UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
PREPARED BY REQUEST OF TIHE REGENTS or THE U.VIVERSITY,
BY DANIEL C. GILMAN, PRESIDENT.
13 I 1 K 1 IL E Y:
1S~~
OF THE
a- -- -. -- --  
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I 
STATE MAE NT.
BERKELEY (NEAR OAKLAND), March 23d, 1875.
To THE BOARD OF REGENTS, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA:
GENTLEMEN- In resigning the office of President of
the University of California, I beg leave to Submit a statement of the progress of the University during my connection
with it.
1. The personal changes which have occurred during the
past two years and a half are numerous.
My revered predecessor, Dr. Henry Durant, after a long
life devoted to the public service, was removed by death
January 22d, 1875. The tributes which have been paid to
his character are already so ample, that here it is only necessary to place on record our grateful appreciation of his wisdom, his devotion, and his success in keeping alive the idea
of a university in California, and in laboring  for its foundation with untiring industry. It is a cause of regret that he
has left behind him so little, in print or in manuscript, which
will explain to those who come after him the peculiar difficulties and trials which he encountered. - Some anecdotes
noted down by a short-hand writer one evening at the request
of a friend, as Dr. Durant related them, have been preserved
in illustration of his experience, and his associates have told
in various ways the story of his life; but his fame will depend on the place he has won in the roll of those who helped
to found the institutions of California.
2. Hon. Edward Tompkins; a member of the Board of- Regents and State Senator from Alameda County, died Novem
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2(,O4;4
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STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
ber 14th, 1872.   He  had been one of the  most constant and
efficient friends of the University, from the time of its or ganization, and the Regents placed on their records soon
after his death a full expression of their respect and grati tude.    Rev. Dr. Stebbins presented  the following minute,
which was adopted by the Board:
"The Board of Regents hereby place on record their high appreciation of
the services and character of their late associate, the Honorable Edward
Tompkins, who, at the time of his death, was a State Senator for Alameda
County, and an elected member of this Board.
" He was a native of Oneida County, New York; a graduate of Union
College; a successful member of the bar, first in his native State and then in
California; a student of literary and philosophical subjects; an earnest advocate of the higher education, and the generous promoter of all good undertakings in the community where he dwelt.
" He became a member of this Board in 1868, and served on the Committee
on Instruction. His residence in Oakland and the comparative leisure of his
late days enabled him to devote much time and thought to the internal affairs
of the University, and to present its claims with an intelligent appreciation of
details whenever there was occasion. Although suffering with an illness
which proved to be mortal, he came from a sick bed to preside and speak at
the inauguration of the President of the University on the 7th of November
last, and on the 14th of November, at the age of fifty-seven years, laid down
his life in the hope of the life to come.
"As the Public Orator of the University in many academic assemblies, as
the Counselor on whom. the Academic Senate and the Board of Regents
were accustomed to rely, as the Legislator by whose persistent advocacy a
building fund was secured, and as a benefactor by whose munificence a professorship has been founded for instruction in Chinese and Japanese, he will
through all time be gratefully remembered in the annals of this University,
while his virtuous private life and his devotion to the public good deserve the
tribute of affectionate respect from all who were associated with him."
3. The presidency of the Board of Regents, which devolves
by law upon the Governor of the State, was transferred in
February, 1875, from Hion. Newton Booth (then U.S. Senator-elect), to Hon. Romualdo Pacheco (then Lieutenant-governor).
The office of Secretary, held by Mr. Andrew J. Moulder from an early period in the life of the University,
was given up by him in January, 1874. Its duties were
temporarily discharged by Mr. J. West Martin, one of the
Board of Regents, until April, 1874, when Mr. R. E. aC.
Stearns was appointed to the place.  The duties of this office
6 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
are exceedingly complex and difficult, and the University has
been fortunate in having such incumbents of the post. Their
devotion to the public welfare, their versatility, and their
integrity have contributed largely to the prosperity of the
institution.
The office of Land Agent was vacated by the death of the
incumbent in 1874, and its duties were temporarily assigned
to the Secretary, but there were serious difficulties in this
arrangement, and it was given up. Mr. J. W. Shanklin was
subsequently appointed Land Agent.
4. Among all the administrative offices of the Board, but one
has remained unchanged: that of the Treasurer. The office
has been filled from the beginning by W. C. Ralston, Esq.,
and to his energy and liberality the University is indebted
for its good cred(it, and for the promptness with which its
obligations are paid. Those who are familiar with new institutions elsewhere, of uncertain resources, can best appreciate the services of a treasurer so able and so willing.
5. The changes in the Board of Regents have been as follows, from November, 1872, to March, 1875: 
RESIGNATIONS, ETC.
EDWARD TOMPEs.............................Died Nov. 14th, 1872.
S. F. BUTTERWORTH......................Resigned.
RICHARD P. HAMMOND.........................Resigned.
CHARLES F. REED.......................Term expired.
T. B. SHANNON.......................... Term expired.
JOHN W. DWINELLE............................Resigned.
SAMUEL MERRITT............................. Resigned.
NEWTON BOOTH...........................Resigned as Governor.
ACCESSIONS TO OFFICE:
HENRY H. HAIGHT................By election of the Regents.
J: W. WINANS....................By appointment of the Governor.
R. S. CAREY.....................AS Pres. State Agricultural Society.
M. M. ESTEE....................As Speaker of the Assembly.
D.C. GILMAN....               AS President of the University.
J. M. HAMILTON................ By appointment of the Governor.
D. 0. MILLS................... By appointment of the Governor.
WILLIAM MEEE................. By appointment of the Governor.
WILLIAM IRWIN................. AS Lieutenant-Governor.
6. There have also been changes in the staff of teachers.
The resignation of Professor Swinton, Professor of English
7 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
Literature and History, was accepted March 3d, 1874. He
had previously requested a leave of absence, which had been
refused by the Regents. His resignation was followed by
the publication of a pamphlet in which his views on the subject of agricultural education were set forth.
The resignation of Dr. E. S. Carr, Professor of Agriculture, was requested by the Regents in July, 1874, and when
the request was not complied with, he was removed from
office for reasons which were briefly stated.  He also published a pamphlet containing animadversions on the action
of the Regents, and particularly in respect to their management of the  Agriculfural Department."  His removal caused
a remonstrance on the part of the "Patrons of Husbandry,"
or Grangers, and the -" Mechanics' Deliberative Assembly,"
which was answered by the Board of Regents in a brief communication.
7. In the summer of 1873, Professor Samuel Jones, Professor of Military Science, etc., was called away to become
P]resident of the Maryland College of Agriculture.  His resignation was accepted with reluctance, and the thanks of the
Board of Regents were formally voted to him for his able and
efficient services.....
Two instructors of modern languages, Mr. Julius Grossman and Mr. Manuel M. Corella, have also resigned, the latter having finished a course of special studies in the University and returned to Mexico.....
8. The vacancies thus created have all been filled, and there
have been other important additions to' the corps of instructors.  The names and departments of instruction of those
who have been appointed since November, 1872, are as follows:
PROFESSORS.
Agriculture..............................:EUGENE W. HILGARD.
Mining............................WILLIAM ASHEBURNER.
Industrial Mechanics.......FR..........FEDERICE G. HESSE.
English............................ EDWARD A. SILL.
Military Science, etc....................... SUEL JONES.
LECTURERS.
Metallurgy..........................GEORGE F. BEcKER.
Economic Botany.....................0. E. BESSEY.
Stock Breeding.....................WILI......W AM H. BREWER.
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
INSTRUCTORS.
Industrial Drawing...................... JON D. HOFFMANN.
Spanish...................................CHARLES F. GOMPERTZ.
German................................... ALBIN PUTZEER.
French....................................G. DE KERPSAINT-GILY.
ASSISTANTS.
Mathematics................................ GEORGE C. EDWARDS.
Mathematics..............................LEANDER L. HAWKINS.
Classics...................................ARTHUR H. ALLEN.
Classics...................................AMBROSE C. RICHARDSON.
Chemistry......................... F. SLATE, JR.
Chemistry.................................JOHN D. STILLMAN.
Chemistry.................................SAMUEL B. CHRISTY.
Mineralogy.................................A. WENDELL JACKSON.
English...................................JOSEPH C. ROWELL.
English....................................THOMAS F. BARRY.
Mechanics.................................EDWARD A. PARKER.
OTHER OFFICERS.
Superintendent of the Grounds............... R. E. C. STEARNS.
Landscape Engineer...................... W. HAMMOND HALL.
Gardener..................................JOHN ELLIS.
Curator of the Mineralogical Collections, etc. HENRY G. HANES.
Foreman of the Printing Office..............A. WHITTON.
Student Manager..........................L. A. JORDAN.
9. The Chair of Agriculture has been filled by the appointment of Professor Eugene W. Hilgard, Ph. D., formerly of
the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in the University of Mississippi; and recently of the University of Michigan. While in Mississippi he had charge of the Geological
and Agricultural Survey of the State. Mr. Hilgard's eminence as a man of science, his skill in applying his knowledge
to agriculture and other industrial pursuits, and his long
experience as a teacher, have qualified him in an uncommon
degree to discharge with satisfaction the difficult duties
devolved upon him.   He is well known for the attention
which he has given to the analysis of soils, and for the light
he has thus thrown upon some of the most intricate problems in agricultural science.   He came to Berkeley in the
autumn of 1874, and delivered there two courses of lectures;
one upon the General Principles of Agriculture (particularly
upon the chemistry of soils) and the other on the Chemistry
9 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5.
of Household Life. The impression which he made by these
lectures was so good that he was unanimously appointed per manent professor, and he is now about to enter upon his
duties among us.
10. The Chair of Mining has been filled by the appoint ment of Mr. William Ashburner, mining engineer, of San
Francisco, who will direct his attention to the organization
of the College of Mines, as fast as the funds are provided for
this purpose. Mr. Ashburner, having received a technical
and scientific education in the East and in Europe, came
early to the Pacific Coast, and was for a time engaged upon
the Geological Survey of California.  He has had ample
opportunities for becoming acquainted with the mining industries of this and other countries, and he has already made
his influence felt for good upon the students of this University. In entering upon his professorship, he. delivered an
introductory lecture on the Profession of Mining Engineering, which has been printed.
11. A Chair of Industrial Mechanics was instituted by the
Board in the autumn of 1874, and was subsequently filled by
the appointment of Mr. Frederick G. Hesse, of Oakland.
Mr. Hesse was trained in a German polytechnic school, and
was early engaged as a teacher in Brown University.  He
subsequently held a scientific appointment under the United
States Government, but has resided for the last few years in
Oakland, engaged in mechanical occupations, especially in
the invention and improvement of some ingenious mechanical contrivances. It is rare to find a man qualified to fill
the duties of a Chair of Industrial Mechanics, both by his
scientific attainments, and by practical knowledge acquired
in the shop, but Mr. Hesse is such a man. Upon assuming
the duties of his post, he delivered a lecture on the Profession of Mechanical Engineering, which will be printed.
He is now engaged in devising implements by which a
thorough examination may be made of the strength of the
timbers of the Pacific Coast, to which reference will be made
in a later portion of this report.
12. The professorship of English was filled by the ap
I 0 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
pointment of Mr. Edward R. Sill, a graduate of Yale College,
who has been engaged in teaching in California for several
years, and is highly esteemed for his literary attainments,
for his enthusiasm in the study of language, and for his devotion to the work of a teacher. His introductory lecture on
the subject of the Study of English was printed in the
Berkeleyan.
