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THE BURTON
HISTORICAL
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1 1

HISTORY OF
ST. JOSEPH
BY
L. BENJ. REBER
Published Under the Auspices of
ST. JOSEPH CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
ST. JOSEPH, MICHIGAN

I                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                I




A. B. MORSE COMPANY, ST. JOSEPH, MICHIGAN
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PREFACE.
The writing of this history has been a labor of love.
After many years of wandering through various states, the
writer first saw Saint Joseph a score or more years ago and
exclaimed in rapture:
"Here shall we pitch our tents, this shall be our abiding
place." We have dug out the facts for this history through
weeks and months of interesting but arduous toil. Some will
wonder where in the world we secured so much information,
some again will probably say that we have left out many
things. This thing we know; this history should have been
written before the old pioneers passed on as much of Saint
Joseph's history existed in the memories of our old settlers.
A very few of them were left, these we have interviewed.
We are indebted to the files of old newspapers, old and almost forgotten journals and records, books which were published long ago which referred briefly and sketchily to Saint
Joseph, and the personal recollections of some of our
silver-haired citizens for the facts we have recorded. We
have received both aid and encouragement from many citi-.
zens-Louis Wallace, George Pixley, Ogden Wells, Professor Clarke, Ray Davis, Stanley Morton, Harry Hughson,
Charles Stratton, Charles Russell, Harry Harper, L. J. Mer.
chant, Mrs. May Graham Hull, Mrs. W. A. Preston, Miss
Mary Finn, and very many others have given cheerfully the
information we needed. There is not one word of fiction in
the book. Every word is or can be substantiated by record
and date. It is by no means faultless but it is accurate. To
the readers' charitable consideration we submit this history.




CONTENTS
CHAPTER I. THE PRE-SETTLEMENT PERIOD.
The Mound Builders-Pere Marquette-LaSalle-Early Indians-The Fort on the Bluff-Mission Station-Burnett's
Trading Station-The Lost Settlement..................... 1
CHAPTER II. THE VILLAGE PERIOD.
Cession of Indian Lands-Saranac Harbor-First Permanent
Settlers-First Marriage, First Birth-Birth of the VillageThe Big Boom-Period      of Depression-Village OfficersVillage  Directory.......................................11
CHAPTER III. BIRTH OF THE CITY.
The Late Village Period-A New Town Across the MarshIntense Rivalry Between the Two Towns-The First Baseball
Series Between the Two Towns-Jim      Clark Could ShootComing of the Street Cars-City      Charter Granted-The
County Seat Fight-The Men who Brought the County Seat
to Saint Joseph-Here Comes the Band-Laying of the Corner
Stone-Building of the Courthouse and Jail-Dedication of
Buildings...31
Buildings....................................................31
CHAPTER IV. THE FORMATIVE PERIOD OF CITY HISTORY.
Some Conditions in the New City-The New WaterworksSewer System   Built-Restriction of City Limits-Settlement
WVith Benton Harbor-Street Paving Begun-New      Fire Department With Steam Fire Engine Bought-History ocf Fires
in Saint Joseph-Erection of Monuments-To 1905, the Period
of Expansion........................................48
CHAPTER V. LAKE AND RIVER.
Early River Conditions-Shipbuilding at Saint Joseph-The
First Steamer to Enter the Local Harbor-River Boats and
Boatmen-Famous Characters Among River and Lake MenHarbor Improvements-Wreck of the Hippocampus-Wreck
of the Alpena-Wreck of the City of Duluth-Mysterious Fate
of the Chicora-The Eastland Disaster-Present River Co'nditions.....................................................62
CHAPTER VI. CHURCH AND SCHOOL.
Hiram Brown Loved the Lord a Little-The Methodists First
in the New Field-Congregational Church History-The Roman Catholic Church Established-Catholic School-German
Baptist Church Established-Church of the Evangelical Association-Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church and SchoolFirst Universalist Church-Christ Episcopal Church Established; It Dies But Is Born Again-Saint Joseph African
Methodist Episcopal Church--Young Men's Christian Association-Swedish Lutheran Church-Zion Evangelical the Youngest Church in Saint Joseph-Other Church Organizations




The First School in Saint Joseph-The Old White Schoolhouse; It Is Still Standing-Some Early Teachers and School
Boards-Union School Built-Professor Loomis and the High
School-School History Since Professor Clarke Took Charge
Years  Ago............................................... 81
CHAPTER VII. MISCELLANEOUS HISTORY.
Hotels From the First Tavern to Date-The First Doctor and
Others to Date-The Press of Saint Joseph to Date-Saint
Joseph's Place in United States Wars-Gold Star Heroes of
the Late War-The American Legion and Others.............97
CHAPTER VIII. BANKS AND BANKING, LODGES AND CLUBS
The First Bank in Saint Joseph-Wildcat Banks-Union
Bank-Commercial     State  Becomes   Commercial National
Bank-Masons First Lodge in Saint Joseph-Oddfellows
Next-Other Lodges and      Clubs-Rotary History-Kiwanis
History-Elks............................................114
CHAPTER IX. THE PERIOD            OF EXPANSION. CITY HISTORY TO DATE.
The Necessity for New Improvements-The Highway Bridge
Question-Morrison Channel Bridge Question-State Street
Bridge Question-The North Side Opened for DevelopmentBooster Clubs and Bond Issues for Industrial DevelopmentCharter Revision   and  City  Merger Question-New     City
Buildings-Commercial Club     Organized   and  Commercial
Secretary Engaged-Traffic Bureau Organized-New Booster
Meetings  and   New   Plans for   Expansion-City   History
Brought Down to the End of the Year 1924.................. 130







HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH
CHAPTER I.
THE PRE-SETTLEMENT PERIOD
THE MOUND BUILDERS-PERE MARQUETTE-LA SALLE-EARLY
SETTLERS--TI-E FORT ON THE BLUFF-MISSION STATION-BURNETT'S TRADING POST-THE LOST SETTLEMENT.
T  HE valley of the Saint Joseph River was a favorite abiding place for mankind centuries before the appearance
of Europeans. That mysterious race, the Mound Builders,
occupied the valley from the river's mouth to, its source, living
in peaceful happiness and with an astonishing degree o-f
civilization.
On the vast plains bordering the river they laid out their
garden beds with a mathematical exactitude which bespeaks
an accurate knowledge of astronomy and geometry. These
garden beds were raised plots of ground a rod in width and
varying from one to ten rods in length. Such plots were laid
out in long stretches and parallel. They were raised above
the surrounding ground and bordered with sunken pathways.
Plots covering over a hundred acres were plentiful before
the early settlers leveled the ground. They were undoubtedly
used for raising food crops and must have taken many years
toi complete.
In addition to, these garden beds were many great mounds.
These mounds were raised very high and of various shapes
suggesting prehistoric animals. With all their knowledge
of science, the mound builders must have used stone tools
and lived in wooden houses, as they left little trace of their
presence beside the garden beds and mounds. From whence




HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

they came and where they went no one knows. The earliest
settlers found their garden beds and mounds overgrown with
huge trees centuries old. The Indians found here by our
first settlers had faint traditions of an earlier race.
The pioneers were kept so busy establishing themselves
that there was no, room for sentiment in their lives. The
garden beds and mounds were leveled; the few relics disclosed were thrown away with indifference. Later day
scientists have found it a difficult task to unravel the mystery
of the mound builders. We can commend them for their
intelligence in selecting the beautiful valley of the Saint Joe
as a place of residence. They were here, they were born,
grew up, loved and married, cultivated their fields and in
turn were laid away. So ends the tale of the first inhabitants
of the Saint Joseph Valley.
The first visit of civilized man of which we have any
record occurred in 1669, when three Jesuits, Allouez, Dublou
and the famous missionary, poet, priest, Marquette entered
the mouth of the river. They named the river the "Miamis"
from a branch of the Miami tribe found here at that time.
Marquette and Joliet again visited the river in 1673, on a
return trip from the Mississippi valley when they ascended
the Kankakee river to the portage at South Bend, crossed over
and descended the Saint Joe to its mouth.
The famous missionary Marquette was destined to make
one more visit on his last trip from the great valley. He
could have taken the lake route from Cheecaugou but he preferred the river trip across the portage and down the river he
loved so well. Here at the river's mouth the dying poetpriest landed and spent the night in a hastily constructed
shelter of bark and brush. Here he knelt and consecrated
the river and its lands to God and the Angels. He was loath




PRE-SETTLEMENT PERIOD

to depart from this scene of rich beauty but he must hasten
on that he might die among his friends. His emaciated form
was tenderly lifted into the canoe while his sad eyes gazed
their last upon the river he loved so well. No monument,
city, village or town in Berrien county commemorates the
namle of our first civilized visitor but his memory lingers in
the grateful hearts of those who know and love the "River
of Heart's Delight," the beautiful Old Saint Joe.
In November, 1679, came Rene Robert Cavalier de LaSalle. Here was a man of a different stripe from the gentle
Marquette. A rollicking, daring, adventure-loving son of
France was he; a true son of the Church but in no, sense a
missionary. His purpose was to add rich lands to the dominion of his royal master and incidentally fill his own coffers
from, the fur trade. It was his vast ambition to establish
a line of forts and trading posts from Canada to the mouth
of the Mississippi. In accordance with his plan he set forth
from Montreal with a large force of men and abundant supplies. At Cheeboygan he loaded the "Griffin" with furs and
sent her back for more supplies while he went on down the
lake. When he arrived at the mouth of the Saint Joseph
he at once saw that here was an excellent site for a trading
post. His first act was to clear away the brush on the bluff,
where his monument now stands, and build a fort of hewn
logs forty by eighty feet. This fort he named "Fort Miamis." LaSalle's trusted lieutenant, Tonte, came in December with additional men and supplies. Here the party wintered, busying themselves with clearing away the brush and
trading with the Indians.
The next spring LaSalle took part of the men and voyaged
up river to the portage and thence to the valley of the
Illinois, where he established another post at "Starved Rock."




HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

That summer the men he had left behind constructed a saw
pit and sawed out the timbers and planks for a vessel to sail
the lakes. This was the first vessel ever constructed at Saint
Joseph. The summer of 1681 was spent at the fort with
two hundred Abenakis, Mohicans, Shawnees and Delawares
who sought shelter from the fierce Iroquois. With LaSialle
was the Franciscan father, Hennepin, who, became the historian of his time. It is from a perusal of his' letters that the
writer has gained this information.
During this summer of 1681 the name of the river was
changed fromr Miamis to, Saint Joseph, as the mission priests
always speak of it by that name in their writings. By whom
and under what circumstances; the new name was bestowed
history sayeth not, but it was doubtless done in honor o'f the
patron saint of those early fathers. All that the writer has
been able to glean is that the Jesuit priest Marest, writing
to his governor-general in 1700, mentions the mission at the
mouth of the River Saint Joiseph and urges' it's continuance as
a protecting influence for the Miamis Indians. He advises
against the removal of the mission, giving as his reaso;n that
the Saint Joseph is the most important m'ission post in all the
lower lake region. He also, p'rophesies that the place will
doubtless become the site of a great city; a prediction we
have seen well realized.
LaSalle's original fort stood a little north and west of
what is now the Elk's Club House. At one time it was
burned by deserters but was rebuilt later. Its moldering remains were cleared away by our first settlers, the brush removed and many a flourishing crop of wheat and corn raised
where now stand towering blocks of brick and stone.
Ini 1712, Father Marest, writing to his governor-general,
mentions that the mission Saint Joseph is in a flourishing




PRE-SETTLEMENT PERIOD                  5
condition. A number of French Canadian settlers had com'e
and some converts had been made among the Pottawatomies.
We might mention here that the mission at Niles was not
established until 1721, so that Saint Joseph has a valid claim
to being the first white settlement in southern Michigan. The
files of the Michigan Historical Society yield ample evidence
that there was a large and prosperous colony here at that erlv
date. What became of that colony is a mystery. There is a
faint tradition, mentioned to the writer by men nearing: the
century mark, which explains the disappear-ance o'f the colony.
According 'to this tradition, the colony got into trouble with
the Indians. They were attacked by a large force and driven
up the river. They made their last stand at what is now
known as Indian Fields at BerrienS Springs. Here ensued
a last desperate fight in which many Indians and' all the whites
were killed. A large part of the bluffs at Indian Fields have
washed away and very old settlers recall seeing many relics
and human remains washed down the banks. These relics
and remains were such as to prove that white men had died
in the great fight.
The fort at Saint Joseph was visited in 1720' by Charlevoix. The post was subsequently captured and' destroyed by
Pontiac's Indians in 1763, and from that date the bluff site
reverted to a wilderness' traversed only by an occasional Indian.  During very early timesi in our village history the
settlers graded down the bluff and while so doing found many
skeletons, some with hair still attached to the skulls. Among
these skeletons were found some silver brooches which gave
rise to the impression that the remains were those of the mission priests and settlers. An' examination of the books of the
trader, Burnett, proves that this opinio'n was erroneous. An
invoice of Burnett's stock shows an item' o'f three thousand




HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

silver brooches valued at twenty cents each. These brooches
were undoubtedly traded to the Indians for furs, so the remains were doubtless those of Indians. Another of Burnett's books shows that his agent, Baptiste Laline, took with
him eleven hundred silver brooches to exchange for skins.
The famous trader, Kinzie, was also one of Burnett's agents
and took at one time two thousand silver brooches to his post
to Cheecaugou. Within recent years skeletons have been
discovered near Saint Joseph with silver brooches among the
bones and local papers have again fallen into the error of assuming the remains those of priests.
The later history of the fort at Saint Joseph is wrapped
in endless confusion. There is a well authenticated claim
which locates Fort Saint Joseph at Niles. Other historians
advance equally strong proof that it was located at Bertrand.
Parkman ridicules these claims and gives convincing proof
that the fort was located at the mouth of the river on the
site of LaSalle's fort. We do have proof that a post was
maintained by the French on the site of our city and the
lilies of France did wave from a tall staff set on the bluff.
The post was surrendered to the English a year after the
fall of Quebec, when Lieutenant Lesslie and a squad of
soldiers took possession and raised the Lion of Old England.
The English were reserved and haughty where the French
had been courteous and friendly. The Indians were angered
to such an extent that a large number of them joined Pontiac
in his siege of Detroit. It was the young Pottawatomie
squaw, Ongenash, who betrayed Pontiac, was driven into exile by him and wailed her life away in the Devil's HFole near
our city.
Fort Saint Joseph was captured at one time by Spaniards
from Saint Louis, who held it just long enough to raise their




PRE-SETTLEMENT PERIOD

flag and proclaim the Saint Joseph Valley as the property of
their king. Again the English took possession and held the
post until it was surrendered to our country in 18412. Leaving out conflict of opinion regarding the actual site of Fort
Saint Joseph, we still have the fact that the flags of four
nations have waved over the site of our city. Added to these
may be the flag of Virginia, as that state owned this land until
the Ordinance o'f 1787 set apart the Northwest Territory.
When war broke out in 1812, between England and
America, the English sent John Chondanais to Saint Joseph
to insure the loyalty of the Indians. The Americans sent
Baptiste Chondanais on the same errand. John was the elder
and was the uncle of Baptiste. They arrived at the same
time and called the Indians together for a powwow. John
spoke first and then refused to allow his nephew to speak.
He became so angry that he attempted to, put Baptiste under
arrest. Baptiste drew a line and defied his uncle to advance.
John crossed the line whereupon Baptiste shot him dead.
The body of John Chondanais, England's envoy, sleeps in
an unmarked grave in an old vineyard on Langley Avenue.
The Indians set up a great clamor but were appeased by the
present of ten kegs of rum from the store of the trader, Burnett.
We leave the fort now while we go back a few years and
again take up, the history of settlement. William Burnett,
a trader from the Cumberland Gap, was the first permanent
settler at Saint Joseph. He established a trading post a mile
up the river at the foot of what is now Michigan Avenue, in
the year 1785. Here he built his log store and warehouse
and here were built many cabins to house his numerous retainers. He employed sloops and schooners to' bring his
trade goods, from' Detroit and take back loads of furs and




HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

forest produce. His vessels, the "General Hunter" and the
"Iroquois," were the first actually recorded as making this
their home port.   Burnett married an Indian woman
named "Kawkena," the sister of Chief Topinabe, and thus
secured for himself peace and security. This Kawkena was
a remarkable woman with amazing business sense. She carried on the business for years after Burnett's death. At one
time a party of drunken Indians decided to murder Burnett.
The trader heard them and cowered in his house, but Kawkena threw open the door, stalked forth and with blazing eyes
comimanded the Indians to go home.
Burnett sent his traders as far south as the junction of
the Kankakee and Illinois rivers; to the banks o'f the Wabash
in what is now Indiana; established a post at Bertrand and
one at Chleecaugou. The famous Kinzie who, did so, much
for the whites at the Dearborn Massacre was one of Burnett's traders.
Only fragments of Burnett's books are available to historians but these show the extent of his business. The mranifest o'f the "Iroquois" for May, 18oi, shows 1695 pounds of
maple sugar and eleven thousand skins of various kinds shippied tot Detroit at one load. The "General Hunter" carried
out a little later 700 deer skins, four barrels of sugar, and
nine hundred assorted skins' of otter, coon, muskrat and bear.
The day books show numerous items, of sales consisting
of loaves of bread, cloth, brooches, bolards and boots. That
the settlement was extensive is proved by the following entries:
March, 1792, To cash paid tailor,
August, 1792, To cash paid doctor,
August, I800, P. Lisson, bought of Wm. Burnett, one
cow and calf for $550.oo' (probably scrip).




PRE-SETTLEMENT PERIOD

August 18oo, To butter, one lb. at $2.oo.
Sept. 1800, To sawing 377 boards cr, to, J. Nainville.
His charge accounts show so many loaves: of bread sold
that he must have employed a baker. Evidently a doctor and
a tailor were in the settlement. Very many French Canadians were employed as laborers, traders and trappers and
these had their families at the settlement.
Burnett set out an extensive orchard which was tended
with care. Our earliest settlers dug up and transplanted
many of the trees to their village lots. Some of the trees
were topworked later. One lone apple tree is all that re.
miains of the old orchard at this writing though a few years
ago there were nearly twenty yet bearing.
When Burnett died, Kawkena carried on the business
with success until she tolo was gathered unto her fathers. The
sons did not inherit their parents' abilities and the business
languished. When our early settlersi first came Burnett's
polst had dwindled to, near extinction. The log houses gradually rotted down or were torn down for wood. One lone
apple tree remains to mark the spot where once stood a busy
mart of trade. With the aid of a fertile imagination, one
may stand on the bluff where the German Baptist orphan's
home is built and reconstruct a busy village thronging with
women and children. One miay look over the bluff and see
an extensive Indian village on the flats where now smoking
chimneys denote a busy scene of industry. Who knows but
that the spirits of Kawkena and her famous relatives, Topinabe, Pokagon and Weesaw, yet linger among the scenes of
their earthly lives. The writer has heard many people say
that the corner of Michigan and Langley avenues is haunted'.
Perhaps those famous old Indians are really lingering among
the scenes they loved so, well.




IO

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

With the passing of Burnett's, the encroaching forests
once more closed in upon the bluffs and a howling wilderness,
peopled only by roving Indian or savage beast, succeeded
this once busy mart of trade. Apparently the prediction of
the old priest had failed as two thriving settlements had vanished or been engulfed by the implacable forests. Fort Saint
Joseph was a heap of moldering logs; Burnett's was a lonely
vista of crumbling cabins and sagging roofs; the river rolled
its dark flood with never a sail to ruffle the surface; gossiping
women and prattling children no, longer lent cheer to the
brush covered bluffs; even the Indians had forsaken the
mouth of the river.
How that wilderness was once again peopled, this time
permanently; how men once again battled with the forest, this
time to win; how the merry sounds of laughing women and
prattling children once again were heard; all of this will be
told in our next chapter.




CHAPTER II.

THE VILLAGE PERIOD
CESSION OF INDIAN LANDS-SARANAC HARBOR-FIRST PERMANENT
SETTLERS-FIRST MARRIAGE, FIRST BIRTH-BIRTH OF THE VILLAGE-BLACK HAWK WAR-THE BIG BOOM-PERIOD OF DEPRESSION-VILLAGE OFFICERS-VILLAGE DIRECTORY.
The lands comprising the present county of Berrien were
in the undisputed possession of the Indians from    the
time Burnett's post was abandoned. At that time Topinabe
was head chief, Pokago'n was sub-chief and Weesaw war
chief. Moccasin was a m~edicine man but not a chief. Lewis
Cass, territorial governor, visited this section in I 821, and
concluded a treaty with these chiefs whereby they signed
away their lands, including the site of Saint Joseph. Pokagon
refused to, sign unless a small tract was reserved for his
family. That is why we still have a few Pottawatomies along
Silver Creek in Cass county. A  number of Ottawas and
Chippewas also jo'ined in signing this' treaty. Thus the Indian lands passed into, the possession of the state of Michigan and the valley of the Saint Joe became a white man's
land.
The mouth of the river had long been known, to lake
skippers as a refuge in time of storm. They knew it as Saranac harbor, though how it got its name the writer has been
unable to learn. Late in the fall of 1827, Captain Hinkley
entered the harbor to ride out a storm. The storm' blew
fiercely for a week and by that time the river had frozen over
solidly, so he was' compelled to winter here. With his men,
he landed and built a log house at the foot of the bluff for
winter quarters; this was the first house built in Saint Joseph.




I2

HISTORY OF ST. JO'SEPH

Captain H'inkley sailed for Chicago, the next spring but
later returned and became a permanent settler. He and his
sons became pioneer lumbermen, sawmill operators and much
later basket and barrel makers, so that the name Hinkley occurs often in our early history.
To Calvin Britain belongs the honor of being the first
permanent settler of Saint Joseph. This young man had
come from New York to teach at the Cary mission at Niles.
He soon saw that the mission was decadent and useless so
that he became disgusted with the work. He started for
home down the river in a frail canoe. When he reached the
miouth of the river he landed and looked over the land. He
was so pleased with the site and so impressed with its possibilities as a town site that he decided to' pitch his camp and
remain.
At this time and for many years later, the river flowed
around the foot of the bluff where the Whitcoimb hotel stands,
along the foot of the bluff until about the site of thel Pere
Marquette depot, then made a sharp turn toward the lake.
The knitting factory is built over the old bed of the river.
Across the river, looking toward the lake from the bluff, was
a line of sand hills and brush where now is located the far
famed Silver Beach. It was these sand hills which blew inland when the river was straightened and buried Newburyport; we speak of that later.
The harbor was known even at that early time under the
name Saranac and gave its name to, the infant village which
soon sprang up. Calvin Britain took up his abode in the
house built by Captain Hinkley. The next to come was
Augustus Newell, who came in the spring of 1829 and! built
the second log house, under the bluff at the foot of State
street. Calvin Britain boarded with Mr. Newell that sum



THE VILLAGE PERIOD

13

mer while building his warehouse where now stands the Wallace Lumber C'o. That summer Saint Joseph's pioneer baker
arrived in the person of Daniel T. Wilson. With the Wilson
family was an! orphan niece named Pamela Ives who was destined to become the first bride and mother of the first child
born in our city. That same year Benjamin C. Hboyt and
family and Benjamin Chandler and family arrived. Chandler built the first house on the bluff. The arrivals for 1830
were Calvin Bartlett, Mr. Hough, Ti'mothy Smith, and..
L. Johnson. They each built houses under the bluff. This
year, too, the first survey was miade by government engineers,
and settlers hastened to enter the lands they had pre-empted.
By 1831, so many settlers had arrived that Major Britain
laid out a village and built a tavern called the Mansion House
on the bluff. The tavern was no, sooner completed than it
was needed. Calvin Bartlett had wooed and won Pamela
Ives so Saint Joseph's first marriage was solemnized in thenew tavern. There were high jinks in plenty and many times
over the health of the bride was toasted in flagons of rum.
A year later, little Amos came to gladden the hearts of the
Bartletts, being the first white child born in Saint Joseph.
Thomas Fitzgerald, our first lawyer, came that year.
This was the year of the Black Hawk War, which spread
unreasoning terror throughout all southern Michigan. The
few Indians left in the country were miserable, drunken,
poverty stricken remnants with no thought whatever of war,
yet the settlers were so' alarmed that there was serious talk
of massacreing the lot. A small village o'f Sac and Fox Indians in Wisconsin had been driven to desperation' by encroaching whites and took up arms in defense of their rights.
The whole power of the United States, supplemented by
state troops from five states was enlisted to' crush these In



14

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

dians. Settlements far inland formed troops of men and
marched them to Saint Joseph for embarkation. A company
of regulars came into the harbor by boat as a garrison; there
was rattling of rusty sabers and cleaning of flintlock muskets.
New-made officers shouted commands in loud tones while the
bewildered men fell over each other. Back and forth across
the bluff these heroes marched, led by pompous officers.
Night time was the time for revelry as huge bumpers of rum
were quaffed. For two weeks this farce was kept up, then
came the glad tidings that the war was over. The brave
heroes were rewarded with a quarter section of land for each.
That is how many of our early settlers acquired their lands.
Like the brave Dutch, they had marched the hill up and
marched the hill down, but unlike the Dtutch our Saint Joseph
meen found a fat farm, for each at the foot of the hill.
The Black Hawk scare discouraged immigration for a
time but a few new families arrived. Prominent among these
were Edward P. Deacon and William McCaleb. These enterprising young men built a steam sawmill at the foot of
Main street. They also engaged in shipbuilding, being the
first sawmill and shipbuilding firm, in Saint Joseph. During
this year the village boasted of a new hotel, called the Michigan House, built of logs and standing under the hill west
of State street. It was in the barroom of this hotel that Infant Freeman staged his famous Christmas celebration. Up
to this time the village had carried the name "Newburyport"
and most of the houses were across the river. Now the town
was to become a village by legislative act, was to change its
name to the one it bears today, and was to, begin to, creep up
the bluff. Many people think that the present site of Saint
Joseph was also that of Newburyport, but that is a mistake.
Newburyport was across the river and is still there. The




THE VILLAGE PERIOD

I5

only reason we cannot see it now is that it is buried under
countless tons of drifted sand. Here and there a chimney
top sticks above the sand, telling a faint but pitiful story of
vanished homes and bootless hopes.
The village of Saint Joseph was incorporated un~der that
name by the territorial legislature in March, I834. At that
time it contained twenty-seven houses, built mostly under the
bluff. The first meeting of the freemen was held at the log
schoolhouse in May. The township board acted as an election board in the first village election. The township board
was composed of William Huff, Supervisor; Amos Amsden,
Justice; and B. C. Hoyt, Clerk. The election resulted as follows: Thomas Fitzgerald, President; B. C. Hoyt, Clerk;
E. P. Deacon, Treasurer; Fowler Preston, Marshal. F. Lord,
William McCaleb, Calvin Britain, John Wittenmeyer and B.
C. Hoyt were elected trustees. Thus the first council was
composed of these eminent men.
The first official act of the village council was to, levy the
sum of four hundred dollars for corporation expenses.
Money was scarce and people were poor. The marshal reported that he could not collect the tax. The board then
passed an ordinance authorizing the marshal to, take notes
for taxes, said notes to be paid by digging and burning stumps
in the village streets at twenty-five cents per stump. The
early birds dug the little ones while the delinquents had to
grunt and groan over huge oak stumps with tap roots olf
amiazing size. There was much complaint but Marshal Preston was sternly unrelenting, so the stumps came out. The
village of that date was surrounded with forests from which
came the logs for the new sawmills. Occasionally deer, bears
and wild' turkeys wandered into, the village streets. As late
as 1851, three bears were killed here while swimming the




HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

river at the foot of State Street. Four bears were seen at the
river's mouth the next year.
Among the new settlers who came in 1834 were R. B.
Duncan, George and Edward Kingsley, Samuel R. Russell,
Robert Hollywood, Hiram Brown and Edwin Richardson.
Hiram Brown at once established a forwarding and commission business and exported the first wheat from this; port. The
next year Fowler Preston and B. C. Hoyt established a scow
ferry across the river with the following rates:
One horse or ox hitched to cart, 37 and one-half cts.
Wagon with two or more horses or oxen, 62 and one-half
cts.
Horse, cow or ox, 12 and one-half cts.
Man, boy, woman or girl, 12 and one-half cts.
Previous to this the only means of crossing the river was
by the old canoe ferry a mile up the river.
With the exporting of the first wheat a lively trade began, which flourished until the Michigan Central built
through Niles many years later. Saint Joseph was the only
port of entry for all freight consigned' to Kalamazoo, Schoolcraft, Paw Paw, Three Rivers, Niles and South Bend. All
merchants in these villages had their goods shipped via boat
fromi Detroit and Chicago to, Saint Joseph. Here the freight
was transferred to' river steamer or keel bolat and taken inland. Saint Joseph owed her early prosperity and rapid
growth almost entirely to' the am'azing development o'f lake
and river traffic. As we give a complete account of this in
a later chapter entitled "Lake and River" we pass; it by and
confine our present narrative to' an account of that which took
place upon the land.
Saint Joseph, at this period of her development, experienced one of those booms which so' olften;, as in this case, be



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A GROUP OF HARD WORKERS
Representing the personnel of the Preston Lumber & Manufacturing Co., when that concern        was located on Wayne street
between the two bridges.   Each man is displaying his handiwork.     Do you know anybody in the photo?







