parents were only in comfortable circumstances he became a toiler in the vast army of wage earners at an early age. He was brought up on a farm and early learned habits of- industry and thrift. His educational advantages were few, nature being the great teacher from which he gained his most valuable lessons, but he has been a close observer and has kept remarkably well posted on the events of the day as they are transpiring around us. In 1882 he came to America with his wife and four children, arriving here with but eighteen dollars in his pocket. Thiswould have disheartened a less plucky person, but Mr. Morrison rented a farm in \Whitewater township, which he cultivated for two years, and got a start which he has not been slow to take advantage of. He then purchased a farm of eighty acres, upon which he moved, believing that it was cheaper to buy than to pay rent and improve land for some one else. By exercising the closest economy and working early and late lie not only paid for this property but bought an adjoining eighty, all of which he has placed in the highest state of cultivation and improvement. Mr. Morrison was married in Scotland, in 1873, to Miss Isabella Corbett, a native of Glasgow. They have nine children, viz: Mary, the wife of Howard Fife; Flora, wife of Everett Saylor; John; Duncan; Neil; Isabella; Peter C.; Alexander and Ronald. Mr. and Mrs. Morrison are earnest members of the Presbyterian church, as are the entire family. He has given his children every advantage in the way of obtaining an education and his family is one of which he may well feel proud. Mr. Morrison is a Republican and has held a number of local offices, having served as justice of the peace, member of the school board, assessor and overseer of the highways, in each position giving eminent satisfaction. WILLIAM DAVIDSON. William Davidson resides on a farm on section 8, Blair township, Grand Traverse county, and his indefatigable labor and pro PETER MORRISON MRS. PETER MORRISON GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 728 gressive methods have made him one of the leading agriculturists of the county. He has not always followed farming, different occupations claiming his attention during the earlier years of his residence here, but marked energy and sound common sense are always valuable factors in any avenue of life, and in his farm work Mr. Davidson has displayed these characteristics with the result that the property is now highly cultivated and returns a good income. A native of Barry county, Michigan, he was born on the 28th of March, 1867, and is the fourth of the seven children born unto Horace and Mary E. (Hull) Davidson. The father died in Benzie county, this state, but the mother is still living. William Davidson was a youth of thirteen years when he accompanied his parents on their removal to Benzie county, where he lived until about 1888, when he removed to Traverse City. There he was employed at various occupations that would yield him an honest living. He was also employed as a farm hand in Blair township, Grand Traverse county, and he has never feared that laborious attention to business which proves so important a factor in a successful career. On the 2d of March, 1890, in Traverse City, Mr. Davidson was united in marriage to Miss Elsie B. Gardner, a daughter of Silas A. and Mary A. (Downing) Gardner, both of whom were natives of Cuyahoga county, whence they removed to Grand Traverse county in the spring of 1866. They settled in what is now Blair township, becoming early residents of that locality, and there the father died on the 3Ist of October, 1883, when in his forty-first year. The mother still survives him, and their two children, a son and daughter, are also living. Mrs. Davidson, who is the elder, was born in Blair township, June 23, 1867, and there spent her girlhood days, being trained to the duties of the household, while in the public schools she acquired her education. Her father was quite prominent in public affairs and left the impress of his individuality upon many lines of progress. He was honored with several township offices, his fellow townsmen recognizing his worth and ability and therefore calling him to positions of public trust. He served as supervisor, as township clerk and as postmaster and was one of the leading men of the community. He was also an active worker in the grange to which he belonged and was a devoted member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, his life being in consistent harmony with the teachings of that fraternity which is based upon truth and the brotherhood of mankind. It was the many admirable qualities of Mr. Gardner that won him a large circle of friends and causes his memory to be still enshrined in the hearts of those who knew him. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Davidson have been born three children: Albert G., Vera L. and Rose G., and the family circle still remains unbroken by the hand of death. They reside on the home farm in Blair township, M r. Davidson owning one hundred and sixty acres on section 8, of which one hundred acres have been put to the uses of the horticulturist and agriculturist. He has modern equipments. and the various accessories needed for the development of the property and in the conduct of his business affairs he is meeting with creditable success. He has never, engaged in speculation but has placed his dependence upon earnest, persistent effort, guided by sound judgment, and 724 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. it is through the legitimate channels of business that he has won his prosperity. Fraternally Mr. Davidson is connected with the Knights of the Maccabees, belonging to Grawn Tent No. 809. Both he and his wife have many warm friends in the community and the hospitality of the best homes in this part of the county is extended to them. JOHN GREILICK. The honored subject of this review was a native of Austria, where his birth occurred in the year 1840, having been the fourth in a family of seven children whose parents were Godfrey and Terressa Greilick. The names of the other members of the family are Joseph, Ferdinand, Anthony, Mary, Edward and William, all natives of Austria except William, who was born in Elmwood township, Leelanaw county. Julia died at the age of eighteen months. When four years of age the subject was brought to the United States by his parents and spent six years in New York and nine weeks in Chicago, removing at the expiration of that time to Leelanaw county, Michigan, where he grew to maturity and engaged in business. Owing to circumstances over which he had no control, his early literary education was quite limited, but by intelligent observation and association with educated men he subsequently became the possessor of a fund of valuable practical knowledge, becoming in due time widely informed on many subjects, especially in matters of business, to which he began devoting his attention while a mere youth. Shortly after coming to Michigan he went to work with Hannah & Lay in the lumber business and after spending six or seven years with that firm resigned his position and, about 1862, formed a partnership with his brothers Anthony and Edward for the manufacture of hardwood lumber, which enterprise continued without any change in the management until the death of the subject in 1898, the business the meanwhile assuming large proportions and returning to the proprietors handsome financial profits. While thus engaged Mr. Greilick made a number of judicious investments in real estate throughout the county of Leelanaw, his land in due time increasing in value and, with other property which came into his possession at intervals, finally making him one of the wealthy men in his part of the state. He was wide awake, energetic and public spirited, laid his plans carefully, and seldom failed to carry to successful completion any enterprise in which he engaged. A man of sound judgment and practical business experience, he made his presence felt in industrial circles and his influence, always guided and controlled by correct principles, did much to develop the lumber industry in Michigan and establish it upon a solid and enduring basis. Mr. Greilick was married in Leelanaw county, Michigan, July 28, 1866, to Miss Salina D. Weller, a native of Ohio, born in the town of Mentor, that state, on July i7th of the year 1851. Mrs. Greilick came to Leelanaw county, Michigan, with her parents in 1861, and has made this part of the state her home ever since, living at the present time in the family residence erected by her husband and in which all of her married life was spent. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Greilick was blessed with two children, a son, Walter E., whose biography appears v GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 725 elsewhere in this volume, and a daughter by the name of Ida, who was accidentally killed at Detroit in the year I888. As already stated, the death of Mr. Greilick occurred in 1898, the event being deeply lamented not only by his immediate family and friends, but by the people of the entire community, as he was widely known and universally esteemed. His many sterling qualities of head and heart endeared him to all with whom he came in contact, his business relations were characterized by a high sense of honor and his name always stood for what was noble in manhood and upright in citizenship. JAMES L. GIBBS. James I,. Gibbs was born in Wisconsin in 1848, and came to Mayfield, Grand Traverse county, in 1876, where he became a member of the firm of Gibbs Brothers, and was engaged for a number of years in the manufacture and sale of lumber. He was elected to the legislature in 1876 and again in 1884. He also served as postmaster, supervisor, township clerk and superintendent of schools. He was subsequently elected county clerk and register of deeds for two terms. He was married, in 1883, to Addie A. Sargent, a native, of Wisconsin. While holding the office of county clerk and register of deeds he lived with his family in Traverse City. At the end of this time he bought out the interest of his partner in the mill and lumber business and returned to Mayfield, where he died about two years ago. Since his death his widow has conducted the business. JOHN B. SPENCER. John B. Spencer was born in Govenour, St. Lawrence county, New York, June 3, i809, and lived there until 1833, when he went to Utica to enlist in the United States cavalry for service in the Black Hawk war. When he arrived there he found that the company of cavalry had gone and he enlisted in the general service, and was sent to Mackinaw, which in those days was quite a journey. The trip was made on the Erie canal from Utica to Buffalo, and from Buffalo to Detroit by steamer, and from there to Mackinaw by a sailing vessel, arriving at his place of destination October I, 1833, and reported to the commandant at the fort. In six weeks he was made a non-commissioned officer, and the next spring promoted to orderly sergeant. He served his time and was honorably discharged August 8, 1836. Soon after this he went to Green Bay to look after some real estate interests there and then wandered back to Mackinaw, which held a fascination for him, as he loved the scenery, and this time he engaged in business on the island. The following spring Misses Harriet and Sarah Britton, of Canton, New York, came to the island to pay their brother a visit. Mr. Spencer became acquainted with the young ladies, and Miss Harriet became his wife September io, 1837. Six children were born to them at Mackinaw, all of whom are still living. They are Mrs. E. L. Sprague, Miss Olive Spencer and John C. Spencer, of Traverse City; James Spencer, of Chicago; Silas W. Spencer, of St. Ignace, Michigan, and Milton Spencer, of Colorado. The youngest member of the family, Harriet Spencer-Aiken, was born in Elk Rapids, and, has been deceased several years. Mr. 726 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Spencer was sheriff of Mackinaw several years and at one time held seven offices there. In 1851 he came to the Grand Traverse region and purchased considerable land. Among these first purchases was a tract of one hundred and seventy-eight acres lying just east of Boardman avenue, between Boardman lake and the bay, he subsequently sold to Perry Hannah, and is a part of the plat of Traverse City. On this land Mr. Spencer built a small log building for use in his lumbering operations, which was afterwards fitted up and used as the first schoolhouse in Traverse City. He also purchased lands near Elk Rapids, and in 1852 moved his family there, clearing up a farm on the shores of Elk lake. He remained in Elk Rapids until 1881, when he removed with his family to Traverse City, where he lived until his death, which occurred December 5, 1898. HENRY C. BULLER. Henry C. Buller, a prosperous and highly respected farmer of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Kent county, Canada, September 2, 1854, and is a son of Robert and Flora (Sinclair) Buller. Both parents were born in the year 1818, the father in Yorkshire, England, and the mother in Scotland. They left Canada in 1864 and located in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, where they purchased a farm which was their home until death claimed them for the home above. The mother was the first to answer the summons, May 9, 1884, while the father survived her nine years, passing away December 14, 1893. They are sur vived by two sons, Henry C. and Neil A., while a daughter, Elizabeth, died in infancy. Henry C. Buller has been a resident of this county since his tenth year and has a large circle of warm friends throughout this and surrounding country. He was educated in the public schools and afterwards engaged in teaching for a number of terms before he finally gave his entire attention to husbandry. He resides on the old homestead, where he owns two hundred and forty acres and where he dispenses hospitality and good cheer. IHe was married in Stanton, Montcalm county, Michigan, October 25, 1887, to Miss Della Brawn and five children have been born to them, namely: Roy C., Robert J., Henry S., and two, Salina and Flora, who (lied in infancy. Mrs. Buller was born in Clark county, Canada, April 30, 1859, and is an only child of John and Salana (Wood) Brown. Her father was an Englishman and her mother a Canadian. Mr. Buller is one of the leading Democrats of Grand Traverse county and has been chosen to a number of township offices. He served as school moderator and school assessor of Acme township and also as treasurer. He is widely and favorably known throughoutthe county and his popularity is only exceeded by his geniality and hearty good nature. ELISHA J. FULGHUM. Elisha J. Fulghum, founder and present manager of the Fulghum Manufacturing Company, Traverse City, one of the successful business men of northwestern Michigan, was born in the town of Plainfield, Hendricks county, Indiana, December I, 1855. His parents, Joseph and Rebecca MRS. H. C. BULLER. HENRY C. BULLER. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 727 (Jossep) Fulghum, were natives of North Carolina and of English descent, the former born March 6, 1809, the latter on July 7th of the year 1813. They were both representatives of old Quaker families, came to Indiana in an early day and spent the remainder of their lives in that state, the father dying July 7, 1889, the mother April 9, 1901. Of their seven children, four are living at the present time, all well settled in life and highly esteemed in their respective communities. The early life of Elisha J. Fulghum was spent in the city of Indianapolis and he received a good practical education in the public schools. Later he entered his father's store at Winchester and after clerking there one year accepted a position in a boot and shoe house at Ridgeville, where he remained for a brief period. Not finding clerking to his taste, he afterwards entered the operating department of the Big Four Railroad and after working for that company for some time and becoming familiar with the business was transferred to the Pennsylvania system, with which he remained until 1883, when he engaged in manufacturing. Closing out the latter business in 1885, Mr. Fulghum came to Traverse City, Michigan, and took the position of foreman with the J. E. Grielick Company, which he held until 1890, when he resigned and established the manufacturing enterprise with which he has since been identified. The Fulghum Manufacturing Company was originally established in Garfield township, Grand Traverse county, and there conducted until 1893, when it was removed to Traverse City, where the enterprise has since grown to large proportions, becoming, under the able and efficient management of its founder and executive head, one of the leading establishments of the kind in this part of the state. It now represents a large investment with an extensive and far-reaching patronage, which is steadily increasing and,. being established upon a firm and solid financial basis, promises to continue in the future as in the past, one of the most prosperous enterprises of the kind in the city of Traverse City. Mr. Fulghum was married June I, 1878, at Bethel, Indiana, to Miss Nettie J. Gardtier, whose birth occurred in that town on the 7th day of April, 1859. Four children have blessed this union, two of whom are living: Olive M., the older of the survivors, was born February 6, 1880, received her education in the high school of Traverse City and is still a member of the family circle. Bessie M., born October 21, 1883, also received her education in the high school and is, like her older sister, a young lady of intelligence and varied culture and highly respected in the social circle in which she moves. Mr. and Mrs. Fulghum and their two daughters are members of the Methodist church of Traverse City and active in all lines of religious and charitable work. In politics Mr. Fulghum is a prominent Republican and as such has been influential in party affairs ever since attaining his majority and especially so since becoming a resident of the city in which he now lives. During the past fourteen years he has been almost continuously in office, being a leader in municipal affairs, and his services are greatly appreciated by his fellow citizens. He joined the Pythian fraternity in I880 and since that time has been a zealous worker in the order, having been honored with a number of high 728 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. official positions, not only in the local lodge to which he belongs, but in the grand lodge as well.- He is also identified with the Masonic fraternity, having been initiated into the same in the year i89o. J. W. HANNEN. J. WV. Hannen, editor and manager of the Evening Record, came to Traverse City in March, T894,. and was associated with engaged in the publication of the Morning Record, which was changed to an evening paper in March, 1901o. Mr. Hannen gained his early newspaper experience in New York and was for some time engaged in reportorial work on several of the dailies of that city. He gained valuable experience as assistant to the city editor of the Daily Commercial Bulletin, where his duties required him to "do" the Stock Exchange, the Petroleum, Mining, Cotton and other exchanges, and general Wall street work for the Bulletin. Before coming to Traverse City he spent a few years in the West, doing newspaper work in Kansas City and Chicago and for a few years in Grand Rapids. FRANK BENNETT. The gentleman whose name introduces this review is a native of York state and (lates his birth from the year 1857, having flirst seen the light of day in the town of Mt. Morris, where his parents had lived for some years previous. His father, Alexander McElwain, a native of Ireland, was brought to America in infancy and grew to manhood in New York, the meanwhile learning the shoemaker's trade, which he followed the rest of his life. He married, in New York, Miss Elizabeth Gracen, who was also born in ireland, and who came to this country when young, growing to maturity and receiving her education in the EEmpire state. Alexander and Elizabeth MciElwain had a family of eight children, the subject of this review being third in order of birth. Some time after the death of Mr. McElwain his widow married Mr. Bennett, whose family J. W. HANNEN. Mr. E. L. Sprague for three years in the publication of the Daily Eagle, holding the position as city editor. In 1897 Mr. Hannen severed his connection with the Eagle and formed a partnership with Thomas T. Bates, publisher of the Grand Traverse Herald, and GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 729 name the children also adopted, which change accounts for the apparent discrepancy in the above paragraph. Frank Bennett received his educational training in the schools of Traverse City, to which place he was brought by his mother when about four years old. Leaving school when a youth in his teens, he entered the employ of Hannah & Lay as fireman in their establishment at Traverse City and after discharging the duties of that position for a period of five years was promoted engineer, which calling he has since followed. Mr. Bennett is competent in his line of work, a fine mechanic and a skillful engineer, his faithfulness and efficiency being attested by his long tenure of service in the large establishment with which he is at present connected. Miss Ida Cbauvan, who became the wife of Mr. Bennett on the 20th day of December, 1878, was born in Detroit, Michigan, in the year 1857, and was reared and educated in Traverse City. Six children have blessed this union, namely: Lottie, born in June, 1879: Minnie Alice, born in the year 188o; Edna, in 1882; John, in 1886; an infant, unnamed, born and died in 1889; and Nettie Ethel, whose birth took place in the year 1893. Mr. Bennett is a staunch Republican in politics and a zealous worker for his party, but has never been an office seeker, not having any ambition in that direction to gratify. Fraternally he belongs to the Pythian brotherhod and the Dramatic Order of Khorassan, Modern Woodmen of America and the Order of the Maccabees. Mrs. Bennett is a member of the Christian (or Disciple) church of Traverse City and an active worker in all of the congregation's religious and benevolent enterprises, also es teemed very highly in the society circles of the city, being a lady of beautiful character and popular with all her friends and associates. CHARLES H. ESTES. Charles H. Estes is one of those strong, self reliant and determined characters who are occasionally met with and who seem born to be the leaders of their fellow men. Not that Mr. Estes courts that distinction, for he is entirely unassuming, but his great force of character and his zeal and energy in whatever he undertakes naturally places him at the head of the crowd and he has been a powerful factor in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, in developing and encouraging the better element of citizenship and eradicating the poorer. He was born in Hanover, Plymouth county, Massachusetts, August 22, 1836, and is a son of Elijah and Jerusha (Wheeler) Estes, both of whom were natives of Massachusetts. Mr. Estes was a child of two years when his parents left the east and sought a new home in Michigan. They settled in Lenawee county and it was there the subject grew to manhood and received his educational training. He spent one year in Hillsdale county, this state, and in September, 1863, came to Grand Traverse county, where he located in Acme township. His chief occupation has been that of an agriculturist and his farm of three hundred and sixty acres is one of the finest in this section of the state. Thrift andindustry are indicated in the buildings, improvements and general attractive appearance of the premises. Besides his farming operations, Mr. Estes has been engaged in 780 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. lumbering and during the years 1870 to 1873 he built a portion of the state road between Acme and. Harrisville, Alcona county. He was married in Lenawee county, March 14, 1858, to Miss Caroline E. Hoxsie. Mrs. Estes was born in Palmyra, Lenawee county, July 18, 1838, is a daughter of Leonard S. and Mary (Underwood) Hoxsie and a sister of John H-oxsie, township supervisor, and the late Alonzo C. Hoxsie, both of whom are represented in this work. Her parents were natives of New York, but it was not until 1864 that they located in Acme township. The mother died in Traverse City at the age of seventy-nine years. Five children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Estes, namely: Carrie A., who is the wife of A. S. Pray; Cora B., who married A. H. Crish; William W., who died when a promising youth of fourteen; Libbie J., wife of Homer Hanson; and C. Ralph. Mr. Estes is one of the representative men of the county and has been foremost in every movement tending to the moral and intellectual advancement of the people. A man of cleanliness and personal purity, he has waged an incessant warfare against vice and the healthy moral tone of the community is largely attributable to his energy and will. The liquor traffic has a no more able adversary, and as president of the Anti-saloon League of Grand Traverse county he has fought them bravely. Both he and Mrs. Estes are working members of the Methodist Episcopal church at Williamsburg, taking a prominent part in Sunday-school work. It was he who organized the Township Sunday School Association and he has been president of the county association for many years. Mr. Estes has represented Acme township as county overseer of the poor for upwards of a quarter of a century, has served as supervisor, township clerk, highway commissioner, justice of the peace and was state road commissioner for a year. Everybody knows and likes him and the success of the old settlers' association of Grand Traverse county, and their large and enthusiastic meeting, results largely from his efficiency and ardor as district secretary of the association, a position he has held for a great many years. JAMES R. MERRILL. Forty-five years have come and gone since James R. Merrill became a resident of Grand Traverse county and it is therefore obligatory as well as a matter of pleasure that we present to our readers his life record, for his connection with the county has covered almost the entire period of its development, progress and upbuilding. He lived in this section of the state when the hardships of pioneer life were to be met by the early settlers. Michigan was rich in its natural resources, but the land was unclaimed by the white man and the resources had not been developed for the uses of the Anglo-Saxon race. Mr. Merrill now makes his home in Grawn. He was born in Canada on the 20th of May, 1840, and when only about a year' old he was brought to Michigan, the family settling first in Monroe county. His parents were John B. and Bethia Ann Merrill, who resided in Monroe county during the period of their son's youth. They lived upon a farm there and under the parental roof James R. Merrill J. R. MERRIL. MRS. J. R. MERRILL. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 781 was reared to manhood, bearing his part in the work of the fields as his strength increased with increasing years. He continued in Monroe county until 1858, when he came with his father to Grand Traverse county, settling in Whitewater township. They were among the first residents of this portion of the state, around them stood vasts forests and the entire district was almost as it came from the hand of nature. Through the forests there were no roads save an old Indian trail or a path blazed out by the early settle.rs. Many enterprises of this district had not then been established and it remained to the pioneers to institute the work of development and carry it forward until the latter-day progress could bring a great transformation here. Both the parents of the subject died in Kalkaska county. They had nine children, of whom James R. is the fifth. In taking up the personal history of Mr. Merrill of this review we present to our readers the record of one who is widely and favorably known. He has been a resident of Grand Traverse county since the summer of 1858 and his mind therefore bears the impress of the early historic annals of the district. He continued the work here until the fall of 1864, when, in response to the country's call for aid, he enlisted in Company D, Tenth Michigan Cavalry, with which he served for one year. He then returned to this county and was employed as cook in a boarding house. He also worked at different times in the lumber camps for the firm of Dexter, Noble & Company, continuing in their employ at intervals for three years. On the expiration of that period he turned his attention to agricultural pursuits in Whitewater township, where he lived 46 for two years, after which he settled in what is now Acme township, Grand Traverse county, and again resumed farming. To the cultivation of the fields and the further improvement of the property he devoted his energies until 1897, when he came to Green Lake township and again settled upon a farm. There he carried on agricultural pursuits for two years and at the end of that time established his home in Grawn. Here he built a store and engaged in general merchandise, but subsequently disposed of his mercantile interests and established a hotel and livery business. He has since conducted the hotel and has made it popular with the traveling public, because of his progressive methods, but recently he has rented the hotel property. In the livery barn, too, he has secured a good patronage, for his earnest desire to please his customers and his honorable dealings have been the means of bringing to him a fair measure of the public support in this direction. He owns eightysix and a half acres of land in Wexford county, Michigan, in addition to his town property in Grawn, and has recently purchased an additional tract of forty acres. Mr. Merrill was first married in White Water, Grand Traverse county, to Miss Phidelia Randall, who died in Acme township, when forty-eight years of age. She had two children: Walter M. and Inez. The latter, however, became the wife of Robert Alexander and died in Tennessee. Mr. Merrill was again married on the 19th of February, 1889, the lady of his choice being Miss Amelia Ann White, a native of England, and they are now residing in Grawn, where they are widely and favorably known. Mr. Merrill is quite prominent in fraternal circles. He belongs to the Masonic 782 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. lodge, to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and to McPherson Post, Grand Army of the Republic, of Traverse City. He is classed as a valued representative of these various societies and is true to their beneficent teachings. WILLIAM C. HULL. This public-spirited business man, holding at the present time important official positions with different industrial enterprises of Traverse City and northern Michigan, was born October 24, 1869, in Wauseon, Ohio, the son of Henry S. and Kate (Pfeiffer) Hull, the father a native of Pennsylvania, the mother born and reared in the Buckeye state. Until the age of sixteen he lived in the city of his birth and attended the public schools of the same, subsequently becoming a student of the Ohio Wesleyan University, and still later, at the age of twenty-one, being graduated with an honorable record from the Pennsylvania Military College at Chester. Fortified with a finished literary education, Mr. Hull afterward took a full course in the commercial college at Ypsilanti, Michigan, and in 1891 accepted a clerical position with the Oval Wood Dish Company at Mancelona, continuing in that capacity until sometime the following year. In 1892, when the factory was moved to Traverse City, he assumed charge of the office, occupying the position of confidential man to the president and manager, H. S. Hull, and as such has continued to the present time, doing much in this capacity the meanwhile to promote the interests of the enterprise and give it the worthy prestige which it today enjoys in the industrial circles of the city and state. In 1894 Mr. Hull, in partnership with F. H. Smith, began dealing in hardwood timber lands, logs, bark, wood and other forest products, handling vast quantities of the same and meeting with very encouraging success in their efforts. Later the style of the firm was changed to that of the Smith & Hull Company, the subject being made secretary and treasurer of the same in 1900, in addition to which office he also holds a similar position with The Hull-Longnecker Company, which controls extensive interests in the hardwood timber lands of the Upper Peninsula. Mr. Hull's rapid rise in the industrial world shows him to be liberally endowed with the qualities of intelligence, judgment and foresight, that seldom fail of success, and the official status to which he has been called, and which he so ably and worthily fills, attests executive ability such as few attain. Wide-awake, energetic and thoroughly progressive in his methods, he has demonstrated to the satisfaction of his business associates the power to inaugurate and carry to successful issue enterprises of large magnitude, the sficcess of which thus far bespeaks a future of greater scope and increased prosperity. The domestic life of Mr. Hull dates from 1891, on September 24th of which year he was united in mariage with Miss Lola Peckham, of Mancelona, Michigan, to which) place her parents removed from New York in the year 1877. Five children are the fruits of this union, namely: Henry C.. born September 23, 1894; Gerald P., June 6, 1896; James Richard, January 15, I898; William C., March 7, 1901, and Jane John GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 788 -- stone, who was born September 6, 1902, all living. Mr. Hull is a Republican, but, being more of a business man than a politician, does not take a very active part in political affairs, though well informed relative to the leading questions and issues of the day. He manifests a lively interest in whatever concerns the material advancement of the city of his residence, encourages to the best of his ability all enterprises with this object in view, and lends his influence to all measures making for the social and moral good of the community. He is an enthusiast on baseball, having been a member of the famous Traverse City Hustlers from the time of their organization until they disbanded, and is a lover of all out-door sports, being withal a courteous gentleman, highly esteemed by a large circle of friends and by the public in general. CHARLES C. HOWARD. One of the popular citizens of Traverse City and until recently a trusted employe of the state in one