13. The vacancy occasioned by the withdrawal of Professor
Jones was filled by the appointment of two graduates of the
University to be assistants in mathematics-Mr, George C.
Edwards and Mr. Leander L. Hawkins-and they have during the last two years discharged this service with great fidelity.  Mr. Edwards has had the command of the battalion
in addition to his duties as mathematical instructor, and
MIr. -Hawkins has had the chief direction of the classes in
surveying.
14. Mr. John D. Hoffmann was appointed in the autumn
of 1874 instructor of Industrial Drawing.   He is an experienced engineer and draughtsman, who was trained in
Germany, has had long experience in the construction of
public works, especially in tihe service of the U. S. Government, and he is in all respects qualified to impart an exact
knowledge of this most important art.
15. Mr. Albin Putzker entered upon his duties as special
instructor in German, in the spring of 1874, and has succeeded in a remarkable degree in awakening a love of the
study of that language among all classes of students. He
was previously head of the Santa Barbara College.
16. The large number of scholars pursuing the study of
French, under Professor Pioda, made it indispensable to
provide an additional instructor in that department, and
Mr  G. de Kersaint-Gily has accordingly been appointed
The place occupied by Mr. Corella as instructor in Spanish
has been filled by the appointment of Mr. Charles D. Gompertz, who also devotes much attention to the Library.
17. Mr. Arthur H. Allen, graduate of Yale College, who was
employed for a single year as instructor in the College of
Letters, discharged these duties with skill and success until
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I 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
he was released from service at his own request. The place
he had held was filled by the appointment of Mr. A. C. Richardson, a graduate of Harvard College, distinguished for his
knowledge of the classics, who still continues to give instruction.
18. In the summer of 1874, the Regents determined to appoint as assistant instructors several young men who had recently graduated. The amount of their compensation was not
to be large ($600 per year), and it was not supposed that their
duties would be responsible or onerous. But it was thought
that they would be led to prosecute advanced studies under
the direction of the Faculty, and would thus become better
fitted for the duties of life. This plan, which is nearly
equivalent to the establishment of graduate scholarships, has
worked well. Two of this company of young men have been
granted leave of absence without pay for one year, to pursue
their studies in Germany; four others are to remain  a
second year; the seventh begins a professional course of
study in law. The names of these seven graduate students
are as follows: T. F. Barry, S. B. Christy, A. W. Jackson,
E. A. Parker, J. C. Rowell, F. Slate, J. M. Stillman. 
19. Professor George Davidson, a non-resident professor,
who began to give instruction in Geodesy and the use of astronomical instruments in the winter of 1873, was interrupted in this work by being called upon to engage in the
observations of the transit of Venus, in Japan.
20. Hon. S. J. Field, non-resident Professor of Law, proposes to commence a course of lectures in the Spring of
1875.
21. The staff giving instructions at Berkeley now includes
the President, thirteen resident Professors, two non-resident Professors (Judge Field and Prof. Davidson), three
lecturers for the current year (Professors Bessey and Brewer,
and Dr. Becker), nine instructors, and seven graduate assistants. There, are in addition, a Superintendent of the Agricultural Grounds, a Gardener, a Foreman and a Manager of the
Printing Office, and there are also occasional lecturers,
whose services have been gratuitously given on one or more
days.
p
12 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
22. The number of students has steadily increased since
the opening of the institution, as the following figures show:
In 1869-70............................................... 40
In 1870-71...................................................78
In 1871-72...................................................153
In 1872-73...................................................185
In 1873-74................................................... 191
In 1874-75.................................................234
The inconveniences at Berkeley were so many when the
University was first established in its permanent place, that
many of those who had proposed to enter were prevented
from doing so, and some of the ladies who had been in attendance withdrew from the classes. Since the close of the
last academic year, 126 persons have applied for admission
to the University. Twenty-six counties of this State, and
several states of the Union, have their representatives at
Berkeley. Of the present students, 171 are candidates for a
degree. The number of ladies attending the classes is
thirty-nine. There is no preparatory class.
LEGISLATION.
23. In entering upon the office which I have held, it was
my first duty to become acquainted with the laws under
which the University was organized, with the policy that the
Regents had adopted for the organization of the University,
and with the requirements of the community in respect to
higher education. It was soon apparent that a great diversity of views prevailed in respect to the scope of the University, and that these difficulties arose in part from the varied
enactments under which the institution had been organized.
A few words upon this subject may tend, perhaps, both to
exhibit and to remove some of these difficulties.
24. The State of California, like most of the newer States
of the Union, received from the General Government a certain portion of the public lands for the use of a seminary of
learning; and the Constitution of the State provided for the
bestowal of these and other funds upon a State University.  This was the nucleus of the University of California.
13 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
25. Independent of State action, a private corporation,
established in Oakland, maintained for several years an institution of learning under the name of the College of California. It acquired lands, funds, and good-will. When the
University was organized it relinquished the field and gave
up its property to the State, on condition of the perpetual
maintenance of a College of Letters.
26. In 1862, the National Government bestowed on the
various States of the Union a certain amount of scrip in the
public lands, for the maintenance in each State of "at least
one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including
military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanical arts, in such manner as
the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in
order to promote the liberal and practical education of the
industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in
life."
27. The scope of this national endowment has been well
defined by many writers, but by none more clearly than in
the following paragraph, which was written by Professor
Atherton, once of the Illinois Industrial University, and now
of the Rutgers Scientific School in New Brunswick, New Jersey. After referring to the terms of the grant as prescribed
by Congress, he says:
"This language certainly does not contemplate the teaching of "agriculture" alone, but of all the natural sciences which underlie its laws and processes, all the mathematical and physical sciences which are the basis of the
mechanic arts, and whatever else is adapted to promote "the liberal and
practical education of the industrial classes," not even excluding classical
studies.  It is, in short, the statement of a comprehensive scheme for promoting the higher education of the people —a thing which the Government
has been doing ever since it first had public lands to dispose of. The institutions thus founded have come to be generally spoken of as "agricultural
colleges," simply for want of a more convenient designation, and probably, also, because "agriculture" happens to be the first important word in
that part of the law just quoted."
28. After prolonged discussion among the friends of higher
education, the Legislature organized the University of Cali
14 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
fornia by an Act approved March 23d, 1868, which was somewhat modified by the passage of the Political Code, and has
since received some additional amendments.  The "Organic
Act," thus modified,  still governs the University.   It is
printed with the last legislative revisions in the University
Registers for 1874 and 1875.
29. The Board of Regents, on whom these laws devolved
the administration of the University, was originally constituted as follows, in four distinct classes:
a. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and State Superintendent of
Schools, all elected by popular vote, and holding office for four years, and the
Speaker of the Assembly, holding office -for two years, and elected by members
of the Assembly, were the official representatives of the State.
b. The President of the State Agricultural Society and the President of the
Mechanics' Institute in San Francisco, elected annually by these societies,
were the representatives of the agricultural and mechanical interests of the
State.
c. Eight members of the Board, holding office for sixteen years, were appointed by the Governor, with the approval of the Senate.
d. Eight members of the Board, holding office for sixteen years, were
elected as honorary Regents, and were chosen "from the body of the State
by the official and appointed members."
30. The law expressly declared that no member of the
Board should be deemed a public officer by virtue of such
membership; but he should be deemed as discharging exclusively a private trust. The Regents were furthermore required to become incorporated under the general laws of the
State. These provisions were intended to secure stability in
the Board, and the removal of the University from political
interference; while at the same time the official representatives of the State had power to prevent and correct abuses.
Care was also taken, by providing six different modes  of
membership, and tenures of office which vary in length from
one to sixteen years, that the Board should not be the representative of any class or faction.
Sectarian and ecclesiastical influences were precluded by
a requirement that a majority of the Board should not be "of
any one religious sect, or of no religious sect."
31. The Political Code of the State of California, which
went into operation on the 1st of January, 1873, made sev
15
I 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
eral changes in the constitution of the Board of Regents,
the bearing of which upon the management of the University
does not seem to have been fully considered. The Regents
are declared to be civil executive officers of the State, and
all except the ex officio members are to be appointed, as
vacancies occur, by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate.
By the Legislature of 18734, the President of the University for the time being was made a member of the Board,
and some slight verbal changes were made in the law.
This is not the place to suggest further changes in the
Organic Act, but some changes must be made before the
University can be regarded as established on a sure foundation.
32. It would be well for the State if these historic statements in respect to the origin of the University of California were more generally remembered. It is frequently
asserted that the University was founded as an Ag-'
ricultural College, and that the College of Letters
should have no place in the organization; whereas the
truth is, that the State, in its Constitution, provided for the
establishment of "a University," and all subsequent legis lation has tended toward a liberal and comprehensive insti tution in which all higher studies should be taught.
ADMINISTRATION.
33. Many changes have been made in the mode of conducting the business of the Board-one of the most important of which has been the establishment of the Secretary's
offlice at the site of the University, where he can personally
oversee the expenditures of money. Another noteworthy
change has been made in the organization of the committees of the Board.
The number of standing committees was originally twelve.
This plan had doubtless been adopted in order to interest
every member of the Board in some department of the
University's service, but the practical working of the ar
16 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
rangement had been to diffuse responsibility and to lessen
interest. Recognizing this fact, the Board, at my request,
soon determined to appoint one committee which should be
a central committee and should be advisory to the President in the discharge of his duties. This committee was
appointed by ballot, and consisted of five members, three of
whom were to be residents of Alameda County. The
members of this committee were originally Messrs. IH. H.
Haight, S. F. Butterworth, IH. Stebbins, J. W. Dwinelle,
and J. W. Martin. The place of Mr. Butterworth was
subsequently filled by the appointment of Mr. J. Mora Moss.
This committee has met frequently at the call of one of
their number or of the President, and has devoted a very
large amount of time to the consideration of all the affairs
of the University.  No important steps have been taken
by the President without their knowledge and consent,
and on them the Board of Regents has relied for advice in
matters pertaining to the instruction and government of the
students and the appointment of instructors. Their meetings have been held on an average more frequently than
once a month and have often been prolonged for two or three
hours. The visits of the various members of the Committee
to Berkeley have likewise been frequent.
As a still further step toward efficient administration, the
Board determined to make the quarterly meeting of June
an annual meeting, and to require at that time the presentation of reports respecting the various departments of the
University and the discussion ofthe most important measures,
so far as they could be foreseen, for the ensuing year. The
annual meeting for 1874 was held at Berkeley in the month
of June.
The number of the Committees has been reduced from
twelve to five, and their duties are as follows:
1. The Advisory Committee, to advise the Board and the President on all
such matters as may be referred to them.
2. The Finance committee, to audit all bills and to supervise the financial
affairs of the University.
17 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS,'1872-5,
3. The Land Committee, to supervise the work of the Land Agent, and to
superintend the sale of the national land grant.
4. The Committee on Buildings and Grounds, to supervise the care of the
property of the University.
5. The Law Committee, to give advice on legal points.
SURVEYS OF THE SITE.
34. The right development of a site which is to be the
seat of a University for a long time to come has naturally
required a great deal of consideration, and much of this
preliminary work has been done since 1872.
35. The College of California, before it transferred the
Berkeley property to the University, had caused it to be
carefully examined by the well-known landscape engineer
of New York, Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted, who prepared
a plan for its improvement, accompanied by an elaborate
map. The date of his report was June 29th, 1866. Hiis
views in respect to the uses of the grounds were published
in a pamphlet, and are still of much value; but the organization of the institution, when it passed from the control
of a private corporation to that of the State, was varied, and
this made it necessary to deviate in many respects from his
suggestions.  It is obvious that the requirements of a State
University were very different from those of a simple college.