THE VILLAGE PERIOD

I7

come boomerangs. The boom was brought on through great
expectations of a railroad. The summer of 1834 saw the
first survey of the Detroit and Saint Joseph Rail Road. Lieutenant Berrien and a corps of surveyors appeared with
transits, chains and grade stakes. Apparently the railroad
was a certainty, with Saint Joseph destined to become a great
terminal. Just how this railroad through unbroken wilderness was to) be financed no one knew or cared; it was surely
coming and that was enough. Lieutenant Berrien was given
an enthusiastic welcome by the overjoyed citizens. A great
reception was arranged in his honor and a huge celebration
arranged. There was abundant flow of oratory inspired by
very many kegs of rum and gourd dippers. The railrolad was
to, be built at once so a great influx of new settlers, was expected.
Then came one of the wildest periods of speculation Saint
Joseph has ever known. The sand wastes across the river
were purchased by wealthy easterners' and laid out in lots.
Over eighteen thousand dollars; was spent here in grading
streets and surveying lots. The plat of the village at that
time shows much the larger portion on the north side of the
river with streets extending upriver nearly to' Paw Paw. A
canal was surveyed from Paw Paw to the lake and this was
to, be lined its full length by mills and factories. South of the
river was to be the residence section and centers of religion
and education. On the corner of Church and Broad streets
stood: a great academy-on paper-which in time should develop into a university. The west corner of Church and
Main' streets had a beautiful courthouse building-on paperas this was then the county seat. This courthouse actually
was built later on but at Berrien instead of Saint Joseph.
Apparently there were just grounds for these high hopes




HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

and great expectations. The site of the city was high and
dry. The surrounding lands were fertile; the climate was
equable, healthful and invigorating; there was an excellent
harbor, the best for many miles north or south; the city was
already a trade center for the whole surrounding territory as
far back as Kalamazoo; there was every reason why the city
should grow, and to cap the climax, a railroad was surely
coming. The citizens had a good thing but, alas, they knew
it too, well.
The early settlers had acquired lands from the government at $1.25 per acre, or had been given a quarter section
as a reward for service in the Black Hawk war. They had
worked hard and suffered much privation. Here was a chance
for reward and an opportunity to' acquire riches with little
effort. During boom times land rose to such prohibitive
prices that the incoming settlers could not buy. As an eloquent comparison, lots in Chicago were selling at this time as
low as one dollar each while lots in Saint Joseph were held
at from eighteen hundred to five thousand dollars each. As
a direct result of this; unwise rise in land values, settlers, were
driven to other villages where land was cheaper even though
opportunity was less. It was this unwise land boom, which
caused the springing up o'f a new village across the marsh
which was destined to, become our greatest rival. Lots there
were sold for ten dollars or less while the minimum' in our
city was' fifteen hundred. Possibly there were good grounds
for such high prices but the policy resulted in disaster.
Now ensued a period o'f deep depression. The railroad
died a-borning; trade and settlers were diverted to other
villages; river traffic declined as inland cities were brought
into closer touch with Detroit and no, longer had their goods
shipped through our port. The village barely escaped the




THE VILLAGE PERIOD

I9

fate o'f Bertrand. As though to add a crown of thorns to our
misery, the Central Railroad built through Niles instead of
Saint Joseph. The village' escaped extinction only because
of the grim determination and courage of the men who had
built it from the foundation. You will find the names of
these men on the voting list off that time. We give it because you will recognize many names dear to' the memories
of our people of today.
The poll book of 1835 shows the following citizens voting: Dr. A. S. Amsden, William Axtell, Hiram Brown, A.
M. Brownell, Calvin Bartlett, Curtis Boughton, Thomas
Conger, Micajay Chauncy, R. B. Duncan, A. G. Deacon,
Moody Emerson, Thomas Fitzgerald, John Harris, B. C.
Hoyt, William Hough, Robert Hollywood, Benjamin Johnson, Joel D. Howe, George Kingsley, J. F. Lord, Captain
Martin, R. B. Martin, Charles A. Morton, William McCaleb, J. F. Porter, Wm. Patterson, T. E. Phelps, Fowler
Preston, A. S. Preston, Abrami Pike, J. N. Rogers, Edwin
Richardson, S. R. Russell, Dr. T. Wheeler, J. Wittenmeyer,
Daniel T. Wilson, Isaac Pangborn, Wmi. Weaver, J. H.
Wells, Solomon Smith.
These are the men who held on with grim' courage when
the easterners went home in disgust. An examination of the
village records from the date of incorporation to the time
when a city charter was granted reveals a roster of the men
who held on and finally won success. We give a list of these
officers in which you will recognize the names of many families now dwelling here.
Date        Village Pres.    Clerk          Marshal
1834  Thomas Fitzgerald    B. C. Hoyt  Fowler Preston
1835   Calvin Britain      Thos. Conger J. Wittenmeyer
1836  Thomas Conger        Jas. Randles A. M. Brownell




20

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

Date
I837
1838
1839
1840
I841
1842
1843
1844
1845
I846
I847
I848
I849
I85o
i85I
1852
1853
I854
1855
1856
1857
I858
1859
i860o
1861
I862
1863
I864
I865
1866
1867

Village Pres.
John F. Porter
John F. Porter
John F. Porter
Johni F. Porter
Records missing for
Thomas Fitzgerald'
Calvin Britain
Calvin Britain
Tolman Wheeler
Thomas Fitzgerald
Thomas Fitzgerald
Tolman Wheeler
Tolman Wheeler
Wm. M. Liston
B. C. Hoyt
B. C. Hoyt
B. C. Hoyt
J. W. Brewer
J. W. Brewer
B. C. Hoyt
B. C. Hoyt
F. I. Parks
B. C. Hoyt
Oliver Stevens
Oliver Stevens
B. M. Springsteen
Oliver Stevens
Warren Chapman
SWarren Chapman
Edward Kingsley
0. W. Oviatt

Clerk
C. A. Morton
George Smith
George Smith
George Smith
this year
J. N. Rogers
J. N. Rogers
W. H. Sullivan

Marshal
W  A. Stewart
no record
Fowler Preston
Fowler Prestca
Fowler Preston
Fowler Preston
J.B. Fitzgerald

W. C. Hamtnell RobertWilson
Dexter Straight W. Chapman
Dexter Straight W. Chapman
A. P. Stinson  D. 0. Ramsey
A. P. Stinson  D. O. Ramsey
A. P. Stinson  D. O. Ramsey
A. P. Stinson  D. O. Ramsey
D. A. Winslow   D. 0. Ramsey
D. A. Winslow   D. 0. Ramsey
J. H. Sutherland W.Bradford
other records missing
H. W. Guernsey    E. Kingsley
H. W. Guernsey E. Kingsley
H. W. Guernsey W. J. Boice
J. W. Brewer      E. Kingsley
J. W. Brewer A. J. Barlight
J. W. Brewer     D. Nicolson
J. W. Brewer Conrad Moate
A. P. Stinson  Conrad Moate
J. W. Brewer Conrad Mo-ate
J. W. Brewer Conrad Moate
J. W. Brewer T. H. Botham
J. W. Brewer Conrad Moate




THE VILLAGE PERIOD

21

Date       Village Pres.       Clerk             Marshal
1868   R. B. Duncan         J. W. Brewer    N. H. Terry
1869   J. A. Donaldson      J. W. Brewer   N. H. Terry
1870. 0'. W. Oviatt         Hiram Brown     N.H. Terry
This is the list for the first thirty-six years of our early
history.  As village elections were hotly fought, we can
vision the contests which must have taken place through the
changing names of our village officers.
During this. period many interesting events occurred.
Saint Joseph gave to history the names of Calvin Britain,
member of the Territorial Legislative Council; Thomas
Fitzgerald, United States Senator; William Graves, Secretary of State; Alexander Morrison, State Senator; Nathaniel
Bacon, Circuit Judge; Fowler Preston, Sheriff; T'olman
Wheeler and Amos, Amsden, Associate Judges.     So much
for the men, now for some events of this, period.
Saint Joseph's first flour mill was built during this time.
Previous to this the nearest mill was on. McCoy's creek, at
what is now Buchanan. Our new mill was a large one oif
one hundred barrels daily capacity. It shipped flour as, far
east as New York City and supplied the whole surrounding
territory from Kalamazoo to South Bend. One evening in
1860 the boiler exploded and blew the mill to pieces.
With increase of growth it became necessary to, have
some means of fire protection. The village council passed
an ordinance to construct a reservoir twelve feet square at
the corner of Ship and State and' hang buckets nearby. It
was during this period that the Eagle hotel and many stores
were burned, this being Saint Joseph's most serious fire. One
block of State street was provided with wooden sidewalks
in' I860, which made the villagers very proud. Politics was
the all-absorbing topic of conversation. Great poles were




22

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

raised on the bluff with the colors of rival political parties
nailed fast at the top. Captain Napier started a small riot
when he hoisted the Republican colors over his river steamer
"Saint Joseph" while conveying a party of Niles Democrats
down river to a convention. Cook of the "Niles Republican"
and Carlton of the "Saint Joseph Traveler" kept up a steady
editorial broadside, the mildest terms being "brainless ass,"
"vulgar goop," "ill-mannered ignoramus" and "empty headed nimcompoop."   A very early edition, of Saint Joseph's
new paper, the "Saturday Herald," proudly announces that
forty men are employed in building the new railroad. Another edition states that the new steamer "Hippocampus" will
begin to make daily runs to Chicago in the near future. A
little later an announcement is made that five steamers, the
"Lady Franklin," "Skylark," "Benton," "Saint Joseph" and
"Van Raalte," all owned by Saint Joseph people, are on the
local run to Chicago'.
Some of the advertisements appearing    in the old
"Traveler" are enough to make one wish for the good old
times. "Fine wool suits at $3.95, guaranteed pure wool."
"Overcoats from $1.69 to $5.00o."  "Paper pantalettes for
ladies at 25 cts each." "Butter, 15 cts lb.; eggs, 8 cts doz.;
flour, $3.o0 barrel."
The old courthouse, erected here when our city was the
county seat, was moved down town and rebuilt into a fine
town hall. It was torn down only in recent years to make
room for our present town hall. A three-room schoolhouse
was built to, take the place of the "Old White" schoolhouse.
The villagers gazed with much pride at their fine new
schoolhouse. It has long since vanished while the "Old
White" schoolhouse still stands on our streets.
This period, from date of incorporation to 1870, might




THE VILLAGE PERIOD

23

well be called the formative period of village history. The
log buildings disappeared, frame shacks were replaced by
brick blocks; old taverns were replaced by new hotels; the
surrounding forests were cut away to keep the many sawmills running and gave way to' cultivated farms; the railroad
did finally come and with it increased prosperity; a disastrous panic was successfully weathered and hundreds of new
inhabitants gained. Very much of the village history is embodied under various topics which appear in later chapters.
An idea of the growth of the village fromi the first settlement and one log house to the date I870, miay be gained
from a business directory of that later date which we give
below:
The directory of I870 reveals many names familiar to
present day residents. Among these are Frank C. Jordan,
Wallace A. Preston, treasurer of Neptune No. 2 fire company; W. R. Morrison, treasurer of Hose Co. No. i.
Among lodge officers, F. A. Potter, J. W. Brewer, Edward
Kingsley, W. R. Morrison and F. C. Jordan were Masons.
The R. A. M. roster olf officers for this, date discloses, J. J.
Pearl, H. M. Zekind, James Jordan, John Wallace, A.
Shepard and Marcus Osgood. I. O. 0'. F. officers of I19,
and encampment 37, were W. Kingsley, H. M. Zekind, J. J.
Pearl, E. L. Phillips and E. B. Perkins. L. J. Merchant
was a printer on the staff of the Saturday Herald.
Business firms for that date in Saint Joseph were:
Conrad Adams, Tobacco, and Cigars, 19 State.
Cassie Armstrong, Millinery, 43 State.
Barnes & Wallace, Lumber and Supplies, foot of State.
William Beal, Jeweler and Watchmaker, 23 State.
Janette Benson, Ladies' Furnishings, 33 State.
Bills & Webster, Drugs and Medicines, 21 State.




24

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

Alexander Boyne, Wines and Liquors, 30 Ship.
N. E. Brown, Sawmill, across river.
W. A. Brown, Groceries, r8 Ship.
William H. Bryson, Boots and Shoes, 32 State.
Thomas Bunbury, Livery, 63 State.
E. S,. Caldwell, Gents' Furnishings, 44 State.
J. A. Canavan, Harness Maker, 29 Ship.
Chapman and Smith, Commission House, River.
Michael Chrest, Saloon, 16 Main.
William Church, Commission House, corner of Broad.
Clamfoot and Baer, Fishery.
A. Clock, Restaurant, 41 State.
Mrs. S. N. Cole, Select School, 98 Main.
E. W. & F. Collins, Dry Goods and Carpets, 13 State.
C. H. Crane & Co., Drugs, 29 State.
Milo A. Cushman, Furniture, 37 Ship.
John F. Duncan, Groceries, 39 State.
Henry Enos, Jeweler, 23 State.
Forbes, Sash and Doors, 64 Front.
Wmi. Franc, Saloon, corner Wayne and Elm.
Fox & White, Boots and Shoes, 23 State.
George Goodfellow, Musical Instruments, Ship.
Augustus Gray, Market, Wayne street.
Hiram Guernsey, Fruits and Produce, 96 State.
Horace Guernsey, Prop. Saint Joseph Herald, 7 State.
Lewis Hager, Butcher Shop, 27 Main.
N. A. Hamilton, Lawyer, 25 State.
R. J. Hamilton, Foundry, Box and Basket Maker, River.
Samuel Hannon, Wagons and Carriages, 66 State.
Conkey Haskins, Groceries, Flour, Feed, 23 Main.
Mike Hevlin, Saloon, foot of State.
B. C. Hoyt & Son, Bankers, 30 Ship.




THE VILLAGE PERIOD

25

Hoyt House, Frank C. Jordan, Prop., Ship.
Carrie Jacob, Millinery, 30 State.
Jennings & Son, Commission House, Dock.
B. F. King, Groceries & Crockery, 6 State.
George Keorber, Groceries, 15 State.
Charles Krieger, Billiards and Saloon, 5 Ship.
John Lewis, Clothing, Ship.
Martin's Dry Goods and Clothing, 34 Ship.
W. H. & S. B. Maynard, Wagon and Carriage Makers,
27 Court.
M'elsheimer & Co., Saloon, 9 State.
Henry Mollhagen, Fishery, Brolad.
National Hotel, Main.
O. W. Oviatt, Boots and Shoes, 28 State.
E. & E. C. Palmer, Drugs and Groceries, 38 State.
Joseph J. Pearl, Vessel Owner.
A. E. Perkins, Grocers and Crockery, 40 State.
Perkins House, Chas. Sherman, Prop., 24 State.
Theodore Pew, Sawmill, corner Broad and Main.
Ploff & Preston, Planing, Sash and Blinds, State.
Phillips & Zekind, Dry Goods and Clothing, 26 Ship.
Platt Brothers, Hardware, 79 State.
Plumb, Photographer, 35 State.
A. L. Potter, Boots and Shoes, 37 State.
F. A. Potter, Groceries, 28 Ship.
J. Potter, Wines and Liquors, Ship.
J. M. Preston, Commission House, 26 Main.
Ransom' Brothers, Groceries, 26 State.
Theodore Reynolds, Editor, "Traveler," 44 State.
Wm. Ricaby, Jeweler and Musical Instruments, 46 State.
L. Rice, Groceries, I8 State.
Robinson: & Pettys, Lumber, State.




26

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

John Robinson, Flour and Feed, 18 Main.
M. & A. Shepard, Jewelers and Booksellers, 30 State.
B. M. Springsteen, Druggist, 49 State.
Charles Stewart, Hardware, 42 State.
Doctor F. R. Stratton, Main and Pleasant.
Sweet & Ogden, Dry Goods, Boots and Shoes, 25 State.,John Wallace, Lumber Dealer, 65 State.
Peter Weckler, Saloon, 59 Main.
Wells & Ward, Manfrs. Fruit Packages.
John Wilkinson, Saloon, 31 Main.
Wilson & Brooks, Livery, foot of Main.
J. W. Wilson, Bakery, 27 Ship.
Winslow & Damon, Real Estate and Law, 25 Ship.
John Yore, Groceries, Ship.
It will readily be seen by this long list of business enterprises that Saint Joseph had fully recovered from  the
collapse following boom  days.  Saint Joseph had staked
her future upon the coming of the railroad; the railroad had
failed to, come; it was time to look about and take account
of other means of approach.
In' the early days of the settlement there were, practically
no roads. An Indian trail led up the south side' o'f the river
to the portage at South Bend. The Niles road, known in the
guide books as M5 8, follows this old trail. Another trail
led up the Paw Paw to the famous oak openings. No one
knows when these trails first were made. The feet of countless Indians from many tribes had worn them smooth centuries before the white man came. Other than these trails
the only means' of approach to Saint Joseph was by canoe
and sail boat. The early settlers did not feel the need of
roads, as communication was kept up with Detroit and Cheecaugou by means of schooners. When the back country was




THE VILLAGE PERIOD

27

settled roads became a necessity. It is interesting to note
that all of the early villages were located on the river.
Calvin Britain became a member of the Territorial Legislative Council. He used his influence to good effect for his
infant village. The council authorized the construction of
the following roads centering at Saint Joseph:
I. A road to South Bend along the old Indian trail.
2. A road from the county seat of Branch Co. to Saint
Joseph.
3. A road from Saint Joseph to the Indiana line.
4. A road from Edwardsburg to Saint Jolseph.
5. A road from Jacksonburg to, Saint Joseph.
6. A road from Scho'olcraft to Saint Joseph.
7. A road from Constantine to Saint Joseph.
8. A road from Whitmanville to, Saint Joseph.
On the various road commissions appointed to carry out
these legislative acts, we find the names of such representative citizens as Fowler Preston, Thomas Langley, John F.
Porter, Erasmus Winslow, Pitt Brown, John' Finley and John
L. Shearer. About that time the plank road craze struck the
country and a local company was formed to build a plank toll
road to Decatur. B. C. Hoyt, Henry C. Martin and Tolman Wheeler formed the company. The state roads were
planked on the hills and in low places. There were a number
of sawmills, timber was plentiful and cheap'; thick, wide
planks were sawed and laid side by side to, form; a road bed.
The last vestige of these plank roads the writer remembers
was on the Yellow Creek hill at Scotdale. Old timers tell
of driving over these planks in wet weather when a plank
would suddenly swish out to one side and let the w'agon down
hub deep in mud.




28

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

The Saint Joseph Traveler of 1859-60, complains bitterly in its editorials that Benton Harbor would not keep' in
repair its share of the plank road across the marsh. As the
road was kept up largely by this village there seemed to, be
just cause for complaint. Roads which were not planked
were ankle deep in dust oir hub deep in mud according to
the season. Those villagers had a grim sense of humor. A
traveler was told that there was only one mud hole between
Saint Joseph and Berrien. That was the literal truth, but
that mud hole was fifteen miles long.
A stage coach run by Overton and Graves was run along
the Territorial road until the railroad came. There was a
standing joke told about these stage coaches. There were
three classes of passengers and three rates o.f fare, first,
second and third class but all the passengers rode in the same
coach. When a mud hole was reached, the command came
"First class passengers remain seated, second class get out
and walk, third class get out and push." Foot travelers had
a hard time of it as there was no way of avoiding the mud
holes and fords. Many a foot traveler arrived barefooted
because he was unable to pull his boots: out of the mud. A
tale is told of a Saint Joseph boy who was traveling home
afoot. He mired down so deep that only his head was above
the mud. In response to, his frantic cries for help, neighbors
came and pulled him out. When he got his breath he remarked. "I am going back in to get my boots or dad will
give me Jericho."
Saint Joseph was the center o'f all social, nolitical and
commercial activities so road conditions were important to
the welfare of the growing village. With these numerous
state aided roads built the village once more turned its attention to the problem! o'f securing a railroad'. Early hopes had




THE VILLAGE PERIOD

29

been blasted when the Central built through territory miles
away. River and lake traffic had suffered but now farm lands
had been developed to such an extent that Saint Joseph again
was becoming an important commercial center. In addition
a most wonderful discovery had been made, viz: our climate
and soil were well adapted for fruit growing. There was a
veritable peach craze for a time and fortunes were made in
real estate. Again land values soared and settlers poured in.
A railroad must be had, if others would not build it the citizens would build it themselves and that is just what they did.
The "Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore Railway Company" was organized under the provisions of the general railroad laws of Michigan in 1869. The company elected the
following directors: Hon. A. H. Morrison, Warren Chapman, B. C. Hoyt, Curtis Boughton, George Bridgman,, Daniel
Ballantine and Robert Connolly. The commissioners, were
Hon. Fitz Stevens and Horace Guernsey. Robert A. Connolly was named chief engineer in charge of construction, and
ground was broken in January, 1868. The principal stockholders at that time besides those named were Shubert Conant, Junius Hatch, Calvin Britain, Tolman Wheeler, Rodney
Paine, Jacob Compton, Thomas Fitzgerald, Jesse Stevens and
Henry C. Mo'rton.
Saint Joseph had been fooled' time and again by paper
railroads which were never built or else passed us by. This
time there could be no such mistake as the road was to' be
built from Saint Joseph itself until it had reached connection
with another ro'ad or reached Chicago, itself. The road was
surveyed and graded southward for a few miles. The next
step was to secure rails and a locomotive. A steamboat
brought in a cargo of rails and an engine, the "Swallow."
Rails were laid and the engine placed upon them. It was a




30              HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH
proud day for Saint Joseph when a railroad engine actually
tooted and puffed in the village. The road was pushed onward until it reached Chicago, but not without many heart
breaking delays, much worry and great financial sacrifice by
its backers. In 1874, the company was re-organized and the
road re-named "Chicago, & West Michigan."  Under this
name it was pushed on to Petoskey. In time: it was absorbed
by the Pere Marquette system and is known by that name
today. The reader will find much more village history under
other topic headings so here we leave the village. We found
it an unbroken wilderness, we leave it a prosperous community of over three thousand busy, happy people. Through the
untiring effort and sacrifice o'f these noble ptioneers a city was
born; we take that up next.




CHAPTER III.

BIRTH OF THE, CITY.
THE LATE VILLAGE PERIOD-A NEW TOWN ACROSS THE MARSH--
INTENSE RIVALRY BETWEEN THE TWO TOWNS-THE FIRST BASEBALL SERIES BETWEEN THE TWO TOWNS-JIM CLARK COULD
SHOOT-COMING OF THE STREET CARS-THE CITY CHARTER
GRANTED-THE COUNTY SEAT FIGHT-THE MEN WHO BROUGHT
THE COUNTY SEAT TO SAINT JOSEPH-HERE COMES THE BANDLAYING OF THE CORNERSTONE-BUILDING OF THE COURTHOUSE
AND JAIL-DEDICATION OF THE NEW BUILDINGS.
The late village period was one of steady growth and
gratifying  increase  in  population.  A. H. Morrison
built a woodenware factory in 1878, which employed 150
men and had a daily production of 2000 pails, 360 tubs,
broom handles, butter bowls, clothespins and pail handles.
A. W. Wells & Co. established the Michigan Basket Factory, which employed a large force of men in making splint
basketsi for the peach shipments.
The most important industry of all was the knitting
works. In 1877, a committee was formed to, bring in new
factories, A. W. Wells was president; S. T. Cooper, VicePres.; E. Palmer, Treasurer and J. H. Hatch, Secretary.
This committee brought in the tub and pail factory which
later was burned and not re-established. The buildings were
rebuilt and the Truscott Boat Co. secured for the village.
In 1878 the knitting mills at Niles burned and the committee
promptly secured the works for Saint Joseph. In July a
factory was erected on the beach and work started. The new
firm was composed of S. T. Cooper & Sons. A. W. Wells
bought into the firm the next year and the firm name was
changed to read "Cooper & Wells." The company was in



32

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

corporated in 1889 by A. W. Wells, Willis W. Cooper, H.
C. Ward, and George D'. Mayo, with a capitalization of
$250,000o. The buildings consisted at that time of a frame
40x1oo0 feet, an engine room 30x30 feet, and a drying room
30x30 feet. In 1893 Mr. Cooper retired from the firm and
the same year the factory burned. The present buildings
were erected that same year and later a commodious dorm.
itory added for the convenience of the young women employees. It is now one of Saint Joseph's most important industries, its products enjoying a world-wide reputation and
its salesmen penetrating to every corner of the country. The
younger Wells, J. Ogden Wells, is the present head of the
company and it is largely due toi his business sagacity that
the firm has continued to' expand. These, with the Saint
Joseph Iron Works and the Compound Door Factory,
formed the new city's most important industries. Now we
must go back a little while we watch the progress of our new
neighbor.
Those settlers who, could not afford to pay the most exorbitant prices asked for lots in our town were driven to
settle elsewhere. They found a ready welcome in the new
town across the marsh where lots were cheap and life was
primitive. The new   town was first known as Bronson's.
Then Bronson's Harbor and finally Benton Harbor. It bore
among the rougher set another name, that of "Bungtown."
From the very first rivalry between the two' towns was so
intense as to. make it actually dangerous foir the townsmen
toi visit each other. Young mien who came a-courting to, Saint
Joseph were lucky to, escape without blackened eyes and
bruised bodies. Skating parties from the two towns frequently met on the river when skates were removed and used
as weapons of offense and defense. As the Saint Joe youths




BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF ST. JOSEPH IN 1870.
A view of St. Joseph when the city limits were "down town" and when most of the south and southeast section of the city was farm land.







BIRTH OF THE CITY

33

outnumbered those from  Bungtown, our neighbors were
driven from the river. But the fiercest times of all occurred
when the rival baseball teams played.
Benton Harbor organized a team called the "Wolverines."  Stanley Morton, George Ricaby and Irving Colby
were the stars of this team. Saint Joseph had a team called
the "Mutuals" captained by Jim Clark and having on its roll
Frank Pixley, George Malone, Frank Winslow, Charles
Gray, Edward Winslow, Louis Hosbein, A. D. Kent, Charles
Lysaight and William' Howard. The writer has before him
a score book for 1876 which shows that our team usually
won by such scores as 36 to' 7-42 to' 13-27 to' 9, but sometimes lost by 8 to 19 and 23 to' 34.
The younger boys promptly fell in line by organizing the
"Clippers" of Saint Joseph and the "Shoo Flies" of Bungtown. Then the fun began. A series was arranged but never
finished. Every game broke up in a grand row in which bats
were freely used to' enforce arguments. The umpires were
glad to flee to the marsh and hide among the tall grass until
evening when they crept home. The games brought on such
bitter feeling that they were discontinued. The next sport
which engaged the attention of the twin city sports was a
shooting match between Jim Clark and Ed Brane. Brane
was the better shot when sober but he was rarely sober. Live
pigeons were used as targets. Brane won the first match but
while the second shoot was being arranged he took too, many
drinks. Clark outshot him the second and third rounds. As
very much money had been wagered, there was talk of hocus
pocus and the match broke up in a grand row.
The two towns prospered and grew until the ambitious
citizens began to talk of city charters. Benton Harbor was
the first to' apply for a city charter but its ambitions exceeded




34

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

its discretion. They proposed to set the new city limits at
the river. The early plat of Saint Joseph, made during boom
days, showed the town limits including a wide strip of land
across the river and naturally this town raised a loud howl
of protest. Saint Joseph sent a rival delegation to, Lansing
to oppose the granting olf a city charter to Benton Harbor.
These delegations of citizens from, the two towns were
broadminded men so they proposed to get together o'n a compromise. The compromise reached was that the two towns
should combine under one city charter. The delegations
came home and proposed this compromise. Then the fun
began.
Petitions were circulated in the two. towns and many citizens signed them. Others refused with the argument that
the new city would have two' ends and no middle. Some
who signed at first later withdrew their names and claimed
fraud in the petitions. The papers took it up and opened
their columns to public expression. Some letters were so hot
they nearly scorched the paper. In the meantime many names
were proposed for the new city. Chicago people proposed
that it should be called "East Chicago" as it was only a
question of a short time until the whole lake shore should be
built up between the two' cities and Saint Joseph would become a suburbi of Chicago. That prediction has hardly been
realized. Others proposed the name "Tacoma," but that
was turned down because we were too' far from that mountain to claim the name. "Miamis" was proposed and met
with much approval and much opposition. Many citizens
voiced their wrath through the columns o'f the local press
while the editorials fairly sizzled. The whole trouble lay
in the fact that each town secretly cherished the hope that
its name should be that of the new city. No' one dared openly




BIRTH OF THE CITY

'35

propose that as the resultant fight would have been too, seriofus.
In May of 1891, the house committee of the legislature
reported out a bill granting a city charter with the name
"Port Michigan."   Then the fireworks began anew. Each
town saw its secret hopes vanish and neither was satisfied.
Charges of fraud and bribery were bandied about while the
house committee were freely consigned to, the nether regions.
The senate committee listened patiently to' the floods of fervid oratory from rival delegations of citizens and proposed
the name "Saint Joseph Benton," miore howls of wrath and
yells of derision, more speeches and hints of bribery until
finally the committee reported out the bill with the name
"Saint Joseph."
That which had gone on before was a mild zephyr compared with the tempest of wrath which now arose from the
angry citizens of Benton Harbor. What! Surrender her
identity to that swelled up gang of would-be aristocrats, not
she! Practically the whole town made a pilgrimage to Lansing. So much clamor was raised that the legislature lost
patience with the advocates of a merger and decided to grant
two separate city charters. Then arose a; new difficulty.
Benton Harboir had adopted the slogan "To, the river or
die."  Saint Joseph was equally determined that her city
limits should be set on the old lines and Saint Joseph won.
The city limits of our city were set across the river as far as
what is now Colfax Avenue in Benton Harbor. Our sister
city did not reach the river, neither did she die. It is interesting to note that that all their oratory, all their efforts by
their most prominent citizens could not bring their city limits
to the river but that later they did reach the river through the
medium of a lowly sewer.