of its leading institutions, Charles C. Howard is widely known in this part of Michigan, and respected by all with whom he comes in contact for his sterling qualities of head and heart. His father, Carlos Howard, a native of Genesee county, New York, and descended from old New England ancestry, was born February 2, 1824, came to Traverse City in 1861, and here spent the rest of his days, dying in the year 1900. The mother, whose maiden name was Mary M. Greene, was born May, 1824, in Pennsylvania and departed this life at Traverse City on September 17, 1878. Charles C. Howard was born in the city of New Haven, Macomb county, in 1849, and when but a lad of eleven years accompanied. his parents to Traverse City, where he attended school for a limited period, his preliminary education being received at his former place of abode. His father owning a farm in Grand Traverse county, he followed agricultural pursuits until his forty-eighth year, when by reason of the homestead being sold he entered the employ of the state, accepting a position in the Northern Michigan Asylum for the Blind at Traverse City. Mr. Howard entered this institution as a farm hand, but by reason of faithful and efficient service he was in due time, promoted to a more important post, still later rising by successive promotions to a high and responsible position, the duties of which he discharged in a manner satisfactory to all concerned, until his resignation, on April I, 1903. He was led to this step on acount of exacting and long continued service, but as soon as sufficiently rested from his arduous duties he expects to resume the same, his resignation being only temporary. Mr. Howard was married, in 1877, to Miss Emma Brockway, a union terminatea by the death of the faithful wife, after a happy wedded experience of two years and four months' duration. Subsequently, January 23, 1883, he was united in the bonds of matrimony with Miss Katherine Ruhl, who was born in Germany in the year 1864, and came to the United States in 1870, spending the ensuing seven years in Pennsylvania, at the expiration of which time she changed her residence to Traverse City, Michigan. Mr. and Mrs. Howard belong to the Evangelical church of this city, and are esteemed for their piety and good works, be 784 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ---- ing interested in all the religious and benevolent enterprises under the auspices of the congregation. They are also popular in social circles, have many warm friend's among the best people of the community, and their home is not only an abode in which the spirit of hospitality reigns, but a favorite resort for young and old, who believe in geting out of life all the pleasure and happiness there are in it. While interested in public matters and, like all good citizens, devoting considerable time and study to political questions, Mr. Howard cannot be regarded as a politician, though a zealous supporter of the Republican party. EMERY RICE. No history of Grand Traverse county would be complete without mention of Emery Rice, who is numbered among the pioneer settlers, dating his residence here from 1862. It requires great courage and fortitude to meet the conditions of life in the frontier region. It means hardships and difficulties, with a lack of conveniences and comforts known to the older settled districts, but Mr. Rice was well endowed with the qualities which are needed in the pioneer and he has performed an important work in reclaiming this region for the purposes of civilization. He has not only been an interested witness of the many changes which have occurred here and the transformation which has been wrought, but has borne his part in the work of development and improvement, thus aiding in laying the foundation for the present prosperity and the future upbuilding of the county. His worth in this regard is widely acknowledged and high on the roll of the worthy pioneers of Grand Traverse county appears his name. Mr. Rice is now living on section 17, Blair township, owning and occupying a well improved farm. He was born upon a farm in Wood county, Ohio, on the 29th of October, 1839, his parents being Horace and Chloe (Crowel) Rice, whose family numbered six children, the subject of this review being the third in order of birth. The father was a native of Massachusetts and after arriving at years of maturity he was joined in wedlock to Miss Crowel, whose birth occurred in New York. They spent their last years in Ohio, dying in Lake county, that state. Emery Rice was a little youth of only six summers when his parents removed from Wood county to Lake county, Ohio. They settled upon a farm on which he waS reared and on which he made his home until coming to Michigan. In the meantime he attended the public schools, thus acquiring a fair English education. In the summer months he assisted in the work of the field and early became familiar with farm labor in its various departments. Habits of industry and integrity were formed which have colored his entire career and made his life one commanding the highest respect. On leaving the state of his nativity in 1862 Mr. Rice sought a home in Michigan and secured a claim of one hundred and sixty acres of land on section 17, Blair township, Grand Traverse county. This he entered from the government and as not a furrow had been turned or an improvement made upon the place, the arduous task of developing a new farm devolved upon him. Coming to this new region he desired a companion and helpmate and in the spring of 1863 he returned to j MR. AND MRS. EMERY RICE. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 785 Lake county, Ohio, and was there married on the 2d of July of that year to Miss Clarinda Ann Houghtaling, also a native of Ohio. As the years have passed their marriage has been blessed with four children, the eldest of' whom is Charles C. The daughter Edith is now the wife of Albert Nash. The third child was Merton, who died in early life, and Harvey completes the family. The mother of these children passed away at her home in Blair township in 1887, and in this township Mr. Rice was again married on the 6th of February, 1896, his second union being with Mrs. Abigail Cooper, the widow of Joseph B. Cooper, and a daughter of William S. and Catherine (Tyndall) Abbott. Her father was a native,of New York, while her mother's birth oc~curred in Pennsylvania. They both died in Ohio, the former passing away in Wood county, while the latter departed this life in Huron county, Ohio. Mrs. Abigail Rice was born in New Haven, Huron county, Ohio, on the Ist of August, 1848, and spent her girlhood days in her parents' home. In early womanhood she gave her hand in marriage to Joseph B. Cooper, who was a native of Shelby, Richland county, Ohio. They removed from the Buckeye state to Michigan and settled in Leelanaw county, upon a farm, bringing with them the three children who had blessed their union in Ohio. They arrived in the spring of 1884 and on the 28th of June, 1892, they took up their abode in Traverse City. Unto Mr. and Mrs. 'Cooper were born five children, but the fourth, a son, died in infancy. The others are Lilly M., Delilah, Warren E. and Elda E. At the time of his first marriage Mr. Rice brought his bride to Grand Traverse county and settled upon the farm which he had entered. Throughout his business caieer he has carried on agricultural pursuits' and is today the owner of what has become a valuable tract of land, comprising a quarter section. Soon across the hitherto virgin soil was seen the track of the plow and grain was dropped in the furrows, while in the late autumn the harvests were garnered. Year after year the work of cultivation and improvement has been carried on and today the Rice farm is very productive and is one of the good properties of this section of the state. There are now modern buildings upon the place and everything is well equipped for the work which is there carried on. Mr. Rice has served in a number of school offices and has been overseer of highways, but has not been an active politician in the sense of office seeking, preferring to devote his time and energies to his business affairs. His success has been the result of honest, persistent effort in the line of honorable and manly dealing. His aims have always been to attain the best and he has carried forward to successful completion whatever he has undertaken. His life has marked a steady growth and now he is in possession of an ample competence and more than all has that contentment which comes from a consciousness of having lived to a good purpose. DAN E. CARTER. In point of continuous residence one of the oldest citizens of Grand Traverse county, also one of the oldest and most successful business men of the city of Grand Traverse, the subject of this review holdA 786 GRAND, TRAVERSE AND LEELANA W COUNTIES. worthy prestige among his contemporaries, and a history of northwestern Michigan would be incomplete without due attention to him and his achievements. Dan E. Carter is a New York man, born in Genessee county, in that state, on March 25, 1838, the son of Samuel K. and Cynthia (Horton) Carter. The father was a representative of one of the oldest English families of Connecticut, the mother being descended from worthy pioneers of Cattaraugus county, New York, in which part of the Empire state she was born and reared. Of the nine children born to these parents four are living at the present time, the subject being the oldest of the family. When three years of age Dan E. was taken to Union City, Pennsylvania, where he spent the ensuing seventeen years of his life, atending while a youth the common schools, later taking a high school course, after which he took up the jeweler's trade, becoming in due time an efficient workman. Leaving Union City, he accompanied the family to Kingsville, Ohio, in which place he added to his education by taking a three-years course in an academy of high grade, and there opened a jewelry establishment, which he conducted with gratifying success during the five years following. Disposing of his stock at the end of that time, he began speculating in oil, with the result that inevitably attends about nine out of ten who invest their means in that uncertain enterprise, to wit, the loss of his entire capital, leaving him financially stranded and with no immediate hopes of recovering from his embarrassment. In this dilemma Mr. Carter had recourse to his trade, which he followed in Ohio, for 4one year, and then came to Michigan by steamer, landing in September, 1862, in Leelanaw county, where he spent a short time. Recuperating his health, which had become badly impaired, he removed thence to Benzie county where he took up a homestead of one hundred and sixty acres, on which in due time he erected a saw and planing-mill. After conducting this enterprise with fair success until 1866, he sold out and, coming to Traverse City, engaged in the jewelry business, prosecuting the same for a period of thirty years, during which time he not only accumulated a handsome fortune, but earned a wide and enviable reputation as an enterprising, public-spirited and far-seeing man of affairs. His establishment, when lie disposed of it at the expiration of the time noted, was by many years the oldest, as well as the best known, business house in the city, and the name of Mr. Carter, during that long period of continued service as a jeweler, became a familiar one to nearly every man, woman and child in the entire comunity. Upon retiring from the business which he had practically made his life work, Mr. Carter tok charge of the Elmwood manufacturing plant, in Leelanaw county, with which enterprise he has since been identified, being now sole owner and manager, having purchased his partner's interests in the concern. He manufactures a number of articles, chiefly in the line of improved household furniture, among which the Victory reclining chair, an invention of his own, is perhaps the most noted, but he has achieved consid-- erable distinction on account of his inventions and improvements, being a genius in the use of nearly all kinds of tools, especially efficient in the line of work to which he is now GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 787 devoting his attention. As already indicated, he has been remarkably fortunate in his financial affairs, owning at this time, in addition to private capital, valuable city property and his manufacturing establishment, large tracts of real estate in various parts of Michigan and in the Dakotas. Mr. Carter has been twice married, the first time, in 1845, to Miss Emily Jones, of Wisconsin, the ceremony having been solemnized in that state. One child, a son by the name of Lynn, was born of this union, in 1865, and at the present time lives in the city of Grand Rapids. Mr. Carter's second marriage took place in 1883, Cora L. Wood, of Bangor, Wisconsin, becoming his wife. Mrs. Carter's father, Hon. John H. Bradley, was a native of Connecticut, and her mother was born in New York, moved to Wisconsin, a number of years ago, and it was in this state that Mrs. Carter was born on March 24, 1852. At the age of fifteen she married Julius Wood. Two children are the fruits of this union, Luverne, born in 1869, and now his step-father's business associate, and John A., whose birth occurred in the year 1873, the latter a graduate of the law department of the Michigan University, and at this time engaged in the practice of his profession at Los Angeles, California. Mr. Carter, like all good citizens, takes an interest in public and political affairs, but is not a politician, although a zealous adherent to the Republican praty. He belongs to no lodge or secret organization, but is deeply concerned in every enterprise making for the welfare of society and the good of his fellow men, encouraging all such undertakings, also lending his influence to movements and measures having for their object the material prosperity of his city, county and state. HENRY K. BR1NKMAN. There is every degree of satisfaction and profit in scanning the life history of one who has attained a desirable degree of success as the direct result of his own efforts, who has the mentality to direct his endeavors toward the desired ends and the singleness and steadfastness of purpose which have given due value to each consecutive detail of effort. As a distinctive type of a self-made man we refer with singular propriety to the subject whose name forms the caption of this paragraph, Henry K. Brinkman, who is a leading fruit dealer and prominent business man of Old Mission. He has long resided in Peninsula township and in earlier days was actively connected with agricultural and horticultural pursuits. He still owns his farm, but is now giving his attention to the purchase and sale of fruit and to the operation of an apple evaporator. Mr. Brinkman is a native of Menkhausen, Prussia, born on the 13th of June, 1827. He was reared to manhood in the fatherland and when he was fifteen years of age he was apprenticed to learn the shoemaker's trade, which occupation he followed until 1847. The opportunities of the new world attracted him and with the desire to try his fortune in the United States he sailed from one of the German ports for New Orleans, where he arrived on the 25th of June, 1848. For a year he remained in the Crescent City and then started norfhward for Detroit, Michigan, proceeding thence to Sault Ste Marie, and from the latter place he came to Old Mission in May, 1853. He followed his trade in the above named place and after coming to Old Mission he continued to engage in shoemaking for five years. 788 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. This was virtually the first manufacturing establishment in the Grand Traverse region. After living there five years he turned his attention to agricultural pursuits and purchased two hundred acres of land in Peninsula township. He had previously entered this as a squatter's claim, but it had not regularly come into his possession. He still owns this property and now has about one hundred and forty acres of it improved, seventyfive acres being included within his orchards. In addition to general farming he began making a specialty of the raising of fruits and now has splendid apple, peach and pear orchards upon his place and also a large vineyard. His specialty, however, is apples and many varieties can be found upon his land, their excellent flavor and superior size enabling him to command the best market prices when he ships his fruit to the cities. He has, however, in recent years left the supervision of his farm to his son, Eugene E., to whom he entrusted the work in 1895, in order that he might devote his energies to other lines of business activity. He now is engaged in the buying and selling of fruit, handling large quantities annually and since 1899 he has also been engaged in the evaporation of apples, having a well equiped plant in which he does a large business. Mr. Brinkman was married, in Old Mission, in April, 1854, to Mrs. Keziah Hopper, who was born in Darke county, Ohio, and was the widow of George Hopper. Her parents were Josiah and Anne Culburn. Mrs. Brinkman was born in Virginia and by her marriage to the subject became the mother of four children: Alonzo H., who resides jn Alabama; Eugene E., who is operating his father's farm; Anna T., and Lewis A. A. Mr. Brinkman has been a stalwart advocate of the Republican party since its organization and he has never wavered in his allegiance to its principles. He has served as treasurer of his township and also as township clerk and he formerly took an active interest in political affairs. In the fall of 1864 he responded to his country's call for aid and joined the Fourth Indiana Battery, with which he served until September, 1865. He thus proved his loyalty to the Union and made for himself a creditable military record. He has now reached the age of seventy-six years, but is still an active factor in business life. A modest, unassuming man, caring not for notoriety, he yet deserves the mention that is usually given a self-made man, who has the high regard of his many friends. ROBERT SCOTT TRAVIS. Robert Scott Travis, who is living on section 4, Blair township, is a retired farmer and early settler of Grand Traverse county. He has lived in this portion of the state for many years and the history of its early development is familiar to him. He came here when the forests were uncut and when few houses had been built through the county. He had ino capital and all that he has acquired has been obtained as the reward of continuous labor, so that he may well be called a self-made man. Mr. Travis was born in the province of New Brunswick, April 21, 1833, a son of John and Eliza (Scott) Travis, who died in New Brunswick, where they had reared their family of nine children, Robert A. be R. S. TRAVIS. MRS. ROBERT S. TRAVIS. ~:~;~~~ GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 789 ing the second. The subject spent his childhood and youth upon the old homestead and when about twenty years of age started out -on his own account. He left home in September, 1855, and worked his way through the dominion of Canada to Quebec, where he arrived with but one Canadian penny in his pocket. It was a very small capital with which to start upon a business career, but he was not afraid to work and knew that an honest living could be obtained through labor. He was employed in Quebec for a short time and then proceeded on his way, going to Hamilton and thence to Bothwell, Ontario, where he arrived with a York. shilling as his entire capital. He continued to work his way along, securing employment Awhen his money became exhausted and eventually he reached Traverse City, Michigan, one of the first settlements established in the dense lumber regions of this part of the state. He reached this place on the 22d of October, 1856, at which time he was the possessor of what seemed, a large sum in *comparison with other amounts he had had -thirty dollars. He sought and obtained 'employment in the saw-mill of Hannah, Lay & Company, lumber manufacturers and merchants, with whom he remained for about a year, during which time he had saved one hundred dollars of his earnings, leaving this with the company. On account of the financial panic in which the entire country became involved about that time the firm discharged their men and Mr. Travis then went to Chicago upon a sailing vessel. They had a rough passage upon Lake Michigan, the vessel being struck by a gale, and when they were within sight of Chicago they saw a schooner sink, turning upside down. After about a week spent in Chicago Mr. Travis obtained employment on a farm about forty miles from the city and there worked for two months. It was winter time and he walked the entire distance back to Chicago, because of the limited amount of money he had. When the lumber firm in Grand Traverse county failed, although a considerable sum of money was coming to him, he received only fifteen dollars in cash, and was given a, note for eighty-five dollars, which, however, was promptly paid when due. From Chicago Mr. Travis paid his fare to Detroit, Michigan, and from the latter city he walked to Bothwell, Canada, where he found employment for a few months. He then returned to Detroit and from there again went to Chicago, making the trip by rail. He spent but a week in the western metropolis, however, and at the end of that time he came once more to Grand Traverse county, establishing his home in Traverse City. He reentered the service of his former employers, Hannah, Lay & Company, by whom he was paid ten dollars per month for driving teams, whereby the logs were conveyed from the forests where they were cut to the Boardman river. For several years Mr. Travis continued in the employ of that firm as their cook in the lumber camps. Turning his attention to farming he settled upon the land which he now owns and operates. The money which he had previously saved from his earnings he had invested in one hundred and twenty acres of land on section 4, Blair township, and when he took up his abode upon the property he began its cultivation and improvement with the same energy and resolution which had characterized his work in former years. Such characteristics are always resultant elea ments in a business career and they have 740 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. brought to Mr. Travis a competence which he well merits. Clearing the field, he plowed the land and soon good harvests were garnered. The work of cultivation has been carried forward until the farm is today a very productive one and in the midst of the fields he has erected good buildings. An ongoing spirit has ever prompted the efforts of Mr. Travis and a laudable ambition has formed the basis of his success. On the 20oth of June, 1866, Mr. Travis was united in marriage to Miss Catherine Duffy, and it was in 1868 that they took up their abode in Blair township, Grand Traverse county. The lady was a native of Illinois and after about thirty years of happy married life she died on the home farm January 6, 1895, in the fifty-third year of her age. Six children had been born of their union, but one son died in infancy. The others are: Frances Josephine, the wife of Chester Williams; George Everett; Howard, who died in childhood; Wilmer, at home; and Robert, who completes the family. Mr. Travis has been called to public office, in which his fidelity to the best interests of the community has been strongly manifest in the capable and prompt manner in which he has discharged the duties devolving upon him. For several years he was treasurer of Blair township and for some time he served as justice of the peace, rendering decisions strictly fair and impartial, his opinions being based upon the evidence, the law and the equity of the case. He is a man of firm convictions and neither fear nor favor can swerve him from a course which he believes to be right. He has lived in Grand Traverse county from the pioneer epoch in its development. He has seen the log cabins give place to modern and commodious resi dences, while the monarchs of the forest have fallen before the sturdy strokes of the woodsman, have been converted into lumber and shipped to various marts. Following in the path of the woodsman has come the agriculturist who has cleared his property and placed the wild land under the plow until today Athe rich farms and fine orchards of Michigan are renowned throughout the country. Of all this Mr. Travis has been a witness and he takes a justifiable pride in what has been accomplished. I. BURTON GILBERT. A thirst for knowledge is one of the finest incentives to ambition and is one of the purest and most exalted passions that can take possession of the human heart. It makes men great and women lovable. The subject of this sketch, I. Burton Gilbert, superintendent of the schools of Traverse City, was in his youth imbued with an unquenchable thirst for knowledge, from which he has not recovered. To gratify his desire for education he has toiled late and early and deprived himself of many a comfort, that he might have the means to attend school and pursue his studies. It is a pity that such a laudable ambition cannot always be backed by the requisite means of accomplishment, but it is probably better as it is. The exertions made and the self-denial practiced makes the youth or maiden better, stronger, braver and more fitted to solve the intricate problems of life. I. Burton Gilbert was born July 5, 1870, at Memphis, Michigan. His father is Charles S. Gilbert, a native of Mas-sachusetts, who has devoted his life to agri GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 741 cultural pursuits. He retired from active labor a few years ago and has taken up his abode in the village of Memphis, Macomb county. He is a man of ability and learning, having acquired a good education in his native state. The mother of the subject of this review was Matilda (Pierce) Gilbert, a native of England. She was born in the city of Bath and while yet a child was brought to America by her parents. They settled in St. Clair county, Michigan, and there she received her education. She died in January, 1901. They were the parents of seven children. The early life of I. Burton Gilbert was spent on his father's farm near Memphis. He attended the public schools, mastered all of the branches therein taught and then for a short time engaged in teaching. He then entered Olivet College, took the regular course and graduated therefrom in 1895, receiving his degree in natural science. The next few months he spent in the Agricultural College of Michigan, specializing in chemistry. Later he took work at Harvard University. In the fall of 1895 he was offered and accepted the position of principal of the high school at St. Johns, Michigan, where he remained one year, when a more desirable position at Imlay City, as superintendent of the schools at that place, was offered him. He was two years at Imlay City, when Northville indicated its desire to employ him. He was there only one year when the superintendency of the schools at St. Johns, where some years before he had been principal, was offered him. He accepted and for three years most efficiently discharged the duties of the position. From there he came to Traverse City. When the school board of St. Johns learned that lie contemplated a change, it voted him a salary greatly in excess of that which he had been receiving,.in the hope of retaining his services, but he was already pledged to the Traverse City school board and he could not be induced to violate the obligation. He entered upon the duties as superintendent of the schools of Traverse City at the beginning of the term of 1902 and under his management the schools have been greatly improved. His services have given the utmost satisfaction to both patrons and pupils.,November 25, 1898, I. Burton Gilbert was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Giberson, a native of Flint, Michigan, who was born August 4, 1873. She is the daughter of William Giberson, a prominent merchant of Saginaw, Michigan. Her mother is Helen (Burr) Giberson and both parents are natives of this state. Only two children were born to them, both daughters, The other daughter of this couple is the wife of Dr. A. E. Leetch, a practicing physician of Saginaw. Mr. and Mrs. I. Burton Gilbert are the parents of one child, William G., born October 31, 1899. Mrs. Gilbert is an accomplished musician and especially excels as a pianist. Politically the subject of this review is a Republican and has always taken a deep interest in political affairs. He, however, has never aspired to nor occupied any political position whatever. He is so wedded to his chosen calling, that of an educator, that it would take much to tempt him to abandon it. He and his wife are both members of the Congregational church and regular attendants upon its services. He is a Mason and has advanced to the degree of Knight Templar, and is also a Knight of 742 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Pythias. He is a young man possessed of manly, sterling qualities and there is no reason why, as an educator, he should not rank.among the foremost of his profession. PHILIP DOHM. That Michigan furnishes good opportunities to its citizens, that it possesses many natural resources and has good educational privileges as well as business advantages, is indicated by the fact that many of the native sons of the state retain their residence within its borders, never caring to seek a home elsewhere, because they find here all that is needed for the enjoyment of life and the acquirement of a comfortable competence. Mr. Dohm is one of the native sons,of the state, his birth having occurred in Alpine township, Kent county, Michigan, on the 9th of January, 1847. He is the fifth of a family of eight children, whose parents were Joseph and Rosanna (Hatchell) Dohm. Both the.father and mother were born in Germany and the year 1867 witnessed their arrival in Grand Traverse county, Michigan. They first settled in Peninsula township and afterward removed to Blair township, where Mrs. Dohm died at the age of seventy-six years. The father, who was born in I8o8, is still living at the very advanced age of ninety-four years, one of the venerable and honored citizens of the community, respected alike by young and old, rich and poor. Philip Dohm was reared in Kent and Ottawa counties, spending his boyhood days upon a farm, while a common-school education made him familiar with the various branches of learning taught in the public schools. He was still but a boy at the time of the outbreak of the Civil war and when only sixteen years of age he offered his services to the government, enlisting in Ottawa county as a member of Company F, Sixth Michigan Cavalry, on the I th of November, 1862. He served until the close of the war and was slightly wounded in the left thigh at the battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia. He took part in many important engagements and was always found at his post, whether it led into the thickest of the fight or stationed him on the lonely picket line. Among the battles in which he participated with his regiment were those of Gettysburg, the battle of the Wilderness, the siege of Petersburg and the battle of Fredericksburg. His was a most creditable military record, his bravery was equal to that of veterans of twice his years, but his love for the Union was unbounded and he rendered valuable service in its preservation. At the close of the war he went with a portion of his regiment to the frontier of Montana, where he was detailed to drive the supply team. After being mustered out of the service at Jackson, Michigan, Mr. Dohm went to Muskegon county, this state, where he followed farming until December, 1869. He then came to Grand Traverse county, accompanied by his wife and one child, for in the meantime he had been married. Here he took up his residence in Peninsula township, where he remained for about two years and then settled upon the farm which is now his home and which has been his place of residence for about a third of a century. WVithin the boundaries of the farm are comprised two hundred acres and one-half of this is under cultivation. It will thus be MR AND MRS PHILIP DOHM. I GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 748 seen that his fields are broad and the productive soil of Michigan returns to him golden harvests as a reward for the care and labor which he bestows upon the fields. On the 15th of July, 1866, in Ravenna township, Muskegon county, Michigan, Mr. Dohm was united in marriage to Miss Mary J. Sullivan, who was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, August 3, 1848. Her father, John Sullivan, was a native of Ireland and died in Muskegon county, this state, when thirtythree years of age. His wife, who in her maidenhood was Bridget H. Crothy, was born in England of Irish parentage and still survives her husband, having now reached an advanced age. Of their eight children Mrs. Dohm is the eldest and when she was six years of age she was taken by her parents to Muskegon county, Michigan, where she was reared to womanhood, being well trained in the duties of the household, so that she was capable of taking care of her own home at the time of her marriage. Both Mr. and Mrs. Dohm belong to St. Francis' Catholic church in Traverse City. He has served as school assessor of his district and takes a deep interest in township affairs, being interested in the welfare and progress of his community. He maintains pleasant relations with his old army comrades through his membership in McPherson Post No. 18, Grand Army of the Republic. Mr. Dohm is a man of kindly temperament and is a pleasant companion. His life record furnishes an excellent illustration of a selfmade man and his career should serve as a lesson to the young. He started out for himself under rather adverse circumstances, leing compelled to make his own way in the world, and his success shows most forcibly the power of patient and persistent effort and self-reliance. He has so conducted all affairs, whether of a private interest or of a public trust, as to merit the esteem of every class of citizens. WILLIAM R. PRATT. Success comes not to the man who idly waits, but to the faithful toiler whose work is characterized by intelligence and force and who has the foresight and keenness of mental vision to know when and where and how to exert his energies, and thus it happens. that but a small proportion of those who. enter the "world's broad field of battle" come off victors in the struggle for wealth and position. Some lack perseverance, others business sagacity and still others are dilatory or negligent, but Mr. Pratt possesses the undaunted spirit and business enterprise which has been the means of developing this great state of Michigan. He is numbered among the pioneer settlers of Grand Traverse county and is also one of its native sons, his birth having occurred in Old Mission, on the 25th of September, 1857. He has here since resided and as he neared manhood he entered upon a business career that has been alike honorable and prosperous. Mr. Pratt is a son of Jerome M. Pratt, who was born in Licking county, Ohio, and after arriving at years of maturity wedded Miss Araminta Rosecrants, a native of New York. The father became one of the earliest settlers of Old Mission. He was sent to this place by the government as an Indian agent and continued to live at Old Mission until his death, which occurred September I I, 1891, when he was nearly seventythree years of age. He left the impress of 744 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. his individuality upon the development of the county, taking an active part in all its work and progress. His wife survived him for about five years and died on the 4th of June, 1896, when seventy-three years of age, her birth having occurred on the 9th of September, 1823. Unto this worthy couple were born seven children, William R. being the sixth in order of birth. Amid the wild scenes of frontier life at Old Mission William R. Pratt was reared and here he has made his home almost continuously since, having spent but a short period at different times in other parts of the country. Farming has been his chief occupation. He was educated in the schools of Old Mission and after putting aside his text books he began agricultural work, which owing to his capability and enterprise has proved to him an excellent source of income. He now owns one hundred and twenty acres of land, of which one-half is improved, and the farm products annually bring to him a good income as he finds a ready sale for his crops upon the market. In connection with general farming he is also extensively and successfully engaged in buying, selling and shipping fruit. On the 3d of May, 1891, at Old Mission, William R. Pratt was united in marriage to Miss Mary L. Marshall, a daughter of W. A. Marshall, who is represented on another page of this volume. She was born in Frenchtown, Monroe county, Michigan, on the 5th of February, 1861, and by her marriage has become the mother of four children: Louise N., Marshall, Carl and Helen. Mr. Pratt and his family are widely and favorably known in this portion of the state, the members of the household occupying an enviable position in the social cir cles in which they move. Mr. Pratt is likewise prominent in public affairs. He has served as deputy sheriff for many years, has been township treasurer and for several years hlie has also been deputy township clerk. In matters of citizenship he has been public-spirited and he is always prompt and faithful in the execution of the official duties which devolve upon him. He has a comprehensive understanding of the leading questions that divide parties and in whose decisions lie the destinies of the Republic. His study of the issues of the day has led him to give an unfaltering support to the Republican party. The name of Pratt has always been connected with the moral development of Grand Traverse county. The parents of our subject became charter members of the Congregational church at Old Mission and William R. Pratt has long been one of the members of the church and at the present time is serving as one of its trustees. No one in the community enjoys a better reputation for integrity of word and deed than William R. Pratt and from pioneer (lays his influence has been given in the study of progress, reform and improvement. No greater testimonial of his worth can be given than the fact that the position accorded him by public opinion is one of marked prominence. GEORGE LARDIE. George Lardie has now passed the psalmist's span of three score years and ten, but is still engaged in merchandising in Old Mission, where for many years he has carried on business interests, his labors proving of value to the commercial activity of the GRAND TRAVERSE ANVD LEELANAW COUNTIES. 