Copies of Mr. Olmsted's' report are now scarce, and it
would be well if such portions as are of permanent value
could be reprinted. Alt my endeavours to find the map
which Mr. Olmsted prepared have been without' success.
When the Regents of the University entered upon the site,
Mr. Low, a landscape gardener of San Jose, was employed
to lay out the roads and paths which were most requisite.
It became important also to determine upon the bearings
which should be given to the college buildings'which were
first to be constructed.  It was' decided by the architect to
place them at right angles to an axial line which divides
the property into two nearly equal portions, and which protracted bisects the Golden Gate.
36. As a trustworthy basis for future improvements, the
18 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
Regents requested the Chief of the United States Coast Sur  vey work on the Pacific to cause a plane-table survey of
the site to be made. This was done in the spring of 1873
by Mr. Clevelanrd Rockwell.
At a later day, Mr. William Hammond Hall, the Land scape Engineer of the Golden Gate Park of San Francis co, was requested by the Regents to present a plan for the
improvement of the grounds, having in view what had
already been done, and what were likely to be the require ments of the University during a long period to come.  His
plan, which is dated February 21st, 1874, is printed in the
statement of the Regents to the Legislature in the session
of 1873-4. It has been approved and adopted by the Board.
An-accurate survey of the boundary lines has also been
made.
There are now no funds for the general improvement
of the grounds, as the resources set apart for out-of-door
work are devoted to %he development of the agricultural
and horticultural department. As soon as the means of
the University permit, the work of road-making and grading should be prosecuted with efficiency.
37. In further preparation for the growth of the University, the students of Civil Engineering, under the guidance
of the professor in that department, are making a very
minute survey of the site.
Two parts of this survey have been completed, the region
around the two large buildings now constructed, and the
water-shed and water-courses connected with the water
supply of the University.
Professor Soul6 has made an elaborate report, which
remains in manuscript, upon the water question, havinig in
view not only the present necessities of the institution, but
also the probability that a large neighborhood will require
to be supplied from the springs which the University controls. This report might well be printed. He has also
furnished the following note in respect to the topography
of the site:
19 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
"I have found already in my teaching that the topography of the site is not
only beautiful in a landscape and architectural point of view, but is excellently
adapted to instruction in all branches of field engineering. The diversified
character of the surface brings into use all the systems and principles of sur-.
veying and topography. It is in area 200 acres, is watered by numerous
springs in the hills, and the collection and disposal of this will furnish hereafter abundant study and practice to the engineering student. With the
spring water and surface water saved, the grounds could be thoroughly irrigated throughout the year, and made to blossom as the rose.  The lower portion of the grounds is flat and moist throughout the year, and will nourish
such trees, flowers, and shrubs, as require such soil. Then there is a higher
plateau, upon which the various buildings have been, or are to be located,
forming the campus proper. Beyond, toward the Monte Diablo Range, the
ground rises into hills, the highest of which is 884 feet above tide-water, and
584 feet above the base of the south college. The average height of the tract is
400 feet above tide-water. The hilly portion could be well utilized for forestry.
The University is supplied with water from a reservoir of 38, 000 gallons capacity, situated at the foot of Strawberry Canon, and at an elevation of 205 feet
above the basement of the south college. It will carry water entirely over any
building contemplated. Other springs of large resources will be reclaimed
and brought in, from time to time.  Strawberry Creek is for a large portion of
the ycar a beautifully clear stream; during the winter it discharges an enormous
quantity of water, and runs between steep banks ten to fifteen feet in depth, and
with a span from thirty to 100 feet. Along it are found many shady quiet nooks,
gracious to the scholar, philosopher, and naturalist. The soil of the lower
portion of the site is a deep, rich adobe, capable of being wrought into a soil
of great productiveness; on the plateau it is a lighter kind. On the hills there
is a thin soil of decomposed shale rock, etc. It would be difficult to find with in so small an area as the University site a spot with so many varieties and
capabilities in the way of soils, irrigation, and exposure."
38. The University has thus at command several accurate maps of its Berkeley property, viz:
a. The plane-table map prepared by Mr. Rockwell, of the U.S. Coast
Survey.
b. The project for the improvement of the grounds, by Mr. W. H. Hall, of
San Francisco.
c. The survey of the boundary lines.
d. The survey of the water rights of the University and their connections,
prepared by Professor Souln.
e. Detailed plats of different portions of the grounds, prepared by the students in Engineering and Surveying.  Mr. Hawkins has taken special interest
in the study of the site, and in ascertaining accurate data in respect to its
characteristics.
20 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
BUILDINGS.
39. Two large and commodious buildings have been con structed for the University at Berkeley. The plans for
these structures were made by Mr. David Farquharson,
architect, of San Francisco, and were adopted by the Board
before my connection with the University. The brick
building sometimes called the College of Agriculture, but
officially designated by the Regents as the "South Hall,"
was constructed under the direction of Mr. Farquharson;
the wooden building, sometimes called the College of Letters, but officially designated as the " North Hall," was constructed without the architect's supervision, and the interior arrangements were in some respects changed from his
original plans by the direction of the Board of Regents.
The corner-stone of the first building was laid ill August,
1872, with public ceremonies; the corner-stone of the second
building was laid in the spring of 1873, in the presence of
the officers and students of the University.
Both these buildings were occupied at the commencement of the college year in September, 1873, although some
of the interior arrangements were not completed.
The South Hall contains the Library, museums, laboratories, Agricultural rooms, Secretary's office, and an admirable scientific lecture-room. The North Hall contains
the class-rooms for Mathematics, Physics, Engineering,
Mechanics, Languages, and Literature, together with a
large assembly-room, Faculty rooms, armory, printing-office, etc.
The dimensions of the brick building are as follow:
length, one hundred and fifty-two feet; average width,
fifty-six feet. There are four stories, and thirty-four rooms
in the building, six of them being thirty-two by forty-eight
feet, and several of the others twenty by twenty-six feet.
The length of the north building is one hundred and sixtysix feet; its average width, sixty feet, and its height sixtyfour feet.- It has four stories, and is divided into twentyeight compartments. The assembly-room is forty-three by
3
0
21 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
fifty-eight feet, and the philosophical lecture room thirtysix by fifty-eight feet.
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.
40. The changes in the courses of instruction during the last
three years are partly such as have been occasioned by the
increase in the number of teachers, and by the improved
facilities for instruction afforded by the new buildings at
Berkeley.
Some of these changes are important enough to be explained.
In addition to the original courses of study in Agriculture and Letters which were commenced in 1869, a course
in Engineering was begun in 1871. Since then the courses
in Mechanics, Mining, and Chemistry have been established, and the course in Letters has been separated into a
classical and a literary course. In accordance with the
phraseology of the laws of the State, these courses are commonly spoken of as "colleges."  At the head of each of
these seven departments of instruction is a professor, who
acts under the President and Faculty as the director of the
studies of the course.
These seven courses and their directors are as follows
Agriculture.............................PROFESSOR HILGARD.
Mechanics.............................. "    JOHN LECONTE.
Mining................................ "    ASHBURNER.
Chemistry............................"    RISING.
Engineering............................."   SOULE.
Classics.................................. "  KELLOGG.
Literature............................... "    SILL.
41. The five courses first named are commonly spoken of as
the "College of Science," and the two last named as the
"College of Letters."  The Scientific Faculty and the Literary Faculty meet together as one body for the government of the students. All the Faculties of the University,
including the Medical, constitute by law an ",Academic
Senate," the meetings of which will not probably be fre
22
Q 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
quent. The President of the University is the presiding
officer in these various Faculties, and the Dean of the Aca demic Senate is the Secretary of that body and of the joint
meetings of the Scientific and Literary Faculties.
In the five technical courses, the first two years are de voted chiefly to those studies which are fundamental and of
general importance-to Mathematics, Elementary Chem istry, Physics, Natural History, and Modern Languages, in cluding English. During the last two years, the special
subjects of the several courses predominate, that is to say,
Agriculture, Mechanics, Mining, Chemistry, or Engineering. The degree given at the conclusion of each of these
courses is that of Bachelor of Philosophy in the College of
Agriculture, Mechanics, etc., as the case may be. Full
particulars in regard to these courses are given in the Register of the University for 1874-5.
42. The examinations for admissions have been made more
strict, but the terms of entrance have not been altered. To
explain the character of these examinations, both to teachers
and scholars in distant parts of the State, a circular has been
carefully prepared and widely distributed. It is printed as
Bulletin No. 6.
At the examinations for admission in the autumn of 1874,
there were 126 candidates, of whom 54 were admitted without a condition, six withdrew of their own accord, and fifteenwere found deficient in two principal studies and advised
to withdraw. Of those who were admitted on condition of
making up their deficiencies, nineteen were conditioned in
mathematics, and in the College of Letters thirteen were
conditioned in Latin.
Theie are two principal examinations every year, one at the
end of the first term called the "semi-annual," and one at 
the end of the year called the "annual."  These examinationis cover the work which has been done during the
semester or the year just previous.  The effect of these examinations on the standing of a scholar is carefully adjusted
by rules which the Faculty have adopted.
23 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
43. The order of the University, during the three years,
has been good. The number of cases requiring discipline
from the Faculty for improper conduct has been exceedingly
small. There has been no system of police, nor of tutorial or
military supervision. There have been few regulations, and
few penalties, but the constant effort of the instructors has
been to impress upon the scholars a sense of the advantages
here bestowed upon them, and to let it be understood that
those who do not appreciate these advantages are liable
at any moment to be deprived of them. This simple understanding has been sufficient to secure the respectful obedience of the pupils, and cases of neglect and carelessness
have been exceedingly rare. Visitors to the public buildings are constantly surprised to see the good order in which
they have been kept, and are more surprised to learn that
this good condition is not the result of frequent repairs,
nor of heavy penalties, but of constant attention and care
on the part of the students.
TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUCTION.
44. From what has been already said, it is obvious that
special attention has been given to technical or scientific
instruction, in accordance with the terms of the Congressional grant, making it necessary to provide instruction in
those branches of learning "which are related to Agriculture and Mechanical Arts."   Five of these modern courses
or colleges are now maintained in the University, namely:
4. Engineering.
5. Chemistry.
1. Agriculture.
2. Mechanics.
3. Mining.
45. The general character of this instruction is indicated
- by the following report from the Faculty, presented to the
Legislative Committee, February 28th, 1874. Since thattime
the three deficiencies referred to at the close of their report
have been supplied. First, the out-door work has been be  gun, including the establishment on a good plan of an
orchard, botanic garden, propagating-houses, and expefi
24 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
ment station in agriculture and horticulture; second, instruction has been given by Professors Bessey and Brewer
in economic Botany and Zoology; and third, special instructors have been appointed in Industrial Mechianics and
Industrial Drawing.
' What is the course of study in the University of California, in Agricult ure and Mechanic Arts? 
"The Faculty of the University, February 28th, 1874, in reply to this formal
inquiry, made the following answer. By a comparison of their statements
with those of other kindred universities, it will be seen that the statement of
Professor Carr is corroborated when he said to the Joint University Commit tee that with one special provision made,'we shall compare very favorably
with any agricultural college in the country so far as in-door instruction is
concerned:'
"REPORT.-It may be premised that the object of the course of instruction
given in the University in all its departments, including those of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts, is to furnish a broad and liberal culture adapted to
the various callings of intelligent and educated citizens. With this
aim in view, the course of instruction in the Colleges of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts has been so arranged as to embrace the following sub jects:
"1. An English Course: embracing the history and structure of the English
Language; Ancient and Modern History, Rhetoric, and Logic. This course
extends through four years.
