FLEET TACTICS UNDER S T EAM. BY FOXHALL, A>.- ARKER, CAPTAIN U. S. NAVY. WITH IL-LUSTRATIONS. BY AUTHORITY OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT. NEW YORK: D. VAN NOSTRAND, PUBLIS H:ER, 23 MURRAY AND 27 WA1RREN STREET. 1870. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by D. VAN NOSTRAND, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern Distric't of Newr York. PREFACE. U. S. NAW YAnD, BOSTON, Sept. 22d, 1869. IN his preface to "Squadron Tactics under Steam;," published early in 1864, the author remarked: "The'Naval Warfare' of Sir Howard Douglas, and the'Tactique Navale' of the French, are, at present, the only works on steam tactics deserving consideration." To these must now be added, "Nouvelles Bases de Tactique Navale," by Rear-Admiral Gregoire Boutakov, of the Russian Navy, a book of far greater scientific merit than anything that has preceded it. Believing, however, that a plain, practical work on this subject is still needed, the author has been encouraged to publish this volume, which is simply an adaptation of military to naval tactics, as put to the practical test during 4 PREFACE. the two years that he commanded the Potomac flotilla. "The tactician," says Ramatuelle, "is one who is gifted with quickness of apprehension and clearness of thought, and such correctness of judgment as shall enable him to make choice of the movements best suited to the time and situation." In other words, great commanders, by sea as well as on land, are "born, not made;" yet an excellent "recipe for a good admiral" is that given by Rear-Admiral Charles Ekins, "in the person who combines theory with practice, is blessed with a clear head, and has his heart in the right place." "In case signals cannot be seen or clearly understood, no captain can do very wrong if he places his ship alongside that of an enemy."-NELsoN. FLEET TACTICS UNDER STEAM. AN assembly of twelve or more vessels takes the name of fleet, and is separated into three divisions, of one, two, or three squadrons each; each squadron comprising not less than four vessels. Thus, a fleet of twelve vessels would be composed of three divisions of one squadron each, and the commanding officers of squadrons would also be the commanding officers of divisions; and so with a fleet of any number of vessels up to twenty-four. In a fleet of this or larger size, the divisions would consist of two or more squadrons each, with the commands thus distributed. Commander-in-Chief.... The Fleet. 2d in command.......Van Division. 3d " "...... Rear " 4th " "......Centre" 5th " ".......Van Squadron. 6th " ".......Rear " 8 FLEET TACTICS. 7th in command....... Right Centre Squadron.8th " ".......Left " " 9th ".....Next to Van " 10th ".......Next to Rear " 11th " cc.......2d from Van " 12th " " ~......2d " Rear " 13th ".......3d " Van c" 14th ".......3d " Rear c" And so on, ad infinitunm. When the centre division has in it an uneven number of squadrons, there will be of course but one centre squadron, commanded by the 7th in command. The 8th in command then taking the next to van squadron. The 9th the next to rear, etc., etc., etc. The commander-in-chief of a fleet and the commanding officers of divisions, consisting of two or more squadrons each, should have no fixed position, either in line or in column, but be at liberty to move about, from point to point, as the exigencies of service or battle may require. They should ordinarily be found, however, near the centre of their commands. Commanders of squadrons are on the right of their squadrons, in line, and in the advance, in column, in a fleet in natural order, with the FLEET TACTICS. 9 exception of the commander of the rear squadron, who is on the left, in line, and in column brings up the rear, so that in order reversed, that is with the left (or rear) infront, he leads. In time of war, each division should be accompanied by a few light-armed vessels of great speed, to be employed as look-out and despatch vessels; and two such vessels should always accompany the vessel bearing the flag of the commander-in-chief. In order of battle, the reserve-division should, as a genera;l'r'-tfe;-be. about one-fourth of the strength of the whole fleet, and be composed of vessels taken equally from the.,van, rear, and centre divisions. Then, upon a' signal being made to the reserve to reinforce tho. fleet, the vessels of it repair to their respective'divisions, and when a particular squadron or division is to be strengthened, the commander-in-chief will signal accordingly. There are but three formations for a fleet, any, one of which, according to circumstances, and the vessels of which it is composed, may constitute an order of battle, viz.:Line (Fig. 1), Column (Fig. 2), Echelon (Fig. 3). 10 FLEET TACTICS. FIG. 1. The order of battle for iron-clads, rams, and torpedo vessels: i 12 i i 2 i 2 i i & I 21 A & a i dl FIG. 2. The order of battle for vessels whose fighting power is -in their' broadside batteries: Il a2 612 FIG. 3. Orders offensive and defensive for vessels of all descriptions: 15 Vessels are said to be in direct echelon when, steering the same course, each bears from its next FLEET TACTICS. 11 astern,* at an angle of 45~ (4 points) from the -course; consequently, the wings of a fleet, in double echelon, form a right angle (Fig. 3); and this is always to be understood as the bearing upon the signal: Form echelon or double echelon, unless the commander-in-chief signals the bearing. By moving a number of vessels (1, 2, 3) in line (Fig. 4) or in column (Fig. 5), through the arcs of circles of equal radii, or upon their centres as axes, it will be observed that, when steering a course at right angles to their original one, they are in column if moved from line, or in line if moved from column, while at sixteen points they resume their original formation (reversed), and at 4, 12, 20, and 28 points are in echelon. In all these formations the line of bearing remains unaltered. FIG. 4. Fig. 4 represents the vessels (1, 2, 3) in line at the commencement of their manceuvres: * The reciprocal bearing of two vessels in direct echelon will of course be 450 and 1350 from the course. 12 FLEET TACTICS. FIG. 5, representing the three vessels (1, 2, 3) in columns at the commencement of their manceuvres: 71 — Close order for vessels is one cable's length, or one hundred and twenty fathoms, from mainmast to mainmast; open order is two cables' length; half distanice is sixty fathoms. The distances of vessels from each other, in every formation, are as follows FLEET TACTICS. 13 TABLE A. HjLF DisTANcz. CLoE ODER. OPEm OrBDB. FoMnuxoss. Later- Longi- Later- Longi- Later- Longially. tudinally. ally. tudinally. ally. tudinally. Line.............,, cable......... 1 cable....*2 cables. Column of vessels....... cable...... le.. 2 cables. Double column.. X cable 1 cable... 1 cable 2 cables.. 2 cables4 "' Triple columns... ",1 cables;,3 ".. 6 Column of fours... 2 cables.." 34. 8 and so on, ad infinitum. By moving a number of vessels, in any order, from line into column to the right or left, the above will be made apparent. Figs. 6, 7, 8, and 9.. FoIG. 6. Fra. 7. /::'.,"',":, C' CD 0s.0 i 0 * 0 * 01 FIG. 8.,. C) -...~ — D O s *, c 2 L L Ca" L.D. C "' /..-c> 1..d,, /' > 2~~~~~, 14 FLEET TACTICS. FIG. 9.'.c>. —~,, The distances from each other of the-divisions or squadrons of a fleet, steaming in order abreast, depend on their formation, as shown by Figs. 19, 23, 27, etc.; the object being, in all formations, to enable the fleet to deploy into line to the front, rear, right, or left, with its vessels in their proper positions. Figs. 100, 102, 105, 106, 108, 109, etc. The commander-in-chief may signal the fleet to close up or close in, however, as his judgment dictates. When vessels are thrown into echelon from line or column, by turning to the right or left, 4, 12, 20, or 28 points, their distances remain the same, provided they have described. equal arcs. (Figs. 4 and 5.) When they move forward into echelon, however, upon the signal, Form " echeion! " (as in Figs. 10 and 11) their distances are FLEET TACTICS. 1 i' close, order 170, in open order 340 fathomsj. and at half distance 85 fathoms.* FI?. 10 —Close order.'i FIG. 11 —pen order. i t I A fleet is in natural order with the van on the right, or leading, and in order reversed when the contrary is the case. One vessel should always be designated by sig* Mathematically stated, these distances are: 169.9+ 339.4+ 84.8+ 16 FLEET TACTICS. nal to act as a guide, by which' the movements of the other vessels are to be governed, and should wear a guide flag at the main. This, of course, applies only while the fleet is en route; when it is manceuvring, the vessels upon which a formation is made must necessarily be the guides. The rate of speed of a fleet en route must be regulated by signal from the commander-in-chief; steerage-way is four knots an hour. The commande'-in-chief of a fleet may arrange and number the vessels thereof, as in his judgment may seem best. In the following problems I have supposed the fleet to be in natural order, to be numbered from right to left, and to be heading North, simply for convenience in demonstrating. Figs. 12, 13, 14, and 15 show the order of a fleet of twenty-four vessels, formed into three divisions of two squadrons each, in line, column, and echelon. FLEET TACTICS. 17 FIG. 12. Fleet in line, in natural order, that is, with the van squadron on the right. This order is reversed by each vessel turning sixteen points to the right or left, so that the rear squadron takes the right. Rear Next Left Right Next Van Squadron. to Rear. Centre. Centre. to Van. Squadron. REear Division. Centre Division. Van Division. FIG. 13. Fleet in column, in natural order, that is with the van squadron leading. This order is reversed by each vessel turning sixteen points, to starboard or port, so that the rear squadron leads. 4 I A I1 Van squadron.!3 t B I | Next to van. 0 ~ * * * * Right centre. e ** * t Left centre. i * * X Next to rear. m 24I t 21 Rear squadron. ~18 ~ FLEET TACTICS. Fins. 14 AND 15. Fleet in double-echelon, in natural order,, that is with the van squadron on the right. This order is reversed by each vessel turning sixteen points to starboard or port, so that the. rear squadron is on the right. 14. 0 * 0 i24 15. Or 1,~ ~ ~ ~ ~~i & II FLEET TACTICS. 19 1. The fleet being in line, heading North, to form it into column of vessels, from the right, preserving the orighna. direction. 1st Method. FIG. 16. 01 24 a ~'6a 4e a ev 5a - a V a4 4' vO 24../ eA e * A 6 a a e a ai i i MA 24 1 Commander-in-chief signals: From the right offleet-form column of vesselsfleet N.E.-right vessel N.* Flag-ship of van division: Division NE.t — right vessel * N. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division N.E.t Upon the hauling down of these signals, the vessel on the right of the fleet keeps its course; the other vessels steer N.E.; two resuming its original direction when in the wake of one, three * Right vessel's distinguishing pennant must here be displayed over compass signal N. t Speed signals should always be made by the divisional commanders to their divisions. X2~0 EC1!EET TACTICS. when in the wake of two, and so on to the last vessel. 2d Method. FIG. 17. *0 ~ 0' 9 1 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of fleet, form column of vesselsfleet N.E. —right vessel N. Flag-ship of van division: Division N.E.right vessel N.; and comes into column as in the Ist method. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division E.-right vessel N.E. Upon the hauling down of these signals; the vessel on the'right of the fleet keeps its course; the vessels on the right of the centre and rear divisions steer N.E., the other vessels E., those of the van division resuming their original direction when in the wake of one, while those of the centre and rear divisions steer N.E. when in the wake of nine and seventeen, respectively, and come into column as before. FLEE~ TACTICS. 21 3d Method. FIG. 18. 01 24i i i i i i, Commander-in-chief signals: From the right offteet, form column of vessels-fleet E. —right vessel* N. Flag-ship of van division: Division E-right vessel N. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division E. Upon the hauling down of these signals, the vessel on the right of the fleet keeps its course; the other vessels steer E.; two resuming its original direction, when in the wake of one; three when in the wake of two, and so on to the last vessel. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into column, from the left, preserving the original direction, according' to the same principles. When the commander-in-chief desires to leave it optional with the divisional commanders to * Speed signals should always be made by the divisional commanders to their divisions. 22 FLEET TAbTICS. come into column either by obliquing or taking the two sides of the triangle, he omits signalling the course to the fleet thus: From the right of fleet, form column of vesselsright vessel N.* NOTE TO 1ST METHOD (FIG. 16). -In close order, the distance between the right and left vessels of a fleet of twentyfour vessels, in line, is 2,760 fathoms; it follows, then, that the left vessel steering N.E., and thus making an angle of 450 with the course, will traverse 3,903 fathoms and strike the perpendicular to the line described by the right vessel, moving N., at a distance of 2,760 fathoms from A, the point of departure of that vessel when, if both vessels have proceeded at the same rate of speed, the distance between the van and the rear will be but 1,143 fathoms, whereas it should be 2,760 fathoms (see Table A), to insure which distance the-right vessel should have made 5,520 fathoms. Now 5,520: 3,903:: 10: 7.07-therefore the speed of the left vessel should be but 1-ths of that of the right. Again, the second vessel, 120 fathoms from the first, will traverse 169.7 fathoms, and strike the perpendicular at a distance of 120 fathoms from A, when the first vessel should be 120 fathoms ahead of her, and have made 240 fathoms. But 240: 169.7:: 10: 7.07-thlerefore, the speed of the second vessel must also be -&1ths of that of the right vessel; and so with the other vessels, each one resuming her speed when she comes N., in the wake of the leading or guide vessel. This seems self-evident, and yet an eminent French tac* This paragraph applies to the succeeding problems also. FLEET TAOTICS. 23 tician, in forming column in this way, directs the leader of the column to " slow" thus: "Lorsque I'evolution est dessinee, la tete de la ligne diminue de vitesse pour accelerer le mouvement des vaisseaux de queue." —(" Tactiqe supplementaire a l'usage d'une Flotte Cuirassee. " By Vice-Amiral Cte. BOUiT -WILLAUMEZ, Commandant-en-Chef l'escadre d'evolutions. )-Evolution No. 5. The annexed table shows the rate of speed for each i point of obliquity from the course, supposing the speed of the leader (or leaders, since it is evident that the same reasoning applies whatever may be the front of the column; a double column, for instance, being simply two "columns;" a triple column being three "columns of vessels," etc.) of the column to be ten knots an hour, from which every captain-the speed of the leader of the column being known — can readily deduce that of his own vesseL For instance, let the line, heading N. and steaming 15 knots an hour, be ordered to form column, from the right, preserving the original direction, and the course signalled by the divisional commanders to the obliquing vessels be N.N.E. Then 10: 15:: 7.6: 11.4; and we have for the obliquing vessels' 11 knots and ~ an hour. 24 FLEET TACTICS. TABLE B. Angle Speed of Speed of of Obliquity Obliquing Leading or in Angle of Obliquity in Vessels Guide Degrees and Points in Vessel (or Parts and Half points. Knots and Vessels) of a Degree. Tenths. in Knots. 50 37/ 30// point N. i E.......... 9.2 10 11 15 00 1 point N. by E......... 8.5 10 16 52 30 1l points N. by E. i E.. 8.0 10 22 30 00 2 points N. N. E...... 7.6 10 28 07 30 2i points N. N. E. i E... 7.4 10 33 45 00 3 points N. E. by N1. 7.2. 10 39 22 30 3j points N. E. ~ N...... 7.1 10 45 00 00 4 points N. E.......... 7.0 10 50 37 30 4J points N. E. J E. 7.1 10 56 15 00 5 points N. E. by E.. 7.2 10 61'52 30 5A point N. E. by E. i E. 7.4 10 67 30 00 6 points E. N. E........ 7.6 10 73 07 30 6j points E. N. E. E... 8.0 10 78 45 00 7 points. E. by N. 8.5 10 84 22 30 71 points E. i N......... 9.2 10 -When the commander-in-chief desires to form the column in the shortest possible time, without regard to the positions of the vessels in it, he ha~ but to make general signal full speed. It will sometimes happen, however, that vessels coming into column thus will interfere with each other, when the junior officer must slow down until his superior has passed him. FLEET TACTICS. 25 With a fleet of more than twelve vessels, the angle formed by the course of the obliquing vessels with that of the leader of the column, should be at least two points, since if it be less the fleet will be too long in forming. For instance, twenty-four vessels in line, in close order*, heading N., will be three hours in forming'column of vessels," steering N. by E., if the angle of obliquity be but a half point, fifty-six minutes if it be two points, thirty-two minutes \if it be four, and twenty-three minutes if it be six points. I think four points should be preferred when practicable, especially in the presence of an enemy, since the vessels while forming would be in direct echelon, and, by "slo:ving," the wing nearest the forming column could be thrown into double echelon, thus making, with the vessels already in column, the three sides of a square impossible to penetrate. * As the arcs described by the different vessels in coming to the oblique course will not be exactly the same; this is not mathematically correct, but it will be found practically so, provided the vessels continue at full speed until on the oblique course, 26 FLEET TACTICS. 2. The fleet being in line heading N., to form it into columns of vessols from the right of divisionu preserving the original direction. 1st. Method.. FIG. 19. (311 (3~9 O31 0 ~~~~0 o 0 0 ai o0 aVO a 4d e ea a / ~.....-' 17 9 1 The commander-in-chief signals From the right of divisions, form columns of vessels-fleet N. E. —-right vessels N.* Flag-ships of divisions signal: Division N. E.right vessel N.* The vessels on the right of divisions keep their course; the other vessels steer N. E., and come into column in the wake of their leaders. 2d. Method. FIG. 20. 017 09 O1~ o 0 0 o o0o (7~i-7 iiti~ iiaa a a 17 9 1 * Right vessels' (1, 9, and 17) distinguishing pennant musk here be hoisted over compass signal N. FLEET TACTICS. 27 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of divisions, form columns of vessels-fleet E.-right vessels N.* Flag-ships of divisions signal: Division E.right vessel N.* The vessels on the right of divisions keep their course; the other vessels steer E, and come into column in the wake of their leaders. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into columns of vessels from the left of divisions, and from the right and left of squadrons, preserving the original direction, according to the -same principles. 3. The fleet being in line, heading N, to form it into double column, from the right, preserving the original direction 1st. Method. FIG. 21. 20 01 4 a a0 a 0 la l a a a a a v a 0 a I I 4 2 1 * Distinguishing pennants of.i, 9, and 17, to be hoisted over compass signal N. 28 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of fleet, form double column-fleet N. E.-right vessels N.* Flag-ship of van division: Division N. E.right vessels* N. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division N. E. The two vessels on the right of the fleet keep their course; the others steer N. E; the oddnumbered vessels coming into column in the wake of one, the even-numbered in the wake of two. 2d. Method. FIG. 22. 2p 24_ 2 1 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of fleet form double column-fleet E.-right vessels N.* * Distinguishing pennants of 1 and 2 hoisted over compass signal N. FLEET TACTICS. 29 Flag-ship of van division: Division E.-right vessels N.* Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: -Division E. The two vessels on the right of the fleet keep their course; the others steer E., and come into colurmn as before. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into double column from the left, and into triple column, column of fours,t etc., etc., from the right and left, according to the same principles. 4. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into double columns, from the right of divisions, preserving the original direction. 1st Method. FIG. 23. 18 011 10o0 09 24 91..., i*.S:. -.,..' - 1817 19 2 1 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of divisions-form double columns -fleet N. E.-right vessels N. * Distinguishing pennants of one and two must be hoisted over compass signal N. t In this case column of squadrons, as the divisions consist of eight vessels each, forming two squadrons. 3* 30 FLEET TACTICS. Flag-ships of divisions signal: Division X. E. -right vessels N. The two vessels on the right of divisions keep their course; the others steer N. E. and come into column in the wake of their leaders. 2d Method. FIG. 24. 18 O1T 100 09 2s 01. i i0i i i I 0 i I I I I i "'"0 i 1811 10 9 2 1 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of divisions-form double column -fleet E. —right vessels N. Flag-ships of divisions signal: Division E.right vessels N. The two vessels on the right of divisions keep their course; the others steer E. and come into column, as before. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into double columns from the left of divisions and into triple column, column of fours, etc., from the right and left of divisions, according to the same principles. FTLEE T TACTICS... 31 5. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into column of divisions from the right, preserving the original direction. 1st Method. FIG. 25. 80 6 a P P 6 0 d1 2400 a ea -b v9 24 9 i The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of fleet, form column of divisions -fleet N. 1E.-right division N.* Flag-ship of van division: Division N. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division N. E. The van division keeps its course; the other divisions steer N. E.; the centre division coming into column in the wake of the van, and the rear in the wake of the centre. * Right division's distinguishing pennant must be hoisted above compass signal N. 32 FLEET TACTICS. 2d Method. FIG. 26. 1 6 Q.091 3 I id I-. vt. I I, Il I 24 1 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right offleet, form column of divisions -fleet E.-right division N.* Flag-ship of van division: Division N. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division E. The van division keeps its course; the other divisions steer E., and come into column, as before. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into column of squadrons from the right and into column of divisions or squadrons from the left, according to the same principles. * Right division's distinguishing pennant must be hoisted above compass signal N. FLEET TACTICS. 33 6. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into columns of squadrons from the right of divisions, preserving the original direction. 1st Method. FIG. 27.' 0 O? 017 0 0 d 9 e Q 0e 1 iiii Iii~,iii ~~ i ei ~ J, li:, d.'I B I i 17 9 1 The commander-in-chief signals: _From the right of divisions, form column of squadrons-fleet N.E.- right squadrons* N. The flag-ships of divisions signal: Division N.E.-right squadron N.* The squadrons on. the right of divisions keep their course; the others steer N.E., and come into column in the wake of their leaders. 2d Method. FIG. 28.:1or7 0o 9 09'1 - I.,j 9. ii i iivr t * Right squadrons' distinguishing pendants must be hoisted above compass signal N. 34 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chiefs signals: From the right of divisions, form column of squadrons-fleet E. —right squadrons N. The flag-ships of divisions signal: Division E. -right squadron N. The squadrons on the right of divisions keep their course; the others steer E., and come into column as before. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into columns of squadrons from the left of divisions, according to the same principles. 7. The fleet being in line, heading North, to form it into double column from the centre, preervng_ the original direction. 1st Method. FIG. 29. 130 012 O 0 0 0 24 1o 1. 2 1.'> 24 12 24 1312 1 FLEET TACTICS. 35 The commander-in-chief signals:: From the centre of the fleet, form double column -right wing N. W.-left wing N.E.-centre vessels N.* The flag-ship of van division: Division N. W. The flag-ship of rear division: Division N.E. The flag-ship of centre division: Right vesselsf N. W.; left vesselst N.E.; centre vesselst N. The two centre vessels keep their course; the vessels of the right wing steer N.W.; those of the left wing N.E.: the former coming into column in the wake of the right centre, the latter in the wake of the left centre vessel. 