36

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

Saint Joseph was officially born as a city in April, 1892,
when the state legislature granted the city charter. The
enthusiastic citizens predicted that the new city would soon
so outgrow Saint Joseph, Missouri, that the latter city would
find it necessary to, make a change of name. That prediction
has hardly been realized at this writing. The new city
"Board of Trade" carried a standing advertisement of
"Saint Joseph-by-the-Sea," extolling its many advantages as a
health and pleasure resort and location par excellence for
manufacturers and merchants. The board of trade at that
time consisted of the following:
John Higman, Jr., President.
James Forbes, Vice-President.
Louis S. Schulz, Secretary.
Henry M. Zekind, Treasurer.
Committee Chairmen:
Steamboats, John Wallace.
Manufacture, M. Shepard.
Legislature, J. A. Watson.
Printing and advertising, Louis Schulz.
Auditing, James Brooks.
Thus the city was born, and, as usual in cases of birth,
there was an insufficiency of attire. The new city resembled
in every way the old village. There was no water works,
every lot had its windmill or hand pump; there was no sewer;
every lot had its back yard disfigured by a small building more
odorous than aesthetic; bath tubs were almost as scarce as
bathing suits on the beach. There was little, if any, fire protection if we except a ridiculous, hand pumped engine and a
few hundred feet of leather hose. There was no paving, the
city streets were either ankle deep with dust or hub deep
with mud. There were but few sidewalks and those only in




BIRTH OF THE CITY

37

the business district. The city hall was a ramshackle old
structure almost as old as the village itself. The city limits
extended for more than a mile beyond the last residence. The
churches were getting old and out of date, the school buildings were insufficient and poorly constructed. The banks
were housed in cramped quarters and the postoffice was still
the gathering place for loafers at every mail time. River
trade had diminished from a hundred or more to two small
steamers. Lake trade was carried on by bolats which would
not be tolerated at this date for passenger service. The
great sawmills and woodenware factories had vanished and
industry was again in its infancy. The city needed some
great issue to stir it from its lethargy. That issue was providentially granted with the county seat fight.
Nothing in our city history could exceed in interest the
story of the great county seat fight carried toi a successful
issue by our determined citizens. Older residents still speak
with shining eyes and bated breath of the long weeks of
anxious campaigning, the bitter strife engendered, the hot
fight on election day and the glorious celebration which followed on the heels of victory. To, understand the story in
its entirety we must go back to very early times in our history
and gradually bring the story to, completion with the dedication olf the new court house. Travel with me, then, back olver
the long, long trail of blessed memory.
Berrien County was erected by legislative act October
29th, 1829, being previously a part of Lenawee county. The
Governor appointed a commission consisting of Tolman
Wheeler, Enoch Jones, and Calvin, Britain to fix the site of
the county seat. The commission located the county seat at
the principal town, Newburyport, now Saint Joseph. While
the courthouse was building, the first term of court was held




38

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

at Niles in 1831, but after 1832 all proceedings of the Circuit Court and Probate Court are dated from Newburyport
(Saint Joseph). The grand jurors for the December term
of court held here were Amos S. Amsden, N. B. Starkweather, William Huff, John Wittenmeyer, Theodore Abbe.
Barzilla Webb, Calvin Bartlett, Jehial Enos, Timothy Smith,
B. C. Hoyt, Amos Farley, 0. P. Lacey, Si. Ford, L. Cavanaugh, Henry Lemon, Garrett Shuert, Pitt Brown, Martin
Huffman. These names sound almost as though; they were
taken from our city directory of today.
The first term of court convened in October, 1833, with
Hon. William A. Fletcher presiding judge, Tolman Wheeler
and Amos Amsden, associate judges. The first case was that
of Calvin Bartlett vs. Benjamin Chandler, being a case in
equity. The first lawyer was Thomas Fitzgerald.
At this meeting the court was held in the log schoolhouse.
The next term of court held in the "Old White" schoolhouse still standing in our city. The old Perkins, house served
for a time as a courthouse. There is an allusion or two which
leads the writer to believe that a regular courthouse was
erected but there is no, actual prolof oif this. Among other
business transacted at this early court was a consideration of
bills presented, totaling $73.87, and arrangements for a
county jail. Upon motion, Fowler Preston was commissioned to contract for a county jail at a cost not to exceed $:200.o00
Pitt Brown and Amos Amsden secured the contract. They
built a one-roomed log jail, 18x2o feet, with one small opening for a window and a plank door studded with nails. Total
cost of the new jail was $191.56. It stood on the corner of
Main and Pleasant. As a remarkable testimony to' the efficiency of the work done, it is said that it cost mlre to tear the
jail down than it did to build it.




BIRTH OF THE CITY

'39

By the year 1836, many new counties were being erected.
It was the common practice to fix the county seat as near as
possible in the center of the county. Such a movement was
started in this county. Berrien and Niles' both wanted the
county seat as both claimed to be near the center of the
county. Both towns sent delegations to the state legislature.
An interesting tale is told of the procedure of these delegations and the outcome of the fight. Niles secured the floor
before the committee first. Their orators voiced an impassioned plea. They raved, they pleaded, they rose to
super-aerial heights of oratorical fancy as they pictured the
many advantages of their town as a site for the county seat.
While this was going on the chairman o.f the Berrien delegation quietly slipped out, went to the best hotel and made all
arrangements for a banquet. Particularly ordered that there
should be a great plenty of wines and liquors; then he returned toi the legislative halls.
By the time the Niles delegates were through declaiming
it was getting late and the committee were tired. The man
from, Berrien arose and dryly remarked that all that had been
said in favor of Niles was just as true of his town but that
speaking and listening was dry work. Accordingly he invited
the committee to take supper with him. The invitation was
accepted with huge delight. That was some banquet. There
were good things to eat and wet things to, drink; there were
sidesplitting tales and gales of laughter but not one word said
regarding the county seat question. The Niles delegation
looked with longing eyes but none of the good things were
for them. The next morning the legislative committee met
and solemnly voted in favor o'f Berrien. In February, 1837,
the governor approved the bill removing the county seat to
Berrien. Two ox teams were hitched to sleighs and the




40

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

county seat plodded slowly away. Thus we lost the county
seat with hardly an effort made to retain it. But it came
back, indeed it did, and here is the tale of the holmecoming.
For fifty-eight years the business of the county was transacted at Berrien under increasing difficulties. From earliest
times Saint Joseph held most of the legal talent of the county
although Niles generally had the best success in getting the
circuit judge. The records of the county outgrew the capacity of the courthouse. The courthouse itself, once looked
upon as a grand building, became too small and disgracefully
shabby. The roads leading to Berrien were often impassable
with mud but to, crown all Berrien had no railroad and not
much prospect o'f ever getting one. The only means of conveyance was by stage or horseback and even these means were
unreliable on account of the bad roads. An affidavit made to
the board of supervisors by a road repairer reads as follows:
"I hereby affirm that I have done the work on the mud, hole
between Saint Joseph and Berrien and that the mud hole is
fifteen miles long."
Taken altogether, conditions were becoming unbearable
for the constituency of a great, wealthy and prosperous county.
The first open agitation for removal did not occur until
1893. The first suggestion was intended to please both Saint
Joseph and Benton Harbor. It was suggested that the new
county seat be located in the marsh midway between the two
towns. This was turned down as the site was unfitted for a
county seat. The next open move came when the mayors of
the two towns appointed a joint commission consisting of
Messrs. Morton, Bell, Ward and Barnes of Benton Harbor
and Messrs. Forbes, Yore, Langley of Saint Joseph. This
commission met and decided that Saint Joseph should have




BIRTH OF THE CITY

the county seat if that city should deed a free site to the county, such site to be such that the new buildings should be in
view of Benton Harbor. The present site was chosen as
meeting that requirement. Just why our rival city gave in so
easily is somewhat mysterious.
There was a rumor afloat at the time to this effect. The
Knights Templar were to organize a local chapter. Benton
Harbor wanted it, so did Saint Joseph. If our people would
aid Benton Harbor to get the chapter they would aid us to
get the county seat. Another rumor had it that our Benton
Harbor friends agreed to, help us get the courthouse with the
cynical remark that we could have the courthouse and they
would fill it. The writer has been unable to, authenticate these
rumors and gives them simply for what they are worth. The
Knights Templar charter did go' to Benton Harbor and certainly that city has been amazingly successful in filling county
offices. Regardless of what her motives were we must
acknowledge that Benton Harbor gave us the support we
needed when we needed it most.
At the next meeting of the board of supervisors the board
formally accepted the site offered by Saint Joseph but required the city to' give bond of twenty-five thousand dollars,
certifying that the site should be deeded free to the county.
The bond was given when a new question arose.
The Niles citizens had not been asleep while all this was
going on. If the county seat was to, be moved Niles wanted
it and was going to have it or know the reason why. Niles
at once brought up the question, olf the validity of the city
bond. Saint Joseph was heavily bonded at the time for
municipal improvements and there was some question
whether the new bond was legal.
The board' of supervisors were inclined to, the opinion




42

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

that the bond was in question, which put them. in a quandary.
The loyal citizens of Saint Joseph came to the rescue by giving their personal bonds for a sum in excess of the original
bond. The following citizens gave their personal bonds for
one thousand dollars:
W. A. Preston, E. A. Graham, George E. Smith, Freund
Brothers, W. L. Holland, Conrad Kammerer, Wells Higman Co., Thomas A. Walker, H. B. Rosenberg, Rice Brothers, G. & M. Co., C. H. Sherwood, Edward Bryant, Frank
C. Burke, N. Vandevere, H. M. Zekind, James Forbes,
Worth Bean.
These gave personal bonds in the sum of five hundred
dollars, assuring the free site:
E. T. Platt, John H. Langley, John Wallace, Howard
& Pearl, John F. Gard, E. S. Curran, W. H. Evans, E. M.
Hatch, Eri Sitevens, B. O. Greening, Joseph N. Hone, J. A.
Donaldson, Charles Miller, M. C. Barnes, A. O'. Winchester, J. J. Seel, J. E. Bort, James A. Canavan, John F. Duncan, Harry Stone, B. F. Pixley, W. Frick, H. C. Guernsey,
William F. Freitag, Schulz & Pixley, W. S. Dunbar, James
Brooks, Livingstone & Gibbons, S. C. Rosenberg, George F.
Cummimngs, Clock & Barnes, Louis Mollhagen, 01. Olson,
E. H. Kingsley, F. Collins, R. F. Stratton, H. W. Ray,
Robert Ricaby, Hugh McMullen, A. L. Peterson, J. W.
Allen, J. W. Fletcher, William Church, L. I. McLin, A. L.
Church, L. J. Merchant, Samuel Danforth, W. M. Brown,
W. T. Bradford, John Yore, Case Wiersena, T. H. Springsteen, John Kibler, Lucy A. Wilkinson, E. D. Collins & Co.,
C. H. Moulton, O. O. Jordan, A. L. Heartt, John Herring,
L. Eckert, Wm. Chrest, George H. Scott, Jane El. Martin.
The board of supervisors accepted the personal bonds of
these citizens and fixed the election for April 9th, 1894. Then




BIRTH OF THE CITY

43

ensued the hottest campaign ever waged in Berrien County.
Niles was determined to defeat the proposition in hopes that
she would have the next chance; Berrien cherished the hope
that she could retain the county seat. There were bitter
editorials and heated arguments often ending in fights. Time
rolled on and election day came at last. With the close of
the polls an anxious crowd surrounded the polling places and
waited for results. News came in slowly tol the impatient
waiters but at last enough returns were in to assure the fact
that Saint Joseph had won. There was a large and glorious
impromptu celebration. Bells were rung, whistles blown,
bonfires were lighted, bands played and Messrs. Hamilton,
O'Hara and Happ, made speeches. It was a happy crowd of
Saint Joseph citizens who wended their way homeward in
the wee small hours. In this election the three cities voted as
follows:
Saint Joseph, Yes, 1042, No 7.
Benton Harbor, Yes, 1318, No 114.
Niles, Yes 28, No  o,80o.
These widely varying results tell an eloquent story of
home pride, loyalty of our sister city and jealousy of the city
of Niles.
The next Saturday an organized celebration took place.
Every building in the city was decorated with brooms and
bunting. Jim Clark was marshal of the parade with George
Happ and W. L. Kane assistant marshals. Four bands furnished music assisted by innumerable tin horns, while Charley
Bort's drum corps beat time for the parade. The local lodges
and clubs were all in line while the town dignitaries rode in
shiny surreys behind prancing steeds. That was probably
the jolliest celebration we ever had.
The election returns, however, did not completely con



44

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

clude the question of county seat removal. Berrien contested
the election on the grounds that the ballots had been illegally
worded. Judge Coolidge, from Niles, upheld the contention
and declared the election void. An appeal was taken to, the
supreme court of Michigan.  That court reversed Judge
Coolidge and declared the election legal and conclusive. The
supreme court decision came in time so that the question of
bonding could be submitted in the November election. The
board of supervisors set the sum at $70,000 and placed the
question on the ballots. This election resulted as follows:
Saint Joseph, Yes, 865, No, 5.
Benton Harbor, Yes, 1014, No 45.
Niles, Yes, 54, No 705.
The question carried by a substantial majority. The
question of removal had been definitely decided and could not
wait upon the erection of new buildings. The Music Academy was fitted up for temporary quarters and arrangements
made for removal. Tvwo ox teams easily hauled the county
records in 1838 but it took thirty teams to haul them back,
in 1894. That was a gala procession. John Bujack went
along with his grind organ expecting to pick up, many a copper in Berrien. Instead he was picked up on the boots of the
enraged citizens of Berrien and kicked a mile down the road
where he waited for the returning teams. One of Saint
Joseph's dignitaries wore his stovepipe, hat but made the mistake of lingering after the teams had departed towards home.
The boys of Berrien gayly smashed his cherished hat down
over his ears and beat him up while he was blinded with too
much hat.
Captain Langley was in charge of the procession, assisted
by a willing corps of guards. Favette Bort, a prominent
Royalton Township farmer proudly drove his team in the




BIRTH OF THE CITY

45

lead for the fifteen miles home. Twenty-nine other loaded
wagons came behind while a hilarious crowd trudged alongside. The procession was met at the city limits with a band
and proudly escorted to the Music Academy. The only occurrence which marred the perfect day happened when the
treasurer's safe got away and tumbled down the stairs with a
loud clatter.
During the January session of the board of supervisors,
the building committee was instructed to procure plans and
estimates for the new buildings. The committee later reported in favor of the courthouse plans of Bell & Kent of Council
Bluffs, Iowa, and the jail plans of Claire Allen of Jackson.,The board accepted these plans. During the same session
bids were received for the bonds. The Commercial State
Bank of Saint Joseph was the' successful bidder with a premium of $1600. The interest was fixed at five per cent.
The contract for the courthouse was let in March to Atkinson Brothers of Marshalltown, Iowa, for $47,000. The
contract for the jail and sheriff's residence was let to Rickman Atkins & Co. of Kalamazoo, for $16,297. The jail
was to be completed by Sept. Ist, and the courthouse by
March Ist, 1896.
The corner stone of the new courthouse was laid on July
4th, 1895, by Grand Lodge Officers, F. & A. M., with the
most impressive ceremonies. The corner stone contains:
Proceedings of the board of supervisors 1891 to, 1895.
Court calendar for January term 1894-5.
Catalogue of City Schools.
List of county officers of Berrien County.
List of township officers of Berrien County.
A Song of Peace by Nixon Waterman.
Invitation to laying of corner stone.




46

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

Program at laying of corner stone.
Ceremonies of Grand Lodge, F. & A. M.
Masonic directory for Saint Joseph-Benton Harbor.
Constitution, rules and regulations, S. 01. V.
By-laws of Pomona Lodge 281, F. & A. M.
By-laws of Calvin Britain Chapter No. 72, R. A. M.
United States coins of $I.oo, 50 cts., 25 cts., Io cts., 5
cts., I ct.
Twin City Topics, June 29.
Benton Harbor Sunday Morning News, June 30.
Benton Harbor Palladium.
Galien Advocate of June 27.
Coloma Courier of June 26.
Watervliet Record of June 28.
Benton Harbor Banner-Register of June 28.
Berrien Springs Era of June 26.
Buchanan Independent of June 27.
Buchanan Record of June 27.
Niles Recorder of June 27.
Niles Republican of June 29.
Niles Mirror of June 26.
Saint Joseph Saturday Herald, Chicora Edition of Feb.
16.
Saint Joseph Saturday Herald of June 29.
Saint Joseph Evening Press of April 7, 1894.
Siint Joseph Evening Press of July 3, 1895.
Saint Joseph Weekly Press of June 28.
Ten cent United States Scrip.
Three-cent piece--1866 nickel.
United States postage stamps, 2 ct., i ct.
Small silk United States flag.
Circuit Judge Coolidge made the address, Rev. Mr. H.




BIRTH OF THE CITY

47

W. Davis pronounced the benediction which concluded the
ceremony.
Thursday, February 20, 1896, the building was formally
dedicated with impressive ceremonies. The courthouse was
once more at home in Saint Joseph, this time to stay for all
time.
The final cost of the courthouse was $55,202.16. The
final cost of the jail and sheriff's residence was $16,833.60;
heating, lighting, plumbing, furniture, clock, and lawn grading brought the total cost of both to, $104,007.52.
Thus ends the bitterest fight our county has ever known.
With the county seat gained, Saint Joseph wisely turned her
endeavors tot the securing oif new industries. Berrien actually gained by her loss as her citizens promptly began to
build up their town until now it is a most progressive community. Niles, too, promptly forgot her bitterness and began to rapidly expand her industrial life. We turn now again
to strict city history while we discuss the formative period
which changed our city from a raw country village to a
beautiful modern city with all city conveniences.




CHAPTER IV.

THE FORMATIVE PERIOD OF CITY HISTORY.
SOME CONDITIONS IN THE NEW CITY-THE NEW WATERWORKSSEWER SYSTEM BUILT-RESTRICTION OF CITY LIMITS-SETTLEMENT WITH BENTON HARBOR-STREET PAVING BEGUN-NEW FIRE
DEPARTMENT WITH STEAM FIRE ENGINE BOUGHT-HISTORY OF
FIRES IN SAINT JOSEPH-ERECTION OF THE MONUMENTS-TO
1905, THE PERIOD OF EXPANSION.
So short a time has elapsed since city improvement began that we can hardly realize the conditions which existed when the city was born. In everything but name Saint
Joseph was the old village. We draw a word picture of the
city in 19oo.
There was no paving, no, water works, no sewers, no
sidewalks in the residence section except a few board walks;
very few street lights, and those of an archaic pattern. Saloons were more plentiful than grocery stores and the common salutation was "Hello, lets go- get a drink."  State
street from the corner of Ship north down the hill was almost
one saloon. The farther down the hill you went, the tougher
they became until the last might well serve as the gateway to
the lower regions. Ship street was almost as bad. There
was an odorous livery barn where now stands Charles Miller's
fine brick salesroom. On the site of the present Caldwell
Theatre, a tumbledown livery barn was standing, the abiding place for countless rats. Where Shepard and Benning
have their beautiful store and office building, a residence was
standing, while farther south was waste land with the excep



THE FORMATIVE PERIOD

49

tion of a small shack occupied by Bell the Barber. The Union Bank was in a small storeroom, on one side of State
while the poistoffice was near them, also, in a dingy store
building. The Commercial Bank occupied a building on the
present location, but it was an absurd, one-story building with
two pseudo-birdhouses on top. Under the bluff along the
river was the home of many painted ladies who, openly so6
licited callers when the "Vandalia" trains came in. These,
with the tough saloons, gave the city a reputation it did not
deserve as the citizens as a whole were very good people.
Along State street hitch racks were provided at which stood
farmers' teams. On Main street was the hay and wood market, where loaded wagons; stood for hours awaiting a purchaser for hay or wood. The village had rested content under these primitive conditions but not so the city.
As far back as October, 1899, the board of trade appointed a committee consisting of John Higman Jr., Bood
Ballangee and H. M. Zekind to take up, the matter of waterworks. In February of 1890, a joint meeting of citizens
and council voted in favor of waterworks. No definite action
was taken on account of the condition of city finances. President McLin and his council had come into office facing a deficit o'f $2700; they retired in March with a surplus of $700
and a tax assessment of only one-half olf one per cent. The
new board was composed o'f Alexander H. Scott, president;
Charles A. Keeler, recorder and Frank L. Pixley, treasurer.
This board put the question of waterworks first. October
1891, an election was held on this question, resulting: Yes
362, No 20'. The city council issued bonds for $50,000 and
advertised for bids. The Cleveland National Bank secured
the bonds for $48,500. Careful soundings were taken in
various places: and the present location decided on for the




5o

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

pumping station. The council then advertised for bids.
There were 38 bids submitted, the lowest being that of I. W.
Newcomer. He was awarded the contract and work was begun. At various times delegations of citizens appeared before the council with petitions for the extension o.f mains.
These petitions were granted but more money was needed as
the extensions were not included in the original contract. A
new election was held at which an additional $21,000o in
bonds was voted for extension of water mains. The total
cost of the new waterworks was over seventy thousand dollars.
With the installation of waterworks, sewers became a
necessity. The first board o-f sewer commissioners was composed of John Freund, George E. Smith, A. W. Wells. The
city council did not take action until 1893 when it authorized
a sewer system. At that time Mr. Wells had withdrawn and
Dr. McLin was in his place. The boiard o'f sewer commissioners advertised for bids. Dunbar and Scott of Port Huron
were the successful bidders. The bid was for $16,477.90.
Imagine if you can the condition of the city streets while all
this work was being done and you have a picture of the
chaotic condition of the new city. As usual, extras were
called for so that the final bill for the sewers taken verbatim
fromi Dunbar & Scott's estimate:
327 feet of 3 foot brick sewer at $4.50...... $1471.50
292 feet of 2 ft. brick sewer at $2.49..........  727.08
371 feet of 2 ft. brick sewer at $2.45.........  932.34
4975 feet of 18 in. tile at 97c.............  4825.75
3745 feet of 15 in. tile at 86c.............  3254.24
98 catch basins at $31.50o..................  3087.00
36 catch basins at $30.o0.................. Io8o.oo
Extras and miscellaneous.................. 944.72




THE FORMATIVE PERIOD

5I

Other items..............................    19.20
Total cost of sewer system..............$.. $8,199.38
Now another burning question arose. Benton Harbor
was not going toh be left behind in the race for city improvement so, that city also put in waterworks and sewer system.
The sewers converged to one trunk line and this trunk line
was so planned as to cross the marsh and empty into the
river. A ditch was dug as far as the city line of Saint Joseph
but here it stopped as Mayor McLin got out an injunction
forbidding the sewer to' cross the line. A fierce quarrel arose
between the two, towns as usual. It was fought through the
courts and finally taken to the legislature. Here a compromise was affected whereby Benton Harbor paid Saint Joseph
the sum of five thousand dollars and Saint Joseph withdrew
her city limits to the middle of the river. Thus Benton Harbor finally reached the river through the medium of a lowly
sewer. The five thousand dollars received was credited to, the
sewer fund of Saint Joseph and took care of the extra expense.
The new improvements left the streets in a most awful
condition. Business men could hardly get down town, teams
were stuck in the mud right on State street and farmers gave
the city a wide berth. The doctors fell off their bicycles so
frequently that they were all crippled. Something must be
done to relieve this condition.
Pavement was begun in 1895 when two blocks of State
and one block of Ship were paved with brick. South State
came next with asphalt, while much later Main street and
Niles avenue were paved. At this writing nearly all of the
north and *south streets have been paved and many of the
cross streets. When paving began, farm land began at Wis



52

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

consin avenue and the standpipe; now water mains, sewer
system and paving extend far beyond these limits.
In time the postoffice was moved to its present location, and
free mail delivery instituted in February 1899. The first carriers were J. Grant Hagar, David J. Hale, George O. Karrick, and A. O. Potter as substitute. Rural mail delivery began in August, 1912, with H. C. Knight and Clarence Danforth as carriers with two routes to, Glenlord, Vineland, Royalton, Carl and Hollywood. We give here a list of the postmasters who have served Saint Joseph from 1833 to present
date:
Appointed
Calvin Britain, July, 1833.
Thomas Fitzgerald, January, I834.
John F. Porter, May, 1838.
Thomas Fitzgerald, March, 1840.
Calvin Britain, Sept., 1840.
Reuben Scott, Aug., 1841.
Thomas Fitzgerald, May, 1843.
George K. Smith, January, 1845.
Charles C. Sutton, January, 1846.
B. C. Hoyt, March, 1849.
H. W. Guernsey, May, 1853.
J. N. Witherell, April, 1861.
Fitz H. Stevens, Sept., 1866.
H. W. Gustine, March, 1867.
Jay J. Drake, Sept., 1869.
T. L. Reynolds, Feb., 1871.
Charles Stewart, Dec., 1872.
Ben. F. King, March, 1876.
L. J. Merchant, March, 1880.
J. A. Canavan, March, 1887.