745 town. His long identification with the county entitles him to more than passing mention in this regard and his influence has been a potent factor along many lines of progress and improvement. Great changes have occurred during his residence here, for he found the country largely unimproved. The land was still in possession of the government and remained as it came from the hand of nature. Here and there a few brave frontiersmen had ventured into the wilds of western Michigan and had secured squatters' claims, but the work of development largely lay in the future. A log cabin here and there was surrounded by a little clearing and the work of farming had in a slight degree been begun and to some extent the lumbering interests of this section of the state were being utilized when Mr. Lardie came to Grand Traverse county. Now this portion of the state is rich in its farms, well improved, while in the thriving towns and cities are all of the industrial and commercial enterprises and the conveniences known to the older east. Old Mission is indebted to Mr. Lardie for much that he has done in its behalf and there is no citizen of this portion of the county who is more widely known or is held in higher esteem than he whose name introduces this record. A native of Canada, he was born in the city of Montreal on the 24th of May, 1829, his parents being George and Mary (Chartran) Lardie, both of whom were natives of Montreal and in that city the mother died. The father afterwards came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and passed away in Peninsula township when seventy-nine years of age. George Lardie was the eldest in their family of nine children and he lived in Montreal until seventeen years of age, during which time he acquired his education there. On leaving home he removed to Watertown, near Hamilton, Ontario, where he resided for two years, after which he spent twelve years in Milton, Ontario. During that time he engaged in coopering and his good workmanship secured for him profitable employment. On leaving Milton he came to Grand Traverse county, arriving here in July, 1859. He "squatted" upon a tract of.land about four miles from Old Mission, at what is now the village of Mapleton. There he lived for twenty-two years, devoting his energies to agricultural pursuits and on the expiration of that period he took up his abode at Old Mission, where he has since engaged in merchandising, conducting a general store. He carries a well selected stock of goods and by his earnest desire to please his patrons, his fair and honorable dealings, and his enterprise, he has secured good business which is a source of desirable profit. Mr. Lardie was married in Dundas, Ontario, to Miss Harriet Coutu, a native of Canada, and unto them have been born twelve children, namely: Harriet, George W., Peter, Matilda, Frederick, Odila, Marguerite, Henry M., Rosalie, Lilly, Stephen and Clara E. The mother was called to her final rest on the 9th of April, 19o01, departing this life at her home at Old Mission when she was in her seventieth year, her birth having occurred on the 7th of October, 1831. Mr. Lardie casts his vote in support of the Republican party and is most loyal to its interests. He has held the office of postmaster at Old Mission for many years and has been chosen to elective offices, being township treasurer of Peninsula township 746 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. for eight years, while for three years he was justice of the peace. He is a communicant of the Catholic church and has been loyal to its teachings. The life of Mr. Lardie has been busily passed and devoid of so called great events. He has endeavored to live in peace and harmony with all mankind and has quietly and unassumingly pursued the even tenor of his way: He has found that persistency of purpose and unfaltering energy are a good basis upon which to rear the superstructure of success and to these elements may be attributed his present creditable position in the commercial world. From his life record many lessons may be gleaned, lessons of independence and self-reliance and' a regard for the rights and feelings of others. GEORGE W. McWETHY. George W. McWethy is identified with farming interests in Grand Traverse county, but has not confined his attention and efforts alone to this one line,-leading to his individual success,-but has directed his labors into other channels through which flow great good to the general public. Especially has the educational system of his locality profited by his labors and at one time he served as superintendent of the county schools. The life history of Mr. McWethy began on the 6th of May, 1851, his birth occurring in Pavilion, Genesee county, New York. His father, Levi V. McWethy, was also a native of the Empire state and as a companion and helpmate for the journey of life he chose Miss Rhoda T. Noble. Unto them were born seven children, the subject being the youngest. Both parents remained residents of New York until called to the home beyond. The father was a farmer by occupation and upon the old homestead farm: George W. McWethy was reared, remaining under the parental roof until twenty-eight years of age. His preliminary education, acquired in the public schools of Genesee county, was supplemented by study in Middlebury Academy, of Wyoming, New York, and his liberal culture along educational lines prepared him for teaching, which profession he followed in New York for ten years, part of the time in his native county and during the remainder of the decade in Wyoming county. When not engaged with the duties of the school room he assisted in the operation of his father's farm and thus gained practical experience concerning the best methods of producing crops. He remained at home until the fall of 1879 and in 1882 he removed to Monmouth, Illinois, where he had previously been married. It was on the 21st of October, 1879, that Mr. McWethy wedded Miss Hattie N. Barnes, who was born in Mount Morris, New York, November 5, 1853, a daughter of E. V. A. and Harriet (Baldwin) Barnes, who were also natives of the Empire state. For a year Mr. McWethy engaged in farming in Warren county, Illinois, and in that locality he remained until the fall of 1883, when he came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, taking up his abode in Blair township. The farm upon which he now lives has been his home since his arrival here. He purchased one hundred and twenty acres of land, which was then wild and destitute of all improvement. He at once began the arduous labors of making a good farm and great is the transformation which has since been wrought in the appearance of the place. MR. AND MRS. GEORGE W. McWETHY. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES., 747 Fully one-half of the land has been cleared and where once stood the forests trees in their primeval strength are now seen plowed fields, the green tints of early spring giving place as the year advances to autumn's golden color, indicating the harvests which reward him for his toil. Excellent buildings have been erected by Mr. McWethy. His barns are ample for the shelter of grain and stock, the mows are well filled with hay, and in the sheds are the latest improved agricultural implements for facilitating the work of the farm. The home which has been. builded by Mr. McWethjy is unsurpassed in the township and has few equals in the entire county. Of modern style of architecture, commodious and pleasing in appearance, it is also tastefully furnished and moreover an air of good cheer and hospitality pervades the place, making it a favorite resort with their many friends. The home of Mr. and Mrs. McWVethy has been blessed with three children, Leslie B., G. Edna and Lee A. The parents take an active part in!the work of the Methodist Episcopal church, in which they hold membership, and at the present time Mr. McWethy is serving as superintendent of the Sunday school of that denomination in Grawn, realizing how important is the early religious training of the young in order that a sure foundation may be laid for the building of character. He has always acted with the Republican party on political questions and as every true American citizen should do,feels an interest in the political issues of the day. He has been especially active in behalf of the schools and for eight years after coming to Grand Traverse county he engaged in. teaching in. Blair and Garfield townships. He was appointed secretary of 47 the school of Grand Traverse county for one year and was then elected county superin, tendent of schools, which position he filled for six years, during which time the educational system of the county was greatly improved and marked advance made in many of the schools and in the methods of instruction. He has also held the offices of township clerk and school inspector and he has been a leader in many matters pertaining to public progress. His efforts have been discerningly directed into channels through which flow the greatest good to the greatest number and in political work he has always placed the general good before partisanship and the welfare of the community before personal aggrandizemnent. For the past ten years he has been secretary of the Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company of Grand Traverse, Antrim and Leelanaw counties. In action straightforward, in manner unostentatious, he has won for himself an enviable position in public regard and in business life he has found that success is ambition's answer. ALFRED E. PORTER. Alfred E. Porter well deserves representation in this volume, for he has been quite prominent in public affairs and he is proprietor of the hotel at Old Mission. His business and public interests have made him widely known and the sterling traits of his character have made him a valued citizen in Peninsula township and Grand Traverse county. His father was the late Alexander Porter, a native of New York, and after arriving at years of maturity was united in 748 GRAND 7RAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. marriage to Miss Elizabeth Patterson. Her birth occurred in the Green Mountain state and for a time they resided in Canada, coming thence to Grand Traverse county in the year 1853. In August of that year they settled at Old Mission in Peninsula township, where they continued to live until their life's labors were ended in death. Mrs. Porter, who was born October I I, 1817, passed away February 4, 1885; and Mr. Porter, whose birth occurred January I, 1814, died on the 15th of May, 1899, having reached the advanced age of eighty-five years. Both departed this life upon the old home farm on which they had settled on coming to Michigan and which had been their home for a long period. They were well-known representatives of the agricultural interests of this section of the state and were people of the highest respectability, honored wherever known. They had a family of eight children, of whom Alfred E. Porter was the seventh in order of birth. It was upon the old homestead farm at Old Mission in Peninsula township that Alfred E. Porter was born, his natal day being November 4, 1857. Here he was reared, spending his youth in the ordinary manner of the farmer lads of the period and until the spring of 1902 he continuously resided upon the farm where his birth occurred. As he grew in years and strength various duties of the farm were assigned to him until he was familiar with the work in its every department and after he had attained his majority he took charge of the home place and continued its cultivation and further improvement until he took charge of the hotel at Old Mission in the spring of 1902. He is now conducting this hostelry and he has the patronage of the traveling public, because he has made the hotel one that furnishes excellent entertainment to its guests. He does everything in his power to promote the comfort and convenience of those whom he entertains and the rooms are neat and attractive in appearance and the table furnishes all that the market affords. In Peninsula township Mr. Porter was united in marriage to Miss Ella K. Johnson, a daughter of Captain F. L. Johnson of the same township and an honored veteran of the Mexican war, who is represented elsewhere in this volume. Mrs. Porter was born in Peninsula township, August 16, i86o, and by her marriage has become the mother of three children, Charles S. and Minnie A. being the surviving members of the family. The daughter Lovisa A., who was the second of the family, died when a beautiful young lady of twenty-two years of age, her loss being deeply regretted by all who knew her. She had many friends, was an active church worker and was the light and joy of the household. After a severe illness of two months, in which she bore much suffering, she passed away at nine o'clock on Monday morning, October 27, 1902. To her family her loss was extremely great. She was a devoted daughter, kind and affectionate sister and her beautiful character endeared her to all who knew her. Her memory will long be enshrined in the hearts of her friends and her influence remains as a blessed benediction to those who knew her. Mr. Porter gives his political support to the Republican party, having firm faith in its principles. He has been honored'with several local offices, having served as township clerk for eight years and as'school as GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 749 sessor and highway commissioner. Fraternally he is connected with Traverse City Lodge No. 323, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. In political thought and action he has always been independent, carrying out his honest views without fear or favor. He is today numbered among the honored pioneer settlers of Grand Traverse county, his residence here dating from an early period in its development. His memory goes back to the time when this portion of the state was sparsely settled, when little of the land had been reclaimed for purpose of civilization, but remained in the primitive condition in which it came from the hand of nature. Mr. Porter has ever been deeply interested in what has pertained to public progress and his influence has ever been on the side of advancement and improvement. JAMES SWANEY. A half century seems a long period in which to reside on one farm and yet for more than that-for fifty-three years-James Swaney has lived upon the farm which is now his home. It was a wild tract of land when his parents took up their abode here, and around them stretched the green woods, sheltering wild game of various kinds. Only here and there had a clearing been made to indicate the advance of civilization into the western wilderness, but occasionally the blue smoke could be seen curling upward from a pioneer cabin. Frontier conditions existed. The farmers cultivated their land with implements which seem quite primitive compared to those now in use, and then after harvesting their crops had to transport them by team to market. As the years passed, however, the cleared and cultivated areas of the county became greater and greater and the county is now the abiding place of a contented and prosperous people whose richly cultivated farms surround thriving towns and cities and all of the comforts and conveniences of the older east have been introduced. James Swaney has kept abreast with the progress of the times in his work and is today accounted one of the leading agriculturists of the community in which he has so long made his home. He still lives upon a part of the original farm entered by his father, and to which he was brought when only about a year old. He was born in Spring township, Crawford county, Pennsylvania, August io, 1849, a son of John and Rosanna (McFadden) Swaney, the former born September 13, i806, the latter on the Ioth of July, 18io. They were married in Pennsylvania and unto them were born eleven children, of whom James was the tenth. With their family they came to the west in the fall of 1850, their destination being Grand Traverse county. They settled upon the farm now owned and occupied by our subject and there they remained until called to their final home, the father devoting his attention to the cultivation of his land, assisted by his sons. In the early days the family experienced many of the hardships and trials of pioneer life, but as time passed the united efforts of the children and parents made it possible to gain more of the comforts known to the older east. The mother died September 2, 1868, and Mr. Swaney, surviving her for two years, passed away on the 4th of October, 1870o. Upon the home farm in Peninsula town 750 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ship, Grand Traverse county, James Swaney was reared and here he has always lived, working in the fields from the time of his youth to the present, when he owns and operates fifty acres of land, constituting one of the good farms of the community. There are good buildings upon the place and modern equipments, which facilitate the farm work, and in the supervision of his property Mr. Swaney shows a thorough and practical understanding of the best methods of carrying on agricultural pursuits. In Peninsula township, July 2, 1871, Mr. Swaney was married to Miss Harriet Lardie, who was born in Milton, Holten county, Ontario, March 30, 181i, a daughter of George and Harriet (Courtu) Lardie, both natives of Canada and well known farming people of Grand Traverse county. They arrived in this county in 1859 and established their home in Peninsula township, where Mr. Lardie is still living, but his wife passed away April 9, 1901, when about seventy years of age. They were the parents of thirteen children, of whom Mrs. Swaney is the eldest. Unto the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Swaney seven children have been born: John E., George F., Lewis H., Clara B., who died in infancy; Rose E., Sylvia I. and Hattie M. Mr. Swaney and his family are members of the Catholic church, and in his political views he is a Democrat, having always given his support to the principles of that party. He has been elected on its ticket to the office of township treasurer, has served as highway commissioner and has also been officially connected with the schools. Advancement along lines of public good and improvement is sure to elicit his attention and as far as possible he has given aid to meas ures for the general welfare. There is. hardly any one in the entire county so familiar with its history, for he has been a witness of all the changes which have occurred through fifty-three years. He has seen the building of the railroads, the introduction of the telegraph and telephone, the institution of the present school system and has noted the growth along material, social, intellectual and moral lines. Events in the pioneer epoch of the county's development have left their impress on his mind and he can relate many interesting incidents of the early days. His long residence in the county has made him widely known and he has gained friendship and favor among those with whom he has been associated because of his exemplification of many sterling virtues which go to the making of honorable manhood. EDWARD CARROLL. Edward Carroll is a leading and influential citizen of Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county. Like many of the residents of this portion of the state, he depends upon agriculture to yield him a living and through his capable control of his farming interests he has gained a comfortable competence. He owns considerable land, much of which is improved, and his farming interests class him among the leading representatives of that line of work in his community. Mr. Carroll is a native of Vermont, his birth having occurred in Swanton, Franklin county, on the 8th of August, 1840. His father, Peter Carroll, was a native of Ireland and in early life crossed the Atlantic to America, taking up his abode in Vermont, where he formed the acquaintance of Miss MR. AND MRS. EDWARD CARROLL. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 751 Dorothy Stevens. Their friendship ripened into love and they were married. The lady was born in the Green Mountain state and her death occurred in Canada when she was more than forty years of age. Mr. Carroll afterward came to Michigan and spent his last days in Peninsula township, where he -died in the summer of 1874, at the advanced age of eighty-three years. This worthy couple were the parents of eleven children, of whom the subject of this review is the eldest. When in his seventh year of age he went to Wellington county, Canada, which was the place of his residence until the fall -of 1863 and during that time he was engaged in farming and he was married in Wellington county on the 27th of November, I861, to Miss Jane Eliza Holman, who was born in Waterloo township, Waterloo county, Ontario, on the Ist of April, 1839. Her father was Henry Holman and her mother bore the maiden name of Catherine McCann. Mrs. Carroll comes of English and Irish ancestry, her father having been born on the merrie isle, while the mother's birth oc-,curred on the Emerald isle. Becoming residents of Canada, they spent their remaining -days in the Dominion, passing away in Wellington county. Of their five children Mrs. Wellington was the youngest. After their marriage the subject and his wife continued *to make their home in Canada until the fall of 1863, when with their two children they came to Michigan and settled in Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county. They have since resided in this township and Mr. Carroll has given his attention in an undivided manner to agricultural interests. He has never turned aside into other channels of business activity nor sought in speculation a field for the rapid acquirement of wealth.. He has placed his dependence upon the surer qualities of industry, indefatigable effort and keen sagacity and these have enabled him to rise from a humble financial position to one of affluence. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Carroll has been blessed with ten children, as follows: Lawrence: Catherine F., who is the wife of Albert Buerers; John J.; Stephen E.; Elizabeth, who is the widow of Peter Zoulek; Alexander; Eliza J., who is the wife of Arthur McManus; Andrew P.; William H. and George. They lost two children who died in infancy. The parents and the family are communicants of the Catholic church and are true to its teachings, having firm belief in its tenets. Mr. Carroll has held the office of highway commissioner for several years and has also been aý school director for a considerable period. The cause of education finds in him a warm friend and he does everything in his power to advance the interests of the schools. Broadminded and public spirited, his life has never been narrowed to his own private affairs to the exclusion of all else, for matters pertaining to the public welfare and the general good are to him of much interest and he has cooperated in many measures for the improvement and progress of his community. Politically he has always voted with the Democratic party and he is known as one of the leading men of Peninsula township. He stands today in his mature years-a strong man-strong in the consciousness of well spent years, strong to plan and perform, strong in his credit and good name and a worthy example for young men to pattern after, as showing what intelligence and probity may accomplish in the way of success in life. 752 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. SAMUEL H. SAYLER. Samuel H. Sayler, an old and highly respected citizen of Acme township, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, was born in Hector, Schuyler county, New York, December 13, 1829. He was one of a family of twelve children, five sons and seven daughters, born to John and Deborah (Hanley) Sayler. His father was a farmer and of the old-time Whig persuasion in politics, who was for twenty-five conscutive years justice of the peace, ending his official career with a four-years' term as county judge. It was as a farmer the subject spent his early years. He pursued his education at Colgate University, where he spent seven years, graduating in 1862, with a master's degree. In 1864 he became associated with the Christian commission at Vicksburg, Mississippi. The following year he returned north, locating in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, where he purchased a farm upon which he has since made his home. Being industrious and economical, he managed to add to his possessions until he has acquired three hundred and forty acres of land, about one hundred and sixty of which is under cultivation. Mr. Sayler was married in Schuyler county, New York, September 8, 1863, to Miss Kate L. Reynolds, a native of that county and a daughter of Joel and Laura (Pease) Reynolds, Mrs. Sayler was a woman of most lovable character, a model housewife and the wise counsellor of her husband during the many years of a pleasant wedded life. She united with the Baptist church when quite young and her life was a most exemplary one, governed by the golden rule, which was the standard by which she gauged all her actions. Her death, which occurred November 12, 1901, when she was in her fifty-ninth year, was felt to be a personal loss to the many who had known and loved her, but the influence she exerted for the uplifting of those with whom she associated will long be felt and continue to be a power for good. Besides the husband, she left three children to mourn her loss, namely: Emma T., who is the wife of E. Wilhelm; Joel Reynolds and Everts. Mr. Sayler is also a member of the Baptist church. EUGENE S. WAIT. A native son of Grand Traverse county, Eugene S. Wait was born upon his father's farm at Old Mission on the 21st of March, 1859. He represents one of the honored pioneer families of the county and the name of Wait is honorably inscribed on the pages of the county's history from an early period in its development. Enoch K. Wait, the father of the subject, was born in Vermont, and when he reached adult age he was united in marriage to Miss Olive Smith, also a native of the Green Mountain state. Their marriage was celebrated in Vermont and on leaving their old home they came westward to Michigan, taking up their abode at Old Mission in Grand Traverse county in 1855. Here Mr. Wait purchased a claim from the government. The land was wild and unimproved, not a furrow had been turned upon it, but with characteristic energy he began its development and in the course of years he transformed the wild tract into highly cultivated fields. He won favor and friendship among his neighbors and business asso GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELAcNAWC COULNTIES. 753 ciates and his death, which occurred on the 29th of March, 1892, was deeply deplored by many who knew him. He had reached the age of sixty-five years when called to his final rest. His wife, who preceded him to the better land, died in November, 1881, when fifty-five years of age. By that marriage four children were born, three sons and a daughter, namely: George, Emma, Eugene S. and Jedidiah. The daughter is now the wife of Henry Maddocks. After the death of his first wife Mr. Wait was again married, his second union being with Alice Blaine, a native of Michigan, who died in Traverse City on the 6th of May, 1902. Amid the scenes of pioneer life Eugene S. Wait was reared. The old home farm was his playgrouid as well as the training school for his business career. His literary.education was obtained in the public schools of the neighborhood and when it came time for him to make choice of an occupation which he wished to make his life work, he determined that that to which he had been reared should continue as his chief pursuit. He carried the mail for seven years between Old Mission and Traverse City, but agriculture has been his principal life work and he yet resides upon the old homestead, owning one hundred acres of land, of which eighty acres has been placed under cultivation. His orchard comprises thirty acres and his labors have been another proof of the fact that Michigan is one of the best fruit producing states in the union. He has made a close study of the needs of the kinds of fruit which he produces and his opinions in such matters are largely received as authority by his neighbors. He follows progressive methods in all of his work and whatever he undertakes he carries forward to completion. On the 29th of December, 1887, in Holland, Michigan, Mr. Wait was united in marriage to Miss Jennie H. Pfanstiehl, who was born in Holland on the 29th of December, 1862, her marriage thus being celebrated on her twenty-fifth birthday. She is a daughter of Peter and Cornelia Dykema Pfanstiehl, who were natives of the country of Holland and on coming to this country they settled in the Michigan city which was so called in honor of their native land. Mr. Wait has held the office of supervisor of Peninsula township and he has also filled different school offices, the cause of education receiving his active co-operation along lines which have proven very helpful. He takes quite an active part in township and county affairs and has always affiliated with the Democratic party. Fraternally he is connected with Old Mission Tent No. 788, Knights of the Maccabees. Among the prominent business men of this section of the county who have been closely identified with its interests and have assisted in its growth he is numbered and while advancing the general welfare he has also gained for himself a reputation most enviable. By his activity and perseverance he has raised himself to a position of affluence and his life history illustrates in a marked degree what may be accomplished by well directed efforts and a strict adherence to correct business principles. Mrs. Wait was educated in the common schools and was also a student at Hope College at Holland, Michigan, and was a teacher in Ottawa county. She is a lady of pleasing personality. Her grandfather was among 754 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. the first settlers in Michigan, purchasing land from the Indians. He was one of the promoters of colonizing the Hollanders at Holland. He was a strictly temperate man, and lived to the age of almost ninety-nine years, dying on his birthday. He had celebrated his golden wedding anniversary. Mrs. Waits' grandmother had twenty-two children. FRANCIS E. BROWN. "Success," said Napoleon, "depends upon three things-energy, persistence and industry." With a recognition of this truth, Francis E. Brown has labored to advance from a humble position to one of affluence and has accomplished what he has undertaken, being now one of the substantial farmers of Grand Traverse county, his home being in Peninsula township, where he has lived during the greater part of the time since the spring of 1872. Mr. Brown is one of New England's native sons, his birth having occurred in Charlemont, Franklin county, Massachusetts, on the 9th of January, 1845. His parents, Dwight and Eliza (Harris) Brown, were also natives of the old Bay state and there spent their entire lives. By their marriage five children were born, Francis E. being the fourth in order of birth. In his parents' home he was reared, remaining in the county of his nativity until he had attained his majority, and the incidents of his childhood and youth were similar to those of other farmer lads of the period. He attended the public schools and doubtless enjoyed the pleasures of the playground more than the duties of the schoolroom, as do all boys.' He was trained to the work of the farm by his father and found his knowledge of agricultural work of practical value to him when he started out upon an independent business career. In March, 1866, Mr. Brown bade adieu to his home in the east and started for the west to try his fortune. Locating in Lenawee county, Michigan, he was there employed as a farm hand for six months, and in the fall of the same year he went to Wexford county, taking up a homestead claim in Wexford township, where he lived for five years. He then traded his original farm for the one upon which he is now living and since the spring of 1872 he has made his home in I'eninsula township, Grand Traverse county, where he owns forty acres of land. By careful management, by economy and industry, he has accumulated a comfortable competence and is classed among the men of affluence in the community. In Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county, on the 3d of January, 1869, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Brown and Miss Elizabeth Stewart, a native of New York, and the second of the family of six children born to Peter R. and Joanna (Briggs) Stewart, the former a native of the Empire state and the latter of Massachusetts. They were married in the east and with their family they came to Grand Traverse county in 1854, settling in Peninsula township, where the father carried on agricultural pursuits for many years. The hardships and difficulties of pioneer life beset them in the early days, but they lived to see primitive conditions vanish before an advancing civilization, and their own farm became a productive property, yielding to them a good living. The father died in October, I MR. AND MRS. F. E. BROWN. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 755 1885, and the mother's death occurred near Petoskey, Michigan, when she was seventyseven years of age. Mrs. Brown was born in Lysander, Onondaga county, New York, April 28, 1850, and therefore was only about four years of age when brought by her parents to Michigan. Unto Mr. and Mrs. B1rown have been born eight children, as follows: Elsie, who is the wife of Archie DeGraw; Edward A.; Elmer S.; Lucy M. and Delbert F., w.ho are at home; and three who have passed away-Arthur W., who died in California, when about twenty-three years of age; Irving, who died at the age of thirteen years; and Harrison P., who departed this life when only two years old. In his political views Mr. Brown is a Republican, who since attaining his majority has given an unfaltering support to the principles of the party. He is prominent in its councils in Grand Traverse county and in his township has been chosen for a number of official positions of trust and responsibility. For nine years he acted as supervisor of Peninsula township and for eight years was township clerk. Holding membership with the Baptist church, both Mr. and Mrs. Brown take an active and helpful part in its work, contributing generously to its support and otherwise aiding in. its advancement. They are also members of Grand Traverse Grange No. 379, Patrons of Husbandry, and they are widely and favorably kfiown in this part of the state, having many warm friends in both Wexford and Grand Traverse counlies. Starting out in life for himself without capital Mr. Brown has depended upon his own resources and has been the architect of his own fortunes, building wisely and well. With the assistance of his estimable wife he has gained all that he now possesses, and he is accounted one of the men of affluence of the community in which lie lives. AW WILLIAM R. STONE. A venerable citizen of Grand Traverse county, honored and respected by reason of an upright life, William R. Stone well deserves mention in this volume, which, indeed, would be incomplete without the record of his life. Long since he has passed the eightieth milestone on life's journey and is rapidly aproaching the age of a nongenarian, for lie was born on the 12th of June, 1816. A life span of eighty-seven yearshow much it covers! He has lived during the administrations of all but four of the presidents of this republic; has witnessed the introduction of the railroads, the telegraph and the telephone and noted the marvelous strides which the country has made in inventions, outdistancing every civilized nation on the face of the globe in giving to the world inventions of piractical value. In the great department of agriculture, with which he has long been identified, he has also seen great changes, and he can relate many interesting incidents concerning the times when the mode of living was far different from what it is to-day. Mr. Stone resides in Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county, and his birthplace was Pittsford, Monroe county, New York, his natal day being June 12, 1816. His parents, Isaac and Saloma (Patterson) Stone, were both natives of the Empire state and their last days were passed in Macomb 756 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. county, Michigan. William R. Stone was but fourteen years of age at the time of his parents' arrival in this state. The memory of but few living people in this section goes back to that early period in the state's development. In various districts in the forests lived the redmen, who found ample opportunity to indulge in fishing and hunting, for the streams abounded in specimens of the finny tribe, while game--large and small -was to be found in the forests. He lived in Macomb county until thirty-five years of age and then came to Grand Traverse county, settling here in April, 1850. He was employed by the United States government in the Indian department as foreman for four years and afterward he engaged in trading with the red men on his own account, being located at Old Mission. He was thus engaged until 1861, since which time his attention has been given to various business pursuits, some of which have brought to him a very desirable financial return while others have not been as profitable. He now owns and conducts a farm of thirty-five acres, and upon the place he has erected good buildings. To the supervision of the place he yet gives his personal attention, although many others who are much younger consider that they have reached an age when business cares should be laid aside. Mr. Stone was married in Northport, Leelanaw county, Michigan, October 16, 1856, to Miss Katie Corley, who was born in Winchester, Upper Canada, February 23, 1840. Mr. and Mrs. Stone are the parents bf four living children: F. W.; Wilmina, who is the wife of John Holmes; Lizzie L., who married E. O. Ladd, a representative farmer of Grand Traverse county; and Nellie R. They also lost one son who died in infancy. Mrs. Stone is a daughter of Francis and Jane (McSluskey) Corley, the former of Irish and German parentage, while the latter was of Scotch descent. Since coming to Grand Traverse county Mr. Stone has been prominent in public affairs and has left the impress of his individuality upon the development and progress in many ways. He has also been honored with office and for three and a half years he served as county sheriff, during which time he took the first prisoner from Grand Traverse county to the state penitentiary at Jackson. He was also one of the county commissioners of the poor and has been treasurer of Peninsula township. His mind bears the impress of the early annals of the county and of the state and there is no man more deserving of representation in this. history than the revered patriarch whose name introduces this record. DAVID G. CHANDLER. No people on earth are so versatile as the Americans. With other people training for almost any undertaking is an absolute necessity, whereas with the American it is a benefit, but not a requisite. Here the common laborer, farmer or mechanic of to-day may be the successful merchant of tomorrow. In Europe it takes four years' training to make a man a soldier-in America only a few days or weeks are required to fit him for a successful military career. This was clearly demonstrated during the years of the Rebellion and in the war with Spain. As good officials as this country has known have been transplanted from the farm to GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 757 important places in public life. One of these is David G. Chandler, sheriff of Grand Traverse county and the subject of this sketch. His entire life, up to 1890, was spent upon the farm. He was well versed in all that is required to make a successful agriculturist. When elected sheriff he had little if any previous training, but that has not prevented him from making one of the best and most efficient peace officers in the state. So well did he discharge the duties of the office that in the Republican convention of 1)O02 he was nominated and in the succeeding election was elected by a majority only a little short of two thousand. David G. Chandler was born in Flushing, Genesee county, Michigan, March 3, 1847. His father was William A. Chandler, born in Genesee county, New York, April 15, 1817. The father of William A. Chandler was a native of New England, who when a young man located and married in Genesee county, New York. He died when his son William was a small boy, so the latter knew very little of his New England relatives. It is known, however, that the family had much to do with the founding of Dartmouth College. William A. Chandler was reared in his native county in New York and when a young man moved to Lenawee county, Michigan, where, in 1840, he met and married Miss Fannie Green. She was a native of Michigan, born in 1820, and spent her entire life in the state. She died January 37, 1849, when David G., the subject of this sketch, was less than two years old. To William A and Fanny (Green) Chandler four children were born; Carrie, widow of George Haney, resides on a farm in Garfield township, Grand Traverse county; Winfield S.,a farmer and lumberman, operated in and near Traverse City, married and was the father of an interesting family, but died in 1887; David G., the subject of this review; William A., Jr., went to California a number of years ago, has traveled much and when last heard from he resided in the upper peninsula of Michigan. Bereft of his wife, William A. Chandler, Sr., again married, in 1850, his second wife being Miss Margaret Newman, a most worthy woman, who proved a kind, patient mother of the children of her husband. The family moved to Grand Traverse county in 1864, and settled on a farm in what is now East Bay township, where the children were reared and grew to maturity. There the father died in 1889. His widow is still living, spending her declining years in comfort and contentment, as she well deserves, on the old homestead. The early life of David G. Chandler was spent in Lenawee county, where he attended school, becoming proficient in all the common school branches. He was seventeen years old when the family moved to Grand Traverse county. His father having settled on a homestead in the woods, David and his brothers devoted themselves assiduously to the clearing of the land. After five years of labor, and when the homestead had become a farm, David, at the age of twenty-two. went out into the world to labor for himself. He worked three years and was provident and saving, with the result that at the end of that time he had accumulated some money and considerable property. On February 14, 1871, David G. Chandler was united in marriage to Miss De Etta Pierce, a native of New York, where she was reared to the age of thirteen, when the family moved to Wisconsin and later to Grand Traverse county. Her father was 758 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Robert Pierce, a veteran of the war of the Rebellion, having served in a Wisconsin regiment. He is still living, residing on a farm in Fife Lake township. Her mother was Julia (Sprague) Pierce, now deceased. She died very suddenly, being stricken with paralysis July 5, 1878. To David G. and De Etta (Pierce) Chandler three children were born, viz: John, born August 16, 1873, married Lena Bohrer, and they are the parents of three children; Grace, born November 23, 1875, is the wife of Phillip Feiger, now a deputy sheriff of Grand Traverse county, and they reside in Traverse City and are the parents of one son; Garfield, born May 6, 1881, who attended the public schools, was always robust and strong, but was taken with appendicitis and, after a few days' illness, died in March, 1900. Mrs. De Etta (Pierce) Chandler died July 5, 1898, and on June 26, 1901, Mr. Chandler was married a second time, the bride on this occasion being Mrs. Minnie Lancaster. She was born in Hillsdale county, Michigan, but has resided in Grand Traverse county more than thirty years. She is the daughter of Charles and Hannah (Stevens) Tracey, of Fife Lake township. Her father was born in Erie, Pennsylvania, and was a millwright all his life, while his wife was born in Elinira, New York. Both came to Michigan in early life and located in Jackson county, where they met and were married in 1854. Later, about 1873, they moved to Fife Lake township, Grand Traverse county. They are the parents of five children, only two of whom are living, viz: Minnie, wife of the subject, and Kate, who is the wife of LeRoy Mulkey, a carpenter and a resident of Boyne City, Michigan. In the summer of 19oo David G. Chand ler became a candidate for sheriff of Grand Traverse county. Being a very pronounced and zealous Republican, he had very little difficulty in securing the nomination and, as the county is, largely Republican, a nomination is almost equivalent to an election. When the ballots were counted the candidate for sheriff was considerably ahead of the regular ticket, his majority being upwards of nineteen'hundred. So well did he discharge the duties of the office the first two years that in the convention of 1902 he was re-nominated and in the late election he received a greatly increased majority. Previous to his election to the office of sheriff Mr. Chandler was elected to and filled several township offices, discharging the duties of those positions very efficiently. He had the steadfast support of his township and several of those adjoining, which fact was largely instrumental in giving him the nomination. However, the office of sheriff is the only one to which he ever aspired. While making no pretense whatever to religious fervor, Mr. Chandler is a moral man in the fullest sense of the words. He makes the Golden Rule the guide and precept of his life, and those who know him best admire him most for the strict integrity which characterizes his conduct in every relation in life. Mrs. Chandler is a member of the Presbyterian church and is generally attended at its services by her husband. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, with membership in Traverse City. David G. Chandler is the owner of more than one thousand acres of land in Grand Traverse county. His farm in East Bay township, comprising five hundred acres in one body, is well improved, well cultivated GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 769 - and well stocked. He is the owner of a good deal of timber which, year by year, is steadily increasing in value as the land all around is being divested of its forests. While by no means a rich man, he is in very comfortable circumstances, his possessions running away up into the thousands. He has been the architect of his own fortune, having accumulated what he has by industry, frugality and good management. In the office of sheriff, as in every other position which he has occupied, public or private, he has done his whole duty without fear or favor. OSCAR E. CHASE, M. D. Oscar E. Chase was born September 14, 1871, at Hastings, Minnesota. His father is Edgar E. Chase, a native of Concord, Ohio, born January I, 1832. The latter's early life was spent on the lakes, as at the age of twelve years he became a sailor, shipping from the port of Sandusky, Ohio. However, agricultural pursuits have occupied his time and attention during his later years. May 31, 1855, at Painesville, Ohio, Edgar E. Chase was united in marriage to Miss Abbie L. Tucker, a native of Ohio, born June 8, 1836. Her home was near Austinburg, where she was reared and where she attended the common schools, later attending Hiram College a number of years. Soon after their marriage Edgar Chase and wife went to Minnesota and located at Cannon. Falls, on the Little Cannon river, where they lived for about twenty years. They took up a claim of three hundred acres, improved, cultivated and occupied it until, in 1861, the husband and father felt it his duty to serve his country by aiding in suppressing the Rebellion. He enlisted in the Third Regiment Minnesota Volunteers and served all through the war. Exposure in the trenches caused him to be afflicted with rheumatism, and, although it disqualified him from active service in the ranks, he persistently refused to go to a hospital. After considering the matter for some time he decided that the best use he could put his time and talents to, in the interest of the cause of the Union, was to act as a spy. This he did very effectually for many months and he was the bearer of numerous pieces of valuable information from the Confederate to the Union lines. But he had a narrow escape from detection and death. At one time he was about to be hanged, when, through the intervention of a Confederate whom he had befriended, he was released. On his return from the army the family continued to reside in Minnesota until 1873, when they moved to Northport, Leelanaw county, 'Michigan. Here they resided until i893, when they moved to Traverse City, where they have since resided. Edgar E. and Abbie L. Chase are the parents of seven children, two of whom died in infancy. Those living are Harry E., an electrician, who for many years has been inspector for the Hartford Boiler Insurance Company, residing in Des Moines, Iowa; Lizzie was the wife of H. R. Hitchcock, a bookkeeper who resides at East Jordan, Michigan, but she died in 1877 at the age of twenty years; Chevy is also an inspector for the Hartford Boiler Insurance Compahy; Oscar E., the subject of this review; Julia is the wife of Glen Parks, a shingle weaver,. and they now reside in Traverse City. On the farm near Northport the early 760 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAVW COUNTIES. life of Oscar E. Chase was spent. He attended the district schools during the winter and during the others seasons worked upon the farm. The father was employed in sailing most o4 the time and the subject and his brothers cleared the land and tilled the soil. At the age of sixteen Oscar quit school and followed merchandising for two years. He attended the Traverse City high schQol one term, then in 1890 secured a position in the general offi'ce of the establishment of the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company. After being employed there two years he resigned his position, went to Ohio and entered Oberlin College, where he remained nearly two years. Returning to Michigan, he attended Alma College one year, then, in 1895, taking his credentials, he entered the medical department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, from which institution he graduated in 1899. Having very little means at his command in the beginning, he had to depend wholly upon his industry to defray his expenses at school. It was a brave fight against adverse circumstances, but the battle was nobly won and the victory was all the more appreciated because of the difficulties and discouragements which had been overcome. Taking a brief vacation after leaving school, he returned to Traverse City in the autumn of 1899, and having entered into partnership with Dr. H. B. Garner, he opened up in the practice of his profession. This partnership continued for about eighteen months when it was dissolved and Dr. Chase opened an office of his own in the New Wilhelm block, where he has very successfully continued ever since to engage in the practice of medicine and surgery. June 27, 19o00, in Traverse City, Dr. Chase was united in marriage to Miss Eliza beth Loudon, daughter of William and Elizabeth Loudon. In another part of this volume will be 'found a review of the career of William Loudon. To Dr. and Mrs. Chase one child has been born, Elizabeth Mary, who came to bless the home July 23, 1901. She is an intelligent, winsome little babe, the pride of her parents and the joy and delight of her devoted grandparents. In politics, while active and zealous in the interest of his party, Dr. Chase has no desire to be recognized as a politician in any sense of the term. He is a Republican, but the requirements of his profession are such as to afford him little time for party work. He believes in the principles of the party and is always anxious to see them triumphant. Dr. and Mrs. Chase are both members of the Congregational church. He also belongs to four fraternal orders, the Foresters, Maccabees, Mystic Circle and the Royal Arcanum. He has a. large and growing practice in his profession and has been most successful in all the cases, both medical and surgical, that have come under his care. JOHN BARRY. John Barry was born in the parish of Killavullen, county of Cork, Ireland, April 17, 1854. His father was John Barry, a native of the same county, born in 1812. He followed the calling of a miller up to the time that he came to America, in 1869. Forty years of his life were spent in a flouring-mill, the greater part of that period being with one concern. The mother of the subject was Margaret (Collins) Barry, who was born in Castlehide, county of Cork, Ireland, where they continued to reside many GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 761 years after marriage, and there all of their children were born. They were the parents of fourteen children, of whom John Barry, the subject, was the youngest. In 1869 the family immigrated to America, landing in New York, and came thence to Michigan, establishing their permanent residence at Saginaw. Only four of the fourteen children are living, while the father died in 1890 and the mother in 1896. All of the surviving members of the family reside in Saginaw, except the subject. They are Catherine, wife of Thomas Kelleher, a lumber sawyer; Bridget, wife of William Collison, a millwright, and Patrick, who is also a hunber sawyer. The early life of John Barry was spent in his native land. He attended the national schools of the county of Cork up to the time the family immigrated to America, when he was fifteen years old. After the family located in Saginaw he attended the public schools of that city and later took a course in a business college there. He then secured employment in a saw-mill, familiarized himself with all the various branches of labor in lumber manufacture and, becoming expert as a sawyer, followed that line for a number of years. Before quitting the business he was, though still quite young, recognized as one of the best expert sawyers of lumber on the Saginaw river. Satisfied that more money could be made in a less laborious vocation, he began casting about for more remunerative employment. Telegraphy seemed to suit him. He had a quick hand and an ear whose hearing was most acute; he was skilled as a penman and proficient in English orthography. He attended a number of terms at a school of telegiaphy and when his proficiency justified him he went to Chicago and secured a position as telegraph operator in a commercial office in that city. This position he held until 1880, when he came to Traverse City, and he has resided here for the past twenty-three years. His first employment here was in the special marine telegraph service, but in less than a year after coming here he was given control of the local office of the Western Union Telegraph Company and for twenty-one years he continued in this position. Eighteen years of this time he was the manager of the local telephone system and, in addition, for sixteen years of the time he had charge of the business of the Adams and United States Express Companies. Within the past few years, however, the business of the telephone company of the city has increased to such an extent as to justify him in relinquishing everything else in the line of business and devote to it his entire time and attention. He is now the manager of the city Bell telephone system, and under his direction and control it is giving complete satisfaction to its patrons, as it also is to the stockholders and officers of the company. October 29, 1884, at Saginaw, Michigan, John Barry was united in marriage to Miss Mary Schefneker, a native of Michigan, born in Saginaw, April 12, 1859. She was educated in the city of her birth and is a lady of taste and refinement. Her father was Joseph A. Schefneker, who won considerable distinction and the commission of a captain during the war of the Rebellion. For many years he was under sheriff of Saginaw county. Mrs. Barry's mother was Margaret (Beckler) Schefneker. Both of the parents of Mrs. Barry are natives of Bavaria, Germany, are still living and residents of the city of Saginaw. They were the 762 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. parents of four children, only two of whom sutvive, viz: Theresa, who makes her home with her parents, and Mary, wife of the subject. To Mr. and Mrs. Barry seven children have been born, viz: Estella M., born October o1, 1885; Clotilda M., March 24, 1887; Ina M., September 16, 1889; John J., May 7, 1891; William D., May 31, 1893; Thomas, January 20, 1894, died in infancy; Norbert L., June 5, 1896. All of the children are attending school and are making good progress in their studies. Stella, the oldest child, is possessed of fine mental powers. She will graduate from the city high school at the close of the present school year. Possessed of the zeal and earnestness characteristic of the Irish race, it would have been practically impossible for John Barry to keep out of politics. He is a Republican and by no means a passive one. With each recurring campaign he may be found working zealously in the interest of his party, though he has never aspired to or held an official position in his life. He has been a delegate a number of times to conventions at Traverse City. He was correspondent for a number of years for the Detroit Evening News. In religion he is a Catholic and all of the members of his family are members of that church. He belongs to three fraternal societies, the Elks, the Maccabees and the Catholic Mutual Benefit Association. He was a charter member of the latter association and its first president in Traverse City. He owns a comfortable home, conveniently situated and handsomely furnished. His long residence in the community has given him an extensive acquaintance, as he is one of those genial gentleman who needs only to be known to be popular. JOHN D. MARSHALL. John D. Marshall, who follows farming in Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county, is the second child and only son of William A. and Helen D. (Drew) Marshall. He was born in Frenchtown, Monroe county, Michigan, July 5, 1862, and was only two years of age when brought by his parents to Grand Traverse county. Here he was reared to manhood under the parental roof, and he obtained a common-school education in his boyhood days, entering the schoolroom at the usual age of six years. There he pursued his studies until he had gained considerable familiarity with the common branches of English learning. John D. Marshall remained at home until his marriage, which occurred on the 3d of May, 1887, on which day he wedded Miss Della V. Eiman, who was born in LaGrange, Indiana, on the 15th of March, 1868, a daughter of Joseph B. and Eleanor (Young) Eiman. Their family numbered two children, of whom she is the elder. Mr. and Mrs. Marshall are now the parents of three children: Mary B., William A. and Julius P. They also lost two children, Bessie R., who died on the 26th of January, 1898, at the age of seven years and seven months, and Blossom, who died in infancy. It was in November, 1887, that the subject and his wife took up their abode upon the farm which has since been their home, and which he had purchased in July of that year. He has thirty-six acres of land, of which twenty-eight acres is utilized for general farming purposes. He takes a creditable degree of interest in township affairs, and his efforts in behalf of the general welfare have been far-reaching and beneficial. His J. D. MARSHALL. MRS.* J. D. MARSHALL. J. D. MARSHALL'S CHILDREN. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 768 wife is an active member of the Congregational church, and also belongs to Old Mission Hive No. I52, Ladies of the Maccabees, of which she is sentinel, and Mr. Marshall is a member of Mission Tent, Knights of the Maccabees, at Old Mission. JAMES G. JOHNSON. James Gibson Johnson was born in Oakland county, Michigan, Nov. 15, 186o. His father was John R. Johnson, a native of the same county, born June 21, 1835. He was a farmer and devoted his entire life to that calling. He is still living, residing on a farm near Traverse City, to which he moved his family in the fall of 1866. The mother of the subject was Eliza Ann (Quick) Johnson, a native of the same county, born August 19, 1837. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson were united in marriage in January, 186o, and were the parents of four children, two of whom died in infancy. The others are James G., the subject of this review, and Joseph Q., who was born April 13, 1863, and who is by trade a machinist and resides in Detroit. The early life of James G. Johnson was spent upon his father's farm. He was a child of only six years when his parents brought him to this county, and during the winters of the nine succeeding years he attended the district school. The farm work occupied his time and attention during the other seasons of the year. An opportunity offering for employment in a drug store in Traverse City, he gladly embraced it and for the next six years devoted himself assiduously to the task of learning to be a 48 druggist. His studies were not entirely confined to pharmacy, as he reviewed the lessons of his school days, carefully going over all of the branches and making up in a large measure for the opportunities that had been denied him after his fifteenth year. In 1883, feeling that he had fully qualified himself for the undertaking, he entered into partnership with James W. Murray, under the' firm name of James G. Johnson & Company, and they stocked and fitted up a neat little drug store of their own. All of the business was transacted by Mr. Johnson, his partner not being a pharmacist and having no other than a financial interest in the business. After about two years the partnership was dissolved, James G. Johnson assuming the entire control, and he has since very successfully managed the affairs of the establishment. From a small beginning the business has increased in magnitude until at this time the drug store of Mr. Johnson enjoys a patronage that is not confined even to the limits of Grand Traverse county. In 1893 a substantial two-story brick block was erected by Mr. Johnson, and in the room on the first floor is located his wellequipped drug store. The subject is a registered pharmacist, having become such immediately upon the going into effect of the pharmacy law of Michigan. December 14, 1885, at Empire, Michigan, James G. Johnson was united in marriage to Miss Jennie E. Patterson, a native of Port Coburn, Canada, who came to Traverse City with her parents when a child, and was educated in the public schools of this county and of Frankfort, Michigan. Her father was Robert McClellan Patterson, a first cousin of Gen. George B. McClellan, who was the Democratic candidate for Presi 764 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. dent of the United States in 1864. He was born in Pennsylvania, where he was reared and grew to manhood. He went to Port Coburn, Canada, and there met and married Miss Mary Catherine Putnam, who, although born in Canada, was a lineal descendant of General Isaac Putnam, of Revolutionary fame. They came to Grand Traverse county in 1865 and settled on a farm, where they resided until their deaths. He died November 3, 1878, and her death occurred October 27, I891. They were the parents of a large family of children, only six of whom are still living, viz: Jennie E., wife of James G. Johnson, the subject of this review; Margaret, wife of Ed Gibson, of Chicago; Samuel and Robert are both farmers and reside near Empire, this county; Etta, wife of Fritz Rohr, of Empire; Mary, wife of J. C. Gridley, of Poplarville, Mississippi. Politically James G. Johnson is a Republican and in former years was quite active in the interest of his party. Of late years, however, his business has grown to such an extent and has so engrossed his attention as to give him no time for extraneous affairs. However, he cannot wholly divest himself of political interest. He has been a member of the county central committee for years and is now treasurer of that body, having served in that capacity for more than six years. During the Harrison campaign of 1888 and for some time afterward he served as secretary of the committee. Despite the services he has rendered his party, he has never aspired to or held a political position, which clearly shows that personal aggrandizement had no part in the motives by which he was influenced to political activity. He and his wife are both members of the Con gregational church and regular attendants upon its service. He belongs to two fraternal societies, the Maccabees and the Foresters, his membership being with the lodges in Traverse City. He is a man of methodical habits, unswerving integrity, strict business principles, good judgment and popular with all. He has a fine, well stocked store, in a splendid location near the center of business, and enjoys an enviable patronage. CAPT. FREDERICK L. JOHNSON. There are today few surviving veterans of the Mexican war. Many people of the present time look back upon that epoch in our country's history as one far remote, but Capt. Frederick L. Johnson was a loyal defender of,American interests at the time of the contest with the people of the land of Montezuma. He is today seventy-four years of age and yet in spirit and interests seems in his prime. His is an honorable record of a conscientious man who by his upright life has won the confidence of all with whom he has come in contact. Although he has rounded the psalmist's span of three score years and ten and though the snows of several winters have whitened his hair he has the vigor and strength of a much younger man and still superintends his farming interests. His has in many respects been an eventful career and his life history cannot fail to prove of interest to his many friends in Grand Traverse county. Captain Johnson now resides in Peninsula township, where for about half a century he has owned a farm although it has only been in recent years that he has given ,...,^ *-/rf-- GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 765 his personal attention to its supervision. The Captain was born in Monterey, Mexico, on the 15th of August, 1829. His father was of Spanish birth, while his mother was a native of Mexico, but the great republic of the United States became his land and he identified his interests with hers. The subject was reared in Mexico and there lived until seventeen years of age. At that time the war with Mexico was inaugurated and he joined the American navy. He was afterward, however, transferred to the land forces and served under General Zachary Taylor, being in the army throughout the period of hostilities, from the 6th of June, 1846, until the 7th of September, 1848. He acted as an interpreter for General Taylor, his familiarity with the Mexican language; his knowledge of the people and of the country making his aid of much value to the commander of the American forces. At thie close of the war Captain Johnson was mustered out of the service at Fort Jackson, Mississippi. I-e then came to the north in company with Major Robert Forsyth, who was a paymaster in the American army. Together they journeyed to Detroit, Michigan, and for many years thereafter Captain Johnson was connected with marine life, sailing upon the lakes in various capacities. He was thus engaged until 1891, when he retired and took up his abode upon his farm in Grand Traverse county. In 1857 he took charge of a schooner and was afterward master and captain of a steamer, continuing in command of different vessels until he retired. He came to know the lakes as does the country boy the familiar lane over which he daily travels. Many an interesting tale can he tell of storms vlwhich he has encount ered and which his careful guidance has enabled his ship to ride the waves and- ultimately reach the harbor in safety. In 1858 Captain Johnson had invested his earnings in a tract of land in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, purchasing one hundred and sixty acres in Peninsula township, to which he added from time to time until he owned about six hundred and forty acres, thus making judicious investments of the money. which he saved. He is today the owner of about four hundred acres in Peninsula township, of which two hundred and fifty acres is improved, and his property now constitutes a very valuable and productive farm. The Captain has erected good buildings, including a comfortable home and substantial barns. He has also made other improvements which are excellent in nature of practical utility and all of the equipments upon his place are modern and add to- the convenience of farm work. He has an orchard covering twenty-five acres and the annual fruit crop adds not a little to his income. His business affairs are capably managed and he is to-day classed among the representative and leading farmers of his community. Captain Johnson was married, in Chicago, Illinois, to Miss Susanna Lother, who was born in Ireland on the 24th of December, I835. They have become the parents of ten children: Frank H., Charles S., Ella K., Fred L., Jr., Lethea Belle, William R., George E., Harry H., Lizzie N. and Lulu M. Of this number Frank H., the eldest, died in Traverse City when thirty-six years of age. Ella K. is now the wife-of A. E. Porter, who is proprietor of a hotel at Old 766 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Mission; Lethea Belle is the wife of W. E. DeGrow; Lizzie N. married Daniel Rounds and their home is in Traverse City. Since the organization of the party Captain Johnson has been a stalwart Republican. He had sympathized with its principles in the early days of its formation and he has always believed that its platform has embodied the best elements of good government and puts forth the issues of the day in a practical manner, tending to the welfare of the nation. He has held.the office of township treasurer and has served in school offices, but has never been a politician in the sense of office seeking, preferring to give his time and energies to his business interests rather than to political labor. He is a very genial man of kindly spirit, hearty manner and cordial disposition. His friends are as numerous as his acquaintances and whereever he goes he wins the good will of those with whom he is brought in contact. He is a venerable gentleman, respected and honored, and no history of Grand Traverse county would be complete without his record. Since the days that he entered the American naval service down to the present time Captain Johnson has been most loyal to the United States. There is no native son of the country who is more true to the republic and local advancement and national progress are causes both dear to his heart. JOSEPH B. EIMAN. To the heroes who fought and suffered, giving several of the best years of their early manhood for the preservation of the country under whose flag they were born, universal tribute of gratitude is given, and it is fitting that their patriotic service should find mention in the annals of their county, state and nation. Those who are enjoying the peace and prosperity which have come as the direct result of that long, dreadful struggle between the North and the South, cannot have impressed upon their minds too often the great price which it cost. Mr. Eiman was among those who, when the tocsin of war sounded, offered his aid to the Union and gallantly and bravely fought in its defense for three years, and in the days of peace he is equally loyal --a citizen of worth, held in the highest esteem by his fellow men. Joseph B. Eiman was born in Marion county, Ohio, January 15, 1830, and was one of the younger members of a large family. His parents, Abraham and Polly (Dunbar) Eiman, both died in LaGrange county, Indiana, where they located when the subject of this review was only three years old. He was then reared upon the home farm, attending the public schools after marriage and assisting in the labors of the fields during the summer seasons. He was about seventeen years of age when he left home and started out in life on his own account, first in LaGrange county, Indiana, for four years, and then in Will county, Illinois, where he was employed at different occupations for two or three years. On the expiration of that period he made his way to Wisconsin and worked at different places in that state until seven years had passed. He then returned to LaGrange county, Indiana, and when the war broke out he put aside all business and personal considerations. It was early in the summer of 1861 that Mr. Eiman responded to the call of his country, enlisting in Company G, Thirtieth Indi At 11 JOSEPH B. EIMAN. MRS. JOSEPH B. EIMAN. I r. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 767 ana Volunteer Infantry, with which he served for three years, participating in many important engagements and following the old flag wherever duty called. Often he was in the thickest of the fight, and again upon the lonely picket line. In the battle of Shiloh he was badly wounded in the right foot, and in the engagement at Chickamauga he was seriously wounded in the right side and right arm, but his injuries did not keep him from active service any longer than was absolutely necessary, as he was anxious to rejoin his comrades on the field. He never wavered in the performance of any duty through the three long years of his connection with the army, and was mustered out with a most honorable and creditable military record. Mr. Eiman then returned to his home in LaGrange county and was employed at different occupations, following various pursuits which would yield him an honest living. He remained in that county until 1876 and in the meantime he was married. On the Ist of March, i866, in LaGrange county, he wedded Mrs. Elenor (Young) Kitchen, who was born in Chautauqua county, New York, February 16, 1834, a daughter of William and Mary (Uron) Young, who were the parents of six children, Mrs. Eiman being the fourth. Their last days were passed in Indiana, both dying in LaGrange county. By her first marriage Mrs. Eiman had three children: Willis R., Rachel and Viola, the last named now deceased. Unto the subject and his wife have been born two children: Della V., who is now the wife of John D. Marshall, and David B., who married Miss Nora Beach. The year 1876 witnessed the arrival of Mr. Eiman in Grand Traverse county, and since that time he has resided here, his home being in Peninsula township, where he owns fifty-nine acres of land, all of which is improved. He has a good farm, productive and desirable, and upon it are substantial and modern farm buildings. Although not members of the Congregational church, both Mr. and Mrs. Eiman take an active and helpful interest in its work and contribute to its support. Fraternally Mr. Eiman is connected with McPherson Post, No. 18, Grand Army of the Republic, and delights to recall with his old army comrades events which occurred around the camp fires of the south and during the long campaigns which led to the ultimate victory of the Union arms. He is to-day as true and loyal in citizenship as when he wore the country's uniform and followed the starry banner of the nation. JOHN A. DOHM. John A. Dohm, who during his residence in Grand Traverse county has so lived as to win the respect of all with whom he has been brought in contact through business or social relations, owns and occupies a farm in Peninsula township. Farming has been his life work and it is probably due to the fact that he has persistently followed this calling and never turned aside for speculation or into other channels of business activity, that he has prospered and is now classed among the men of affluence of the community. A native of Michigan, Mr. Dohm was born in Kent county, on the Ioth of May, 1853, and comes of a family of German descent noted for longevity. His father, Joseph Dohm, was born in Germany and the 768 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. mother, who bore the maiden name of Eva R. Hatel, was also born in that country. Their marriage was blessed with eight children, of whom John A. was the seventh, and when he was but a little lad they removed from Kent county to Ottava county, Michigan, where they resided for a time, coming thence to Grand Traverse county. The mother died at their home in Blair township, on Christmas day of 1889, at the age of seventy-seven years. She was an estimable lady, of kindly nature, and had gained many friends here. The father, Joseph Dohm, still survives and has now reached the venerable age of ninety-four years, being one of the revered patriarchs of the community. For a brief period in his early youth John A. Dohm lived in Kent and Ottawa counties, but- the greater part of his minority was spent in Grand Traverse county, and he has never seen occasion to change his place of residence 'for the natural resources of the state and the advantages which the county offers to its residents make this place a satisfactory residence to our subject. He has always followed farming. When a youth he began to follow the plow and when crops were ready to be cut he took his place in the harvest fields. He has kept in touch with the advancement which has been continually made in farming methods and the improved farm implements are utilized by him in the planting and care of his crops. His farm is eighty acres in extent and of this forty-five acres has been cultivated, its products finding a ready sale on the market and thus adding annually to his income. His buildings are modern, substantial and commodious and stand as monuments to the thrift,, care and enterprise of the owner. brated Christmas day of 1882 by his marriage to Miss Ida E. Hawkins, who was born in that township, January 26, 186i1, and was a daughter of Cornelius and Mary (WVarren) Hawkins, the former a native of Vermont and the latter of New York. The mother died July IO, 1897, leaving two children of whom Mrs. Dohm is the eldest. The marriage of the subject, and his wife has been blessed with four children, but they lost their first born, Bert C., who died September 6, I9'O, in his seventeenth year, his death coming as a severe blow to his family and many friends. The others of the family are John K., Jennie E. and Ray V. The family home is a comfortable residence situated in the midst of the farm and its hospitality is so cordial and gracious that many partake of it. Mr. Dohm is a member of Traverse City Tent, No. 136, Knights of the Maccabees, and in his political views he is a Republican. He has been constable and overseer of highways, and in office he is very faithful to the trust reposed in him and the responsibility devolving upon him. Both he and his wife have made many warm friends during their residence in Grand Traverse county and are held in the highest esteem. ROBERT M. EDGECOMB. One of the finest farms of Grand Traverse county lies in Peninsula township and is the property of Robert M. Edgecomb. A beautiful residence stands in the midst of richly cultivated fields, giving promise of abundant harvest. A large barn and other In Peninsula township, Mr. Dohm celeI substantial outbuildings have been erected GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. a and there is a fine orchard of eight acres. All the features of a model farm are there found and an air of neatness and thrift pervades the place and is indicative of the energy and enterprise of the owner. The farm comprises one hundred and twenty acres, of which eight acres is under cultivation. His possessions have been acquired by Mr. Edgecomb through his own efforts. He has labored earnestly and persistently, realizing the truth of the old Greek adage: "Earn thy reward: the gods give naught to sloth." In Rochester, New Hampshire, occurred the birth of Mr. Edgecomb, his natal day being November 25, 1837. His father was Humphrey Edgecomb, a native of Maine, and the mother, who bore the maiden name of Lovey W. Drew, was born in the old Granite state. They had two children, Robert M. being the younger. About 1847 they -removed with their little family to Richland county, Ohio, and the father spent his last days in Putnam county, that state, where he died at the age of fifty-seven years. His widow, surviving him for some time, departed this life in Lake county, Michigan, at the age of seventy-six years. Robert M. Edgecomb was a lad of ten summers when he removed from his home among the mountains of New Hampshire to Ohio, being reared in Richland county, of the latter state. After attaining his majority he learned and followed the wagonmaker's trade and for twenty years lived in Ohio. During that time he was married in Richland county, on the 4th of July, 1866, to Miss Martha M. Bigbee, a native of Ohio and a daughter of William and Maria (Ewers) Bigbee, and a native of Richland county, born October 21, 1844. On leaving Ohio Mr. and Mrs. Edgecomb removed to Richardson county, Nebraska, where they remained for a year and then went to Republic county, Kansas, remaining for four and a half years, during which time Mr. Edgecomb engaged in farming. On the expiration of that period he brought his family to Michigan, settling in Lake county, where he was engaged in the operation of a sawmill for five years or until his removal to Grand Traverse county in the spring of 1879. He then took up his abode upon the farm upon which he now lives, it being his home for twenty-four consecutive years. He has erected excellent buildings, has made substantial improvements, has secured the best farm machinery and has otherwise developed his property until his farm is very valuable, desirable and attractive in appearance. About eighty acres are cultivated, and eight acres is planted in fruit trees, his orchard stocking his cellar with fine fruit, while his sales from the orchard return a good sum annually. Mr. and Mrs. Edgecomb are the parents of six children: Aden, who died in infancy: Herbert L., who was drowned in the mil) pond in Lake county, Michigan, when only five years old; Lewis M., who died in Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county, when twenty-six years of age; Frank, at home; and Nellie, the wife of William Strohm. Mr. and Mrs. Edgecomb also reared a girl, Mary B., who was bound out to them when thirteen months old. She grew to womanhood and was married in Peninsula township to William Johnson, a son of Richard Johnson, of that township. They began their domestic life in Peninsula township, but after three years removed to the state of Washington, where Mr. Johnson died. They were the parents of eight 770 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. children. After the death of her husband Mrs. Johnson settled in Clallam county, Washington, upon a ranch, which she made her home until her death, which occurred September 6, 1902. Mr. Edgecomb is ably assisted in his work by his son Frank, who is an energetic, enterprising young man, held in high regard in the community. In his political views Mr. Edgecomb is a Republican and is a public-spirited citizen. deeply interested in everything pertaining to the welfare of the community and its progress along material, social, intellectual anid moral lines. His actions are honorable, his manner sincere and unaffected, and in the community where he makes his home he has gained the good will and regard of all writh whom he has been associated. WILLIAM H. RUSHMORE. It has been said that men's lives are practically alike, that "born, married and died" is the summing up of the majority of careers, and, superficially considered, this often appears to be the truth, but after all the filling in of this meager skeleton of mountain peak events in the life of the average man is what constitutes his individuality, and the one thing which truly counts both in this life and in the one to come, his character. Often has it been pointed out to us by the preacher, poet and philosopher, aye, by the lessons and experiences of our own lives, that strong, rugged characters are formed only in the storm-that "flowery beds of ease" are not conducive to the nobility of soul and the strength of character which we admire and covet. In the life history of Mr. Rushmore we find qualities worthy of admiration. He has depended upon his own exertions for advancement, and in the pursuit of his business career has displayed unfaltering devotion to honorable principles. He is a man whom to know is to respect and honor, and Grand Traverse county numbers him among its representative citizens. In Farmington, Wayne county, New York, William H. Rushmore was born, his natal day being December 7, 1842. His parents, Duranty and Ann Eliza (Culver) Rushmore, were both natives of the Empire state, and the mother died in Wayne county. The father afterward married again, his second union being with Catherine Vosburg, who was also a native of New York. About 1874 they came to Grand Traverse county and settled at Old Mission, where their remaining days were passed, Mr. Rushmore departing this life on the 12th of October, 1894, when seventy-nine years of age. His second wife survived him for a few years, and died on the 3oth of April, 19oo, when eighty-five years of age. William H. Rushmore was the second in the family of three children. He lived with his father until eighteen years of age, spending that time in the Empire state. He then started out in life on his own account, and has since depended entirely upon his own resources. Leaving home, he went to California and followed different occupations in that state. He also worked for a time in Nevada and in Oregon, his chief occupation being that of farming. In the fall of 1885, however, he left the Pacific coast and retraced his steps as far as Michigan. Through ~jT~ MRS. W. H. RUSHMORE AND SON. WILLIAM H. RUSHMORE. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 771 - the intervening years he has been a resident of Grand Traverse county, his home being in Old Mission. Here he has carried on agricultural pursuits and has also engaged in conducting a hotel known as the Old Mission House. He is a popular host because of his efforts to promote the comfort and entertainment of his guests, his honorable methods and his genial, courteous and obliging manner. His farm also adds to his income, his careful supervision and earnest labor being crowned by a fair measure of success. Mr. Rushmore has been twice married. In Ingramn county, Michigan, hlie wedded Miss Etta Brown, a native of New York, who died in California when about twentythree years of age. On the I3th of March, 189o, Mr. Rushmore was again married, this time leading to the marriage altar Miss Minnie M. Lane, whose birth occurred in Monroe, Michigan, on the 5th of October, I861. She is the only child of John and Sarah E. (Noyes) Lane. Her father has been keeper,of the lighthouse at Mission Point since I881 and is a well known and prominent citizen of that locality. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Rushmore has been blessed with one son, Maurice C. Mrs. Rushmore is an active member of the Congregational church of Old Mission and is a most estimable lady, her many excellent traits of character winning for her the friendship and warm regard of those with whom she has conie in contact. During his residence in Grand Traverse county Mr. Rushmore has gained a wide acquaintance. From his early years he has been industrious and persevering in whatever enterprise hlie has un~dertaken, and by diligence and thrift has accumulated d competence for his declining years. JOHN N. SMITH. Throughout his business career John N. Smtnith has carried on agricultural pursuits and well deserves the success which has crowned his efforts, for he has labored untiringly and energetically in his attempt to win a comfortable competence and provide a good home for his family. He is now engagedl in general agricultural pursuits, and also in bee culture, having a large apiary, which is to him a profitable source of income. Mr. Smith resides in Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county, bat was born in Kincardin, Bruce county, Ontario, on the 9th of May, i86o. His parents, Benjamin and Hannah (Wilson) Smith, removed from the Dominion to Grand Rapids, Michigan, andl there Mrs. Smith died at the age of forty-two years. The father and his children afterward took up their abode in Wexford county, Michigan, where he remained for twlenty years and then came fo Grand Traverse county, spending the last years of his life in Peninsula township. He died at the home of his son John N. when nearly ninety years of age, respected and honored by all who knew him. John N. Smith was the ninth in the family of thirteen children. After he was thirteen years of age hespent much time in the homes of different farmers of Michigan and was employed at various occupations that would yield him an honest living. At length he attained man's estate and sought a companion and helpmate for life's journey. In Peninsula township. Grand Traverse county, on the 15th of March, 1883, he wedded Miss Clara 1. Johnson, who was born in this township, November 16, I86~', a datughter 772 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. of Nicholas and Wilhelmina (Beitner) Johnson. Her father was born in Christiania, Norway, and her mother in Berlin, Germany, and they were married.in the United States. The father died in Seattle, Washington, when sixty-eight years of age, and the mother departed this life in Traverse City, Michigan, when in her fiftyseventh year. Mrs. Smith is the elder of their two children. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Smith have been born six children, Stella I., Julius I., Cora B., Colin B., Donald L. and Stephen L., and the family circle still remains unbroken by the hand of death. The members of the household occupy an enviable position in the social circles in which they move and the Smith household is noted for its generous hospitality and good cheer. Since their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Smith have resided upon the farm in Peninstila towiship which is still their place of residence. He here owns seventy-seven and a half acres of arable land, and almost the entire amount is under cultivation. There are well tilled fields, verdant meadows, good pasture lands and a good orchard, and in addition to general farming Mr. Smith is making a specialty of bee culture. In this he is ably assisted by his wife, who has had much experience in this department of labor, her mother having once been engaged in such work, while Mrs. Smith assisted her and thus gained practical knowledge of the best methods of caring for bees and preparing the honey for the market. The apiary upon the Smith farm comprises about one hundred hives and much time is devoted to bee culture, in which they are meeting with splendid success. Mr. Smith has very good buildings upon his place and everything is kept in excellent repair. His methods are progressive and he is quick to adopt new ideas which he believes will prove of practical value in his work. Industry and idleness are utterly foreign to his nature and owing to his close application to his work and his honorable business methods he has won prosperity that is richly merited. EDWARD GREILICK. This gentleman, for many years identified with the lumber industry of Michigan and a business man of high repute, was born in Austria on the 27th of June, 1845, being one of a family of seven children, all of whom came to America when young and grew to maturity in this country. Edward was four years old when his parents emigrated to the United States, and he spent the ensuing six years in New York City, removing at the end of that time to Chicago, Illinois. After two years at the latter place he accompanied the family to Leelanaw county, Michigan, where he grew to manhood's estate and engaged in the line of business to which all the years of his subsequent life were actively and successfully devoted, to-wit, the manufacture and sale of lumber in which, as above indicated, he achieved a wide and honorable reputation. When a boy Mr. Greilick attended the public schools of Grand Traverse county and Traverse City, and made substantial advancement in his studies, but the greater part of his education was of the practical kind, obtained by coming in contact with business men and with all classes and conditions of people. He assisted in establishing and or GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 778 ganizing the firm of Greilick Brothers, for the manufacture of lumber, and continued an influential factor in the same until his death, taking a prominent part in building up the business to the large proportions it finally reached, and contributing not a little to its remarkable success. For some years he was head sawyer in one of the largest mills operated by the company, later turned this work over to other hands and devoted his attention largely to the management of the rapidly growing interests of the enterprise, in which capacity his name became prominent in industrial circles throughout the state. The firm, composed of himself and his brothers, Anthony and John, was one of the largest and most successfully conducted concerns of the kind, not only in the county of Leelanaw, but in northwestern Michigan, the different members standing high as judicious, far-seeing business men, whose judgment was seldom at fault and whose personal honor and integrity were always above reproach. Edward Greilick enjoyed in a marked degree the confidence of all with whom he had business relations, his dealings having always been fair and honorable and his character of that lofty kind that wins and retains public confidence. Few men of his county were as universally respected and none showed himself more worthy of respect, or demonstrated in his daily life and conduct more of the essential qualities of manhood or exhibited in a greater degree the sterling attributes of public spirited citizenship. Mr. Greilick was married in Leelanaw county, August 5, 1872, to Miss Caroline Ansarge, who, like himself, was a native of Austria, where her birth occurred March 8, 1854. She was brought by her parents di rect to Leelanaw county, Michigan, where she grew to womanhood, receiving the meanwhile a good education in the public schools. She bore her husband four children, the oldest of whom, Louis, was born November 25, 1873, attended the high school of Traverse City and is now married and engaged in agricultural pursuits, owning a large and finely cultivated farm not far from the parental home; Julia, born November 2, 1876, is living with her mother, as is also Hattie, whose birth dates from January 29, 1879; Alfred, the youngest, who was born April 3, 1881, owns a boot and shoe store in Traverse City and commands a lucrative trade, being one of the rising and highly respected young business then of the place. Edward Greilick was a Republican in politics, but never took a very active interest in political affairs, having always been more of a business man than a partisan. Though not identified with any church, he was a believer in religion and contributed liberally of his means to its support, especially the Congregational church, of which his wife has long been a faithful and zealous member. He was the soul of honor and integrity in all of his dealings, lived honestly in the sight of God and man and made every other consideration subordinate to duty. His standard of manhood was high and he always tried to live up to the same, and that he succeeded in this laudable endeavor is attested by the universal esteem with which he was regarded by his friends and the public. This enterprising and excellent citizen lived to noble ends, and his death, which occurred on the 2d day of August, 1901, was deeply lamented, not only by the people of his community, but throughout the county of Leelanaw. 774 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. ALBERT P. GRAY. Albert Perry Gray is a very prominent and influential citizen of Grand 'Traverse county. Along several lines of activity has he put forth his efforts. Farming interests. substantial progress and the moral development of the community haye all received his attention and active co-operation and because of this he has become very widely and favorably known. He is a man of firm convictions, unfaltering in his allegiance to what he believes to be right, and his name has become a synonym for integrity and fair dealing. Mr. Gray is a native of Ohio, his birth having occurred upon a farm in Green Creek township, Sandusky county, on the Ist of September, 1842. His father, William Gray, was also a farmer by occupation, following that pursuit throughout his entire life in order to provide for the needs of his family. He wedded Miss Charlotte Osgood, a native of Steuben county, New York, while his birth occurred in Worcester county, Massachusetts. Their son, Albert Perry, was their only child. The father died in Sandusky county, Ohio, when about seventy-five years of age, after a long residence in that portion of the state. The mother then came to make her home with her son, Albert, in Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county, and here she died when seventy-six years of age. If one could turn back the horologe of time and look upon the Gray farm as it was about a half century ago, we would see Albert Perry Gray living the life of a farm boy of that period. The pleasures of the playground undoubtedly were of the greatest interest to him, but he also performed the duties of the schoolroom and assisted in the labors of the fields. He began his education in the public schools and when he had mastered the branches of learning therein taught he continued his studies in Oberlin College, where he remained for a year. As time advanced, his attention was more and more largely given to farming work, and he received practical training in all the duties which fall to the lot of the agriculturist, so that when he began farming on his own account he was well equipped for the tasks which devolved upon him. In the county of his nativity he was married, on the 9th of June, 1863, to Miss Elizabeth S. Tower, who was born in Ohio, on the I6th of July, 1842, her parents being --- and Fanny (Post) Tower. The young couple began their domestic life in Sandusky county, and there he followed farming. He also engaged in teaching school and his wife taught both before and after her marriage. Their work was a potent force in the intellectual development of that section of the state. On leaving Sandusky county Mr. Gray removed with his family to Illinois, where he spent one season, and at the end of that time he came to Grand Traverse county, Michigan, arrived in Traverse City on the 23d of August, I868. In the following October he settled upon the farm where he now lives, having purchased one hundred and twenty acres of land, the greater part of which was covered with a dense growth of timber. In the midst of the green woods, however, he established his home and began the arduous task of developing his farm. Acre by acre of the land was cleared and in course of time was transformed into productive fields or otherwise used in the farm work. He has also extended the boundaries of his place until it now comprises a quarter section. Of this MR. AND MRS. A. P. GRAY. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW 'COUNTIES.75 775 one hundred acres is improved. He not only follows agricultural pursuits, but is a leading horticulturist of his county and his orchards comprise between forty and fifty acres. He has made a close study of, the best methods of raising fruit and his trees bear good crops, which materially add to his annual income. Mr. and Mrs. Gray are the parents of nine children: Ellen G., who is the wife of A. E. Montgomery; William Baxter.; Edith J.; Adalaide L., who is nowv the wife of Fred Davidson; Alice C.; Grace G., who is the wife of E. S. Nelson; Albert A.; Edwin P.; and Mabel 'G., who is the wife of Hubert Northrup.. There is no man who has deeper sympathy or interest in the educational developmepit of the count 'ry than has Mr. Gray. He realizes fully the importance of mental training as a preparation for life's responsible duties and he has often lectured before county teachers' associations and also at normal teachers' institutes, his subject covering a wide range. He taught for ten years in the schools of Grand Traverse county, andl has held various school positions, having put forth effective and farreaching effort for the improvement of the schools and toward raising the standard of edlucation. He has not only lectured in the teachers' institutes of Grand Traverse county, blnt has been heard upon questions of great importance in educational circles in teachers' institutes throughout Michigan. He has also for eight years lectured before farmers' institutes. The moral education of the young has also been a subject of deep interest and earnest thought as well as- of active labor to Mr. Gray. He is widely known as a Sunday school worker, and in his elgiu fa;i-th he is*aUnivrslst ra ternally Mr. Gray is connected with Grand Traverse Grange, No. 379, Patrons of Husbandry. H~e has served as one of its trustees and has also been secretary of the c ounty grange and steward of the state grange. He has held these three different offices for eight consecutive years and his labors in this direction have been for the benefit of the agricultural class, Improvement and progress may well be said to form the keynote of the character of our subject, and he has not only been a leader in the work of advancement, but has gained many followers who have adopted his methods and ideas. A very prominent and influential citizen, he is a leader of public thought and action, and is one who will leave the impress of his individuality upon public life. He is a man free from selfishness and his entire career has been permeated by a humanitarian interest in his fellow men and the labors which he has put forth have been far-reaching and beneficial. EMMOR 0. LADD. The life history of such men as Emmor 0. Ladd sets at naught the old adage that a prophet'is never without honor save in his! own country, for in the very community in which he was born and reared Mr. Ladd is held in the highest esteem, regard and friendship of his fellow men being extended him in recognition of the many sterling traits of his character. He is now acting as supervisor of Peninsula township and is also a wide-awake and progressive farmer. Mr. Ladd was born in Peninsula township January 5, 1853. His father was the 776 GRAND TRA VERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. of years classed among the leading and represen'tative citizens of Grand Traverse county. He was born in New York, as was also his wife, who bore the maiden name of Mary Wilmarth. They were married in the east, and in 1852 they turned their faces toward the setting sun, attracted by the business opportunities of the new but rapidly growing west. Arriving in Grand Traverse county, Mr. Ladd secured a tract of land in Peninsula township, upon which he and his wife lived throughout their remaining days. She was the first to be called away, her death occurring on the 2d of January, 1892, when she was but sixty-eight years of age. Her husband survived her for some time and died November 22, 1898, when seventy-nine years of age. Emmor 0. Ladd, the eldest of their six children, was reared in Peninsula township and has always been a resident of Grand Traverse county, with the exception of a period of four years. This time was spent in the pursuance of his education. At the usual age he entered the public schools and therein mastered the elementary branches of learning. Desirous for further mental development, he then matriculated in the State Agricultural College of Michigan, in which he completed the full four years c6urse and was graduated with the class of 1878. He then spent four years in Detroit, Michigan, in the employ of D. M. Ferry & Company. Mr. Ladd has been a successful teacher, having followed the profession in different places for about ten years. His attention, however, is now given to'farm work, and he owns a tract of land of eighty acres, of which he cultivates sixty acres. This is well improved and his farm interests are returning to him a good annual income. Mr. Ladd is recognized as one of the leading and influential citizens of his county and his opinions carry weight in public affairs. lie is well fitted for leadership because of his keen insight into public situations and his loyal devotion to the general good. In the fall of 1894 he was elected register of deeds in Grand Traverse county and held the office for four years, retiring from the position as he had entered it, with the confidence and good will of all concerned. He has been a member of the county board of school examiners for four years, and the prerogatives of his office enabled him to put forth excellent effort in behalf of advancing the interests of the schools here. He has likewise been a leader in township affairs, having served as justice of the peace of Peninsula township. He was elected supervisor of the township in the spring of 1900goo and is now the incumbent in that office. He exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Republican party, and all of his study of;the political issues of the day has but strengthened his belief in its principles in the ultimate triumph of the organization. Mr. Ladd was first married in Detroit, Michigan, in the fall of 1881, the lady of his choice being Miss Agnes A. Davis, a native of New York. Prior to her marriage she was a successful and popular school teacher, and she died in Traverse City October Io, 1898. In their family were two children: Clarence W. and Zema C., both of whom are still living. After losing his first wife, Mr. Ladd was again married, on the i ith of June, 19o01, this union being with Lizzie L. Stone, a native of Peninsula township. She, too, was a school teacher of ability, and she is an active member of the Methodist Episcopal GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 777 church. Mr. Ladd belongs to the First Baptist church of Traverse City and has taken a most helpful part in its work. He is deeply interested in Sunday school work, realiz,ing the value of Christian education as a preparation for life and for character building. For several years he has served as superintendent of the Sunday school, and under his guidance the school has grown in numerical and spiritual strength. Fraternally he is connected with Peninsula Grange No. 663, and he belongs to Traverse City Tent No. 871, Knights of the Maccabees. His career clearly illustrates the possibilities that are open in this country to earnest, persevering young men who have the courage of their convictions and are determined to be the architects of their own fortunes. When judged by what he has accomplished, his right to a first place among the representative citizens of Peninsula cannot be questioned. WVILLIAM A. MARSHALL. Since 1864 William A. Marshall has resided in Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county, upon the farm which is still his home, and although almost forty years have since come and gone, he is to-day actively associated with agricultural interests and is devoting his time and energies to the further development of what is already a fine farming property. His birth occurred in the city of Rochester, New York, November I I, 1830, while his parents were en route for the west, having left their home in Massachusetts in order to come to Michigan. His father, Augustus Marshall, was a native of the Old Bay state, and his mother, who bore the maiden name of Mary Conant, was born in New York. After arriving in Michigan they_ took up their abode in Frenchtown township, in Monroe county, where they lived until their life's labors were ended in death. Unto them were born five children, of whom the subject of this review is the third. Upon his father's farm in Monroe county William A. Marshall was reared. He spenIt his life in the ordinary manner of farmer lads of the period, and when not engaged with the duties of the field he attended the public schools, thus acquiring a fair English education as a preparation for life's practical work. He continued with his parents until the time of his marriage, which important event in his life was celebrated in Detroit, Michigan, on the 14th of February, 1858, the lady of his choice being Miss Helen D. Drew, who was born in that city on the 12th of May, 1839, her parents being John and Mary (Lawson) Drew. Her father was a native of Scotland, and on leaving the land of the hills and heather crossed the Atlantic to Canada, where he met and married Miss Lawson, who was a native of St. Thomas, Ontario. She died in Windsor, Ontario, and Mr. Drew afterward came to Grand Traverse county to live with his daughter, his death occurring at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Marshall when he had reached the extremely old age of ninety-six years. His wife was eighty-four years of age at the time of her demise.' They were the parents of four children, of whom Mrs. Marshall was the eldest. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Marshall has been blessed with three children: Mary L., who is now the wife of William R. Pratt; John D.; and Melian E. At the time of their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Marshall began their domestic life in 778 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. I _ i.~, Frenchtown township, Monroe county, Michigan, and in order to provide for their wants he followed the occupation of farming. This has been his chief pursuit through life, although in his earlier manhood he followed the lakes for twelve years, acting as steward on different vessels. He continued to make his home in Monroe county until May, 1864, when he removed to Grand Traverse county and settled upon the faim where he now lives. It has been his home continuously since, covering a period of thirty-nine consecutive years. At the time of his arrival here he purchased one hundred and twenty acres of land and placed almost the entire amount under cultivation. He still owns eighty acres of this tract, of which twenty acres has been set out to fruit trees, and his orchard is now an excellent one, its fruits annually returning the owner a good income. Other departments of his farm work are also well conducted, and upon his place he has all modern improvements. In his business relations he is straightforward and trustworthy and his careful conduct of his business affairs has made him a prosperous citizen. Mr. Marshall gives his political support to the Republican party, and he has held the office of highway commissioner, school director and school assessor. His wife belongs to the church of England, and they are generous supporters, not only of church work, but of all improvements for the general welfare. Socially he is deservedly popular, as he is affable and courteous in manner. He possesses the quality of making friends readily and of strengthening the ties of friendship as time passes. Grand Traverse county is glad to number him among its representative citizens, and it is with pleasure that we present to our readers this record of his ca reer. His business history might be summed up in the terse expression that he is "above want and below envy." GARDINER DANA. At the age of fourteen years Gardiner Dana started out in life on his own account, and for a time was employed at driving a milk wagon in the city of New York. Today he is a farmer in comfortable circumstances in Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county, and all that he possesses has come to him as the direct reward of his own labors. Mr. Dana was born in the town of Seward, Schoharie county, New York, on the 18th of April, 1839, and of a family of eight children he was the second, his parents being Thomas and Mary (Judkins) Dana, with whom he lived until he reached the age of fourteen years, when he started out to earn. his own livelihood. He entered upon an independent career by going to New York city, where he secured a position as driver of a milk wagon. He was employed in that way for four years, and then followed various occupations for about a year. During that time his industry and energy enabled him to acquire capital sufficient to permit him to engage in business on his own account. He purchased a farm in Otsego county, New York, but lived upon it for only a short time. On selling that property he sought a home in Michigan, making his way westward to Stanton, Montcalm county, where he was engaged in the lumbering business for two winters., About 1867 he arrived in Grand Traverse county and for some time followed various occupations. He secured a homestead claim in Antrim county, where he lived GARDINER DANA. MRS. GARDINER DANA. C. L. WHITNEY. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 779 for about two years, and with the exception of that period he has remained continuously in Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county, since 1867. He makes his home at Old Mission and he follows general farming, owning forty acres of land, which is supplied with modern equipments and is now a well improved property. It was at Old Mission on the 23d of November, 1871, that Mr. Dana was united in marriage to Miss Rose Swaney, a daughter of John and Rosanna (McFadden) Swaney, who are mentioned in connection with the sketch of James Swaney on another page of this work. Their family numbered eleven children, Mrs. Dana being the eighth in order of birth and her natal day was August 20, 1845, while the place of her nativity is Stringtown, Crawford county, Pennsylvania. She was a little maiden of only five summers when she was brought by her parents to Grand Traverse county, where she has since made her home. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Dana have been born six children, as follows: Charles A., Harold B., Mary L., Lester, Lillian and Emily. Lester and Lillian are twins. The daughter Mary is now the wife of William Leighton. Both Mr. and Mrs. Dana are members of Peninsula Grange, No. 663, Patrons of Husbandry. He has always taken a deep and helpful interest in public affairs, but has never been an aspirant for office, preferring to devote his attention to his private business interests. He is independent in politics, and supports the man best fitted for the office, regardless of political sentiment. It is worthy of note in the connection that the subject's paternal grandfather was a soldier during the war of the Revolution, holding a commission as major under General Washington. 49 CHANCEY L. WHITNEY. An attempt to narrate even in epitome the leading facts and incidents which have characterized the career of the well known educator, lecturer and enterprising man of affairs, Chancey L. Whitney, would transcend the normal province of this work, yet it would be culpable neglect were there failure to advert to the more salient details, for he stands as one of the moulders of the present school system of Michigan, and in various relations he has sustained, since quitting the field of education, his record has been creditable to himself and an honor to the state. Mr. Whitney is a native of Richmond, Ontario county, New York, where his birth occurred on July 25, 1836. His father, Chancy Whitney, also a native of the same town, county and state, was born July 6, 1812, and died in Michigan on the 27th day of April, 1867. The maiden name of Mr. Whitney's mother was Phoebe Ann Leech; she, too, was born in York state, having first seen the light of day April 12, 1813, in the town of Bloomfield, Ontario county, and her death took place in the month of December, 1889. Of the nine children born of these parents the subject of this review is the oldest. He attended the public schools of his native state until thirteen years of age, when he accompanied his parents to Michigan, locating with them at Utica, Macomb county, where he spent the fourteen years following. Meanwhile he entered Dickinson Institute at Romeo, and after prosecuting his studies there for some time, became a student of the state normal at Ypsilanti, from which institution he was graduated in due season, with an honorable record. His professional education finished, Mr. Whitney was appointed 180 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. superintendent of the Dowagiac public schools, which position he held for a period of three years, and.at the expiration of that time resigned to accept the superintendency of the public schools of Cass county. During his incumbency of the latter office he thoroughly reorganized the educational system of the county, brought it to a high standard of efficiency and achieved a state reputation as an educator and successful manager of schools. Resigning this superintendency Mr. Whitney accepted the chair of natural sciences in the state normal school, which position he held for one year, when he severed his connection with that institution to become superintendent of the public schools of Muskegon. Mr. Whitney's labors at the latter place continued two years, during which time he perfected a systematic course of study, secured the services of teachers of recognized ability and made the schools of the city equal to any in the state. After twenty-one years of close application to educational work, Mr. Whitney, at the close of his second official term in Muskegon, resigned the superintendency and turned his attention to horticulture and floriculture, which fascinating pursuits occupied his time until 1872, when he was chosen lecturer of the state grange of Michigan. In the latter capacity he traveled extensively over the state, visiting nearly every county, lecturing at hundreds of points, establishing local granges, and greatly strengthening the organization and promoting its influence and usefulness. Mr. Whitney's success in building up the order in Michigan led to his selection, at the end of nine years' faithful service, for the position of deputy of the national grange, in which capacity he visited and tured in many of the leading cities of the Union and achieved a reputation second to that of no other man identified with this great farmers' movement. He came to Traverse City in 1894, having been appointed steward of the Northern Michigan Asylum for the Insane, which important and exacting post he still holds, his period of service covering thus far nine years, being characterized by duty ably and conscientiously performed. In 1864, while engaged in educational work, Mr. Whitney, with Mr. Payne, established The Michigan Teacher, an educational journal, which soon obtained a wide circulation, and which more, perhaps, than any other agency brought about the county organization of the public schools throughout the state. It exerted a wide and potent influence and under their able editorial management, which extended over a period of five years, became not only the leading journal of its kind in Michigan, but one of the best in the entire country. While managing the paper Mr. Whitney did considerable literary work for other journals, mostly of an educational character, in addition to which he also lectured on educational 'topics, organized county and township institutes and did much efficient institute work in various parts of the state. He has always been greatly interested in horticulture, and in 1870 was one of the leading spirits in organizing the State Horticulture Society, the early success of which was largely due to his untiring labors and zeal. He also assisted in the organization of the Western Michigan Agricultural Society, was its secretary for three years, and for twelve years served as one of the directors, in both of which capacities he did much to establish the society upon a solid organized societies in twenty-two states, lec basis and p~romlote its various interests. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 781 Mr. Whitney, being a wide and intelligent reader, is well informed relative to the great principles and issues upon which men and parties are divided. His ambition, however, has never aspired to leadership or any kind of public distinction. He has been in no small degree a leader of thought and a moulder of opinion in those matters to which his attention has been especially directetd. He has been as influential, perhaps, as any other man in giving form and impetus to the present school system of Michigan, while his efforts in promoting the agricultural and horticultural interests of the state have been strenuous and fruitful of beneficial results. Mr. Whitney, on July 25, 1866, was married at Marshall, Michigan, to Miss Adaline S. Goncher, who was born in this state in November, 1838. Mrs. Whitney is a graduate of the state normal school, and for several years was a successful and popular teacher, having been connected with her husband in the latter's educational work. She is a lady of beautiful Christian character, cultured and refined, a devoted member of the Protestant Episcopal church, and moves in the best society circles of Traverse City. Slhe has borne her husband six children, three of whom died in infancy, there being three sons living at the present time. Chancey G., the oldest of the family, was born at Marshall, in the year 1867, received a good education, but before finishing his collegiate course entered the employ of the Pere Marquette Railroad, with which he has held important posi-. tions for the last fifteen years; at this time he is chief clerk in the auditor's office of the company at Detroit, and one of its most trusted employes. Frank C., born in 1872, at Muskegon, Michigan, was graduated from the public schools of that city, and during the last ten years has been connected in a clerical capacity with the post-office at Muskegon. He served in the late Spanish-American war, as captain of Company C, Twenty-fourth Michigan Infantry, was in Cuba with Shafter's army, and took part in the capture of Santiago. Recently he was made lieutenantcolonel of the Second Michigan Regiment, which position he now holds. He resides in his native city, holding an important and responsible position with the Stewart Hartshorn Curtain Roller Company. Clarence W., born in 1876, at Muskegon, Michigan, was graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1898, as mechanical and electrical engineer, and until recently was editor of The Western Electrician, published in Chicago. Resigning his position on that paper a few months ago, he went to the Pacific coast, to take charge of the western department of the McGraw Publishing Company. His residence is San Francisco, California. Mr. Whitney gave his children the best educational advantages obtainable, and, as the reader will observe, they were not slow to profit thereby. His three sons are rising young men, all proficient in their lines of activity and a credit to the honorable family name they bear. THOMAS J. KELLEY. Thomas J. Kelley, a prominent citizen of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, and a substantial and well-to-do farmer of Whitewater township, was born in Pontiac county, Canada, September I, 1863. His parents, Michael and Ann (Doyle) Kelley, were natives of Ireland, whence they came to Canada and 782 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LPELANAW COUNTIES. later, in.1867, to Michigan. They were farmers in Whitewater township, where the mother died March Io, 1899, at the age of sixty-seven years. Their family consisted of two children, Mary and Thomas. Mary was the wife of George Pulver, and died April 6, 1892, when in her thirty-second year. The subject was a child of four years when his parents settled in Grand Traverse county, and it was here he received his education and grew to manhood. He has always followed the occupation of a farmer, and his industry and thrift have enabled him to accumulate one hundred and twenty acres, upon which he resides and has but lately completed a handsome and commodious residence. Mr. Kelley was married February 13, 1886, the lady of his choice being Miss Alwilda Cain. Mrs. Kelley was born in Wisconsin June 23, 1868, and is a lady possessing many fine qualities of heart and mind. Her parents, John and Catherine (Hollingsworth) Cain, came to Fife Lake township in 1870 and died there, leaving a wide circle of friends. Mr. and Mrs. Kelley are honored and upright people, devout members of the Roman Catholic church and a credit to the county. CURTIS FOWLER. Nature has been bountiful in her gifts to various sections of the country. Certain districts are rich in mineral resources, in others the great forests furnish ample opportunity for the conduct of the lumber business and kindred industries; in still other districts are great stretches of rich prairies on which the farmer produces abundant crops. Certainly this fair land has been favored, and it is not for lack of opportuniity that the business man meets failure. Michigan is- one of the best fruit-raising states in the Union and Curtis Fowler is a representative of this department of business activity, owning and controlling the Forest Grove farm, which is pleasantly located near Mapleton, and is a valuable property bringing him good returns for his labors in fields and orchard. Mr. Fowler is a representative of one of the pioneer families of Grand Traverse county, and with the exception of a brief period he has resided continuously upon his present farm since 1856. His father, the late Curtis Fowler, Sr., was born in Windsor, Windsor county, Vermont, May 14, 1807, and in Hartford, Connecticut, he was united in marriage to Miss Louisa Selden, who was born in Lebanon, New Hampshire, on the Ist of November, 1812. They began their domestic life in Royalton, Vermont, where Mr. Fowler engaged in merchandising for a time, and later turned his attention to the conduct of a hotel at Clarendon Springs, Vermont, of which he was the proprietor for two years. At the end of that time he severed his business ties which bound him to the east and with his family he started for Michigan. The journey completed, he took up his abode in Jackson county, where he resided for a few years and when the copper excitement broke out in the upper peninsula he went to that district, where he remained for about a year and a half. He then returned to Jaclson county, where he carried on agricultural pursuits for several years, and in the fall of 1855, accompanied by his son, Frank, he started northward. From Grand Rapids they GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 788 proceeded on foot, following the Indian traii to the peninsula in Grand Traverse county, and at that time the father and son both selected locations. They then returned to Jackson county, and in June, 1856, accompanied by his wife, Curtis Fowler, Sr., once more came to this county, locating on the claim which he had previously chosen. It is situated on what is now section 34, Peninsula township. They cast in their lot with the early settlers, and the hardships and difficulties of pioneer life were encountered by them, but were bravely met and in course of time they were replaced by the comforts and conveniences of an advancing civilization. For many years the father carried on his farm work, and died upon the old homestead here on the 19th of March, 1891, having for four years survived his wife, who passed away March 24, 1887. Respected and prominent pioneer people, the county deplored their loss, and they are yet held in loving remembrance by their many friends. They were the parents of three children, of whom Frank and Curtis reached years of maturity, but the former, enlisting for service in the Union army, as a member of Company D, First Michigan Volunteer Infantry, was killed in the second battle of Bull Run, thus giving his life as a sacrifice for the preservation of the nation. Curtis Fowler, whose name forms the caption of this article, was born in Royalton, Vermont, August 22, 1836, and came with his parents to Michigan in 1843. In May, 1856, when twenty years of age, he took up his abode in Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county, upon the farm where he now lives, and throughout the intervening years he has carried on the work of the place, with the exception _of a brief period of a few year., spent in the southern part of this state. His sanded possessions aggregate two hundred and twenty acres, of which about seventy-five acres is improved. He has always carried on general farming and fruit-raising and is a well known and successful horticulturist. He has an orchard covering twelve acres; and he has made a close study of the best methods of raising fruit, so that his labors are attended with good success. He has also erected good buildings upon his farm, and the property is supplied with all modern equipments, a glance at the place indicating that the owner is a progressive agriculturist who thoroughly understands his business. Mr. Fowler put aside business cares in early manhood when he felt that his greater duty was to his country. He watched with interest the events in the south prior to 1861, noted the attitude of certain states and resolved that if a blow was struck against the national government he would become one of its defenders. Therefore, in response to the president's call for troops, he enlisted in April, 1861, becoming a member of Company B, First Michigan Infantry, for three months. At the first battle of Bull Run he was shot through the left arm. At the expiration of his term of enlistment Mr. Fowler returned to his home and has since carried on farming and fruit raising. In Peninsula township, Grand Traverse county, Mr. Fowler was married to Miss Margaret Patterson, who was born in Ireland, in September, 1839, a daughter of William and Margaret Patterson. Eight children have been born of this union: Herbert W.; Ella, who is the wife of Frank Valley; Isabella, who became the wife of Andrew Gilmore, and died in Peninsula 784 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. township in September, 1900; Francis S.; Ethelwyn, the wife of Alex Holman; Mabel and Bernice, at home; and Mercedes, who died at the age of sixteen years. Mr. Fowler gives his political support to the Republican party and he has held the office of justice of the peace, his decisions being strictly fair and impartial. He has also been highway commissioner, constable and overseer of highways and has ever been interested in having good roads. Fraternally he is connected with McPherson Post, No. 18, Grand Army of the Republic, and thus continues his active connection with his old army comrades. In citizenship he has ever been patriotic and loyal, having the same love for the stars and stripes which he manifested while he was following the banner of the Union upon southern battlefields. As a pioneer of the county he is well known, his residence here covering forty-seven years. During this time he has witnessed many changes and improvements in the county, and he has also progressed in those things which make for honorable manhood and also along material lines, winning success through the careful conduct of his business. 