2d Method. FIG. 30. 13o 012 0 0 o o 0 0 24 1312 1 * Centre vessels distinguishing pennants must be hoisted over compass signal N. t Distinguishing pennants must be hoisted above compass signaL 36: FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief signals: From the centre of the fleet, form double column -right wing W.; left wing E.; centre vessels* N. The flag-ship of van division: Division W. The flag-ship of rear division: Division E. The flag-ship of centre division: Right vesselst W.; left vessels E.t; centre vesselst N. The two centre vessels keep their course; the vessels of the right wing steer W..; those of the left wing steer E., and all come into column as before. 8. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into column of divisions from the centre, preserving the original direction. 1 st M~ethod. FIG. 31. 160 0 o 0 0 0o 09 24. *..;0200;.1'Q.Q.-.. % ti 16 9 1 * Centre vessels' distinguishing pennants must be hoisted over compass signal N. t Distinguishing pennants must be hoisted above compass signal FLEET TACTICS. 37 The commander-in-chief signals:.From the centre of fleet, form column of divisions-right division* N. W. —left division* N. E.centre division* N. The flag-ship of van division: Division N. W. The flag-ship of rear division: Division N. E.. The flag-ship of centre division: Division N. The centre division keeps its course; the van division steers N. W., the rear division N. E.; the.next to van and next to rear squadrons come into column in the wake of the right and left centre squadrons, respectively, and the van and rear squadrons in like manner, in the wake of the next to van and next to rear squadrons. 2d Method. FIG. 32. i' 6 i i i' i i " * Distinguishing pennants of divisions must be hoisted above compass signals. 4 38 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief signals: From the centre of fleet, form column of divisions — right division W. —left division E.-centre division N. The flag-ship of van division: Division W. The flag-ship of rear division: Division E. The flag-ship of centre division: Division N. The centre division keeps its course; the van division steers W., and the rear division E., and both come into column, as before. 9. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into double columns from the centre of divisions, preserving the original direction. 1st Method. FIG. 33. - 21e Oo 130 812 68 4 24 1 The commander-in-chief signals: From the centre of divisions, form double columns-right vessels N. W. -left vessels N. E.-centre vessels N. FLEET TACTICS. 39 Flag-ships of divisions: Right vessels N. W.*left vessels N. E.* —centre vessels N.* The two centre vessels of divisions keep their course; the vessels on the right of them in each division steer N. W.; those on the left N. E.; the former coming into column in the wake of the right centre, the latter in the wake of the left centre vessels. 2d. Method. FIG. 34. 21Q 020 13Q 012 50 04 24Q 01T 164 69 8 s 0t,-I j if B B *. e _ a. e- aa -_ a- i a a 24 1 The commander-in-chief signals: From the centre of divisions, form double column — right vessels W. —left vessels E.-centre vessels N. The flag-ships of divisions signal: Right vessels t —left vessels E.-centre vessels N. The two centre vessels of divisions keep their course; the vessels on the right of them in each division steer W.; those on the left E.; and all come into column as before. It is evident that * Distinguishing pennants must be hoisted above compass signals. :40 FLEET TACTICS. the fleet can be formed into double columns from the centre of squadrons, according to the same principles. 10. The fleet being in line, heading N, to form it into column of vessels from the right, at right angles to the original direction. FIG. 35..... a. j.. rg- o-9-..9-.........,....9 oo..o.o.' f i i a i a a i fi i f i'i i i i iai'' i 24 1 The commander-in-chief makes general signal E., which is repeated by the division commanders. All come E. in the wake of the leader of the column, and continue onward. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into column from the left, at right angles to the original direction, according to the same principles. U. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into double column from the right, at right angles to the original direction. 1st. Method. FIG. 36. 2,.4,,, 1.:..: /,.C 1, O 24 1 FLEET TACTICS. 41 The commander-in-chief signals: Fleet —by twos-wheel to E. Flag-ships of divisions signal: Division-by twos-wheel to E. The fleet steers N. E.; the pivot-vessels (the odd-numbered vessels in this case) under steerage way, the others maintaining their speed. When the leader of the column-the right pivotvessel-finds her consort bearing from her on a line perpendicular to the course given by the commander-in-chief (N. is the bearing in this case), she breaks the stops of compass signal E., which has been "rounded up at the fore, when all come together E., and the column is formed.* 2d. Method. The commander-in-chief makes general signal E., which is repeated by the division commanders. Executed as in manceuvre 10, Fig. 35, and afterward: Fleet-form double column-left oblique. Executed as in manceuvre'27, Fig. 56. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into triple column, column of fours, etc., from the' * Column will be formed in one minute and forty-five seconds, when the fleet is moving ten knots an hour. 4* 42 FLEET TACTICS. right, at right angles to the original direction, as also into double column, triple column, etc., etc., from the left, according to the same principles. 12. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into column of divisions from the right, at right angles to the original direction. 1st Method. FIG. 37.,.0I - 24 IT 91 The commander-in-chief signals: By divisions wheel to E. ing vessels* as shown by annexed table. When * Or they may proceed at full speed and slow to steerageway, so soon as they bring the pivot-vessel to bear S. FLEET TACTICS 43 the pivot-vessels find their consorts* bearing from them on a line perpendicular to the given course, they hoist the position pennant, when all come together E., and the column is formed. NOTE TO 1ST METHOD. —The divisions will change front eight points, by wheeling, in 12~ minutes, supposing the speed of the pivot-vessels to be four knots, that of the ves, sels farthest from the pivots ten knots, and that of the intervening vessels as shown by the annexed table. I think the change of front by the 2d method infinitely preferable: Next to Pivot. Pivot. 35. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 4.0 4.9 5.7 6.6 7.4 8.3 9.2 10.0 2d Method. FrG. 38.t C, Q., 0. bo Co 6_ _6 6 6 4.o 16. from them, until the vessel farthest from the pivot gets into position. * It must be carefully borne in mind that every vessel wheeling is to keep her position pennant "rounded up," in readiness to "break stops" the instant she brings the pivotvessel on a line qf bearing'at right angles to the course signalled by the commander-in-chief. t Column formed in eight minutes. 44 FLEET TACTICS. The fleet is first formed into columns.of vessels from the left of divisions, as prescribed in manceuvre 2, after which the commander-in-chief makes general signal E., which is repeated by the divisional commanders, and the column is formed. Should the fleet be formed into column of vessels from the right of divisions, in this case, and then into columns of divisions to the right, it would be steaming in natural order, that is with the van division leading, while its divisions would be in order reversed, with their right squadrons on the le.ft. 3d Method. The fleet is formed into column of vessels, as in manceuvre 10, Fig. 35, and afterward into column of divisions as in manceuvre 29, Fig. 58. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into column of divisions from the left, at right angles to the original direction, according to the same principles. FLEET TACTICS. 45 13. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into column of vessels from the right, on any course from N. to E. Suppose, for example, it be required to form the column to the N.N.E. ist fMethod. FIG. 39. 0o 24 24 f The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of fleet, form column of vesselsfleet E.N.E. —right vessel.N.NE. Flag-ship of van division: Division E.N.E.right vessel N.N.E. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division E.N.E. The vessel on the right of the fleet keeps N.N.E.; the other vessels steer E.N.E.; two coming N.N.E. when in the wake of one, three in the wake of two, and so on to the last vessel. 49 rLEET TACTICS. 2d Method. FIG. 40. 01 24 0 24 1 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of fleet, form column of vessels-fleet E.-right vessel N.N.E. Flag-ship of van division: Division E.-right vessel N. N.E. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division E. The vessel on the right of the fleet steers N.N.E.; the other vessels keep E.; two coming N.N.E. in the wake of one, three in the wake of two, and so on to the last vessel. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into column from the left, on any course from N. to W., according to the same principles. NoBE. —The following tables show the rate of speed of the vessels, calculated for each half-point of obliquity from the course signalled by the commander-in-chief for the leading or guide vessel or vessels: FLEET TACTICS. 47 TABLE C. Speed of Angle Speed of _eading or of Obliquity Obliquing Guide in Angle of Obliquity in Vessels Vessel (or Degrees and Points in Vessels) parts and Half Points. Knots and in Knots., of a Degree. Tenths. Steering N. by E. (a) 5 37 30 f point N. by E. i E.... 9.3 10 11 15 00 1 point N. N. E......... 8.8 10 16 52 30 1x points N. N. E. E... 8.4 10 (b) 22 30 00 2 points N. E. by N.. 8.1 10 28 07 30 i2 points N. E. i N.. 7.9 10 33 45 00 3 points N. E...... 7.8 10 39 22 30 31 points N. E. i E.. 7.7 10 (c) 45 00 00 4 points N. E. by E.. 7.8 10 50 37 30 41- points N. E. byE. i E. 7.9 10 56 15 00 5 points E. N. E....... 8.1 10 61 52 30 51 points E. N. E. i, E 8.4 10 (d) 67 30 00 6 points E. by N......... 8.8 10 73 07 30 6, points E. i N......... 9.3 10 48 FLEET TACTICS. TABLE D. Speed of Angle Speed of Leading or of Obliquity Obliquing Guide in Angle of Obliquity in Vessels Vessel (or Degrees and Points in Vessels) parts and Half Points. Knots and in Knots, of a Degree. Tenths. Steering N. N. E. (e) 5 37 30 - point N. N. E. E.... 9.4 10 11 15 00 1 point N. E. by N...... 9.0 10 16 52 30 1 BpointN. E. N....... 8.7 10 22 30 00 2 points N. E........... 8.5 10 28 07 30 2- points N. E. E...... 8.4 10 33 45 00 3 points N. E.byE...... 8.3 10 39 22 30 31 points N. E. by E. I E. 8.4 10 45 00 00 4 points E. N.E......... 8.5 10 50 37 30 41 points E. N. E. -.. 8.7 10 56 15 00 5 points E. by N........ 9.0 10 61 52 30 51 points E. - N......... 9.4 10 FLEET TACTICS. 49 TABLE E. Speed of Angle Speed of Leading or of Obliquity Obliquing Guide in Angle of Obliquity in Vessels Vessel (or Degrees and Points in Vessels) parts and Half Points. Knots and in Knots, of a Degree. Tenths. Steering N. E. by N. (f ) 5 37 b301 point N. E. i N........ 9.5 10 11 15 00 1 point N. E............ 9.2 10 16 52 30 1 points N. E. E...... 9 0 10 22 30 00 2 points N. E. byE....... 8.9 10 28 07 30 2j points N. E. by E. i E. 8.8 10 33 45 00 3 points E. N. E......... 8.9 10 39 22 30 31 points E. N. E., E... 9.0 10 45 00 00 4points E. byN........ 9.2 10 50 37 30 41 points E. N........ 9.5 10 TABLE F. Speed of Angle Speed of Leading or of Obliquity Obliquing Guide in Angle of Obliquity in Vessels Vessel (or Degrees and Points in Vesels) parts and Half Points. Knotsand in Knots, of a Degree. Tenths. Steering N. E. (g) 5 37 30 Lpoint N. E. E........ 9.6 10 11 15 00 1 point N. E. by E....... 9.4 10 16 52 30 1~ points N.E. by E. j E. 9.3 10 22 30 00 2points E. N. E........ 9.2 10 28 07 30 24 points E. N. E. i E... 9.3 10 33 45 00 3 points E. by N..... 9.4 10 39 22 30 3, points E. j N......... 9 6 10..~~~~~~ 50 FLEET TACTICS. TABLE G. Speed of Angle Speed of LeadiDg or of Obliquity Obliquing Guide in Angle of Obliquity in Vessels Vessel (or Degrees and Points in Vessels) parts and Half Points. Knots and in Knots, of a Degree. Tenths. Steering N. E. by E. (h) 5 37 36 L point N. E. by E. I E.. 9.8 10 11 15 00 1 point E. N. E......... 9.6 10 16 52 30 1, points E. N. E. i E... 9.6 10 22 30 00 2 points E. by N........ 9.6 10 28 07 30 29points E jN;.........8 10 TABLE H. Speed of Angle Speed of Leading or of Obliquity Obliquing Guide in Angle of Obliquity in Vessels Vessel (or Degrees and Points in Vessels) parts * and Half Points. Knots and in Knots, of a Degree. Tenths. Steering E. N.E. (i) 5 37 30 I point E. N. E. i E 9:9 10 11 15 00 l point E. by N......... 9.8 10 16 52 30 1 points E. I N.. 9.9 10 FLEET TACTICS. 51 H. Min. (a) column will be formed in............. 2 56 (b) ".................... 55 (c) " " " _............ 30 (d) " _.........20 (e) " " "'............. 2 43 (f) " "............. 2 26 (g) " "............ 2 02 (h) " " "............1 34 (i) -91" " " f.., 1 04 See remarks on page 18. 14. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into column of vessels from the right, on any course from N. to W. To form the column to the N.N.W. 1st Method. FIG. 41. O4 CodOdo Coc Od4O 0 0o 24 ~ i e * * a a i i c v it aIv a a iai 24& A|||! | | * * At Ad ^ & * &n 1 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of leet,form column of vesselsfleet N.E.-right vessel N.N. W. Flag-ship of van division: Division N.E. — right vessel N.N. W. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division N. E. 52 FLEET TACTICS. The vessel on the right of the fleet steers N.N.W.; the other vessels N.E., two coming N.N.W., when in the wake of one, three in the wake of two, and so on to the last vessel. 2d Method. FIG. 42. ( i "'a i"' i' a a a a a a a a a i ~" 6 i' 24 1 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of fleet, form column of vesselsfleet E.-right vessel N.N. W. Flag-ship of van division: Division E.-right vessel NV.N. W. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division E. The vessel on the right of the fleet steers N.N.W.; the other vessels E., and come into column as before. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into column of vessels from the left, on any course from N. to E., according to the same principles. The following tables show the rate of speed of FLEET TACTICS. 53 the vessels calculated for each half-point of obliquity from the course signalled by the commander-in-chief, for the leading or guide vessel (or vessels). TABLE I. Speed of Angle Speed of Leading or of Obliquity Obliquing Guide in Angle of Obliquity in Vessels Vessel (or Degrees and Points in Vessels) Parts and Half Points. Knots and in Knots, of a Degree. Tenths. Steering N. by W. 5 37 30 2 point N. W.......... 9.0 10 11 15 00 1 point North........... 8.2 10 16 52 30 1} points N. j E........ 7.8 10 22 30 00 2 points N. by E........ 7.2 10 28 07 30 2~ points N. by E. i E... 7.0 10 33 45 00 3 points N. N. E......... 6.6 10. 39 22 30 31 points N. N. E. E... 6.5 10 45 00 00 4 points N. E. by N.... 6.4 10 50 37 30 41 points N. E. i N. 6.3 10 56 15 00 5 points N. E........... 6.4 10 61 52 30 51 points N. E. i E...... 6.5 10 67 30 00 6 points N. E. by E...... 6.6 10 73 07 30 ]61 points N. E. by E., E.I 7.0 10 78 45 00 7 points E. N. E....... 7.2 10 84 22 30 79 points N. E. E...... 7.8 10 90 00 00 8 points E. byN........ 8.2 10 95 37 30 8 points E. N......... 9.0 10 5* 54 FLEET TACTICS. TABLE J. Speed of Angle. Speed of Leading or of Obliquity Obliquing Guide in Angle of Obliquity in Vessels Vessel (or Degrees and Points in Vessels) Parts and Half Points. Knots and in Knots, of a Degree. Tonths. Steering N. N. W. 5 37 30 i point N. by W. W... 8.8 10 11 15 00 1 point N. by W........ 7.9 10. 16 52 30 1.j points N. l W.. 7.4 10 22 30 00 2 points North.......... 6.7 10 28 07 30 2i points N. iE....... 6.4 10 33 45 00 3 points N. byE........ 6.0 10 39 22 30 3- points N. by E. i E... 5.9 10 45 00 00 4 points N. N.E........ 5.7 10 50 37 30 4 points N. NE. E... 5.6 10 56 15 00 5 points N. E. by N..... 5.6 10 61 52 30 5 points N. E. N...... 5.6 10 67 30 00 6 points N. E....... 5.7 10 73 07 30 6j points N. E. i E...... 5.9 10 78 45 00 7 points N. E. byE...... 6.0 10 84 22 30 71 points N. E. by E. j E. 6.4 10 90 00 00 8 points E. N. E........ 6.7 10 95 37 30 8j points E. N. E. i E... 7.4 10 101 15 00 9 points E. byN........ 7.9 10 106 52 30 91 points E. i N..8.8 10 FLEET TACTICS. 55 TABLE K. Speed of Angle Speed of Leading or of Obliquity Obliquing Guide in Angle of Obliquity in Vessels Vessel (or Degrees and Points in Vessels) Parts and Half Points. Knots and in Knots, of a Degree. Tenths, Steering N.W. byN. 5 37 30 point N. N. W. W.... 8.5 10 11 15 00 1 point N. N. W.. 7.4 10 16 52 30 1[ points N. by W. I W.. 6.7 10 22 30 00 2 points N. by W.. 6.1 10 28 07 30 2~ points N. i W.. 5.7 10 33 45 00 3 points North.......... 5.3 10 39 22 30 3- points N. I E......... 5.1 10 45 00 00 4 points N. by E........ 4.9 10 50 37 30 4t points N. by E. l E... 4.8 10 56 15 00 5 points N. N. E....... 4.7 10 61 52 30 5a points N. N. E. j'E... 4.6 10 67 30 00 6 points N. E. by N..... 4.7 10 73 07 30 61 points N. E. N...... 4.8 10 78 45 00 7 points N. E... 4.9 10 84 22 30 71 points N. E. E.. 5.1 10 90 00 00 8 points N. E. by E. 5 3 10 95 37 30 8, points N. E. by E.' E. 5.7 10 101 15 00 9 points E. N. E....... 6.1 1.0 106 52 30 91 points E. N. E. ~ E. 6.7 10 112 30 00 10 points E. by N.. 7.4.10 118 07 30 10J points E. ~ N...... 8.5 10 56'FLEET TACTICS. TABLE L. Speed of Angle Speed of Leading or of Obliquity Obliquing Guide in Angle of Obliquity in Vessels Vessel (or Degrees and Points in Vessels) Parts and Half Points. Knots and in Knots, of a Degree. Tenths. Steering N. W. 5 37 30 L point N. W.. N.. 8.1 10 11 15 00 1 point N. W. by N.. 6.9 10 16 52 30 1L points N. N. W. i W.. 6.1 10 22 30 00 2 points N. N. W.. 5.4 10 28 07 30 2, points N. by W. i.. 4.9 10 33 45 00 3 points N. by W..... 4.6 10 39 22 30:3, points N. j W.. 4.3 10 45 00 00 I points North.. 4.1 10 50 37 30 A1 points N. E.. 4.0 10 56 15 00 5 points N. by E....... 3.9 10 61 52 30 5a points N by E. E.... 3.8 10 67 30 00- 6 points N. N. E......... 3.8 10 73 07 30 61 points N. N. E. 4 E... 3.8 10 78 45 00 7 points N. E. by N.. 3.9 10 84 22 30 7. points N. E. i N..... 4.0 10 90 0000 08 points N. E........... 4.1 10 95 37 30 8. points N. E. i E..... 4.3 10 101 15 00 9 points N. E. by E...... 4.6 10 106 52 30 194 points N. E. by E. i E. 4.9 10,112 30 00 10 points E. N. E....... 5.4 10 118 07 30 10j points E. N. E. i E.. 6.1 10 123 45 00 11 points E. by N....... 6.9 10 129 22 30 11 points E. 1N....... 8.1 10 FLEET TACTICS. 57 TABLE M. Speed of Angle Speed of Leading or f Obliquity Obliquing Guide in Angle of Obliquity in Vessels Vessel (or Degrees and Points in Vesc:lEs) Parts and Half Points. Knots and in Knots, of a Degree. Tenths. Steering N.W.byW. 0/ 5 37 3 1 point N. W. W.. 7.6 10 11 15 00 1 point N. W...6.2 10 16 52 30 1- points N. W. N..... 5.5 10 22 30 00 2 points N. W. by N.... 4.6 10 28 07 30 2j points N. N. W. I W.. 4.3 10 33 45 00 3 points N. N. W.. 3.8 10 39 22 30 33 points N. by W. j W.. 3.6 10 45 0000 4 points N. by W...... 3.3 10 50 37 30 4i points N. W........ 3.2 10 56 15 00 5 points North...3 0 10 61 52 30 5L points N. E......... 3.0 10 67 30 00 6 points N. by E........ 2.9 10 73 07 30 6E points N. by E. i E... 2.9 10 78 45 00 7 points N. N. E........ 2.9 10 84 22 30 71 points N. N. E. E E.. 3.0 10 90 00 00 8 points N. E. byN...... 0 3. 10 95 37 30 8t points N. E. i N.......2 10 101 15 00 9 points N. E.. 3.3 10 106 52 30 9 points N. E. E...... 3.6 10 112 30 00 10 points N. E. by E..... 3.8 10 118 07 30 101 points N. E. by E.. E. 4.3 10 123 45 00 11 points E. N. E... 4.6 10 129 22 30 11, points E. N. E. l E.. 5.5 10 135 00 00 12 points E. by N.......;.2 10 140 37 30 12~ points E. N............ 7.6 10 58 FLEET TACTICS. TABLE N. Speed of Angle Speed of Leading or of Obliquity Obliquing Guide in Angle of Obliquity in Vessels Vessel (or Degrees and Points in Vessels) Parts and Half Points. Knots and in Knots, of a Degree. Tenths. Steering W. N. W. 5 37 30 ~ point N. W. by W. 1 W. 6.7 10 11 15 00 i point N. W. by W.. 5.1 10 16 52 30 11 points NW.W. W 4.4 10 2'2 30 00 2 points N. W.. 3.5 10 28 07 30 21 points N. W. N.. 3.2 10 33 45 00 3 points N. W. by N..... 2.8 10 39 22 30 31 points N. N. W. V W.. 2.6 10 45 00 00 4 points N. N. W... 2.3 10 50 37 30 41 points N. by W V.. 2.2 10 56 15 00 5 points N. by W....... 2.1 10 61 52 30 51 points N. W........ 2.1 10 67 30 00 6 points North.. 2.0 10 73 07 30 61 points N.. E.. 2.0 10 78 45 00 7 points N. by E.. 1.9 10 84 22 30 7L points N. by E. I E... 2.0 10 90 00 00 8 points N. N. E.. 2.0 10 95 37 30 8j points N. N. E..E. 2.1.10 101 15 00 9 points N. E. by N.... 2.1 10 106 52 30 91 points N. E. ~ N 2.2 10 112 30 00 10 points N. E... 2.3 10 118 07 30 101 points N. E. i E..... 2.6 10 123 45 00 11 points N. E. by E.... 2.8 10 129 22 30 11, points N. E. by E., E. 3.2 10 135 00 00 12 points E. N. E....... 3.5 10 140 37 30 12. points E. N. E. i E.. 4.4 10 146 15 00 13 points E. by N.. 5.1 10 151 52 30 134 points E. i N.... 6.7 10 FLEET TAOCTICS 59 TABLE O. Speed of Angle Speed of Leading or of Obliquity Obliquing Guide in Angle of Obliquity in Vessels Vessel (or Degrees and Points in Vessels) parts and Half Points. Knots and in Knots, of a Degree. Tenths. Steering W. by N. 5 37 30. point W. N. W. W.. 5.0 10 11 15 00 1 point W. N. WV... 3.4 10 16 52 30 11 points N. W. by W. I W. 2.8 10 22 30 00 2 points N. W. by W..... 2.1 10 28 07 30 2i points N.W. 4W.... 1.9 10 33 45 00 3 points N. W........... 1.5 10 39 22 30.3 points N. W. i N..... 1.4 10 45 0000 00i points N. W. by N..... 1.3 10 50 37 30 JL points N.N. W. b W.. 1.2 10 56 15 00 J points N. N. 1........ 1 10 61 52 30 5points N. by W... 1.0 10 67 30 00 6 points N. by W........ 1.0 10 73 07 30 6- points N. i V........ 1.0 10 78 45 00 7 points North........... -Ao"~+ 10 84 22 30 j7, points N. j E..........W-Jf+ 10 90 00 00 8 points N. by E........ q-$O+ 10 95 37 30 8i points N. by E. E... 1.0 10 101 15 00 9 points N. N. E... 1.0 10 106 52 30 93 points N. N. E. i E... 1.0 10 112 30 00 10 points N. E. by N.. 1.1 10 118 07 30 10} points N.E. N..... 1.2 10 123 45 00 11 points N. E.......... 1. 10 129 22 30 111 points N. E.i E.. 1.4 10 135 00 00 12 points N. E. by E..... 1.5 10 140 37 30 12. points N. E. by E. - E. 1.9 10 146 15 00 13 points E. N. E........ 2.1 10 151 52 30 13j points E. N. E. jE... 2.8 10 157 30 00 14 points E. by N...... 3.4 10 163 07 30 141 points E. N........ 5.0 10 60 FLEET TACTICS. 15. The fleet being in line, heading N, to form it into columns of vessels, from the right of divisions, on any course from N. to E. To form the columns to the N. E. 1st Method. FIG. 43. A8 D~ a 24 17 9 The commander-in-chief first forms the fleet into column of vessels, from the left* to the N.W. (as explained in manceuvre 13), at right angles to the course on which he intends to break Should the fleet be formed into column of vessels from the right to the N.W., and then from line into columns of vessels from the right of divisions to the N.E., it would be in reversed order, with the van division on the left, and the rear squadron of each division leading. PLEET TACTICS. 61 it into columns of vessels, from the right of divisions, then into line on that course N.E., upon general signal N.E.,* and completes the manoeuvre by signalling, as in 2, Figs. 19 and 20. 2d Method. FIG. 44. t...d f.t.... The commander-in-chief first forms the fleet into column of vessels from the right, upon general signal E., then changes the direction of the column to the S.E., by signalling, as explained in 56, Fig. 87, and afterward proceeds as in the first method. * Or he may signal heads of divisions N.E., as explained in manceuvre 35. 6 62 FLEET TACTICS. 3d Method. FIG. 45. o. 244t / /0 24 I The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of divisions, form columns of vessels-fleet E.N.E-right vessels wheel to N.E. Flag-ships of divisions signal: Division E.2.E, — right vessel N.N.E. The vessels on the right of divisions keep N.N.E.; one under steerage-way, nine* and seventeen at full speed; the other vessels steer E.N.E. at such speed as will take them into their proper places in their respective columns. (See Table D.) * Or nine may preserve such speed only as will enable her to keep on a line between one and seventeen. FLEET TACTICS. 63 When nine finds one bearing from her on a line perpendicular to the course signalled by the commander-in-chief (S.E. is the bearing in this case), she hoists the position pennant as a guide to seventeen, and "slows to steerage-way," until seventeen, bringing her and one on this bearing, hoists the position pennant, when, upon one's "breaking the stops" of compass signal N.E., all the leaders of the columns keep N.E. atfull speed; the other vessels stand on N.N.E., at full speed, until in the wake of their leaders, when they steer N.E. 4th Method. As the 3d, except that, upon the signal of the commander-in-chief, fleet E., the vessels steer E. to get into column in the wake of their leaders, steering N.N.E., and preserve, of course, the same speed as their leaders. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into columns of vessels from the left of divisions on any course from N. to W., according to the same principles. 64 FLEET TACTICS.16. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into double column from the right, on any course from N. to E. To form the column to the N.E. 1st Method. Form the fleet into column of vessels from the right to the N.E, as in manceuvre 13, Figs. 39 and 40, and then into double column, as in 27, Fig. 56. 2d Method.* FIG. 46. - A9 24 1 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of fleet, form double columnfleet E.N.E. (or E.)-right vessels wheel to N.E. * This method should not be resorted to when the angle of the new course with the old is more than 450, up to which point it will commend itself to the reader for its simplicity. FLEET TACTICS. 65 Flag-ship of van division: Division E.N.E. (or..)-right vessels wheel to N.E. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division E.N.E. (or E.) The two vessels on the right of the fleet alter course together to N.N.E.-one, the pivot-vessel, under steerage-way; two, at full speed. When the pivot-vessel finds, from the position pennant, that her consort bears from her on a line perpendicular to the given course (N.W. is the bearing in this case), she breaks the stop of compass signal N.E., when both steer N.E. at full speed. The other vessels steer E.N.E.* (or E.), three ~ coming into column in the wake of one after she is on her course N.E., four in the wake of two, etc., etc. So soon as they come into column, the odd-numbered vessels have to slow to steerageway to enable their consorts to get on a line of bearing N.W. from them. * As each pivot-vessel is delayed in turn to enable her' consort (or consorts) to get on the proper line of bearing from her, after she gets into column the vessels will be governed, in coming into column, by the speed of the fleet when the manceuvre was signalled (as by Table F). 6* 66 FLEET TACTICS. 3d Method. FIG. 47. fv _ Dt 0 19 24 1 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of fleet, form double columnfleet E.N.E. (or E.) -right vessels wheel to N.E. Flag-ship of van division: —Division E.N.E. (or. ) —right vessels wheel to N.E. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: -Division E.N.E. (or E.) The two vessels on the right of the fleet alter course together to N.N.E., at full speed; the other vessels steer E.N.E. (or E.) (at such speed as is prescribed by Table D), three coming into column in the wake of one, four in the wake of two, etc., etc. FLEET TACTICS. 67 So soon as the column is formed to the N.N.E. (or while it is still forming) one slows to steerageway until two bears N.W. from her, when she displays the compass signal, and both she and her consort steer N.E. at full speed. The other vessels stand on N.N.E., three keeping N.E. when in the wake of one, four in the wake of two, etc.; the odd-numbered vessels* slowing successively as they come to the course, to enable their consorts to get on a line of bearing N.W. from them. 4th Method. Form the fleet into column of vessels, from the left to the N.W. or from the right to the S.E., and then into line to the N.E. (as in manceuvre 15, Figs. 43 and 44), and afterwards into double column from the right, as in 3, Figs. 21 and 22. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into triple column, column of fours, etc., etc., from the right, on any course from N. to E., and into double column, triple column, etc., etc., from the left, on any coursefrom N. to W., according to the same principles. * Or, if in column to the N.N.E., when one slows they may then slow, and enable their consorts to attain the proper bearing. 68 FLEET TACTICS.The fleet being in line, heading N. to form it into double columns from the right of divisions, on any course from N. to E. To form the columns to the N.E. 1st Method. The fleet is first formed into column of vessels from the left to the N.W., or from the right to the S.E., and then into line to the N.E. (as in 15, Figs. 43 and 44), and finally into double columns from the right of divisions, as in 4, Figs. 23 and 24. 2d Method. The fleet is first formed into columns of vessels, from the right of divisions (as in 15, Figs. 43 and 44) to the N.E., and then into double columns, as in 28, Fig. 57. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into triple columns, columns of fours, etc., from the right of divisions, on any course from N. to E., and into double columns, triple columns, etc., etc., from the left of divisions, on any course from N. to W., according to the same principles. FLEET TACTICS. 69 18. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into columns of divisions, on any course from N.to W. To form the columns to the N.W. 1st Method. The fleet is first formed into column of vessels from the right to the N.E., or from the left to the S.W.; then into line to the N.W., upon general signal N. W., and finally into columns of vessels from the right of divisions, as in 2, Figs. 19 and 20. 2d Method. FroG. 48. \.4 tit 8's iA IA AsI a m Ai I 24 1 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of divisions, form columns of vessels-fleet N.E. (or E.) —right vessels wheel to N. W. Flag-ships of divisions signal: Division N.E. (or E.)-right vessels wheel to N. W. The vessels on the right of divisions steer N.N.W., seventeen under steerage-way,* nine and one at full speed; the other vessels keep N.E. (or E.) at such speed as will take them into their proper places in their respective columns (Table J). When nine finds seventeen bearing from her on a line perpendicular to the course signalled by the commander-in-chief (S.W. is the bearing in this case), she hoists the position pennant, as a guide to one, and slows to steerage-way, until one, bringing her and seventeen on this bearing, displays the position pennant, when seventeen breaks the stop of compass signal N.W., and all the leaders of the columns come to this course at full speed. The other vessels stand on N.N.W., at full speed, until they reach the wake of their leaders, when they steer N.W. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into columns of vessels from the left of divisions, on * Or nine may preserve such speed only as will enable her to keep on a line between one and seventeen. FLEET TACTICS. 71 any course from N. to E., according to the same principles. 19. The fleet being in line heading N., to form it into double column from the right, on any course from N. to W. To form the column to the N.W. 1st Method. Form the fleet into column of vessels from the right, as in 14, Figs. 41 and 42, and then into double column, as in 27, Fig. 56. 2d Method. Form the fleet into column of vessels from the right to the N.E. or from the left to the S.W., then into line to the N.W., upon general signal N. W., and finally into double column fiom the right, as in 3, Figs. 21 and 22. 3d Method. FIG. 49.. ~ * a 0 00 000 a0 a a0 a a a SI I0, 24 1 -1I2 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief signals:.From the right of fleet, form double columnfleet N.E. (or E. )-right vessels wheel to N. W. Flag-ship of van division: Division N.E. (or E.) -right vessels wheel to N. W. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division N.E. (or E.) The two vessels on the right of the fleet alter course together to N.N.W.-two, the pivot-vessel, under steerage-way, one at full speed. When two finds one bearing from her on a line perpendicular to the given course (N.E. is the bearing in this case), she breaks the stop of compass signal N.W., when both steer N.W. at full speed. The other vessels steer N.E. (or E.) —three coming into column in the wake of one, after the latter has commenced to steer N.W., four in the wake of two, etc., etc. So soon as they come into column, the evennumbered vessels have to slow to steerage-way to enable their consorts to get on the line of bearing N. W. from them. FLEET TACTICS. 73 4th Method. FIG. 50. ". N.. (or.-right vessels wheel to N b'i a t ie01 elam le i a~, A.,mel 24 1 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of fleet, form double column — feet N.E. (or E. ) —right vessels wheel to N. W. Flag-ship of van division: Division N.E. (or E.) right vessels wheel to N W. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division N.E. (or E.) The two vessels on the right of the fleet alter course together to N.N.W. at full speed; the other vessels steer N.E. (or E) —at such speed as 7 741 FLEET TACTICS. is prescribed by Table J; three coming into col-I umn in the wake of one, four in the wake of two, etc., etc. So soon as the column is formed to the N.N.W. (or while it is still forming), two slows to steerage-way until one bears N.E. from her, when she displays the compass signal, and both she and her consort steer N.W. at full speed; the other vessels stand on N.N.W., three keeping N.W. when in the wake of one, four when in the wake of two, etc., etc.; the even-numbered vessels slowing successively as they come to the course to enable their consorts to get on a line of bearing N.E. from them. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into triple column, column of fours, etc., etc., from the right, on any course from N. to W., and into double column, triple column, etc., etc., from the left, on any course from N. to E., according to the same principles. See notes to manceuvre 16. FLEET TACTICS. 75 20. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into double columns from the right of divisions, on ~ any course from N. to W. To form the columns to the N.W. 1st Method. The fleet is first formed into column of vessels from the right to the N.E, or from the left to the S.W., then into line to the N.W., upon general signal N. W., and finally into double columns from the right of divisions, as in 4, Figs. 23 and 24. 2d Method. The fleet is first formed into columns of vessels from the right of divisions (as in 18, Fig. 48) to the N.W., and then into double columns, as in 28, Fig. 57. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into triple columns, columns of fours, etc., etc., from the right of divisions, on any course from N. to W., and into double column, triple column, etc., etc., from the left of divisions, on any course from N. to E., according to the same principles. 76 FLEET TACTICS.,21. The fleet being in line, heading N, to change front to the right, on any course from N. to E. To change front to N.E. 1st Method.* The fleet is first formed into column of vessels from the right to the S.E., or from the left to the N.W., and then into line again to the N.E., upon general signal N.E. 2d Method. FIG. 51. /'0 1/ / / 2i exceeds six points, method, and I think;','/! i // i.' / I r /' /;1i/',, /I /1,, I,,/I/ /,, I / /,' exceeds six points, this is the shortestmethod, andI think FLEET TACTICS. 77 The commander-in-chief signals: Fleet wheel to N. E. Fllag-ships of divisions signal: Division N. N.E. All the fleet alter course together to N.N.E.; one, the pivot-vessel, under steerage-way, twentyfour at full speed, and the other vessels * under such steam as will enable them to keep on a'line between one and twenty-four. When the pivotvessel finds her consorts bearing from her on a line perpendicular to the given course (N.W. is the bearing in this case), she hoists compass signal N.E., when all come together to this course. It is evident that the fleet can change front to the left, on anyv course from N. to W., according to the same principles, twenty-four.being the pivot-vessel in this case. 22. The fleet being in line, in natural order, heading N., to change front to the rear, turning to starboard, and preserving the same order, that is, with the van squadron on the right The fleet is first formed into column of vessels to the right, upon general signal E., as in 10, Fig. - Or these vessels may preserve full speed, each one slowing to steerage-way, as she comes upon the bearing N.W., and hoisting the position pennant as a guide to the next vessel on her left. 7* 78 FLEET TACTICS. 35, then direction changed to W., as in 56, Fig. 87 (see note to 70), and afterward into line, heading S., upon general signal S. It is evident that the fleet can be turned to port, and after changing its direction, be again formed into line, heading S., with the van squadron on the right, by the signals: W.-head of fleet E.-S. 23. The fleet being in line, heading N., to change front to the rear, turning to starboard, in reversed order, that is, with the van squadron on the left FIG. 52. i"'41"; i 9: i \ i " i: 9i I " 9 9 9 " e - The commander-in-chief makes general signal E., which is repeated by the divisional commanders, when the fleet is formed into column of vessels heading E., from which it is thrown into line, heading S., upon general signal S. It is evident that the fleet can be turned to port, and then formed into line, heading S., with the van squadron on the left, by the signals W. and S. FLEET TACTICS. 79 24. The fleet being in line, to form it into column to the rear. FiG. 53. 24 leet in natural order. l'I I i'11 Fleet in order reversed. The fleet should be first faced to the rear, and then formed into column as by the preceding methods, or it may be thrown into column to the right or left, at right-angles to the original direction, as in 10, Fig. 35; and then change direction to the course signalled by the commander-inchief, as by 56, Fig. 87. And it must be borne in mind that the right or left of a fleet in line is its actual right or left on a line of bearing perpendicular to the course. If, therefore, the signal be made, From the right of fleet, form column of vessels, number one will be the first to move forward if the fleet be in natural order, but number twenty-four if the fleet be in reversed order. 80 FLEET TACTICS. 25. The fleet being in line, in close order, to form it in open order, on any vessel that may be designated. To form it in open order on number twelve. FIG. 54. - b...> --—, -- - s \. _ ------------------- -' —........................... - 0 —. ---------------—.-/vI-x _1 FLEET TACTICS. 81 The commander-in-chief signals: On the twelfth* vessel-form in open order. Flag-ships of divisions sighal: On the twelfth* vessel-form in open order. Twelve continues her course under steerageway; the vessels on her right steer four points to starboard, those on her left four points to port, under such steam' as will enable them to preserve their line of bearing from her. When eleven and thirteen are in open order with respect to twelve, they resume their course and slow to steerage-way, at the same time hoisting the position pennant as a signal to ten and fourteen, which now form in open order upon them, and hoist the position pennant for the guidance of nine and fifteen, etc., etc. When all are in open order the fleet resumes its speed. * Twelve's distinguishing pennant must here be hoisted. 82 FLEET TACTICS. 26. The fleet being in line, in open order, to form it into close order, on any vessel which way be designated To form it into close order on number twelve. FroIG. 55. o,... r,e.,,''',,:"' ",..,.. /, /,,o" /._ AM/' ~' ~ -- -- -- 04 r Q —------------ Q —-------------— ~.~ o —--------------------- 0 —--------------------------- -------------------------------- Q —--------—. —----------------- Q —--------------------------- CD -~ ——. —-----— ~ —-----—. ~, CD ~ —-~ ——, —-—. —-~ —------ r c —-------------------------. ---------------— ~- r.........~ ~ ~ ~...... —----—. 40 FLEET TACTICS. 83 The conmmander-in-chief signals: On the twelfth vessel-form in close order. Flag-ships of divisions signal: On the twelfth vessel-form in close order. Twelve continues her course under steerageway; the vessels on her right keep four points to post, those on her left four points to starboard, under such steam as will enable them to preserve their line of bearing from her. When eleven and thirteen are in close order with respect to twelve, they resume their course and slow to steerageway, at the same time hoisting the position pennant, as a signal to ten and fourteen, which now form in close order on them, and hoist the position pennant for the guidance of nine and fifteen, etc., etc. When all are in close order, the fleet resumes its speed. 84 FLEET TACTICS. 27. The fleet being in column of vessels, in natural order, to form it into double column. FIG. 56. 20 01 not 0i 1..,' i! 00,24 3.0 The commander-in-chief signals: Form double column-left oblique.* Divisional commanders signal: Division-form double column —left oblique. * The double column may be formed by a right oblique as well, in which case the even-numbered vessels will form to the right of the odd-numbered. Should the commanderin-chief then, however, wish to deploy it into line to the FLEET TACTICS. 85 The odd-numbered vessels continue onward under steerage-way; the others keep two points to port at full speed. When the latter find their consorts bearing from them on a line perpendicular to the course, they so regulate their speed as to maintain this bearing until they are at the proper distance from them, when they come to the course under steerage-way and hoist the position pennant. So soon as the double column is formed, the fleet resumes its speed. 28. The fleet being in columns of vessels, from the right of divisions to form it into double columns. F'IG. 57. 180 QIT 100 09 20 01 0"01? a""09 Qpal A 9:* ono0 i24 X16 8i front, on the leading vessels, he will be forced to do it by a right oblique, and the line will be formed in order reversed-that is, with the van squadron on the left, whereas now he has but to form it by a left oblique, and it will be formed in natural order, as in Fig. 104, 8 86 FLEET TACTICS The commander-in-chief signals: Form, double column —left oblique.* Flag-ships of divisions signal: Division-form double column-left oblique. In each division, the odd-numbered vessels continue onward under steerage-way, the others keep two points to port at full speed. When the latter find their consorts bearing from them on a line perpendicular to the course, they so regulate their speed as to maintain this bearing until they are at the proper distance from them, when they come to the course under steerage-way, and hoist the position pennant. So soon as the double columns are formed, the commander-in-chief signals the fleet to resume its speed. * The necessity of forming the double columns by obliquing to the left is obvious here, for if formed. to the right and then deployed into line to the front, eight would be on the right of the line and seventeen on the left, while sixteen would be next to one and twenty-four next to nine; whereas now the commander-in-chief has but to signal: Forward into line-left oblique, and the line will be formed in natural order. FLEET TACTICS. 87 29. The fleet being in column of vessels, in natural order, to form it into triple column FIG. 58. 30' 61; e i' j i'.! "The commander-in-chief signals: Form triple column-left oblique. Flag-ships of divisions signal: Division-form triple column-left oblique. One, four, seven, ten, thirteen, sixteen, nineteen, and twenty-two continue onward under steerage-way; the other vessels keep two points to port at full speed. When the latter find the 88 FLEET TACTICS. former bearing from them on a line perpendicular to the course, they so regulate their speed as to maintain this bearing until they are at the proper distance from them, when they come to the course under steerage-way. To take the leading vessels as an illustration: When two finds one bearing from her on a line perpendicular to the course, she so regulates her speed as to maintain this bearing until she is at the proper distance from her, when she comes to the course under steerage-way, and hoists the position pennant for the guidance of three, which now manceuvres with respect to two, precisely as two has with respect to one. When the triple column is formed, the commander-in-chief signals the fleet to resume its speed. It is evident that the fleet can be formed int( columns of fours, etc., etc., according to the same principles. FLEET TACTICS. 89 30. The fleet being in columns of vessels, from the right of divisions to form it into triple columns. FIG.'59. 19 18 17 11 10 9 3 2 1 e 0 Q ( BQ 8. d0o 2""'"23 ""' 215 8"..''," "'., Commander-in-chief and divisional commanders signal, and the manoeuvre is performed by each division, precisely as described in 29. There being but two vessels in each division to bring up the rear, they are disposed on the flanks. It is evident that the divisions can be formed into columns of fours, etc., etc., accoding to the same principles. ~.bs ~~~dl ~ 8o/6 90 FLEET TACTICS. 3L The fleet being in double column, in natural order, to form it into triple column. FIG. 60. 321 0 o 0i. a. a'.,,0: i.i The commander-in-chief signals: Form triple column —lEet oblique. Flag-ships of divisions signal: Division —form triple column —left oblique. One, two, seven, eight, nineteen and twenty continue onward under steerage-way; four, ten, sixteen and twenty-two keep four points to star FLEET TACTICS. 91 board under steerage-way, and come into column in the wake of one, seven, tlirteen, and nineteen respectively; the other vessels come two points to port at full speed, and manceuvreing get into position as in 29. It is evident that the fleet, if steaming in double columns by divisions (as in Fig. 23), can be formed into triple columns by divisions, according to the same principles. 92 FLEET TACTICS. 32 The fleet being u double column, in natural order, to form it into columns of fours FIG. 61. 4321 9 Q 0 i i 24a a e!21 *. t t t\1 i!' [.'''i \,. FLEET TACTICS. 93 The commander-in-chief signals: Form column offours*-left oblique. Flag-ships of divisions signal: Division-form column offours-left oblique. One, two, five, six, nine, ten, thirteen, fourteen, seventeen, eighteen, twenty-one, and twenty-two continue onward under steerage-way; the other vessels keep two points to port at full speed. When the latter find the former bearing from them on a line perpendicular to the course, they so regulate their speed as to maintain this bearing until they are at the proper distance from them, when they come to the course under steerage-way. To take the leading vessels as an illustration: When three finds one and two bearing from her on a line perpendicular to the course, she so regulates her speed as to maintain this bearing until she is at the proper distance from them, when she comes to the course under steerage-way, and hoists the position pennant for the guidance of four, which now forms on her. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into column of sixes, eights,t etc., etc., according to the same principle. * In this case, column of squadrons, and the signal may be as well: Form column of squadrons. f In this case, column of divisions. (See Fig. 25.) 94 FLEET TACTICS. 33. The fleet being in double columns, from the right of divisions to form it into columns of fours. FIG. 62. 20 19 181T 12 1110 9 4 3 2 1 Q Q o Q Q Q O Q Q Q i,: 0'; The commander-in-chief signals: Form columns offours-left oblique. Flag-ship of divisions signal: Division-form columns offours-left oblique. Each division manceuvres precisely as in 32. MY II FLEET TACTICS. 95 34. The fleet being in column of vessels, in natural order, heading N., to form it into columns of vessels abreast, by divisions, preserving the original direction. To form it on the van division. FIG. 63. o1i 9 01 0 o iv \ b \\: i Is\ I \ i \, i.b 96 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief signals: On the van division-form columns of vessels abreast by divisions, in natural order, heading N. Flag-ship of van division signals Division N. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal:* Head of division N.N. W. The van division keeps its course under steerage-way; the leading ship of each of the other divisions obliques at once, at full speed to N.N.W.; the other vessels follow their leaders. When nine finds one bearing from her on a line perpendicular to the course (E. is the bearing in this case), she so regulates her speed as to maintain this bearing until she is at the proper distance from her, when she comes to the course under steerage-way and hoists the position pennant for the guidance of seventeen, which now manceuvres with respect to nine, precisely as nine has with respect to one. Of course, so soon as nine and seventeen slow, the vessels astern of them, respectively, slow. * If the divisional commanders prefer it, they may make general signal to the vessels under their command N. N. W., in which case all will keep N.N.W., being careful to preserve their bearing N. and S. from each other, so that when they come N. again, they will be in the wake of their leaders. FLEET TACTICS. 97 When the columns a.re formed the fleet resumes its speed. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into columns of vessels abreast on the leading division, by a right oblique as well, but then the van division would be on the left. To form it on the centre division. FIG. 64. oil o9 a 0 0 9?t 6, 09 i9 %, i \i 98 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief signals: On the centre division-form columns of vessels abreast by divisions in natural order, heading N. Flag-ship of van division: Division E.* Flag-ship of centre division: Division N. Flag-ship of rear division: Head of division NN. W.t The van division comes E. and slows to steerage-way, until it has gained the proper distance from the centre division (continuing onward under steerage-way), when it comes N. by signal from the divisional commander. The leader of the rear division keeps N.N.W. at full speed, and is followed by the other vessels of this division, as they get into his wake. When seventeen finds nine bearing from her, on a line perpendicular to the course signalled by the commander-inchief (E. is the bearing in this case), she so regulates her speed as to maintain this bearing un* Or the divisional commander may signal head of division E., when the leading vessel (one) alone would come E., the other vessels standing on until in her wake before steering E., and again getting in her wake, after she has come N., before steering N. If the signal of the commander-in-chief were to form in reverse order, the van division would keep W., and the rear one N. N.E. t If the divisional commander prefers it, he may make general signal to the vessels under his command N. N. W., in which case all will keep N.N.W., being careful to preserve their bearing N. and S. from each other, so that when they come N. again, they will be in the wake of their leaders, FLEET TACTICS. 99 til she is at the proper distance from her, when she comes to the course under steerage-way, and is followed by the other vessels of the division, successively, all of which have, of course, slowed to steerage-way when she slowed. After the columns are formed the fleet resumes its speed.* To form it on the rear division: FIG. 65.' 9 0'l 9 aO o D o o 6: -.:-_.::,::: _:::: ----------------- --------------------!.. —----------------. —------------- 9.. —--------------- go ahead full speed. See Figs. 63 and 64. 100 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief signals: On the rear division-form columns of vessels abreast, by divisions, in natural order, heading N. Flag-ships of van and centre divisions signal: Division E. Flag-ship of rear division signals: Division N. The van and centre divisions alter course together to E.; the rear division keeps its course. So soon as the centre division has gained its proper distance to the eastward of the rear one, it comes N., and hoists the position pennant for the guidance of the van division, which now manceuvres with respect to the centre division as the centre has with respect to the rear. The fleet can be formed by the van and centre divisions keeping W. as well, but will then be in reversed order. To form the fleet into double columns, triple columns, etc., etc., abreast, by divisions, it should be first formed into columns of vessels abreast, by one of the above methods, and then into double columns, triple columns, etc., as in 28, 29, and 30. It is evident that the fleet can be formed, by squadrons, into columns of vessels abreast, according to the same principles. FLEET TACTICS. 101 35. The fleet being in column of vessels, in natural order, heading N., to form it into columns of vessels abreast, by divisions, at right angles to the original direction. To form it to the Eastward. FIG. 66. A 99*' 102 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief'signals: On the van division-form columns of vessels abreast, by divisions, in natural order, heading E. Flag-ship of van division: Head of division E. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division N. The leading vessel of the van division comes E. at once, and is followed by the other vessels of the division, successively, as they get into her wake. So soon as the division is in column to the Eastward, it slows to steerage-way. The other divisions continue onward. When nine finds herself at the proper distance to the Northward of the van division she comes E., and is followed, successively, by the other vessels of the centre division as they attain her wake. So soon as the centre division is abreast of the van division, it slows to steerage-way, and hoists the position pennant for the guidance of the rear division,* which manceuvres with respect to the centre division, as the centre has with respect to the van. So soon as the columns are formed, the fleet resumes its speed. The fleet can be * So soon as the leading vessel of this division has passed the rear of the centre division, steering E., it may oblique into position. FLEET TACTICS. 103 formed into columns of vessels abreast, heading E., by the leading vessel of each division coming E. at once, as shown by the dotted lines in the figure; but then it would be in order reversed. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into columns of vessels abreast, heading W., according to the same principles. To form it in natural order then, however, the signal of commanderin-chief would be: Heads of divisions W., whereas to form it in order reversed, he would have to signal: On the van division —form columns of vessels abreast, by division-in reversed order-heading W. It is plain, too, that, in the same manner, it can be formed into columns of vessels abreast, by squadrons, at right angles to the original direction. To form the fleet into double columns, triple columns, etc., etc., abreast, by divisions, at right angles to the original direction, it should first be formed into column of vessels abreast, by one of the above methods, and then into double columns, triple columns, etc., as in 29 and 30. 104 FLEET TACTICS. 36. The fleet being in column of vessels heading N., in natural order, to form it into columns of vessels abreast, by divisions, on any course whatever. To form it to the N.E. FIG. 67. I o~~~~~~~~t Oo~~~~~~~~~~~lt ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r t4" e4 CA % N,~ ~~ FLEET TACTICS. 105 The fleet should be first formed on a line of bearing perpendicular to the given course, upon the signal, HEead offleet S.E., or head offleet N. W., and afterwards into columns abreast, by divisions, on the given course, by the signal, Heads of divisions N.E.*, as in manceuvre 35, Fig. 66. It can also be by inverting the order of the fleet, so that the rear division may lead, heading S., and then proceeding as before. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into columns of vessels abreast, by squadrons, on any point signalled, according to the same principles. To form the fleet into double columns, triple columns, etc., abreast, by divisions or squadrons, on any course signalled, it should first be formed into -columns of vessels abreast, by divisions or squadrons, as above, and then into double columns, triple columns, etc., etc., as in manceuvres 28, 29, and 30. * Or he may make general signal N.E., and form the fleet into line, and afterwards proceed as in manceuvre 2, Figs. 19 and 20. 106 FLEET TACTICS. 37. The fleet being in double column, to break it into column of vessels. FIG. 68. 2(1 cl'a d i i i D io 9 9 i b i i m a.. I, o~'ir FLEET TACTICS. 107 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right, form column of vessels. Divisional commanders signal: Division-from the right, form column of vessels. One, three, five, seven, etc., etc., continue onward; two, four, six, eight, etc., etc., keep four points to starboard, so graduating their speed (see Table B) as to come into'column at their proper distances, astern of one, three, five, seven, etc., etc., respectively. The column can be formed inversely, according to the same principles, by breaking from the left. 108 FLEET TACTICS. 88. The fleet being in triple column, to break it into column of vessels. FIG. 69. 91 Q Q 6 9 9 9 I 4 /'1'/ia'i,ii / / A.'.i,,:: FLEET TACTICS. 109 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right, form column of vessels. Divisional commanders signal: Divisionfrom the right, form column of vessels. Take the six leading vessels as an illustration. One and four continue onward; two and three, and five and six, keep four points to starboard, so graduating their speed (see Table B) as to come into column in the wake of one and four respectively. It is evident that the fleet may be broken into column of vessels from column of fours, column of fives, etc., etc., according to the same principles. The column can be broken from the left, in the same manner, inversely. 10 110 FLEET TACTICS. 39. The fleet being in double columns abreast, by divisions, to form it into columns of vessels abreast, by divisions. FiG. 70. Q~7 09 0 QA 6 $1:rom the right of divisions,,of.od./:.'.i' I The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of divisions, form column of vessels. Divisional commanders signal: Division-from theright,form column of vessels. Takhethe van division as an illustration: One, three, five, and seven continue onward; two, four, six, and eight keep four points to star 'FLEET TACTICS. 111 board, so graduating their speed (see Table B) as to come into column at their proper distances astern of one, three, five, and seven respectively. It is evident that a fleet steaming in columns abreast, by squadrons, could be broken into vessels abreast, by squadrons, according to the same principles. It is also evident that if the fleet were in triple columns, columns of fours, etc., etc., abreast by divisions or squadrons, it could be broken into columns of vessels abreast, by divisions or squadrons, in the same way. 112 FLEET TACTICS. 40. The fleet being in column of fours, to form it into double cohumn. FIG. 71. 2p i I bi bbv::.,, >, I t~ 1 s? FLEET TACTICS. 113 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right, form double column. Divisional commanders signal: Division-from the right, form double column. Take the eight leading vessels as an illustration: One and two, and five and six, continue onward; three and four, and seven and eight, keep four points to starboard, so graduating their speed (see Table B) as to come into column at their proper distances astern of one and two, and five and six, respectively. It is evident that the fleet can be broken into double column, from column of sixes, column of eights, etc., according to the same principles. 10* 114 FLEET TACTICS. 41 The fleet being in column of fours abreast, by divisions, to form it into double columns abreast, by divisions. FIG. 72. 180 ~1T 100 09 26 61 1 i. i i; e i, r i t I the rightform double column. Take the van division as an illustration: One and two, five and six, continue their course; three and four, and seven and eight, keep four points to starboard under such steam as will enable them to come into column at their proper distances (see Table Table B) astern of one and two, and five and six, respectively. FLEET TACTICS. 115 42. The fleet being in columns of vessels abreast, by divisions, in natural order, heading N, to form it into column of vessels on the right division, in natural order, that is, with the van leading, and preserving the original direction. FIG. 73. 0 0.,0/Q9 4. 09'', i. a ~ ~ ~ ~. a'.o-./ / 9- - *-'-'-? f:/,::B —-- "... BI.:??'. i —-- * B' 116 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief signals: On the right division, form column of vessels — van in front-fleet N.E. (or E.) —right division N. Flag-ship of van division signals:Division N. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Head of division N.E. (or E.)* The van division continues onward at full speed, the leading vessels of the centre and rear divisions keep N.E., while the other vessels stand on N. until in their leaders' wake, when they also come N.E.-all preserving such speed as is prescribed by Table B.t When the column is formed, the fleet proceeds at a uniform rate of speed. It is evident that the fleet may be formed into column of vessels on the left division, with the rear (in left) in front, according to the same principles, after reversing the fleet. I When the commander-in-chief wishes to leave it optional with the divisional commanders to *Or they may make general signal to their divisions N.E. or E., when all will oblique or wheel together, and go into column, as shown by the dotted lines. t An inspection of Fig. 17, manceuvre 1, shows that this is analogous to the manceuvre for forming a fleet in line into column of vessels, preserving the original direction, where the speed of the obliquing vessels heading N.E. is seven knots, when that of the leading vessel (division or squadron in this case) is ten knots. t For if the fleet were not reversed, the rear squadron would not be in front, although the rear division led. FLEET TACTICS. 117 come into column, either by obliquing or taking. the two sides of the triangle, he omits signalling the course to the fleet. 43. The fleet being in columns of vessels abreast, by divisions, heading N., to form it into column of vessels on the centre division, in natural order; that is, with the van leading, and preserving the original direction. FIG. 74. A b9. 0 ft. 9 — -- -\ i - \\i' \ (?(ii-,. 118 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief signals: On the centre division, form column of vessels — van in front. Flag-ship of van division: Head of division N.N.W. * Flag-ship of centre division: Division N. Flag-ship of rear division: Head of division E.t The leading ship of the van division keeps N.N.W., and is followed by the other vessels of the division as they get into her wake, all moving at full speed. The centre division keeps onward at such speed A as will enable it to come into * Or he may make general signal to his division, NMN. W., when all will keep N.N.W., as shown by the dotted lines.. t Or general signal to the division E., and move by the flank into column. t In close order, the distance between the divisions is 960 fathoms; it follows, then, that the leader of the van division steering N.N.W. will traverse 2,509 fathoms, and strike the perpendicular A B at a distance of 2,318 fathoms from B, the point of departure of the leader of the centre division, when the leaders should be 960 fathoms apLrt. Now, 960 taken from 2,318 leaves 1,358. Supposing, then, the van division to be steaming ten knots an hour, we have for the speed of the centre division 5-,1 knots; for 2,509: 1,358:: 10: 5.4+. If the van be steaming fifteen knots, the speed of the centre must be 8i-'L knots, for 10: 5.4+:: 15: 8.1+, etc., etc., etc. It is plain that the same reasoning will apply when all the vessels of the van division oblique together upon the signal N.N. W., as is shown by the dotted lines. If the divisions were in double column, triple column, etc., they could be formed into double column, triple FLEET TACTICS. 119 column at its proper distance (120 fathoms) from the rear vessel of the van division. The leading vessel of the rear division keeps E., and is followed by the other vessels of the division as they get into her wake, all moving at the same rate of speed as is maintained by the centre division. So soon as the leader of the fleet finds herself bearing N. from the centre division, she hoists the position pennant, and comes to the course, when all the fleet move at a uniform speed.* It is evident that the column can be -formed on the centre division, with the rear in front, according to the same principles. column, etc., etc., on the van, rear, or centre division, accordina to the same principles; and if they are to be formed into column of vessels on the van, rear, or centre division, the divisions must be first broken into columns of vessels (see Fig. 70), and afterward manceuvre as in manceuvres 42 and 43. A fleet in columns of vessels abreast, by squadrons, would be formed into column of vessels, on the van or rear, or right or left centre squadron, in the same manner. * Should the commander of the centre division elect in this case, however, to move into column, as prescribed by Table J (that is, at the rate of 6-& knots an hour, supposing the speed of the van division to be ten knots), the centre division would not steam ten knots until the rear vessel of the van division bore N. from it, as is plain; at which time the leader of the centre would have traversed 2318 fathoms and the leader of the van 2509+960 fathoms,. 3469:2318:: 10;6,7 120 FLEET TACTICS. 44. The fleet being in columns of vessels abreast, by divisions, in natural order, heading N., to form it into column of vessels on the right division, with the van leading, on any course to the Northward, from E. to W. To form the column to the N.E. or N.W. FroIG. 75..lk \:...j0.,,/.......-4............ 0 0 The commander-in-chief signals: On the right division, form column of vesselsvan in front-head of van division N.E. (or N. W.) -heads of centre and rear divisions E.* * Or he may signal an oblique course, when the divisions oblique into column, as shown by the dotted lines. Supposing them to steer E.N.E., to form the column to the N.E., and N. W. to get into column N.W., we have for their speed in the former case 91%- knots, and 4.1 in FLEET TACTICS. 121Flag-ship of van division: Head of division N.E. (or N. W.) Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Head of division E.* The leader of the van division comes N.E. (or N.W.) at once; the leaders of the centre and rear divisions keep E., all moving at full speed. The other vessels stand on N., those of the van division keeping N.E. (or N.W.), those of the centre and rear divisions E., as they get into their leaders' wake. When the divisions are in double columns, triple columns, etc., etc., they should be broken into columns of vessels, and then manceuvred as above. When the commander-in-chief desires to form the column toward the Jleet, at an angle of more than six points with the original course, he signals a course, making an angle of 450, and when the latter, provided the speed of the division on which the column is formed be ten knots. (See Tables F and L.) When the commander-in-chief wishes to leave the manner of forming column optional with the divisional commander, he omits signalling the course to the centre and rear divisions. * Or they may make general signal E., and move by the flank into column. In this case the signal of the commander-in-chief would be, Centre and rear divisions E. -head of van division N.-E (or N. W.) 11 122 FLEET TACTICS. he finds that the leader of the fleet has gone far enough to avoid collision, changes direction to the requisite course. Supposing the fleet to be steering N., for instance, and that the column is to be formed due W., the commander-in-chief first signals: On the right division,form column of vessels-van in front —head of right division N. W. -heads of centre and rear divisions E., and afterward, head offleet W., and the leader of the fleet proceeds as shown by the vessel marked A. A fleet in column of vessels abreast, by squadrons, would be similarly manceuvred. 45. The fleet being in column of vessels abreast, by divisions, in natural order, heading N., to form it into column of vessels, on the right division, with the van leading, on any course to the Southward from E,. to W. To form the column to the S.E. or S.W. FIG. 76. T - o aa A a I a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ FLEET TACTICS. 123 The commander-in-chief signals: On the right division, form column of vesselsvan infront-heads of centre and rear divisions E. -head of van division S.E. (or S. W.) Flag-ship of van division signals: Head of division S.E. (or S. W.) Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Head of division E. The leader of the van division comes S.E. (or S.W.) at once; the leaders of the centre and rear divisions keep E., all moving at full speed. The other vessels stand on N., those of the van division keeping S.E. (or S.W.), those of the centre and rear divisions E., as they get into their leaders' wake. So soon as the commander of the.centre division finds his leading vessel approaching the wake of the van division, steering S.E. (or S.W.), he signals, Head of division S.E. (or S.W.), etc., etc., as is apparent. When the divisions are in double column, triple column, etc., etc., they should be broken into columns of vessels, and then manoeuvred as above. When the commander-in-chief desires to form the column to the rear, toward the fleet, he signals a four point course, and when he finds that the leader of the fleet has brought the 124 FLEET TACTICS. rear vessels of the centre division to bear in the direction he wishes to steer, he changes direction to this course. Supposing that in Fig. 76, the column is to be formed due W., the commander-in-chief should signal as above, and afterward, Head of column W., when the leader would proceed as shown by the vessel marked A. The fleet may be formed into column on the left division, with the rear in front, according to the same principles, on any course, after reversing it, as in 47, Fig. 78. 46. The fleet being in column of vessels, heading N, to change front to the rear, turning to starboard. FIG. 77 i.-.b i....o,.....,'.,....!....~ a....b 0....0b a|... Q FLEET TACTICS. 125 The commander-in-chief makes general signal E., which is repeated by the divisional commanders, and as soon as he observes that the whole fleet is turning in that direction, signals S., the divisional commanders again repeating his signal. Each vessel, putting her helm to port, swings to starboard, until heading S. It is evident that the fleet can change front to the rear, turning to port, according to the same principles. 47. The fleet being in column of vessels abreast, by divisions, heading N., to change front to the rear, turning to starboard. FIG. 78. i 0..0 i.'0.."" i_........'......' Ow~ 0 0~ 0 I V I 0 II0 i.... ~ The commander-in-chief signals: E., and afterward S. Divisional commanders repeat these signals. Performed by each division as in manceuvre 11' 126 FLEET TACTICS. 46. If the fleet were in columns of vessels abreast, by squadrons, front would be changed to the rear, according to the same principles. 48. The fleet being in double column, heading N., to change front to the rear, turning to starboard. FIG. 79. 21'Aba 7iau Cii ib/o Signals made and manoeuvre performed precisely as in manceuvre* 46. It is evident that front could be changed to the *If preferred, the fleet may be broken into column of vessels, and front changed to the rear, as in Fig. 77, and then re-formed into double column. FLEET TACTICS. 127 rear if the fleet were in triple column, column of fours, etc., etc. according to the same principles, by turning to port or starboard. 49. The fleet being in double columns abreast, by divisions, heading N., to change front to the rear, turning to starboard. FIG. 80.'1isb 0 10i0 2(0 "'O'b" fob fgi"2 i"b i'b oQ. bs i b All i0 O6b I Commander-in-chief signals: E., and afterward S. Divisional commanders: E., and afterward S. Performed by each division as in 47. If the fleet were in triple columns, columns of fours, etc., etc., abreast, by divisions, or in double column, triple column, etc., abreast, by squadrons, front would be changed to the rear, according to the same principles.* * See note to manceuvre 48. 128 FLEET TACTICS. 50. The fleet being in column of vessels, heading N, to GAIN SEA to the left. FIG. 81. a-.. --.24 <... -.. _.....-... e...i The commander-in-chief signals: Divisional commanders signal: Division W. Each vessel putting her helm to starboard, swings to port until on the required course; the fleet (now in line) continues on this course until it has gained the proper distance, and the commander-in-chief makes general signal N., FLEET TACTICS. 129 when it comes N., and is in column of vessels again. It is evident that sea can be gained to the right, according to the same principles. 5L The fleet being in columns of vessels abreast, by divisions, heading N., to gain sea to the left. FIG. 82. W. Divisional commanders signal: Division W...... 17:9.. 1 Continues on this course until the commander-inchief signals N., when it resumes its original o...... I coThe commander-in-chief signals WV. Divisional commanders signal: Division IV. Each division comes W.; the fleet (now in column of divisions with the rear or left in front) continues on this course until the commander-inchief signals N., when it resumes its original course and formation. It is evident that sea may be gained to the right, according to the same principles. 130 FLEET TACTICS. It is also evident that a fleet in columns of vessels abreast, by squadrons, to gain sea to the right or left would be similarly manceuvred. 52. The fleet being in double cohmnn, heading N., to gain sea to the left. FIG. 83. i i o-'~ -''i0 The commander-in-chief signals: WC;B. Divisional commanders signal: Division W. All come W., and the flee moves by the flank in this direction, until the commander-in-chief Divsioal omandrs iBalDisonW FLEET TACTICS. 131 imgnals N., when it resumes its original direction and formation. It is evident that a fleet in triple column, column of fours, etc., etc., would gain sea to the left' or right, according to the same principles. 