"2. A course in Modern Languages: embracing one or more modern languages, extending through three or four years.
"3. A complete course of Mathematics, as constituting the basis of all scientific education, extending through three years.
"4. A three.years' course of Mechanics and Physics: Mechanics, embracing
the principles of machinery and the manifold applications of power, Hydrostatics, Hydraulics, and Pneumatics; Physics, embracing the principles of
Heat and its various effects in Evaporation, Rain and Dew, etc.; the principles of the Steam-engine; Electricity, Magnetism, and Electro-magnetism;
Acoustics, Optics, and other physical subjects, the knowledge of which is
necessary to the intelligent farmer and mechanic.
"5. A three years' course in Natural History and Geology.  The course in
Botany embraces the Structure and Physiology of Plants-i. e., how plants
germinate and grow and feed-the nature of their food, the circulation of sap,
the changes which it undergoes, etc. The connection of this course with
Agriculture is close and direct.
"The course in Zoology embraces Comparative Anatomy and Physiology., and
the Laws of Reproduction in Animals. The connection of these subjects with
stock-feeding and stock-breeding is evident.
"The relation of Geology to Agriculture is scarcely less important, since
soils are derived from the disintegration of rocks, and their nature and fertility
are, therefore, largely determined by the qharacter of the country rock.
25 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5.
"6. A course of Chemistry, general and analytical, embracing qualitative
and quantitative analysis and laboratory work. The importance of this
course, as forming the basis of scientific agriculture and many branches of
arts, is evident. This extends from two to four years.
"7. A course of Engineering and Surveying, which is important in its applications to irrigation and reclamation of lands.
"8. Courses in Astronomy, Physical Geography, and Political Econ
omy.
"9. Besides these eight courses, which provide such a liberal culture as
every educated citizen should possess, and many portions of which have a
close connection with practical agriculture and mechanical arts, a special course
is given to the students in the Agricultural College, by the Professor of Agriculture, on the subjects relating more specifically to that department.
"No special instruction is given in Applied Mechanics, except such as i~,
given in the course of Mechanics and Physics, as no instructor has been provided for this department.
"The special instruction in Agriculture and Mechanic Arts is still deficient in desirable completeness. To meet this deficiency, the following suggestions are made:
"1. Facilities for scientific and practical experiments in Agriculture and
Horticulture, including a Botanic Garden and an Arboretum.
"2. Instruction in Economic Botany and Zoology, including the study
of insects injurious to vegetation, as recommended in the reports of the Regents.
"3. Special instruction in Applied Mechanics, as already recommended in
the report of the Regents for 1873, pp. 29 and 30."
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE.
46. The most noteworthy changes in the College of Agriculture are the appointment of a new professor in that department, the commencement of field and garden work, and
the enlistment of special lecturers to supplement the regular
instructions of the professor.
The out-door work is subordinate and auxiliary to the
class-room instructions of the Professor of Agriculture, but
its general direction is intrusted by law to the Secretary.
Under him an accomplished and experienced gardener has
been employed.
47. On the 1st of February, 1875, Secretary Stearns made
the following report of the work which he had commenced.
A more extended statement may be expected before the
session of the Legislature:
26 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
"On the first day of June, 1874, work in this department was commenced,
and has been pursued with energy.
"A portion of the grounds dedicated to practical agriculture has been
thoroughly plowed, graded, and otherwise prepared by deep trenching and
working over, for nursery purposes.
"Two propagating-houses have been constructed and were ready for use in
the latter part of August, 1874, and a commodious and convenient building
for work-rooms, with suitable benches for potting and handling plants constructed, with storage arrangements for prepared soil, pots, tools, etc., and
a suitable office for gardener, and sleeping-room for watchman.
"The propagating-houses are of the dimensions respectively of thirty by
twenty feet, and sixty-four by fifteen feet, and in the rear of the latter is a laboratory pertaining to said houses, sixty-four feet in length by twelve feet in
width; these buildings are arranged so as to facilitate the work, and so conveniently placed that the whole is easily supervised by the gardener.
"The propagation of plants of economic value, as well as such species as
are more particularly required for the purpose of illustrating general botany,
and ornamenting the grounds, in pursuance of the general plan devised by
Mr. W. H. Hall, was at once commenced, and such vegetable forms as are valuable to the pomojgist, and necessary to illustrate floriculture and arboriculture, have already been produced in large numbers. The entire domain belonging to the University includes two hundred acres, sloping to the west, a
parallelogram in general shape, and presenting quite a diversified topography;
its lower portion being about two hundred feet above the level of San Francisco Bay, and rising toward the east into hills, the summits of which are
about nine hundred feet above the sea-level. Some forty acres are reserved
for agricultural purposes and experiments, and the remainder to illustrate the
principles and methods of landscape ornamentation, forestry, botany and allied studies.
"A-well-designed and convenient barn, thirty-six by forty-four feet, and a
story and a half in height, has been built, and the principal road which traverses
the farming-grounds has been marked out and partly graded, to facilitate the
farm work.
"The propagating-houses were ready for use on the 22d day of August, since which date 10,000 plants of 20 species of eucalyptus, 5,000 acacias of 25 species, 200 species of native and foreign conifers, also numerous
rare forms peculiar to Australasia, South and Central America, and elsewhere,
and many species of textile, medicinal, and other economic plants, have been
produced. We may mention 112 varieties of roses, 13 of azaleas, 12 of camelias, and six of magnolias, for ornamental purposes.
"The planting of a standard orchard, for the purpose of correcting the
nomenclature of the fruits already in cultivation, and for furnishing hereafter
cions and plants for distribution through the State, as well as for the introduction of new varieties to be distributed as above, has received proper consideration. The following have already been planted, and it is our intention
to still further enlarge the list:
27 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
Apples.............................................
Siberian Crab-apples................................
Pears..............................................
Cherries............................................
Plums..............................................
Peaches.............................................
Apricots............................................
Quinces............................................
Nectarines..................................................
Grapes.............................................
Blackberries........................................
Gooseberries..................................ee X8 —
Currants............................................
Raspberries.........................................
Strawberries........................................
Filberts.........................................
Asparagus..........................................
Rhubarb............................................
Mulberries..........................................
And all the species of walnuts and chestnuts. We have a'o procured many
varieties of oranges, lemons, limes, etc..
"Among the apples are nine new Russian varieties, and the peaches include seventeen of Rivers' new seedlings.
"Our thanks are due to many friends for plants and seeds of desirable varieties, both of ornamental and useful plants; especially so to Mr. Regent Bolander, Mr. S. Nolan, Dr. A. Kellogg, Mr. W. J. Fisher (Naturalist of the
Tuscarora Telegraph Sounding Expedition); and to Dr. C. L. Anderson, of
Santa Cruz, Cal., for choice species of willows, as well as to other parties
who have presented smaller lots.
" It is not to be expected, with our local climate and soil, that all of the
above can be successfully grown at Berkeley, but it is altogether probable
that many of them can be successfully cultivated, and we may be able to add
more or less to the number of useful varieties now produced in the State."
48. The gardener has utilized, so far as he could, thle voluntary labor of some of the students, paying for it a fair
price-the same as is paid to other working persons of like
capacity. Those students who are especially enrolled in
the College of Agriculture have had the opportunity of becoming acquainted with these out-of-door operations, and
were required at the end of the first half-year to make reports upon the same.
The out-door work may be considered partly as agricultural, partly as horticultural, partly as botanical, or it may
28
141 varieties.
14 "
152 11
82 11
57 11
89 11
22 "
2 11
15            11
73 11
7 11
8           11
8           41
34 11                  *
35 11
3 "
I "
16 1:
6 1
f 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
be regarded as having reference in part to the beautifying
of the grounds, by planting upon them rare, useful, and
ornamental trees, shrubs, flowers, etc., both native and exotic; and in part as having reference to the trial of experiments in the practical work of the farm or garden.
49. During the present college year, three distinguished
lecturers from other colleges in which technical instruction
is made prominent have given courses of lectures at Berkeley, and a miscellaneous course of lectures on agricultural
subjects, by residents of California, has also been arranged.
These lectures are given before the College of Agriculture,
but are open to all persons who desire to attend them,
whether members of the University or not.
At a future time, other courses of lectures may be expected; among them, a course by W. S. Clark, LL. D.,
President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, and a course by Professor E. S. Morse, A. M., of the
Peabody Institute, Salem, Mass.
The lecturers and their subjects, for 1875, are as fol
low:
" 1. On the Analysis of Soils: by Professor Eugene W. Hilgard, Ph. Dr.
of the University of Michigan.'
"2. On the Chemistry of Household Life: by Professor Eugene W. Hilgard, Ph. Dr., of the University of Michigan.
"3. On Economic Botany; or the Plants which are Useful and Harmful in
Human Industry: by Professor C. E. Bessey, M. S., of the Iowa Agricultural
College.
"4. On the Improvement of Varieties in Plants and Animals: by Professor
'C. E. Bessey, M. S., of the Iowa Agricultural College.
"5. On Stock Breeding: by Professor W. H. Brewer, A. M., Botanist of
the California Geological Survey, and Professor of Agriculture in the Sheffield
Scientific School.
"6. A miscellaneous course of subjects pertaining to agriculture.  The
following gentlemen have been invited to lecture:
"On Insects Injurious to Vegetation: Henry Edwards, Esq., San Fran
cisco.
"On Forestry: Professor H. N. Bolander, Sacramento.
"On Orange Culture: Dr. J. Strentzel, Martinez.
"On Wheat: Horace Davis, Esq., San Francisco.
"On Local Field Botany: Dr. W. P. Gibbons, Alameda; Dr. A. Kellogg,
San Francisco.
29 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
"On Cotton Culture: J. W. A. Wright, M. A.
"On the History of California Agriculture: W. B. Ewer, M. A., San
Francisco.
"On the Lower Forms of Vegetable Life: Dr. H. W. Harkness, San Fran
cisco.
"On the Eucalyptus Tree: Mir. R. E. C. Stearns, Berkeley."
COLLEGE OF MECHANICS.
50. Instruction in the science of Mechanics has been
given in the University by Professor John Le Conte since
1870, but for the further development of the College of
Mechanics, two new instructors have been appointed recently-Professor Hesse and Professor Hloffmann; the former to give instructions in Industrial Mechanics, and the
latter in Industrial D)rawing. These gentlemen are regarded as qualified in a high degree to give efficiency to
this part of the University.  Professor Hoffmann's classes
are already well organized, and he has begun a collection
of diagrams and models which will prove very helpful in
his work. An order has been sent to Darmstadt for a collection of Schroeder models illustrative of the elements of
mechanism, to be purchased at an outlay of $1,000, and
their arrival may be soon expected.
Professor Hesse began his service after the work of the
year was so far in progress that it was not easy at the moment to organize a class for his instruction, though he has
offered to give special instruction to all who wish it.
In the meantime, he has undertaken to make an investigation which will undoubtedly have a very important bearing upon the industries of this State-an investigation of
the strength of the timbers which are grown upon the Pacific Coast. Accurate information is very much needed on
this subject by all who are concerned in the use of woods.
In order to devise a successful mode of procedure, a meeting was held in February of the present year, which was
attended by most of the scientific professors in the University, and by several well-known engineers and builders
whose pursuits had caused them to pay particular attention
30 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
to the character of the woods of this coast. By their
united suggestions, a plan was devised for the collection of
specimens, and for determining accurately the circunmstances of growth. By the agency of the Central Pacific
Railroad and Wells, Fargo & Co., these specimens will be
collected from every part of the State and brought to Oakland.   Meanwhile, Mr.  Hiesse  is engaged  in the construction of the instruments by which the woods will be tested.