4 -- HENRY D. CAMPBELL. Few men of Grand Traverse county were as widely and favorably known as the late Henry D. Campbell, who in various industrial and business capacities achieved much more than local distinction, and who as inaugurator of large and far reaching public enterprises was as instrumental in promoting the material interests of Traverse City and northwestern Michigan, and advertising their advantages to the world, as any other man in this part of the state. Mr. Campbell was a native of Franklin county, New York, and the third of a family of six children, whose parents were Robert A. and Harriett E. (Hitchcock) Campbell, both born in the state of Vermont. By occupation Robert A. Campbell was a farmer. He followed his chosen calling in New York for many years and when quite old came to Traverse City, Michigan, where he and his good wife spent the remainder of their days, the former dying here at the advanced age of eighty-nine years, the latter at eighty. Both were intelligent beyond the average, well educated and socially were highly esteemed, having moved in the best society circles in their different places of residence, and exerted a marked moral influence upon all with whom they associated. Henry D. Campbell was born March I I, 1831, and spent his early life on his father's farm in New York, attending of winter seasons during his youth the public schools, and later enjoying the advantages of private instruction in the high branches of learning, continuing his studies until attaining his majority. Shortly after his twenty-first year he went to Wisconsin, where he remained a short time, removing thence to the vicinity of Traverse City, Michigan, where, as already stated, his parents in due season joined him. Mr. Campbell's first position, after coming to Grand Traverse county, was that of bookkeeper for Hannah, Lay & Company, in which capacity he continued for a number of years, becoming the meanwhile an accomplished accountant and a thoroughly competent and reliable business man. Severing his connection with this firm, he purchased land in Grand Traverse county and cleared a GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES.,,785 fine farm, on which he lived and prospered for a period of ten years. At the expiration of that time he established a stage line from Traverse City to Big Rapids, and, in addition to carrying passengers between these two points, had charge of the mail line until a railroad was constructed through this part of the state. Discontinuing the stage business with the advent of the railroad. Mr. Campbell built in Traverse City a hotel which, under the name of the Campbell House, he conducted about five years, when the property was purchased by Hannah & Lay and by them changed to the Park Place Hotel, by which style it has since been known. The next enterprise of a public nature in which Mr. Campbell became interested was the Traverse City water works, which he and his sons built, and which under their management were successfully operated until purchased by the city, about eighteen or twenty years later. In this undertaking he displayed a commendable public spirit, and while at the head of the works enlarged their capacity in keeping with the growth of the city, greatly increased their efficiency and made the plant one of the best in the state. Mr. Campbell and his sons also built and operated the first electric light plant in Traverse City. During all this time he retained possession of his farm and gave personal attention to its management, and after disposing of the water works he, with others, established a fine summer resort at Carp lake, which in due season became a favorite rendezvous for pleasure seekers and in which his wife still holds an interest. He also erected on Front street, Traverse City, a large brick business block, which is conceded to be one of the finest and most imposing b uil.dings of the kind if the city, in addition to which he contributed largely to the general development of the town in other respects, investing his means liberally in various improvements and using his influence to induce others to imitate his example. It is worthy of note that Mr. Campbell drew up the charters for both the village and city of Traverse City. He was a trustee of the Northern Michigan Asylum for the Insane for several years. Mr. Campbell was married, July 2, 1862, to Miss Catherine A. Carmichael, who was born July I, 1835, in New York, coming with her parents to Michigan when a child and growing to maturity and receiving her education in Traverse City. Her father, a native of Scotland, came to the United States when a young man, and lived for a number of years thereafter in New York. Her mother also was born in Scotland, being brought to this country at the age of two years. Of a family of six children, Mrs. Campbell is the third in order of birth, and, as already stated, the greater part of her life has been spent in Traverse City, where she now makes her home. To Mr. and Mrs. Campbell were born seven children, the oldest dying in infancy unnamed; the second was Donald F., whose birth occurred on February II, 1865, and who departed this life April 20, 1902; Flora,A., born December 17, 1867, married William Hobbs, and resides in Traverse City; Willard was born July 31, 1869, lives with his mother and is an electrician by profession; David, born July 25, 1871, also resides under the parental roof, and attends the farm, besides looking after the other interests of the estate; Wallace, born April I, 1876, is the youngest of the children living, the seventh of the family, a daughter, having died in infancy. Wal 786 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANA W COUNTIES. lace is superintendent of the water works and electric light plant at Manton, Michigan, In political affiliations, Mr. Campbell was a pronounced Republican, and at different times his party honored him with important official positions. He served a term of years as supervisor, was for twelve years probate judge, and remained in office of some kind almost continuously until his death. As a member of the Masonic fraternity he exemplified in his daily life the beautiful principles and sublime precepts of the order, and a firm believer in the truths of revealed religion, with a profound regard for Christianity, he had little use for manmade creeds and scant respect for sectarianism. In his relations with his fellow men he was actuated by the principles of the Golden Rule, and as a citizen he was large hearted, enterprising and progressive, losing sight of self in his efforts to promote the public good, and making many sacrifices for his family, relations and friends. He was one of the noted men of his day and generation in Grand Traverse county, and the memory of his kindly deeds and helpful influence, together with his public and private achievements, constitute his most enduring monument. He died February 4, 1902. ST. FRANCIS CHURCH. The following brief sketch of St. Francis church, Traverse City, is compiled from the beautiful and elegantly illustrated history published in I897 to commemorate the silver jubilee of the parish, which was appropriately celebrated on October Ioth of that year. The first Catholic priest to visit Traverse City for the purpose of holding regular religious services appears to have been Rev. Ignatus Mrack, afterwards bishop of Marquette, a native of Austria, who came to the United States in 1845, and was given charge of the Indians at Abre Croche, shortly after his arrival. Owing to the lack of priests in northern Michigan at that time, he was obliged to administer to the wants of all the Catholics in the seven surrounding counties, a labor attended by many vicissitudes and not a few hardships. The nomadic life of the Indians soon compelled a change, great numbers of them leaving Abre Croche in 1855, and settling in Eagle Town or Pashabatown. Father Mrack went with them, made his home at the latter place, and in addition to ministering to their spiritual wants, established a school which in due time became a powerful agency for good. At the death of Bishop Baraga, early in 1869, Father Mrack was nominated for the Bishopric of Marquette, was consecrated the same year and during the ensuing nine years was engaged very earnestly in his new field of labor. By reason of enfeebled health, however, he resigned his see in 1878, but later returned to his former work among the Indians and remained with them until ill health obliged him to forego further activity. Accordingly in 1891, he retired to St. Mary's Hospital, Marquette, where his death subsequently occurred. During Fr. Mrack's labors there was no church at Traverse City. Mass was said at the residence of Dominic Dunn, near the site of the Eagle office. Services were also held at the home of Martin Sheridan, on the West Side, and at the residence of Frank Pohoral. When Fr. Mrack became bishop of Marquette, he was succeeded by Rev, A, REV. JOSEPH BAUER. _ I _ _1 ~~t~. ST. FRANCIS CHURCH, TRAVERSE CITY GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 787 Herbstreet, who made his home at Sutton's Bay. He attended Traverse City once a month, and through his efforts the first Catholic church was begun in 1870. It was a small frame building, twenty-four by thirty, located near the site of the present church. From Sutton's Bay Fr. Herbstreet was transferred to Big Rapids and has since died in Wyandotte. In the fall of 1870 Rev. Fr. Zorn was appointed to Sutton's Bay. His name is revered in every Catholic family of the north. In all he attended twenty-one different missions, though the Indians were nearest and dearest to his heart. He held services in Traverse City once a month, and completed the church begun by Fr. Herbstreet. Mass was said in the new church for the first time in December, 1870. At that time there were only about twenty Catholic families in Traverse City. His charge in all covered seven counties. Fr. Zorn was beloved by all, and in'his zeal for the salvation of souls he often underwent the most severe privations. Many a time, as the old pioneers attest, the canopy of heaven formed his only covering at night and some grassy knoll his only couch. With the strain of constant traveling his health became enfeebled, and he was transferred to Harbor Springs, and from there to Hart, Oceana county. Still failing to recover his health, he was finally obliged to retire from work, and in I888 was placed as chaplain to Mercy Hospital, Big Rapids; the last year and a half of his life he filled the post of chaplain at the Mercy Hospital in Manistee, where he died, April 14, 1900. During the residence of Fr. Zorn at Sutton's Bay, Traverse City was attended for about eight months by Fr. Sckacken, of Big Rapids. After him Fr. Zassa was given temporary charge for three months. He was transferred and the charge again fell to Fr. Zorn, who attended Traverse City until the arrival of Rev. George Ziegler, in '1877. With, Rev. Ziegler begins properly the development and growth of St. Francis church as a parish.. The memory of this self-sacrificing priest is still fresh in the minds of the people of St. Francis congregation. Resigning his charge of St. Louis church, in the city of Cincinnati, he came to take charge of Traverse City, arriving here in the fall of 1877, and immediately set to work to organize the Catholics into a regular constituted parish. He established a Catholic school,. mostly from his own means, procured sisters from New York, founded a convent, and left nothing undone to give the Catholics of Traverse City all the advantages of good spiritual training and Catholic life. His efforts were appreciated, for in a short time the little frame church became too small. He built an addition of forty feet, with two wings, ten by twelve feet; also a sacristy, eight by fifteen feet. Having now obtained a commodious place for public worship, a shelter for the Sisters and a Catholic school for the children of the parish, his next move was to build a pastor's residence for himself. He erected a house on the present site, from, his own money, at a cost of one thousand two hundred dollars. The house has since been remodeled and enlarged. Aside from the arduous work of the building up of the parish of Traverse City, he was obliged to attend to the spiritual wants of the Catholics of the surrounding missions at Cadillac, Provemont, Leland, 788 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. Frankfort, Sutton's Bay, Northport, Maple City, Empire, Nessen City, Hannah, Fife Lake, Barker Creek, Isadore, Arcadia and Mapleton. IHe also built churches at Cadilac, Isadore, Barker Creek, Mapleton and Fife Lake, and a priest's residence at Provemont, which was then formed into a regular parish. After working faithfully for eight years, traveling night and day, exposed to all kinds of privations, it is not to be wondered at that he went the way of his predecessors. His health failed and he was obliged to retire. Feeling at the same time the desire to spend the remainder of his life in a higher state, he entered the Franciscan order at St. Louis, Missouri. As a Franciscan he was sent to Ashland, Washburn, and lastly to Cleveland, where he died at St. Alexis hospital on the 20th day of August, 1897. Rev. Theophile Nyssen was sent to take the place of Fr. Zeigler. His first efforts were directed to place the parish on a sound financial basis. This accomplished, his ideas turned to the erection of a new church. Owing to the great influx of families the frame church became entirely inadequate to accommodate the Catholics of Traverse City. Fr. Nyssen, wishing to keep in touch with the lusty development of the thriving little city, urged the erection of a brick church, of the same proportions as the present edifice. Promises at first came in profusely, but owing to the poverty of the people, rather than any lack of good will, these promises failed to realize in material value. So, like a wise general, he mustered his forces according to his means and decided to build a frame church instead of a brick one. The foundation of the building, forty-eight by one hundred feet, was completed at a cost of nine hundred and thirty-three dollars. The cor ner stone was laid May 15, 1887, by Rt. Rev. Henry J. Richter, who also preached the dedication sermon on this occasion. But the strain to complete the building proved too great. Fr. Nyssen would not continue unless money was at hand. All his efforts to raise funds for a ten thousand dollar church failing, he resigned the charge and left for Europe. The accounts of the parish, read on the Sunday before his departure, April 29, 1888, showed a deposit in the bank of two thousand nine hundred and sixty-five dollars and eighty-eight cents. For the next three months the parish was left without a resident priest, Bishop Mrack coming from Pashabatown every alternate Sunday to hold services. After spending a few months at the home of his childhood, Fr. Nyssen's heart again turned to the field of his maiden efforts. Hearing that Traverse City was still without a priest, he requested permission of Bishop Richter again to return to Traverse City and complete the church which he had begun. He resumed charge, the second time, Friday, August 3d. On the following Sunday, August 5th, he announced to the people that the erection of the church would at once begin. Means were supplied so generously and promptly that the church was ready for dedication on August i8th of the following year. The church was dedicated by Bishop Richter with elaborate ceremonies, Very Rev. Joseph Benning officiating at high mass. The Rt. Rev. Bishop preached an eloquent sermon on the occasion to a great concourse of people. The church now being completed, Rev. Fr. Nyssen resigned his position, and returned to his native home in Germany, where he still resides. Fr. Nyssen was followed by Rev. Joseph Bauer, the present pastor, who was trans GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 789 ferred here from Provemont and assumed charge of Traverse City, September 4, 1889. During his fourteen years stay here the congregation has increased phenomenally. The parish counts at present all of three hundred and fifty families. The old frame church, being vacated, was renovated and remodelled for a school, and was occupied as such in December of the same year. Fr. Bauer at this time also furnished the church with a heating apparatus at the cost of two hundred and sixty dollars. He next procured the beautiful large altars that now adorn the church, a communion railing, statues, stations of the cross, vestments, etc., and had the church furnished with electric lights, all at a cost of two thousand and twenty-five dollars and fifty-eight cents. In 1890 feeling the need of a short rest, he revisited Germany, and remained three months, his place being filled temporarily by Rev. August Shinner. Fr. Bauer returned in the early part of September and immediately completed arrangements which he had contemplated, to purchase eighteen lots on the north side of Eleventh street, contiguous to the church and convent property. The deal was consummated at a cost of two thousand, two hundred and fifty dollars, Bishop Mrack donating the Sisters' share of one thousand, two hundred and fifty dollars. The property being procured Fr. Bauer now began the erection of the large 'parochial school on Cass street, south of the church. The school was under course of const-ruction from June, 1893, to the following September, when it was completed and ready for use, costing eight thousand, three hundred and fifty-eight dollars and sixty-six cents. It was blessed by Bishop Richter, September I7th, of the same year, and opened with an attendance of one hundred and fifty children. The next permanent improvement was placed on the pastor's residence, which was remodelled and enlarged in July, 1896. The parsonage is now a large and commodious dwelling and a standing credit to the congregation. The present church being unable to hold the increase, steps are being taken for building another Catholic church on the west side. The first Catholic school established in Traverse City was accomplished through the zeal and self-sacrificing efforts of Rev. Ziegler. He realized the fact that real Catholic thought and Catholic life, to be permanent and effective, must begin by the religious training of our youth, and that no means are better fitted for this end than a Catholic parochial school, where the training of mind and heart go hand in hand. Hence his efforts were directed to secure Sisters to impart this religious training. This was by no means an easy task at this early (late, as the demand for Sisters far exceeded the supply. The difficulty became greater here, owing to the fact that the accomodations and inducements were of the most meager kind. Yet, with a confidence born of a holy zeal and trust in God, he applied to the Sisters of St. Dominic in New York. His prayers were answered. Six Sisters were sent from their convent to establish a branch house here. The good sisters arrived in the summer of 1877, and opened a school on the east side of Union street, between Eighth and Ninth streets. This temporary dwelling also served as a convent. The building was purchased by Rev. Fr. Ziegler from his own purse at the cost of one thousand dollars, and furnished by the congregation at a cost of six hundred 790 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. - --- dollars. The beginning, indeed, was very modest, but God blessed the work. Means were soon provided to erect the present large convent. The attendance of the Catholic children rapidly increased. The school was transferred to the present convent, from the convent to the old church, and in September, 1893, the children occupied for the first time the present large and commodious school, furnished with all the improvements. It stands now, indeed, the pride of the parish. The convent, under the auspices of the church, is due to the efforts of Rev. George Ziegler, who, after repeated requests, at last succeeded in inducing the Sisters of Dominic of New York city to send five Sis-' ters and establish a branch house in Traverse City. The Sisters, accompanied by Mother Aquinata, arrived on Thursday, October 25, 1877, and were most warmly welcomed by the good priest to their temporary dwelling on Union street, which he had purchased for them from his own private means at a cost of one thousand dollars. The house had been furnished by the congregation for church and school purposes as well as for a Sisters' residence at a cost of six hundred dollars. The ground floor contained two classrooms, in one of which mass was celebrated on week days, and early mass and vespers with benediction on Sundays and holydays. The second floor, the Sisters' dwelling proper, contained a small chapel where the blesed sacrament was served, two bed-rooms, a sitting-room and a kitchen. In this house the Sisters lived for nearly six years. On the Monday following their arrival school was opened with only six pupils, at the end of the year the number had increased to fifty; while at present it is two hundred. The beginning was, in many respects, hard, indeed, for many were the obstacles, the trials, the difficulties; yet the good example of the heroic Father Ziegler, as well as the material help and encouragements of the good and faithful farmers of St. Francis parish, whose faithful and persevering generosity cannot be too much praised, bore fruit, so that the good work begun was continued and prospered. The first Sisters to arrive in Michigan were Mother Aquinata, Sisters Boniface, Angela, Camilla, Borromeo and Martha. After a short stay in Traverse City, Mother Aquinata returned to New York to remain two years longer in the East. In May, 1870, she returned to remain permanently in Michigan, taking charge of the community, which was beginning to grow and spread; since then the order has increased to over two hundred members. The Sisters now have charge of schools and institutions in the diocese of Grand Rapids, as well as in that of Detroit. The Hon. Perry Hannah, of Traverse City, having very generously donated six lots on Tenth street to the Sisters for the purpose of erecting thereon a convent boarding school, in May, 1883, the building was begun, and, thanks to the generosity of the good Father Zeigler and other kind benefactors, the present commodious convent was completed in the beginning of September of the same year; the building, including furniture and fences, cost about ten thousand dollars, of which two thousand four hundred was kindly donated by Rt. Rev. Bishop Mrack. The new convent was solemnly dedicated by Rt. Rev. Bishop Richter on the first Sunday in 'September, 1883, and all that day the build GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 791 ing was open for inspection. The next day school opened; the children of the parish occupied the class rooms in the convent building until the completion of the new church, when the old church was remodeled for a school, and in December, 1889, the children were transferred to the new quarters prepared for them. In 1891 Bishop Mrack most kindly purchased for the Sisters ten lots adjoining the convent on the south side, at a cost of one thousand two hundred and fifty; for this and his deeds of benevolence of former years, he is regarded as one of the community's greatest benefactors. Of the first five Sisters who came to Traverse City, Sisters Borromeo and Martha have already been called to their eternal reward, their remains resting in the cemetery of their first mission. Among the most important elements contributing to the unity, solidity and success of St. Francis parish are the various Catholic societies, spiritual, benevolent and social, under the auspices of the church, all of which are strong in membership and influence and in flourishing condition. These are the Catholic Mutual Benefit Association, which meets in St. Francis Hall on every alternate Wednesday, its history dating from April 29, 1881; the Ladies' Catholic Benefit Association, Branch No. 24, organized March 25, 1897; St. Stanislas; Polish Society, for insurance and sick benefits, organized in March, 1893; St. Wenzeslas Bohemian Society, established August 18, 1885; Ladies' Altar Society, Young Ladies' Sodality, Young Men's Sodality, Boys' St. Aloysius Sodality, Children of Mary, and the St. Francis Literary Society, composed of the young people of the church of both sexes, who meet at stated times for mental improvement. REV. JOSEPH BAUER.-The efficient and popular pastor of St. Francis church, Traverse City, is a native of Alsace Lorraine, Germany, and was born on the 4th day of January, 1862. He spent his childhood and' youth in his native land, received his preliminary education there and later from 1875 to 1884 studied in Paris, France. Coming to the United States, he finished his theological course at Baltimore, and on December 27, 1885, was ordained priest at Grand Rapids, Michigan, by Rt. Rev. Henry J. Richter, and stationed at Provemont, where he labored with much acceptance from January, 1886, to September I, 1889. At the latter date Father Bauer was transferred to the Traverse City charge, which he has filled in an able and eminently satisfactory manner, materially and spiritually, as is attested by the rapid advancement along all lines of work under his auspices. Father Bauer is recognized as an able and scholarly divine, a clear, logical and eloquent preacher, and the fact is generally conceded that in all its history St. Francis church has had no more devoted or selfsacrificing pastor. He is characterized by broad culture, bright intellect and quick perception, and, being courteous, social and kindly in demeanor, is sincerely beloved by his own flock and stands high in the confidence of the public, irrespective of church or creed. His earnest, conscientious work and faithful leadership have greatly endeared him to his people, and he well deserves the emi-- nent position to which he has attained, as one of the leading Catholic divines of the state which he has long made his field of labor. 792 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. - WALTER L. ALLEN. As a farmer Walter L. Allen has materially advanced the wellbeing of Kasson township and has opportunely availed himself of a branch of industry particularly adapted to this region. He has a home on section 16, where he owns one hundred acres of land, of which about fifty acres has been improved. He has also been well known in connection with educational interests of this portion of the' state and has taught successfully for twenty-six terms. Mr. Allen was born on a farm in Steuben county, New York, on the 2d of July, 1857. His father was Philetus Allen, and his mother bore the maiden name of Almeda Burditt. They were farming people of the highest respectability and because their lives were honorable and straightforward they enjoyed the warmest regard and esteem of those with whom they were associated. In their family were ten children, of whom Walter L. Allen was the fourth. The father has now passed away, having died in Steuben county, New York, when seventy-three years of age. On the old family homestead in the Empire state, Walter L. Allen was reared and there he lived until the spring of 1887. His preliminary education was acquired in the common school and was supplemented by study in an academy. 'He thus gained more than an ordinary education and, possessing strong mentality, he readily mastered the lessons which occupied his attention. Having left the schoolroom as a student, he engaged in teaching for several years during the winter seasons; the months of summer were devoted to farm work and the dual occupation brought to him a fair competence. Ere leaving the east, Mr. Allen was married, in Steuben county, New York, on the 23d of December, 1886, to Miss Carrie M. WVilley, a native daughter of that county. They now have six children, namely: Hugh W., Florence M., Lenora V., Clara E., Clarence W. and Bertha L. In the spring of 1887 Mr. Allen brought his young wife to Leelanaw county, Michigan, where they have since resided. At that time he settled upon a farm which has now been his home for sixteen years. He has continually carried on the work of developing his land and his well cultivated fields now return to him a good income. He has also built a substantial residence, good barns and other outbuildings upon his place and in his farm work has been most energetic and industrious. The winter season has not been a period of idleness to him, for during the months of cold weather he has continued his work as an educator, having taught for fourteen terms since coming to Leelanaw county. In this work he is most capable, having the ability to impart with clearness, accuracy and conciseness to others the knowledge that he has acquired. Mr. Allen has held the office of township clerk, of school inspector and has served as a member of the board of review and his political support is given to the Prohibition party. He and his wife hold membership in the Oviatt Methodist Episcopal church of Kasson township and are numbered among its active and faithful members. He enjoys the well-earned distinction of being what the public calls a self-made man and an analysis of his character reveals the fact that persist* ent purpose and honorable dealing have been the essential features in his prosperity. As a citizen he is loyal, manifesting a commend GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 798 able interest in everything calculated to improve the general welfare. He is strong and generous, extending a helping hand to the poor and needy and always ready to aid those less fortunate than himself. He has a large circle of friends throughout his own and adjoining counties and is uniformly respected. FRANKLYN H. SMITH. The subject of this sketch has been a resident of Traverse City the greater part of the time since about the year 186o, during which period he has not only grown with the city's growth and witnessed its continued prosperity, but his active life has been closely identified with various industrial enterprises, being at this writing the executive head of a company that has done much to develop and advance the lumber interests of northern Michigan. F. H. Smith was born April 20, 1853, in Oswego, New York, of which state his parents, William and Ada Smith, were also natives, the latter before her marriage having borne the name of West. The father dying when Franklyn was four years old, the latter afterwards accompanied his mother to Traverse City, Michigan, reaching the place about 186o, as stated above, and receiving his early educational training in the city schools. After pursuing his studies here for about four years he went to Chicago, where he also attended school about the same length of time, then returned to Traverse City, where he finished his education at the age of seventeen. On quitting school young Smith entered the employ of Hannah & Lay, working first in their sawmill, through the different departments of which he finally passed, the meanwhile spending the winter seasons as a logger in the northern woods and pineries. To these lines of work he devoted about fourteen consecutive years, during which time he became familiar with the lumber industry in its every detail, and at the expiration of that period he engaged as timber estimator and buyer with the Oval Dish Company, which responsible position he still holds. Mr. Smith, in 1886, organized the Smith & Hull Company, for the sale of timber and stump lands, which was subsequently incorporated and of which he has been president ever since the enterprise was inaugurated. In addition to their regular product, this company deals quite extensively in timber lands, especially in the upper and lower peninsulas, where it now holds large and valuable interests, doing a thriving and farreaching business, which is steadily growing in magnitude and importance. Mr. Smith is an energetic, up-to-date business man, fully alive to the best interests of the enterprises with which he is identified, and his success as a manager has redounded greatly to his own financial advantage, as well as to that of his associates. He also enjoys the confidence of the Oval Dish Company, with which he has been connected in an important capacity for a number of years, and aside from his business relations he stands high as a citizen, being public-spirited in all the term implies and an influential factor in all that concerns the material advancement of the city of his residence and the social and moral good of his fellow men. Mr. Smith is prominent in Masonic circles, being a York rite and Scottish rite, thirty-second-degree Mason, and a zealous and influential worker in the different 794 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. branches of this ancient and time-honored fraternity. He is also a member of the Eastern Star lodge, and belongs to the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of Traverse City, having been honored with important official positions in the latter brotherhood from time to time. While not identified with any church or distinctly religious organization, he is a believer in Christianity, and has profound regard for its principles and precepts, many of which he exemplifies in his life, especially in his lumber dealings. Politically he affiliates with the Republican party, being well informed on the leading questions of the day, but his ambition has never run in the direction of office holding, the pressing claims of his business preventing him from actively participating in public affairs. Miss Ella Hatch, who became the wife of Mr. Smith in 1874, was born in New York in 1853, and received her education in that state and in the" schools of Traverse City; she has borne her husband five children, whose names are, Clara B., Jeannette, Frank E., Allegra and Kenneth. J. A. SNYDER, D. D. S. The accomplished and successful dentist whose name furnishes the caption of this review is a native of Michigan, born November 21, 1867, in the town of Fulton, Kalamazoo county. George Snyder, the Doctor's father, was born June 30, 1823, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, of German parentage, moved to Monroe county, Michigan, in I866, thence a little later to the county of Kalamazoo, where he spent the remainder of his life, dying in the year 1903. In early manhood he worked at the carpenter's trade, but subsequently turned his attention to agriculture and followed the latter pursuit as long as he lived, meeting with fair success in the same and acquiring.a liberal competence, which enabled him to spend his later years in comfortable retirement. He was a man of excellent character and substantial worth, a zealous member of the Dutch Reformed church for many years, and his piety and activity along all lines of religious and benevolent work caused him to be widely known and greatly respected in his community. Elizabeth Hoover, who became the wife of George Snyder in 1843, was also born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the event having occurred on April 30, 1824. She lived a long and useful life, bore her husband thirteen children, and died in Michigan on the thirty-first day of March, 1895. The following are the names of the children of George and Elizabeth Snyder, now living: Rebecca, born in 1845; George, 1846; Abram, 1847; Elizabeth, 1848; Isaac, 1849; Emma, 1851; Samuel B., 1857; Ella, 1859; Amelia, 1861; David H., 1864; and the subject, the date of whose birth is noted in the initial paragraph of this review. J. A. Snyder was reared in Kalamazoo county, attended for some years the public schools of his native town, and later pursued the more advanced branches of learning in the Athens high school, of which institution he was a student for a period of two years. Meanwhile he began earning money for himself by working as a farm hand and on quitting school he engaged with a piano house to sell instruments in various parts of Michigan. After spending two years in this line of work, he entered the dental J. A. SNYDER. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 795 department of the Michigan University, at Ann Arbor, and while attending that instition defrayed his own expenses by turning his hands to any kind of manual labor he could find to do. Applying himself closely to study, he completed his professional course in due time and was graduated in 1892, immediately after which he opened an office in Athens, where his success from the beginning was most encouraging. After spending two years in that place, he removed, in 1895, to Traverse City, and here he has since remained, building up the meanwhile a large and lucrative business and taking high rank among the leading dentists in the northwestern part of the state. Dr. Snyder's parlors, over the People's Savings Bank, are the finest equipped of the kind in the city, being fully supplied with all the latest devices and appliances used in the profession, and as an operator he is skilled in every branch of his calling, being especially efficient in this line of mechanism, all of his work being guaranteed to give perfect satisfaction. His patrons include many of the best families of the city and surrounding country and not infrequently patients come to him from other and distant places, the high grade of his workmanship and professional services having won for him a wide and constantly growing reputation. The Doctor is a close and painstaking student, who takes advantage of every opportunity to increase his knowledge and efficiency, and keeps fully abreast with the times in everything relating to his calling. Dr. Snyder, on April 4, 1891, was married, in the city of Kalamazoo, to Miss Carrie D. Kitzmiller, whose birth occurred at Flat Rock, Michigan, September 5, 1865. Mrs. Snyder received her preliminary edu50 cation in the public schools, later took a course in the State Normal at Ypsilanti, and for some years thereafter taught in the schools of her county, a work in which she gained an honorable reputation. She has presented to her husband with two children, Stanley, born March 2, 1893, and Esther, whose birth took place December 3, 1894, both living and giving every promise of long lives and useful careers, being intelligent and apt in their studies and possessing many excellent traits of character. Politically, Dr. Snyder affiliates with the Republican party and religiously attends the Congregational church of Traverse City, of which organization his wife is also a faithful and much respected member. He is identified with the Knights of Pythias, Maccabee and Forester fraternities, and as an entertaining citizen, with the good of the community always at heart, encourages all laudable agencies having for their object the improvement of the city of his residence and the welfare of his fellow men. His home, which is beautiful and attractive, is well known to the best so-- ciety circles of Traverse City, and among all classes and conditions of people he and his estimable wife and family are held in high esteem. FRANK A. DEAN. Frank A. Dean, foreman of the grocery department of the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company, and one of the enterprising business men of Traverse City, was born in Lenawee county, Michigan, on March I6th of the year 1852. His father, Samuel Dean, a native of New York, came to Michigan in an early day, and for a number of years 796 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. held the position of government land commissioner in this state. About the year 1859 he went to Chicago, from which time until his death, in 1864, he was chief clerk in the postoffice of that city. The maiden name of the subject's mother was Roby Jackson; she too was born and spent her childhood in New York, and departed this life in Michigan in the year 1857. Of the five children born to these parents, the following are living: Walter W., who owns and operates a farm near Traverse City; Charles D., a contractor and builder of San Francisco, California; Kate, now Mrs. Wilson, a widow living in Toledo, Ohio, and Frank A., whose name introduces this review. His tnother dying when he was but a small child, Frank A. Dean early became an inmate of his uncle's home in Michigan, and there remained until his fourteenth year, attending such schools as the country afforded. Leaving his relative's household at the age noted, he entered the railway service as a newsboy, and during the ensuing four,years ran between the cites of Chicago and Toledo, at the expiration of -which time he accepted positions in the transportation department on different railroads in the southwest and in Mexico, which he held during the sixteen years following. Severing his connection with the railway business at the end of that period, Mr. Dean came to Traverse City, Michigan, where in due time he engaged with the Hannah & Lay Mercantile Company as clerk, from which position he gradually rose to that of foreman of the grocery department, which responsible position he has held since the year 1900. He is esteemed by his subordinates as well as by his superiors, and his courteous relations with the public have not been the least among the many influences which have won for the Hannah & Lay Company the extensive patronage it now commands. Mr. Dean was married at Sparta, Illinois, December 13, 1882, to Miss Elizabeth Orr, who was born in that state on the Ioth day of September, 1859. Mrs. Dean's father is a Kentuckian and her mother a native of Illinois, both living in the latter state at the present time. Four children have blessed the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Dean, namely: Harry 0., born December 14, 1885, in Sparta, Illinois, and now a student in the Traverse City high school; Thomas Walter, born in Traverse City, May o1, 1890, and at this time pursuing his studies in the public schools; Leila Emma, also a student, was born August 7, 1892, and Frank A., whose birth occurred on the 12th day of January, 1897. Mr. Dean's political views are in harmony with the Democratic party, of which he has been a supporter ever since old enough to exercise the rights of citizenship. He has never held public office, but has labored earnestly to promote the interests of his friends and to advance the cause of the ticket. In matters purely local, however, he not infrequently votes for the best qualified candidate regardless of party ties, likewise in state affairs, when there are no great political principles or issues at stake. He subscribes to no religious creed or article of faith, but attends the Congregational church, to which his wife belongs, and donates freely of his means to its support. His fraternal relations are represented by the Masonic brotherhood and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, in both of which he is a zealous worker, exemplifying in his daily life the principles and precepts for which they stand. Mr. Dean has recently taken possession of a beau GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 797 I tiful home which he caused to be erected in the Third ward on one of the finest residence streets in Traverse City, this being the second dwelling built by him since becoming an honored citizen of this place. DANIEL WHIPPLE. Daniel Whipple, who was one hundred and three years old March I, 1903, while the oldest living resident of the Grand Traverse region, can hardly be classed as a age. At the age of fourteen he made up his mind to explore the great west as soon as he had reached his majority; however, at the age of twenty-one, his father persuaded him to stay at home another year and work for him on the farm at ten dollars a month. At the end of the year he drew his money, having saved it all, and started alone for the west. He made his way on foot to Buffalo, where he took passage on board a small sailing vessel for Chicago. There were at this time only two steamboats on the great lakes, both on Lake Erie. After a long voyage he arrived at Chicago, then only a small village, and from there pushed on west to the Mississippi. Here he fell in with a trapper named George Tasker and made his acquaintance. They became warm personal friends and hunted and trapped together for seven years. The two tramped through Wyoming, Dakota, Iowa and Minnesota, and during their stay together they had many exciting experiences. They had many encounters with the Indians and were several times captured, but always managed to escape with whole skins. In 1843 Mr. Whipple joined Gen. John C. Fremont's expedition and with him explored the great Salt Lake region, remaining with Fremont until he finished his trip. Mr. Whipple is very proud of his part in this expedition. About eight years before the war of the Rebellion Mr. Whipple met Kit Carson and they became warm friends and hunted together and had many encounters with the Indians together. During his forty years in the west, Uncle Dan crossed the Rockies six times. When the-war of the Rebellion broke out in 1861, although over sixty years old, Uncle Dan was patriotic and enlisted in the First Iowa Regiment, under UNCLE DAN WHIPPLE. pioneer of the region, as he came to Traverse only thirteen years ago, but be classed as a pioneer of the great west. Grand he can north He was born March I, 1800, of hardy New England stock at Franklinsville, Cataraugts county, New York. He lived with his parents until he was twenty-two years of 798 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. the first call of President Lincoln for seventy-five thousand volunteers, easily passing himself as twenty years younger than he really was. He enlisted for three months, but remained four years in the army. He was in the battle at Springfield, when General Lyon was shot. He was also in several other battles, among them Pittsburg Landing, Pea Ridge and Vicksburg. During his early life in the west Mr. Whipple became engaged to the daughter of a settler, but before they were married, and during his absence, the settlement was attacked by the Indians, who slaughtered many of the inhabitants and took the girl captive. WThipple was heartbroken, but gathered four other hunters and went in pursuit. They found the Indians, but dared not attack them, as they held up the girl before them to shield them from the hunters' rifles. The savages then proceeded to torture the poor captive before their eyes, by driving a sharpened stake through her body. Whipple and his companions, maddened by the sight, attacked the savages, but were themselves captured and marched off, the body of the girl being left with the stake driven through it. Whipple and his companions subsequently escaped. Whipple went in search of the girl, but it took him three days to reach the scene of the tragedy. He found the body and buried her. Mr. Whipple then made a vow to be revenged for the death of his loved one, and he kept that vow. He does not remerpber how many "good Indians" he has made, but he was satisfied with his efforts. This episode ended Mr. Whipple's love affairs and he has never married. Another incident which illustrates the character of Mr. Whipple and brings out in a clear light his humane and generous nature, must not go unrecorded. After an attack on an emigrant train, in which the men and women were slaughtered or made captive, Mr. Whipple and others arrived upon the scene. T'he devastation was complete, but on looking about he discovered what looked like a bundle of rags, but which on examination, he found to be a baby wrapped up in a shawl and blanket. He took the child to a half-breed family and hired them to take and care for it, giving them a cow in advance in pay for its care and support. He looked after and paid for the support of this child until she grew to womanhood and married. Mr. Whipple is very reticent about his travels and adventures and seldom can be induced to speak of them, but when he can be induced to talk about himself, he tells some very interesting incidents of his life in the great west which if given in detail would fill volumes and be most interesting reading. Uncle Daniel came to Michigan at the close of the war and settled at Big Rapids, coming to Grand Traverse in 1890. He lives with a warm personal friend, Marcus Akers, five miles from Traverse City in Leelanaw county. Uncle Dan comes from a long-lived family. He says his grandfather died at the age of one hundred and thirty-three, and his father at the age of one hundred and thirteen. His grandfather was a veteran of the Revolutionaty war and his father served in the war of 1812, while Uncle Dan himself served in the war of the Rebellion. Uncle Dan was one hundred and three years old on March I. 1903, hale and hearty, and quite frequently walks from his home to Traverse City, a distance of five miles. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 799 RICHARD W. ROUND. The subject of this sketch has been identified with the iron industry for many years in the United States and other countries, and is now the proprietor of a large foundry in Traverse City, one of the most successful establishments of the kind in northwestern Michigan. Familiar with every detail of the business and a manufacturer of more than local repute, he has done much to advance the iron interests in Traverse City and throughout the state, being an authority on all matters relating thereto. Richard W. Round, son of Daniel and Rebecca (Ward) Round, was born May 29, 1842, in England, being one of a family of six children, whose names are as follows: Rebecca, deceased; Phoebe, living at the old home; Arthur, in Illinois; Daniel, in Lancashire. England; Samuel, a moulder, living in Detroit, and the subject, who was the third in order of birth. Until ten years old Richard W. attended private and parochial schools at his native place, and at that early age began working in a rolling mill, taking up the moulder's trade later. While thus engaged, he attended at intervals for about two years different evening schools, which training, with the elementary instruction referred to above, constituted the sum total of his educational discipline. After becoming efficient in his trade, he followed the same at different places in his native land until 1869, when he went to Canada, in which country he spent the ensuing three years as a journeyman workman in various establishments. At the expiration of that time came to the United States, and after working for one year at Detroit he went to Port Huron, Michigan, where, in partnership with his brother-inlaw, Mr. Rudge, he operated a foundry for a period of eight years, meeting with encouraging success in the business. Dispos-! ing of his interest in the concern to his partner at the end of the time noted, Mr. Round went again to Detroit, where he became identified with the iron industry, forming a partnership with Mr. Jackson, which, under the firm name of Jackson & Round, lasted about two years, when it was dissolved by mutual consent, the subject retiring. Mr, Round next went to Bay City and accepted a position in the Industrial Iron Works, at that place, later resigning his place, after which he was engaged for some time in Manistee and Grand Rapids, respectively. From the latter city he went to Elk Rapids on special work, thence, in 1882, to Traverse City, where he remained one year, and then changed his abode to East Jordan, Michigan, where he became associated with his son-in-law, William Malpass, in operating a foundry, continuing the business with marked success during the ensuing four years, at the expiration of which time he disposed of his interests to his partner and went south. After working for some years as a journeyman in various southern states, Mr. Round returned to Traverse City, Michigan, where he was employed about one year by other parties, at the end of which period he engaged in the iron business upon his own responsibility, becoming interested in a foundry, which under his able management soon became the leading establishment of the kind in the place. He remained at the head of the business for a period of six years, during which time its magnitude and scope were greatly enlarged, and he then sold out and purchased another foundry, which, under the 800 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. firm name of Round & Son, is still in successful operation. Mr. Round's business career has been active and financially successful, and he is now one of the well-to-do men of Traverse City, owning valuable property, including a fine modern residence on East Eighth street, and another beautiful home on the corn'er of Court and Boardman, which he now occupies. He is public-spirited and progressive, a leader in all enterprises for the improvement of the city, and a broad minded, representative citizen in every sense of the term. In politics he is a Democrat and an active party worker, but by no means an office seeker; he served two terms on the board of education, but resigned that position on account of his election to the city council, in which body he was a leading spirit for about the same length of time, doing much during his incumbency to promote the varied interests of the municipality and stimulate public improvements. Socially, he is a member of the Masonic fraternity, in which he has risen to the degree of Sir Knight, and also belongs to the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and Ancient Order of United Workmen, besides being identified since his twenty-second year with the North American Iron Moulders Union. Mr. Round is not only in affluent circumstances, as far as material wealth is concerned, but stands high socially and possesses in a marked degree the sterling qualities of manhood and citizenship that win and retain public esteem. He was married in 1863 to Miss Frances Mary Hickin, a native of England, born on March 22, 1844. This union has been blessed with six children: Alice, wife of William Malpass, who operated an iron foundry at East Jordan; Florence lives in Traverse City; Marion, wife of Harry Harris; Emily, who married William Brown; Harry, who is associated with his father in the iron business, and Richard D., an employe in the foundry of Round & Son. Mr. Round was reared according to the Congregational faith, and still inclines to the doctrines of that church, Mrs. Round being an Episcopalian. FRANK R. GOODRICH. Prominent among Grand Traverse county's successful and representative business men is Frank R. Goodrich, dealer in real estate, the record of whose life and achievements forms no inconsiderable chapter in the history of northwestern Michigan. His career has been eminently honorable, as well as active, and the worthy position he to-day occupies in the world of affairs has been won by sheer force and energy, directed by those correct principles without which no advancement or financial emolument, however great or liberal, can be truthfully termed successful. Mr. Goodrich was born August 16, 1856, in Genesee county, Michigan, having first seen the light of day in the town of Goodrich, which place received its name in honor of his father, Reuben Goodrich, for many years a leading citizen of that part of the state. When Frank R. was about four years old, his parents moved to Traverse City, the schools of which place he attended until a youth of fourteen, this constituting the sum total of his intellectual discipline as far as books are concerned. For a few years afterward he remained at home assisting his father with such labor as the latter had in JOSEPH E. GREILICK. GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 801 hand, then worked in the lumber yards and in the woods, and by successive steps gradually passed through the varied departments of the lumber business, becoming equally efficient in all. In due time he was made manager of large lumber interests in various parts of Michigan, superintended different mills, dealt in timber and lumber, and in addition to these lines of endeavor, also bought and sold large bodies of timber lands in this and other states. For some years past he has devoted his attention exclusively to real estate, in which his success has been marked, having made a number of extensive deals in timber lands, one of which was a sale of twenty-six thousand acres in a single tract, others being but little less in magnitude. Mr. Goodrich is now interested in nunmber of large blocks of land in the finest lumber districts of Michigan, in addition to which he also deals in city and country realty, besides owning valuable property in Traverse City, Grand Traverse county, being one of the most successful real estate men in the northwestern part of the state. Mr. Goodrich is enterprising and publicspirited in all the terms imply, and as a wide awake, up-to-date business man, interested in all that is calculated to benefit his city, county and state, yields precedence to few if any of his fellow citizens. While interested in political and public questions, he is not a politician, his business being of such a nature as to preclude active participation in party affairs. He is, however, pronounced in his allegiance to the Republican party, but has never aspired to office, having no ambition in that direction nor any desire to be a leader in any but business and industrial enterprises. Like the majority of progressive men, hie is a member of the Masonic fraternity, also belongs to the Knights of Pythias and Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and though not identified with any religious organization, he is a believer in Christianity and a liberal contributor to the Congregational church, of which his wife is a communicant. The domestic chapter in the history of Mr. Goodrich's life dates from 1892, on*February 13th of which year was solemnized his marriage with Miss Myrtie Thompson, a native of Tuscola county, Michigan, born November 19, 1872' Mrs. Goodrich is the only child of George C. and Carrie (Van Wormer) Thompson, both natives of New York, but for a number of years residents of Michigan. JOSEPH E. GREILICK. Among the representative business men of Traverse City the late Joseph E. Greilick, for a number of years a leading manufacturer, as well as a public spirited citizen, occupied a deservedly conspicuous place. He was born in Austria September I I, 1834, and came with his parents to the United States in 1848, spending the ensuing four years in New York City, during which time he attended night schools, thus adding to the preliminary instruction received in his native land. From New York he came with his parents and the rest of the family to Traverse City in 1854. Here, together with his brothers, he assisted his father in building and operating a sawmill at Greilickville, a short distance north of the then village of Traverse City. Afterwards for a number of years he was employed by the firm of Hannah, Lay & Company, doing carpenter and mill work. In the spring of 1867 he entered 802 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. -----~ into partnership with the firm of Hannah, Lay & Company and engaged in the business of manufacturing sash, doors, blinds, moldings, and frames, and in dressing lumber, flooring, ceiling, etc. The business prospered and in 1879 he bought the interests of his partners, built a large new factory on Bay street and conducted the business alone, which did a large and lucrative business in furnishing all kinds of finished building material, becoming the leading factory of the kind in the city. Mr. Greilick managed the business very successfully as long as he lived and established the business on a firm and enduring basis, and the plant is now regarded as one of the most valuable manufacturing properties in this section of the state. Since the death of Mr. Greilick, it has been operated under the auspices of his estate, the management in the meanwhile being able and the earnings of the establishment liberal and satisfactory in every respect. Mr. Greilick, on August 4, 1868, was united in marriage, at Benzonia, Michigan, Michigan, with Miss Nancy Case, who was born in 1847 in Ohio, being descended from an old New England family that figured in the early history of Connecticut. Seven children resulted from this union, the oldest *of whom, Clarence L., born August 14, 1869, is at this time one of the managers of the factory referred to above and a business man of excellent repute; he is a married man and the father of two children, and, like the other members of his family, highly esteemed by all who know him. Ernest W., the second son, was born June 16, 1871; he is also interested in the lumber industry of Traverse City, being in the employ of the South Side Lumber Company and living with his mother; Amy E., born November 17, 1873, is the wife of Clair B. Curtis, of Traverse City, and the mother of one son; Frances L., whose birth occurred July I, 1877, is now Mrs. Albert Haviland, of this place; Arthur L. was born July 6, 1879, is a single man, living with his mother, and works in the mill owned by the estate; Edna M., born May 26, 1887, is still a member of the home circle, as is also Josephine, who was born April, 1893, and who is now a student in the schools of the city. Politically, Joseph E. Greilick was a Republican, but never held office nor aspired to any kind of public distinction. He was an active member of the Masonic fraternity, and, with his wife and one daughter, belonged to the Congregational church of Traverse City, to the support of which he was for many years a liberal contributor. In his business affairs he was especially fortunate, everything to which he turned his hands having prospered. He was at the time of his death possessed of a very comfortable fortune, consisting of valuable city property, including the manufacturing plant referred to and the beautiful modern residence on West Bay street near the city limits which the family still occupies. After an active and useful life, fraught with much good to the community and to his fellow men in general, Mr. Greilick's earthly career was terminated September 27, 1892, in the sixtieth year of his life. ROBERT P. GARLAND. Few of the native sons of Grand Traverse county can claim as long a residence within its borders as Robert P. Garland, a well-known, enterprising and popular agri GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 808 culturist of Peninsula township, who was born in this township, May 8, 1849. His parents were John and Mary Garland, pioneer settlers of this locality. The father was a native of Canada and when he had reached years of maturity he sought a companion for life's journey and was fortunate in winning the hand of the mother of the subject. She was born in Ireland, but in early life had come from the Emerald Isle to the new world and lived in Canada until she accompanied her husband to Michigan. They became residents of Peninsula township and there lived upon a farm until death, their home being blessed with the presence of nine sons, who were of much assistance to their father in cultivating the fields and performing the other farm work. Mr. Garland died when sixty years of age and his wife, surviving him for several years, died at the age of sixty-six. Robert Garland, the eighth of their family, has always lived in Peninsula township. He obtained his education in the common schools and the "temple of learning" was a somewhat primitive structure during his early youth, but was improved as the years passed by and the country became more thickly populated. Farm duties also claimed much of his attention and he was early trained to habits of industry and perseverance. Lessons of integrity were also instilled into his mind and have colored his career in manhood. Mr. Garland was married in Peninsula township to Miss Flora F. Jones, who was born on the Ist of March, 1863, in Kalamazoo county, Michigan, a daughter of Erastus and Rena C. (Fairman) Jones, both of whom are natives of this state. The wedding of the young couple was celebrated on the 22d of November, 1883, and their home is now shared by their five children, three sons and two daughters: Frank W., Fred H., Flora B., Rena F. and Robert. The family circle still remains unbroken by the hand of death and the sons assist in the farm work. The home farm comprises one hundred and twenty acres of arable land, of which eighty acres has been brought under cultivation,-transformed from its primitive condition into productive fields or rich pastures. He keeps on hand a good grade of farm animals to carry on the work, and in his labors he shows that he is thoroughly familiar with the progressive methods of farming which characterize the twentieth century. While Mr. Garland has never sought the honors or emoluments of public office, he is yet interested in township affairs and is a citizen of worth because his influence is ever thrown on the side of right and improvement. ABIJAH B. DUNLAP. Abijah B. Dunlap, deceased, was born in Ovid, Seneca county, New York, August 29, 1809. Reared upon a farm, he enjoyed the educational privileges of farmers' sons, until entering Ovid Academy, preparatory to taking a college course. From this he graduated well fitted to begin a college course, which he did by entering Yale in 1830, and from which he graduated in 1833. For some years he followed farming, teaching in the winter, until in 1846 he entered the theological seminary at Auburn, New York, from which he graduated and entered upon a pastorate at Saline, Washtenaw county, Michigan, which he filled for two years, when, compelled by ill I 804 GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. I health, he returned to the east. After recovery he became pastor of the Presbyterian church of his native town, remaining three years. On June 29, 1853, Mr. Dunlap was married to Miss Mary A. Wright, of the Ingham University, at Le Roy, New York, where he accepted a position as professor of ancient languages and mental and moral philosophy. Later himself and wife came to Janesville, Michigan, together taking charge of the public school, but ill health again compelled him to abandon his work and, returning to New York, he entered the Elmira Female College as teacher of literature and ancient languages, remaining there until 1858, when he was obliged to give up all literary pursuits and return to farming on account of serious trouble with his eyes. Mr. Dunlap's attention having been called to the Grand Traverse region about this time, he, in the fall of 1862, came to Traverse City on a prospecting tour, which resulted in the purchase of a large tract of land in Elmwood, Leelanaw county. He remained in Traverse City through the winter and the following spring his wife and her sister, Miss Sophia Wright, came and then began their pioneer life on a new farm, in a comparatively new portion of the state. He spent the remaining years of his life on this farm, devoting his best energies to its cultivation. Other farms adjoining were cleared and neighbors became in time many and near at hand. At this time the representative district was composed of ten counties, and in 1864 Mr. Dunlap was elected to the legislature. He was a ready debater, worked for the interests of the section that he represented, and that his services were appreciated was shown by a re-election for a second term. Politically, Mr. Dunlap was a Republican until the Greeley campaign, when he supported Mr. Greeley and from that time forward supported the Democratic party. He was president of the first agricultural society organized in the region. He was elected and served one term as prosecuting attorney of Leelanaw county, and for many years he held the office of supervisor of Elmwood township, and both himself and wife did much to advance the interests of education in Leelanaw county. Mr. Dunlap passed away June 17, 1895, and was laid beside his wife in the family lot in Oakwood cemetery, her death having occurred a few years previous. They have left marks of their labor, and will long live in the esteem and memory of their many friends. The sister is still living and has a comfortable home in Traverse City. WILBER E. CAMPBELL. Wilber E. Campbell was born at Union City, Michigan, April 18, 1862, and is therefore forty-one years of age. His father was a blacksmith and his vocation called him to locate in a number of villages in Michigan, always looking for the Utopia, consequently the son, Wilber E., was reared to the life of a small town boy and as the moves were frequent he had to meet the buffeting that every strange boy meets with when he moves into a new town. A common school education was acquired until, at the age of twelve, another move took him into the then wild pineries of Isabella county, Michigan, where GRAND TRAVERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. 805 -- the lumber camp and logging fallow occupied more of his attention than book lore, so at the age of sixteen, four years out of school, he abandoned the woods, and, with a few worldly possessions, struck for southern Michigan to find a place to work for his board and go to school. The place was found on a farm near Union City. Four months' schooling here and then a year on a farm in Illinois, then back home. Working by the month on a farm until nineteen, his schooling had been somewhat neglected, two months of select school and a winter term at the district school at Hoytville, Eaton county, Michigan, sufficing until, at the age of twenty, two months more of district school completed his school days. Three years elapsed, during which time he spent nearly two years with his father in learning the blacksmith trade and through encouragement of parents and friends, he dug up the old text books and at odd times ran over them. He attended a teachers' examination and secured a certificate. The family was then living at Eastport, Michigan, and for six years during winter he taught school and in summer worked at various occupations. Mr. Campbell was married in 1889 to Frances E. Sweet, of Eastport, Michigan, and has one child, a girl, eight years old. He was engaged in mercantile pursuits in Traverse City for a time after leaving the school, and afterwards engaged in newspaper work. He has published the Leader seven years, four at Empire, Leelanaw county, as the Empire Leader, and the rest of the time at Northport as the Northport Leader, at which place he is still located. He is a Republican in politics and an aggressive one in political reforms. He has had much to- do with the recent growth of Northport in advertising its advantages and helped materially in launching the railroad there and various other enterprises. LORRAINE KNIGHT GIBBS. Lorraine K. Gibbs was born in Sheboygan county, Wisconsin, December io, 1844. His father, Benjamin L. Gibbs, was born in I8o8 and died in 1869. His mother, Adelia B. Gibbs, was born in 1821 and is still living. They were married at Binghamton, New York, in June, 1841. Benjamin L. Gibbs was a merchant tailor at Binghamton, New York, and migrated from there to Shehoygan county, Wisconsin, driving a team the entire distance, being one of the earliest settlers in the state of Wisconsin. He had a contract from the government for cutting out a military road from Green Bay to Milwaukee. The subject of this sketch commenced his education at the district school in Gibbsville, Wisconsin, and from there went to the high school at Sheboygan. After leaving school he entered the army in the Civil war, also did service in the western Indian campaign and was mustered out in the spring of 1866. After being mustered out of the army he was engaged as a partner with his father for a time in the mercantile business. He came to Mayfield, Grand Traverse county, in 1868, and has been engaged in the lumber business ever since. His brother, the late James I. Gibbs, came to Michigan in 1872, and they together formed a partnership known as Gibbs Brothers, which continued until 1895, when L. K. sold his interest to 806 GRAND TRA VERSE AND LEELANAW COUNTIES. his brother, since which time he and his son, Harry L. Gibbs, have conducted a lumber plant west of Kingsley. Until recently Mr. Gibbs has held the position of postmaster most of the time since he was twenty-one years of age. He was one of the original stockholders and prime movers in the establishment of the Boardman River Electric Light and Power Company, in which he still holds an interest. He is also interested in the proposed electric railroad between Traverse City and Old Mission, and is doing all he can to promote this much needed enterprise. He is a Republican in politics and, while he never accepts office for himself, he seldom fails to make his influence felt in the conventions of his party. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and is also an Elk. Mr. Gibbs was married in Lima township, Sheboygan county, Wisconsin, May i, 1867, to Mary Amelia Humphrey. Five children have been born unto them, one of whom, Mary L., died in infancy. The others, who are all living, are Harry L., Edith M., Roy H. and Ethel L. 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