53. The fleet being in double columns abreast by divisions, to gain sea to the left. FIG. 84. 00 0* ab i9 Ail i ~~ i t t, ) j The commander-in-chief signals: W. Divisional commanders signal: Division W. All come W., and the divisions move by the flank, until the commander-in-chief signals N., when they resume their original direction and formation. It is evident that if the fleet were in double columns abreast, by squadrons, it would be sim 132 FLEET TACTICS. ilarly manoeuvred, and if in triple columns, columns of fours, etc., etc., abreast, by divisions or squadrons, it would gain sea to the right or left, according to the same principles. 54. The fleet being in column of vessels, heading N, to gain sea to the front and left. FIG. 85. N. W.* * If the commander-in-chief desires to move more to the front, he signals further to the N., N. by W., or N.N.W. for instance; if more to the left, further to the W. for illstance; if more to the lefts further to the W. FLEET TACTICS. 133 Each vessel, putting her helm to starboard, swings to port until heading N.W., and the fleet moves by the flank,* until the commander-in-chief signals N., when it resumes its original direction and formation. Sea can be gained to the right and front, according to the same principles; and if in double column, triple column, etc., etc., the fleet would be similarly manceuvred. 55. The fleet being in column of vessels abreast, by divisions, heading N., to gain sea to the front and left. FIG. 86. A I A' I a * Great care must be used by the vessels to maintain their line of bearing N. and S., so that when they resume their original direction they may be in the wake of their leader (or leaders). 12 134 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief and divisional commanders signal N. W., and each division moves by the flank until the commander-in-chief signals N.,,when the fleet resumes its original course and formation. If the divisions were in double column, triple column, column of fours, etc., etc., they would be similarly manoeuvred. It is evident that sea can be gained to the front and right, according to the same principles. See notes to 5. FLEET TACTICS. 135 56. The fleet being in column of vessels, heading N. to change direction to the left Suppose, for instance, it be required to steer N.W. FIG. 87. Il. 9! o S 1 0 Ili The commander-in-chief signals: Head offleet N. W. 9 9 9o The cmmaner-i-chif sinals Head offleet N. W. 136 FLEET TACTICS. Flag-ships of leading division: Head of division N.W. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions* signal: Division N. The leader of the fleet alters course at once to N.W.; the other vessels continue onward, two steering N.W. when in the wake of one, three when in the wake of two (after this vessel has come to the required course), and so on, to the last vessel. When the angle of the new course with the old is over ninety degrees, each vessel must be careful to turn where her next ahead has turned, and to follow in her wake. Where the commander-in-chief wishes to change the direction of the fleet to a directly opposite one, turning to port-to S. in this example-turning to the Westward, he has but to make signal, Heead offleet W., and afterward, as he sees the leader turning to port, Head offleet S. It is evident that direction may be changed to the right, according to the same principles. * Or these commanders may omit making signals until the heads of their divisions are approaching the rear of the divisions preceding them, steering N. W., when they must of course signal: Head of division N. W. FLEET TACTICS. 137 57. The fleet being in columns of vessels abreast, by divisions, in natural order, heading N., to change direction to the left, on any course from N. to W. Suppose, for example, it be required to steer 1st Method. FIG. 8S. 9,4 %8. 91' -19 i', * i 9 a! J t The commander-in-chief signals: On the right division, form column of vesselsvan in front head of centre and rear divisions E.*head of van division N.E. * If the commander-in-chief wishes the divisional commanders to choose their own way of going into column, he omits signaling the course to the centre and rear divisions. 12* 138 FLEET TACTICS. The flag-ship of van division signals: Head of division N.E. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Head of division E. Performed as in manceuvre 44, Fig. 75, and so soon as the commander-in-chief observes that the leader of the rear division is approaching the wake of the van and centre divisions, steering N.E., he signals: Heads of divisions N. W.; and the manceuvre is completed, as shown by A. It is evident that direction may be changed to the left, by forming the column to the N.E., on the rear division; but then the fleet will be in order reversed, the van division being on the left, as shown by B. If the divisions are in double column, triple column, etc., they must be troken into columns of vessels, and re-formed into any order required, after direction has been changed. FLEET TACTICS. 139 2d Method. FIG. 89.,."t' -' ~. i-' i The commander-in-chief signals: On the left division, form column of vessels-rear infront-head of van and centre divisions W.*-head of rear division S. W. sion S..; and the manceuvre is performed as explained in the 1st Method, and shown by C. It is evident that direction may be changed to the left by forming the column to the S.els —re., on the vafront division; but then the fleet will be in order reversed, the van division being on the left, as shown by D. If the commander-in-chief please, he may omit signalling the course to the van and centre divisions. (See note to in the1st Method.) to 1st Methe&) 140 FLEET TACTICS. 58. The fleet being in columns of vessels abreast, by divisions, in natural order. heading N., to change direction to the right, on any course from N. to E. Suppose, for example, it be required to steer N.E. 1st Method. FIG. 90. /. *, I: i i The commander-in-chief signals: On the left division, form column of vessels-rear infront-head of van and centre divisions W.*head of rear division N. W. See note to manceuvre 57. FLEET TACTICS. 141 The flag-ships of van and centre divisions signal: Head of division W. The flag-ship of rear division signals: Head of division N. W. Performed as explained in manceuvre 44, and shown by Fig. 90, and so soon as the commander-in-chief observes that the leader of the van division is approaching the wake of the rear and centre divisions, steering N.W., he signals: JHeads of divisions N.E., and the manceuvre is completed, as shown by A. It is evident that direction may be changed to the right, by forming the column to the N.W. on the van division; but then the fleet will be in order reversed, the van division being on the left, as shown by B. 2d Method. FIG. 91. or>7 -142 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief signals: On the right division, form column of vessels-van infront-head of centre and rear divisions E.-head of van division S.E. Flag-ship of van division: Head of division S.E. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Head of division E. Performed as explained in manceuvre 45, Fig. 76; and so soon as the commander-in-chief observes that the leader of the rear division is approaching the wake of the van and centre divisions, steering S.E., he signals: Heads of divisions N.E., and the manceuvre is completed, as shown by C. Direction may be changed to the right, by forming the column to the S.E., on the rear division; but the fleet will be in order reversed, as shown by D. FLEET TACTICS. 143 59. The fleet being in columns of vessels abreast, by divisions, heading N., to change direction to the rear, on any course from S. to W. Suppose it be required to steer S.W. 1st Method. FIG. 92. / > 0' v " i r The commander-in-chief signals: On the right division, form column of vesselsvan infront-head of centre and rear divisions E. -head of van division N. W. Flag-ship of van division: Head of division N. W. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal; Head of division E. 144 FLEET TACTICS. Performed as explained in manceuvre 44, Fig. 75, and then re-formed into columns abreast, heading S.W., upon signal from the commanderin-chief of, Heads of divisions S. W., as shown by A.* The column may be formed on the rear division to the N.W.; but the fleet will be in order reversed, as shown by B. 2d Method. FIG. 93. 17r~ —-- - - --------- -------- 4 t a ~~ti ~ i " i " " i X a a In this diagram we see that the commander-in-chief waited before signalling, Heads of divisions S. W., until the FLEET TACTICS. 145 The commander-in-chief signals: On the left division, form column of vessels-rear in front-heads of centre and van divisions W.head of rear division S.E. Flag-ships of van and centre divisions signal: Head of division W.' Flag-ship of rear division signals: Head of division S.E., Performed as explained in the 1st Method and shown by Fig. 93, and then re-formed into columns abreast, heading S.WV., upon signal from -the commander-in-chief of, Heads of divisions S. W., as shown by C.* The column may be formed to tile S.E., on the van division; but the fleet upon being reformed into columns of vessels abreast, heading S.W., will be in order reversed, as shown by D. first five or six vessels of the rear division were in column after the van and centre divisions, steering N. W. * In this diagram the commander-in-chief has formed the whole fleet into column of vessels to the S.E., before signalling, Heads of divisions S. W. 13 146 FLEET TACTICS.60. The fleet being in columns of vessels abreast, by divisions, heading N, to change direction to the rear, on any course from S. to E. Suppose it be required to steer S.E. 1st Method. * FIG. 94. 1,,,1 — / A/ 9 ~'% 444a I The commander-in-chief signals: On the left division, form column of vessels-rear in front-heads of centre and rear divisions W.head of rear division N.E. Flag-ships of van and centre divisions signal: Head if division W. Flag-ship of rear division signals: Head of division N.E. Performed as explained in 57, and then re FLEET TACTICS; 147 formed into columns of vessels abreast, heading S.E., upon the signal, Heads of divisions S.E., as shown by A. The column may be formed to the N.E., on the van division; but then the fleet upon being reformed into columns of vessels abreast, heading S.E., will be in order reversed, as shown by B. 2d Method. FIG. 95. /, i., I. " i i.. i The commander-in-chief signals: On the right division, form column of vesselsvan in front —heads of centre and rear divisions E.head of van division S. W. Flag-ship of van division signals: Head of division S. W. 148 FLEET TACTICS& Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Head of division E. Performed as explained in manceuvres 58 and 59; and so soon as the commander-in-chief observes that the leader of the rear division is approaching the wake of the van and centre divisions, steering S.W., he makes the signal: Heads of divisions S.E., and the manoeuvre is completed, as shown by C. The column may be formed to the S.W., with the rear division leading; but then the fleet, upon being formed into columns abreast, by divisions, will be in order reversed, as shown by D. FLEET TACTICS. 149 6L The fleet being in column of vessels, in close order, to form it in open order on any vessel which may be designated. To form it on the leading vessel. FIG. 96. 01 0 91 0 0 D: o 0 r3 * 1 160 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief makes signal: On the van* vessel, form in open order. Which is repeated by the divisional commanders. The leader of the fleet continues onward at full speed; all the other vessels slow to steerage-way, two resuming her speed, and hoisting the position pennant, when one has gained the proper distance from her, three when two has gained her proper distance, and so on to the last vessel. To form in open order on the rear vessel, the commander-in-chief makes signal: On the rear vessel,form in open order. The rear vessel slows to steerage-way; all the other vessels continue onward at full speed, twenty-three slowing to steerage-way, and hoisting the position pennant when she has gained the proper distance from the rear vessel, twentytwo doing the same when she has gained her proper distance, and so with the rest of the fleet. When the commander-in-chief signals one of the intervening vessels t as the one to form on, * The distinguishing pennant of the vessel upon which the fleet is to form, is, of course, to be hoisted by the commander-in-chief: t It is best to form from close to open order, and from open to close order on the van or rear vessel. The signal close order or open order, without the designation of any particular vessel, is always to be understood as an order to close or open on the leader of the column, whether the van or rear be in front. FLEET TACTICS. 151 the vessel designated (say No. 12 in this case) slows to half-speed, and the vessels astern of her to steerage-way, while the rest of the fleet keep at full speed. When eleven and thirteen find themselves in open order with respect to twelve, they regulate their speed by this vessel's, and hoist the position pennant as a signal to ten and fourteen, which now form in open order upon them, and hoist the position pennant as a signal to nine and fifteen, etc., etc., etc. When all are in open order, the fleet resumes its speed. The fleet may be formed in open order or close order from half-distance, in a similar manner 62. The fleet being in column of vessels, in open order, to form it into close order, on any vessel that may be designated. To form it on the leading vessel. (See Fig. 96.) The commander-in-chief makes signal: On the van vessel, form in close order. Which is repeated by the divisional commanders. The leader of the fleet slows to steerage-way; all the other vessels continue onward at full speed, two slowing to steerage-way, and hoisting the position pennant as a guide to three, when 152 FLEET TACTICS. she is in position, and so on, in succession, to the last vessel. When the column is to close on the rear vessel, this vessel alone preserves her speed, the other vessels slowing to steerage-way. When twenty-three finds that the rear vessel is about closing up to close order, she resumes her speed, and hoists the position pennant as a signal to the next ahead, and so on to the van vessel. To close upon one of the intervening vessels, number twelve, for instance:* Twelve steams at half-speed, the vessels astern of her at full speed, and the vessels ahead under steerage-way. When eleven ahd thirteen find themselves in close order with respect to twelve, they regulate their speed by that vessel's, and hoist the position pennant as a signal to ten and fourteen, which in turn, when in position, hoist the position pennant as a signal to nine and fifteen, etc., etc., etc. When all are in close order, the fleet moves at a uniform rate of speed. It is evident that the fleet could be closed, to half distance, from open or close order, in a similar manner. * See note to 61. FLEET TACTICS. 153 63. The fleet being in double column, in close order. to form it in open order upon any vessel that may be designated FIG. 97. 20 01 Q 1 Ii o 20b1 ~ v Om e Q'A' 00 q a ciO ftr 154 FLEET TACTICS. To form it on the leading vessel. The commander-in-chief signals: On the van* vessel, form in open order. Divisional commanders signal: On the van vessel, form in open order. The leading vessels continue onward at full speed; the other vessels slow to steerage-way; three and four resuming their speed and hoisting the position pennant when one and two have gained their proper distance from them, five and six doing the same when three and four have gained their distance; and so on to the closingvessels of the column. The odd-numbered vessels now slow, while evennumbered vessels keep two points to port, at such speed as will enable them to keep their consorts on a line of bearing perpendicular to the course, until they are distant from them two cables' length; when they resume their original direction, and the fleet resumes its speed. It is evident that the column may be formed on the rear or centre vessels, as explained in 61. If the fleet were in triple column, column of * Number one's distinguishing pennant is here hoisted. If two's pennant were hoisted, instead, the odd-numbered vessels would keep two points to starboard to open the columns. FLEET TACTICS. 155 fours, etc., etc., in close order, it would be formed in open order, according to the same principles. It is evident that a fleet in double column, at half distance, may be formed in close or open order, in a similar manner. 64. The fleet being in double column, in open order, to form it in close order, upon any vessel that may be designated FIG. 8. 20 ol 9i.9 i i' i:, a Ii i I Ci i' o *' 1.! t 156 FLEET TACTICS. To form it on the leading vessels. The commander-in-chief signals: On the van vessel, form in close order. Divisional commanders signal: On the van vessel, form in close order. The leading vessels slow to steerage-way; the others continue onward'at full speed, three and four slowing to steerage-way, and hoisting the position pennant when they have closed up, etc., etc., etc. The even-numbered vessels now keep two points to starboard, at such speed as will enable them to keep their consorts on a line of bearing perpendicular to the course, until they have closed to a cable's distance from them; when they resume their original direction, and the fleet resumes its speed. It is evident that the column may be formed on the rear or centre vessels, inversely, as explained in manceuvre 60. If the fleet were in triple column, column of fours, etc., etc., in op6n order, it would be formed in close order, according to the same principles. The fleet would also be formed at half-distance from open or close order, according to the same principles. FLEET TACTICS. 157 65. The fleet being in columns of vessels abreast, by diviions, in close order, to form it in open order. FIG. 99. 91 Q a,, 9 1 17, 9.', "'\ A P,"Q 14 /!', 9.: ~ 9 The commander-in-chief makes signal: On the van vessels,form in open order; or, On the rear vessels,form in open order. Which signal is repeated by the divisional commanders. Performed by each division as explained in 61, 14 158 FLEET TACTICS. the vessels upon which the formation is made being careful to preserve their line of bearing abreast during the manoeuvre. Should the commander-in-chief not make further signal, the divisions will now proceed onward at a uniform rate of speed, the vessels of each division being in open order, while the divisions are with respect to each other in close order. Suppose, however, he desires to form the divisions in open order on the centre division. The signal will be, On the centre division, form in open order. The centre division slows to steerage-way; the van and rear divisions keep two points to starboard and port, respectively,* at such speed as will enable them to keep'on a line of bearing, abreast of the centre division. So soon as one and seventeen find they have gained the proper. distance from nine, they hoist the position pennant and come to the course, followed by all the vessels of their divisions. The centre division now resumes its speed. To form on the van division, the centre and * If the commanding officers of the van and rear divisions think proper, they may signal, Head of division N. N. E.head of division N. N. W. (supposing the fleet to be heading N.), and gain distance as shown by a a. FLEET TACTICS. 159 rear divisions keep two points to port, while the van maintains its course. To form on the rear division, the van and centre divisions keep two points to starboard, and the rear division preserves its course. It is evident that the fleet may be formed in close order from open order, or at half distance from close or open order, according to the same principles, inversely. ) 03 C'~~~~~~~~~~C S ------------- ci0,~~~~~~~ - " — -- = - ------------— I ----- --- - -;,,,,,,,,,,_ —--------------------- ----------- -------------- co, -- ------------— __ —---- --------- -- ---- ------ C> p --,-;,- ---------------------------------------------------------------- CD -- ----- ---------- _ _.,__w --— _@ ------------ ---- ----- C r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ct LEET TACTICS. 161 The commander-in-chief makes signal:.Forward into line-left oblique. Flag-ship of van division: Division N. N. W.van vessel N.* Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division N.N. W. The leading vessel continues onward under steerage-way; the other vessels keep two points to pert at full speed. When two finds one bearing from her on a line perpendicular to the course (E. is the bearing in this case), she regulates her speed so as to maintain the bearing until she is at the proper distance from one, when she hoists the position pennant, and comes to the course under steerage-way. Three manceuvres similarly with respect.to two, four with respect to three, and so on to the last vessel. The line may be formed by obliquing to the right; but the vessels will then be in order reversed, the van vessel being on the left.'tessets stMfisguithiag pennant will, of course, be shown; so if the left (or rear) were in front, steering N., twenty-four's pennant would be displayed, and the centre and van divisions would signal, Division N.Y. in 14* 162 FLEET TACTICS. 2d Method. FiG. 101. 240 90 O0 0 00 0 O0 90 0 0 O 01 124 The commander-in-chief signals: Head offleet E. Flag-ship of * van division: Head of dwvrsion E. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division N.t *See note to 1st Method. t Or omit signalling here, being careful to signal when they observe the leading vessels of their divisions approaching the wake of the vau division steering E,., Head of division E FLEET TACTICS. 163 The leader of the fleet keeps E. at once, the other vessels stand on N. and come E. in succession in her wake. So soon as the column is formed to the Eastward, the commander-in-chief makes general signal N., and the manoeuvre is completed. The manceuvre may be performed by forming the column to the Westward; but the fleet on coming N. will then be in order reversed. 67 The fleet being in oolumns of vessels abreast, by divisions, heading N., to form it into line to the front. 1st Method. FIG. 102.?A 00 000 0 0 0 9 9 0 0 0 Q i 01 X: ~ ~ ~ % The commander-in-chief signals: Forward into line-left oblique. 164 FLEET TACTICS. Divisional commanders signal: Division N.N. W. -leading vessel N. Performed by each division, as explained in 66, 1st Method. 2d Method. FIG. 103. 24 6 o o o 6 0 0 o oo o o0 o o0 0 0 o o o I7 9 i1 The commander-in-chief signals: Heads of divisions E. Divisional commanders signal: Head of division B.; and so soon as the column is formed to the Eastward, the commander-in-chief makes general sinal N., and the manceuvre is completed. FLEET TACTICS. 165 68. The fleet being in double column, heading N., to form it into line to the front. 1st Method. FIG. 104. 2400000 00 000 9909999990 Q 0601 Il ~ ~~~.1 1 1 II'I,,',,'11111, 1, XX I I~~~~~, -,,',' ~,',: " I t, I I I I I I ~( Illl('lllr'le'II \ ",2'''3 I ( II I l l llcr~~~~~.,-, I 28I 166 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief makes signal: Fodrward into line-left oblique. Flag-ship of van division: Division N.N. W.right vessels N. Flag-ships of centre and rear divisions signal: Division N.N. W. The leading vessels continue onward under steerage-way; the other vessels keep two -points to port at full speed. When three and four find one and two bearing from them on a line perpendicular to the course (E. is the bearing in this case), they so regulate their speed as to maintain this bearing until they are at the proper distance from them, when they come to the course under steerage-way, and hoist the position pennant as a signal to five and six, which now come into line in a similar manner. The line may be formed according to the same principles, if the fleet be in triple column, column of fours, etc., etc. 2d Method. Break the fleet into column of vessels as in manceuvre 37, and then into line as by mancouvre 66, 2d Method. FLEET TACTICS. 167 69. The fleet being in double columns abreast, by divisions, heading N., to form it into line to the front. 1st Method. The commander-in-chief signals: Forward into line-left oblique. Flag-ships of divisions signal: Division N.N. W. -right vessel N. Performed by each division as explained in m-,nceuvre 68, 1st Method. 2d Method. Break each division into column of vessels, and then proceed as in manceuvre 67, 2d Method. 168 FLEET TACTICS. 70. The fleet being in column of vessels, heading N, to form it into line to the right or left, at right angles to the original direction. FIG. 105. The commander-in-chief makes signal: E. or vW. Which is repeated by the divisional commanders. All come E. or W., and the fleet is in line. NoTE.-We see by the diagram, that when the fleet, in natural order, turns to port, it comes into line in natural orderi and when it turns to starboard it is in order reQ-~i *-C "\,.