The results of this work will be communicated to the Legislature, and will be published for the benefit of all who are
engaged in any department  of construction.    The suggestions of Professor Bessey, who took a lively interest in this
matter, should here be gratefully mentioned.
51. As  a preliminary  statement of what  he  has undertaken, Professor Hiesse has given me the following note:
OAxLAND, March 22, 1875.
"Having been intrusted with the management of the experimental inquiry
relating to the woods of the Pacific slope, I deem it proper, on the eve of
your departure for the East, to give you a short synopsis of the progress made
so far, and of my views as to its ultimate practical value.
"I am justified in stating, that with the co-operation of the Pacific Railroad Company, Wells, Fargo & Co., and the Scientific Department of the University of California, results can be obtained more comprehensive, and, I
hope, more thorough than any yet produced in the East or in Europe. Our
slope is noted for the variety and quality of its timber, which has already attracted the attention of the manufacturing interests of Europe, and a knowl edge of its properties will not only guide the manufacturer in its selection, but
lead to new applications.
"Circulars, containing questions calculated to elicit every possible kind of
information, have been printed for the use of the collectors. The specimens,
consisting of entire segments of the trunk, will be forwarded to San Francisco
to undergo the process of seasoning. This preparatory work will naturally
extend over quite a period of time, during which the tests are being made as
fast as the specimens can be furnished. The students will assist in the ex perimental tests, to get accustomed to the handling of instruments for experi mental inquiry.
"At present I am engaged in the construction of the necessary appa ratus to make the following experiments:
"1. On the strength of direct cohesion of the fibres of wood;
"2. On the lateral adhesion.
"3. On the transverse strength.
"The mechanical action of the strain, which takes place in test 1, is by far
the simplest, yet the most difficult to submit to actual experiment in wood.
31 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
A
And it is to some extent owing to this circumstance that so little agreement is
found in the experimental results obtained heretofore. For this reason it has
been my especial aim in the construction of the apparatus to remove all the
objectionable features, which might prevent the obtaining of a reliable result. The main points which claimed my attention in this connection have
reference,
"To the influence of vibrations during the test.
"To the necessity of applying the strain in the direct line of the fibres
and of the mathematical axis of the body to be tested.
"To adapt the apparatus to the testing of the lateral adhesion of the fibres
of the wood.
"I am confident in stating that the plan I have adopted completely covers
these points.
"The drawings are now in the hands of the pattern-makers, and I look to the
completion of the test machine in a very short time.
"I may mention here, that I attach great importance to test 2, for the
following reasons:
"The recognized formula for transverse strength is probably correct only for
that material which presents the same cohesive strength in every direction,
as is generally found in homogeneous substances. In most woods we find a
very different condition.   The lateral cohesion is often one-twentieth or less
of the direct cohesion of the fibres. The established formula, which measures the resisting force directly by the breadth, the square of the depth, and
inversely by the length, is based on theoretic considerations, embracing only
direct cohesion and compression, and assumes that lateral cohesion is sufficient to resist the resultant shearing forces. I doubt the correctness of such
general assumption, and believe, moreover, that the elasticity of the wood,
under the action of forces parallel to the fibres (shearing forces), ought to be
separated in the formula.
"I have for this reason consulted the tests that were made by Buffon, under
the auspices of the French government, as to the transverse strength of oak of
various dimensions, and by far the most valuable ever made, both as respects
the number and the size of the pieces of timber on which they were made.
Now, if the old formula is correct, the constants computed from each of the
above-mentioned experiments ought to approximate the total average result.
But I found that these co-efficients decreased rapidly with an increase of the
ratio of the depth with the length of beam, which seems practically to bear
out the above assertion.
"I am at present engaged in the investigation of the distributed forces, to
establish, if possible, that relation above mentioned, and if successful, the results obtained from experiments can be applied so as to produce a more reliable result, a point of great practical utility.
"To Mr. Chauncey Taylor I have to express my thanks for his kindness in
offering any facilities which his lumber-yard may afford, and also the results
of his experience as to the best selection for my purpose.
s" I must also mention in this connection Joseph Moore, the able Superintendent of the Risdon Iron Works, for having presented me with a steelyard,
and for his readiness to assist the enterprise."
32 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA;
52. The following circular has been issued in regard to
this investigation.
"The University of California, with the generous co-operation of railroad
engineers, and others practically interested in the investigations, proposes to
make a thorough examination of the timbers grown and used on the Pacific Coast
-especially for the purpose of ascertaining their strength, durability, and
adaptation to various industrial, engineering, architectural, mechanical, and
manufacturing purposes.
"The result of these investigations will be reported to the Legislature and
published for the benefit of the people in this State and at a distance. The
suggestions and co-operation of scientific and practical men will be greatly
appreciated.
"By the agency of the C. P. R. R. Co., S. P. E. R. Co., and Wells, Fargo &
Co., specimens will be collected and brought to the University.  The mechanical tests will be made by F. G. Hesse, Oakland, Professor of Industrial
Mechanics, and he will be assisted in other departments of the investigation
by the professors of Botany, Agriculture, Chemistry, Physics, and Engineering.
"In connection with this work, the collections of the University in Economic Botany and Vegetation will be increased. Interesting specimens for the
Museum are solicited. Communications on the subject may be addressed to
the Secretary of the University.
" NOTES TO ACCOMPANY EACH SPECIMEN:
"Number.
"Collector's name.
"Date when cut.
"NAME  OF TREE: Common and Local.  [If several names are known,
mention them.] Botanical.
"PLACE WHERE GROWN: State. County. Altitude. [Near summit, or foot
of mountain, and on what side.]
"Whether native growth or cultivated.
"Whether isolated or surrounded by other trees of the same kind; if
otherwise, state what kind of trees.
"Exposure.
"Nature of soil, moist or dry.
"Knowledge of the durability of wood.
"General condition of the tree, height, age, health, or soundness.
"DIRECTIONS FOR CUTTING.-Cut segments of the trunk five feet long; one,
from five to ten feet above ground, according to size of tree; another in middle,
and one near top. Collect foliage, branches, and fruit (including acorns,
cones, seeds, etc.), to ascertain the botanical name. Mark on each piece the
number of the tree (corresponding with the label), the collector's name, and
whether cut above ground, at the middle, or top; and also the north point of
compass. Include forest trees, acclimated, and second growth."
33 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING.
53. The College of Engineering was organized after the
appointment of Professor Soule6, in 1871, and has been
steadily strengthened from year to year. The services of
Mr. Hoffmann are already found to be of great value to the
students of this course. The preliminary mathematical
studies, which are taught with great thoroughness during
the first two years of the University curriculum, give a substantial foundation for the later professional studies of civil,
mining, and mechanical engineering. A subdivision of this
course, with reference to the profession of the architect,
will doubtless, at some future day, be desirable.
This department has an excellent collection ofinstruments,
including transits, levels, barometers, etc., which are constantly used in field work by the students; a superior planetable and a solar compass have been ordered. It has also
the beginning of a collection, made by Professor Soule6, of
models of engineering construction, arches, domes, roof
and bridge trusses, etc. It has also a valuable cabinet, exhibiting the woods and metals used in construction, artificial
stones, cements, preserved woods, etc. Among its maps
and diagrams are many of those published by the U.S.
Coast Survey, U.S. Lake Survey, U.S. Engineer Corps.
The study of astronomy is aided by globes and astronomical diagrams, by the plates illustrative of the heavenly
bodies, published by the Observatory at Cambridge, and by
the photographs taken at Mr. Rutherford's Observatory.
By the liberality of the War Department,. several valuable
astronomical instruments have been recently loaned to the
University.
COLLEGE OF CHEMISTRY.
54. The College of Chemistry was organized after the return of Professor Rising from Europe, and his commencement of work in the autumn of 1872. The completion of
extensive and well arranged laboratories, the appointment
of several assistants, and the introduction of practical labor
34 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
atory exercises as a part of the elementary instruction in
chemistry of all the University students, and the engagement
of a lecturer on metallurgy, are among the measures which
have given a rapid development to this college. Its course
of studies has been carefully arranged for those who can
remain four years; but ample facilities are afforded to all
who wish for the opportunity to make for a shorter time
a specialty of chemistry.
Professor Rising has furnished me with the following
account of the Laboratories for Analytical Chemistry:
"These were planned after the most careful study of the newest and bestarranged laboratories of this country and Europe, with the aid and advice of
many experienced teachers of analytical chemistry. They are commnodious,
convenient, well-lighted, and adapted to the study of analytical chemistry in
all its branches and to the carrying on of original research.
"The Qualitative Laboratory, on the first floor, is thirty by fifty feet,
with a southern exposure, and is lighted by nine large windows and well
ventilated. On the sides of the room are six evaporating niches, closed by
glass slides, where acids and the like substances may be evaporated and the
fumes entirely excluded from the building. A sand-bath inclosed by a glass
hood and provided with a good ventilating flue for evaporations; a muffle for
drying, roasting, and igniting substances; and a furnace for fusions, furnish
the needed facilities for all chemical operations in the laboratory which require direct heat.
"The room contains eight working-tables, each table intended for four students, thus accommodating thirty.-two. These tables are nearly an exact copy of
those in the University Laboratory at Berlin, and are very complete and convenient. Each student is supplied with water and sink, etc., and has a complete set of re-agents under his control. The tables are also provided with gas
connections, and gas will soon be supplied to the laboratory.
"A small room intended for a sulphureted-hydrogen room, and provided
with hood, tables, sink, etc., connects with this main room.
"Another room, also connecting with the main laboratory, is intended for
a re-agent and apparatus room, but is temporarily used as a laboratory for
elementary chemistry.
"Adjoining the sulphureted-hydrogen room, but not connected with it, is
a room designed for gas analysis.
"Another room on the same floor was designed for toxicology, but is now
used for another purpose.
"On the second floor, immediately above the Qualitative Laboratory, is
the Quantitative Laboratory, also thirty by fifty feet, with very high ceilings
and well-lighted. This room, like the one below, is provided with evaporating niches and eight students' desks of black walnut, and accommodates the
same number of students (thirty-two). A sand and steam-bath, with hood
35 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
and drying ovens, supplies the needed accommodations for evaporation, drying precipitates, etc.; also, all the distilled water needed in the laboratories.
A number of Bunsen's filter pumps supplies an abundant opportunity for
rapid filtration. Glass cases on either side of the main entrance to the
Quantitative Laboratory are intended to contain a chemical cabinet. Here
are to be placed collections of chemical compounds neatly put up and labeled
and systematically arranged. They are placed where they must be almost
constantly seen by the students, and are intended for instruction. The ventilation of this room is also good.
"Connecting with this room is a fusion and re-agent room.  This room
contains a blast lamp, conveniences for organic analysis, a hood with ventilating flue, shelves and cases for re-agents, etc.
"Convenient to the main laboratory is a balance room, supplied with
three of Becker's best balances. This number will be increased as the needs
of the department demand.  The room also contains a few scales for rougher
weighing.
"A private laboratory for the Professor of Cheniistry connects with the
Quantitative Laboratory. This is of moderate size, and is supplied with two
working-tables like those in the main room, but smaller. It also contains a table
with pneumatic cistern, sink, cupboard, cases, shelves, drawers, etc. Here the
finer apparatus, glass-ware, etc., to be used in research, is stored.