THE FORMATIVE PERIOD

53

J. A. Brooks, Dec., 89o0.
J. A. Canavan, Oct., 1893.
Fred A. Woodruff, Jan., 1898.
W. L. Holland, Jan., 1910.
John W. Needham, Feb., 1912.
Gustave H. Knaak, Feb., 1916.
Edward A. Gast, Feb., 1922.
The present location of the postoffice is in the Aber building, corner of Lake boulevard and Pleasant streets, in the
old Masonic Temple. Saint Joseph needs a new postoffice
building which no doubt will be erected in time.
With the installation of the waterworks better fire protection became available. Saint Joseph had no fire company
at all prior to 1870. At that time Hose Company No. I
and Neptune Fire Co. No. 2 was organized with D. W.
Porter captain and W. A. Preston treasurer. Nothing more
was done until a disastrous fire awakened the villagers to
the need of more adequate fire protection. In 1877 Saint
Joseph Fire Company No. I was organized, with fifty-two
members. T. T. Ransom was chief; C. C. Sweet, first assistant; E. B. Perkins, second assistant; G. W. Platt, captain.
A hand pumped fire engine was bought, one thousand feet
of hose and three hundred feet of leather hose. The village
had at one time four reservoirs, holding twenty thousand gallons of water. This did very well for the village but not for
the city. The old hand pump was sold to Berrien and a new
steam fire engine bought. M. B. Rice was appointed chief
engineer and J. C. Shuler assistant. The following new companies were organized: Fire Company No. I-pipemen, C.
W. Watkins, C. E. Schnadler; linemen, W. H. Livingston,
F. L. Napier, Eugene Stewart, Fred Dobberthein, Ernest
Holland. Fire Company No'. 2-pipemen, Robert Porter,




54

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

Ben Goodfellow; linemen, Timothy O'Keefe, Fred Crane,
William Rowe, William Thieme Jr., Martin Burkey.
Long ropes were attached to thehose carts and fire engine and men pulled them through the city streets when an
alarm was sounded. It was customary, when the alarm was
sounded, for each drayman to race his team: to the fire station.
The first one there hooked on to, the engine and hauled it to
the fire. By that time the fire had gained such headway that
every fire was a bad fire. Later the city bought a team to
haul the fire engine but this team was kept busy on street wo0rk
so conditions were not much bettered.
Saint Joseph has had some serious fires with much loss.
The first big fire occurred in the early sixties, when the village
business center under the bluff was completely wiped out. In
1869 the famous Checkered Warehouse, built on the site of
the present Wallace Lumber Co., burned with such fierceness
that the whole village was endangered. The Herald office,
the Perkins house and other buildings frequently caught fire
from the shower of sparks which blew up over the bluff but
bucket brigades saved these buildings. In 1887, the entire
Parker block was burned and these firm's wiped out: Conkey & Forbes grocery; J. M. Chambers, dry goods'; First National Bank, Colburn & Martin, millinery; Herald Pub. Co.,
D. A. Winslow's office, Clapp & Fyfe's office, and James
Clark's office, with a total loss of over fifty thousand dollars.
Another serious fire was in 1883 when Morrison's Tub
& Pail works burned. Truscott's Boat Co'. was built on that
same site, but it, too, burned down seven years later. The
burning of the Coolper-Wells Knitting Works m!ad'e the
fourth serious fire. Other big fires which have afflicted Saint
Joseph were the burning of the Saint Joseph House, formerly
Plank's Tavern.  This immense building was across the




THE FORMATIVE PERIOD

55

river so the firemen could do nothing. One man was burned
to death in this fire; another was in 1904 when the Martin
block burned out, putting a number of firms out o'f business.
The Mullen Paper Mill burned a few years ago, making our
last serious fire to, date.
The most awful fire in the history of Saint Joseph's fire
department did not occur in our city but in Benton Harbor.
At twelve o'clock on Saturday night, Sept. 5, 1896, the telephone in Dr. McLin's office rang a persistent call. The
doctor took down the receiver when over the wire came a
frantic call for help from Benton Harbor. "Yore's opera
house is burning, we need ladders and other help, will Saint
Joseph aid us.?"
The Doctor sent his son Nelson to ring the fire bell and
the fire whistle quickly added its alarm. Our brave boys
were quick to respond. Driver Golden took his place barefooted on the hook and ladder truck.  Captain Coombs,
Arthur Hill, Harry Hughson, Robert Rofe, Will Freund,
and Frank Paget jumped for places. Eight minutes after the
call came the ladder truck was wildly rolling for Benton Harbor.  Chief Lindt, Silas F. Watson, Edward H. Gange,
Frank M. Seaver, George Schnadler and J. V. Hine followed
on the service truck.
"Where do you want us?" asked young Hughson of
Chief Johnson.
"In there" the chief replied, pointing to the alley. Our
boys grabbed ladders and joined the men of Benton Harbor
in the alley. The ladders were erected and men climbed toward the roof. There was a sickening sway, a dull crash,
and the walls fell inward burying the men in bricks and debris. Just fifteen minutes after the alarm was sounded in
Saint Joseph, the forms of our heroic firemen reposed under




HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

tons of fiercely burning wreckage. There were frantic struggles for life, brave deeds were performed as the rescuers
dashed madly into the fire and dragged out the lifeless form
of some firemen. Fifteen men were buried, twelve were
taken out dead or so terribly burned that they died in a short
time.
Silas Watson was the first taken out but he was beyond
help; Ed Gange was taken out alive but died soon after;
Frank Seaver lived to reach home, then died in terrible agony.
Robbie Rofe also lived to reach home but died the next day.
Arthur Hill was not missed at first but soon his terribly
mangled form was found in the ruins. Our boys who had devoted their lives to the service of Saint Joseph gave their lives
while in the service of a neighbor.
We shall speak of the monument which was erected to
commemorate their brave deeds a little later in this chapter,
after completing the history of the fire department.
The fire fighting force remains a volunteer force at this
date. Harry Hughson has worn the title of "Chief" for the
past twenty-six years, thereby setting a record which is unusual and one of which he may well be proud. The assistant chief is Andy Marshall; captain, Leopold Hassle;
drivers, Verne Carpenter, No. I; Melvin Abbot, No. 2;
John Pshigoda, No. 3. The drivers are on permanent duty
at the city fire department. In addition to, those given, the
following men make up our present fire forces: Howard
Cool, Harry Yeske, Ray Helm, W. H. Mitchell, Levi Corteville, Fred Lucker, William Burke, Levi Paget and Peter
Brown.
Before the fire department was motorized there was a
saying that "Every fire is a bad fire," this was because there
was so much unavoidable delay in reaching the scene of the




THE FORMATIVE PERIOD

57

fire, but this saying is no longer true. The departmlent was
motorized in I9 6. With the motorized trucks the firemen
are on the job so quickly that a serious fire is almost an impossibility. In personnel and equipment the fire department
ranks with that of cities of much greater population than
Saint Joseph. The equipment is of the very best.
A pumper truck was bought first and the hook and ladder
truck a year later. Herman Balow was mayor at the time.
The old fire engine is still ready for duty but is not used. It
is in reserve for an emergency.
The pumper truck carries one 4o0gallon chemical tank,
two 3-gallon chemical tanks, extra charge for tanks, 1400
feet of hose, 200 feet of chemical hose, roof ladder, extension ladder, 5 nozzles, ax, door opener and hose clamp, hand
pump, bars, and three gas masks.
The hook and ladder truck--called the service truck by
the firemen-carries axes, forks, shovels, saws, bars, pikes,
roof cutters, nozzles, cellar nozzle, gas masks, roof spray,
lanterns, 40-gallon chemical tank, small chemical tanks, extra
charge for tanks, 200 feet chemical hose, oo feet of inch
and a half hose, and ten ladders varying in. length from a tenfoot single ladder to fifty-foot extension. Many of the ladders are extension and double so that the service truck is
equipped to reach any height. The drivers of these trucks
are on permanent duty and slide down a brass pole in regulation style with extreme quickness when an alarm comes in.
So much for the fire department. Now let us take up the
history of the Firemen's Monument and the other monuments which grace our city.
The Firemen's Monument was erected to commemorate
the heroic deeds of those who lost their lives in the Yore
theater fire at Benton Harbor. Some time after the fire,




HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

Chief Lindt, as chairman of a committee, took steps toward
the erection of a suitable monument. Contributions totaling
over two, thousand dollars came in from, all over the country.
The contract was let to the Harrison Granite Co. of Adrian
and the monument completed ready for unveiling on Labor
day, I898. The procession formed under Captain John
Freund was as follows:
Platoon of Police, Elbel's band of South Bend, Mayor
and City Council, St. Joe Valley Tent K. O. T. M., Newsboys' Band, German Aid Society, Bort's Drum' Corps, Burnett Lodge I. O. O. F., Chapman Post G. A. R. of St. Joe,
Thomas Post G. A. R. of Benton Harbor, Modern Woodmen of St. Joe, Modern Woodmen of Benton Harbor, Niles
Band, Niles Fire Dept., Round Oak Band of Dowagiac,
Dowagiac Fire Dept., Kalamazoo Fire Dept., Paw Paw Fire
Dept., Three Oaks Fire Dept., Buchanan Fire Dept., Benton Harbor Fire Dept., Saint Joseph Fire Dept.
When the procession arrived at the monument, Hon. N.
A. Hamilton took charge as chairman and introduced Hon.
J. W. Fletcher who made a splendid address and then gave
the command to unveil the monument. Chief Lindt and
George Schnadler pulled the cord which released the flag
drape. The firemen presented the monument to the city and
Mayor Starr accepted for the city. The monument bears the
following inscription:
"IN MEMORIAM"
"Erected to commemorate the bravery of those who
heroically gave up their lives in the performance of duty at
the burning of Yore's Opera House, Benton Harbor, Michigan, Sunday, September 6th, I896.
Edward H. Gange     Silas F. Watson   Frank M. Seaver
Arthur C. Hill                     Robert Rofe




THE FORMATIVE PERIOD

59

"Theirs not to, make reply,
Theirs not to reason why
Theirs but to do and die."
The reverse bears this inscription:
"Erected by Saint Joseph Volunteer Fire Department
aided by contributions from the firemen of the United States."
LASALLE'S MONUMENT.
The memory of LaSalle has been fittingly commemorated
by the erection of a monument consisting of a huge granite
boulder on the spot where stood his famous fort. The monument bears the following inscription:
"This glacial boulder, found in the bed of the Saint
Joseph River, was erected in 1902 by Algonquin Chapter,
D. A. R., to commemorate the landing of Rene Robert
Cavalier Sieur De LaSalle and building on this point Fort
Miamis, 1679."
The boulder was donated by Captain Lloyd Clark of the
U. St. L. S. Station. It was found near the mouth of the
river. It was hauled to its present location and suitably
chiseled, then placed upon a firm foundation. Algonquin
Chapter, Daughters of the Revolution, has the honor of presenting this monument to the city. It was fittingly dedicated
in November, 19012, with the D. A. R., Miss Minnie Chapman, Regent, as master of ceremonies. Mrs. S. A. Bailey,
chapter historian, read a paper briefly summarizing the history of the chapter and the life of LaSalle. The unveiling
was done by Jeannette Pixley assisted by Calvin Preston,
both little children at the time. Mrs. Geo. M. Thresher read
an original poem, Miss Stella Winchester introduced the
speaker, Mr. Bartlett. Mr. Bartlett made a fine address and
Miss Winchester followed with a few well chosen words.




6o

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

This concluded the ceremonies. Under the monument rests
a box with these contents: Photographs of Saint Joseph and
vicinity, copies of local papers, a list of school children who
contributed to the fund and a history of LaSalle.
THE CANNON ON THE BLUFF
Saint Joseph's third monument o-f importance was unveiled July 4th, I897. The G. A. R. succeeded in getting
from the war department a huge cannon to grace the bluff
in Lake Front Park. This gun did service in the Revolutionary War on the United States Ship "Marion." It weighs
eight tons and is capable of firing a two hundred pound shot
three miles. The flag which veiled the gun was brought from
Kentucky by William' Ricaby and was the first United States
flag ever to wave in Hardin County, birthplace of Lincoln.
Captain John Freund acted as Grand Marshal of the parade
which marched to the site. Mayor Starr spoke for the city
and Hon. John Lane responded for the G. A. R. Frazell's
band played the "Star Spangled Banner" while little children
pulled the cord which unveiled the gun. Beside the cannon
rests a pyramid of shot. The old gun which often roared
defiance to Great Britain in 1780 now points peacefully as a
grim reminder of the brave sailor boys who defied the might
and power of old England centuries ago.
BEN KING'S MONUMENT
Although Ben King's monument was not erected until
1924, it really belongs in this period of our history as its
inception dates back to 1908. In that year the Ben King Memorial association was formed with Nelson C. Rice, John
Duncan, Mrs. W. D. Downey, Leonard Merchant and
Walter Banyon as charter members. These people solicited




THE FORMATIVE PERIOD

funds and erected a boulder over the grave of the poet. Years
went by but the purpose of the association was not forgotten.
Finally Henry W. Gustine, a former postmaster of Saint
Joseph, commissioned Leonard Crunelle, a sculptor of Chicago, to execute a bronze bust of the poet. Mr. Ray W.
Davis, secretary of the Chamber of Commerce of Saint
Joseph, took up the task of providing funds for a suitable
pedestal. This was finally done and placed in position on the
bluff. The bust was placed on the pedestal and an unveiling
program arranged. The principal address was made by Bar.
rett O'Hara, of Chicago, a former Saint Joseph boy. It was
a beautiful tribute to the poet himself and the good folks of
"Old Saint Joe." Other speakers were Henry W. Gustine,
donor of the bust, Mayor L. A. King, of Saint Joseph, Mrs.
Ben King, and Ophelia Blair, an author from Kentucky.
Ben King is Saint Joseph's one great claim to' literary
honors. He is read and loved all over the world. One poem,
"If I Should Die Tonight," is a classic.
Thus ends the formative period of our history. In a later
chapter we will again take up city history and bring it to
date. We turn now to, a fascinating tale of contemporary
history while we unfold the story of "River and Lake." It
is an epic story of daring men, of great deeds, of heroes who
died at their posts of duty and of a glory which once was
ours but which now has departed never to return.




CHAPTER V.

LAKE AND RIVER.
EARLY RIVER CONDITIONS-SHIPBUILDING AT SAINT JOSEPH-THE
FIRST STEAMER TO ENTER THE LOCAL HARBOR-RIVER BOATS AND
BOATMEN-FAMOUS CHARACTERS AMONG LAKE AND RIVER MENHARBOR IMPROVEMENTS-WRECK OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS-WRECK
OF THE ALPENA AND THE CITY OF DULUTH-MYSTERIOUS FATE
OF THE CHICORA-THE EASTLAND DISASTER-PRESENT DAY RIVER
CONDITIONS.
To understand the astonishing development of river
traffic in early days necessitates a discussion of land and water
conditions. There were a few courageous settlers in Berrien
county but mostly the county was an unbroken wilderness.
Unbroken stretches of forest and swamp, was the rule in
those days. The deep snows of winter were held in the dark
forests so that spring melting was a gradual process. The
thick mat of leaves held water like a sponge so that run-off
through, creek and streamlet was an all sumlmer process.
Hundreds of gushing springs aided in keeping up the flow of
water. Old settlers speak regretfully of many fine springs
which have vanished today. Many broad acres which now
are in crops were then swamp, land. The Big Meadows
south of town are an example of this fact. These favorable
conditions existed from the source oif the river to its mouth
so, that a constant, great flow of water was assured the year
round. As a natural consequence the Saint Joseph river of
those days was a much broader, deeper stream, than the one
we view today. Navigation, by steamer and keel boiat was
possible as far up river as Elkhart, and "arks" and flat boats
came from many miles further still. There were no, railroads
through this section and no public roads worthy of the name.




LAKE AND RIVER

63

Freight and prolduce must move by water or not at all. The
interior was gradually being cleared so that agricultural products were produced in excess of home wants while small
villages were springing up with stores which must have trade
goods. From, up-river came grain, maple sugar, furs, lumber, ties, wood, wool and corn. Loads for up-river consisted
of merchandise, hardware, tools and rude furniture for the
settlers. Conditions were ripe for a great expansion of lake
and river traffic and our pioneer business men were quick to
see and seize their opportunities.
Shipbuilding was begun at Saint Joseph by LaSalle but
was discontinued for many years. In 1832, Deacon & McCaleb, John Griffith & Co., and many others took up shipbuilding and built many schooners and a few steamboats. One
large schooner was built at Niles and easily floated down the
river; another was built at Berrien and this one too came
down-river with ease and safety. Steamboat and keel boat
building for river navigation was, however, the greatest industry. The first large river steamer of which the writer has
an accurate record was the "Newburyport."  She was built
here in 1832, but her maker's ambition was greater than his
discretion as she was too large. She made her first and last
trip up-river in that year but was too large for river traffic.
Next year Deacon & McCaleb, built the famous "Matilda
Barney;" Joseph Fisbay was the ship, carpenter, using timbers and planks sawed by the first steam; sawmill in Saint
Joseph.
P. B. Andrews built the engine for the "Matilda Barney"
and Leverett Plumb was the first engineer; Daniel Wilson
was on the bridge as captain. The "Matilda" made regular
trips for a number of years going to, Niles one day and back
the next.




64

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

Griffith & Co. were not asleep as they, too, began to! build
river steamers. The "Davy Crockett" was built by this firm
in 1835 and placed on the river with Pitt Brown, captain.
She had a figurehead half horse, half alligator with the exhaust pipe arranged to open through the mouth of the alligator. The Indians watched her from the banks with great
amazement and considerable fear. Later on Captain Benjamin Putnam ran her, with J. W. Brown and Moses Burke
as pilots. The "Davy Crockett" was wrecked on a rock
seven miles above Berrien. Hull & C'o. bought her engines
and built the "Patronage." Captain Hull ran her for a number of years. At this time Wheeler and Porter got into, the
river game with the "Pocahontas" but she was built too large
and had to withdraw. The fastest boat on the river was built
in 1843 by Jolsh McMillan and named the "Indiana." With
Captain J. W. Brewer in command she made the run to Niles
and return in one day carrying freight and plassengers both
ways.
Other boats were built and placed on the river run in
rapid succession. The "Algona," "Mishawaka," "Union,"
"Michigan," "Porter Pilot," and "Schuyler Colfax," ran
the river between Mishawaka, Niles and Saint Joseph on
regular schedules carrying down cargoes of wheat, flour,
whiskies and wines and taking up groceries, hardware, and
general merchandise. There was plenty of freight for all those
boats so they were kept in commission all summer long.
In addition to the steamers, there were many keel boats
making regular trips as far as Elkhart. The first keel bolat
of which we have a record was the "Constitution" with the
"Antelope" and "Constantine" close seconds. Later came
the "Kitty Kiddings" and the "Three Rivers." Mr. Brewer,
as a boy, was one of the crew on the "Constantine."  The




TZ

THE MAY GRAHAM
Brings to many in St. Joe the remembrances of the good times spent on a picnic up the river. For many years this little
boat made regular excursions for a day's outing, finally discontinuing its trips with the advent of the interurban.  It was
taken to Grand Haven and is still in use in and around that city.







LAKE AND RIVER

keel boats were poled up river and floated down with the current. A captain and from eight to sixteen made up the crew.
The crew was divided, even numbers to a side and again
divided so that half were at the bow and half at the middle
of the boat. When the captain gave the word, the bow men
placed their poles in the water to the river bed and pushed
with all their might as they slowly walked the boat ahead.
When the bow men reached the middle the stern men took
up the push while the bow men raced back to, the bow. The
captain stood at the steering oar and repeated over and over
again his commands, "Ahead, behind, ahead, behind, ahead,
behind." Old residents who, lived near the river tell of hearing these monotonous commands every day and often far
into the night. As there were over fifty keel boats on the
river this may well be believed. Occasionally a complacent
steamer captain gave the keel boat a tow and the tired crew
a rest.
There were other methods of utilizing the river as a
means of conveyance for freight and passengers. Canoes
were in use from earliest times,; flat bottomed rowboats were
constructed as soon as boards were sawed but these did for
individuals alone. In addition to these were great, flat bottomed scows called "arks."  These were built far up-river,
loaded with produce and poled down to Saint Joseph. Here
the loads were sold and also the boat as it did not pay to attempt to, take it back up-river.
The coming of the railroads and opening of public roads
spelt the doom of river traffic. The famous old boats were
sold to other ports or allowed to rot peacefully at their docks.
Years afterward the fruit development led to a revival of
river traffic to some extent. E. A. Graham built a river
steamer and named it, after his baby daughter, the "May




HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

Graham." There were two "May Grahams" as the first one
built was too large for the river. The second "May Graham"
is the one which lingers in the memory oif our middle aged
citizens. With Captain Fikes in command she made regular
trips to Berrien for many years, carrying freight up-river and
fruit down-river. Every community along the river had its
dock, to which the farmers for miles around hauled their fruit.
Here the "May Graham" stopped and loaded on the luscious
fruit until her decks were piled high with crate and basket.
At the docks in this city her load was transferred to, lake
steamer and thence to Chicago.
The "May Graham" was much in demand also, as an
excursion steamer for local lodges and Sunday Schools. Comr
ing down the river in the late evening, Captain Fikes delight,
ed to sweep the river banks with his searchlight and thus disclose many a spooning couple to the huge delight of the
passengers. On one of these excursions given by the local
Elks, a young fellow by the name of Tim Murphy was voted
the handsomest man on board.
In time the river became impassable to, the "May Graham" and she was sold to Grand Haven parties. In addition to, the "May Graham" was the lumbering old "Tourist,"
also dear to the memories of older people. The "Tourist" was
owned by Drake & Wallace and used as a passenger and excursion boat until recent years.
The coming of the automobile finished the usefulness of
the "Tourist," so she, too, was withdrawn and left to rot
peacefully at her dock. The only passenger boat on the river
today is a small launch, the "Willow," which makes runs
during the summer months as far up as Somerleyton. Even
the little launches have lost their vogue, so, that the old river
is left to roll its meager tide on to the lake undisturbed by




LAKE AND RIVER

67

the sound of puffing steamer and the rollicking shout of burly
river man. With the passing of the river boat, came also
the passing of the characters who made river traffic a source
of romance and deeds which rivaled the tales of corsair and
Norseman.
The river men were a rough and ready lot of hardy mariners. There were but few words between an olath and a
fight. A man had to be able to take care of himself or he was
soon discarded. Prominent among these early heroes of
river lore was a young giant known as "Infant" Freeman.
Up-river, at South Bend, was a tavern keeper who catered
exclusively to, river men. He had a pleasing habit olf setting
up the drinks until the customers were well soused. Then he
relieved them of every dollar they had. When the men were
sober and demanded their money, he threw them out on their
noses. He was a big and burly brute who, finally bragged
that he could lick any man who' came up the river. Billy
Freeman was one of those robbed and thrown out. He
thirsted for revenge so, he sent north for his cousin. The
cousin was so big that his friends had named him "Infant."
Infant Freeman came and made the trip up-river. Arrived
at the tavern he strolled in and asked mine host whether he
was the man who could lick any man who came up the river.
The tavern keeper took one look and renigged right there. Infant had no mercy on him, though, so he grabbed him, wiped
up the floor with him, forced him on his knees and made him
offer an abject apology to the assembled river men. Then the
tavern keeper was made to disgorge his ill gotten gains. When
the boat came back to Saint Joseph, there was a great and very
wet celebration. At the old Michigan House bar under the
bluff Infant and his friends arranged a celebration which
lasted all night. There was much drinking and singing of




68

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

river songs, while men hugged each other one minute and
slugged each other the next.
Infant Freeman afterwards went tot England where a
match was arranged with the prize fighter of that country.
Infant toyed with him for a few rounds until he tired of the
fun, then he hit him one blow which put England's pride
to sleep for over two, hours. This is unknown to many of
our citizens, but it is an authentic fact that our city produced
a fighter who, was champion of the world for a time.
Another, though much later, famous river character was
"Stormy" Davis. As a young man Stormy was in the civil
war. It is told of him that he always carried the equipment
of weaker men who threatened to give out on the march
until at the close of the day S;tormy resembled a walking
arsenal. On the river, Stormy got his name because he was
always singing "Roll, ye stormy waves, roll." He sang this
song with such a powerful voice that farmers were alarmed,
setting hens left their nests and cattle hoisted tails and fled
for life. Stormy is described as a man over six feet tall,
hands as big as hams and so muscular that he could easily
shoulder loads which no two. other men could carry. With
his enormous strength he also' had boxing science so that men
generally left him alone. One time a big, burly negro' made
the mistake of calling Stormy a liar. Davis hit the nigger
just once, but that coon was knocked fifteen feet across the
boat and into the river.
In time Stormy became converted and engaged in the
Christian ministry. Old timers who heard him! still tell of
his sin searing, hell blasting, heart stirring sermons. Poor
Stormy is over on the other shore now and even the church
he preached in has vanished.
An idea of the business done on the river may be gleaned




LAKE AND RIVER

69

from a glance at the shipments fromi the port of Saint Joseph
during I843. Remember that about all of this freight came
down the river for transshipment.
Barrels of flour, 79,915, (Mills at Buchanan and Three
Rivers).
Bushels of wheat, 88,539.
Barrels of pork, 3409.
Barrels of cranberries, 99.
Cords oof wood, 3100.
Casks of high wines, i 150. (Mostly from Berrien).
Kegs of lard, 1130.
Lumber in M., 294.
Shingles in M., 596.
The next year the shipments from Saint Joseph were:
Barrels of flour, 129,333.
Bushels of wheat, 263,116.
Bushels of corn, 7763-,Casks of whiskey, 2721. (From, Berrien distillery).
About all of this came down the river.
At this period of our history Saint Joseph far outstripped
Chicago as a shipping point for grain and flour, and was
exceeded in Michigan only by Detroit. River traffic was
dependent largely upon lake traffic. The history of each
is so intermingled that we treat them, together in this chapter.
LAKE TRAFFIC TO AND' FROM SAINT JOSEPH
The first steamer to, enter the harbor after Saint Joseph
was settled was the "Pioneer," which called in 1831. Her
captain was the famous Bully Wight, a man who feared
neither man, God or the devil. At that time the river had
a bad bar near its mouth and harbor entrance was' both difficult and dangerous. The Pioneer made a number of trips




70

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

here but finally grounded on the bar and was broken to pieces
by the waves. Timbers from, the wreck were used to build
the schooner "Drift" by Curtis Boughton, who ran the
schooner for years between this port and Chicago. With the
"Pioneer" wrecked Bully Wight was out of a job until he
took command of the "William Penn," the second steamer to
enter our harbor. She came in in 1832, loaded with regulars
to garrison this point during the Black Hawk war. That
same year John Griffith & Col. built the side-wheel steamer
"Chicago" in their shipyard at Hickory Creek. She was the
first of a long line of "Chicagos" which have sailed from this
port. She ran until she was wrecked in the river about where
Cooper Wells Knitting Works now stands. Next in order
came the steamers "G. W. Dole," "Huron," and "Champion," carrying freight and passengers to, Chicago, and return.
In time these boats were transferred to New Buffalo, while
that town was experiencing the boom which nearly wrecked
its industrial life. In 1859, and for many years after, the
propeller "Montezumia" made this her home port on the
Chicago run. The Vandalia line ran the "Soo' City" and the
"Lora" for a long time on the Milwaukee run but this was
their ho'me port. Their dock was opposite the present canning factory. The Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Co.
built a dock up-river and ran a boat on the Chicago, run for
a year or two' but lost money on the deal. They were the
first to emphasize the importance of Saint Joseph as a pleasure
resort and make passenger traffic the big thing. Their docks
were where the fish tugs dock now. Docks were burned a
few years ago and to, date have not been rebuilt. These people were wise enough to build their docks on the Saint Joe
side of the river. The Graham & Morton Co., an account
of which we give in more detail later, ran opposition to the




LAKE AND RIVER

7I

D. & C. Co. with the boats "Skylark" and "Messenger."
The Goodrich Line also saw the importance of Saint Joseph
and placed the "Corona" on the Saint Joseph-Chicago run
so we had four boat lines with steamers making this port
their home port.
During this time many sailboats were making Saint
Joseph their home port or port of call. Cargoes of walnut
and cherry logs were frequently shipped on sailboats as far
away as Buffalo. It was during this time that Captain Napier's mother had her terrible experience. The good ship
"Experiment" set her sails and laid a course for Saint Joseph
from Chicago. On the way across a fierce storm arose and
just as the ship was off this harbor she capsized, spilling crew
and cargo! into the lake, where the crew  were drowned.
Captain Napier, a small boy at the time, was in the cabin with
his mother, small sister and baby brother. When the ship
capsized they were thrown about but managed to get a table
on which they crouched in the darkness. The ship floated
bottom side up until it drifted on the bar at the mouth of the
river. Some olf our curious citizens rowed out to, the vessel
and clambered on to the bottom. Here they stamped about,
the noise was heard by Mrs. Napier and she knocked on
the planks. She was heard and a hole quickly chopped
through the bottom, of the bolat. During the twenty-four
hours she was imprisoned in the intense darkness the baby
had washed out of her arms and was drowned but the mother
and two, children were rescued.
The extensive revival of lake traffic, after the coming of
the Michigan Central to Niles had killed river traffic, was
due to the fruit raising which had sprung up in the vicinity
of Saint Joseph. Some enterprising farmer found out that
this was a peach paradise and from then on there was a verit



72

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

able peach craze. Thousands of acres were set to this fruit,
which gave employment to hundreds of men in Saint Joseph
making baskets and crates.  It also served to wonderfully
revive lake shipment. The fruit was brought into town on
"schooners," transferred to steamers and! carried to! Chicago
or Milwaukee. Hence the great demand for adequate shipping to carry this freight. Lake traffic could not have been
developed so extensively from this harbor without consequent
harbor improvement. We take up this subject of harbor improvement here and later come back to lake shipping and
carry it to date.
HARBOR IMPROVEMENT.
The first harbor to; be improved along the east shore of
Lake Michigan was that of Saint Joseph. The government
built a circular tower on the bluff, eighteen feet in diameter
and thirty feet high, in which was installed a light. This
lighthouse stood for twenty-eight years when it was replaced
by a keeper's house and storehouse with a tower on the roof.
Here the light was kept burning until quite recently. The
residence is now occupied by Captain Platt. It stands on the
bluff facing the lake nearly opposite the LaSalle monument.
Older residents and seamen easily remember the intermittent
flashing of the light which for over fifty years guided mariners into our harbor.
Actual harbor improvement was begun in 1834 when
Lieutenant Berrien, was assigned to make a survey. Chiefly
due to his recommendation Congress appropriated $26,0oo0,
to be expended for the construction of a breakwater. The
government engineers   recommended that the river be
straightened and this work was begun in 1836. A channel
was cut across the point, the river dammed and made to wash