~ NoTE.-We se by he Cash~, htwe he~ei FLEET TACTICS. 169 versed. Should the commander-in-chief desire to form it to starboard in natural order, or to port in order reversed, he has but to change the direction of the column to the opposite course before forming it into line. For instance, if he desire to form it to starboard in natural order, he first signals, Head of fleet E.; and so soon as he perceives that the leader of the fleet is turning to starboard, he signals, Head of fleet S. (See 56, Fig. 87.) When the fleet is in column to the Southward, he makes general signal E., and the line is in natural order. 7L The fleet being in column of vessels abreast, by divisions, heading N., to form it into line to the right or left, at right angles to the original direction. Break the fleet into column of vessels on the right or left division, as in manceuvre 42, Fig. 73, and afterward proceed as in manceuvre 70, Fig. 105. 15 170 FLEET TACTICS. 72 The fleet being in double column, heading N., to form it into line to the right or left at right angles to the original dirction. FIG. 106. -..:;.. i i''... The commander-in-chief signals: Which is repeated by the diisiona..l comby the flank in this diretion, until the comThe commander-in-chief makes signal, Forward into line maright oblique; when the vessels of the front lines. The fleet comes E. or W. at once, and moves by the flank in this direction, until the commander-in- chief makes signal, Forward into line — right oblique; when the vessels of the front line FLEET TACTICS. 171 slow to steerage-way, while- those of the rear line keep two points to starboard, and come up abreast of them, as shown by the diagram precisely as in forming double column. (See manceuvre 27, Fig. 56.) It is evident that if the fleet were in triple column, column of fours, etc., etc., it could be formed into line to the right or left, at right angles to the original direction, according to the same principles. 73. The fleet being in double columns, triple columns, etc., etc., abreast, by divisions, to form it into line to the right or left at right angles to the original direction. Break each division into column of vessels, as in mancouvre 39, Fig. 70, then form the whole fleet into column of vessels on the right or left division, as in 42, Fig. 73, and finally proceed as in 70, Fig. 105. To form the fleet from column into line directly to the rear, reverse it as in manceuvres 46, 47, 48, and 49, and then proceed as in forming line to thefront. 172 FLEET TACTICS. 74. The fleet being in column of vessels, to form it into line on any course whatever. Form the column at right angles to the course on which you intend the line shall head, or, in other words, form it on its line of bearing, and then throw the column into line by making the compass signal. For instance, let the fleet be heading N., and suppose the line has to be formed to the S.E. FIG. 107. EN v,N \ 4,, -, ~i,rL'. U''11%~ *4 FLEET TACTICS. 173 The commander-in-chief makes signal: Head offleet N.E. (or S. W.), and so soon as the column is formed on the course signalled, he signals S.E., and the fleet is in line heading S.E. on the line of bearing N.E. and S.W., as shown by the diagram. If the fleet be in double column, or triple column, etc., etc., it must be broken into column of vessels and then manceuvred as above. 75. The fleet being in column of vessels abreast, by divisions, to form it into line on any course whatever. Break the fleet into column of vessels on the right or left division, at right angles to the course onIVhich tjeline is to head, a~: in manceuvres and Z, Figs. 75 and 76, and then proceed as in manceuvre 74, Fig. 107. If the divisions be in double column, or triple column, etc., etc., they must be broken into columns of vessels and then manceuvred as above. 15a 174 FLEET TACTICS. 76. The fleet being in double column, from the centre, heading N, to form it into line to the front FIa. 108. A 2400 O0 0 0 0Q 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0o 00 00 13 112 a 1, /.,0 0.? *~r,.:'. 00,:.X",: Ni 6 6 6 6 6 6 O 6. * 0 0 "' " 0 00 The commander-in-chief makes signal: Forward into line. Flag-ship of van division: Division N.N.E. Flag-ship of rear division: Division N.N. WV. flgsipo a dvso' Dvso.5.E ~Fa-hpo erdvso'Dvso.N.W FLEET TACTICS. 175 Flag-ship of centre division: Van squadron*. N.N. E.-rear squadron N.N. W.-leading vessels N. Twelve and thirteen slow to steerage-way; the rest of the fleet oblique two points to starboard and port, as shown by the diagram, and come into line as explained in manceuvre 66, Fig. 100.t To form the double column into line to the rear, the commander-in-chief reverses it (one and twenty-four becoming the leading vessels), and signals: Forward into line, or head of starboard column W. -head of port column E. Flag-ship of van division signals: Head of division E. Flag-ship of rear division: Head of division W. Flag-ship of centre division: Division S. * The van squadron of the centre division is, of course, the leading squadron of that division when the fleet is in column of vessels in natural order-that is (in this case), numbers nine, ten, eleven, and twelve; the rear squadron being thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, and sixteen. As the distinguishing pennants of the vessels, squadrons, or divisions signalled are, however, always to be hoisted above the signal, no mistake can possibly occur. t It is evident that this is analogous to the case of a column of vessels thrown into line to the front, the van and starboard half of the centre division (the right wing of the fleet) forming the starboard column of vessels, and the rear half of the centre division (or left wing of the fleet) forming the port column. 176 FLEET TACTICS. One and twenty-four alter course to E. and W. respectively, and are followed by the vessels of their respective columns. So soon as the cornmander-in-chief observes that twelve and thirteen are about coming into column, he signals S., and the manceuvre is completed as shown by the diagram B. An inspection of Fig. 32 will show that a fleet in column of divisions from the centre would be formed into line to the front or rear in a similar manner. 77. The fleet being in double columns from the centre of divisions, heading N., to form it into line to the front. FIG. 109. A 24# 0 9 I B 1 /','i 24'6 ji1l 18 ig 5 *1 The commander-in-chief signals: Forward into line. Divisional commanders signal: Van squadron N.N.E.-rear squadron N.N. W.-leading vessels N. FLEET TACTICS. 177 Performed by each division as explained in 76, and shown by the diagram A. To form the fleet into line to the rear, the commander-in-chief would reverse it and signal: Forward into line.* While the divisional commanders would signal to the leading vessels of their divisions to keep E. and W., and come into line as explained in 76, and shown by the diagram B. * Or, Head of port columns E-head of starboard columns W 178 FLEET TACTICS 78 The fleet being in double column on the centre, heading N. to form it into line to the right or left at right angles to the original direction. 1st. Method. FIG. 110. 1. 246 T. 24i il B:!,i i The commander-in-chief makes signal: Fleet-forim column of vessels-van in front. FLEET TACTICS. 179 Flag-ships of van and rear divisions signal: Division N. Flag-ship of centre division signals: Head of van* squadron N.N. W. —rear squadron N. The port column slows to steerage-way; the starboard column continues at full speed, its leader keeping N.N. W. at once and coming into column ahead of thirteen. So soon as eleven comes abreast of twelve she keeps N.N.W. and comes into column ahead of twelve; ten manceuvres in a similar manner with respect to eleven, and so on to the last vessel. When the fleet is in column of vessels, the commander-in-chief makes signal: E. or WV. The line is formed as in 70, Fig. 105. 2d Method. Form the fleet into line to the front, as in 76, Fig. 108; then into column, as in 1, Fig. 18, and finally signal E. or W., and the manceuvre is com — pleted. * See note (*) to manceuvre 76. 180 FLEET TACTICS. 3d Method. FIG. 111...o. *... b i'.'....6 24} oi a The commander-in-chief makes signal: Starboard column E.-head of port column E. Flag-ship of van division signals: Division E. Flag-ship of centre division signals: Van (or right centre) squadron E.-head of rear (or left centre) squadron E.* Flag-ship of rear division: Division N. So soon as the commander-in-chief observes that the starboard column is turning to the Eastward, he signals to it S., and also, Head of port * See note (*) to manceuvre 76. FLEET TACTICS. 181 column S., and the column is formed as shown by the diagram, from which it can of course be formed into line to the right or left by the signal W. orE. To form a fleet, in column of divisions from the centre, into line to the right or left, at right angles to the original direction, form it first into line to the front, then into column of vessels from the right or left, as in manceuvre 1, Fig. 18, and finally proceed as above. 79. The fleet being in double columns from the centre of divisions, heading N., to form it into line to the right or left at right angles to the original direction. Form the fleet into line, as in manceuvre 77, Fig. 109; then into column from the right or left, as in manoeuvre 1, Fig. 18, and finally into line to the right or left, upon the signal E. or W. 80. The fleet being in double columns from the centre, to form it into line on anfy course whatever. Form it into column of vessels by one of the methods described in manoeuvre 78; then into eolumn of vessels on the line of bearing of the line, 16 182 FLEET TACTICS. as in manceuvre 74, Fig. 107, and finally into line by signalling the course, as in manceuvre 74, Fig. 107. 8L The fleet being in double columns from the centre of divisions, to form it into line, on any course whatever. Form it into line to the front, as in manceuvre 77, Fig. 109; then into column of vessels from the right or left, at right angles to the course on which the line is to head (or, in other words, on its line of bearing), and finally into line by signalling the course, as in manceuvre 74, Fig. 107. FLEET TACTICS. 183 82. The fleet being in line, heading N, to form it into echelon of vessels from the right, preserving the original direction. 1st Method. FIG. 112..', 24i~ I 24i i & i * I0B I I I*l t t 0 X0 I I t t i 1 The commander-in-chief makes signal: From the right of fleet, form echelon of vessels. Which is repeated by the divisional commandThe vessel on the right of the fleet steams at full speed; the other vessels slow to steerageway. When two finds one bearing N.E. from 184P FLbEET TACTICS. her, she steams at full speed; three steams at full speed when two bears N. E. from her, and so on to the last vessel. Echelon of vessels, from the left, may be formed according to the same principles, upon the signal: From the left of fleet, form echelon of vessels. 2d Method. Form the fleet into column of vessels, from the right or left, to the N.E., S.W., N.W., or S.E.; then signal N., and the manoeuvre is completed.* 83. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into echelon of vessels, on the starboard or port bow or quarter. FroIG. 113. 124 24 1 To form it on the starboard bow, the commander-in-chief makes signal: N. E t * See diagram. In this case, of course, the line of bearing will be N.E. and S.W., but if formed from the left, it would be N.W. and S.E. t It is very necessary here that the vessels shall describe equal arcs in turning. FLEET TACTICS. 185 Which is repeated by the divisional commanders. The vessels alter course together to N.E., and are in echelon on a line of bearing E. and W. To form the fleet into echelon on the starboard quarter, the commander-in-chief first forms it into columns of vessels to the right (as in 10, Fig. 35), and then into echelon by signalling a course to starboard, forming an angle of 450 with the column. In this case the course signalled would be S.E., the line of bearing remaining E. and W. Inversely, the fleet may be formed into echelon on the port bow or quarter, according to the same principles. 84. The fleet being in line, to form it into echelon of vessels oa any course whatever. Form it into column of vessels, from the right or left, on what is to be its line of bearing when in echelon; then signal the course to be steered, and the manoeuvre is completed. Suppose, for example, the fleet to be in line, steering N., and it be required to form it into echelon of vessels heading E.N.E. 16' 186 FLEET TACTICS. FIG. 114. /2O:.....ii. A a ma a Aa.a a s/-'The commander-in-chief forms the fleet into column of vessels, from the right or left, to the N.N.E., and then signals E.N.E., and the fleet is in echelon on the line of bearing N.N.E. and S.S.W., as shown by A. Or he may form it into column of vessels, from the right or left to the E.S.E., and signal E.N.E., and the fleet will be in echelon on the line of bearing E.S.E. and W.NVW. (See B.) Or into column of vessels to the W.N.W., then into line to the N.N.E:, and finally make signal E:.N.E., and the fleet will be in echelon on the line of bearing W.N.W. and E.S.E. (See C.) Or into column of vessels to the S.S.W., then into line to the E.S.E., and finally make signal E.N.E., and the fleet will be in echelon on the line of bearing S.S.W. and N.N.E. (See D.) FLEET TACTICS. 187 85 The fleet being in line, to form it into echelons of vessels, from the right'of divisions, preserving the original direction. 1st Method. FIG. 115. b ~o:O! O~~~: O i' il 2A i:I.:A 0:::: ~iiH N' 0:::::: 0: The commander-in-chief makes signal: From the right of divisions,form echelons of vesrsels. Divisional commanders signal: Division-from the right, form. echelon of vessels. The vessels on the right of divisions continue onward at full speed; the other vessels slow to steerage-way. When two, ten, and eighteen find one, nine, and seventeen bearing N.E. from them respectively, they go ahead at full speed, and so on to the last vessels. Echelons of vessels, from the left of divisions, may be formed according to the same principles. 188 FLEET TACTICS. 2d Method. Form the divisions into columns of vessels, from the right or left, to the N.E. or N.W.; then signal N., and the manceuvre is completed. 86. The fleet being in line, to form it into echelons of vessels. from the right or left of divisions, on any course whatever. Form the fleet into columns of vessels, from the right or left, at right angles to the course which the vessels are to steer when in echelon; next into line by signalling this course, and then form the divisions into echelons of vessels, as in 85 Suppose, for example, the fleet to be in line, steering N., and it be required to form its divisions into echelons of vessels heading S.E. FLEET TACTIO& 189 FIG. 116. ~.''-,'A' The fleet is first formed into column of vessels to the N.E.,* as in manceuvre 13, Fig. 40; next into line to the S.E., upon general signal S.E,, and finally into echelons of vessels from the leftt of divisions, as shown by the diagram. *Or it may be formed to the S. W. t That it may be formed into echelons of vessels from the right of divisions, as well, is plain. 190 FLEET TACTICS. 87 The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into echelon of squadrons, from the right, preserving the original direction. FIG. 117. 0 /61 i I I I ~i i j i.j j a a i I I I 9 O I I The commander-in-chief makes signal: From the right of fleet, form echelon of squadrons. Which is repeated by the divisional commanders. The squadron on the right of the fleet steams at full speed; the other squadrons slow to steerage FLEET TACTICS. 191 way. When the second squadron finds the first bearing from it at an angle of 450 from the course N.E. is the bearing in this case), it proceeds at full speed; and so on to the last squadron. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into echelon of squadrons from the left, and into echelon of divisions from the right and left, according to the same principles. 88. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into echelons of squadrons, from the right of divisions, preserving the original direction FIG. 118 9 9o9 0,,.'9 -from the right, form echelon of squadrons. 241 1 The commander-in-chief makes signal: From the right of divisions, form echelons of Squadrons. Divisional commanders make signal: Division — from the right, form echelon of squadrons. The squadron on the right of each division keeps at full speed; the other squadrons slow to steerage-way, resuming their speed when the right 192 FLEET TACTICS. squadrons bear from them at an angle of 450 (N.E. in this case) from the course. It is evident that the fleet can be formed into echelons of squadrons, from the left divisions, according to the same principles. 89. The fleet being in line, to form it into echelons of squadrons or divisions, from the right or left, on any course whatever. Form the fleet into column of vessels,'from the right or left, at right angles to the course it is to steer when in echelon; next into line by signalling this course, and then proceed as in 87. 90. The fleet being in line, to form it into echelons of squadrons, from the right of divisions, on any course whatever. Form the fleet into column of vessels, from the right or left, at right angles to the course it is to steer when in echelon; next into line by signalling this course, and then proceed as in 88. FLEET TACTICS. 193 9L The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into double echelon from the centre, preserving the original direction Suppose, for example, it be required to form it into double echelon from thirteen. FIG. 119. 13 24 ij The commander-in-chief makes signal: From the vessel whose distinguishing penvbant is shown above this signal, form double echelon. Which is repeated by the divisional commanders. The left centre vessel (thirteen) steams at full speed; the other vessels slow to steerage-way. 17 194 FLEET TACTICS. When twelve and fourteen find thirteen bearing from them, respectively, N.W. and N.E. (that is, at an angle of 450 with the course N.), they steam at full speed; eleven and fifteen steam at full speed, when twelve and fourteen bear from them, respectively, N.W. and N.E.; and so with the remaining vessels. It is evident that the fleet may be formed into double echelon from the right centre vessel, or from the two centre vessels, according to the same principles.* 92. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into double echelons from the centre of divisions, preserving the original direction. Suppose, for example, it be required to form each division into double echelon on its left centre vessel. FIG. 120. c21 1S3 65 24 I * Of course thirteen's pennant is hoisted above this signal See Index of Signals. FLEET TACTICS. 195 The commander-in-chief makes signal: Froam the left centre of divisions, form double echelon.* Divisional commanders signal: Division-from the left centre vessel, form double echelon. In each division the left centre vessel continues at full speed; the vessels on the right and left of ker slow to steerage-way until she bears from them, respectively, N.W. and N.E., when they resume their speed. It is evident that the fleet may be formed into double echelon from the right centre vessel, or from the two centre vessels of divisions, according to the same principles. * In making this signal, the commander-in-chief runs up the distingtishing pennants of five, thirteen, and twentyone over number 69 (see Index of Signals), while each divisional commander hoists number 69 under the distinguishing pennant of the vessel of his division, which has been designated by the commander-in-chief. 196 FLEET TACTICS. 93. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into double echelon from the flanks-* that is from the van and rear vessels (or vessels on the extreme right and left), preserving the original direction. Suppose, in this case, the commander-in-chief desires to form it from the flanks, on the left centre vessel. t FIG. 121. 21 24* From the right.and left off:eeton the left centre I tI Tvehe commander-in-chief makes signal. From the right.and left offleet —on the left centre vesselt —form double echelon. With the wings in advance, in other words. t If ordered to be formed on the right centre, the vessel on the extreme left would be the first to move forward; if on the two centre vessels, the vessels on the extreme right and left of the fleet would continue at full speed, as is evident. T The commander-in-chief here hoists thirteen's distinguishing pennant over number 70. (See Index of Signals) FLEET TACTICS. 197 Which is repeated by- the divisional commanders. One continues onward at full speed; the other vessels slow to steerage-way. When two finds one bearing from her at an angle of 450 from the course (N.E. in this case), she hoists the position pennant as a signal to the vessel on the extreme left, and with this vessel resumes full speed; three and twenty-three steam at full speed when two and twenty-four bear N.E. and N.W. from them, respectively. The other vessels manceuvre in a similar manner; thirteen resuming full speed, when twelve and fourteen bear from her N.E. and N.W., respectively. Double echelon may be formed from the flanks on the right centre vessel, or on the two centre vessels of the fleet, according to the same principles 17* 198 FLEET TACTICS. 94. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into double echelons from the flanks of divisions, on their left centre vessels, preserving the original direction. FIG. 122. 24 17 9 1 The commander-in-chief makes signal: From the right and left of divisions-on the left centre vessels-form double echelons.* The divisional commanders signal: Divisionfrom the right and left-on the left centre vesselform double echelon.* The vessels on the right of divisions (one, nine, and seventeen) continue at full speed; the other vessels slow to steerage-way. When two, ten, and eighteen find one, nine, and seventeen bearing from them, respectively, at an angle of 45~ with the course (N.E. in this case), they hoist * The commander-in-chief here hoists the distinguishing pennants of five, thirteen, and twenty-one over number 70 (see Index of Signals), while each divisional commander hoists the same number under the distinguishing pennant of the vessel of his division designated by the commanderin-chief FLEET TACTICS. 199 the position pennant as a signal to the vessels on the extreme left of divisions (eight, sixteen, and twenty-four), and with these vessels resume full speed. When three and seven, eleven and fifteen, and nineteen and twenty-three find two and eight, ten and sixteen, and eighteen and twentyfour bearing from them, respectively, N.E. and N.W., they resume their speed. The other vessels manceuvre in a similar manner, five, thirteen, and twenty-one going at full speed, when the vessels next on their right and left bear, respect, ively, from them N.E. and N.W. Double echelon may be formed from the flanks, on the right centre vessel or on the two centre vessels of divisions, according to the same principles.* * See note (*) to manceuvre 93. 200: FLEET TACTICS. 95. The fleet being in line, heading N., to form it into double echelon of squadrons from the left centre squadron, preserving the original direction. FIG. 123. 1 o 9 18 Q 0 0QZ I i0 I' The commander-in-chief makes signal: From the left centre squadron,* form double echeion of squadrons N. Which is repeated by the divisional commanders. The left centre squadron keeps its speed, the other squadrons slow to steerage-way. When the third and fifth squadrons find the left centre * Distinguishing pennant of this squadron is here hoisted over number 71. See Index of Signals. 'FLEET TACTICS. 201 squadron bearing from them, respectively, N.W. and N.E., they resume their speed, etc., etc. Inversely, the fleet may be formed into double echelon of squadrons from the flanks, on one of the centre squadrons, upon the signal: From the right and left squadrons-on the — squadron*-form double echelon of squadrons. 96. The fleet being in echelon of vessels, heading N., to form it into double echelon, on the left centre vessel with the wings in advance, and preserving the original direction. FIG. 124. 0d~ 0~~I 24 0 240 + Squadron's distinguishing pennant hoisted over number 72. See Index of Signals. ber 72. See Index of Signals. 202 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief makes signal: On the left centre vessel,* form double echelonl.ft wing forward. Which is repeated by the divisional commanders. All the vessels of the right wing (thirteen included) slow to steerage way; the other vessels maintain their speed, fourteen slowing when bearing N.W. from thirteen, fifteen when bearing N.W. from fourteen, etc., etc. When the vessel on the extreme left hoists the position pennant, the fleet resumes its speed. It is evident that it can be formed into double echelon on the right centre vessel, or on the two centre vessels, according to the same principles. Inversely, the fleet may be formed from double echelon into echelon of vessels in the same manner. * Thirteen's distinguishing pennant is here hoisted above number 74. See Index of Signals FLEET TACTICS. 