"LABORATORY  FOR ELEMENTARY  CHEMISTRTY.-This laboratory was  not
provided for in the original plan. The most available room for the purpose
was the apparatus room of the Qualitative Laboratory, and this room is used
for that purpose until a better place can be provided. It is very plainly fitted
up with shelves, tables, cases, and cupboards, and accommodates at one time
twelve students.
" All the students of the University, at some time during their course, must
complete a course of practical chemistry in the laboratory. The rapidly increasing number of students in the University will soon make it necessary
to provide a larger and more convenient room for this purpose.
"CHEMICAL LECTURE-ROOM.-The room immediately above the  Quantitative Laboratory was designed for a chemical lecture - room.   It is provided with a long lecture.table, at one end of which is a sink and pneumatic
cistern. Underneath the sink and cistern are two gasometers, which are to
supply oxygen and hydrogen when wanted during the lecture. At the end of
the table is a mercury cistern, a flue for carrying off noxious gases, etc. Back
of the table are two evaporating niches, a blackboard, etc., and on either
side cases for chemicals and apparatus needed for illustration of lectures. A
small hoist connects with the laboratory below.
"The seats are arranged in rows, oneq above the other, so that the view of
the lecture-table is never obstructed.
"The room itself is exceedingly pleasant; it is thirty by fifty feet, twentythree feet high, and lighted with a large skylight covered with ground glass,
and four large windows.
"CHEMICAL APPARATUS FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS.-The Laboratories for
Elementary and Analytical Chemistry are supplied with the apparatus needed
in the prosecution of the study of these branches. This is loaned to the
36 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
students, and may be returned to the Laboratorywithout charge if not damaged.
"The Laboratory has two spectroscopes for the use of students, and when
gas is supplied every student of chemistry will have an opportunity of becom.
ing practically acquainted with their use.
"' The Laboratory has a good supply of such apparatus as may be needed
in carrying on original investigations.
"CHEMICAL APPARATUS FOR ILLUSTRATING LECTURES.-This includes a set
of Hoffmann's apparatus for illustrating volumetric composition, made by
Geisler at Berlin, a Bunsen battery, induction coil, glass-ware, crystal models,
collections of minerals, diagrams, etc. A set of furnace models, manufactured
by Schuhmann of Freiberg, is soon to arrive.
"The total cost of chemical apparatus, including that for the use of
students and for illustrating lectures, was about $8,000."
COLLEGE OF MINES.
55. This department has recently been organized under
the direction of Professor Ashburner, and its plans will be
developed as fast as the funds are provided. During the
coming year, D)r. Becker will instruct in Metallurgy, and
Professor Hilgard will form a class in Mineralogy, and this
will be in addition to the instructions given as heretofore
by the Professors Le Conte, Rising, and others.
The geological and mineralogical collections of the University are very extensive, and are now being arranged, as
elsewhere stated, by Mr. HI. G. Hanks.
LECTURES ON THE USEFUL ARTS.
56. In connection with the Colleges of Mining, Mechanics, Engineering, and Chemistry, arrangements were made
during the session of 1874-5, for the delivery at Berkeley
of various special lectures upon subjects relating to useful
arts. These lectures are in addition to the systematic and
prolonged instruction given to the classes by the professors
in Geology, Physics, Mechanics,  Chemistry, Engineering,
and other branches of study. Special lectures are open to
all who wish to attend them, whether members of the University or not.
"1. A course of Lectures on the Useful Metals; by Dr. George F. Becker
graduate of the Royal School of Mines, Berlin.
"Subjects discussed-Metallurgy as a Science; Fuel, Refractory Material,
and Furnaces; Lead; Copper; Mercury; Silver; Gold; Zinc; Iron."
4
37 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
Single lectures on the following subjects:
"2. On Mining as a Profession: by William Ashburner, Professor of Mining, University of California.
"3. On the Science of Mechanics: by Frederick G. Hesse. Professor of
Mechanics, University of California.
"4. On Industrial or Mechanical Drawing: by John D. Hoffmann, Instructor in Industrial Drawing, University of California.
"5. On the Proposed Improvement of Oakland Harbor (San Leandro
Creek): by Julian Le Conte, C. E., Oakland.
"6. On the Geodetic Survey of Colorado, under Dr. Hayden: by A. D.
Wilson, and F. Rhoda, Officers of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, Washington, D. C.
" 7. On the Present State of the Art of Telegraphy: by James Gamble,
and S. D. Field, of the Western Union Telegraph Company, San Francisco.
"8. On Electro-metallurgy: by Dr. A. Kellogg, San Francisco.
"9. On the Timbers in Common Use: by Professor C. E. Bessey, of the
Iowa College of Agriculture.
"10. On the Preservation of Woods: by I. C. Woods, of the Wood Preserving Works, San Francisco.
" 11. On Coal as a Raw Material: by Professor W. H. Brewer, of the
Sheffield Scientific School, Yale College."
57. While prominence is given to technical and scientific
instruction, the University of California is so organized that
literary, historical, and philosophical studies are not neglected. The Regents have been impartial in their plans for
the development of all departments of the University, fully
recognizing the responsibility which the law places upon
them to maintain a " College of Letters" as well as "Col leges of Science." All scientific students connected with
the University are expected to devote a part of their at tention to literary subjects, just as all the literary students
receive instruction in the natural sciences. Important as
technical instruction may be, the State of California can not
afford to neglect the study  of man;  and its University
would be unworthy of the name of university, if ample pro vision were-not made for the study of language, literature,
morals, history, and art, or if the methods of accumulating
material wealth were represented to her youth, in the
highest educational institution of the Pacific Coast, as more
important than the methods of forming character and pro moting culture.
38 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
COLLEGE OF LETTERS.
58. The College of Letters now offers two courses of instruction, one of which is chiefly based upon Ancient Languages and Literature; the other, upon Modern.   The
former is called the Classical Course; the other, the Literary. The Classical Course needs no explanation here. It
corresponds with that of other classical colleges, and leads
to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The Literary Course is
quite new in our University. It corresponds during the
first two years with the scientific courses above enumerated,
and during the last two years provides a liberal training in
modern languages, history, and literature, and in those departments of science taught in the University which are of
the most general interest. It leads to the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy.
59. Special prominence has always been given in this institution to the study of the continental languages of Europe.
In this department there is now a professor, qualified to
teach French, German, Spanish, and Italian; and there are
three special instructors in addition-one in French, one in
German, and one in Spanish.  Every student who takes a
degree is expected to be familiar with French and German,
and he may at his option pursue also the study of Spanish
and Italian. Special students are received in these studies.
60. In the Classical department or college the Professor of
Ancient Languages, Mr. Kellogg, has commenced the delivery of extended courses of lectures on Ancient Literature
and Archeology, in the illustration of which he is greatly
assisted by the photographs, diagrams, maps, and coins,
which have been presented to the institution chiefly by Mr.
C. W. Howard. The pronunciation of Latin according to
what is called "the continental method" is now taught.
For the most fruitful conduct of this department (steadily
increasing in numbers), it seems important that still more
time be given to courses of lectures. These condense the
results of much study, and bring before the students connlected views of ancient life, literature, politics, and philos
39 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5.
ophy; topics which deeply interest the student of the ancient world, and have important bearings on the literature,
the thought, the government, and the political life of modern times.
The Senior Instructor in this department should have
time for courses of lectures-longer or shorter-to each of
the four classes, in each half of the academic year, viz:
To the Freshmen-On Ancient Geography; on the Classical Side of En
glish.
To the Juniors-On Greek and Roman Mythology; on Greek and Roman
Archeology.
To the Sophomores-On the Latin Authors; on the Greek Authors.
To the Seniors-On Greek and Roman Literature; on Greek and Roman
Politics; on Greek and Roman Philosophy; on Linguistics.
Three or four of these courses are already in progress.
But to carry out the whole plan, involving more than one
hundred carefully prepared lectures each year, which must
be freshened and renewed continually by the latest investigations and authorities, the lecturer must be relieved from
a larger share of text-book recitations. He now has eight
recitations a week, besides three courses of lectures.
This is only one of many ways in which the instruction
in this department may be made wider and more effective.
The class-room drill is all-important, and will soon demand
the subdivision of each class. One of the Latin classes has
this year been reciting in two sections; one of the Greek
classes so recited last year.
61. In respect to the Literary course, the following notes
have been made by one of the chief instructors in it (Professor Sill):
"The Literary course, inaugurated at the beginning of this year, has proved
already very attractive. Of the Junior class sixteen are pursuing this course,
including special students, making nearly a quarter of the regular class in this
one of the seven courses open to them.
"In the Sophomore class it is impossible to tell how many will enter as
Literary students, since their choice is not manifested till next year; but from
the number who are availing themselves of the opportunity to make up their
deficiency in Latin (which is required for this course), and from other indications, it is believed that they will number more than the precedingclass.
40 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
"Of the Freshman class there is reason to expect a still larger portion will
choose the Literary course.
"The attractiveness of this line of studies newly opened to them is indicated by the fact that of the whole number of special students, one-half are
enrolled in the Literary course.
"Some idea of its scope may be gained from the work of the present
term.
"The Junior class is midway in March's'Comparative Grammar of the
Anglo-Saxon and Kindred Languages,' and is just commencing to read the
Anglo-Saxon Gospel in Corson's'Handbook of Anglo-Saxon and Early English.' They have besides a weekly exercise in Literary History and Biography, calling for written results of special investigations of their own. Each
week, also, they prepare and read an essay in some special style of literary
effort.
"The Sophomore and Freshman classes, as the schedule is at present constituted, all have the same studies (except the classical students), whatever
course they may be expecting to choose in Junior year. Of these various
studies, much less time is given to those which look toward English culture,
and the Literary course in particular, than toward the courses of Natural
Science, etc. This is unfortunate; especially as their preparatory training is
much less satisfactory on this side than on the side of Mathematics and Classics. The Sophomore class are just finishing Whateley's' Rhetoric.' They
have weekly an exercise in writing and reading essays in different branches of
composition.
"The Freshman class are about finishing Hadley's' Brief History of the
English Language.'  They also have a weekly composition exercise.
"The entire Junior class, as well as those in the Literary course proper,
are studying Taine's' History of English Literature.'
"The whole Senior class have a weekly exercise in literary study, with
essays.
"It may be noted as an encouraging sign for this side of culture, that the
students show a genuine appetite for whatever English or literary advantages
are opened to them.  Our Library is visited all day long by groups of quiet,
earnest workers, whose faces as well as their persistent diligence show their
appreciation of what has been done for them in that direction. The composition classes, too, besides plenty of chance indications constantly showing
themselves here and there, speak of the growing presence of that spirit of literary and intellectual force and refinement, which the world over makes the
English' gentleman and scholar.'
"What we need in the English studies is a larger share of time, in the conduct of studies; better preparatory training, as the first way of saving time,
and more books in both the Reference and Circulating Libraries."
62. Arrangements have been made during the session of
1874-5, for the delivery at Berkeley of various special lectures upon historical and literary subjects, in addition to
the systematic instruction given to the classes by the pro
41
I 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
fessors and instructors. Special lectures are open to all
who wish to attend them, whether members of the University or not.
Among others, the following lectures have been announced:
"1. On the study of Modern Languages: by P. Pioda, Professor of Modern
Languages.
" 2. On the study of English: by E. R. Sill, Professor of English.
"3. On the study of Spanish: by C. F. Gompertz, Instructor in Spanish.
"4. On Schiller's' Song of the Bell:' by A. Putzker, Instructor in Ger
man.