LAKE AND RIVER

73

out. its own new channel to the lake. This eliminated the
dangerous bend in the river and made access to the harbor
much easier and safer. The favorite fishing and swimming
hole of the old timlers was, the eddy where now stands the
Pere Marquette depot. The cut through the point had an
unexpected effect; it gave the winds, a valley through which
to blow the sand. The wild winds blew, the sands were
picked up and blown inward; the old village of Newburyport
struggled in vain with fence and shovel until the villagers
moved out in despair. Under the sand-hills, across the river,
lies buried the town of Newburyport with the homes of our
earliest pioneers.
When the river had been straightened, a timber revetment
was made across the sand spit and' two piers constructed. The
north pier was eleven hundred feet long; the south pier two
hundred twelve feet long. The revetment and piers were
built in crib fashion of huge, squared timbers and the interior
anchored with great rocks. In 1863, a new survey was made
by Colonel Reynolds. The river is: reported in that survey
as being 212 feet wide, with a channel depth of 12 feet. The
basin was 800 feet wide and deep enough to' float the largest
vessel. The south pier was, extended two hundred feet at this
time. Up to 1879, the government had spent over a hundred
thousand dollars on this harbor.
At various times since that date delegations of citizens
have successfully im'portuned congress to' still further improve the local harbor. Both piers have been extended,
modern lighthouses and fog station built, a life saving station
built and equipped and extensive dredging done. The harbor
at this writing is one of the best on the lakes, with constant
improvement carried on as a matter of course. The piers
are being rebuilt of reinforced concrete as the original tim



74

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

bers were beginning to crumble with age and the constant
pounding of the waves. Generally speaking, the life saving
crew has been recruited locally. They have performed innumerable deeds of heroism, but their greatest service is performed in giving constant, faithful service to mariners. A
lookout is maintained at all hours on the north pier. A foghorn wails, its melancholy warning in times of thick weather.
With the building of the State street bridge and paving of
North Side streets, access to the life saving station has been
made easy so that its people are no, longer isolated from
town life. The piers have served an unexpected purpose.
From early dawn until late at night scores of dangling lines
held by patient fishermen may be seen. We turn now to a
tragic tale but one of the deepest interest while we discuss
the wrecks of noble vessels from this port.
In the columns of the "Saint Joseph Saturday Herald" of
March 21, 1868, appeared the following advertisement.
"PROPELLER HIPPOCAMPUS.
"This new and staunch vessel, with Captain John Morrison in command, is now making regular trips between this
port and Chicago. Passenger fare $I.oo; fare back, $I.oo.
Freight rates as low as possible.
"Boughton & Morrison, agents, Saint Joseph."
The evening of September 7th, the same year, the "Hippocampus" was loaded with peaches. There was an unusually
large load but it was all put on rather than disappoint the
shippers.  Captain Morrison was ill so Captain H. M.
Brown took his place. The steamer ploughed the waters
down-river and out into the lake, seemingly sure of a safe
and speedy trip. That was the last heard of her for nearly a
week. Somewhere in mid-lake the cargo suddenly shifted,




LAKE AND RIVER

75

the "Hippocampus" turned over on her side and sank so suddenly that passengers were drowned in their berths like rats
in a trap. A few of the crew and several passengers succeeded in catching hold of pieces of floating wreckage.
Aýnong them was Captain Brown. They floated for thirtytwo hours in constant danger of being washed from, their
frail raft. Finally a passing tug saw them and picked them
up. They were carried to, the tug's destination at Saugatuck
and finally arrived home just a week from the day they sailed
from Saint Joseph. Up to this time it was thought that all
were lost but now tears changed quickly to rejoicing when the
survivors were landed here. Those from Saint Joseph who
were saved were Captain Brown, Ed. Hatch, B. Burley,
John Bloom, Charles Morrison and Cyrus Rittenhouse. R.
Richardson, mate, from our city, was lost. Among others
lost or saved among passengers or crew, some were from
Benton Harbor and others from, nearby points. Many believe that the fervent prayers of Mr. Riford did much to
bring about the deliverance of the shipwrecked men. He
prayed in all sincerity, not because he was scared and not for
himself, but for all on the wave washed raft.
On the regular tri-port run, Saint Joseph, Chicago, Grand
Haven, was the good ship "Alpena" in 1i88o. She started
from Saint Joseph in fair weather but was hardly outside before a terrific storm, arose. Her captain was a brave and experienced officer but the storm was too much for the ship.
Like the ill-fated "Hippocampus," her cargo, shifted, throwing one wheel out of water. Thus she lay in the trough of the
waves until she broke in two' and went down with all on
board. Saint Joseph was called upon to mourn her dead.
Captain Napier went down with his ship. Others from
Saint Joseph who were lost were, Neal A. McGilvary,




76

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

son-in-law of Hon. A. H. Morrison; Eldridge Van Patten,
second mate; Lester Shaw, wheelsman; Peter Eggert, porter
and Arthur Haynes, clerk. The steamer "Skylark" barely
escaped the same fate in the same storm, as she was disabled
a few miles out of Chicago but fortunately was seen and
towed back. The same storm wrecked the barge "Perne"
out of Saint Joseph, on the beach at Holland.
The next wreck of major importance occurred in 1898
when the steamer "City of Duluth" went on the bar at the
harbor mouth and was pounded to pieces. This was in January of that year and the weather was unusually cold and
fierce. Captain W. L. Stevens of the life saving station succeeded in shooting a line aboard the vessel and all of the
passengers and crew were safely landed in the breeches buoy.
The "Duluth" broke up gradually so that there was time to
salvage most of her cargo of flour, but many sacks washed
ashore on the beach where the thrifty residents secured over
two hundred of them. A queer coincidence resulted from, the
wreck of the "Duluth."  It developed that her engines had
been in two other vessels which had been wrecked. This, the
third time, was the last, as they sunk from sight in the mud.
Among her crew    were the following Saint Joe    men:
Bert Simons, first mate; Joseph Mitchell, Peter Lotwine,
Charles Brown, Charles Fox.    They all escaped safely,
thanks to! the life savers under Captain Stevens.
Now comes the story which grips the imagination and
stirs the blood; the mysterious, tragic, pitiful tale of the good
ship "Chicora."  Here was no, chartered vessel from some
other port, no old tub living long past her usefulness, no
weakling ready to founder with the least storm. The "Chicora" was a magnificent vessel, nearly new, built purposely
for the Saint Joseph-Chicago run by a great shipbuilding




LAKE AND RIVER

77

company. She was owned at home, captained and officered
by home men and her crew were almost without exception
from home. She was on the run for three years in all kinds
of weather, weathering safely some of the fiercest gales which
ever blew. She was 217 feet long, 35 feet beam,; licensed to
carry fifteen hundred passengers, and with stateroom equipment for nearly two hundred. She was a nobly beautiful
vessel which proudly rode the water in saucy defiance of wind
and wave.
The "Chicora" had been laid up for the winter when there
came an insistent call for a local vessel to, come to Milwaukee
and bring a cargo of flour for transshipment here. The
weather was mild even though it was the last of January.
She was put in commission and sent across the lake. At Milwaukee she loaded on thirty-eight carloads of flour and some
miscellaneous freight, then started for home late in the afternoon. That evening a terrific blizzard swept down from the
north. The air was so full of flying ice and snow that no
man could face it, let alone find his way. The "Chicora" was
caught in the storm when over half way home. She tried to
make this harbor, at least men swear that they heard her
whistle, but could not make it on account of the driving snow
and tremendous waves. She was driven north where one lone
watcher caught a glimpse of her while the storm lifted for
an instant. What happened then no, one knows. There were
anxious watchers in Saint Joseph that night. A wife and
mother kept the home light burning through the long night,
hoping against hope that husband and son were safe. A
great and wealthy vessel owner paced the floor all night long
as he waited in vain for tidings of his boat and her men. For
over a week hope was not abandoned, then came the awful
tidings that wreckage from the "Chicora" had been found in




78

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

the ice off South Haven. No bodies were ever recovered.
The lake was swept for many miles outward between here
and South Haven but the hull was never found. To this
day the disappearance of the "Chicora" is still a mystery. For
years afterwards pieces of wreckage and sacks of flour came
to shore after every great storm but never a body was found.
On board her was poor Jim Clark who, had substituted as
clerk for his friend who was ill. Jim Clark was known and
loved by every resident of Saint Joseph. The list of the lost
is long, but we give it in loving remembrance of brave heroes
who lost their lives in the performlance of duty.
Those who went down with the "Chicora" were: Edward
Stines, captain; Cornelius Simons, first mate; Benjamin
Stines, second mate; Joseph Marks, wheelsman; James R.
Clark, clerk; J. J. Pearl, passenger, only one; Robert McClure, chief engineer; Alfred Wurtz, second engineer;
William Miller, fireman; John Werner fireman; Alfred
Downing, coal passer; Grant Downing, oiler; Thomas Robertson, watchman; John Mattison, watchman; Jesse Davis,
porter; Nathan Lynch, cook; Merrit Morgan, waiter; James
Malone, pantryman.
A year after the Chicora went down a bottle was found
with this message. "Captain and Clark swept overboard,
engines broke down, good bye. McClure."  The next summer Mrs. Pearl engaged a tug and searched for weeks but
no trace of the lost vessel was found. The fate of the Chicora is Saint Joseph's one great mystery. Now let us conclude this tale of river and lake with the history of the molst
important steamer line which ever made the Twin Cities its
home port or ever operated from the harbor of Saint Joseph.
The Graham and Morton Navigation Company was first
started in 1874 by J. S. Morton with the chartered steamer




LAKE AND RIVER

79

"'Lake Breeze."  The next year a company was formed between J. H. Graham;, Andrew Crawford and J. S. Morton
and called the Graham & Morton Company. Their first
steamer was the "Messenger" which was their only boat for
five years. In 1i880, H. W. Williams, owner of the "Skylark" joined the company and that boat was added to, the line.
An agreement was entered into with E. A. Graham whereby
the company used the Graham; docks in this city, and carried
the freight brought in by river steamer and land schooner. Mr.
Williams withdrew later and Mr. Crawford died so that the
Graham and Morton families acquired all of the stock. The
"Skylark" was junked in time and the "Lora" built to take
her place. In time the "Messenger" also was disposed of
and the "Saint Joseph" took her place. The steamer "Puritan" was leased when the "Lora" was sold. The "City of
Chicago" was, built for the local line; she ran for some time
when she was partially burned and later rebuilt as the "City
of Saint Joseph."  In. August of 1892, the new steamer
"Chicora" was built and placed on the local run, her fate has
been told. In rapid succession came the "Soo City," the
"Holland" and the "City of Benton Harbor."  The "City
of Grand Rapids" was the last boat built for this line in
1911. Other boats owned and run on the local line by this
company at various times were the "J. Gould," "City of Duluth," "J. C. Ford," "Petoskey," "J. C. Suit," "Kansas,"
"Kalamazoo," "McVea,"     "Frank  Woods," "Douglas,"
"Glen," "Frontenac," "Rising Sun" and "Mabel Bradshaw."
The company is operating at this' writing five steel steamers
from the Twin City docks.
When the G. & M. Co. built their new docks on the
Benton Harbor side of the river Saint Joseph was left without a boat line of its own. This condition was rectified when




80

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

a locally formed company bought the steamer "Eastland"
and put her on the Saint Joseph-Chicago' run. The "Eastland" had been a hoodoo from' the start although that was
not known at the time. She kept up her reputation by breaking down several times right at the height of the resort season. Her end came when she tipped over at her dock in Chicago on June 15, 1915 and drowned over eight hundred of
the happy excursionists who had chartered her for a trip to
Saint Joseph. From that time to this date only a sporadic
attempt has been made to revive a local boat line. Saint
Joseph freight is carried from the E. A. Graham doicks by
the Benton Transit Co., operating two small boats but having
the home docks at Benton Harbor. Passengers to, and from
Saint Joseph are carried by the G. &. M. Co. boats from
their Twin City docks.
The once great docks from which hundreds of ships,
steamer and sail, took their departure, are now deserted by
all but freight handlers and travelers toS Silver Beach. The
Twin City docks are easy of access, interurbans and steam
railroads pour their train loads into our depots; automobiles by the thousands bring their happy crowds, but the
crowning glory of river and lake shipping has departed from
our city. These conditions' cannot and will not endure. Local
pride and local wealth will come to, the rescue. We predict
a wonderful revival of shipping for our own "Saint Josephby-the-Lake."




CHAPTER VI.

CHURCH AND SCHOOL.
HIRAM BROWN LOVED THE LORD A LITTLE-THE METHODISTS FIRST
IN THE NEW FIELD-CONGREGATIONALIST CHURCH HISTORY-THE
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH ESTABLISHED-CATHOLIC SCHOOLGERMAN BAPTIST CHURCH ESTABLISHED-CHURCH OF THE EVANGELICAL  ASSOCIATION-TRINITY   EVANGELICAL   LUTHERAN
CHURCH AND SCHOOL-FIRST UNIVERSALIST CHURCH-CHRIST
EPISCOPAL CHURCH ESTABLISHED; IT DIES BUT IS BORN AGAINSAINT JOSEPH AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH-YOUNG
MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION-SWEDISH LUTHERAN CHURCHZION EVANGELICAL, THE YOUNGEST CHURCH IN SAINT JOSEPHOTHER CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS.
INTRODUCTION TO' CHAPTER VI.
It was the writer's intention to give a most complete and
intensive history of all olf Saint Joseph's church organizations. Owing to' press of other work in which we were engaged, we found it impossible to get the information needed
in person so relied upon the pastors and secretaries of the
various church organizations to furnish this information.
Some responded cheerfully with complete data, a number did
not wish to co-operate with the writer so either ignored our
request or politely refused. We give as much as we have
been able to' gather in the limited time at our disposal for
this relatively unimportant subject. In school history, we
have dug through very old records for early history,
and have been fortunate in getting the fullest co-operation
from Professor Clarke, who cheerfully devoted his spare time
to poring over the old records and giving the writer a complete resume of school history since he took active charge of




82

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

the city schools. We wish publicly to acknowledge our debt
to him for this very real service so, generously given.
Saint Joseph villagers were not especially religious as no
regular church services! were held for a number of years
after the settlement was made. An incident of early days
clearly illustrates this condition. In 1843, the Rev. Hiram
Kellog, of Oneida, New York, was appointed president of
Knox college in Illinois. On his way to his new work he stopped over Sunday in Saint Joseph. The villagers were spending
the Sunday in quoit pitching and idle gossip. The preacher
inquired for a church but there was none. He then wanted
to, know whether there were not some who' feared the Lord.
The tavern host replied that there were none. Upon further
reflection the host said that he thought Hiram Brown feared
the Lord a little. Rev. Kellog went to Brown's home where
he was overjoyed to discover that Brown was an old neighbor
from New York. Rev. Kellog stayed two' days and preached
in the Old White schoolhouse to attentive congregations.
There had been attempts; to establish a church before
this date by circuit riding Methodist Dlominies. As early as
1829, the Rev. Erastus Felton, a Methodist circuit rider,
visited! Saint Joseph a few times but was unable to' secure
definite preaching dates or establish a class. In 1831, a work
was established by the Methodists called "The Mission of
Saint Joseph," and attached to, the LaPorte district of the
Indiana conference. It remained so attached until 1839.
when it became a part of the Michigan conference. Revs.
Benjamin Cooper and William Sprague were the missionary
preachers but their circuits were so extended that it was not
possible to visit Saint Joseph very often. It was not until
1836, that a regular class was established by Father McCooI.
It was proposed at that time to build a church and much en



CHURCH AND SCHOOL

83

thusiasm was aroused. Unfortunately a schism arose over
the question of church music. One wealthy member insisted
on playing his: bass viol during the church service as a hymn
aid, while other members thought a bass viol was, an instrument of the devil and out of place in church service. The
quarrel became so fierce that men who had subscribed toward
the new church withdrew their support and the project died
a-borning. The rosy prospects for a new church building
went glimmering to the doleful strains of a bass viol; perhaps the strait laced members were right after all as the devil
certainly used the bass viol to break up the new church.
No new effort was made to establish Saint Joseph as a
regular Methodist station until 1856-57 when the Revs. T.
Jakway and W. C. Bliss succeeded in making this point a
regular station. The early membership was below twenty
and the people were poor. The church had gained only sixteen members for twenty years when Rev. Bliss held a great
revival which made church building again a matter of prime
importance. In June of 1857, Theodore Pew, Franklin Pew,
John Spink, Leicester Olds and Charles Marsh were appointed a building committee with power to, act. Accordingly a
frame church 38x58 was built, with tower and bells. It was
dedicated by Rev. Hooper Crews, Aug. 18, 1859. A parsonage was built later with an aggregate cost of both buildings of $6ooo.o00. The high hopes of the congregation suffered a disastrous, eclipse only nine years later when the church
burned with a total loss. Two years later the basement of
the present brick church was begun. The church was completed and dedicated by Rev. Dr. Hatfield of Chicago. The
entire cost of the new church was $23,000o, which left a debt
under which the people struggled for fifteen years. By 1880,
the church had a membership of 190, a Sunday School enroll



84

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

ment of 240; at that time the trustees were G. C. Clapp,
Francis Jordan, S. T. Cooper, W. P. Ward, and W. S. Maynard. Later data has not been furnished the writer. In
1924, the church was entirely remodeled and a fine addition
built. It stands at the corner of Main and Broad and Rev.
F. E. George is the present pastor.
The Congregational church was organized by a council
of members and laymen in April of 1854. The charter members were James B. Sutherland and wife, David B. Crane and
wife, Samuel Maynard, Mrs. John King, Anna Olmstead,
Fannie Stowe, Isabel Mahue, and Jane Vanderbeck; James
B. Sutherland was ordained deacon, there was a children's
baptism and the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper administered by Rev. Thomas Jones. The church grew slowly until under the ministry of Rev. George H. Miles, a young
man who remained many years and died here later, when
twenty-eight new members were added. Later thirteen of
these left to establish a new church at Benton Harbor. Under the labors of Rev. Edward Anderson a small church was
built in 1866o; later this was enlarged and a pipe organ installed. The trustees in 1880 were J. H. Lee, clerk; M.
Shephard, treasurer; H. A. Truax, J. Rice, J. B. Sutherland
and W. R. Lyon. The church had an aggregate membership of 125 at that date. The church has been rebuilt in
recent years and is in a flourishing condition at this writing
under the pastorship of Rev. Percy V. Dawe.     Data of
present membership has not been furnished the writer. The
church stands on the corner of Main and Market streets.
Saint Joseph's Roman Catholic church was established in
I849 by six families. The first resident priest was the Rev.
Joseph Van Waterschoot who came in 1865. The brick
church was built and dedicated in April, 1872, at a cost of




CHURCH AND SCHOOL

$ 8,ooo. The trustees at that time were John Martin,
Robert Hosbein and Patrick Finnegan. Joseph Hauser and
Colomb Rigny were added later. At that time the church
had four hundred communicants. In 1912 a parochial school
building was erected and a school begun. It has been carried
on to'date with fine success. Further data has not been given
the writer. The church stands on the corner of Ship and
Church streets and Rev. J. M. Zindler is the present pastor.
Trinity Evangelical Lutheran church was established in
1869 with twenty-five members. Rev. John Freitag was
the first pastor. The first official members were: Deacons,
J. Schaffer, J. Henning, C. Kroening; Trustees, A. Priebe,
F. Steeb, J. Keller. The wooden church was built in 1872.
At this writing the church is erecting a new brick church which
will probably be the finest in the city. The church stands on the
corer of Pearl and Court streets and Rev. Louis Nuechterlein is pastor. No further data furnished.
The Church of God is a comparatively new organization
having its inception in 1880. There is a strong local church
organization of which the pastors, Rev. Gottlieb Butgereit,
having charge of the German services, and Rev. Walter Butgereit, having charge of the English services, have kindly
furnished the writer with the church year book. From this
we glean the following information: the church officers at
this date are Rev. Gottlieb Butgereit, Rev. Walter Butgereit, pastors in charge; Deacons, John Gittersonke, Gottlieb
Macholtz; Trustees, August Klaviter, Gottlieb Macholtz,
Julius Jesswein, John Gittersonke and Ed. Schultz. Gust
Wollin is Sunday School superintendent, Gust Tober is president of the Young People's Literary Society, Mrs. R. Reinhardt is president of the Ladies' Sewing Circle and Lillian
Modroe president of the Girls' Willing Workers.    The




86

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

church organization erected a fine stone building on the corner of Church and Port streets where all services are held.
It is a strictly doctrinal institution, holding fast to the old beliefs. It is prospering, with a devoted congregation of happy, self sacrificing workers.
The German Baptist church of Saint Joseph was organized January I86,, with twenty-one members. The first pastor was Rev. William Grimm. In 1878, Rev. A. Freitag
was the pastor and the church had I5o members. The
church building was burned in a spectacular fire during recent
years. The congregation at once rebuilt with a fine brick
church. Rev. Thomas Stoeri is the present pastor. The church
stands on the corner of Church and Broad streets. No further data furnished.
Christ Episcopal church was established in I870 with B.
F. Pixley and William Nott as first wardens. The vestrymen
were C. C. Sweet, Thomas Archer, John Ruder, Dam:on
Winslow, J. H. Perkins, E. C. Palmer, A. H. Morrison and
William Ricaby. Services were held in the city hall with
Rev. V. Spalding as rector. The first church declined in membership until it was given up. It later was revived and a
frame church built. It stands on the corner of Main and
Niles and Rev. Harry Bruce is rector. No other data has
been given the writer.
Saint Joseph African Methodist Episcopal church was organized in 1871, with six members, by Rev. W. T. Langford.
The pastor kindly furnished the following   information.
Charter members were Steve'Busby and wife, John Hart,
Bob Cross, Mead Miller, Huston, Lounge and Sharp. B.
F. Green, H. P. Bland and Fred Bradley are the present
church officers. Mrs. 0. 0. Corrothers is Sunday School
Supt. The church was built in 1871 with Rev. Hutchinson




CHURCH AND SCHOOL

87

pastor. Officers at that time were Mead Miller, Steve Busby
and John Hart. The parsonage was built in 1889 when
Rev. Collins was pastor. The church was remodeled in 1898,
when Rev. Leroy Haywood was pastor. The church was
again remodeled in I:924 with Rev. W. P. Henson pastor.
The present officers are B. F. Green, H. P. Bland, Robert
Barnes, H. Hart. The church has' a present membership of
nineteen with a Sunday School of fourteen. The church is
on Church street. Rev. W. P. Henson is pastor.
The Swedish Lutheran church was organized in 1875 by
Rev. J. P. Nyguish of Chicago. There were twenty-four
charter members o'f whom only one family remain, Mr. Frank
Seeberg and wife. The church organization bought an old
church on Main street and remodeled it with the help of the
Ladies' Aid. The church has seventy members and thirtyone child members.  The Sunday School numbers thirtytwo. Deacons are J. S. Peterson, Chris D'ahlstro'm and
Frank Harmmar. The pastor at present is Rev. John Telleen.
Saint Joseph's newest church organization is that olf Zion
Evangelical church, organized February 1920, with an initial membership of 116. The present membership is 250.
The Sunday School hall was built that same year and church
worship inaugurated at once. In 1924, a very fine brick
church was erected, connected with the Sunday School hall.
The parsonage was built in 1921. The present officers are
G. H. Knaak, president; trustees are Herman Krause, Erich
Kerlikowske, Frank Pooch; elders are Edward Archut, Sr.,
Herman Kesterke, Frank Fillbrandt, Fred Fehlberg, Albert
Tollas. The Ladies Aid Society with seventy-five members
is led by Mrs. Fred Fehlberg, president. The Sunday School
has an enrollment of o0l5, with Edward Archut, Jr., as superintendent. The Evangelical League has a membership of




88

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

forty young people with Miss Louise Moor as president.
The pastor is Rev. F. C. Schmidt, church building on corner
of Niles and Harrison. Rev. Schmidt kindly gave the writer
this information.
The First Universalist church of Saint Joseph was organized in 1865 with thirty-six members. They built a
church on Broad street but it burned down before it was
fully completed. This so, discouraged the members that the
church organization was soon given up.
Other churches in Saint Joseph are St. Peter's Evangelical, corner of Church and Pearl streets, Rev. F. W. Buehler,
pastor. No data is available regarding organization or history. Also First Evangelical Church, corner Elm and Main,
with Rev. H. E. Spade, pastor. No, further data available
of this church.
A Young Men's Christian Association was organized
here in 1875 with twelve members. John E. Sutherland was
president, James E. Jennings, secretary. It grew to a membership of one hundred fifty in 1880o when E. W. Bovee was
president and Lawrence C. Fyfe secretary. For some reason
it declined until it finally died entirely about 1900. There is
no Y. M. C. A. here at this writing.
A Young Women's Christian Association was organized
after the collapse of the Y. M. C. A. and has flourished. It
held its meetings in its rooms in the old Masonic TempleAber block-but raised a fund for new quarters in 1924.
At this writing ground is about to be broken for the erection
of a fine new building on the corner of Pleasant and Lake
Boulevard.
There are a few minor organizations which maintain
meetings but have no place of worship they call their own and
no regular pastor assigned. This, then, closes the roster of




CHURCH AND SCHOOL

89

church activities to date in the city of Saint Joseph. We
take up now what may well be called a sister topic, that of our
public schools.
SCHOOL HISTORY.
The writer has been unable to discover any school record
of Saint Joseph prior to 1832, but there was a school before
that time as a freemen's meeting is called at that date to
meet in the "Old Log Schoolhouse."  Evidently if a schoolhouse had been built there must have been a school held.
Edwin Richardson is the first teacher of whom we have
any record as teaching in Saint Joseph.
At a meeting of the village council, held in 1835, it was
ordered that Fowler Preston be authorized to purchase lumber and erect a schoolhouse at a cost not exceeding five hundred dollars. Preston acted on his orders and built the famous "Old White" schoolhouse in which many of our most
prominent citizens learned their A B Cs. Wallace Preston
attended this school. The old building was well built but
became too small in time and was discarded. For a time it
was used as a marble works but was too small for the growing business so was moved across the street where it still
stands, a little off from Ship street. It is now in use as a car
washing shop. This schoolhouse is nearly a hundred years
old and though not the first is undoubtedly the most famous
of our schoolhouses. The city should buy it again and preserve it as a landmark of old days.
When the white schoolhouse became too small, Dr. Tolman Wheeler bought a residence and fitted it as a schoolhouse. It stood on the corner where now stands the Methodist church. The teachers who' taught there were Donald
Snyder, Miss McNamara and Miss Clarinda Searles. A




90

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

frame schoolhouse, since torn down, was built in 1858 and
used for some time. Early writers are in dispute about this
building. Some assert that it was this schoolhouse which
was later used as a city hall until the present city hall was
built. Others assert that the old courthouse was the one used
as the old city hall. The writer has been unable to get the
truth of this but is inclined to, believe that it was the courthouse.
The first school board was composed of B. C. Hoyt,
GThomas Fitzgerald, James Randles. The first school record
the writer has been able to find is dated October, 1837. It
shows two teachers employed and one hundred seven pupils
in attendance. The teachers received forty-five dollars each
for teaching a five-month term. The next record found shows
A. Murray, R. E. Ward and A. M. Church on the board.
This record is taken up with an account of a library purchase
for $47.50. The Union school was organized in 1859, with
Dr. A. D. Brown as principal. In this school the higher
branches were first taught, although it was not called a high
school. In 1'871 a brick schoolhouse was erected at a cost
of $40,000. Here we find our first record of high school
work done with a principal, two assistant teachers and a final
enrollment of sixty-five pupils.
A list of all the school board members who' have served
Saint Joseph would be too' long so' we mention only such
well known names as those of Wmi. Higman, Jr., R. F.
Stratton, James E. Canavan, George E. Smith, J. W. Brewer
and J. H. Lee; later we shall give names of school board members who' date in the memories of our younger citizens. For
a number of years Professor Loomis was city superintendent,
teaching in the high school with two assistants. It was during his term that the high school grew to sixty-five pupils.