203 97. The fleet being in echelon of vessels, heading N, to form it into double echelon from the left centre vessel (that is with this vessel leading), preserving the oaiinal direction. FIG. 125. 13 0 0 0 0 *.'' ~: *,, 1. il I *;:;., j *I I'' 1' jij*~~~~~ i11 I., ~24 I I I$ i I I I 1 I ( It!', I II ii III, 0 & 1 I Q; e i i, i I i i 12& III, /204 FLEET TACTICS. The commander-in-chief makes signal: From the left * centre vessel, form double -ehelon-right wing to the rear Which is repeated by the divisional commanders. The left wing continues its speed; the right wing slows to steerage-way, twelve resuming her speed when thirteen bears N.W. from her, eleven when twelve bears N.W. from her, etc., etc., etc. Inversely, according to the same principles a fleet in double jechelon from tile centre may be formed into echelon of vessels. 98. The fleet being in echelon of vessels, to form it into column of vessels. The commander-in-chief has but to signal the line of bearing and the column will be formed. For example, take the fleet heading N. with the right wing in advance (as in Fig. 124), and we see that if the commander-in-chief should make general signal N.E. the fleet would be in column of vessels with the van (or right) in front; should the signal be S.W. the column would be the same, with the rear (or left) in front. * Thirteen's distinguishing pennant must be here hoisted over number 75. See Index of Signals. FLtET TACTICS' 205 To form a fleet from double echelon into column of vessels, break it first into echelon of vessels and then proceed as above. 2d Method. Let the fleet be in double echelon on the left centre vessel (as in Fig. 121) and the commanderin-chief desire to break it into column of vessels with the van (or right) leading, and we see that he has but to make general signal N.E., and so soon as the whole fleet has obeyed the signal, to follow it up with: From the right, form column of vessels, and the manceuvre will be completed. For the right wing will have formed column so soon as it shall have obeyed the signal to steer N.E., and the left wing will come into column as in manceuvre 1, Figs. 16, 17, and 18. If, in this case, the commander-in-chief should desire to form the fleet into column with the rear (or left) leading, he would first make general signal N. W., and afterward, From the left, foprn column of vessels. 18 206 fLEET TACTICS. 99. The fleet being in echelon of vessels, heading N., to form it into line to the front FIG. 126. 240 6 6 6 6 a 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 O0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 01. *....: *.. a I' I Ii''''.,'' r'',,'id1 I, I *. *. I, *.~~~,,1 i 6!~~~~ { *a * ~ ~ ~ I'II1 ~:~ 6 24 The commander-in-chief makes signal: Forward into line. Which is repeated by the divisional commanders. FLEET TACTICS. 207 One slows to steerage-way; the other vessels maintain their speed, slowing in succession, as they get abeam of their leader. When the line is formed, the fleet moves at a uniform rate of speed. To form the line to the E. or W. (that is, at right angles to the original direction), the commander-in-chief first signals E. or tV., and afterward, Forward into line. To form the line to the rear, he would signal S., and afterward, Forward into line. A fleet in echelon of vessels, by divisions or squadrons, or in echelon of squadrons, would be thrown into line to the front or rear, according to the same principles. 208 FLEET TACTICS. 100. The fleet being in echelon from the centre, heading N., to form it into line to the front. FIG. 127. 24 1 po O o p oo o o 0 O G o o o o o o O Q o O O a i.,,.'"""' i The cofmmander-in-chie makes signal:'' Forward into line. Disional commanders signal: Division forward into line. The leading s slowsto steerage-way; the ivisional commandere in double echelon from the ward into line other vessels keep their speed, each one slowing FLEET TACTICS. 209 flanks on the centre, the vessels on the extreme right and left would be the first to slow to steerage-way, and the line would be formed on them, as is evident. To form the line to the right or left, the fleet should be broken into echelon of vessels and afterward thrown into line, as in manoeuvre 99. To form it to the rear in this case, the commander-in-chief would first signal S., and afterward, when the fleet was heading S., Forward into line. I01 The fleet being in line, to form it in two lines in the order of battle. FIG. 128. 23 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 G 0 240 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 24*0 0000* 0 omn — Bi si ~ 24, 1 The commander-in-chief signals: From the right of fleet —in two lines-form order of battle. Divisional commanders signal: Division-from the right-in two lines —form order of battle. The even-numbered vessels slow to steerageway until the odd-numbered vessels bear from them at an angle of 450 with the course, when 18* 210 PLEET TACTICS. they resume their speed. For instance, two resumes full speed when one bears N.E, from her (supposing the fleet to be steering N.), four when she brings three on this bearing, etc., etc., etc. If the signal were: From the left offleet- in two lines-form order of battle, the even-numbered vessels would maintain their speed and the others slow to steerage-way. Should the commander-in-chief desire to form from two lines into one again, he has simply to signal, Forward into line, when the vessels of the rearline will move up and fill the gaps in the front line. FLEET TACTICS. 211 102. The fleet being in double column, to form it into order of battle in two columns. FIG. 129. 21I 11 023 241 *23 The commander-in-chief makes signal: Pi ron-s the right-in two columns-form order of battle. Divisional commanders signal: Division-front the right-in two columns- form order of battle. The port column slows to steerage-waty, each vessel of it resuming her speed when her consort has changed her bearing from abeam to an angle of 450 with the course. If the signal were: From the left-in two columns aJ If the signal were: From the left —in two columns 212. FLEET TACTICS. -form order of battle, the port column would Maintain its speed, and the starboard one slow: to steerage-way. Should the commander-in-chief desire to reform into double column, he has simply to make signal, Form double column, when the vessels of the advance column will slow until their consorts have got abreast of them. An inspection of diagrams 128 and 129 will show that by signalling a course at right angles to the one steered by the fleet, the commanderin-chief can form it from the order of battle in two lines to the order of battle in two columns, or from the latter disposition to the former. FLEET TACTICS. 213 Upon assembling a fleet the commanding officer should select the. three longest vessels as regulators, for its three divisions, and detail a competent officer to experiment with them, thus: First, on a calm day, form them into column of vessels in "close order," heading N., and signal a speed of eight knots an hour. So soon as this speed has become uniform, watch a time when they are on the exact line of bearing N. and S., and signal E. All now put their helms hard a-port and find themselves abreast, heading E, without having changed their line of bearing, provided all have described equal arcs in turning. If they have not, the experiment must be repeated until they do, the vessel which at first described the longest arc, now alone putting her helm hard over, and the other vessels so graduating their helms as to make their arcs of manceuvre corre-.spond with hers. In the same manner, each division is exercised with its " regulator," and much valuable information is gained thereby by each commanding officer, as to the absolute and relative turning power of his vessel This, however, is simply to be regarded as an exercise for the instruction of the officers, as before stated, and by no means to be established as a rule of manoeuvre: for the circles described by two yes 214 FLEET TACTICS. sels whose helms are so graduated as to enable them to describe precisely similar arcs, in calm weather and when not affected by currents, will vary with every changing breeze and tide, and no absolute rule, in this regard, can be established practically; nor is it desirable that it should be. To lay it down theoretically is, in reality, to restrict the turning power of a fleet to that of its longest and clumsiest vessel. In the Potomac flotilla, whose vessels ranged from eighty to three hundred feet in length, my custom was, in manceuvring, to direct that each vessel should turn as quickly as possible, experience soon demonstrating that the long vessel, when steadied on her course, quickly recovered, through superior swiftness, the distance she had lost in turning. It is to be hoped, however, that loy the aid of twin screws or the application of hydraulic pressure, the time is not far distant when vessels shall be made to turn almost about their centres. When a vessel has been signalled to act as a guide for the fleet, it is the duty of her commanding officer to give his whole attention to her steerage, since great confusion must inevitably result from any negligence in this regard. So long as the guide vessel is on her course, her guide flag should be kept well rounded-up to the mast FLEET TACTICS. 215 head; but should she from any cause deviate from it, the guide flag must be lowered a few feet, care being taken to rehoist it so soon as the vessel has resumed her course. The evolutions of a sailing fleet must necessarily be performed by successive movements on the part of its vessels; but to prescribe successive movements for a fleet of steamers is absurd. For example, the vessels of a steam fleet in line heading N., and ordered to form column of vessels from the right, heading N.E., would, upon the hauling down of the flags of manceuvre, put their helms simultaneously to port, the leader of the column righting her helm when nearing her course N.E., and the others swinging to starboard together until heading E. This is the only mode of insuring precision in the performance of evolutions, and in a series of manceuvres conducted on this principle and extending over two years (often in blowy weather), with from six to sixteen vessels, no collision occurred. As it is of the utmost importance to each vessel to know the speed of the vessels nearest to her, all the fleet should keep "bent on" a aml ball,* to be used as a speed signal, thus: * At night, in time of peace, a lantern may be substituted. 216 FLEET TACTICS. Ten knots and over........Ball out of sight on deck. From eight to ten knots.... " resting on the rail. " six to eight knots.... " a few feet above the rail. " four to six knots..... " at half mast. Engine just turning over... " a few feet below the truck..." " stopped........ "mast-headed. Any injury to the motive or steering power of a vessel should be at once signalled to the divisional commander, and by him communicated to the commander-in-chief. At night, a large, red lantern should be suspended over the stern, having over it a tarpaulin cover. To this cover a lanyard should be attached leading on deck, and a man stationed by it. The instant the engine stops the cover is to be removed, and, at the same time, two short, sharp blasts with the steam whistle sounded to call attention to the signal, which must be answered by the vessel astern with one blast. Should the lantern, when uncovered, be lowered to the water's edge, it will signify that -the vessel has stopped because a man is overboard, when it will be the duty of the vessel astern to lower her boats and assist in the search for him. When the lantern is hoisted up again, it will be a signal that the man has been picked up, or search for him abandoned; and, when re-covered and, one FLEET TACTICS. 217 long blast sounded, that the vessel has resumed her headway. Each vessel should maintain her proper distance and bearing with reference to the "guide vessel," rather than her next ahead, in " column;" and, in "line," with the "guide vessel," rather than her next to starboard (if the guide be right) or her next to port (if the guide be left). Consequently, when a vessel "falls out" of line or column, her place is to be left vacant until the squadron or divisional commander shall signal to the contrary; and the vessel losing her place is to regain it as speedily as possible, unless another station be assigned to her. During action, however, in the absence of signals to the contrary, every gap is to befilled as speedily as possible. When a guide vessel is disabled, her next astern, or to port or starboard (according as the guide is right or left), shall immediately hoist the "guide flag," unless signal be made to the contrary. From sunset to sunrise, under all circumstances, and during the day in heavy or thick weather, to avoid the danger of collisions, the fleet should steam in open order; and an echelon formation is recommended. The greatest speed signalled by the admiral 19 218 FLEET TACTICS. to the fleet should be a half-knot less than that which its slowest vessel is capable of maintaining, in order that this vessel may be enabled to " close up," should she, from any cause, lose distance. Vessels engaged in carrying despatches or orders should hoist, below their despatch flag, the distinguishing pennants of the vessels to which they are bound, in tMAeoraer in which they intend to communicate with them, counting from the despatch JIag downward. In this way the transmission of intelligence may be greatly facilitated (for the vessels to be last boarded, knowing whither *the despatch vessel is bound, can readily send their boats to intercept her); and so soon as a despatch has been delivered for a vessel, her distinguishing pennant must be hauled down. If a vessel be disabled, it becomes the duty of her next astern to tow her, provided the fleet be in column of vessels; but if the fleet be steaming in any other order, this duty belongs to her next to port, unless the disabled vessel be on the left flank, when it devolves upon her next to starboard. A vessel coming suddenly upon danger should signal it, anid the course necessary for the fleet to steer, in or(leor to avoid it. Thus, supposing a reef to be discovered, and it be necessary for the fleet to steer N.W. to clear it, the vessel discover FLEET TACTICS. - 219 ing it signals: Danger!-flect N. W., when the fleet comes N.W. instantly, and keeps this course until another is signalled by the admiral. When a fleet anchors in a narrow or crowded harbor, van (or right) in front, it should be got under way rear (or left) in front, and vice versa. Although the fleet is not to be governed by the course steered by the admiral, yet, in all else, h4: is to be closely followed by his divisional officers; whose motions, in turn, must be followed by the vessels of their respective commands. Thus, if the admiral go to quarters, all the fleet go to quarters; if he spread awnings, all the fleet spread awnings, etc., etc., etc. In the days when ships were at the mercy of the winds, an admiral could not do better than lead his fleet into "close action;" but now that, through the agency of steam, war has become not less a science at sea than on land; when the ocean is a great chess-board, upon which the skilful looker-on sees many a move not apparent to the contestants, whose brains have become heated with the strife, the role -of the admiral approximates to that of the general, and he should, like the latter, take post whence, without be;.ng an active participant in it, he may overlook the whole sea of battle, and signal to the 220 FLEET TACTICS. fleet such formations as. he shall find necessary. He should, in other words, be the mind of the fleet, and bis officers and men should feel that he is watching over them, ever ready to take advantage of a false move on the part of the enemy. "Soldiers," said Napoleon at AJusterlitz, "rI will myself direct your battalions. I will keep myself at a distance so long as, with your accustomed valor, you carry disorder and confusion into the enemy's ranks; but, should victory appear for a moment uncertain, you shall see your EBmjperor expose himself." This is precisely the relation in which an American admiral' should stand toward his seamen. When, after having. formed such tactical combinations as he has deemed judicious for carrying out his plan of attack or order of battle-after having disposed of the reserve and put every gun into action -he shall feel that victory is doubtful, then, and not till then, let him bear down into the thickest of the fight, and "encourage, in his own person, his officers and men to fight courageously." The commander of a vessel of war is intrusted with the honor of the flag which flies at, her mast-head, and with the lives of her officers and FLEET TACTICS. 221 crew. His duty to the former requires him to engage every enemy he may fall in with of equal force, and to continue the engagement while he has power to do so. His duty to the latter and the dictates of humanity equally require that, when resistance is no longer possible, he shall haul down his colors and confess himself vanquished. This is the law of single combats. In fleet fighting, however, the case is widely different. Each vessel is now but a part of a whole, and cannot be considered whipped until the whole fleet is beaten. It becomes, therefore, tho imperative duty of each captain in a fleet to fight his vessel while he has a gun to fire, a bow to ram with, or a deck to stand upon; for, however crippled he may be, so long as he fights, he is rendering good service to his comrades, by keeping an enemy from turning his guns on them. If disabled in machinery, he should (when to windward) make all sail and bear down on an enemy for the purpose of disabling him, or carrying him by boarding, always keeping in mind that he might as well be captured as to go out of action without taking an opponent with him. Every captain in battle knows his own wounds, but is ignorant of his enemy's, which may be 19* 222 FLEET TACTICS. much more serious; and many cases might be cited where well-timed obstinacy in surrendering would have made of the vanquished the victor. "Victory," said Napoleon, "belongs to the most persevering." In the presence of an enemy under way, the fleet should be kept under full steam, as, otherwise, it would be in the enemy's power to concentrate his whole force upon one portion of it, and thus destroy it in detail. In a fair stand-up fight with forts or batteries, only such steam should be carried (to avoid the disaster incident to a boiler being struck under a high pressure of steam) as may be deemed necessary by each captain for the easy handling of his vessel. When the object is simply to run by forts or batteries, however, in an unobstructed channel, go at full speed, as it is better to take the remote chance of a boiler explosion from shot, than to incur the Certain danger of being long under the enemy's fire. In all cases, it shall be the imperative duty of each captain to resort to every expedient for the protection of the motive and steering power of his vessel. Vessels, in time of war, should only carry such FI EET TACTICS. 223 lights at night as may be absolutely necessary, and these should be carefully screened from outside view. When, under these instructions, the running lights are carried, covers should be placed over them, and hands stationed' to remove and replace them as directed. From dusk to daylight the bell and the pipe should be silent, and no loud noise of any kind allowed on board. A man-of-war, in commission, should at all times be ready to cast loose her batteries, and throw open her magazines and shell-rooms at the first tap of the drum; and when anchored in any place where she may be assailed by the enemy, her engines should be "turned over" at least once in each watch, that she may be able to "go ahead" or "back" at a moment's notice. The signal of one's being attacked should be the discharge of a howitzer (that all friends within hearing may be notified) and the ringing of the ship's bell. At this signal the man at the slip-rope slips the cable, the engineer on watch closes his furnace doors, starts the engine (ahead or back as may be ordered), and the officers and men, without stopping to dress themselves, repair to their stations. A vessel thus drilled will never fall but with honor; and it should be a maxim with 224 FLEET TACTIC&. the navy that none but a negligent officer will ever suffer himself to be surprised. No vessel in time of war should permit a stranger to approach her without being at quarters and under way. When the fleet is engaged, if a vessel of it take fire so badly as to endanger her neighbors, her commanding officer shall at once leave his station and steer toward the enemy; and when it shall become apparent that he must abandon his vessel, he shall, before doing so, take cage that she be pointed fair for the enemy's vessels, so that she may blow up, if possible, in their midst. While thus engaged, he should be careful to signal to his divisional commander, that a despatch boat may be sent to pick up or take off his officers and crew In battle, no division, squadron, or vessel of the fleet shall separate from it to pursue any vessel or vessels of the enemy's fleet that may attempt to escape, unless signalled so to do by the admiral; but shall, on the contrary, do its utmost to assist in overwhelming and making certain the capture of such of the enemy as remain. When the admiral's signals are obscured in action, it is the duty of his divisional officers to FLEET TACTICS. 225 carry out energetically, and to the best of their judgment, his plan of battle (as previously made known to them); and the same may be said of the duty of each captain of a vessel with reference to his divisional or squadron commander; for it should be carefully borne in mind by each officer of the fleet that his duty requires him (when signals cannot be read) to take advantage of any and every opportunity that may ofer for damaging the enemy. Just before daylight, in time of war, every vessel, whether cruising singly'or in company, is to be careful to see that her furnaces are in such a condition as shall enable her to put forth her utmost speed at the break of day, should circumstances require it. Despatch vessels, in time of battle, may be advantageously employed, not only in carrying verbal and written orders, and in transmitting orders by signals to the various vessels of the fleet, but in putting prize crews on board captured vessels, in towing into action any vessels of the fleet whose steam power has become deranged or damaged, and in taking off, or picking up, the crews of sinking or burning vessels.' They will, therefore, have their tow-lines ready and their boats clear for lowering at a moment's warning. 22-6 FLEET TACTICS. During an engagement, the officer commanding "the reserve" should, unless otherwise ordered, have his vessels well together, near the admiral's ship, on board of which he himself should remain (if circumstances will permit) until his services are required with his division, in order that he may be thoroughly posted as to the admiral's designs, and act accordingly when the decisive moment has arrived. Vessels employed in reconnoitering should do so boldly, and not be satisfied until they have obtained a full knowledge of the strength of the enemy, of the course he is steering~ of the disposition of his forces, etc., etc., which they should transmit with all possible speed, and in detail, through their divisional officers to the admiral. Merchantmen under convoy should have a man-of-war as a leader, one on each flank, and one to bring up the rear. The countersign should be signalled by the admiral every day at noon, and all vessels separating from the fleet should'on their return to it, besides displaying their numbers, signal the countersign last given to them. FLEET TACTICS. 