"5. On the Crimean War (in French): by G. De Kersaint-Gily, Instructor
in French.
"6. On Scottish Poetry: by Hon. H. H. Haight, San Francisco.
"7. On a subject to be announced: by Rev. H.  Stebbins, D. D., San
Francisco.
"8. On a subject to be announced: by Hon. S. H. Phillips, San Fran
cisco.
"9. On the Literary and Scientific Progress of California during twentyfive years (1849-74): by William C. Bartlett, Esq., San Francisco.
"10. On Gesture Language: by Prof. Wilkinson, Principal of the California Institution for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, Berkeley.
"11. On the History of Explorations of the Rocky Mountains: by W. H.
Brewer; Professor in Yale College.
"12. A Course of Lectures on Constitutional Law: by Hon. Stephen J.
Field, one of the Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court, Professor of Law in the
TJniversity of California."
MEDICAL COLLEGE.
63. On the fourth of March, 1873, a communication was
received by the Regents, from the Trustees of the Toland
Medical College, proposing to convey all the property of
that institution to the University of California.  The gift
included land, building, and apparatus, and was made in
the name of the original donor, D)r. H. H. Toland.
This unconditional gift was accepted by the Regents
who were thus brought, at once, to the consideration of
organizing a medical department. An effort was made to
unite the two medical faculties then existing in San Francisco, but it was not successful. As a preliminary arrangement most of the medical gentlemen who had been con
42 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
nected with the Toland College, together with several
gentlemen appointed by the Regents from other parts of
the State, consented to carry forward the usual courses of
instruction, without any other compensation than that
which might be received from fees.
64. In order to determine upon a plan for the organization of this department on a permanent and satisfactory
basis, the Regents requested a large committee of medical
men to consider and report such suggestions as seemed to
them wise. Two reports were received from this committee, but neither one seemed to the Regents entirely
satisfactory. Both left the medical department behind the
other departments of the University, in its standard of requiremnents for admission, when it should be decidedly in
advance. These reports were received and laid upon the
table. Several of the professors have since resigned, and
the question of the future has been referred to the Advisory
Committee to consider and report upon. Two courses of
lectures have been given and two classes have been graduated under the authority of the Regents.
ORIENTAL COLLEGE.
65. By the terms of a gift of Mr. Tompkins, the Regents
slave come under obligations to establish and maintain a
professorship of Oriental Languages, especially of Chinese
and Japanese. Letters have already been exchanged with
an eminent scholar in Chinese, with reference to his acceptance of this chair.
66. At the opening of Congress in December, 1873, lPresident Grant recommended that the Japanese Indemnity
Fund be devoted to educational purposes. Subsequently,
the following bill was brought before the United States
Senate, by IHon. A. A. Sargent, and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. Its purport is, to bestow annually the income which shall be derived from the " Japanese Indemnity Fund" upon a board of seven trustees. These
trustees are to maintain, in connection with the University
43 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
of California, "an  Oriental  College," which will  have
three objects: 1. To promote international acquaintance
and good-will, by assembling a body of learned teachers
who shall inquire into and make known the languages,
laws, religions, and political institutions of the Orient; 2.
To afford young Americans an opportunity to fit themselves
for diplomatic, consular, mercantile, and scientific careers
in Asia; and 3. To give to young Japanese an opportunity
to become acquainted with the civilization of the western
nations.
"A BILL MAXING PROVISION FOB AN OBIENTAL COLLEGE.-Be  it enacted,
etc., That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and directed to
invest the proceeds of the Indemnity Fund paid by the government of Japan
to the government of the United States, under the convention of Simonoseki
of October 22, 1864, now remaining in the Treasury, in five per centum goldbearing bonds of the United States, and to annually pay the income thereof
to seven trustees, to be appointed by the President of the United States, for
the uses hereinafter mentioned.
"SEC. 2. That the President of the United States shall appoint, by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate, a board of seven trustees, to serve
without pay, and from time to time, as vacancies occur in said board, shall
fill such vacancies; which said trustees shall maintain, in connection with
the University of California, and with such other institutions of learning as
may seem likely to promote the purposes of this endowment, an Oriental
College, the object of which shall be to promote a knowledge of the languages,
history, religions, laws, manners, resources, and commercial relations of
Asiatic countries, for the sake of increasing international friendship and intocourse; and also to afford American youths an opportunity to fit themselves
for residence and service in the Orient, as diplomatic or consular agents and
interpreters, or for private careers; and also to afford Japanese youths an opportunity to pursue their education in this country under favorable circumstances.
"SEc. 3. That said trustees shall annually, upon meeting of Congress,
report to the President of the United States the financial and educational
condition of their trust."
The Overland Monthly said, in respect to this proposition:
"It is obvious that if such a college is to be established in this country
there are many reasons why it should be placed in the neighborhood of San
Francisco. Through this harbor, in all time to come, intercourse will be maintained between the United States and Asiatic countries. Here it is that young
Chinese and Japanese students first arrive; here are already liberal opportunities for them to acquire a knowledge of the sciences and arts of our western
culture. The University of California, from the time of its opening, has stood
44 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
open to students from any State or country, free from all charges for tuition.
The climate of the Pacific Coast is more favorable than that of the Atlantic
for those who come from the Orient. A knowledge of Japan and the other
countries of Asia is especially important to the people of California, who, partly
by necessity and partly by preference, must always maintain close relations
with the countries upon the opposite shores of the Pacific."
MANUAL LABOR AND PECUNIARY ASSISTANCE.
67. One of the best characteristics of the American colleg,es is the bringing together, on terms of equality, free
from artificial and conventional distinctions, young men of
different pecuniary conditions. The sons of the rich and
of the needy grow up side by side, and the honors which
they receive from one another and from the faculty are
bestowed without any reference to the homes from which
they come. Thus year after year many of the highest distinctions are bestowed upon those whose struggles for an education have been carried on in the face of extreme poverty
and sometimes of other great embarrassments. In the University of California, as in other kindred institutions, the
honors of literary and scientific distinction are thus bestowed
upon the most meritorious, without any reference to their
antecedent training. It is a great advantage of a system of
public education, particularly in this country, that it brings
together on terms of complete scholastic equality those
whose material circumstances differ so widely. Almost
every college of the country has found it expedient in some
way or other to provide suitable encouragement to young
persons while pursuing their courses of study. During four
years of the history of the University of California, there
were five scholarships the incumbents of which received each
an income of three hundred dollars per year, from the beginning to the end of their course, and some of the most meritorious scholars here graduated owe their education to this
timely assistance; but the change in the law effected by the
Political Code abolished these scholarships, and no such aid
is now given.
68. The authorities of the University, however, have
45 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
done all in their power-to throw into the hands of those
who wished it opportunities to earn money in various ways.
Some students have given private instruction to other
students who needed assistance in their studies; others
have been employed on holidays and in vacations and in
their leisure hours in rendering assistance in various manual
occupations, both in work upon the grounds and elsewhere; some have taken care of the buildings, and some of
the heating apparatus.
69. Another agency by which many have found it convenient to add to their income has been employment in the Printing-office.  The Printing-office was commenced soon after
the University was removed to Berkeley, by the purchase
of type and a press at a cost of $1,350, which was given to
the University by one of the Regents. Subsequently, the
Regents  appropriated the sum  of $2,500 for the purpose of expanding this office.  It has been  found an
exceedingly convenient part of the apparatus at Berkeley, and has been the means also of imparting to many of
the students a knowledge of a useful art and of enabling
many deserving persons to add considerably to their income.
So far as students'have desired work in connection with the
farm and garden they have been allowed the opportunity, and
in this, as in all other cases, have been paid the usual wages
for their labor. At the same time it should never be forgotten
that the scholastic duties of the various courses of instruction are so severe as to task all the powers of the young
men who are here studying, and to diminish their capacity for manual labor. The ability to add to one's income by hard work while pursuing a course of study varies
very much with individuals. Some are able to do a great
deal in this way without impairing their standing as
scholars; but, as a general rule, it is obvious that the chief
business of every student should be the mastery of his
lessons.
A Students' Loan Association has been organized by a
number of liberal gentlemen, though as yet no funds have
46 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
been paid in.  To this association we may look wits confidence for aid in the future to deserving students.
INSTRUITCTION OF YOUNG WOMEN.
70. When the University of California was organized its
doors were freely opened to all properly qualified students
above a certain age. Young ladies were admitted as well
as young men, and the invitation was freely extended to
students from any country and from any State, without reference to their race or condition, to avail themselves of the
advantages here freely bestowed. The number of young
ladies who have been taught in the institution from its
foundation has been as follows: in 1870-71, 8; 1871-72, 27;
1872-73, 39; 1873-74, 22; 1874-75, 39. One of these has
graduated; twelve are now members of regular courses of
instruction, as candidates for degrees.   But by far the
larger number of these young ladies have been attendants
upon special courses of instruction, especially upon the
lessons of the professors of modern languages. The scholarship of those who have entered the regular courses of instruction has for the most part been excellent, and in some
cases has been of the very highest rank. Among the
regular students the proportion of ladies who have been
good scholars has been greater than that of young men.
THE LIBRARY.
71. The general reference library of the University is now
placed on the main floor of the south hall. This is regarded
as only a temporary arrangement until a proper building
can be constructed. The reason for the selection of this
room was its accessibility, its light and cheerful character,
and the fire-proof construction of the building. The library
is arranged by subjects in alcoves and in cases, which are
handsomely made with reference to their removal in the
right time to a new building. The library remains quite
small, but is an excellent nucleus for a college library,
especially in English and French books. There are but
47 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
few' other languages. The nucleus of the library is derive from an appropriation by the Regents, of $5,000,
made several years ago, and expended chiefly under
the direction of the Library Committee. To this have
been added numerous generous gifts from individuals, the
most noteworthy of which are the following: A collection
of cyclopedias, and other works of reference, from Mr. E.
L. Goold; the literary and art books, with some scientific
treatises, which belonged to the late Mr. Pioche, and which
are for the most part, very handsonmely bound; the library
of Dr. Lieber (which was particularly full in works pertaining to political and social science, and included many rare
tracts and pamphlets), the gift of Michael Reese; and the
professional library of the late Dr. Fourgeaud, consisting
of several hundred volumes, well-bound, of medical works
in French and English. The legislature of the State, in
1878, made a special appropriation of thc sum of $4,800
for the increase of tile library, and with this amount
large accessions are about to be made.  The number of
volumes is about 12,000, or more than double what it was
in 1872.
72. It is intended that the main library of the University
shall be chiefly a reference library, so that scholars in any
department may be sure of finding upon the shelves the
various treatises which they wish to consult; consequently
permission to draw books from this library is given only in
exceptional cases.  But in building up the reference library
it is necessary to keep in mind also the need of supplying
the students with books which they can take to their
rooms with freedom; and consequently a branch circulating
library has been begun in the north hall. This circulating
library is made up, in part, from the duplicate books belonging to the main library, and in part from the gifts of
individuals, among whom the members of the senior class
of 1875 are particularly entitled to recognition. Two other
branch libraries have also been begun. The best and most
important books pertaining to the science of agriculture
48
N 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
have been transferred to the lecture-room of the Professor
of Agriculture, and some of those pertaining to the useful
arts will be in a like manner made accessible to professors
and teachers in the rooms devoted to instruction in Mechanics. The gift of Mr. Pioche, and the gifts of other individuals, have made it possible to begin also a group of
books relating particularly to the fine arts. In due time it
is hoped that every one of the chief rooms of instruction
will be furnished with the books which pertain to the studies
there pursued. Thus the rooms devoted to modern languages should be supplied with the best dictionaries, grammars, and standard literary works.   There should be a
reference mathematical library within easy reach of the
instructors of Mathematics.  And so in Engineering, in
Chemistry, in historical and political subjects, the books
most constantly needed by professors or students should be
within easy reach. Thus the main library would be to the
University a general store-house, a place of resort for the
professors and students when they wished to prosecute their
studies, while the instruments needed for daily service
would be kept within easy reach, in the ordinary places of
study and instruction. It is proposed that the room commonly called the Young Men's Reading-room, or Clubroom, on the lower floor of the north hall, be supplied with
the current magazines and newspapers, and made accessible
at all hours of the day. It would be a great advantage to
the University if some one of the library rooms could be lighted and opened by night, in order thus to encourage the use
of books in the leisure hours which are at command of the
various students.