CHURCH AND SCHOOL

9I

He was succeeded by Professor E. P. Clarke. Professor
Clarke is the only man ever elected county commissioner of
schools for four terms in succession. He resigned during his
last term as county commissioner to, accept the city superintendency of Saint Joseph schools. The information we give
from this point on was kindly furnished by him. Due to his
innate modesty he has failed to emphasize the importance of
his leadership in developing our schools to their present high
standard. Any commendation of his work the reader may
find in this history is given by the writer and not by Professor
Clarke. We have known him for many years and we have
watched his work closely. At one time we had the great
pleasure of working under him, and we know whereof we
speak when we write in earnest and truthful commendation.
Saint Joseph may well be proud of her city school system as
at present organized and conducted. We give rather a full
discussion as much of it is recent development and growth.
As an evidence of the rapid expansion of our city, nothing
could exceed in interest the extension of the school system.
In September, 1889, the first step was taken for the erection
of elementary school buildings when the contract was let
for the erection of an eight-room schoolhouse at the corner
of Wayne and Pearl streets. Mills and Sealy did the excavating, and later the plastering, at a total cost of $3452.00.
D. McKellar and Sons did the carpenter work for $2478.00,
and W. P. Ward the painting for $180.oo0. In 1891 a basement was excavated, making this one of the best ward schools
in the city. It is known as the "Lincoln" school. The board
at that time consisted of John Higman, Jr., James Canavan,
John F. Gard, A. H. Scott, Jr., Fred Collins, and George
E. Smith. This building is in use at present and has been
kept in excellent condition.




92

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

George W. Loomis was the newly elected superintendent
in 1891, at a salary of $1200.
The old brick schoolhouse and the Lincoln building did
very well for a time but the city was rapidly expanding so
that a new schoolhouse was needed. The board of education
saw this need before the people were aware of it. An extra
election was called for June 1897, at which the question of
issuing $8000o.00 in bonds for the erection of a new schoolhouse was submitted to the electors. The voters turned
down this proposition as it was felt that the sewer bonds and
waterworks bonds were enough debt for the city to carry
at one time. The board wisely swallowed their defeat but
included in their annual budget the sum of $50oo.oo, and
quietly used this sum for the purchase of a site for the new
building. This was a wise move as land ini that section of the
city was rapidly increasing in value. The board waited two
years and then again submitted the question of bonding for
$Io,ooo.oo0 for the new building in a special election called
for January 31, 1899. This time the bond question carried
by: Yes, 130; No, 70. Only taxpayers voted. The board
members at that time were John Higm;an, Jr., president;
John W. Doyle, secretary; E. S. Curran, N. C. Rice, L. I.
McLin, A. Lincoln Heartt.
Contract for the construction of the building, leaving the
second story unfinished, was let to Kingsley and Stock for
$1o,o66.85. The building was later completed at a cost of
$6ooo.oo. This is known as the Garfield school, located on
Michigan avenue. It is modern in every respect and a credit
to the city.
Now occurred a circumstance vital to the interests of
the schools in their period of change from village to city conditions. Superintendent Loomis resigned the superintend



CHURCH AND SCHOOL

93

ency and Ernest P. Clarke was elected in his place. Professor Clarke was filling his fourth term as county superintendent of schools at the time of his election. He was the
only candidate to be elected to the county position for four
terms in succession and no one has since broken that record
or equalled it. He came to his new    position after adequate experience in school life and brought to it a broad,
virile outlook coupled with boundless ambition and enthusiasm. At that time there were twenty-eight teachers employed in the city schools with an enrollment of Io85 pupils
and an annual budget of $16,620. During the first ten years
of his work the city was undergoing what we call in another
chapter "the period of stagnation," nevertheless the schools
prospered so that by 19Io there were thirty-eight teachers
employed and the budget had increased to $48,000.00 or
three times the budget of 1900. The enrollment had not
increased because this was the time when the parochial schools
were built so, they drew a few hundred children from the
public schools.
The high school enrollment had increased to such an extent that the old brick schoolhouse could no longer furnish
adequate quarters. The agitation for a new high school
building was begun as far back as 1905, when Professolr
Clarke urged the people to make provision for a new building.
At that time the city was entering upon the fight which resulted in a hundred thousand dollars in bonds for bridge and
sewer construction, so Mr. Clarke's pleadings fell upon deaf
ears. With that pleasing persistence which is one of his best
qualities when engaged in a good cause he kept up his work
for a new high school. Very gradually converts to the idea
were gained but no definite step was taken for nearly nine
years after the first agitation.




94

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

November 5th, 1914, the board of education authorized
the purchase of the Berg property, corner of Niles and Winchester avenues, as a site for a new high school. The property is 250x290 feet, with a frontage on three streets. The
purchase price was $ 1,9o00.oo'. The next March the board
employed Perkins, Fellows and Hamilton, of Chicago, to
draw the plans for the new building. The plans were approved in April so the board was now ready to submit the
question of finances to, the electors.
In August of 1915, a special election was held on the
question, "shall the city of Saint Joseph borrow the sum of
One Hundred Thousand Dollars for the purpose of erecting
a high school building?"  Only taxpayers were allowed to
vote. The result of the election was: Yes, 417; No, 291.
That was a glad day for Professor Clarke and his able assistants. The goal, toward which they had striven for nine
years, was reached at last and the new high school assured.
The bonds sold' at a premium of $1180. Contrast this with
the fact that the first sewer bonds sold at a discount and you
will realize that the city was growing in importance.
The contract was let to, Beaumont and Williamson of Chicago', and the building constructed at a total cost of $73,812.oo00; plumbing, heating, wiring and clocks brought the
total of the building colst to, $10I3,405.88. That the building was built at the right time is proved by a recent estimate
which set the cost of building the same schoolhouse today at
over $300,000'. The board' of education at that time was
G. F. Mulliken, president; G. K. Pixley, secretary; R. E.
Barr, John Lindt, M. H. Stuart, T. G. Yeomans.
The building is modern in every respect. It has a large
auditorium with complete stage settings. This is used by
the city as a convention hall and a community center so that




CHURCH AND SCHOOL

95

the citizens derive much pleasure from, their high school
building. It has a fine gymnasium in which athletic games
are played by indoor ball teams as well as school basketball
teams. It is also frequently used as a dancing room by local
social clubs. It has a manual training equipment second to
none in this section; in this; department boys, are taught to, construct many fine pieces of furniture and school equipment so
that it more than pays its way.
It has a well equipped domestic science department and
a commercial department equal to that of most business
colleges. Adequate assembly rooms, class rooms and offices
help to, make up a high school ensemble of which our city
may well be proud. The architects and the school board wisely planned the building so that an addition may be built without marring the architectural symmetry. This was a wise
plan because the enrollment has increased so rapidly that the
addition is even now necessary and plans being made for its
construction.
The total school population in 1924 is 2013, total attendance is 1256, high school enrollment over 300. The
budget for 1924 was $12,00ooo.00. The city has expanded
so rapidly to the south that the board of education recently
purchased three and one-half acres just beyond Wells Field
for the purpose of erecting a ward schoolhouse. Just a few
years ago this site was away out in the country; so, far that
no one dreamed it would ever be needed for a city school.
November I4th, 1924, a Homecoming Day was held
at Wells Field. This field was for many years a pear orchard situated away out. In the spring of 1919, J. Ogden
Wells quietly looked over school conditions and noted that
the schools did not have an athletic field. He offered to
provide one at his own expense. The five acres were bought,




96

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

the pear trees removed, the ground underdrained, leveled
and seeded. That was the first step. The next step was to
lay out a running track, cover it with cinders which were well
rolled and then lay out a football field. The field was enclosed with a steel fence and bleachers built. In 1924, Mr.
Wells built a field house and grandstand combined which increased the seating capacity to over two thousand. The field
house is provided with dressing rooms, shower bath facilities,
lockers, and lavatories making this one of the best appointed
field houses in Michigan for high school use exclusively.
Now note the contrast. When Professor Clarke took
charge, there were two old school buildings, a handful of
teachers and a high school enrollment of 65. Now we have
three finely equipped ward schools, another to, be built soon,
a great, beautiful and finely equipped high school with an
enrollment of over three hundred and an annual budget for
school expenses nearly nine times that of his first year. Yet
the tax rate is still very low as compared with that of cities
of equal or greater size.
Our schools have won high honors in athletics and stand
so high in average scholarship that our graduates are welcomed at all higher seats of education. Our high school
course today is better than that of colleges a few years ago.
Our school boards have been composed of the pick of our
citizenship. They have shown an admirable wisdom in looking forward and preparing for expansion. They have been
and are men and women of high ideals and great vision. To
them and to tIFe great administrative ability of Professor
Clarke we owe the present high place our public schools occupy.




I ~

THE PERKINS HOUSE
An old familiar landmark in the early days of St. Joseph when the activities of the town were centered around the hill.
This old building stood on the site of the Union Banking Company at Ship and State streets, and was the gathering place for
the townspeople as well as the terminus of the Stage Coach Line.







CHAPTER VII.

MISCELLANEOUS HISTORY.
HOTELS FROM THE FIRST TAVERN TO DATE-THE FIRST DOCTOR AND
OTHERS TO DATE-THE PRESS OF SAINT JOSEPH TO DATE-SAINT
JOPEPH'S PLACE IN UNITED STATES WARS-GOLD STAR HEROES
OF THE LATE WAR-THE AMERICAN LEGION.
In the very early days of the new village there were no
real hotels as we understand them. There were taverns built
of logs; rude affairs with few rooms. One large room con,
tained the bar and this room served as the general living room
for the family and the guests. Kitchen and dining room were
in one. One bedroom for host and family and possibly two
for guests made up the tavern. Men were expected to sleep
on the floor of the living room  when the tavern became
crowded. Food was generally plentiful but coarse, consisting
of stews, huge roasts of wild game and immense loaves of
bread. The host or hostess carved chunks of bread as the
guests called for them and these hunks were used to sop up
the gravy from plate or platter. Coffee and tea were luxuries,
their place being taken by home brewed beer or ale. Fingers
were used in place of forks while guests furnished their own
knives. It was rude fare rudely served but there was probably more real enjoyment at meal time than there is in one
of our modern hotels.
The Mansion House was the first hotel built in Saint
Joseph. It stood on the corner of State and Broad, was built
of logs and considered quite pretentious. For a number of
years it was the stopping place for the Detroit-Chicago stage
over night or over Sunday and also the place where the




98

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

meager mail was distributed. It was torn down many years
ago and the logs used for fuel by the thrifty villagers. It
was built in 1831.
Three years later the Michigan House was built under
the bluff mainly for the accommodation of river boatmen.
It was the scene of many a hilarious frolic and many a terrible fight. It was here that Infant Freeman staged his celebration after whipping the South Bend bully. This hotel
was the headquarters for Bully Wight whenever he was in
town. Captain Wight boasted     that he   could  outride
any storm that ever blew with his new "propeller steamer."
He boasted once too, often as his fancy propeller was wrecked
ignominously in the river itself. When river traffic declined
the old hotel lost most of its patronage, so it, too, ceased to
exist.
The most famous of the old hotels was the Perkins
House. Built in 1840, it stood on the corner of State and
Ship where now stands the Union Bank building. It at once
became the leading hotel. It boasted a three-story building
and a balcony. It had a real parlor where lady guests were
expected to sit stiffly on the horse hair chairs. It was the
center of political activities. Here came senators, governors,
presidential aspirants and political leaders. For twentyseven years it was the leading hotel, then a newer hotel robbed it of its glory. It lingered as a second class hotel for a
time then became a rooming house for negroes while the
lower stories held cheap restaurants and Chinese laundries.
At three o'clock on the morning of September I4th, I901,
the old Perkins House, then owned by Robert Ricaby, caught
fire. The colored roomers had barely time to, escape with
their lives by jumping out of the windows. They yelled' so
wildly, their eyes were so big, their clothes were so few and




MISCELLANEOUS HISTORY

99

their fright so, great that the firemen had to laugh so much
they could barely hold the hose. The old hotel was entirely
consumed by the fire. For many years its blackened remains
disfigured the corner until the Union Bank bought the site
and erected its; magnificent building.
The glory of the Perkins House was eclipsed when B. C.
Hoyt erected the Hoyt House in 1867. This at once became
the leading hotel. It suffered a disastrous fire at one time
but was rebuilt at once. When the Walker family took over
the hotel it was renamed the Lake View Hotel and bears that
name today. The passing years have added a mellowness to
its richness but the Walkers have kept it up to date in a most
admirable manner. The past year-1924-extensive improvements have been made, making this one of the best
hotels in southwestern Michigan. It lacks the pretentious
elegance of the Whitcomb but more than makes up for this in
the feeling of real home comfort which envelops the guest.
The Saint Charles Hotel was built in I868 on the site of
the present Whitcomb. In fact it is the remodeled Saint
Charles which is now the Whitcomb. This is the finest hotel
in this section. Wealthy summer resorters who are used to
the luxury and magnificence of great city hotels, are delighted
to find the same luxurious magnificence in the Whitcomb
hotel. It was named and run for a number of years by
Messrs. Vincent and Blake but is now owned by a company.
In the spring of 1905, a stock company was formed to drill
for mineral water. The drill went down eight hundred and
twenty feet when a vein of mineral water was struck which
at once filled the well to a height of over seven hundred feet.
This water was analyzed by state chemists and found to, be olf
great value for mineral baths. In time a large and beautiful
annex to the hotel was built and equipped' for giving baths.




100

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

The waters have been found very beneficial for sufferers from
various diseases. The hotel Whitcomb mineral baths have
done so much good that their fame has spread until Saint
Joseph is known all over the country as a health resort.
The Park hotel was built shortly after the Lake View.
It stands on the corner of State and Broad. It was used as
a residence after the hotel was found unprofitable and later
still bought by the Elks. It is now in use as the clubhouse of
this order. The proprietors of the Park hotel were the first
to exploit mineral baths for Saint Joseph. A well was drilled
to a depth of one hundred ninety feet where mineral water
was struck. A windmill was erected and bathhouse equipped.
For some reason the proposition did not pay so it was abandoned. Very few of the Elks know that their fine clubhouse
was once our first mineral bathhouse.
We have been mentioning the better class of hotels but
there were others built for catering to workingmen, farmers,
and men who could not afford to pay the prices of the best
hotels. The National hotel, now the Newport house, was
one of these. It is one of the oldest buildings in town.
Originally it was very respectable but it fell from grace. In
the pre-Volstead days it bore a bad reputation. Under different management it has regained its good name and is now a
home for men of limited means.
Saint Joseph has a number of other hotels some of which
close their doors during the winter. Chief among these are
the Tourist hotel, the Hotel May, Hotel Rose and Vendome.
The most famous of all our hotels is now only a memory.
This was Plank's Tavern, built in 1889 by a stock company.
It was erected on the north shore across the river by an ambitious promoter and destined to become a summer hotel
known from Maine to Oregon. It was an immense frame




MISCELLANEOUS HISTORY

IOI

structure forty to eighty feet wide and four hundred twenty
feet long. There was a balcony facing the lake over four
hundred feet long. The hotel had its own heating and lighting plant and its own waterworks. In its later years it was
owned by Andy Crawford and J. H. Graham, but was hardly
a paying proposition. It was burned down completely in
July 1898, with the loss of one life. The fire department was
called but could not cross the river, sol stood helplessly and
watched the old hotel burn. In time winds and sands obliterated all trace of the building so, that our younger citizens
have probably never heard of this, our most famous hotel.
OUR MEDICAL HISTORY.
The early settlers of Saint Joseph did without a regular
physician for a number of years. At that time every community had its midwife and also its "root and yarb" doctor. These
root and herb doctors brewed some of the bitterest teas ever
forced down the throats of reluctant children. In addition
to this every family dosed all around with sulphur and molasses in the spring to thin the blood. The first regular doctor
to locate in our city came in 1834. He was Doctor B. Y.
Boyd from Kentucky. His pills and powders were not sufficient to, give satisfaction so he soon left.
Doctor Lowell S. Lillibridge came in 1836 and practiced
here for fifteen years when he moved west. Doctor Jabez
Brow was here at the same time but he too moved away.
Very old residents will probably remember Doctor David
Crane who came in 1852. He practiced here for a number of
years and died' here. Doctor Colrydon Parker came in 1849,
but died after only two years of practice. His brother Reuben Parker came to take his place and served twenty-three
years when he, too, died here. Many other doctors have
practiced here at various times but the two best remembered




I 02

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

are Doctor McLin and Doctor Scott. Both died here after
many years of faithful service. Many of our present citizens
were ushered into this world through the ministrations of
these two faithful servants.
Saint Joseph is served at this writing by a highly trained
and experienced corps of physicians, chief among whom, in
order of service, are  Doctors   Gowdy, Witt, Merritt,
Schwendener, Allen, Bartlett, Crofton and King. In addition to these Doctor Yeomans conducts an excellent sanitarium, fully equipped, which gives full hospital service, including the most intricate operations. In the field of dentistry
Doctors Deitch, Honey, Keyes, Keeler, Theron and Burchfield give the very best of service. Because of the excellent
work of these trained men Saint Joseph has not had a serious
outbreak of disease for many years.
THE PRESS OF SAINT JOSEPH.
The first paper published in Saint Joseph was the "Saint
Joseph Herald," published first in August, 1836. A. E.
Draper was editor and publisher. It lasted just one year and
then died for want of support. When the Herald died in
1837, N. W. Fuller established the "Saint Joseph Democrat,"
Its first issue was dated O'ctober, 1837. This issue clearly
shows the period of depression which had swept over the
village as it is made up mostly of mortgage sale advertisements. The Democrat lasted only six months.
A. Peabody bought the press and type of the defunct
Democrat and started the "Western Post," our third newspaper. Its first number is dated April, 1838. Its motto
was, "The Rights of the People." The editorials urge the
citizens to accept the scrip issued by the village fathers in
payment of much needed improvements. The writer has




MISCELLANEOUS HISTORY

IO3

been unable to, discover any of this scrip but it was undoubtedly in circulation at that time. The Post suspended publication in a year.
Saint Joseph was without a newspaper for five years when
Chauncy C. Britt established a staunch Democrat paper called
the "Saint Joseph Commercial Bulletin."  The first issue is
dated April, 1844. Henry Fuller bought this paper one
year later and moved it to Chicago.
Again the village was without a. paper until 1859, when
Monroe Carlton established the "Saint Joseph Traveler."
The writer has read every issue of the Traveler. It was a
republican paper. It was sold to Charles R. Brown who sold
again to A. L. Aldrich, he to Theodore Reynolds. Reynolds
merged the paper later with the Herald. The files of the
Traveler abound with much information and many amusing
tales of early days. We give one of these as an example
of the wit of that day. A farmer near Saint Joseph had a
bull. The bull was getting old and very fierce so that the
farmer was afraid. He called in his neighbors to, help kill
the bull. They stood at the fence and fired many bullets into
the bull but this only made the bull mad. Then they tied the
bull to the fence, took a two-inch augur and bored a hole into
his head. They packed the hole with powder and lit the fuse.
The explosion blew off the bull's head but thirty minutes later
his tail was still switching flies off from his hide.
Carlton of the "Traveler" and Cook of the "Niles Republican" constantly exchanged editorial courtesies, using such
ultra refined expressions in describing each other as "hog,
swine, galoot, lopeared nincompoop, brainless ass, and windbag."
The "Saint Joseph Herald" was begun in 1866, by Albert H. Potter as a democratic paper. It poured hot shot




I04

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

into the republicans of Saint Joseph and vicinity; a young
printer, named L. J. Merchant, worked on the Herald. The
two papers were merged in 1874 under the name of "Traveler-Herald" with Horace W. Guernsey as owner and Charles
Stuart editor. Later L. J. Merchant bought out the two
owners and continued the paper as the "Saturday Herald,"
a republican paper. Mr. Merchant continued as editor-inchief until the Herald was merged with the Press.
Other papers published here at various times were the
"Pioneer" issued in 1863 by D. A. Winslow and Wallace
Perkins. It lasted hardly a year. "The Lake Shore Independent" first was issued in 1873 by Charles M. Winslow.
Ricaby and Botham bought it the next year and changed
the name to the "Saint Joseph Republican."  This was the
first firm to issue a daily called the "Saint Joseph Daily
News." The venture was not a success so the paper was discontinued.
The "Press Publishing and Newspaper Stereotyping Co."
was organized in 1894 by J. N. Bowersox, W. W. Cooper
and George W. Roof. Mr. Bowersox was editor and publisher. The firm, issued a paper called the "Saint Joseph
Press."  It was issued as a daily with a weekly edition also.
Mr. Bowersox was an able editor but a poor manager. The
paper got into financial difficulties and the editor imbibed
rather too freely of the cup that cheers. His partners sued
him for an accounting so, he turned the paper over to a lessee,
a Mr. Smith, and went traveling. Smith tired of the paper
in time and turned it over to the employees. They declined
to assume the responsibility so a hurry call was sent out for
Bowersox. He returned and resumed management for a
time then sold out to the owner of the "Palladium."  He in
turn sold to a locally formed company who now control the




MISCELLANEOUS HISTORY

o105

paper. It was merged with the "Herald" when that paper
suspended publication and is now issued as the "Saint Joseph
Herald-Press."  Published by the Herald-Press Publishing
Co., at 116 State street. Rex Wyncoop is the editor at present. The paper goes to. all parts of Berrien county and to
old-timers who have moved as far away as California. The
weekly has been discontinued. Reading between the lines,
we see that the history of the local press is replete with great
hopes and bitter disappointments. Those old editors who
thundered bitter political denunciations at each other are long
since sleeping beneath the sod. Their works do follow them
as recorded in the files of their papers. The writer owes
them a debt of gratitude for recording much of the information contained in this work. We have enjoyed poring over
those old-time publications.
OUR MILITARY HISTORY.
Saint Joseph's military history begins with the Black
Hawk war when a number of our early citizens enlisted and
valiantly drilled on the bluff. The whole war was a bluff so
our heroes never got out of sight of home. The only thing
they really fought was the kegs of rum at the taverns. During that time our first propeller steamed into our port with
a company of regulars for garrison duty. The recruits from
all over southern Michigan came here to drill so our village
presented a very martial appearance. The brave volunteers
were rewarded with a hundred sixty acres of land for each
so they went home and took out their fighting on stumps and
grubs.
Our real military history begins in I861, with the first
call for volunteers issued by the immortal Lincoln. One
of the first companies organized in the west was organized




Io6

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

at Saint Joseph by Hon. A. H. Morrison. W. W. Edmunds
was elected captain and later received his commission. While
doing drill work the captain was drowned in the river and
the company then disbanded without marching away. Its
members enlisted in other companies or the regulars so the
work was not wasted. Jay J. Drake became a captain in the
Seventh Missouri. Company B of the Sixth Infantry was
raised at Saint Joseph and saw service from Newport News
to New Orleans. Our boys also saw service in Company B,
Ninth Infantry, part of this company being with Sherman
during his famous march to the sea. Company B of the 12th
Infantry was raised at Saint Joseph and saw service in Tennessee. Of this regiment, I 15 men under Captain Graves
successfully withstood an attack by a whole division of rebel
cavalry.
Captain Thomas Wallace of Saint Joseph commanded
Company B for some time, while Lieutenants Robert King
and Thomas A. Walker aided him. Among the 6th, 9th and
12th regiments were three companies made up wholly of boys
from Saint Joseph, and officered by men from our city. They
made an excellent record of which our city may well be proud.
It must not be supposed that these were all of the boys from
our city who saw service in this war, but space limitations forbid an extended discussion. Few, if any, of the state regiments were without some men from Saint Joseph. A few of
these honored veterans are still living here. For many years
Saint Joseph has had the honor of having the annual reunion
of Berrien county veterans. A local Grand Army of the Republic Post has been in existence here for many years. It
was due to the labors of one of these veterans, Comrade L.
J. Merchant, that the local Memorial Hall was built. A
Woman's Relief Corps is in existence here. They have done




MISCELLANEOUS HISTORY

Io7

valiant work for years.
May I6th, 1898, the Alger Guard entrained for the
Spanish war, carrying with them ninety men from the Twin
Cities. The following Saint Joseph men were with the
Guard: George Bossuot, William Donahue, Louis Miller,
Joseph Hauser, Stephen D'evoe, Frank Reynolds, P. C.
Walker, Jr., Guy Bort, Guy Swem, Barrett O'Hara, Charles
Loleffler, Carl Jacobson, Walter Martin, John R. Bradley.
Of these Charles Loeffler died of typhoid and many of the
others became sick. They saw plenty of service and upheld
the military fame of our city with honor. Our one Rough
Rider was Ogden Wells. Like many other sons of wealthy
parents, he could not resist the lure of service in this famous
regiment. He did his part with valor and honor, winning
extra mention for carrying off his wounded officer amid a
storm of hostile bullets. The Spanish war did not last long
or more of our boys would have gone. We turn now to the
last war in which the Sons of Saint Joseph gave service to
their country's flag.
THE AMERICAN LEGION.
We are indebted to the officers of the American Legion
for this information so we give the Legion's history first.
"PREAMBLE"
"For God and Country we associate ourselves together
for the following purposes:
"To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United
States of America; to maintain law and order; to foster and
perpetuate a Ioo per cent Americanism; to preserve the
memories and incidents of our association in the great war;
to inculcate a sense of individual obligation to the community,
state and nation; to combat autocracy of both the classes and




i108

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

the masses; to make right the master of might; to promote
peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and transmit to
posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy;
to consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion to
mutual helpfulness."
The first meeting for organization purposes was called
by Messrs. F. S. Upton and J. D. Preston, at Memorial Hall
on Tuesday, Sept. 23, 1919. The first officers elected were:
F. S. Upton, commander; John Morlock, first vice commander; John D. Preston, second vice commander; John L.
Swigert, adjutant; Dr. L. A. King, finance officer; Dr. J. F.
Crofton, chaplain; Rex Wyncoop, historian.
The present officers are Harold A. Bucher, commander;
Dan Mather, first vice commander; Gottlieb, Koch, second
vice commander; John L   Swigert, adjutant; Charles Cameron, finance officer; Martin Harner, Chaplain; William
Lindt, historian; Howard Olson, sergeant-at-arms.
GOLD STAR HEROES.
The following men gave their lives for their country
during the late war. These were all Saint Joseph boys:
William Schrader       Julius Rheinhart
Charles Dietz          George Cartter
Frank Willie           Fred Weberling
Walter Fuller          Otto B. Place
Edward Jensen          Arthur Jensen
Ray Clemens
These men died since the war, presumably from the seeds
of disease resulting from war service: Irwin Rawlings, Kenneth Shire, Dr. Frank N. Martin.
The roster of the legion gives eloquent testimony to the
patriotism of our home boys. We give in it all the names of
our own boys who served in the late war. There are scores




MISCELLANEOUS HISTORY

Io9

of names of men from our county villages near by which we
omit as this is strictly Saint Joseph history.
These men from Saint Joseph served in the late war:

Harold Bucher
Philip Daly
Clayton Williams
Kenneth Shull
Dr. L. A. King
August Radtke
T. G. Wallace
Ralph Gersonde
F. S. Upton
Harry O'Darrell
Dr. McDermott
W. C. Lindt
Charles E. Stone
L. D. Troost
Howard Olson
John W. Sheehan
Donald MacElroy
Frank D. Ward
Clarence Jensen
Harry Ziegert
Henry Colberg
Ernest A. Love
Leo Kull
Floyd Minne
Fred Schlutt
Harold C. Lenfest
Willard Morton
Henry Bittner
Herman Selmer

Carl G. Mischke
William Reeder
Howard Alfred
Gustave Barttoss
Joseph Buk
Roy Bockins
Tom Bristor
Fred 0. Carter
William W. Carver
Edgar J. Cooper
Robbins B. Crehore, Jr.
John Borlick
Carl Miller
Harold Foulkes
J. L. Swigert
Dr. F. M. Gowdy
Arthur J. Smith
Dr. C. W. Merritt
Fred Kneibes
John Burley
0. J. Kowlilski
V. C. Kegle
William Carl Carlson
George Kammerer
George Whelden
Otto Totzke
Vernie Bucher
Joseph Ennis
Gustave Young




IIO

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

Harry Cantulery
Alfred Bernthal
Arthur Aber
Herbert Allen
Herman Berendt
James Clark Bradley
Rudolph Borchert
Joseph V. Allerton
Harold Carter
William J. Cassidy
Levi P. Corteville
Joseph F. Crofton
Daniel M. Cunningham
Barney Domes
Charles E. Drott
Harry Freund
Robert Fernz
John J. Fitzgerald
Paul J. Colby
Emil H. Hardtke
Louis Hebner
Fred W. Hinz
Oscar Jacobsen
Stanley A. Johnson
Herbert Freund
Gottlieb Koch
Charles J. Fisher
Byron C. Ward
William Collier
C. E. Rossman
Peter G. Lamprakis
John M. Lessing