227 To demonstrate the. weakness of the old order of battle in line ahead ("column of vessels"), now that steam has taken the place of sails, let us suppose that two fleets of equal strength fall in with each other; the one (A) formed in column of vessels, with its reserve (a) on the starboardrear —flank, and steering W.; the other (B) in line, heading N., and bearing down to engage (A), with its reserve (b) posted in rear of its centre division. FIG. 1. B 1000000000000 0 000 8 b 1 Now there are two principal methods of attack open to B, viz.: to concentrate on the enemy's van 228 1FLEET TACTICS. or rear (Figs. 1 and 2), or to attempt to pierce his centre (Fig. 3). To attack the enemy's rear, let the assailing force before getting within range be thrown into echelon upon general signal 28 (fleet N. TY.); then the enemy, seeing his van threatened, will immediately hurry his reserve up to its support. In the meantime B, who has simply intended his movement as afeint, is fleeting his reserve to the right,* and forming it into column of vessels; and so soon as his dispositions are made and he finds himself at the proper distanced from the enemy, he makes general signal 4 (fleet N.E.);$ the enemy now discovering B's real objective will immediately reverse,~ during a part of which * Should B's faint not induce A to transfer his reserve from rear to van, B should fleet his reserve to the left instead of to the right, and, going ahead at full speed, convert his feint into ari attack of concentration on A's van. f This will depend upon the speed at which the fleets are moving, etc., etc. The judgment of the admiral, guided by long experience, will not fail to tell him when the auspicious moment has arrived. I A cannot decline a general engagement now, if he should desire to do so; for were he to attempt to make off, his stern would be exposed to the fire of his assailant. ~ Should A continue on his course, B's reserve should cross his stern and endeavor to come up on his starboard side, while the van and centre divisions, coming first N.W. and afterwards W. (supposing the strength of the vessels of those divisions to be in their broadside batteries), engage him on the port side, and the rear division, formed into column of vessels, endeavors to penetrate his column. FLEET TACTICS. 229 operation, he will be obliged to receive the whole broadside fire of B, with nothing but his bow guns to respond with; and being next assailed vigorously by B, whose plan of attack has been deliberately conceived and determined upon, while he himself, in doubt and perplexity, is obliged to change his order of battle* at the very commencement of the conflict, A has nothing to expect but defeat. FIG. 2. 24 16 B 0 0 As the operation of concentrating on A's van would be similar to the above in every respect, except that in this case the feint would be towards * A, being here attacked at the head (for, having reversed, his rear is now leading) by B's reserve, must inevitably be thrown into some confusion taking advantage of which, B's rear division, forming column of vessels from the right, should endeavor to break through A's column, as shown by the dotted line, and move up on the port side of his centre and van, already engaged on the starboard side by B's centre and van. (Fig. 2.) 20 230 FLEET TACTICS. his rear, we may now proceed to consider the attack on the centre. (Fig. 3;) In this case B, closing up his right wing to within a half cable's length,* fleets his reserve to the left and moves down in line until at the proper distance from the enemy, when he throws his right wing and reserve into echelon by signaling 64 (from the left,form echelon of vessels), leaving his left wing in line as at first; and when all his dispositions are made he signals both to the fleet and reserve, N. W. full speed, and sweeps to the'attack as shown by the diagram. FIG. 3. -. B Here, as the right wing breaks through A's column, each vessel of it, manning both sides, * Moving first in line, and afterward in echelon, he can do this in any ordinary weather without danger of collision. His object is, that his vessels' may be well closed up when he signals N.W. FLEET TACTICS. 231 pours a raking broadside into his number twelve and number thirteen, and then following her next ahead comes sharp round the stern of number twelve, and moves up on the starboard side of A's centre and van, already engaged on the port side with B's left wing and attacked at the head by B's reserve.* I would remark here that the column designed to pierce the enemy's centre should always be led by a vessel of great artillery and ramming power, and should have abreast of it (a little in advance) the most formidable ram, or torpedo vessel, in the fleet, which should strike at full speed one of the enemy's vessels, thereby sinking or disabling it, and opening a passage ahead of the engaged vessel for the attacking column. The vessel marked R, in Figs. 2 and 3, is designed to represent this ram or torpedo vessel. If the fleet were composed partly of vessels whose strength was in their broadside batteries, and in part of those whose fighting power was in their bows, the former, led as we have suggested, should form the column of penetration, while the latter, ranged in line, make the direct attack, * This is a spirited, dashing attack, and properly conduoted must succeed. 232 FLEET TACTICS. and the objective aimed at should always be, that wing of the enemy which appears to be composed of his weakest vessels. Having explained above, wherein the order of battle in column of vessels is defective, it now remains to show how the attack of B Figs. 1 and 2) could have been frustrated by A, had the latter assumed an echelon formation. Let us suppose, then, A to be formed in column of vessels as before, and B bearing down in line to attack him. Now, when A, observes that B is approaching, let him fleet his reserve abreast of his van division, and then signal to it and the rear division 78 (forward into line, right oblique), and afterwards 64 Cfrom the left, form echelon of vessels); when the fleets will be in the position shown by Fig. 4. FLEET TACTICS. 233 FIG. 4. B _4 1 ~ 0 0 And so soon as B has approached so near that he (B) cannot decline an engagement, let A signal both to the fleet and reserve S. W. full speed, and attack at once, as shown by Fig. 5. 20* 234 FLEET TACTICS. FIG. 5. #o 0o o o 0 o 0 0 o 0 0 o o 0oo 0 0 0 0 001 24................. E B 4, Here A's rear division breaks through the enemy's line, each vessel of it pouring a raking broadside into his number eight and number nine, and coming sharp round the stern of number nine, and then moving up astern of his centre and van, already engaged in front by A's centre and van, and assailed in flank by A's reserve. In the second case (Fig. 3), where A finds B closing up his right wing, and forming it into echelon, with the intention of attacking his centre, he should make the same disposition of his vessels as before, except that it will be better to throw the whole left wing into echelon, thus: FLEET TACTICS. 235 FIG. 6. O _ b rC Now, let A preserve only such speed as shall enable B to come fairly down upon him, in the belief that he intends to engage in his present formation, until B has approached too near to retreat, when A makes signal full speed, and the instant he finds that he has outflanked B, he comes S.W. and signals to the right wing slow,* and attacks as shown by Fig. 7. * His object in "'slowing" his right, is that it may not in. terfere with the fire of his left wing and reserve in passing B's left wing. 236- FLEET TACTICS. FIG. 7. In this "cross attack" upon B's right wing and reserve,* it is manifest that the advantage would be altogother on the side of B's opponent, since the leading vessels of B's right wing would be exposed, not only to the raking broadside fire of such of A's vessels as were crossing -their bows, but to the oblique fire of those that were coming up; the leaders of B's reserve being subject in * When acting upon the defensive, it is, no doubt, prudent to keep a division strictly in reserve, somewhere near the centre of the fleet, in readiness to succor that portion of it which may be assailed; but, in assuming the offensive, I think the sooner the "reserve" is "put in' the better. Here it will be observed that both A and B have developed all their strength with the design of attacking; the former having gained the advantage solely by stratagem. A good military maxim to be deduced from our experience ashore and afloat during the rebellion would be, I should say,: On the offensive dare everything; on the defensive risk nothing. FLEET TACTICS. 237 like manner to the direct raking fire of A's reserve, while his left wing, after being assailed on both flanks by the raking fire of A's left wing and reserve (to which would be added the oblique fire of A's reserve on its left), would be engaged in front by A's right wing.* In conclusion, I would call attention to the necessity of guarding carefully the flanks of a steam fleet, since a neglect of this precaution, even were it composed of vessels with heavy broadside batteries, could not but be disastrous; while in a fleet of monitors, or rams, or of any class of vessels whose weak points were abeam, it would, most probably, lead to utter ruin; for the tactics of such a fleet would correspond almost exactly with those of an army, one of whose wings being "doubled up" entails confusion and ofttimes defeat upon the whole command. * In all the above diagrams I have supposed A and.B to have reached the place of combat, and, therefore, with their forces deployed in readiness to engage. ~ Before reaching the place of combat, however, the fleet should steam either in echelon of divisions, with each division formed into double echelon, from the centre, or into echelon of vessels from the right and left, or else in columns of divisions, with each division formed in double column on the centre; and a good tactician would be careful not to form it into order of battle until the time had come to engage, so that the enemy might be kept, up to the last moment, in ignorance of his designs. 238 FLEET TACTICS. The naval officer will, therefore, do well in the future to make a close study of military tactics, and especially of Jomini's " Art of War;" and he cannot fail to derive both pleasure and instruction from a perusal of Prescott's graphic description of the battle of Lepanto, where the Christian fleet, under Don Juan of Austria, broke forever the naval supremacy of the Turks. INDEX TO SIGNALSUSED IN MAN(EUVRING BY THIS METHOD. The author would suggest that the signal of manoeuvre-to be hoisted at the fore-be the Union flag by day and a green lantern at night. 0 91 c4 ~~~~~4, ~ ~jY~'~~" ~~ c+ ~~~' _y~ ~'Y ~~~~~~~S.i 240 FLEET TACTICS. The signal will be dipped once and hoisted again for a quarter of a point, twice for half a point, and three times for three-quarters of a point-always counting to the right. Column. 32. Fleet, division or squadron-from the right of-form column of vessels. 33. Fleet, division or squadron-from the left of -form column of vessels.34. Fleet, division or squadron-form double column-right oblique.35. Fleet, division or squadron-form double column-left oblique.36. Fleet, division'or squadron-from the right of-form double column.37. Fleet, division or squadron-from the left of form double column. 38. Fleet, division or squadron-form triple column-right oblique.39. Fleet, division or squadron-form triple column-left oblique.40. Fleet, division or squadron-from the right of-form triple column.4L Fleet, division or squadron-from the left of -form triple column. FLEET TACTICS. 241 42. Fleet, division or squadron-form column of fours —right oblique.43. Fleet, division or squadron-form column of fours-left oblique.44. Fleet, division or squadron-from the right of-form column of fours. 45. Fleet, division or squadron-from the left of-form column of fours46. Fleet or division-form column of squadrons -right oblique.47. Fleet or division-form column of squadrons -left oblique. 48. Fleet or division-from the right of-form column of squadrons.49. Fleet or division-from the left of-form column of squadrons.- 50. Fleet-form column of divisions-right oblique. 51. Fleet-form column of divisions-left oblique.52. Fleet-from the right of-form column of divisions.53. Fleet-from the left of-form column of divisions. 54. Fleet, division or squadron-from the centre of-form double column.21 242 FLEET TACTICS. 55. Fleet or division-from the centre of-form column of squadrons.56. Fleet-from the centre of-form column of divisions. 57. Fleet —on the division or squadron whose distinguishing pennant is shown above this signal-form columns of vessels abreast by divisions or squadrons-in natural order, and heading as shown by compass signal.58. Fleet-on the division or squadron whose distinguishing pennant is shown above this signal-form column of vessels abreast by divisions or squadrons-in order reversed, and heading as shown by compass signal.59. Fleet, division'or squadron-form column of vessels-van in front. 60. Fleet-on the division or squadron whose distinguishing pennant is shown above this signal-form column of vessels-van in front. 61. Fleet, division or squadron-form column of vessels-rear in front.62. Fleet —on the division or squadron whose distinguishing pennant is shown above this signal-form column of vessels-rear in front. FLEET TACTICS. 243 Echelon (single). 63. Fleet, division or squadron-from the right of-form echelon of vessels.64. Fleet, division or squadron-from the left of -form echelon of vessels.65. Fleet or division-from the right of-form echelon of squadrons.66. Fleet or division-from the left of-form echelon of squadrons.67. Fleet-from the right of-form echelon of divisions.68. Fleet-from the left of-form echelon of divisions.Echelon (double). 69; Fleet, division or squadron-from the vessel whose distinguishing pennant is shown above this signal-form double echelon.70. Fleet, division or squadron-from the right and left of-on the.vessel whose distinguishing pennant is shown above this signalform double echelon.71, Fleet or division —from the squadron whose distinguishing pennant is shown above this signal-form double echelon of squadrons. 24:4 FLEET TACTICS. 72. Fleet or division-from the right and left squadrons of-on the squadron whose distinguishing pennant is shown above this signal-form double echelon of squadrons.73. Fleet, division or squadron-on the vessel whose distinguishing pennant is shown above this signal-form double echelon-right wing forward.74. Fleet, division or squadron-on the vessel whose distinguishing pennant is shown above this signal-form double echelon-left wing forward.75. Fleet, division or squadron-froni the vessel whose distinguishing pennant is shown above this signal-form double echelon-right wing to the rear.76. Fleet, division or squadron-from the vessel whose distinguishing pennant is shown above this signal-form double echelon-left wing to the rear.Line. 77. Fleet, division or squadron-forward into line.78. Fleet, division or squadron-forward into line-right oblique. FLEET TACTICS. 245 79. Fleet, division or squadron-forward into line-left oblique.Order. 80. Fleet, division or squadron-on the vessel, squadron or division whose distinguishing pennant is hoisted above this signal-form at half distance. 81. Fleet, division or squadron-on the vessel, squadron or division whose distinguishing pennant is hoisted above this signal —form in close order.82. Fleet, division or squadron-on the vessel, squadron or division whose distinguishing pennant is hoisted above this signal-form in open order.Order of Battle. 83. Fleet, division or squadron-from the right of-in two lines-form order of battle.84. Fleet, division or squadron-from the left of -in two lines-form order of battle. 85. Fleet, division or squadron-from the right of-in two columns form order of battle.86. Fleet, division or squadron-from the left of -in two columns-form order of battle. 21* 213 FLEET TACTICS. Speed. 87. Fleet, division, squadron or vessel-stop.88. Fleet, division, squadron or vessel-go ahead slow.89. Fleet, division, squadron or vessel-back.90. Fleet, division, squadron or vessel-steam four knots.91. Fleet, division, squadron or vessel-steam five knots.92. Fleet, division, squadron or vessel-steam six knots.93. Fleet, division, squadron or vessel-steam seven knots.94. Fleet, division, squadron or vessel-steam eight knots.95. Fleet, division, squadron or vessel-steam nine knots.96. Fleet, division, squadron or vessel-steam ten knots.97. Fleet, division, squadron or vessel-steam eleven knots. 98. Fleet, division, squadron or vessel-steam twelve knots. 99. Fleet, division, squadron or vessel-steam at full speed. FLEET TACTICS. 247 Steer. 100. Fleet, division or squadron-head of-steer as shown by compass signal.101. Fleet, division or squadron - starboard column of-steer as shown by compass signal.102. Fleet, division or squadron-port column of -steer as shown by compass signal.103. Fleet, division or squadron-head of star-' board column of-steer as shown by compass signal.104. Fleet, division or squadron-head of port column of-steer as shown by compass signal. 105. Fleet, division or squadron-right wing of -steer as shown by compass signal.106. Fleet, division or squadron-left wing ofsteer as shown by compass signal.Wheel. 107. Fleet, divisio0 or squadron-by twoswheel to tyi.pCurpe indicated by compass signal.108. Fleet,'division or -squadron-by threeswheel to the course indicated by compass signal. 248 FLEET TACTICS. 109. Fleet, division or squadron-by fourswheel to the course indicated by compass signal.110. Fleet, or division-by squadrons-wheel to the course indicated by compass signal.111. Fleet-by divisions-wheel to the course indicated by compass signal.112. Fleet-wheel to the course indicated by compass signal.To show how signals are made by this method, let the reader refer to manoeuvre 1, Fig. 16. Here the commander-in-chief hoists at the fore: first, the signal of manceuvre, next general signal* (N.E.,) and finally, right vessel's distinguishing pennant, over No. 0 (N). -At the same time he runs up at.the main general signal 32 (From the right, form column of vessels). The flag-ships of divisions repeat all these signals,t and so soon as the admiral has satisfied * General signals apply to the fleet proper, and not to the reserve, which is not to regard any signal over which its distinguishing pennant is not hoisted. t As (in this case) the vessel on the right of the fleet is not in either the centre or rear division, it may seem unnecessary for the flag-ships of those divisions to repeat the signals made to her by the admiral; but a good reason for FLET TACTICS. 249 himself that they have been correctly repeated, he hauls them down, with the exception of the flag of manceuvre, which remains flying at his foremast head. So soon as the signals of the divisional officers have been repeated* by the vessels of their respective divisions, they haul down No. 32 from the main, and hoist, in its stead, general signal 93. (steam seven knots); the flag-ship of the van division adding thereto right vessel's distinguishing pennant over 96 (steam ten knots); and when these last signals have been repeated, the divisional officers haul down everything but the flags of manceuvre. The admiral now understands that all are ready for the manceuvre; and so soon as he desires to execute it, he hauls down the flag of manceuvre; the divisional officers follow suit, and the manceuvre is commenced instantly, by the vessel on the extreme right of the fleet hoisting their being required to repeat them is, that they may be often in a position where the admiral's signals can be more easily read by them, than by the flag-ship of the van division. * Some officers may think it sufficient for these vessels to hoist here their answering pennants; but, to avoid mistakes, I think every signal of manceuvre should be repeated by the vessel or vessels to which it is made. 250 FLEET TACTICS. the guide flag* and keeping her course at the rate of ten knots an hour, while the rest of the fleet, putting their helms to port simultaneously, come N.E. and reduce their speed to seven knots an hour. * At night a large lantern must take the place of the gnuide-flag. 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Onthe useof the Barometeron Surveys and Reconnoissances. Part I. Meteorology in its Coniiection witli Hypsomietry. Part II. Barometric Hypsomietry. By R. S. Wiliamson, Bvt. Lieut.-Col. U. S. A., Major Corps of Engineers. With Illustrative Tables and Engravings. Paper No. Ij, Professional Papers, Corps of Engineers. I vol. 4to, cloth................................ I5 00 POOK (S. M.) Method of Comparing the Lines and Draughting Vessels Propelled by Sail or Steam. Including a chapter on l aying off on the MlouldLoft Floor. By Samuel MI. Pook, Naval Constructor. I vol. Svo, with illustrations, cloth............ 5 oo ALEXANDER (J. H.) UIJniversal Dictionary of Weights and Measures, Ancient and Modern, reduced to the standards of the United States of America. By J. 11. Alexander. New edition, enlarged. I vol. 8vo, cloth................................. 3 50 BROOKLYN WATER WORKS. Containing a Descriptive Account of the Construction of the Works, and also Reports on the Brooklyn, Hartford, Belleville and Cambridge Pumping Engines. With illustrations. I vol. folio, cloth........................... RICHARDS' INDICATOR. A Treatise on the Richards Steam Engine Indicator, with an Appendix by F. W. Bacon, M. E. i8mo, flexible, cloth.......... a tl 1). VAN NOSTRAND'S P'UBLICATI()NS. POPE Modem Practice of the Electric Telegraph. A Hand Book for Electricians and operators. By Frank L. Pope. Eighth edition, revised and enlarged, and fully illlustrated. 8vo, cloth....................... $2.00oo " There is no other work of this kind in the English language that contains in so small a compass so much practical infto'mation ill the applic;ition of galvanic electricity to telegraphy. It should be in the hands of every one interested in telegraphy, or the use,,f Batteries for other purposes.' MORSE. Examination of the Telegraphic Apparatus and the Processes in Telegraphy. 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Treatise on the Steam Engine in its various applications to Mines, Mills, Steam Navigation, Railways, and Agriculture, with the theoretical investigatiolis respecting the Motive Power of Heat, and the p roper )roportiols of steam enigines..laborate tables of the r ght dimensions of every part, and Practical I ustructipiis for the manufacture and managenment of every species of Engine in actual use. By John Bourne, being the ninth edition of "A Treatise on the Steam Engine," by the " Artizan Club." Illustrated by 38 plates and 546 wood cuts. 4to, cloth......................................$I5 00oo STUART. The Naval Dry Docks of the United States. By 4 harles B. Stuart late Engineer-in-Chief of the U. S. Navy. Illustrated with 24 engravings on steel. Fourth edition, cloth.................... 6 oo EADS. System of Naval Defences. By James B. Eads, C. E., with Io illustrations, 4to, cloth......5.. 5 oo FOSTER. Submarine Blasting in Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. 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A Practical Treatise on Pure Fertilizers, and the chemical conversipn of Rock Guano, Marlstones, Coprolites. and the Crude Phosphates of Lime and Alumina generally, into various valuable products. By Campbell Morfit, M.D., with 28 illustrative plates, 8vo, cloth................................. 20 0n BARNARD. Tne Metric System of Weights and Measures. An address delivered before the convocation of the University of the State of New York, at Albany, August, 187i. By F. A. P. Barnard, LL.D., President of Columbia College, New York. Second edition from the revised edition, printed for the Trustees of Columbia College. Tinted paper, 8vo, cloth 3 oo ------ Report on Machinery and Processes on the Industrial Arts and Apparatus of the Exact Sciences. By F. A. P. Barnard, LL. D. Paris Universal Exposition, i867. Illustrated, 8vo, cloth.............. 5 o BARLOW. Tables of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Reciprocals of all integer numbers up tu o,0ooo. 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History of West Point, its Military Importance during the American Revolution, and the Origin and History of the U. S. Military Academy. By Bvt. Major C. E. Boynton, A.M., Adjutant of the Military Academy. Second edition, 416 pp. 8vo. printed on tinted paper, beautifully illustrated with 36 maps and fine engravings, chiefly from photographs taken on the spot by the author. Extra cloth........................................... $3 5C WOOD. West Point Scrap Book, being a collection of Legends, Stories, Songs, etc., of the U S Military Academy. By Lieut. O. E. Wood, U. S. A. Illustrated by 69 engravings and a copperplate map. Beautifully printed on tinted paper. 8vo, cloth..... 5 oc WEST rPOINT LIFE. A Poem read before the Dialectic Society of the United States Military Academy. Illustrated with Pen-and-Ink Sketches. By a Cadet. To which is added the song,' Benny Havens, oh!" oblong 8vo, 2t full page illustrations, cloth.......... 2 SO GUIDE TO WEST POINT and the U. S. Military Academy, with maps and engravings, s8mo, blue cloth, flexible................................... I 00 HENRY Military Record of Civilian Appointments in the United States Army By Guy V. Henry, Brevet Colonel and Captain First United States Artillery, Late Colonel and Brevet Brigadier General, United States Volunteers Vol. t now ready. Vol. 2 in press. 8vo, per volume, cloth.................... 5 oo HAMERSLY. Records of Living Officers of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps. Compiled from official sources. By Lewis B. Hamersly, late Lieutenant U. S. Marine Corps. Revised edition, 8vo, cloth... 5 oo MOORE. Portrait Gallery of the War. Civil, Military and Naval. A Biographical record, edited by Frank Moore. 60 fine portraits on steel. Royal 8vo, cloth............................................ 6 oo 16