73. In speaking of the library, special attention should be
called to the fact that a very large collection has been made
of newspapers illustrative of the history of California.
Among the extended sets which have been given by various
individuals, the following are noteworthy: the ATew York
Times, the Sacramento Union, the San Francisco Chronicle,
first series, the San Francisco Bulletin, the Alta California,
49 
STATEMEN  OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
and the Herald.  It is very desirable that as the library
grows this department should be steadily increased, and in
other ways the effort should be put forth to bring together
everything in the way of books, pamphlets, periodicals, and
newspapers, which may throw light upon the history of the
Pacific Coast.
STUDENTS' LODGING-HOUSES.
74. Upon the removal of the University to Berkeley, the
Regents at first determined to do nothing toward the establishment of lodging-houses for the scholars, but to
depend entirely upon private persons to supply the requisite
homes.  They caused advertisements to be inserted in the
newspapers, and announcements to be otherwise publicly
made to this effect, but after months of delay it became
evident that private individuals would do but little for the
supply of homes. Efforts were made to form associations
for the purpose of providing homes or halls in the neighborhood of the University; but these efforts have not yet succeeded.
75. The Regents were therefore compelled to construct a
few houses upon their own grounds, and at their own expense, for the use of students. Eight cottages, each of them
adapted to ten students, were accordingly constructed upon
a convenient plan and of tasteful appearance. Volunteer
clubs were formed among the students to hire these cottages,
at a rental of $300 per annum, or $30 per month during the
year of instruction. Each cottage contains five rooms of
large size (each designed to be occupied by two persons), a
dining-room, a kitchen, and a servant's room; a bath-room,
with other needed conveniences, was also constructed.
These cottages were rented by the University to the
clubs, without any agency on the part of the Faculty.  Good
order was required from those who occupied them, but no
attempt was made on the part of the authorities to control
the internal management of any of these establishments.
The relation between the University and the club was
5O 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
simply that of landlord and tenant, the landlord claiming
the right to eject the tenant for any misdemeanor. It is
too soon to tell how well this system will work. It was a
temporary device in an emergency, and was based upon the
experience of two clubs which had already fund abodes in
cottages at Berkeley.  Thus far the plan works well.
RESIDENCES OF THE PROFESSORS.
76. One of the greatest difficulties in the management of
the University arises from the fact that so many of the professors and instructors are non-resident. Such a college
should be surrounded by the homes of those who are engaged in the instruction of the youth; for as soon as a good
neighborhood is formed, other families of culture and of influence may be expected to come to it, and all the attractions of a college village may be secured. But at present the
neighborhood of Berkeley grows but slowly. There is in
it no school, no practicing physician, and but few and indifferenlt stores. The walks and roads are in a bad condition
most of the year, and the inconv eniences of family life are
great.  Families hesitate to remove to Berkeley until they
see that the professors and' others who are most interested
in the work which is there going forward, have became residents of the University neighborhood. The law requires
the Secretary to live at Berkeley, and he removed there
soon after accepting the office. Three of the Professors have
built houses for themselves; two occupy cottages belonging to the University, paying rent for them; one has hired
a cottage in the neighborhood, and several of the younger instructors have been allowed to occupy small rooms in
the public buildings; but this is all.  It seems to me of the
first importance that measures should be taken to provide
homes at Berlkecley for all the permanent staff of instructors.
I do not prete,ud to suggest the best mode of accomplishing
this result, nor the best positions to be set apart for such
houses, but the subject is worthy of the earnest and immediate consideration of the Regents. Prior to the removal
51 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
to Berkeley, the authorities had decided to construct a
number of houses for the accommodation of the professors;
the plans were drawn, and the estimates received, but it
appeared to some members of the Board that the Regents
had not the necessary authority to take this step, and accordingly the proposed action was reconsidered, and the
plan abandoned.
PUBLIC LECTURES.
77. Since the organization of the University, special efforts have been put forth by the authorities to awaken an
interest in the work of the University, by means of public
lectures upon scientific subjects. In addition to the voluntary work of the various professors, who have been called
upon from time to time to go to the different towns in the
State, one of the professors, the Professor of Agriculture,
was instructed by the Regents to go about the State, and
deliver lectures on the subjects to which he was specially
devoted; and for six successive years a course of public lectures has been given every winter in San Francisco, at the
rooms of the Mechanics' Institute, by various members of
the Faculty.
78. An assembly of the students of all departments is
held on every Friday afternoon-at which announcements
and instructions of general interest are communicated. The
various professors and instructors in their turn have given
lectures on these occasions, and not infrequently gentlemen
who are not connected with the University have been invited to lecture. This appointment has been found quite
acceptable to the friends of the University and of the students, who avail themselves of this opportunity to visit
Berkeley.
Among the speakers not connected with the Faculty who
have addressed the students on these occasions may be
mentioned the following:
Hon. Newton Booth, Hon. F. F. Low (late U.S. Minister in China), Rev. Charles Kingsley (Canon of Westmin
52 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
ster), President Miner (of Tufts College), Rev. Dr. G. B.
Bacon, Dr. W. P. Gibbons, Professor W. Wilkinson, Horace Davis, Esq., Professor Bessey (of Ames, Iowa), Professor Brewer (of New Haven), Dr. G. F. Becker, and Rev. Dr.
Stebbins. Several other gentlemen have promised to speak.
79. It should be borne distinctly in mind that it is not supposed these lectures will in any way supersede the systematic instruction which is given by the permanent professors,
nor that they are as useful to the students as the instruction
of their ordinary and regular teachers; but that while the
staff of the University is so small, it is an advantage to
strengthen it by calling in-from time to time gentlemen
who have been interested in various specialties.
FINANCES.
80. Although the administration of finances of the Uni versity has not come under my official supervision, it may
add to the completeness of this report if I submit some
figures derived from the books of the Secretary, and the recent report of the Finance Committee.  From this it appears that the total disbursements of the University during
the year ending October 31st, 1874, were $95,707.81, of
which amount the sum of $64,094.96 was paid in salaries.
The other large items of expense were for the development
of the agricultural grounds, $5,784.13; insurance, $3,510.65;
interest on Brayton property, $4,875.02.  The income during the same period was derived from the following sources:
From the invested funds, $33,150; from the annual appropriation of the State, $25,193.80; and from land interest,
$19,560.03.
During the  current two  years-1873 —75-the  appropriation of the Legislature is as follows:  For current expenses, $50,000; for the development of the Departments of
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, $30,000; for the Library,
$4,800; total, $84,800. For further particulars in this connection, attention is called to the forthcoming annual report
of the Secretary.
I
53
I 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
81. In comparing the receipts of the University of California from the various legislative appropriations, since its
foundation, with the receipts of other similar institutions, it
will appear that the State has been exceedingly liberal toward this institution, and has enabled it quickly to take a
place of influence and power, not only within the limits of
the State, but among the various kindred institutions of
the country. Everything has been projected upon a large
scale, making it necessary that there should be large annual
outlays to keep up that which has been so liberally begun.
The distance of the University from a large town; the amnple
grounds which must be brought into cultivation; the laying
out and grading of roads and paths; the heating, the repairs, and the daily care of spacious edifices; the incidental
supplies of laboratory material, stationery, etc., all involve
very large expenditures, and these expenditures must necessarily increase as the years roll on. So again, the number of departments in which instruction is given requires a
very large staff of teachers, and this staff must be augmented
as the number of scholars increases. As no charges are
made for tuition, there will be no increase of income from
student fees, which is one of the sources of revenue in other
colleges, and as the University is at present organized there
can be but little hope of large private gifts for the endowment of the University. It is, therefore, to the Legislature
of the State that the authorities must look for the maintenance of the enterprise which has been inaugurated at
Berkeley.
AGRICULTURAL LAND.
82. The Committee on Education and Labor of the House
of Representatives in Washington, through the Chairman,
Mr. Monroe, submitted to Congress on the 13th day of January, 1875, a report on the condition and management of
colleges in the various States which had received a grant
from the United States under the Act of July 2d, 1862.
This report exhibits the amount of money received in every
54 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
State fromnt the aforesaid grant, and it shows how successfully the affairs of the University of California have been
managed in comparison with those of other kindred institutions.
It appears that the institutions formed in the various States
prices per acre for the lands
have received the following
which they have sold:
Alabama................ $0.90
Arkansas.................90
California............... 5.00
Connecticut..............75
Delaware.................92:
Florida.................
G eorgia.................90
Illinois...................70
Indiana..................544
Iowa.................... 2.27
K ansas..................      -5
Kentucky.............0...50
Louisiana................87
Maine...................555
Maryland................5357
Massachusetts............656
Michigan............... 3.25
Minnesota............... 5.62
Mississippi...............90
Missouri..................$1.84
Nebraska..................
Nevada...................
New Hampshire............535
New Jersey...............55
New York..................61
North Carolina.............50
Ohio.......................5436
Oregon...................
Pennsylvania..............563
Rhode Island..............415
South Carolina............725
Tennessee.................90%y
Texas........87
Tea..;...............
Vermont................... 818
Virginia....................95
West Virginia.............60
Wisconsin................. 1.25
POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY.
83. The following scheme is here printed to show the relations whicl might easily be established between the University and kindred establishments in its vicinity:
A.-STATE COLLEGES AT BERKELEY.
1. The Modern Sciences.-Faculty of Science.  Subdivisions.-A select
course of Mathematics, Physics, Mechanics, Geology, Zoology, etc.; special
courses in the following departments: Agriculture, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Mining, and Metallurgy.
2. The Liberal Arts.-Faculty of Letters.  Subdivisions.-Ancient (Classical Course); Modern (Literary Course); Oriental.
B.-COLLEGES ENDOWED OR SUSTAINED BY THE GENEROSITY OF INDIVIDUALS AT
SAN FRANCISCO.
3. The UsefuI Arts.-Faculty of Industry.  (In connection with the Mechanics' Institute as an affiliated institution). The sum of $15,000 to be ex
55 
STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5,
pended anuually for two years was subscribed by a few individuals to inaugurate a school of Mechanic Arts; but the proposal of Mr. James Lick to found a
Polytechnic School prevented the carrying forward of the plan.
4. The Fine Arts.-Faculty of Art. (In connection with the Art Association of San Francisco as an affiliated institution). A School of Design is already begun.
5. Professional Schools.-Faculty of Medicine. (By the gift of Dr. IH. H.
Toland, a Medical College building has been provided.) As affiliated institutions: The California College of Pharmacy (in progress); The California College of Dentistry (proposed).
6. Faculty of Law. To be organized.
C.-ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS.
7. The California Academy of Sciences.
8. The Microscopical Society of San Francisco.
9. The Astronomical Observatory.
Respectfully submitted to the Board of Regents.
DANIEL C. GILMAN, President.
56