Cecil T. Love
Claude Luollum
John J. McDermott
George T. Macintosh
Byron W. Marfroid
Charles E. Mickel
Raz H. Mongreig
Morse Shreve
Ernest Niegelsen
Harold B. Nold
J. A. Dembrock
Elza M. Dravoo
J. A. Ebert, Jr.
John J. Fagan
Frank F. Fisher
S. P. Gephart
Wmi. A. Gross
Conant H. Hatch
Mark Herring
E. Dwight Horton
Arthur O. Jeffries
Ogden B. Jones
Margeret Hitzelberger
C. J. Swigert
Fred Skibbe
John Schreiber
Gardner McCracken
John Wilkinson
Howard 0. Lehman
Lawrence Loikets
Wm. Loveland
Richard L. Lysaight

-




MISCELLANEOUS HISTORY

III

Donald B. McElroy
Bernard E. Machemer
Charles W. Merritt
Karl Julius Miller
John Frank Morlock
Rollin S. Mummer
Emil J. Nitz
Wolfred E. Norberg
Leo H. Paget
Benj. F. Phairas
Nathan Evarts Preston
August Rath
Gordon E. Riley
Lloyd H. Risto
Julius Rudnick
William Rybarzns
William Schiebel
Bertha Verna Schreiber
Arthur J. Smith
Edward R. Shaw
Joseph R. Wilkinson
Ester Helen Dolly
Paul J. Haase
Rex Wyncoop
Alvin 0. Knaak
Julius Lauch
Paul Barlow
Kenneth Gustafson
Ralph A. Simons
Carlton F. Small
Earl Smith
George S. Steplez

Walter C. Stuart
Harry B. Swigert
Doctor Burns
Max P. Tiefke
August Strapp
Fred S. Upton
Andrew Patzer
John Dexter Preston
Harvey H. Quardokus
Harold Rhodis
Taylor Riley
Rudolph Rochan
Walter A. Rueski
Raymond K. St. Clair
Albert H. Schmidtke
John N. Schreiber
Fred Sempert
Glen Louis Shaw
Alexander Neaubeauer
Edward K. Snyder
Martin Harner
Clyde Dombrowsky
A. J. Smith
Paul Frobel
Arthur Haase
George R. Gray
Fred Sisson
Wyman H. Small
Roscoe R. Smith
Herman Stark
Fred C. Swigert
Herbert French




II2

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

Elmer Olson
Edgar Tretz
Roy H. Truscott
Raymond A. Vance
Sherwood Vinnedge
Harry Winslow
Laverne S. Williams
Dan W. Mather
Roy Mollhagen
Walter Eisenhart
Frank Bender
L. Mollhagen
William Domke
Walter Wolf
Herman Strasburg
Alfred Zick
Albert C. Kasischke
John Demrbrock
Fred Schreiber
L. W. Beardsley
Robert Post
Harold Brown
Linden Comstock
Paul Hasse
L. R. Anderson
Guy Crehore
L. E. Cavanaugh
August Wiek
William Bartz
Garret J. Coughlin
John Ecklund
Marion Harner

Herbert Kerlikowski
Delos Webster
Sydney Jacoby
Donald Witt
Paul C. White
Charles Yank
0. F. Siebert
Orae Johns
Alfred Block
Roy Clemens
Edward Burr
Ralph Newland
L. R. White
Ray St. Clair
Jay Gard
A. A. Pryor
William Knuth
J. B. Dormer
Henry Burkhardt
Sam Carlson
Ernest Herman
William Wilcox
Angelos Makris
Harry Kerlikowski
Emmons Sexton
Arthur Mollhagen
Earl P. Smith
Charles F. Christ
Howard Ganong
Christ Moraitis
Lawrence Kreiger
Frank Klemm




MISCELLANEOUS HISTORY

113

Understand please that the names given are those of the
Legion alone and not a complete list of those who enlisted
from our city. Among others of whom the writer knows are
three brothers, Leonard, George and Charles Rose, Clark
Williams and Robert Berendt but there are doubtless many
others.
The American Legion of Michigan, of which the local
post is a member, maintains a tubercular hospital at Camp
Custer, a children's billet at Otter Lake, and cares for mothers of disabled soldiers at the same place. The Legion has
taken an active part in civic betterment at all times.
With hundreds of men from Saint Joseph taking an active
part in military affairs; with eleven men who, gave up their
lives in action and with many of our local men acting as
officers it may be seen that our city has maintained its reputation for patriotism. From the time of the Revolution to, the
present, men fromi Saint Joseph have participated in every
war our country has fought. We could write a book on that
subject alone but space forbids more mention. We may,
though, close this subject of military history by stating that
all honor is due to the boys, whether they fought in the
homespun of the pioneers, the blue of the Civil war period,
the short but active period of the Spanish war or in the
"O. D." of the last war. There are no blots on the military
escutcheon of our city, the record is clean and bright.




CHAPTER VIII.

BANKS AND BANKING, LODGES AND CLUBS
THE FIRST BANK IN SAINT JOSEPH-WILDCAT BANKS-UNION
BANK-COMMERCIAL STATE BANK BECOMES COMMERCIAL NATIONALr-MASONS FIRST LODGE IN SAINT JOSEPH, ODDFELLOWS
NEXT-OTHER LODGES AND CLUBS-ROTARY HISTORY-KIWANIS
HISTORY.
The first settlers in Saint Joseph were men of considerable
wealth. Here was no rag-tag and bob-tail drifting from one
point to another but men of good standing and many worldly
goods who had tired of the effete east and were seeking lo1
cations where they might expand their holdings. It followed
then that a bank was of first importance because there was
currency in plenty to make that need imperative.
Our first bank was the "Farmers and Merchants" organized in 1835 by Thomas Fitzgerald. It was a private
bank which did business for a few years and then liquidated
without loss to anyone. The next bank was a wildcat bank
known as the "Commercial Bank of Michigan."   It stood
on the corner of State and Pleasant streets. These wildcat
banks borrowed enough cash to secure a charter and then
issued their own notes. The banks had much cash on hand
but loaned to each other when the bank examiner came
around. Sometimes one sack of currency traveled just ahead
of the examiner and did duty at a dozen or more banks. They
flooded the state with worthless notes. There are only three
notes of this bank in existence and those are in the Masonic
Temple at Detroit. The bank with a big name was short
lived.
The next bank was organized in 1856 by B. C. Hoyt and
Tolman Wheeler as a private bank called "Hoyt's Bank."




BANKS, LODGESi AND CLUBS

I15

Wheeler was president. It lasted for fifteen years and then
liquidated without loss to, anyone. The place of Hoyt's
private bank was taken by the "First National Bank of Saint
Joseph," organized in I871, by W. E. Higman, Francis Jordan, S. F. Heath, C. H. Sherwood, E. Nickerson, W. H.
Tryon and C. Stewart. Francis Jordan was cashier and W.
E. Higman, president.  In time Orville Jordan became
cashier in this bank and his father Francis was president. The
"First National" occupied the corner of State and Pleasant
where now stands the Square Drug Company's store. At
times there was some difficulty in getting money at the "National" as they had a bad habit of shutting down on depositors during times o.f financial stringency.
The "First National" was accordingly liquidated and
the "Union Banking Company" organized to replace. It began as a closed corporation, the stockholders being E. A.
Graham, J. H. Graham, A. W. Wells, John Wallace, J. H.
Lee, James Forbes, T. T. Ransom and H. M. Zekind. The
stockholders paid in one-fourth of the stock in cash and threefourths in notes. It is an odd fact that the earnings of the
bank were such that the notes were never required to be paid
and they remain unpaid to this day though of course outlawed.
Francis Jordan was the first president, succeeded by John
Wallace, he by J. Forbes, then the senior Wells, A. D. Kent
and now J. Ogden Wells.    Orville Jordan was the first
cashier and remained cashier until recent years when he resigned because of poor health, and was succeeded by Fred
Tebbe, the present cashier. The "Union Bank" was organized on the premise that the depositor was entitled to his
money whenever he asked for it and that policy is still in
force. For a time the bank pursued a policy of "bank here
if you wish or go some where else for all we care." That




Ir6

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

policy did very well for a time but in the long run was not a
paying attitude. Under Mr. Tebbe's administration a different policy has obtained, the policy of public service and the
glad hand. With this policy in force the "Union Bank" has
become a great institution. For a time it was quartered where
the candy kitchen is now, midway between State and Pleasant
streets on the west side. Now it occupies its handsome and
commodious building on the corner of State and Ship streets.
The present officers are J. O. Wells, president; F. A. Kelble,
vice president; Fred W. Tebbe, cashier; H. A. Johnson,
assistant cashier; H. N. Briggs, assistant cashier. It has a
capital of $Ioo,ooo.oo, surplus of $70,000.00.
The "Commercial National Bank" was organized originally as a state bank and remained such until 1900, when the
first steps were taken to make it a national bank. It has
occupied the corner of State and Pleasant streets for over
thirty years but was originally housed in a small, frame
building. During the year 1920, a new building was begun,
The bank moved into its new quarters the next year. Its
building is one of the finest in the city. It has always catered
to the farmer and the small depositor in addition to business
men. Under some of its cashiers a very liberal policy was
pursued, which did not always pay. When Mr. Blakeslee resigned Al. Morford took over the guiding reins as cashier
and did exceptionally well until poor health forced his
resignation. Wallace Preston was president of the bank until his death. During 1923, Kirk E. Sutherland was elected
cashier. This proved to be an excellent step as he is possessed of unusual ability. The last statement we have at
hand is dated in October, 1924. This shows the bank to have
resources of over two million dollars. It is capitalized at
$10,0ooo.oo, and had a surplus at that date of $106,000.00.




BANKS, LODGES AND CLUBS

Ii7

The present officers are W. E. Hatch, president; J. J. Theisen, vice president; Kirk E. Sutherland, cashier; H. W.
Banks, assistant cashier; C. L. Gruner, assistant cashier.
Directors are R. E. Barr, O. A. D. Baldwin, Willard Brewer,
Anthony Canavan, W. E. Hatch, A. C. Melchart, A. G.
Preston, Kirk E. Sutherland, J. J. Theisen.
Thus closes our banking history. Some might say that
two banks were too few for our city. In reply we might point
to the fact that they are exceptionally strong institutions and
amply able to care for the city's finances. They are housed
in beautiful, modern quarters, they are officered by men of
most exceptional quality and they are bulwarked by resources
greatly in excess of any pressing need which may arise.
LODGES.
Occidental Lodge No. 56, F. & A. M., was the oldest
lodge in the city, being instituted January 12th, I8'53. (We
use the word "was" because it was later merged with Pomona). It had these men as charter members: Lovett
Church, J. S. Wallace, Calvin Britain, W. J. Miller, Phineas
Pearl, K. Olds, C. Stowe, Jehial Enos and L. Marsh. Lovett
Church was the first Worthy Master followed by the following men to date of merger: Lovett Church, 1851-53; Daniel
Olds, Calvin Britain, Alex. B. Leeds, Fred A. Potter, elected
4 times; B. F. Chadwick, Horace W. Guernsey, Alex. Elton,
George S. Clapp, Alfred Baldrey, three times; C. C. Sweet,
Warren Chapman, two times; J. J. Pearl, Edward D. Schnader, two times; Alex. H. Scott, five times; Edward H. Kingsley, C. H. Moulton, L. A. McConnell, 1902-3, to date of
merger.
The lodge held a semi-centennial celebration in January,
1903, when Clarence E. Blake, chief of police; A. H. Morton
and E. S. Kelly rode the goat in initiatory degree.




II8

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

Pomona Lodge F. & A. M., was organized in January,
1871, with O. W. Oviatt as first Worthy Master; A. K.
Webster, S. W.; and R. B. Duncan, J. W. Its early membership was small. Pomona and Occidental lodges formally
merged into the new Saint Joseph Lodge, F. & A. M., October, I904, with the following first officers: John Walker,
W. M; Fred A. Woodruff, senior warden; Wm. C. Howard,
junior warden; John N. Powell, secretary; Nelson C. Rice,
treasurer; R. E. Barr, senior deacon; Albert Dobberthein,
junior deacon; Eugene B. Perkins, tyler; Hiram Wilson,
senior steward; Frank Paget, junior steward. The roster of
Worthy Masters from merger to date is John Walker, Fred
A. Woodruff, W. C. Howard, Rolland E. Barr, Albert Dobberthein, John L. Rice, J. J. Miller, C. A. Meech, Harvey
L. Geddes, Loomis K. Preston, Sherman Gregg, Charles
Miller, H. E. Lick, Harry Ewing, Delwin Fisher, W. G.
Merrifield, H. F. Schmidtke, A. P. Johnson, L. E. Speidel,
R. M. Casler. The consolidated lodge has 539 members at
this date with the following officers now serving: Richard
M. Casler, Worthy Master; Martin Kasischke, S. W.; Asa
R. Miller, J. W.; Emmas Sexton, S. D.; Leo R. Beardsley,
J. D.; Robert L. Carlton, treasurer; Chas. Russell, secretary;
John Karsten, tyler.
Calvin Britain Chapter, No. 72, R. A. M. was instituted
April, 1870, with these charter members: Lawrence Phillips,
Samuel G. Langley, H. M. Zekind, A. B. Leeds, Joshua
Feather, Fred A. Potter, Alfred Shephard, P. D. Montgomery, A. J. Brush. By 1879 it had increased to forty members
and has had a consistent growth ever since. Alfred Baldrey,
Horace Guernsey, Lawrence Fyfe and John Wallace were
members when they died. The present officers are: Ralph
Truax, high priest; Charles Stone, king; Asa Miller, scribe;




BANKS, LODGES AND CLUBS

II9

Walter Kilbourne, principal sojourner; Don Wilson, captain
of the host; Arthur Edinborough, royal arch captain; Joseph
Collier, secretary; A. N. Richardson, master of third veil;
John Habel, master of second veil; E. Swisher, master of
first veil; John Karsten, sentinel.
Saint Joseph Council, R. & S. M., was instituted in November, 1875, with the following officers: F. A. Potter,
T. I. M.; J. J. Pearl, D. I. M.; C. S. Boyle, P. C. W.; Alexander Gelon, C. of G.; A. B. Bisbee, G. S. & S.; H. M. Zekind, C. of C.; J. W. Brewer, recorder; and John Bell,
treasurer. It has grown until it is one of our strongest
lodges. The following officers are holding at this writing,
December, 1924: Herman Carl Vogt, thrice illustrious
master; Theodore McHold, deputy master; Joseph R.
Collier, conductor of the work; Robert L. Carlton, treasurer;
Leonard E. Merchant, recorder; Ernest W. Swisher, captain
of the guard; Hiram K. Cupp, conductor of the council; John
Habel, steward; John Karsten, sentinel. Len Merchant has
been recorder for twenty-one years.
First lodge of the "Eastern Star" was instituted in 1898,
with the following officers: Mrs. Harry Stone, worthy
matron; L. E. Merchant, worthy patron; Mrs. F. R. Hale,
associate matron; Mrs. L. J. Merchant, secretary; Harry
Stone, treasurer; Mrs. Emma Colby, conductress; Margaret
Reynolds, associate conductress; Mrs. David Hunter, chaplain; Mrs. L. E. Merchant, Ada; Mrs. E. J. Backus, Ruth;
Mrs. C. M. Rulison, Esther; Mrs. W. F. Johnson, Martha;
Mrs. A. J. Beers, Electa; Miss Mina Gard, warder; C. M.
Rulison, sentinel; other charter members were F. R. Hale,
J. F. Gard, A. J. Beers, David Copperman. The chapter was
named "America." It is still growing and very active.
Golden Rule Shrine of the White Shrine of Jerusalem




120

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

was organized at Pomona Lodge hall with 44 charter members, on October I5th, 1902. The following were charter
members: Mrs. Matilda J. Stone, Mrs. Eva Wilson, W. R.
Cochrane, Mrs. Carrie E. Merchant, Mrs. Margaret Gould,
Mrs. Eliza Howland, Mrs. Nellie Backus, Mrs. Emma
Velie, Gilbert Hutchinson, A. H. Velie, Hiram Wilson,
Frank Headley, Harry Stone, A. R. Gould, W. L. Stevens,
G. M. Baitinger, Mrs. Ella Cochrane, Mrs. Ida Carrick,
Mrs. Lydia Baitinger, Mrs. Anna Brown, Mrs. Annette
Herring, Mrs. Harriet A. Merchant. This is one of the
strong and growing lodges of our city. It has a membership
far in excess of the charter roll at present.
The long looked for, hoped for and planned for Masonic
Temple is at last in course of construction at this writing.
It stands on Main street. It will be a beautiful building of
brick and stone construction. It is being erected by a local
Masonic association so the title to the property will remain
in local hands for all time. The affiliated Masonic bodies
have had a large part in the development of our city.
Saint Joseph Lodge, No. 92, I. O. G. T. was organized in
1879 with 31 charter members. The first officers were W.
B. Plumb, Adelia Smith, E. M. Plumb, Henry Reder, Jennie
Clapp, Will Hart, Wm. Marshall, George Jennings. At one
time this lodge had over two' hundred members but it is not
very active now.
Saint Joseph Encampment, No. 37, I. 0. 0O. F., received
its charter from the Grand Lodge in February, 1870. The
original members were Lawrence Phillips, H. M. Zekind,
Orrin W. Oviatt, J. J. Pearl, C. H. Chamberlain, G. W.
Smith, H. N. Elkington, J. M. West, J. B. Thompson, E. M.
Edwards and C. H. DeWitt. It has been allowed to lapse
and there is no Encampment here now.




BANKS, LODGES AND CLUBS

12I

Knights of the Maccabees were organized in February,
1903, by M. Bynton, great commander. The charter members were: Thomas Smith, Frank Ankli, J. J. Aldrich,
William Freund, W. A. Neubrand, G. J. Rowe, Edward
J. Witt, Martin A. Coder, Frank Stines, G. W. Carley, A.
Carpenter, A. L. Rose, J. A. Lantz. For a time the lodge
was very active and it still is enjoying growth but it is not
very active at this writing.
A Hive of the Ladies of the Maccabees of the World
was instituted in May, 1909, with these officers: Mrs. Addie
B. Morford, commander; Mrs. Susan Miller, lieutenant commander; Mrs. Bertha Gess, record keeper; Mrs. Mary
Kessler, chaplain; Mrs. David Brown, sergeant; Mrs. J. P.
Rawlings, sentinel; Mrs. Ewalt, picket. It has grown and
prospered.
Knights of Columbus was instituted in September, 1909,
with fifty charter members and the following officers: Harry
L. Murphy, grand knight; Anthony Esper, deputy grand
knight; Theodore Kreiger, chancellor; Wm. A. Neubrand,
financial secretary; Louis A. Wade, recording secretary;
Matthias Weber, treasurer; Cass Rutkoskie, warden; Dr.
Frank Deitch, advocate; guards, J. J. Swikoskie, A. J.
Theisen; John Jeanette, lecturer; Rev. M. G. Esper, chaplain; trustees, Frank Hildebrand, A. J. Wallace and John
Jeannette. This organization took an active part in war
relief work. It is still growing.
At one time there was a large and active lodge of the
Sons of Veterans here but it has been allowed to lapse. At
one period in our history the anti-Catholic craze struck locally
and a lodge of the American Protective Association was organized. Saner thought prevailed in time and the lodge was
disbanded. There is an active association of the Veterans of




I22

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

the Spanish war which meets in Memorial hall. We have
had a local order of the Grand Army of the Republic ever
since that organization was started. The most prominent
men of this lodge have been Captain Botham, Wallace Preston, Frank Morlock, L. J. Merchant, John Lane, A. Roe,
Charles Bort, but many others belonged. We still have a
corporal's guard of these veterans but their ranks are sadly
thinned. For many years Saint Joseph entertained the annual reunion of Berrien County Veterans.
The Woman's Relief Corps was organized long years
ago and we still have a skeleton organization of these devoted
women, but they, too, are but a handful of the host.
The Royal Neighbors are an active organization with
many members. The present officers are: Mrs. Elwin Spear,
oracle; Mrs. Roy Morgan, vice oracle; Mrs. Emma Lupton,
past oracle; Mrs. Ada Corteville, chancellor; Mrs. Wm.
Gabel, recorder; Mrs. John Rohl, receiver; Mrs. John Swigert, marshal; Mrs. Clyde Dragoo, inner sentinel; Mrs.Emil
Herdrich, honor sentinel; Miss Nellie Hanley, manager.
The lodge is named Royal Neighbors of the O'ak Leaf, Camp
No. 35II.
We have a strong Y. W. C. A. organized in 1909, with
Mrs. Sophia Eckert, president; Miss Ethel Starkweather,
vice president; Miss Anna Finegan, secretary and Helen
Clark, treasurer. They have grown and are about to build
a fine new hall.
Burnett Lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, No.
I19, was chartered in May, 1868, which makes it our second
oldest lodge. A. H. Morrison, A. E. Perkins, C. H. Chamberlain, 0. W. Oviatt and W. R. Graham were charter members. The present officers are Cyrus Major, noble grand;
Erich Voss, vice grand; Wm. Kline, past grand; Guy Corte



BANKS, LODGES AND CLUBS

I23

ville, recording secretary; Ben Coleman, financial secretary;
Gust Wesner, treasurer. This is one of our strongest lodges.
It has taken a foremost part in all municipal doings at all
times. Fifty-six years of successful work and satisfactory
growth is a record of which any lodge might well be proud.
The women's auxiliary, Daughters of Rebekah, is an active,
virile organization, though much younger than the parent
lodge.
The Modern Woodmen of America were organized in
May, 1892. John Best, Richard Chaddock, W. Christ,
Chas. DeWitt, J. Hone, John Krieger, David Hunter, F. C.
Lucker, Joseph Mitchell, Wmi. Marston, E. F. Oser, D.
Young, G. W. Reeves, F. O. Stowell, John Stair, W. P.
Ward, G. L. Wheeler and Frank Bender were charter members. The officers at present are: W. J. Squeirs, venerable
counsel; Robert Berendt, worthy assistant; W. M. Gabel,
clerk; M. Loshbough, banker; Frank Morath, escort; John
DeVeier, watchman; Otto Siles, sentry.
This is an insurance lodge.  Its importance may be
gleaned from the fact that it paid out in October alone over
a million dollars in death claims. It has a benefit fund of over
three million dollars.
Saint Joseph has always been proud of the quality of its
citizenship. That it has just claim to pride may well be
proved through scanning the list of one of its most important
women's lodges. Only those who can prove relationship to
our first citizens are admitted to, this exclusive organization.
We refer to the "Daughters of the Aimerican Revolution."
We are indebted to Mrs. Hull for this information of the
lodge history.
The Daughters of the American Revolution, Algonquin
Chapter, was granted a charter on May 25th, I898. Miss




I24

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

Stella Winchester was organizing regent. The charter members were: Mrs. S. A. Bailey, Mrs. Emma Hinkley Cole,
Mrs. Anthony Canavan, Mrs. Lawrence C. Fyfe, Mrs.
Charles R. Fisher, Mrs. W. P. French, Mrs. L. S. Griswold,
Mrs. M. S. Griswold, Mrs. P. W. Hull, Mrs. Cora King
Torre, Miss Laura King, Mrs. Frank Moore, Mrs. W. A.
Preston, Mrs. T. T. Ransom; Mrs. George E. Smith, Mrs.
Minnie C. Smith, Mrs. R. F. Stratton, Miss Mary S. Whitehead.
The first officers were: Stella Louise Winchester, regent; Mrs. Helen Stanley Fyfe, vice regent; Miss Mary
Sophronia Whitehead, secretary; Mrs. Grace VanDerveen
Canavan, treasurer; Mrs. Florence Huntington Bailey, register; Mrs. Belle Chapman Smith, historian. The present officers are: Mrs. H. A. Rackliff, regent; Mrs. William H. Hull,
vice regent; Mrs. Emma H. Cole, recording secretary; Mrs.
G. B. Paxton, corresponding secretary; Mrs. J. G. Mamer,
treasurer; Mrs. Charles C. Davis, register; Mrs. J. B. Morrison, historian. Directors for this year are: Mrs. W. D.
Downey, Mrs. L. W. Cammack, Mrs. E. C. Filstrup, Mrs.
H. G. Bartlett and Mrs. Willis H. Goodrich. The following
is the roster of past regents: Miss Stella L. Winchester, Mrs.
George E. Smith, Mrs. Wallace A. Preston, Mrs. Addison
D. Kent, Mrs. A. H. Stoneman, Mrs. William H. Hull, Mrs.
Minnie C. Smith, Mrs. Harvey J. Campbell, Mrs. William
R. Wright, Mrs. Charles K. Minary, Mrs. Clyde Beebe.
Mrs. H. J. Campbell is the only honorary life regent.
The Daughters have accomplished the following work:
I.  Erected the LaSalle Monument.
2.  Marked the old Territorial Road with a boulder.
3.  Placed a tablet on Union Bank at terminal of old
road.




BANKS, LODGES AND CLUBS

12 5

4. Assisted in purchasing State flag for the battleship
"Michigan."   This flag is now in the Michigan room at
Washington, D. C., in Memorial Centennial Hall.
5. Supplied many Michigan historical books for the
library in Memorial Hall.
6. Presented flags to each high school building.
7. Gives annual prizes to best U. S. history student.
8. Presented flags to each library, also many books.
9. Publishes a manual for the use of immigrants.
10. During the late war this society completely outfitted
one destroyer, furnished many supplies to soldiers and presented each American Legion post with a piano after the war.
The society is a Twin City organization but had its inception
in Old Saint Joe.
ROTARY CLUB.
The Rotary really had its inception in a luncheon club
formed here by some of our representative business men in
1918. The club was granted a Rotary Charter the same
year. Credit for the organization is largely due to Mitchell
Willis and Guy C. Weaver. The local club was admitted to
the International Association of Rotary Clubs the same year.
The charter members were:     Stuart Barlow, R. Truax,
Floyd Daigneau, Ray Davis, Guy C. Weaver, W. H. Willis,
Forest Woodley, W. E. Hatch, Harry Kerlikowski, Harold
McConnell, Stuart B. McConnell, D. D. Merrill, Chester
P. O'Hara, George K. Pixley, Ralph Smith, B. Starke.
The first officers were: Ray Davis, president; Ralph
Smith, vice president; W. E. Hatch, secretary; B. G. Starke,
treasurer. Past presidents have been: Ray Davis, 1917-18;
C. P. O'Hara, 1919; C. J. McComb, 1920; Dr. E. J. Witt,
192ti; J. H. Pound, 1922; Percy V. Dawe, 1923.
Rotary has ninety members at present writing. It is a




126

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

(Twin City organization but had its inception here. The
present officers are: Wm. A. Vawter, president; B. Stuart
McConnell, vice president; M. H. Willis, secretary; Fred
W. Tebbe, treasurer; Wm. Rahn, sergeant-at-arms. There
are four directors from each city.
The writer has found the outstanding feature of Rotary
is its modesty. We finally pried out these few facts well
worth recording:
I. During the entire year the club quietly collects funds
to expend in giving the children a Christmas party and each
a Christmas present.
2. Finances the local Boy Scout movement.
3. Helps poor boys to get an education by advancing
funds.
4. Emphasizes business ethics and promotes good feeling.
5. Established a clinic for crippled children at which
seventy-seven children have been treated to date. One member is given a crippled child for his own special responsibility. He makes it his business to see that the parents are
aided in securing the best medical efforts.
When you learn that the Rotary raised over five thousand
dollars at one meeting for Boy Scouts, you get an idea of
what they are doing.
The local club was honored by having its genial first
president, Ray Davis, elected District Governor of Rotary
for the whole of Michigan and part of Canada. This place
he filled so acceptably that much honor was reflected on the
home club. Rotary has recently held a school olf instruction
which has been closely watched by national officers. This
was the first club to do this and no doubt they will gain the
honor of initiating the movement which will spread all over




BANKS, LODGES AND CLUBS

I27

the United States.
Rotary's motto, is, "He profits most who serves best."
That they live up, to that motto is proved by the writer's
study of local members. Rotary is doing much to bring about
a spirit of co-operation between the two cities. It is not too
much to say that if a merger ever does come about the credit
for it will belong to' Rotary. Local Rotary is the mother
club for Niles, Dowagiac and other nearby cities as the first
club in Berrien County was at Saint Joseph. As usual, Saint
Joseph gets the credit for starting a new movement for betterment.
The local Kiwanis Club was formed shortly after the
Rotary and largely through the same manner. A little group
of business men formed a luncheon club for the purpose of
promoting good fellowship. The group grew rapidly in both
numbers and influence. A charter was applied for and the
local chapter formed. This is wholly local. It has at present
a membership of nearly a hundred. The purpose of the club
is to promote a closer bond of union among local business
and professional men, to foster the growth of friendship and
to improve the membership through the weekly meetings.
They, too, are very reluctant to speak of the good work done,
but we do know that the Kiwanis Club is deeply interested in
child welfare and has done much to promote this by buying
and equipping playgrounds and by personal work with the
boys. The present officers are: Dr. Theron G. Yeomans,
president; Ova D. Brown, vice president; Charles W. Stratton, district trustee; Harry Johnson, treasurer; Otto Kramer,
Ralph Shearer, Gus Kell are directors.
ELKS.
The Elks or local lodge of the "B. P. O. E." was organized a number of years ago by a little group of men who




128

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

wished a greater opportunity for social service. They have
grown to a membership of nearly eight hundred. A few
years ago they purchased the Graham residence, once the
Park hotel, on the comer of State and broad streets. This
has been remodeled into a commodious lodge and clubroom
but is too small for the present flourishing lodge. There is a
strong movement on foot for the erection of a new Temple
which will doubtless be a credit to our city. The plans for
this temple will be drawn in the near future but no definite
date for erection hasi been set.
The Elks are extremely reluctant to tell of their good
deeds. This has resulted in people thinking them simply a
social lodge. To some extent this is true as they do, stress
good fellowship but the writer knows much more than that
about them. During the past year they have expended over
fifteen hundred dollars in relieving the worthy needy, this
money being raised entirely by voluntary contribution. In
addition they never let a holiday go by without seeing that
every needy family has the wherewithal for a real celebration.
This is not done in the name of the lodge and the recipients
probably never know from whence came the aid. It is against
their unwritten rules to let the left hand know what the right
hand is doing. The present officers are: A. P. Johnson,
exalted ruler; Louis Wille, past exalted ruler; John W.
Fletcher, chaplain; Carl Gruner, secretary-treasurer.
In addition to the lodges mentioned in this chapter there
are a number of minor organizations such as the "Eagles,"
"Owls," etc. There also are a number of social clubs, the
chief being the "Nineteenth Century Club," which has accomplished a great deal of local improvement work. We
have no open lodge of the Ku Klux Klan at this writing and




BANKS, LODGES AND CLUBS             129
there is no prospect for one, which is nolt causing any noticeable regret. So ends the history of our lodge and club movements, or at least as much of it as we have space to give.




CHAPTER IX.

THE PEiRIOD OF EXPANSION.
THE NECESSITY FOR NEW IMPROVEMENTS--THE HIGHWAY BRIDGE
DISPUTE-MORRISON CHANNEL BRIDGE QUESTION-STATE STREET
BRIDGE QUESTION-THE NORTH SIDE OPENED FOR DEVELOPMENT
-BOOSTER CLUBS AND BOND ISSUES FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT-CHARTER REVISION AND CITY MERGER QUESTION-NEW
CITY BUILDINGS-COMMERCIAL CLUB ORGANIZED AND COMMERCIAL SECRETARY ENGAGED-TRAFFIC BUREAU ORGANIZEDNEW BOOSTER MEETINGS AND NEW PLANS FOR EXPANSIONCITY HISTORY BROUGHT TO END OF 1924.
We begin this chapter with the date of 1905, as that
date marked the end of the era of city improvement which
followed the granting of the charter. Since that date much
of our present city improvement has taken place. In order
that we may know the men who guided our city through this
highly important period of expansion, we give here a list
of the city officials from 1900 to date. We omit the council
men as the list would be too
space.
Date.     Mayor.
1900. A. L. Church
I901. Nelson C. Rice
1902. Nelson C. Rice
1903. John V. Starr
1904. N. C. Rice
1905. Frank Pixley
1906. James Forbes
1907. Edgar Aber
1908. Edgar Aber
1909. Irving W. Allen

long to insert in our limited
Clerk.
Wm. W. Weber
Leland D. Townsend
Leland D. Townsend
Thomas S. Rofe
George F. Mulliken
Harry L. Murphy
Harry L. Murphy
Harry L. Murphy
Harry L. Murphy
Matthias Weber




THE PERIOD OF EXPANSION

131

Date.      Mayor.

1910.
1911.
1912.
1913 -1914.
1915.
19,16.
S1917.
1918.
1919.
1920.
1921.
1922.
1923.
1924.

Edgar Aber
H. G. Ensley
Alex. J. Wallace
Alex. J. Wallace
Alex. J. Wallace.
C. E. Dickinson
C. E. Dickinson
C. E. Dickinson
H. C. Balow
H. C. Balow
H. C. Balow
H. C. Balow
A. R. Morford
A. G. Preston
Louis A. King

Clerk.
Matthias Weber
Louis Fillehr
Louis Fillehr
Louis Fillehr
Louis Fillehr
Louis Fillehr
Clarence J. McMullen
Clarence J. McMullen
Clarence J. McMullen
Clarence J. McMullen
Clarence J. McMullen
Harry Harper
Harry Harper
Harry Harper
Harry Harper

A. R. Morford was re-elected for the 1923 term but resigned and Arthur G. Preston filled the unexpired term. The
following men have been city treasurer, I900-24: W. J.
Dahlke, G. B. Paxton, Charles Schaeffer, W. L. Holland,
A. Emerson, Fred A. Potter, Frank Ankli, C. C. Davis,
Stuart Barlow, George Schneider, Albert Tilly, R. L. Carlton, George Gray, Theodore Krieger, Charles Russell.
During this same period these men have been police chief:
Louis Hosbein, A. H. Morton, Charles Sauerbier, Owen McAntee and since 1912, Fred Alden. Patrolmen Dave Hunter
and Frank Callender have been on the force for many years.
The early years of the twentieth century saw the city apparently enjoying a breathing spell. A harsher critic might
well call this a period of stagnation but there was sufficient




132

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

reason for this apparent lack of enterprise. The new city
had bonded itself heavily to make needed improvements.
The year 1900 saw these improvements all in. The waterworks was finished, the sewer system in, the street car line
was an accomplished fact, with the old horse cars replaced
with electric motors, sidewalks had been built and some paving done. All this cost much money so the city was heavily
in debt. The old board of trade had succeeded in aiding the
Truscott Boat Co. to rebuild their burned plant and that
business was flourishing. The Mullen Brothers Paper Mill
had been secured and was in operation. These, with the
Saint Joseph Iron Works and Cooper-Wells Knitting Works,
furnished occupation in plenty for the limited number of
workers. Some minor industries were in the infant stage at
this time so there was plenty of work for all. The county
seat had been secured and courthouse built. A new brick
schoolhouse had been built at a great cost, and large enough
to care for increased enrollment for years. Three railroads
gave adequate freight and passenger service. The citizens
were content to rest awhile after the strenuous efforts needed
to accomplish all these improvements.
Our older generation easily remembers the city at this
time but we paint a word picture of local conditions so' that
our younger generation may appreciate the change which has
been made. State street from Ship street, north or down the
hill was made up of saloons almost entirely. The farther
down the street you went the tougher they became until the
last might well serve as the gateway to h-1. Between State
and Main streets, Ship street was almost as bad. Where
Charles Miller now has his commodious sales rooms, stood
a large and odoriferous livery barn. The site of the present
Union Bank building was a dreary waste of blackened rub



THE PERIOD OF EXPANSION

I33

bish, the remains of the old Perkins House. The Commercial
Bank was on the same corner it occupies now but it was housed
in a one-story frame building with two ridiculous hencoops
on top. The site of the present Shepard & Benning store and
office block was then occupied by an old residence. Farther
up on the same side was waste land with the exception of a
shack where barber Bell plied razor and shear. On the other
side a low, rambling, sagging roofed, smelly feed barn, the
abode of thousands of rats, occupied the site where now stands
the beautiful Caldwell theater. The Graham residence, once
the Park hotel, now the Elks' Clubhouse, was the only large
building in that section. The city hall was an old shack
which was built scores of years before as our first courthousesome say schoolhouse. The fire department was housed in
some sheds across the street. Nearly all the churches were
built but looked little as they do today since the remodeling
craze struck the city churches. Silver Beach had two hot-dog
sheds and one small pavilion. The waves dashed over the
porch floor of the pavilion and bathers played in the water
where now stands the merry-go-round and the flying railway.
Bathing beauties were attired in enough clothes to, make a
score of bathing suits of today and yet they were considered
very shocking for showing their stocking clad ankles. Main,
State, Niles, and all cross streets were either ankle deep with
dust or hub deep with mud. Doctors rode bicycles while
making city calls and hired livery rigs for country calls. The
highway bridge across the river between the two' cities was
an old wooden affair, dangerous to cross; the road was hub
deep, with mud and water so that a visit to' Benton Harbor
was attended with some danger. The Morrison channel
bridge was getting rotten and unsafe; the Wayne street viaduct was of wood and getting unsafe. A ferry ran up the




134

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

river and canal to Benton Harbor but there was neither ferry
nor bridge to the North Side. Teams bound for Benton
Harbor drove around the foot of the bluff and crossed the
Morrison channel under the viaduct on the old wooden
bridge. Between the two, cities was one boiler works, one
fish dock, one halfway house of degradation and otherwise
dreary, untenanted swamp lands. The hay and wood market
was on Main street where stood farmers' teams patiently
waiting for hours at a time for someone to purchase the load.
State street on week days was sometimes entirely deserted
except for a lazy dog or a bony dray horse lazily switching
flies. There was no city south of the standpipe or Michigan
avenue. An old wooden band stand graced lake front park.
The Morrison channel or Lake Boulevard was the city speedway for horses and cutters during winter.
The justice court and circuit court records of that day are
a dreary repetition of drunk, disorderly or assault cases. The
local news consisted almost entirely of bicycle thefts and runaway teams. It was a period of self satisfied stagnation in
everything pertaining to mental, moral or municipal improvement. Most of the old pioneers were yet alive and had
grown peevishly conservative with the passing years. Society
had earned time for leisure and improvement so that many
of our social clubs were formed during this period. It was a
time for social enjoyment; every pretext was seized upon for
the formation of huge parades with abundant oratory. The
winters were spent in sleighriding and dancing. Many of our
present day staid business men shook a nimble foot in the
quadrille while the caller thundered forth: "Alaman left,
swing 'em around." The city was resting after its period of
strenuous improvement but the people were enjoying themselves more than they have ever done since that time.




THE PERIOD OF EXPANSION

I35

At that time there was no way of crossing the river to the
North Side except as a boatman from the life saving station
rowed one across. Old Newburyport had disappeared under drifting sands and the whole North Side was waste land.
Municipal improvement was practically forced upon the people because of the short sightedness of our earlier city fathers. The sewer system which had been thought sufficient to
last for ages was already too small for the city. It became
increasingly evident that trunk sewers must be constructed.
There was loud complaint of the condition of the city streets.
The doctors fell off their bicycles so often that they acquired
chronically skinned noses. It became increasingly evident
that if the city wished to expand it must cross the river and
develop the North Side also buy and plat the farm land to
the south. Possibly the greatest factor in awakening the city
from its lethargy was the demand for a new highway bridge
between the twin cities.
The new bridge question was a difficult one to decide.
The cost must be approximated between the two, cities and
the street railway. These three parties must be' brought to
an agreement regarding the questions of cost and design.
Now ensued the usual squabble between the two cities. Benton Harbor insisted on a bridge forty feet wide and! costing
a hundred thousand; Saint Joseph insisted on a bridge twentyfour feet wide at a cost of sixty thousand. The street car
company declined to bear its share of the new structure. The
discussion continued for two years until action was finally
taken. The sixty thousand dollar bridge was built with the
three parties sharing equally in the cost.
Two other propositions came up at the same time. The
new highway bridge question brought to the front the old
topic of a bridge to the North Side. This local question was




I36

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

also discussed for two years before action was taken. Frank
Graves offered the city forty acres across the river for factory
sites if the bridge were built. A shore highway was to be
opened which would bring farmer trade into the city from
the north. Meanwhile another local question, that of trunk
line sewers was pressing for a solution. Trunk line sewers
must be built and there was no money available for the work.
These three vexing questions were finally brought before the
public by passing ordinances calling for an election in 1907.
At that election three propositions were submitted to the
electors as follows. We give results also:
I. Shall the city of Saint Joseph borrow $20,000 for
the purpose of constructing a new highway bridge?
Result of election was, Yes, 900; No', 73.
2. Shall the city of Saint Joseph borrow $30,000 for
the purpose of constructing a bridge across the river?
Result of election was, Yes, 882; No, 126.
3. Shall the city of Saint Joseph borrow $43,000 for the
purpose of constructing trunk line sewers,?
Result of election was, Yes, 594; No, 316.
With all three propositions carried the city had again
bonded itself for over a hundred thousand dollars for the
purpose of improvement. The new highway bridge was
built and is even now too small to carry the traffic. The new
sewers were constructed at a cost of $43,250. After careful
survey City Engineer Cleary reported in favor of State street
as the location for the new bridge across the river. The
public works committee consisting of Mayor Aber, Aldermen
Ensley, Habel, McConnell and Schneider accepted this location. The period of stagnation had definitely ended and the
new period of expansion which has lasted to this day was
begun.




THE PERIOD OF EXPANSION

I37

With the bridge question disposed of, but the new bridge
not yet built, the old Board of Trade was revived under the
new name of the "Saint Joseph Improvement Association."
John Duncan was president; Edgar Aber, vice president; T.
L. Wilkinson, secretary; and Edward N. Hatch, treasurer.
A committee was appointed to solicit new members and active
work begun. A drive was made for cemetery improvement
and a new Wayne street viaduct. The proposition to bond
the city for twenty thousand dollars for these two projects
this is very recent is proved by these facts which we give.
In 1909 the state horseshoers' convention was held here.
Who would think of holding a horseshoers' convention now
when horseshoers are almost as rare as the dodo. In 1912
the city spent considerable money in installing hitching posts
on the business streets, these have all disappeared but only
during very recent years. Another proof of very recent city
improvement is found in the minutes of a public meeting
held in 1907. At this meeting it was resolved that the city
was turned down in the April election of 1909, so these questions had to, wait. Later on the city council came to an agreement with the car lines and the Wayne street viaduct was
built. The bridge over the Morrison channel was abandoned
by the city and in time torn down. The cemetery question
vexed the city for years. It was partially solved by the building of a mausoleum by private parties. Later it was solved
in toto by the purchase olf five acres on the Niles road south
of the city at Royalton Heights, at a cost of five thousand
dollars. This has been improved until it is a beautiful tract.
Extensive improvements in landscape gardening were carried
out in 1924.
Possibly the greatest factor in city improvement has come
about through the complete motorizing of city traffic. That




I38

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

should collect garbage once a week instead of once a year as
it had been doing. In July, 1908, the city was aroused by
the coming of its first airship. This was a small, yellow gas
bag with a car slung underneath. It roosted on the roof of
the Aber block for three days and made several attempts at
flights all of which resulted in ridiculous failure.
The State street bridge question was of paramount importance. The board of supervisors approved the application of the city in 1907, and Congress in 1908. As the river
was a navigable stream these authorizations had to be secured.
Work was begun in 1908, by Allmendinger, and the bridge
rapidly pushed to completion. The Edgewater Clubhouse
was built in 1910, also many north side residences. The
American Tool Works built a factory on the North Side and
development from then on was rapid. The Chamber of
Commerce, a discussion of which we take up later, secured
the Auto Specialties Company in 1916, and that North Side
industry has made a wonderful growth. A company was
formed to grade and pave a road to, Higman Park. This
was done and wonderful results expected which have not
materialized at this writing. Now let us go back over the
river again.
In November, 1911, a petition signed by over two, hundred of our prominent people was submitted to the state railroad commission praying for a new depot. After many vexatious delays and many counter propositions this new dent
was built by the Pere Marquette and the disgraceful old
shack finally vanished. Prior to this the old depot was a
disgrace to the city. In the spring of 1912, the question of
charter revision was submitted to the electors and carried
by, Yes, 417, No, 364. A charter revision committee was
appointed consisting of E. P. Clarke, Edgar Aber, Will R.




THE PERIOD OF EXPANSION

I39

Stevens, J. Ogden Wells, E. M. Plumb, E. J. Witt and A. G.
Proctor. The committee was supposed to revise the city
charter so that the commission form of government should
govern. They killed this themselves by a vote of five to two
and submitted instead the present plan of wards, aldermen,
mayor and city council. This plan was adopted in December
of that year.
Another question which bobbed up in 1912 was a new
proposition from  Benton Harbor for city merger. The
mayor of Benton Harbor appointed a commission to present
their plans to Saint Joseph. Our mayor also appointed a
commission to meet with them and discuss this question. The
commission met when Benton Harbor proposed the following:
I. Both names shall be dropped and a new name
adopted.
2. A commission form of government shall be adopted.
3. There shall be three commissioners, one from Saint
Joseph, one from Benton Harbor and these two' to appoint
the third.
4. Each city shall pay its own present debts.
5. The new city buildings shall be erected midway between the two cities.
The proposition was discussed thoroughly but the conmmissioners could not agree on terms so nothing came of it.
It may interest the reader to learn that a strong but quiet
movement is on foot at present to merge the two, cities. In
May of this same year, 1912, the Booster club held an enthusiastic meeting at which the council was petitioned to sub.
mit the question of a fifty thousand dollar bond issue for the




140

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

purpose of securing new industries. The city council submitted this question at a special election in January when it
carried by, Yes, 902; No, 44.
The year 1913 might well be called the year of beginnings. In May, the J. C. Caldwell property on State was
leased for a long term of years and a beautiful theater erected
which opened for business on Thanksgiving Day. It has since
been remodeled several times until it is one of the finest in
the country. The city council, at a meeting held in May,
voted in its budget ten thousand dollars for the erection of a
new city hall and fire station. The building committee accepted the plans of Colton and Oliver in December and the
bid of Max Stock in February. The building colst was $3I,354 but equipment ran the cost a few thousand dollars more.
That same year of 1913 saw the first determined movement
under way for the erection of a new high school and civic
center building. The first step was taken at a big meeting
held in May at which Professor Clarke presided and much
enthusiasm was aroused. The new high school building was
treated under the chapter heading "Church and School" so
we omit further reference here.
CHAMBER OF COiMMERCE.
One of the greatest factors of recent expansion has been
the Chamber of Commerce. Prior to 1915 there were many
attempts successfully to organize boards of trade, booster
clubs, civic improvement clubs, etc., but none of these were
permanent and none of them functioned in a satisfactory
manner. The trouble seemed to lie in the fact that there was
no adequate plan for finance and no one leader to take complete charge.
During the year 1915 the sentiment of the people became crystallized to the fact that if Saint Joseph wished tc




THE PERIOD OF EXPANSION

141I

keep pace with other municipalities, there was an urgent need
for concerted action on the part of her citizens. From this
sentiment the Commercial Club was born and christened the
"Chamber of Commerce."
The new organization was given excellent quarters in
the new city hall with fully equipped offices. The first year's
budget was $6400.00. This was raised without difficulty and
Mr. J. Frank Quinn installed as secretary. The following officers were duly elected for the first year:E.A. Blakeslee, presi.
dent; C. E. Dickinson, vice president;L. D. Wallace, treasurer;
F. N. Wilkinson, L. C. Upton, Dr. E. J. Witt, H. M. McConnell, Herman Hinz, Frank Ankli, W. E. Brewer, J. O.
Wells, G. M. Baitinger, Frank Hatfield, W. F. Benning, F.
Hildebrand, directors.
The first years saw the securing of the Auto, Specialties
plant and other work of importance. Mr. Quinn was succeeded by Walter A. Loveland who left in less than a year.
Six years ago the present secretary, Ray W. Davis, was
elected and he has given such satisfaction that there is no
question of his ability to retain his pqsition. Due to, his
efforts the Chamber was reorganized and a new membership
campaign put on. The budget was increased to $7500.00
and easily raised.
Mr. E. A. Blakeslee was president until 1918, when he
was succeeded by L. C. Upton. He served two years when
W. E. Hatch was elected. Mr. Hatch served his two years
and was succeeded by William Rahn, the present president.
The Chamber olf Commerce has added fourteen factories to
Saint Joseph. All of them are making wonderful growth in
our city and are now so, much at home that they do not dream
of moving. A few others came and failed to succeed but did
the city no harm and some good. The number of factory em



142

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

ployees has increased from fourteen hundred to over three
thousand while the annual payroll is now over three million
dollars. The population has increased by over five thousand
during the past few years. As an evidence of this period
of expansion we cite thme following statistics: during the first
eighty-six years of our growth the number of dwellings built
per year averaged fourteen; during the past nine years the
average of new dwellings built per year has been one hundred
two.
That this is not a sporadic growth is proved by the fact
that it is increasing in intensity. We shall discuss this in our
word picture of the city today, given later. Another new
factor has been the "Traffic Bureau," organized in 1923, by
seventeen business firms. The first officers were B. Stuart McConnell, president; Maynard H. Stuart, vice president; Ray
Davis, secretary; and C. B. Winslow, treasurer. Gordon
a Riley was elected manager and desk room found for him in
the city hall. Mr. Riley has long been known as a traffic expert, being in charge of the shipping department of BakerVawter Co. for a number of years. The new bureau began
to function at once in a highly satisfactory manner. To
assist in getting legislative action in disputed rate cases, a
Manufacturers' Bureau was organized to co-operate with the
Traffic Bureau. The officers of this new organization were
B. S. McConnell, M. H. Stuart, C. B. Winslow and G. B.
Paxton. Manager Riley was then appointed a member of
the Chamber of Commerce Regional Shippers' Advisory
Board. The new bureau was soon elected to membership in
the "Michigan Traffic League" which greatly widened its
sphere of influence. In less than a year after birth the new
bureau saved the shippers of this territory nearly ten thousand dollars. Its business increased so rapidly that an assist



THE PERIOD OF EXPANSION

143

ant became necessary in 1924 so Millard Schlutt was hired
as assistant. Mr. Riley is young in years but old in experience. He typifies the boundless spirit of expansion which
is so evident in our city at this writing. We must tell a little
story at his expense.  Older residents will remember the
fierce anti-Catholic order called the A. P. A. which broke
out a number of years ago. Young Riley was assistant purchasing agent for Baker-Vawter a few years ago, consequently he signed his name "G. Riley, A. P. A." An irate Irish
customer of the firm received one of his letters and wrote in
reply: "Riley is a h-l of a name for an A. P. A." The A.
P. A. has been dead this long time but the Irishman remembered it.
Now we come to the closing pages of this chapter and
this book. We painted a word picture of the city as we found
it in 1905, at the opening of this chapter on expansion. Again
we paint a word picture of the city as it is in the closing
month of 1924, when this writing was concluded.
The saloons have vanished and the buildings they occupied have all been filled with other business enterprises. The
sewer system has been extended until every street in the city
has adequate connection. The muddy streets have vanished
and in their places have come streets paved with brick on
concrete; even the alleys are paved. Garbage is collected, not
once a year, but once a day. Concrete sidewalks have totally
replaced the old board walks. Silver Beach has become the
playground of the nation. Every church in the city has either
remodeled its building or is building anew. The banks have
exchanged their cramped quarters for beautiful, modern
homes of brick and marble. The North Side bids fair to
grow to the old dreams of the boosters of 1850, as it is
rapidly expanding. The old city hall has vanished and a fine




144

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

new building has taken its place. The old schoolhouses have
disappeared and modern ward schools have taken their places.
In addition, a great and beautiful high school has been erected. The shabby old business blocks have been refurnished,
new fronts installed and new interior decorating done. The
mussy livery barns have disappeared and in their places have
arisen a beautiful theater, great brick salesrooms or beautiful
business blocks. A grandly beautiful Masonic Temple is being erected to, fulfill the dreams of years on the part of that
organization. The Y. W. C. A. is about to realize their
ambition in the shape of a new home which will replace what
was a cheap and gaudy restaurant. The German Baptist Orphan's home is built on the once deserted site of the trader
Burnett. The Michigan Children's Home is housed in their
fine new building instead of the dingy dwelling they occupied.
A finely equipped athletic field has replaced what once was
a dreary waste of brush and briers. The city has expanded
until the erstwhile cornfields and orchards have given way
to a beautiful residence section. A fine brick bandstand has
been built in Lake Front Park. The park itself has been improved until it is a spot of rare beauty. A new bus station and
city community center is to be built on the city lot at corner
of Ship and Main in the near future. Dingy old houses have
been torn down and great apartment buildings erected. New
business blocks have replaced old houses in the downtown
section. The tax rate is low as compared with other cities
nearby. New industries have been added and old ones expanded. We give a list of present day industries below:
Cooper, Wells & C'o., hosiery manufacturers.
John Wallace Sons Co., sash and doors.
Engberg's Electrical and Mechanical Works.
Truscoitt-Pierce Co., engines and washing machines.




THE PERIOD OF EXPANSION

i45

Mid-Lakes Paper Co., building paper and fruit boxes.
St. Joseph Iron Works, veneer and fruit package machinery.
St. Joseph Canning Co., canned fruits and vegetables.
Benton Harbor Chemical Co., insecticides.
Upton Machine Co., washing machines and air rifles.
Auto Specialties Co., auto accessories, malleable foundry.
Industrial Rubber Goods Co., rubber goods.
Thayer & Co., fruit packages.
Bradford & Co., advertising novelties.
A. B. Morse Co., nursery and seed catalogs.
Power Farming Press, trade publications.
Twin City Milling Co., flour and feed.
Williams Brothers Co., paper boxes.
Compound Door Co., fireproof doors, sash, interior trim.
Sieber Oil Co., petroleum, products.
Fay Foundry Co., gray iron castings.
Watts Laundry Machine Co., laundry machines.
Vail Rubber Co., industrial rubber goods.
Reliance Elevator Co., elevators and dumb waiters.
R. G. Woods Button Co., pearl buttons.
Advance Foundry Co., gray iron castings.
Hercules Products Co., automobile tools.
Theona Brick Co., bricks and clay products.
Central Brick Co., bricks and clay products.
In addition to these major industries there are a number
of small industries such as cigar manufacturers, ice cream
makers, bottling works, fish products, etc., which employ a
number of men. There are three drygoods and ladies' furnishing stores, viz: Rimes & Hildebrand, McAllister-Wallace Co., Shepard & Benning; four men's furnishing stores,
viz: Lopker Bros., Fetke & Rutkoskie, Henry Gersonde, and




146

HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH

Totzke & Wilsox; seven drug stores, viz: Gillespie's, Square
Drug Co., Knaak's, Dalhke's, Potter's, Gast Drug Co.,
Neighborhood; seven meat markets, viz: Freund's, with two
branches, Lucker's, Wolf's, Tittle Brothers', Eckert's, Skibbe's, Ziebart's; one five, ten and twenty-five cent store, Trick
Brothers; one novelty store, that of Burkhard Bros.; one
crockery store, that olf Rice; three shoe stores, viz: Rahn
Brothers', Sullivan's, Kreiger's; three furniture stores, viz:
Troost Bros.', Newland's, Lemke's; one newsstand, that of
Carlton & Walter; three hardware stores, viz: Dickinson,
Aber-Grimm, Richter & Achterberg; four bakers, viz:
Snyder's, Wilson's, City Bakery, Neighborhood Bakery; sixteen grocery stores, viz: Sweet's, Bittner's, Mollhagen's,
Ankli's, Mischke's, Freund Brothers, Kasichke Bros., Hill &
Porter, Consumers, Atlantic & Pacific, two stores, Wolf's,
Radde & Kasichke, Asa Danforth, Central Market, Schaflers.
In addition to these we have a very large number of
restaurants, barber shops, small general merchandise shops,
tearooms, auto accessory stores, garages, filling stations, one
blacksmith and wagon shop, pool rooms, cigar stands, in fact
all those various small industries which make up the necessities
of city life. We have them in extra number because the summer population of our city more than doubles that of the year
round dwellers.
It is a sad commentary on the transient side olf business
life to see that only two of these firms were in business here
when the city charter was granted and even those two have
changed ownership and management though known under
the old names. Perhaps this is but an evidence of the rapid
change which our city has undergone. Young blood and
liquid finances, new industries and increased wages, all these




THE PERIOD OF EXPANSION            147
have aided in bringing about this change. And so we close
this history with the old Methodist prayer:
"Oh Lord! We have left undone the things we should
have done; we have done the things we should not have done,
we have committed sins of omission and commission but we
meant it all for the best; forgive us our shortcomings."
Selah.




























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